Gift of the

Califomia State Library

PUBLICATIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE LIBRARY,
No. 1.

HISTORY

POLITI0AL 0ONVENTIONS

CAIvlFORNIA, 1849— 1892.

BY'
WINFIELD J. DAVIS,
ffistorian of the Sacramento Society of California Pioneers.

SACRAMENTO :
i893.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1892,
By Russell D. Stephens, W. S. Geeen, Fleet F. Steothee, H. E. McCune,
and E. 0. Millee,
1 Trustees of the California State Library,
Foe the People of the State of Califoenia.

TRUSTEES' PREFAQE.

It has been the object of the authorities of the California
State Library to collect all obtainable matter relating to the
history of California and of the Pacific coast. "While pur
suing this object, the librarian learned of the valuable man
uscript in the hands of Winfield J. Davis, from which this
book is printed. Believing that it contained matter whicb
should be preserved and made accessible, a proposition for
its purchase was made. Mr. Davis finally offered to transfer
the copyright to the library provided the trustees would pub
lish the book. This was considered very liberal, and was
accepted. A limited number of copies have been printed,
and will be sold to cover the cost. We think the work a
valuable one, and hope the reception accorded it by the pub
lic will justify our action in printing it in this form.
Sacramento, Jarmiary, 1893.

AUTHOR'S PREFAQE,

Of necessity a work of this character must contain imper
fections, as no record of political conventions has been pre
served, save in newspaper reports. Yet it is believed the
text of this work embraces as accurate a history of the pro
ceedings of state political bodies as can be compiled, from
the material available.
The register of state officers has been drawn from various-
sources ; primarily, the official records of the state. The dates-
of deaths have been supplemented from newspaper and other
data. It is as complete as possiiile, after painstaking research.
Acknowledgment is due for the furnishing of important.
data to Judges John H. McKune and A. P. Catlin, and Hon ..
W. A. Anderson.
Winfield J. Davis.

History of Political Conventions
in California.

CHAPTER I.

1849. First Political Mass Meeting in California — Primary Effort for
the Organization of the Democratic Party — First State Election.
The first political mass meeting in Oalifornia assembled at San-
" " ~ "corrections.
Read Amerraan /or Ammerman, page 310.
" Brunson for Bronson, pajes 314, 326.
" Curry fo,- currey, pages 26, 34, 43, 92, 94, 95, 102, 108, 196, 201, 249, 268.
" Eagon for Eagan, page 409.
' ¦' Gwinn for Guinn, page 328.
" Kalloch for Kalloclc, pages 420, 421.
" Meloney for Maloney, pa^e 79.
" Owen for Owens, page 61.
" Reardon for Rearden, page 79.
" Reardon /or Reardan, pafife 418.
" Siiattuck /or Shuttuck,pa3e 472.
- Spreckels for Spreckles, pages 313, 318, 321, 430, 455.
" Sweasey for Swasey, page 248.
" Sweasey for Sweasy, pages 4,i2, 453, 468.
" Wilcoxon for Wilcoxson, pages 316, 421.
" Wilcoxon for Wilcoxen, pages 419, 438.

i/iuiis 'WF» soon to oe noiden to lilf "the various executive, legislative,
and judicial offices provided for by that instrument; and, ¦whereas,
also, it becomes the duty of the people of California, through their
representatives in the state legislature, to select from amongst their
fellow-citizens senators and delegates to represent their interests in
the national councils; and, whereas, we, the democratic citizens of
the district of San Francisco, feel a natural and deep interest in the

History of Political Conventions
in California.

CHAPTER I.

1849. First Political Mass Meeting in California — Primary Effort for
the Organization of the Democratic Party — First State Election.
The first political mass meeting in Oalifornia assembled at San
Francisco, October 25, 1849. It was composed of democrats, and
was called in view of the election to be held November 13th follow
ing, to vote on the question of the adoption of the constitution,
and for the selection of governor, lieutenant-governor, members
of congress and of the legislature. John W. Geary was the pre.
siding officer. The attendance was so large that the meeting was
compelled to adjourn from a hall to the public square. Dr. McMil
lan, 0. P. Sutton, E. V. Joice, Thomas J. Agnew, John Mc Vicker,
Annis Merrill, and W. H. Jones were vice-presidents, and Joseph
T. Downey, J. Ross Browne, Daniel Cronin, and John A. McGlynn,
secretaries. William Van Voorhies delivered an address, and the
following preamble and resolutions were adopted :
Whereas, The people of Oalifornia are taking steps, preparatory
to an application for admission into the union, to organize their
system of state government in accordance with the provisions of a
constitution adopted in convention by delegates chosen from amongst
themselves; and, whereas, in furtherance of this great object, elec
tions are, soon to be holden to fill the various executive, legislative,
and judicial offices provided for by that instrument; and, whereas,
also, it becomes the duty of the people of California, through their
representatives in the state legislature, to select from amongst their
fellow-citizens senators and delegates to represent their interests in
the national councils; and, whereas, we, the democratic citizens of
tlje district of San Francisco, feel a natural and deep interest in the

2 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
general welfare of our adopted home, and are anxiously solicitous
that its career shall continue to be upward and onward; therefore
he it resolved,
1. That there are certain great cardinal principles handed down to
us by the framers of the charter of our liberties, as the very founda
tion of republican institutions, which neither distance, time, nor place
tan change, destroy, or materially modify; and that we will use every
honorable effort and resort to all legitimate means to engraft upon
such laws and regulations as shall be hereafter established for the
government of the people of California the spirit of those principles.
2. That there are certain principles of public policy under the
constitution of the United States, and in respect to their operation
upon the general interests of the country, contended for and sus
tained by our democratic brethren of the Atlantic states, which we
hold to be essential and important, and not to be overlooked in our
organization nor disregarded in our selection of senators and repre
sentatives. 3. That a "union of Californians for the sake of California'' is
well, but that a " union of Californians for the sake of California
and the union," is better.
4. That we owe to the policy which acquired and developed our
territory an earnest and ardent support, and that we will not permit
ourselves to be beguiled into the support of any other opposed to
this; that in the selection of our senators and representatives to the
congress of the United Stateswe will vigilantly guard against any
misrepresentatiofl of our views and opinions, as well in respect to
measures affiicting the union at large, as our immediate state in
terests. 5. That we will meet at the threshold, and, if possible, defeat
any and all attempts, emanating from whatever source they may, to
place California in a mere local, sectional and therefore false position
before the union, mindful of no interests but her own, and aiding
in the support of no measure which has not for its object her imme
diate and exclusive aggrandizement.
6. That partyism for the sake of party merely we totally reject,
but the support of principles, which have for their object the pre
servation of our glorious constitution inviolable, resistance to and
defeat of all powerful and chartered monopolies by the general gov
ernment, opposition to all enactments intended to benefit the few at
the expense of the many, a zealous support of that course of policy

FIRST POLITICAL MASS MEETING. 3
which preserves the honor of the country when menaced, punishes
the offender when her rights are invaded, and ever looks to an hon
orable extension of the "area of freedom'' — of such principles we
are the ardent and decided supporters.
7. That we cannot consistently elevate to positions of trust and
contidence any man who voted that the war with Mexico was
unholy and iniquitous, that it was unnecessary and unjust in its
inception, wicked and murderous in its prosecution, or who, by his
political connections or otherwise, directly or indirectly denounced
every life destroyed on the fields of Mexico to have been an unmiti
gated murder.
8. That we cannot consistently support for any public station he
who did or would have refused to vote supplies for our gallant little
army, when gloriously engaged in grappling with the enemies of its
country upon the ensanguined fields of Mexico; that to do so we
should outrage the gallant spirits engaged in thaf conflict, and pay
tribute to a factious opposition, scarcely less inimical to their suc-
c«!ss than the foreign enemies whom they encountered.
9. That we are for our country first, our country last, and our
country all the time ; not a section, not a circumscribed locality, not
a limited interest, but the -whole country.
A nominating committee was appointed, consisting of Stephen R.
Harris, E. V. Joice, L. Stowell, Edmund Randolph, J. A. McGlynn,
F, P. Tracy, and others.
On October 27th, an adjourned meeting was held at Portsmouth
square for the purpose of receiving the report of the committee.
Paul K. Hubbs stated that the committee had not been legally
appointed, that its appointment was not in accordance with the
time-honored usages of the democratic party, and suggested the
propriety of selecting primary election officers by ballot, and to
hold an election on the Monday following for delegates to select a
ticket to be recommended to the party. He offered the following
resolution, which was unanimously adopted :
" That this meeting recognize and will maintain the democratic
doctrine, that the people are all true sovereigns of political power,
and from the people only shall emanate the nomination of candidates
for office. In accordance, therefore, with the time-honored usages of
the democratic party, resolved that eleven delegates be elected by
party vote to select a ticket to be recommended to the democratic
party."

4 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Under the resolution, the election officers selected were M. Fallon,
judge ; Dr. S. R. Harris, A. Johnson, J. A. McGlynn and Myron
Norton, inspectors. It was resolved that the candidates be pledged
to vote for no man for United States senator unless he would
"uphold exemption of household for debt, and woiild vote for the
formation of a railroad through our own territory in preference to-
any other.'' It does not appear that any further action was taken
towards making nominations.
On October 25th, a meeting was held at Sacramento to "talk
about the new constitution," and the candidates to be voted for at
the November election. A motion was made to appoint a commit
tee to report at a future meeting the names of candidates. A sub
stitute was offered and accepted to call a nominating convention, but
during the discussion a motion was carried unanimously to submit
the whole subject bf selecting candidates to the people, on the day of
election. Oa October 29th, a large political meeting, called " without dis
tinction of party,'' was held at Sacramento, "to hear the report of
the delegates to the constitutional convention, and to consider mat
ters connected with the approaching election." S. C. Hastings was-
chairman. A committee^ was selected to nominate a legislative
ticket for the district, and that being done, no further action was
taken. A public meeting of citizens was held at Monterey, on October
SOth, and a nominating committee of seven was appointed. The
committee tendered the nomination for governor to General Bennet
Riley, but he declined to run, and W. S. Sherwood was named for
the office. Francis J. Lippitt was nominated for lieutenant-gov
ernor, and Edward Gilbert and Jauies L. Ord for congressmen.
The other candidates who ran at the election were independent,
and no particular attempt was made to draw party lines.
The election was held on November 13th, and the constitution
was ratified by a vote of 12,061 in its favor to 811 against it.
The San Francisco Alta, in its issue of November 15th, said, in
referring to this election :
"The election held throughout the state of California on Tuesday
last was an important era in the history of this remarkable couiitry.
From its results are to come the weal or woe of the new state, not
only for a year, but possibly for ten years, and it is to be hoped

FIRST STA TE ELECTION. 5
¦that the men then chosen to carry into effect the constitution, which
was at the same time adopted, will prove themselves the' patriots
which the country has the right to expect.
" The day of the election was very disagreeable. Several showers
of rain fell, and the mud, which was unfathomable before, suddenly
disclosed a ' lower deep.' It is not strange, therefore, that, instead
of 5,000 votes, as was generally expected, only 3,169 were polled in
San Francisco.
"All, or nearly all, the candidates were independent nominees.
In some instances they have been indorsed or recommended by
public meetings in different parts of the state ; but in only one dis
trict (San Francisco) was an attempt made to organize a party, or
fight the battle upon the old issue of democrat and whig. We have
no doubt that, had time permitted, there would have been a state
¦convention held, at which a 'regular democratic ticket,' would have
¦been nominated ; and, had such been the fact, we are well satisfied
>that its complete triumph would have been the result.''
On December 10th, following, Henry W. Halleck, the military
secretary of state; P. Ord, a judge of the superior tribunal; David
Spence, prefect; Mariano Malarin, judge of first instance, and Y.
Esquar, alcalde of Monterey, met at that place pursuant to the pro-
visicns of section six of the schedule to the constitution, and can
vassed the vote of the state. In their report they stated that "after
three days of continuous labor, we have not been able to complete
"the list of scattering votes for the districts of Sacramento and San
Joaquin;" but they said their report " is believed to be sufficient for
the purposes intended." They reported the vote of the various
candidates as follows :
For Governor— Peter H. Burnett, 6,783; W. S. Sherwood, 3,220;
-John A. Sutter, 2,201; W. M. Steuart, 619; John W. Geary, 1,358;
with 32 scattering.
For Lieutenant-Governor — John McDougal, 1,374:; Richard
Roman, 2,368; F. J. Lippitt, 1,127; John B. Frisbie, 1,558; A.
M. Winn, 802; Pablo de la Guerra, 129; with 363 scattering.
For Congressmen — George W. Wright, 5,451; Edward Gilbert,
-5,300; Rodman M. Price, 4,040; Lewis Dent, 2,129; W. M. Shep
pard, 1,773; P. A. Morse, 2,066; E, J. 0. Kewen, 1,826; Pet Hal-
¦stead, 1,271; W. E. Shannon, 1,327; L. W. Hastings, 215; with
750 scattering.
On December 18th, the state legislature met in joint convention

6 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
and canvassed the votes that had been cast at that election, and the
result as then ascertained, differed from the Monterey canvass, in
that for governor, Burnett was shown to have received 6,716 votes;
Sherwood, 3,188, and Geary, 1,475; for lieutenant-govemor, Lip
pitt, 1,060; and for congressmen, Gilbert, 5,100; Dent, 2,029;
Kewen, 1,806; Halstead, 593; P. B. Reading, 171; W. H. Russell,
92; K. H. Dimmick, 41; and J. Thompson, 86.
The convention declared that Burnett had been elected governor;
McDougal, lieutenant-governor; and Wright and Gilbert, Oongress-

CHAPTER II.

1850. Call for an Organization of the Whig Party — First County-
Election — General Election.
The first state legislature passed an act pro-viding for the hold
ing of an election on April 1, 1850, to elect county officers and a
clerk of the supreme court. Early in that year efforts were made
to organize the democratic and whig parties. In San Francisco a
partial organization of the democratic party had been kept up from^
the year before, but there was no general organization of any politi
cal party in the state.
Late in January, a democratic meeting was held at San Jose,.
where the legislature was then meeting, with the object to effect
a State organization of that party, and on February 2d an
adjourned meeting was held in the assembly chamber. David 0.
Broderick was the presiding officer. A series of resolutions were
adopted, but they were not published.
On February 9 th the whig raembers of the legislature and a
number of citizens of San Jose held a mass meeting in the senate
chamber in that city. David F. Douglass was the chairman. The
following preamble and resolutions were adopted :
Whereas, the organization of the democratic party of the state-
of Oalifornia has been commenced and is about being completed,
and the broad, proscriptive doctrine has been publicly declared and
adopted 'that no whig shall hereafter receive a democratic vote-
for any office in the gift of the people , ' and, whereas, however much.

ORGANIZATION OF WHIG PARTY. 7
as Californians we deprecate the present organization of mere politi
cal parties, and the promulgation of doctrines calculated to arouse all
the acuity of party spirit, whilst our infant state requires the united
energies of all her sons to secure to her that position which her
wealth and population entitle her, yet as whigs we feel called upon
to indicate not only our principles as a party, but our rights as free
men ; be it therefore resolved,
1. That the whigs of California are invited to unite with us, by
a prompt and efficient organization, in repelling the assertion that a
whig is unworthy to possess the rights and incompetent to perforra
the duties of a freeman.
2. That in order to further the objects of this meeting a comrait
tee of five be appointed by the chair to draft resolutions for the ac
tion of this meeting.
In accordance with the second resolution, the chair appointed a
committee, consisting of Jones, Tingley, Heydenfeldt, Allen and Dim
mick, and they subraitted the following report, which was adopted :
1. That liberty, equality and justice are the fundamental prin
ciples of whig faith.
2. That the veto power, the great moijarchial feature of our re
public, should be restrained in its exercise to the clear violations of
the constitution, or manifest want of consideration on the part of
congress, and that the frequent exercise of this kingly prerogative
by late democratic presidents frora motives of professed expediency,
whereby the will of the people has been made subservient to the
will of the man, should excite the alarm and arouse the vigilance of
every true republican.
3. That commerce, agriculture and manufactures constitute the
wealth of a nation, and equally require the fostering hand of govern
ment ; and that a tariff, whilst it should produce no greater revenue
than is necessary to the economical, administration of the govern
ment, should contain such just and moderate discriminations as will
enable these great sources of our wealth to compete with foreign
nations in our own markets.
4. Ths^t the declaration of James K. Polk, the great exponent of
democratic principles, contained in his veto of the river and harbor
bill, that "there is no middle ground between an absolute denial of
the power of the government to make appropriations for these ob
jects (improvements of rivers and harbors) and the establishment of

8 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
a wide and general system, in accordance with that power,
doctrine false in theory, unstatesmanlike in policy, and especia y
ruinous to the interests of our infant state. That California, des
tined hereafter by the wealth and enterprise of her citizens, by t e
vast extent of her sea coast, and by her spacious ports and great
inland seas, to comraand the commerce of the entire Pacific, peculiarly
requires the fostering hand of the government in the erection or
light-houses and the improvement of her harbors. That her isolated
position demands that a speedy means of internal communication be
established with the older states; and that the party or the man
who denies the power of congress to accomplish these great and
necessary objects, is unworthy the support of a true Californian. -
5. That it is a cardinal principle of the whigs of California, that
her mines should be free to all American citizens. That we regard
it as practically impossible to parcel and sell the public lands con
tained in the mining districts. That immigration would be thereby
greatly lessened, and that the richest portions of those lands would
inevitably fall into the hands of speculators and monopolists, whilst
a vast multitude of laboring classes would be compelled to hire their
services, to abandon the country, or to violate a law unfounded in
justice and unsupported by public opinion.
6. That the interests of agriculture, the most solid foundation of
national prosperty, require that the actual settler should be pro
tected in his possession of the public lands, when it does not inter
fere with private rights; and congress should extend the preemp
tion laws over Oalifornia at the earliest possible moment.
A central committee was appointed, consisting of J. M. Jones,
J. D. Hoppe, Charles Campbell, Pedro Sansevaine, R. M. May, 0. E.
Allen, E. Heydenfeldt, B. F. Moore, S. E. Woodworth, G. B. Ting
ley, and A. W. Hope.
Shortly before, in San Franeisco, the whigs had elected Heyden
feldt to the senate at a special election, and this success had inspired
them with confldence. On February 10th, a whig mass meeting
was held in that city to nominate a candidate for sherifl', and it was
resolved "that the whigs of San Francisco and California at large
have had enough of the cry 'no party,' 'union of California for the
sake of California,' and that from and after this time they solemnly
pledge themselves to each other that they will, under no political
necessity, confer office on or vote for a man who is not an open

ORGANIZATION OF WHIG PARTY. 9
disguised whig; and further, that they will sanction on all .occa
sions the nominee of the party and no other candidate."
On the 26th, the whig general committee of San Francisco, com
posed of Alfred Wheeler, Levi Parsons, L. R. Lull,S. Flower, R. H.
Taylor and others, issued a lengthy address to the people, indorsing
the San Jose resolutions as the basis for the organization of the
party. On the same day a mass meeting was held in the same city, and
Alfred Wheeler was nominated as the whig candidate for the assem
bly, to fill a vacancy.
The deraocrats also named a candidate, and the attempt was
made to draw party lines closely, but it did not succeed. Local
dissensions had been engendered among the democrats of San Fran
cisco, and on March 1st the leading merabers of the party issued an
address to the party urging them to support the democratic candi
date for the assembly. The address asked the raembers of the party
"to take no exceptions to the mode of proceeding in raaking the
nomination, as the respective coraraittees of the party are about
effecting a reconciliation, and are reorganizing the heretofore dis
cordant elements of the party."
At the special election held on March 2d, Wheeler was elected by
a vote of 876, to 738 for the deraocratic ^candidate.
On March Sth, a call was issued at San Francisco for a demo
cratic raass meeting, to bs held on the following evening, to act upon
the report of a committee of conference that had been appointed, to
select a general coraraittee, and take such steps "as may be neces
sary for harmoniously organizing the party,'' in vievv of the county
election. At the appointed time, a large meeting was held at the plaza.
Wilson Shannon was the chairman. Resolutions were adopted, and
a committee was appointed to complete the organization. A pri
mary was called for the 25th, at which J. J. Bryant was nominated
for sheriff, John A. McGlynn for recorder, J. E. Addison for clerk,
S. B. Marye for county judge, J. C. Smith for county attorney,
D. M. Chauncey for assessor, R. G. Berford for treasurer, Alex
ander Wells for district attorney, E. H. Tharp for clerk of the
supreme court, W. M. Eddy for surveyor, aftd Ed. Gallagher for
coroner. The whig committee also called a primary election, which was
held on March 22d. Seventeen hundred and sixty-four votes were

10 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
cast, and the following ticket was nominated: Oounty judge, R. N.
Morrison; district attorney, Calhoun Benham; county attorney,
Louis R. Lull; recorder, Orrin Bailey; clerk, R. G. Crozier; sur
veyor, W. P. Humphreys; assessor, J. G. Gould; treasurer, George
Endicott; coroner, G. P. Ogden; sheriff, J. 0. Hays. The follow
ing day Hays withdrew and came out as an independent candidate,
and the committee nominated John E. Townes for that office. W.
E. Shannon received 1,432 votes for clerk of the supreme court.
On March 6th Ellison Dickey announced himself as an inde
pendent candidate for that office, and on the 20th William G. Marcy
came out for the same position. Marcy withdrew, however, in favor
of Tharp. At the county election Tharp was elected.
On March 23d an act -was passed by the legislature providing
for the holding, on the first Monday of October of each year, of a
general election throughout the state, for members of the legisla
ture, and such other state officers as might be required by law to be
elected. Under this law the first election was held October 7, 1850.
The first legislature by statute provided that at this first general
election a superintendent of public instruction and a clerk of the
supreme court should be elected; and Attorney-General Kewen
having resigned, it became necessary to select his successor at the
same election. Although there were several state officers to be
elected, no general conventions were held, and less attention was
paid to politics than at the county election.
On September 14th, at a deraocratic meeting in San Jose, a legis
lative ticket was nominated; and on the 19th the democracy of San
Francisco placed a ticket in the field, with Eugene H. Tharp as the
candidate for clerk of the supreme court, Frederick P. Tracy for
superintendent of public instruction, and James A. McDougall for
attorney -general.
The whigs held a priraary at San Francisco on the 28th, and
nominated John D. Munford for attorney-general. Dr. John F.
Morse for clerk of the suprerae court, and Janies Nooney for
superintendent of public instruction. R. Townsend Huddart, B.
Brierly, C. W. Butterfield, E. B. Bateraan, John G. Marvin, S. H. P.
Ross, J. Stratman and H. W. Carpentier were independent candi
dates for school superintendent; John Jack and W. 0. Sharron for
clerk of the supreme court, and E. B. Cone, T. W. Sutherland, A.
P. Crittenden and George Rowe for attorney-general. The can
vass of the votes cast at the election showed this result :

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. \\
For Attorney-General — McDougall, 10,405; Munford, 5,227; C.
T. Botts, 154; Sutherland, 203; Crittenden, 36 ; Cone, 2,722 ; S.
P. Weller, 25 ; Blackburn, 52 ; scattering, 87.
For Clerk ofthe Supreme Court— Thav^, 13,873; Morse, 6,040 ;
S. S. Burt, 24; T. Higgins, 15; Jacky 46; scattering, 75.
For Superintendent of Publio Instruction — Nooney, 3,144;
Tracy, 2,414; C. W. Butterfield, 3,262; Huddart, 1,151; Bate
man, 2,227 ; Brierly, 2,204 ; Marvin, 3,823 ; Ross, 84 ; Bandini, 82;
scattering, 237.
McDougall was, therefore, elected attorney-general, Tharp clerk
of the supreme court, and Marvin superintendent of public instruc
tion.

CHAPTER III.

18S1. Democratic Convention. Whig Convention.
The first deraocratic convention that was held in California raet
in the Episcopal church, at Benicia, at 11 o'clock on Monday, May
19th, and was called to order by James M. Estell. Thoraas J.
Henley was chosen teraporary chairraan, and on permanent organi
zation ex-Govern^r Smith of Virginia was president, and Patten
of El Dorado, Alvarado of Contra Costa, Southerland of San Diego,
Joshua Ralden of Tuolumne, Bright of Yuba, Ralston of Sacra
mento, Low^e of Butte, Sutter of San Francisco, and A. C. Bradford,
vice-presidents. In the evening addresses were delivered by Will
iara M. Gwin, John B. Weller, T. J. Henley, Governor John Mc
Dougal, and others.
On the 20th, John B. Weller, John Bigler, Richard Roman, W.
S. Sherwood, 'T. J. Green, Samuel Brannan and John McDougal
were placed in nomination for governor. Bigler was nominated
on the sixth ballot, the results of the different ballotings being as
follows :
First Ballot — Weller, 18; Roman, 35; Bigler, 25; Green, 12;
Brannan, 1; McDougal, 44; Sherwood, 40.
Second Ballot — Weller, 21; Roman, 35; Bigler, 35; Green, 5;
Bjrannan, 1 ; McDougal, 41 ; Sherwood, 37.
Third BaUot — Roman, 43 ; Bigler, 46 ; Green, 7 ; Brannan, 1 ;
McDougal, 45 ; Sherwood, 34.

12 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Fourth Ballot — Roman, 40 ; Bigler, 47 ; Green, 7 ; McDougal,
42 ; Sherwood, 40.
Fifth Ballot— Kom\n, 40; Bigler, 79 ; Green, 14; McDougal,
43 ; Sherwood, withdrawn.
Sixth jBfi^foi^Roman, 39 ; Bigler, 129; Green, 4; Brannan, 1;
McDougal, 2.
On the 21st, the following additional nominations were made:
Samuel Pardy, for lieuteaant-governor, on the second ballot, over
Murphy of Calaveras and B. F. Keene. Solomon Heydenfeldt, for
justice of the supreme court, on the first ballot, over W. D. Fair.
Richard Roman, for treasurer, on the first ballot, over W. W. Gift.
Winslow S. Pierce, for controller, without opposition. S. 0. Hast
ings, . for attorney-general, without opposition. William M. Eddy,
for surveyor-general, without opposition. J. W, McOorkle and
E. C. Marshall, for congressmen, over E. D. Hall (withdrawn), J. D.
Van Voorhies (declined), M. F. Hoit, D. W. Murphy, and T. B.
Va'n Buren (declined).
The convention adopted a lengthy address to the people, and a
series of resolutions, but they were not published in the newspapers.
The whig state convention met at Rev. Mr. Taylor's M. E.
•church, on Powell street, San Francisco, at 12 o'clock on Monday,
May 26th. It was called to order by P. W. Shepherd, and Dr. John
F. Morse was the temporary chairman. Delegates were present
from the counties of San Francisco, Sacramento, San Diego, Santa
Olara, Contra Oosta, Santa Cruz, Solano, El Dorado, Calaveras,
Sutter, Tuolumne, Yuba, Placer, San Joaquin, Trinity, Nevada,
Butte, Shasta, Yolo, Marin, and Mariposa.
Oa permanent organization. Gen. John Wilson was president, and
¦G. R. Griffin, Captain Rush, J. M. Burt, Alfred Morgan, and James
Fitton, vice-presidents.
On the 27th and 28th, the following nominations were made:
Pearson B. Reading, for governor, on the first ballot, by a vote
of 43, to 35 for William Waldo; David F. Douglass withdrawing.
D. P. Baldwin, for lieutenant-governor, on the first ballot, over
W. D. Fair. E. J. C. Kewen and B. F. Moore, for congressmen,
over Jesse O. Goodwin (withdrawn), R. N. Wood, John 0. Fall, G.
T. Martin (withdrawn), and Dr. Peter Smith. Tod Robinson, for
justice of the supreme court, on the first ballot, over D. O. Shat
tuck, R. N. Morrison, and A. F. Wilson. W. D. Fair, for attor
ney-general, oa the first ballot, over J. O. Goodwin, Horace Smith,

WHIG CONVENTION. 13
and Lorenzo Sawyer. J. M. Burt, for treasurer, on the first ballot,
over Albert W. Bee. Alexander G. Abell, for controller, on the
first bajlot, over George O. McMullin and James B. Devoe. Walter
Herron, for surveyor-general, on the first ballot, over William H.
Grahara and F. R. Loring (withdrawn).
A state central committee was appointed, consisting of General
John Wilson, R. Harapton, P. W. Tompkins, Jesse D. Carr, D. H.
Haskell, R. N. Wood, William Robinson, Judge Chambers, and
James E„Wain wright.
On the 29th, the following resolutions, reported by J. Neely John
son, were adopted :
1. That we are opposed to the sale or lease of the raineral lands
of Oalifornia, but are in favor of the same being held by the general
government, for the benefit of the miners, to be worked by them,
free from any tax or toll whatever.
2. That in the adjustraent of disputed land titles in this state
we are in favor of the sarae being referred to the decision of cora
raissioners, under authority of the general governraent, with the
right of appeal from such decision, by any party interested, to the
proper United States courts.
3. That the dictates of good policy, and the siraple deraands of
justice, require at'the hands of the general government the early
extension of the pre-emption laws over the public domain not
embraced within the mineral lands of this state; the adoption of
such laws as shall secure to actual settlers a donation of such public
lands, not exceeding one hundred acres, to each head of a family,
anfl also to provide grants of the same to be made to such persons
as have settled upon private lands within this state, and made valu
able iraprovements upon them, in good faith, supposing the same to
be a part of such public doraain.
4. That we are in favor of the general governraent granting to
, this state, for the purposes of education and works of internal
iraprovement, a quantity of public lands, at least equaling the
grants heretofore made, or hereafter to be raade, to the raost favored
states of the union, in this respect.
5. That we are in favor of liberal appropriations by the general
government for works of a public character, especially the improve
ment of our rivers and harbors.
6. That we are in favor of the adoption of such proper measures

14 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
by the general government as shall most speedily tend to foster and
aid the construction of a railroad, conaecting this state witn the
Mississippi valley.
7. That the establishment of steam coramunication between this,
state, the Sandwich Islands, and China, is of the utmost importance,
and will tend greatly to the advancement of the commercial and
political condition of the whole-union, and especially of California;
therefore, we approve of the adoption of a liberal policy by the gen
eral government in aid of such an enterprise.
8. That the failure of congress to raake provision for a raint in
California has been greatly detrimental to the interests of the people
of the state, and our present condition and wants urgently demand
that early and araple appropriations be made for that object.
9. That we have a just and equitable claim on the general gov-
-ernment for such raoneys as were collected by her officers, as revenue
on iraports in this state, prior to our admission into the union.
10. That it is the duty of the general government to assume the
indebtedness of this state necessarily contracted in the protection
and defense of her citizens, frora Indian warfare.
11. That we will ever maintain the due execution and supremacy
•of the laws, and, that the people may not be subjected to onerous
and oppressive taxation, we are in favor of the strictest economy in
the administration of the state and general governments.
12. That the recent coraproraise measures adopted by congress
receive our cordial approbation, and in defense of the constitution
and the union we will ever be found faithful and true.
The democratic candidates were early on the stump, and the cam
paign soon became exciting and interesting. The whigs had tlie
greater number of newspapers supporting their ticket, but the dem
ocrats had the better speakers. A large portion of the people depre
cated the formation of parties upon the basis of Atlantic politics, with
the plea that Oalifornia was not interested in those questions, and
at first they were apathetic, but before the close of the campaign
almost every voter had taken sides. In the southern portion of the
state'some dissatisfaction was manifested with both tickets, because
there was no representative from that seetion, and a moveraent was
made to put an independent ticket in the field. Captain Elisha K.
Kane (U. S. A.), who was then stationed on this coast, was nom
inated for governor by the people of the south, but he published
his withdrawal in the early part of August.

FIRST PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN. 15
On April 26th the legislature passed an act araending the election
law of March 23, 1850, and changing the time for the holding of
the general state election from October to the first Wednesday in
Septeraber, of each year.
Accordingly, the election of 1851 was. held on Septeraber 3d, at
which the entire democratic tipket was elected.
The official canvass of the votes developed this result :
For ffowerreor— Bigler, 22,613; Reading, 21,531.
For' Lieutenant-Governor— ?\x-tdt^, 23,373; Baldwin, 19,656.
For J-udge of Supreme Court — Heydenfeldt, 24,428; Robinson,
20,670. For Treasurer— 'Romat.n, 24,666; Burt, 19,777.
For Controller— Vierce, 22,996; Abell, 20,675.
For Attorney-General— B.asti-D.gs, 23,016; Fair, 21,044.
For Surveyor-General — Eddy, 22,678; Herron, 21,473.
For Congress-men — Marshall, 23,604; McOorkle, 23,624; Kewen,
20,407; Moore, 19,071.
On January 8, 1852, the legislature met in joint convention and
canvassed the election returns for governor and lieutenant-gov
ernor. The whig merabers objected to considering the returns
from sorae of the counties, on the ground that they had been opened
by parties other than the speaker of the house, and, as they claimed,
unlawfully. An animated discussion followed, when a raotion to
throw out the returns alleged to be irregular was laid on the table —
65 to 16. The convention then declared Bigler and Purdy to have
been elected. The whigs always claimed that their ticket had been
elected, but that it had been defeated on the count of the votes.
While the convention was in session Governor McDougal sent in
his resignation, but it was not accepted. About an hour afterward
the legislature again met in convention, and Bigler was inaugurated
governor.

CHAPTER IV.
18S2. First Presidential Campaign — Whig Convention, February
igth — Democratic Convention, February 23d — Whig Convention,
June 7th — Democratic Convention, July 20th — Free Soil Conven
tion — First Presidential Election.
Preparations for the first presidential campaign in California
were early commenced, and each of the great parties had active

16 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
organizers in the field. There was a pride in the result of the first
presidential election in the state that gave energy to the work, and
it soon became apparent that the campaign would be full of life.
Unfortunately for the democrats, a division occurred in their
party in San Francisco, between the adherents of Stephen A. Doug
las and the friends of the other presidential candidates. The
Douglas party was considerably in the minority, but it made up in
tact what it lacked in strength, and the feud that was engendered
partook of all the bitterness that characterized the subsequent dis
sensions in the deraocratic party in this state.
On Deceraber 23, 1851, a primary election of that party was held
in San Francisco, and two sets of delegates to the county convention
claimed the election. The general committee gave credentials to
one set, and the other delegation went in without certificates. A
double convention was the result, and each branch elected delegates
to the state convention. One set was designated the " general com
mittee" delegates, while the other was called the "protest" dele
gates. The whigs were united all over the state.
The whig state convention met on Thursday, February 19th, at
Rev. Mr. Benton's church, Sacramento. George 0. McMullin was
chosen temporary chairman, and afterwards president ; and G. A.
Shurtieff, W. R. Hopkins, A. Hinchman and others, vice-presidents.
On the 20th, the convention proceeded to select delegates, to attend
the national convention. On the first ballot 113 votes were cast,
of which W. Heath had 1, J. H. 0. Mudd 22, A. A. H. Tuttie 3^
Isaac Davis 5, R. N. Morrison 2, B. F. Whittier 7, William m!
Stewart 39, A. 0. Monson 10, A. J. Ellis 17, John A. Lyle 6, and
Gregory Yale 1. There was no choice, and the name of Morrison
was withdrawn.
Oh the second ballot Stewart had 102 votes, and was elected.
On the third ballot Jesse 0. Goodwin received 64 votes, and was
elected. On the fifth ballot Mudd was elected, having received 57 votes.
On the seventh ballot Heath was elected, having received 68
votes. On the last ballot John H. Moore and E. T. Wilson were among
the unsuccessful candidates.
A. Morgan was selected as the substitute delegate for Mudd, J. A.

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 17
Lyle for Goodwin, Isaac Davis for Stewart, and B. F. Whittier for
Heath. On the 21st, a deterrained but unsuccessful effort was raade to
nominate presidential electors, instead of having a subsequent con
vention for that purpose. A great deal of feeling was engendered
by the discussion, and a number of the delegates retired frora the
hall when it was announced that the proposition had been defeated.
A state committee was selected, composed of Dr. John F. Morse,
E. J. C. Kewen, Tod Robinson, I. N. Hoag, John Wilson, H. A.
, Crabbe, Thos. Robinson, and R. H. Taylor.
The whig state platform of 1851 was re-adopted.
The democratic state convention met on Monday, February 23d,
at Sacraraento. The two sets of delegates frora San Francisco
appeared — one headed by David 0. Broderick, and the other by
Elcan Heydenfeldt, and they created a serious disturbance in the
convention. On simultaneous motions J. W. Ooflroth and Walker of Yuba
sprang upon the stage, and each endeavored to act as temporary
chairman. For a tirae there was the greatest excitement, when a
motion was made requesting each aspirant to withdraw frora the
stand, that it might be decided who was the choice of the conven
tion; but Broderick was too quick for the other side, and when the
question on the raotion was about to be put, he sprang to his feet
and named T. B. Van Buren as chairman pro tem., and decided that
that gentleman had been chosen. Amidst great confusion Van
Buren reached the chair.
When soraething like order was restored another disagreement
arose upon the chairraan refusing to put the question when a divis
ion was called for on the vote for secretary.
Isaac B. Wall then moved "that the chairman be respectfully
requested to leave the stand;" he put the motion himself, and declared
that it had carried, but Van Buren refused to vacate the stand.
M. S. Latham raoved, in order to quell the disturbance, that both
sets of delegates from San Francisco be requested to leave the room.
The motion prevailed, and the parties retired. A debate then sprang
up, which consumed the remainder of the day, upon the claims of
the delegates from San Francisco to seats in the convention. This
debate was resuraed on the 24th, when counsel for the competing
sets of delegates addressed the convention; Judge Heydenfeldt and
ex-Governor Smith of Virginia representing the protesting delegates,

18 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
and Alexander Wells and Edmund Randolph representing the gen
eral committee delegates.
At the evening session the convention decided, by a vote of 100 to
64, to admit the protesting delegates.
On the 25th, a perraanent organization was effected, by the elec
tion of Milton S. Lathara as president, by a vote of 169, to 116 for
James W. Ooffroth. B. H. Williaras, Joseph Walkup, William S.
Patterson, S. R. Harris, Andres Pico, R. B. Buchanan, Dr. S. A.
McMeans, Juan B. Alvarado, J. L. Warner, Isaac B. Wall, S. Flem
ing, and R. Ashe were elected vice-presidents. William H. Richard
son, J. M. Covarrubias, Joshua Holden, and Henry A. Lyons were
elected delegates to attend the national convention, over Thoraas J.
Green, 0. C. Hornsby, J. .J. Bryant, Jacob Frye, Jaraes Schofield,
M. M. Worabough, John Middleton, E. W. Roberts, Harrison Olm
stead, J. J. Warner, S. C. Foster, E. D. Wheeler, W. McDaniels,
Charles Loring, E. D. Hammond, and M. Miller. E. D. Hararaond,
Amos T. Laird, Charles Loring, and M. M. Wombough were elected
substitute delegates.
The convention did not adopt resolutions. The following resolu
tion was offered :
That, in the opinion of this convention, it is unwise, and by no
means necessary, to instruct our delegates for whom they shall cast
their votes in the national convention. That, in the opinion of the
democratic party of California, it is not at this tirae our best policy
to discriminate between the many prominent citizens of ojiir party
whose names are spoken of for president and vice-president of the
United States. That the democratic party of Oalifornia have full
and entire confidence in the integrity and democratic principles of
Lewis Cass, Stephen A. Douglas, W. R. King, James Buchanan,
W. O. Butler, R. J. Walker, and Sam Houston, and that the demo
cracy of this state will cheerfully support either of them or any
other good democrat for president or vice-president, if selected by
the national democratic convention.
Denver moved to amend and instruct the delegates to vote for
Douglas for president; and a substitute was offered declaring in
favor of any " union compromise candidate," but the whole matter
was laid on the table. Subsequently another resolution in favor of
Douglas for president was offered, but after discussion it was with
drawn. On the 25th, the San Francisco general committee delegates pub-

WHIG CONVENTION. 19 ,
lished a protest against the action of the state convention, by which
they said they had been deprived of their rights. They claimed that
they had been regularly chosen. The protest was gigned by Edmund
Randolph, Eugene Oasserly, D. C. Broderick, F. P. Tracy, Herman
Wohler, John A. McGlynn, Alexander Wells, W. M. Eddy, Edward
McGowan, James A. McDougall, Henry H. Haight, H. H. Byrne,
•Geo. McDougal, David Scannell, and others.
Another whig state convention met at Sacramento, on June 7th.
It organized by electing J. Neely Johnson, president, and D. F.
Douglass, T. D. Johns, E. W. Gemmill, S. S. Brooks, E. 0. Bell, 0.
McDonald, Robert Tevis, Orrin Bailey, L. Sawyer, and others, vice-
presidents. On the Sth, the following norainations were raade :
J. M. Huntington, for justice of the supreme court (long term),
¦over Stanton Buckner and David 0. Shattuck.
Stanton Buckner, for justice of the supreme court (short term),
over John Chetwood.
Geo. B. Tingley and P. L. Edwards, for merabers of congress, over
H. A. Crabbe, Calhoun Benham, Johnson Price, J. T. McCarty,
H. N. Wood, E. F. W. Ellis, Frank Soule, D. 0. Shattuck, E. J. 0.
Kewen, Tod Robinson, and John C. Fall.
John 0. Fall, D. H. Haskell, T. D. Johns, and James E. Hale,
for presidential electors.
Thos. Robinson, A. Maurice, William A. Robinson, and Sarauel
Barney, for alternate electors.
Wm. W. Hawks, for clerk of the suprerae court.
The following resolutions were adopted :
1. That as congress has donated lands to actual settlers in Oregon,
we do insist that it is but a siraple act of justice that the same
liberality should be extended to every actual settler in California,
for we do not recognize the justice of the rule that would grant such
boon to the one, and refuse it to the other.
2. That in all cases where Araerican citizens have in good faith,
settled upon lands, believing the same to be a part of the public
domain, but which shall prove to be private property, in every such
instance the general governraent should give such settler at least
one hundred and sixty acres of public land, as a compensation for
improvements and loss sustained by reason of such settlement.
3. That we respectfully insist that congress shall donate an
amount of public lands to the state of Oalifornia, equal to that

20 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
hitherto granted to any other new state. On no just ground could
they grant to us less, and, owing to our peculiar situation, we could
reasonably demand more.
4. That we are opposed to the sale or lease of the mineral lands
of Oalifornia, and as whigs we now, as heretofore, hold the doctrine
tha-t they shall be left free to the industry and enterprise of Ameri
can citizens, native or adopted, subject to such laws, rules, and
reculations as may be from time to time prescribed by those inter
ested therein.
5. That common justice demands at the hands of congress, the
prompt establishment of a branch of the United States mint in Cali
fornia  a subject recommended by a whig president to congress — in
order to give to gold its full value in the hands of the rainer ; a re
coraraendation which a so-called democratic congress has hitherto
refused to carry out — preferring to add to the coffers of foreign
bankers rather than aid in giving full value to the daily toil of Cali
fornia miners.
6. That congress should speedily establish a weekly raail com
munication between the Atlantic and Pacific, and should make
liberal appropriations to establish a line of steamers between San
Francisco and China, Japan, and the intermediate islands of the
Pacific, giving the citizens of California a preference in extend ing
aid to accomplish this great national object.
7. That we most heartily approve the whig doctrine of internal
iraprovements, knowing, as we do full well, that the prevalence of ¦
this doctrine as advocated and carried out by the whig party, has
been one of the great leading causes of the rapid rise, growth, and
unexarapled prosperty of our coraraon country.
8. That it is a pararaount duty that congress owes to Oalifornia,
as well as to the whole union, to speedily undertake and proraptly
prosecute to completion a railway from the valley of the Mississippi
to the Pacific ocean.
9. That we hold it as one of the paramount duties of congress to
make liberal appropriations for the improvement of the harbors,
bays, and navigable rivers of California ; likewise for the erection of
custora houses, light-houses, docks, fog-bells, and all other improve
ments tending to protect and facililate trade and commerce.
10. That it is the imperative duty of congress to refund without
delay, to Oalifornia, the large sums extorted from her citizens before
her admission into the union-, under the disguise of custom-house
dues or public revenue, but which were in fact only military exac
tions, levied without color of law, the enormity of whioh has no par-

DEMOCRA TIC CONVENTION. 21
allel in the history of our government, unless it shall hereafter be
found in the adoption of a proposition recently introduced into the
senate of the United States by a distinguished representative of the
¦democracy of California, to rob the hona fide lawful owner of his
lands under the pretense of law, whilst the validity and justice of
his title is confessed.
11. That with the vast capabilities of California, it is indispensi
ble that her legislation should be especially directed to the speedy
•development of her agricultural resources, the building up of manu
factures, the extension and protection of her commercial interests,
and the encouragement of domestic industry in all its branches.
Such, in the opinion of this convention, has not been the character
of its legislation under democratic rule.
12. That we concur with the self-styled democratic conventioil
that assembled at Benicia, in their resolution declaring that the
general government, in the hands of a so-called democratic senate
and house of representatives, " have been guilty of the most culpa
ble neglect of the higher interests of California, and have utterly dis
regarded the wants and demands of the people."
13. That we regard the series of measures recently adopted by
¦congress, denominated the coraproraise measures, as a settlement of
those questions on a basis alike just and honorable, and we will
strictly raaintain and support them as such.
14, That it is the duty of ,the general government to assume the
indebtedness of this state necessarily contracted in the protection
and defence of her citizens in warfare.
15. That we will support the doctrines set forth in the foregoing
resolutions, for the reason that they are whig doctrines, and if car
ried out will not only proraote all the great leading interests of
•California, but of the whole union ; and as whigs, we pledge our
united and individual advocacy of the sarae, before the people.
John M. Huntington, the norainee for justice of the supreme
•court, reS|igned his place on the ticket on August 21st, and on Sep
tember 8th the whig central committee nominated John Chetwood
for the office, over David O. Shattuck ; but Chetwood died at San
Francisco on the 17th of that month, and on the 25th the comraittee
filled the vacancy on the ticket by nominating E. W. F. Sloan.
A second democratic convention raet at Benicia, on Tuesday, July
20th, with 258 delegates present. The San Francisco delegates repre
sented by proxies four other counties, and a raotion to rule out
proxies created a coraraotion, but was defeated.

22 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The convention was called to order by F. P. Tracy, and Wm. H..
Lyon was chosen temporary chairman. On permanent organization,
W. T. Barbour was president, and E. Allen, A. , Ludlow, 0. Culledge,
W. Robinson, C. T. Ryland, A. Randall, R. H. Deering, and OoL
Thorne, vice-presidents.
On the 21st, the following nominations were raade :
Milton S. Latham, for congressman frora the northern district, on.
the first ballot, having received 198 votes, to 78 for Joseph W. Mc
Oorkle and 27 for James W. Denver ; B. F. Keene withdrawing.
James A. McDougall, for congressman frora the southern district,.
on the first ballot, receiving 165 votes, to 130 for R. P. Hammond,
2 for E. 0. Marshall, and 1 for A. 0. Peachy; Thos. B. Van Buren
withdrawing. Hugh 0. Murray, for justice of the suprerae court (long term), by
acclamation ; J. Churchraan withdrawing.
Alexander Wells, for justice of the supreme court (short term), on
the fifth ballot, over Seth B. Farwell, Alexander Anderson, James-
Ohurchman, and A. P. Crittenden.
P. K. Woodside, for clerk of the supreme court, on the fifth ballot,
over E. H. Tharp, James G. Stebbins, Wm. Haskins, W. G. Marcy^
L. B. Mizner, and James L. Trask.
On the 22d, the following additional nominations were made :
W. S. Sherwood, J. W. Gregory, Thos. J. Henley, and Andres-
Pico, for presidential electors, over Blanton McAlpin, John Y. Lind,
J. L. Brent, J. 0. Palmer (withdrawn), F. P. Tracy (withdrawn),
Wm. Sraith, and Wra. McDaniel.
J. L. Brent, L. B. Mizner, J. A. Watson and S. B. Farwell, for
alternate electors
The following resolutions were reported :
1. That we cordially approve of the nominations for president
and vice-president of the United States, made at the recent demo
cratic national convention, and that we also approve of the gerieral
resolutions adopted as a platform by that body ; and we pledge our
selves to give General Franklin Pierce and Wra. R. King, the-
nominees, our united, hearty and enthusiastic support.
2. That the democratic party is in favor of the donation of the-
public lands to American citizens, whether native or naturalized,
who become actual settlers, in quantities not exceeding one hundred
and sixty acres to each settler.
3. That we view the project of a great national railroad frora the
Atlantic states to the Pacific ocean as a raeasure of great impor-

CONVENTION OF FREE-SOIL DEMOCRATS. , 23
tance, believing that its corapletion will tend to ceraent the bonds of
the Araerican union ; that it will not only connect the various local
interests of this country, but will give us the control of a large share
of the trade and commerce of the world, and increase our influence
and power with other nations.
4. That we recommend to our delegation in congress to use every
exertion in their power to have some measure adopted to secure the
early coraraenceraent and completion of this work.
After a discussion, the second resolution was laid on the table,
and the following was adopted as a substitute :
2. That all public lands of California ought to be reserved by the
government from sale, and granted to citizens and actual settlers.
The balance of the resolutions were then adopted.
John Conness offered a resolution that all contracts for labor
made outside of the state, either in any of the other states or in for
eign countries should not be deemed valid, and it was laid on the
table. A resolution was unanimously adopted declaring " that we do not
approve of the bill offered by Tingley, in the legislature, providing
for the introduction of serfs or coolies into California to compete
with white laborers, who at the same time constitute the democracy
and aristocracy of this state."
The free soil democrats held a convention on October 15th, at San
Francisco, and nominated for presidential electors, Joseph Lloyd,
Asa Walker, Asa D. Hatch and J. Bryant Hill. No nominations
were made for state officers. A state central committee was ap
pointed, and an address was issued earnestly inviting " the friends
of the cause to unite in using every lawful means, morally and politi
cally, to free our country from the foul stain and curse of slavery."
The election was held on November 2d, and the democratic ticket
was successful.
For President— ^cott, 34,971 ; Pierce, 39,665 ; Hale, 100.
For Congressmen — Edwards, 81,814; Tingley, 81,774; Latham,
36,961 ; McDougall, 35,685.
For Justices of the Supreme Court — long term — Sloan, 32,160;
Murray, 36,420. Short term — Buckner, 32,859 ; Wells, 35,453.
For Clerk of the Supreme Cowri— Hawks, 32,859 ; Woodside,
35,627.

24 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The democratic presidential electors met at Vallejo on December
1st, and cast the vote of the state for Pierce and King. On the
eighth ballot Henley was selected to convey the returns to Wash
ington.

CHAPTER V.

18S3. Democratic Convention — Whig Convention — Result of the
Election.
On April 20th, the democratic state committee issued a call for a
state convention of that party, to consist of 238 delegates, and pur
suant to that call the convention raet at Benicia, on Tuesday, June
21st. It was called to order by David 0. Broderick, the chairman
of the state committee, and James W. Ooffroth was called to the
chair temporarily. A permanent organization was effected by the
selection of A. 0. Bradford, as president ; and Richard Irwin, I. S.
K. Ozier, John Nye, J. Warner, B. Bryant, A. W. Goodwin, Wra.
H. Smith, John H- McKune, and W. H. Endicott, as vice-presi
dents. On the 22d, John Bigler was norainated for governor on the first
ballot — receiving 134 votes, to 58 for Richard Roman, and 47 for
Henry P. Haun.
On the 23d, the following additional nominations were made :
Sarauel Purdy, for lieutenant-governor, on second ballot, over Jesse
Brush, Joseph 0. McKibben, John J. Warner, A. 0. Bradford, and
Charles F. Lott ; W. H. Lyons, J. M. Covarrubias, 0. H. Bryan,
F. Yeiser, A. M. Winn, and Philip Moore withdrawing.
Alexander Wells, for justice of the supreme court, without
opposition. John R. McConnell, for attorney-general, without opposition.
S. A. McMeans, for treasurer, without opposition. •
Samuel Bell, for controller, on the fourth ballot, over B. F. Lip
pincott and W. S. Pierce ; W. 0. Kibbe withdrawing.
Paul K. Hubbs, for superintendent of public instruction, on the
first ballot, over John G. Marvin, Judge Watson, and Isaac Bragg.
S. H. Mariette, for surveyor -general, on the second ballot, over F.
McDonald. The following resolutions were adopted :
1. That the true interests of the state demand that the public

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 25
lands be disposed of in limited quantities to actual settlers, and that
it is unwise to adopt any policy that may tend to encourage a
landed monopoly, but at the same time we cherish as a right, guaran-
' teed by the consitution, that every citizen shall be protected by law
to the fullest extent, in his person and in his property.
2. That the surest and raost speedy raethod of developing the
resources of the state, proraoting industry, and elevating society, is
to encourage, by the enactment of proper laws, the ownership and
cultivation of the soil in limited quantities by actual settlers.
3. That the deraocratic party cherishes as araong the best features
in the constitution of this state, those which protect the laborer
frora degradation and oppression ; that special legislation, and par
ticularly the forraation of special corporations, is at all times dan
gerous ; and that general incorporation laws, while they should
protect the honest and legitimate application of associated capital,
should not allow the irresponsible contraction of debts or a raono
poly of privileges.
4. That we recognize to the fullest extent, the principle that all
political power exists in the hands of the people, and that constitu
tions and laws are but the expressions of the popular will ; there
fore, we deprecate any change of the constitution of this state, other
than by araendraents, until such an araendraent shall have been
incorporated in it as shall guarantee to the people that the constitu
tion prepared by a convention for its revision shall be subraitted to
the people for their ratification or rejection.
5; That the increasing -permanent population of our state
demands a more complete organization of our coraraon school system,
under such enactments as will best preserve the property of the state
set apart by the constitution for this purpose, and apply the pro
ceeds exclusively to such a systera of education for the children of
the state as will raake them intelligent and independent citizens.
6. That, in the democratic state conventions hereafter to be, held
in this state, each county shall be entitled to one vote, and one addi
tional vote for every 200 democratic votes cast at the general elec
tion next preceding the tirae of holding the convention, taking the
highest vote cast for any state officer, and also one vote for a frac
tion of no less than 100 votes.
7. That we reaffirm the resolutions adopted by the deraocratic
state convention of last July, -to wit : (Quoting the third and
fourth resolutions adopted by the convention of July 20, 1852.)
8. That we recoraraend to our delegates in congress to use every
exertion in their power to secure the early completion of the work.

26 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The following central committee was appointed : D. C. Broderick,
J. Middleton, D. Scannell, M. E. Flannagan, D. Mahoney, M. J.
Swasey, J. T. Hall, J. H. McKune, G. W. Colby, H. P. Haun, and
R. P. Haramond.
The whig convention convened at Sacraraento, on Wednesday,
July 6th, and was coraposed of 384 delegates. Madison Walthall
was chosen president pro tem. On permanent organization, S. P.
Mulford, was president, and H. C. Malone, W. G. Brown, A. Farns-
worth, D. Sheppard, J. 0. Hawthorne, A. W. Bee, Horace Smith,
James Mc Vicker, E. S. Lathrop, and A. M. Rosborough, vice-
presidents. On the 7th, the following nominations were made :
Williara Waldo, for governor, on the first ballot, receiving 345
votes, to 39 for P. B. Reading ; D. 0. Shattuck withdrawing.
Henry Eno, for lieutenant-governor, on the first ballot, over Jesse
O. Goodwin, William Blackburn, David F. Douglass, James M.
Warner, and Frank Soule.
Tod Robinson, for justice of the suprerae court, on the fourth
ballot, over Calhoun Benhara, Lorenzo Sawyer, R. N. Wood, W. R.
Turner, John Currey, and D, 0. Shattuck.
D. K. Newell, for attorney-general, on the first ballot, over J.
Neely Johnson, W. S. Spear, and Elcan Heydenfeldt.
Gilbert F. Winters, for controller, on the fourth ballot, over 0. I.
Hutchinson, R. B. Hampton, J. Brewster, J. McPherson, 0. J.
Brenham, and Samuel Knight. ,
Samuel Knight, for treasurer, over M. Walthall, Beverly 0.
Saunders, W. A. Robertson, and Geo. Pendleton.
S. E. Woodworth, for surveyor-general, over W. A. Eliason, and
Sherman Day.
Sherman Day, for superintendent of public instruction, over T. J.
Nevins, John M. Howe, William Taylor, A. G. McOandlass, 0. 0.
Wheeler, T. 0. Crouch, and M. 0. Briggs.
The following preamble and resolutions were adopted :
Whereas, the dominant party of the state have, by mismanage
ment and corruption, bankrupted the treasury, and loaded us with
a debt too grievous to be borne, and which sits like an incubus upon
all our energies; and whereas, by caucussing and pipe-laying
management, the most honest portion of the democracy have been
out-generaled, and honor and office withheld frora them, giving us
nothing to hope for the future from the party in power but con-

WHIG CONVENTION. 27
tinued corruption and misrule, and the concomitant evils of tyranny
and oppression ; therefore, we, the whig convention of Oalifornia,
believe that a crisis has arisen in our affairs of state that loudly
demands the exercise of the highest patriotisra, and a united concert
of action to reforra the state, on the part of all those who believe
with us that public plunder is the object of the dominant party, is
of more importance than the discussion of national issues.
To particularize, let us subrait facts to a candid and oppressed
people : the dominant party of. the state has, in its short h\x.tfast
career,' collected and disbursed one million five hundred thousand
dollars of the people's raoney, and fixed a debt upon our labor, prop^
erty, and energy of three millions of dollars more. The enorraous
sura of $4,500,000 has in three short years been expended — not for
publio buildings, public improveraents, or public works, but to fatten
and strengthen official cormorants,, and make their power for evil
greater than before. The party in power has passed " stamp acts,"
notarial, port warden, and other laws and edicts more oppressive
than the stamp act which excited our forefathers to arms.
It has neglected to pass laws for the protection of property, or'
coraraon welfare of the people, but on the contrary has oppressed our
citizens with the most grievous taxation ; it has created useless
offices, and given large salaries to sinecures in office, to strengthen
the hands that oppress us, and render us less able to resist oppres
sion. For these and many other reasons, Resolved,
1. That we most heartily disapprove and condemn the administra
tion of the governraent of the state since the organization thereof,
the results of which have eventuated in squandering $1,500,000, by
the official cormorants who have been a constant curse upon the
state. 2. That the annual expenditures of the state should never in time
of peace exceed its revenues, and that any administration not capa
ble of so limiting the expenditure is unworthy the support of the
people. 3. That in creating the enorraous debt of the state that is now
oppressing us, article eight of the state constitution, in the opinion
of this convention, was disregarded, and the violators of it are
unworthy the suffrages of the people.
4. That the law confining the publication of legal notices to cer
tain specified pet papArs, is an offensive raonopoly, not in accordance
with the spirit of the constitution and laws of a well regulated free
governraent; and that the merabers of the legislature who voted for

28 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
it, and the governor who approved it, are alike unworthy of the sup
port of a free people.
5. That we hereby pledge our sacred honor to vote for no candi-
•date who does not unconditionally advocate a most thorough
retrenchment of expenditures in every department of state; and
for this reform we invoke the aid of all good citizens.
6. That to overthrow a dynasty so incorapetent and corrupt as
that which has cursed Oalifornia, is of raore importance to the state
than the discussion and support of any issues of a national character
which have hitherto divided parties.
7. That the number of officers should, be diminished ; the number
of judicial districts lessened; the salaries of state officers materi
ally reduced; and in all those offices of fees, where the revenue
shall exceed a liberal salary, the excess shall pass into the treasury
•of the state.
8. That the hona fide settlers upon lands (supposed public lands at
the time of settlement) deserve our warmest sympathy, and every
protection in their iraproveraents that can legally be given them.
9. That we as whigs (always conservative) will concede anything
but principle, for the overthrow of corruption, and the salvation of
the state.
10. That holding these sentiraents we cordially invite all good
citizens opposed to the norainees of the Bigler dynasty, and in favor
•of reform, and who believe that the redemption of the state is of
more importance than the triumph of party, to aid us in electing an
opposition ticket, noted for its corapetency, purity, and fidelity to
the best interests of the state.
11. That we reaffirm our ancient doctrine in favor of the raost
liberal preeraption laws, donation of lands to actual settlers, home-
. -stead exemption, the perfection of our comraon school systera, opposi
tion to all land raonopolies, and in favor of the location and early
completion of the great overland railroad.
12. That the extension bill (of the last legislature) which passed
the asserably and was indefinitely postponed in the senate was, in
effect, a proposition to squander the valuable property of the whole
people of Oalifornia, for the benefit of a few scheming political
speculators. The election was held on September 7th, and the entire demo
cratic ticket was elected. The official canvass exhibited this result :
For (?oueTOor— Bigler, 38,090 ; Waldo, 37,454.
Lieutenant-Governor — Purdy, 41,498; Eno, 32,968.

DIVISION OF DEMOCRA TIC PAR TY. 29
Controller— BeU, 41,843 ; Winters, 34,912.
rreasMrer— McMeans, 41,465; Knight, 35,250. /
Superintendent of Puhlic Instruction— Hubbs, 41,558- Day
35,465. Attorney-General— McGonnell, 40,729; Newell, 34,899.
S'urveyor-General-M.sirlette, 4:2,100 ; Woodworth, 34,663.
Justice of the Supreme Com-t-'Wells, 41,882; Robinson, 34,212.

CHAPTER VI.

1884. Democratic Convention — Whig Convention.
The democratic convention of 1854 raet at the First Baptist
church, Sacraraento, at 3 o'clock p. m., on Tuesday, July 18th.
Soraetime before the hour for meeting, the doors of the church were
surrounded by a large assemblage of persons, many of whom were
not delegates ; and as soon as the doors were opened the church,
which was estimated to afibrd accomodation for about 400 persons,
was filled to its utmost capacity. D. 0. Broderick, the chairraan of
the state committee, ascended the platform, and was received with
loud and long-continuing cheering. Instantly on his calling the
convention to order several delegates sprang to the floor for tlie pur
pose of nominating candidates for temporary chairraan. Broderick
recognized T. L. Vermule as having the floor, but before the announc-
ment was made, John O'Meara proposed ex-Governor John Mc
Dougal for chairraan pro tem. Vermule nominated Edward
McGowan for the position. Broderick stated that he could not recog
nize O'Meara's raotion, and put the question on McGowan's election,
and declared that it had carried. McGowan instantly raounted the
stand, closely followed by McDougal, whose friends insisted that he
had been,selected, although his name had not been submitted to the
convention in regular forra. The two chairmen took seats side by
side, and a scene of indescribable confusion and tumult ensued.
When something like order was restored, McDougal read the naraes
of Major G. W. Hook and John Bidwell, as vicerpresidents ; and
McGowan announced J. T. Hall and A. T. Laird as his appointees
for those offices. Again a scene of extreme confusion occurred, but
the gentleraen named seated themselves with their respective leaders.
Two sets of secretaries and coraraittees were then appointed, and

50 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
reports were made to each side recommending that the temporary
¦officers be declared permanently elected. Motions were made to
adopt the reports, and, araid the greatest excitement, they were
¦declared carried. The double-headed convention sat until about 9
o'clock in the night. No further business was transacted, but each side
tried to sit the other out. Two sickly candles — one in front of each
president — lighted up the scene. The trustees of the church finally
relie-yed both sides by stating that they could not tolerate the riotous
¦crowd longer in the building, and the delegates left without a formal
adjournment. The session throughout was like pandemoniun let
loose. Soon after the organization, a rush was made by the crowd
to the stage. One of the officers was seized, and at that instant a
pistol exploded in the densely crowded roora. A mad rush was
raade for the doors, and a portion of the delegates made a precipitate
Tetreat through the windows to the ground — a distance of some
fifteen feet. Towards night. Governor Bigler was called to the stand,
¦and he made a conciliatory speech, but it had no effect for good.
On the 19th, the wing presided over by McDougal, and which
represented the chivalry or southern element of the party, met at
Musical Hall ; and the McGowan or Tamraany branch, representing
ihe northern eleraent, met at Carpenter's building. The officers of
the chivalry wing resigned, and Major Hook was elected president,
and H. P. Barber, William A. Mannerly, A. W. Taliaferro, and
J. G. Downey, vice-presidents. A committee on address and resolu
tions was appointed,, consisting of B. F. Washington, Jaraes M.
Estell, William Van Voorhies, H. P. Barber, and John McDougal.
A comraunication was received from the other convention askin"
that a committee of conference be appointed, with a view of settling
the disagreement, but the language of the coramunication was
regarded as offensive, and it was withdrawn for the purpose of
changing the phraseology. Afterwards a second note almost similar
to the first was sent in, but it was flatly rejected. The following
nominations were then made :
James W. Denver, for congressman from the northern district,
and Philip T. Herbert from ¦ the southern district, over J. T. Oreii-
shaw (withdrew), Charles L. Scott, Blanton McAlpin, and A. 0.
'Bradford. Charles A. Leake for clerk of the supreme court, over Sarshall
Bynum. On the 20th, the following resolutions, offered by McAlpin, were
adopted :

DIVISION OF DEMOCRA TIC PARTY. 31
1. That we view the construction of the Atlantic and Pacific
railroad as one of the most important matters for the welfare of our
coramon country that has agitated the public mind since the forma
tion of our national government ; and we but echo the sentiments
of nine-tenths of the people of Oalifornia when we declare that
congress should do all and everything consistent with the constitu
tion in aiding the coramencement and completion of the same.
2. That while we renew the oft-expressed views of the democracy
of Oalifornia in favor of the donation to actual settlers in limited
quantities of the public doraain, we nevertheless believe and recora
raend that liberal donations should be raade, in accordance with the
well established policy of the general government in similar cases,
to aid in the construction of the greatest national work of the age —
the building of the Atlantic and Pacific railroad.
3. That we most cordially approve and sustain the passage of the
Nebraska bill, and the vote thereupon shows most clearly that it
was a democratic raeasure — one of principle, that should have en
listed in its favor every true lover of republican principles, and we
only regret that araong the naraes of those who opposed its passage
we notice ^orae few who claira to be deraocrats.
4. That we reassert and maintain the principles of the democratic
platform adopted at Baltimore in 1852, and we endorse to the fullest
extent the administration of General Franklin Pierce.
An assessment of five dollars pe,r delegate was collected to repair
the damages to the church building. A state committee was ap
pointed, consisting of B. F. Washington, Blanton McAlpin, Wilson
Flint, James O'Meara, W. A. Mix, J. R. Hardenbergh, W. T. Sex
ton, V.' E. Geiger, J. H. Ralston, S. A. Booker, 0. S. Fairfax, J. H.
Baker, 0. L. Scott, and others.
The McGowan wing met at 9:30 A. m. on the 19th, that gentleman
continuing to act as the presiding officer. A committee of seven
was appointed to invite the McDougal convention to attend, and
the committee were empowered to arrange the difficulties. A recess
was taken until 1 o'clock to give the comraittee time to act. On
the convention reassembling, the committee reported that they had
sent the following comraunication to the chivalry convention, and
that the proposition contained in it had been rejected :
John McDougal, Esq., chairman of deraocratic delegates convened
at Musical Hall — Sir : The undersigned have been this morning
constituted a committee, with full powers, by and on behalf of the
democratic state convention, at Carpenter's hall, for a conference

32 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
with our fellow deraocrats at Musical Hall, for the purpose of har-
raonizing and uniting the democracy of Oalifornia. You will be
pleased to announce this to your body, and any communication may
be addressed to the chairman of this committee, at "Jones' hotel.
We are, sir, very respectfully your fellow citizens, William Walker,
John Burke Phillips, James Churchman, Eugene Casserly, R. T.
Sprague, Thos. L. Vermule, John M. McBrayer.
The committee was discharged, and the convention proceeded to
nominate a ticket.
Milton S. Latham and James A. McDougall were unanimously
nominated for congress; W. T. Wallace, J. W. Ooffroth, B. F.
Myers, 0. H. Bryan, and E. 0. Marshall, withdrawing.
P. K. Woodside was nominated for clerk of the supreme court,
over Huraphrey Griffeth, William S. Long, Martin Rowan and D.
A. Enyard.
The following address was adopted :
To the democracy of California : The democratic party of this
state is necessarily composed of more heterogeneous elements than
those which constitute the party in other states of the union. Com
ing as our people do frora all parts of the world, bringing with them
a thousand differences of feeling and opinion, it is to be expected
that all aggregations of party shall be less accordant here than else
where. This has been apparent from the first organization of the demo
cratic party in Oalifornia. But there has always been a portion of
the party — and this the raasses of it — who have desired to sink all
sectional issues, and unite on the great principles of the party of
the union. Others have as long and as certainly raanifested a desire
to divide the party and sectionalize its principles.
These two motives have always influenced, to a great extent, the
action of the party within itself. It was not until last year, and
after the nominations of the Benicia convention, that there was
open rupture between the two branches of the democracy.
The sarae diversity of prejudices and opinions divided the party
during the last session of the legislature. It moved the democracy
in the recent election of delegates to the state convention.
When the delegates to the Sacramento convention assembled, the
same radical division was apparent. One portion of the democracy
organized under the laws and usages of the party, and placed officers
over the convention who had supported the action of previous state
conventions. The portion of the delegates who seek to make the

DIVISION OF DEMOCRA TIC PARTY. 33
party sectional, placed at their head men who repudiated a nominee
of the last state convention. By their acts and declarations these
latter evinced a desire to agitate in this state social questions of the
most disturbing character ; and discussion of these subjects can
only tend to schisraatize the party.
On the other hand, we, the representatives of men who wish to
maintain the catholicity of the party, sought to harmonize the di
visions of the deaiocracy. Our proposals for compromise were
treated with disdain, and scorn was the only reward they were will
ing to bestow on our conciliatory efforts. In thia emergency the
convention has norainated for members of congress men whom the
whole democracy has approved, Let the party bear witness to the
zeal with which we have labored to raaintain the unity of the party.
Let the future prove the wisdora with which we have deliberated
and decided.
We present the ticket we have nominated to the democracy of
California. We ask the masses of the party to strive for its welfare
with as much singleness of purpose as have their delegates in the
state convention ; and if they do, victory will again perch on the
eagles of the deraocracy.
The platform of the democratic convention of June 21, 1853, was
readopteduerJaiim, with the exception that_to the end of the second
resolution were added the words, " and of guaranteeing to such set
tlers the value of all iraproveraents hona fide made." The following
additional resolutions were adopted :
9. That one of the cardinal principles in the usages and practice of
the democratic party for the last half century has been, that all differ
ences of opinion upon questions of party policy, expediency, or men,
are to be settled by convention, or caucus of merabers of the party
for that purpose asserabled, and that at such conventions or caucuses,
a majority shall rule, and that it is the duty of every democrat,
cheerfully ^to submit to a decision of such questions thus made, and
that any violation or departure from this usage, is subversive of
party organization, and destructive of the harmony and dangerous
to the success of the party.
10. That we cordially approve and endorse the resolutions adopted
by the deraocratic national convention asserabled at Baltimore,
which nominated Franklin Pierce for the presidency.
The following state coraraittee was selected : David Mahoney, B.
S. Lippincott, F. A. Kohler, Thos. Brannan, Edw. McGowan, J. T.
Hall, G. W. Colby, J. H. McKune, A. T. Laird, J. W. Ooffroth,

34 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
and others. A collection of $400 was taken up to repair the dam
ages that had been done to the Baptist church on the previous day,
a committee having reported that the building had been injured to
that extent.
Shortly after the adjournment of the conventions, Judge Heyden
feldt declined the nomination for Latham, and Judge Murray pub
lished a card withdrawing McDolugall's narae from the canvass. On
August 31st, Latham arrived from Washington, and on September
2d telegraphed his withdrawal from the ticket to the state corarait
tee. On the sarae day James Churchman was nominated for con
gress to supply the vacant place on the Tammany ticket. It was
pretty generally understood throughout the carapaign that Mc
Dougall was not a candidate, but he did not forraally withdraw frora
the fight after his return frora Washington. After the election the
Tararaany party ascribed the defeat of their ticket to Latham's
withdrawal. The whig convention raet at the theater in Sacraraento, on Tues
day, July 25th. It was called to order by Frank Soule, chairman
of the state coraraittee, and Joshua P. Haven was elected teraporary
chairman. In the evening J. Neely Johnson was elected president;
and A. D. McDonald, J. A. Lewis, R. Tevis, J. M. Stewart, J. C.
Hawthorne, J. H. Moore, and others, vice-presidents, A comraittee
on resolutions was selected, consisting of W. S. Spear, B. Peyton,
D. K. Newell, Louis R. Lull, H. T. Huggins, John Currey, and
others. The candidates for the congressional nominations were
George W. Bowie, Edward P. Fletcher (withdrawn), J. E. Hale
(withdrawn), R. N. Wood, Frank Soule (withdrawn), Edward
Woodruff (withdrawn), P. H. Harris, W. W. Stow (withdrawn),
T. H. Williams (withdrawn), J. M. Orane, P. B. Reading (with
drawn), E. D. Baker (withdrawn), D. K. Newell (withdrawn), W.
W. Hawks (withdrawn), and Calhoun Benham. On the 26th, on
the second ballot, Bowie was norainated frora the northern district ;
and on the fifth ballot Benham was successful from the southern
district. Joseph R. Beard was nominated on the second ballot for
clerk of the supreme court, over Horace Smith, General Allen, and
Josiah Gordon. The following address and resolutions were adopted :
The condition of your state demanding reformation, calls upon
you to inaugurate the rule of honesty, and to put an end to abuses
and evils which are the parisitical and withering results of mal-

WHIG CONVENTION. 35
administration and bad government. From Washington to Clay —
we refer to an unserried line of patriotism, alike in adversity and in
prosperity, the protectors of our country. The union can only be
advanced by the preservation of principles, and the advancement of
measures that in their nationality comraand the support of every
American. We point to the whig adrainistrations, from Washington
to Fillmore, as having exemplified devotion to the constitution,
fidelity to the union, and paternal care for the honor, happiness and
prosperity of the country. The welfare of Oalifornia and its imper
illed integrity require a revolution of public affairs. In such
change will be insured good government, economy in its exercise,
rigid adherence to the laws, and strict accountability of all in authority
to the tribunal of public opinion. Aid us to reduce the taxes; to
unshackle comraerce ; to remove the anti-republican restrictions to
trade imposed by venal legislation ; above all, join us in the effort
to restore the purity of the ballot box, and the freedom of elections ;
to make secure the life, liberty, and property of every citizen. We
proclaim the building of the Pacific railroad to be the paramount
duty of the government of the United States, as furnishing, when
completed, the best and surest means of national defense. We desire
the adoption and perfection of the best system of coramon school
¦education, and to yield aid in all possible ways to learning and
science. We demand a purification of the judgment seat, and
a revision of the statutes. It is, therefore, resolved,
1. That we, the whigs of Califomia, in coraraon with the whigs
of the union, regard the building of the Atlantic and Pacific rail
road as of pararaount national importance, believing its construction
strengthens and perpetuates the bond linking this continent together ;
marvelously increases the general prosperity, and forever removes
from this iramense travel all and every danger — rendering secure
the lives of myriads, and the immense property which will pass over
its lines — demand frora the congress of the United States and every
branch of the general government that instant action which a bless
ing so vast and immeasurable to our own and every other land,
requires at their hands.
2. That for these reasons, as well as regarding it the foremost —
as it is the surest — means of a perfected national defense, and a
vindication of the great and vital Araerican principle for which
whigs have always contended, we will never cease to implore the
national legislature and urge upon the executive the pursuit and
furtherance of this measure, as one of the first duties they owe to
their country.

36 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
3. That we regard the public doraain as the property of the
people of the United States, and insist that California shall receive
her full and entire share thereof, to aid in the construction of her
railroads, the fostering of education, the diffusion of knowledge, and
the endowment of comraon schools, colleges, and universities.
4. That we hold as a changeless whig principle the duty of the law
to protect inviolate the property of all classes — the miner, the
mechanic, the agriculturist, and the trader — and we denounce every
measure or system of measures, the effect of which would be to rob
industry of its natural reward, and to deprive honest labor of its
hardly acquired earnings.
5. That Oalifornia demands frora congress and the executive such
prorapt action as will ensure the immediate corapletion of the survey
of the public lands, and put a period to the vexatious delays of the
land commission.
6. That the whigs of Oalifornia hold the right of the people of
the territories of the United States to determine and legislate for
theraselves, to be inherent ; and, as such, whenever the population
entitles thera to frame a state constitution, they possess the author
ity to do so without the interference of, and independent of any
other power.
7. That it is the true interest of the government to secure to
every actual settler upon the public lands of the United States a
competent homestead.
8. That in reference to the mineral lands of the state, the prop
erty of the United States, and the disposition of mining privileges,
we regard the miners as the first parties whose interest and proper
wishes should have greatest weight in settling and determining
these important matters.
9. That the revenue collected by the general government in Oali
fornia, prior to her admission into the union, of right belongs to her
and should be promptly refunded.
10. That the "Farewell Address of Washington" is the unde
viating chart of American freedora ; the whig party coherent in and
supporting all its principles, look to its maxims when adhered to by
the people, as the surest reliance of the constitution and the union.
11. That -we are admonished that the time approaches when the
nation, tired with the imbecility of an irresponsible and vacillating
administration, turns with trusting hope and confidence to the whig
party— obeying that high sumraons, frora the shores of the Pacific,
we shout to our Atlantic brethren " union of the whigs for the sake
of the union."

DIVISION OF DEMOCRA TIC PARTY. 37
A state committee was appointed, consisting of Baillie Peyton,
Frederick Billings, S. W. HoUiday, G. H. Hossefross, A. 0. Monson,
J. Price, J. W. Winans, A. B. Nixon, G. W. Crane, S. Buckner,
J. 0. Fall, D. F. Douglass, H. A. Crabbe, D. K. Newell, and others.

In the latter part of July, the state coramittee of the chivalry
¦wing of the democracy appointed three of its merabers — B. F.
Washington, Blanton McAlpin, and William G. Ross — to arrange
-terms for a compromise with the other faction of the party, and
they subraitted to the central committee of the Tammany side, the
following conditions upon which to base a settlement of the existing
difficulties .
1. The withdrawal of McDougall and Latham.
2. The withdrawal of Leake, by his consent.
3. That the two state committees act jointly, upon an equal footing.
4. That the county nominations which had been made be allowed
to remain, and that the people would be asked to support them.
5. That, in the counties of San Francisco and Sacramento, the
nominations to be made should be equally divided between the
wings. 6. That they would jointly recommend to the democracy of El
Dorado and Placer to harmonize upon some fair basis.
B. F. Lippincott, George Wilkes, and John H. McKune, repre
senting the Tammany committee, submitted these propositions :
1. We propose to meet you by each relinquishing one-half of our
several claims, making a joint congressional ticket of one meraber
norainated at your late convention, and one member of ours — say,
Denver and Latham.
2. We propose to draw lots to decide which of us shall be entitled
to the noraination of clerk of the supreme court.
8. We propose to form a new state committee by equal numbers
drawn from the two present committees, and to draw lots for chair
man. 4. We propose to issue an address on the part of the new com
mittee, urging the new ticket upon the adoption of the democracy
of the state, such address to be signed by all the merabers of the
•committee. The propositions were both rejected.

38 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Early in 1854, American or "know nothing" organizations were-
forraed in the state, and it was not long before an association
existed in alrnost every town and mining carap.
On May 27th, the San Francisco Alta, in referring to the new
movement, said :
The mysterious association called the "know nothing," appears to-
have spread its branches until one of them has cast a shadow on thfr
Paciflc shore. The " know nothings," as near as they can be under
stood, or their doctrines or intentions fathomed, are a secret political
organization, strongly native American in its feelings, and organized
for the purpose of acting politically, with the intention of curtailing^
the political privileges of persons of foreign birth or descent. They
are, in fact, a reorganization of the native American party in a new
form, and adopting all their principles, intend makiu',^ a secret
application of them.
On August SOth, the sarae paper said :
From all the papers in every portion of the state we gather the
fact that the mysterious associations of " know nothings " have-
spread theniselves until a branch is formed in alraost every mining
town and village of any importance throughout the country. That
they will have a great influence, if not an entire control, over the
ensuing election in this state, there can now be but little doubt,
although from the entire secrecy of their operations it is irapossible-
to form an idea of how that influence will be used.
In San Francisco, the "know nothings" ran a local ticket in 1854,
and it was successful. The orgaiiization did not openly take part in
state politics, but its influence on the election was doubtless impor
tant. The election was held on Septeraber 6, 1854, and the result in.
the state was as follows :
For Congressmen — Denver, 36,819; Herbert, 36,542; Bowie,
34,734; Benhara, 34,411; McDougall, 9,968; Churchman, 10,006^
Latham, 1,843 ; scattering, 448.
For Clerk ofthe Supreme Court— 'Lea.V.e, 33,700; Beard, 35,133 ;
Woodside, 11,721 ; scattering, 47.
Denver and Herbert were consequently elected to congress, and
Beard was elected clerk of the supreme court.

RISE OF KNOW NOTHING PARTY. 39
CHAPTER VII.
186S. Gubernatorial Election — Democratic Convention — Convention
of the American Party — Settlers' and Miners' Convention — Temper
ance Conventions.
The whigparty virtually disbanded in 1855, and the secret Ameri
can party took its place as a prominent political organization.
This new faction originated in 1852, and its animating spirit was
hostility to the exercise of political power in this country by foreign
ers, and more especially by Rornan catholics. Its members were
popularly termed "know nothings," because they were required when
interrogated with respect to the order to declare that they knew
nothing about it. The new party had figured somewhat in Cali
fornia politics in 1854, but it was not until 1855 that it assumed an
aspect so forraidable as to be considered worthy of the steel of the
democracy. At the spring municipal elections, the success of the
know nothing tickets so aroused the democrats that their organs
devoted raost of their thunder to attacks upon the secret organization.
On March Sth, at a municipal election in Marysville, the Ameri
cans carried everything, although their nominations had - not been
raade public until the morning of the election. At the Sacramento
city election, on April 2d, the entire "know nothing" ticket was
elected ; and in the smaller towns their successes had been as
marked. The democratic papers called upon the divided wings of
their party to unite and make a common enemy of the new party,
but it was soon apparent that the secret association had captured
nearly all of the whigs and a goodly number of the democrats.
On May 23d, the state committees of the two wings of the demo
cratic party -met and harmonized, and issued a joint call for a state
convention. The call recited that " the undersigned, members of
the two deraocratic state committees, respectively presided over by
B. F. Washington and B. S. Lippincott, as chairmen, feeling the
necessity of a united action on the part of the democratic party in
the ensuing state election, and for the purpose of insuring an
unbroken front against the common enemy, have mutually agreed
upon the above call for a convention." Pursuant to this call the
democratic convention raet at Sacraraento, on Wednesday, June
27th. Charles S. Fairfax was selected president p'i'o tem., and
afterwards permanent president. About the first business before
the convention was the consideration of the following resolution :

40 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
That the secretary of this convention shall propose the following
interrogatory to each and every candidate who shall present himself
for an office in this convention, to wit : Are you a meraber of a
secret political organization known and generally called "know
nothings"? All who answer affirraatively or refuse to answer shall
be excluded frora any nomination.
The following was offered as a substitute :
That all candidates for noraination in this convention, shall,
previous to balloting for such candidate, sign the following pledge,
and any raember of this convention nominating a candidate, shall
deliver to the officers of this convention the aforesaid pledge, signed
by such candidate : We, the undersigned, pledge the democracy of
Oalifornia, that we do not belong to the secret political society
known as "know nothings, ' or Araerican party, or to any secret
political association whatever ; and that whether raembers or not,
we will hereby support and use all honorable raeans to secure the
election of the norainees of this convention.
After considerable discussion, the resolutions were referred to
the coraraittee on resolutions.
On the 28th, the following resolutions were adopted :
(The first five resolutions of the democratic national convention
of June, 1852, were adopted.)
6. That the democrats of this state feel that the best and highest
interests of Oalifornia are involved in the speedy construction of the
great Pacific -railroad ; and that we, as a party, will, by legislation
or otherwise, give our earnest and hearty support to the accomplish
ment of this truly glorious enterprise.
7. That we are in favor of just legislative action, securing, as far
as possible, the rights of actual settlers and miners, who in good
faith are occupying lands in this state.
8. That all secret political organizations, bound together by
pledges and oaths, having for their object the proscription of any
American citizen, are contrary to the spirit of our free institutions,
treasonable in appearance, if not in design, and should receive, as
they deserve, the just animadversion of all good citizens.
9, That the democracy of California abhor and repudiate as
un-American and anti-republican, the proscription of a man for the
accident of his birth, or for his religious opinions ; and in this crisis
of American liberities, institutions, and ideas, they re-affirm and pro
claim in full force the universal democratic doctrine of "equal rio-hts

RE-UNION OF DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 41
to all under the constitution and laws " — and declare in the
imraortal words of the greatest of American patriots, that "any
man conducting himself as a good citizen is accountable to God
alone for his religious opinions, and ought to be protected in
worshiping the Deity according to the dictates of his own con
science.'' 10. That we do now cordially invite all our former political
brethren who may have strayed from us for a time, attracted by
curiosity or otherwise, and who have joined themselves to secret
political orders, to return to us and with us defend the principles of
their former faith, and abandon institutions which the daily current
of events is developing to be founded on intolerance, and controlled
by raen dangerous to the permanency and welfare of our govern-
ttient. 1 1. That we will neither nominate nor support any man for office
who will not pledge himself, and subscribe to the foregoing platform
and resolutions. ,
In view of the agitation of the temperance question in the state,
the following additional resolutions were adopted ;
12. That, in the opinion of this convention, the time has come
when sober men, and sober men only, should be presented for the
suffrages of raoral and intelligent freeraen.
13. That, as a convention, we will respect the moral sentiment of
the state, in the nominations which we are about to raake.
The following norainations were made on the 29th and 30th :
John Bigler, for governor, on the second ballot, receiving 157
votes, to 125 for Milton S. Latham, 1 for J. W. McOorkle, and 2 for
Richard Roman. On the first ballot, Bigler had 128 votes ; Latham,
115; James Walsh, 39, and 0. A. Clark, 3. Walsh withdrew
before the second ballot was taken, and H. P. Haun, whose name
was proposed, declined to be a candidate.
Sarauel Purdy, for lieutenant-governor, on the first ballot, over
Frederick Yeiser and I. S. K. Handy.
Myron Norton (full term) and Charles H. Bryan (to fill vacancy),
for justices of the supreme court, over Charles T. Botts, Lewis
Aidrich, Alpheus Felch, Eugene Casserly, and R. T. Sprague.
Thomas C. Flournoy, for controller, on the first ballot, over Ben
jamin Hall and I. N. Dawley.
B. F. Keene, for treasurer, on the, first ballot, over William A,
Mix ; Thomas Payne declining.

42 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
B. 0. Whiting, for attorney-general, on the second ballot, over
Allen P. Dudley, S. B. Axtell, H. W. Carpentier, G. E. Montgomery,
Augustus Redman, W. S. Spear, and W. S. Long.
S. H. Mariette, for surveyor-general, without opposition.
George H. Crossette, for printer, on the first ballot, over H. C
Patrick, Vincent E. Geiger, and S. H. Dosh.
C. F. Powell, W. H. Bell, and Samuel 0. Astin, for state prison
directors, over R. N. Snowden, Geo. Langdon, Jas. Creighton, Jas.
T. Ewing, and W. J. Burnside.
The candidates for nominations were required to specifically
declare theraselves before the convention on the question of know
nothingisra. A state coraraittee was selected, consisting of B. F.
Washington, B. S. Lippincott, Thos. Kendall, Edw. McGowan,
T. W. Taliaferro, J. L. Brent, W. S. Long, J. H. McKune, M. E.
Cooke, F. Forman, T. W. Sigourney, V. E. Geiger, Jos. Walkup,
J. W. Owen, Nelson Taylor, W. A. Mix, 0. S. Fairfax, J. W. Mc
Oorkle, E. O. F. Hastings, P. T. Herbert, Alex. Hunter, and others.
The American state convention met at Sacramento, on Tuesday,
August 7th, with 379 delegates, and organized temporarily by
selecting Samuel B. Smith, as chairman pro tem. In the evening, a
perraanent organization was effected by the election of Jaraes W.
Ooffroth, as president ; and Robt. McCall, Jaraes Churchraan, S. A.
McMeans, Isaac Davis, Williara Thornburg, Henry Bates, J. Tooker,
Chas. Ford, T. W. Robertson, L. H. Bascom, S. 0. Hastings, E. L.
Bond, and H. B. Lathrop, vice-presidents.
The following platform was adoptpd :
The American party of California, in convention assembled,
declare the following as the principles of their aysociation :
1. The maintenance and support of the union against all attempts
to overthrow or underraine it.
2. The supremacy of the constitution and laws of the republic.
3. A judicous revision of the laws regulating naturalization.
4. Universal religious toleration.
- 5. No union of church and state.
6. Inflexible opposition to the appointraent or election to offices
of trust, honor, or eraoluraent, of all who are not truly national in
feeling, and especially of all who acknowledge allegiance to any
foreign government.
7. A stern and unqualifled opposition to all corruption and fraud
in high places.

CONVENTION OF AMERICAN PARTY. 43
8. The preservation of the purity of the-ballot box, and with a
view thereto, the early adoption of a judicious registration law in
the cities, so as entirely to prevent the fraudulent multiplication of
votes. 9. The iramediate appropriation by congress of either money or ,
land, or both, in sufficient quantities to secure the early establishment
of a railway from the' Pacific ocean to the Mississippi river'.
10. The most liberal and just legislation in favor of that portion
of our population known as " settlers."
11. Eligibility to office, both in the states and nation, should be
restricted to persons born on some part of the territory included
within the jurisdiction of the United States.
12. The, firmest and raost enduring opposition to the agitation of
all questions of a raerely sectional character.
13. Retrenchment and reform in the civil administration in Cali
fornia, by reducing the expenses of government, and lessening the
burthens of the taxpayers.
14. To apply in all cases, the Jeffersonian test in selecting men
for office, viz.: Is he honest ? Is he capable \ Will he support the
constitution %
15. Utter disregard of ancient party naraes and worn-out party
issues, and cordial confraternity with all who are willing to
cociperate with us in support of the principles herein set forth.
On the 8th, it was resolved, by a vote of 185 to 62, "that this
convention approve of the teraperance reform now going on through
out the state, and that we will nominate none for office but men of
high moral character and known habits of teaiperanoe."
The following nominations were made on the Sth and 9th :
J. Neely Johnson, for governor, on the fourth ballot, over Drury
P. Baldwin, J. W. Ooffroth (declined), B. 0. Whitman, James H.
Wade, W. W. Stow, J. H. Ralston, Jesse O. Goodwin, General John
Wilson, Jaraes L. English, 0. T. Ryland, and Geo. B. Tingley.
Robert M. Anderson, for lieutenant-governor, on the first ballot,
over T. J. White and D. R. Ashley.
Hugh 0. Murray, for justice of the supreme court (full term), on
the first ballot, over Lorenzo Sawyer and Green T. Martin.
David S. Terry, for justice of the suprerae court (to fill vacancy),
on the second ballot, over L. Sawyer, R, N. Wood, G. N. Mott, D. 0.
Shattuck, and John Currey.
George W. Whitraan, for controller, on the fifth ballot, over

44 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Samuel Bell, J. H. Miller, N. Carroll, E. A. Rowe. John Gray, and
W. B. May.
Henry Bates, for treasurer, on the second ballot, over J. B.
Laforge, Thos. Paine, N. 0. Cunningham, A. H. Murdock, J. 0.
Curtis, R. Chenery, and H. H. Means.
W. T. Wallace, for attorney-general, on the sixth ballot, over
William" M. Stewart, G. B. Tingley, H. Lee, Alex. Ely, A. B. Dibble,
Horace Allen, and Henry Meredith.
John A, Brewster, for surveyor-general, on the second ballot, over
Lansing Tucker, A. S. Easton, and T. D. Judah.
James Allen, for printer, on the second ballot, over John K. Love
joy, Paul Morrill, W. R. Butte, and John A. Lewis.
E. Wilson, F. S. McKenzie, and Alex. Bell, for prison directors.
On July 5th, a call was issued for a state convention of the
settlers and miners, to be held at Sacramento, on August 8th, for
the purpose of nominating a state ticket and to organize a separate
party. The call was signed- by William J. Shaw, G. W. Colby,
I. W. Underwood, R. D. Ferguson, H. Amyx, and others, and
recited :
The great magnitude and importance of this moveraent cannot be
overrated. The necessity of iramediate aad timely action on the
part of the settlers and miners of this state must be apparent to all.
No good citizen can fail to foresee the public injury which must
result from the sweeping and indiscriminating confirraation of
Mexican grants to lands, which have been purchased as speculations,
without ever having been located, or in possession of the pretended
grantees. According to the recent extraordinary decision of the sup
reme court of the United States, neither boundaries, nor posses
sion, nor location of the lands, prior to our acquisition of this coun
try, is necessary to insure the confirraation of these claims. No
-equities are exacted which a just people would recognize ; and
claims which neither justice, law, nor our national honor require us
to respect, are to be pronounced valid and obligatory. Consequently,
thousands of our fellow citizens in all parts of the state, in posses
sion of a lot, a homestead, a mining claim, or a farm, are liable to have
a floating grant located upon the very places which they occupy.
Indeed, justice to the people is being forgotten, and the object of
governraent seeras to be the success of speculations alone. Notwith
standing this impending crisis between the people and raere specula
tions, no party has hitherto done anything to shield the producing

SETTLERS' AND MINERS' CONVENTION. 45
portions of our population frora the impending storm. Indeed,
without imraediate constitutional legislation to protect the just
rights of our fellow citizens as far as possible, he must be blind to
actual experience who does not see that scenes of bloodshed and
open resistance to the decisions of our courts, will be the painful
result of longer neglect. We make no appeal to party, but directly
to the people themselves, for the nomination and election of men
from our own ranks to carry out these reforras. They have already
too long trusted to the lead of mere politicians, who have no aim but
personal success, and no principles which are of any practicable
moment to the country.
Pursuant to this call, the convention met on the day named and
was called to order by I. W. Underwood. On the 9th, David F.
Douglass was elected president, and a lengthy platform touching the
subjects referred to in the call was adopted, but no norainations
were raade, It was resolved to support no man who did not indorse
the platforra, and whose previous word, act, and deeds did not show
the sincerity of his pledge. A state coramittee was selected, cora
posed of B. R. Nickerson, W. T. Barbour, A. A. Sargent, W.
Holden, G. W. Colby, J. McClatchy, J. H. Ralston, H. Amyx,
W. J. Shaw, and others.
On June 20th, a state temperance convention met at Sacraraento.
Jaraes Churchman was teraporary chairman, and John Wilson was
permanent president. Delegates were present from San Francisco,
Sutter, Nevada, Yolo, Sacramento, Alameda, and Yuba. The
following resolution was adopted :
That it is inexpedient for this convention, as the voice of the tem
perance people of the state, to raake norainations for state officers
for the coming general state election.
On the 21st, the comraittee on resolutions presented the following
report :
Whereas, the highest social, moral, coraraercial, and political
well-being of our beloved state is involved in the triumph of the
principles of temperance reform, therefore, resolved,
1. That the most vigorous efforts should be made in every appro
priate way to secure the speedy and entire destruction of the liquor
traffic in our State.
2. That the time has fully corae when the friends of temperance
in California should use all their influence at the ballot box to secure
the election to office of sober raen, and sober men only.

46 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
3. That we deera it highly iraproper for the friends of prohibi
tion to vote for any man who is not willing to give his support to a
stringent prohibitory liquor law for this state.
4. That we hereby disclaim for ourselves, and the men we repre
sent, all intention to using the temperance strength to aid any party
or set of candidates, to secure office for any other reason than that
they raay be with us in the vital issue of the rule or ruin of the
liquor traffic.
5. That we urgently request the political parties, which raay be
in the field, to norainate men characterized by the sobriety of their
Jiabits, and their willingness to aid us in our work to the full raeasure
of legal prohibition.
6. That a state central coramittee be appointed to propound the
following questions to the candidates who may be nominated for the
state offices, by the respective political parties : 1. Do you practice
total abstinence ? 2. Will you, if elected, give your in^uence in
favor of a prohibitory liquor law in California ?
7. That when said committee have received responses, it shall
proceed to norainate a ticket taken from the various candidates.
Should two or more respond satisfactorily, who are seeking the same
place, they should both be presented as acceptable, and should not
enough respond favorable to constitute a ticket, the comraittee shall
then take raeasures to norainate men who may not be in the list of
any other party.
8. That we request our friends in the various counties to hold
conventions as soon as possible, and adopt a plan in relation to the
local tickets similar to the one proposed in the preceding resolution.
9 That we urge all who wish the salvation of the country, to vote
in favor of prohibition at the next election.
The first and second resolutions were adopted. The following
substitute for the third resolution was adopted :
8. That we deem it to be the solemn duty of every teraperance
man in our state to withhold his political support from all candi
dates for office who are not in favor of a stringent prohibitory liquor
law for California.
The fourth, fifth, eighth, and ninth resolutions were adopted; the
first question in the sixth resolution was stricken out, and the fol
lowing was adopted as a substitute for the seventh resolution:
7. That the state central comraittee provided for in a previous

TEMPERANCE CONVENTIONS. 47
resolution be instructed to publish and circulate extensively through
out the state the interrogatories addressed to the respective candi
dates for state offices, together with the replies of those candidates,
so that the temperance men of the state may know who of the can
didates are true to our cause, and may vote at the polls accordingly.
A state committee was appointed, consisting of Gen. John Wilson,
Annis Merrill, D. W. Welty, S. J. May, Jaraes Allen, J. T. McLean,
J. M. Buffington, James E. Hale, and others.
The following additional resolutions were adopted:
That it is expressly understood by this convention that the state
committee shall have no power to make any nominations for state or
county officers.
Whereas, The last legislature of this state provided for a vote of
the people in relation to the question of prohibition, which vote is to
be reported by the secretary of state to the next legislature; and,
whereas, a neglect to vote will be construed against the teraperance
reform and retard prohibition; therefore, resolved.
That we earnestly solicit all the temperance organizations of the
state to act vigorously until and at the election to secure as large a
majority for prohibition as possible.
Another state temperance convention met at Sacramento August
22d, for the purpose of taking sorae action toward nominating a new
state ticket. About one hundred persons attended. Rev. S. D.
Simmonds called the convention to order, and A. M. Winn was
elected president.
The following resolution was offered :
That all gentlemen present who will register their names as inde
pendent of the two great political parties of the day, and as pledged
to the object of this convention, shall hp and they are hereby con
stituted the true convention of the people of Oalifornia for the pur
pose of nominating two suprerae judges, and the transaction of such
other business as raay be deemed advisable by the convention.
E. B. Crocker offered the following substitute:
That this convention has raet for the purpose of nominating new
and independent candidates for the supreme court of the state, and
we invite all moral, religious, and- temperate men who are in favor
of such norainations to co-operate with us, and take such further,
action as may be proper.

48 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
That the orders of Sons of Temperance and Templars are hereby
relieved from all responsibility for the action of this convention, as
it is a meeting of citizens opposed to the present nominees for the
supreme court.
The substitute was adopted.
On permanent organization, B. Hayward was president and D.
W. Welty vice-president.
The following resolutions were reported;
Whereas, The legislature at its last session proposed certain
amendments to the constitution of the state; and whereas, accord
ing to the provisions of the said constitution amendments must be
approved by two consecutive sessions of the legislature before they
can be submitted to the people; and whereas, the failure of the
legislature, at its next session, to pass these amendments or to pass
an act providing for a vote of the people upon them, will render
void the action of the last legislature on the subject, and defer the
action of the people upon the said amendments for three years;
therefore, resolved:
1. That we recoraraend to the people in their respective counties
in selecting merabers of the legislature to select such as are known
to be in favor of submitting the Said amendments to a vote of the
people. 2. That we recommend the enactment of a registry law, as indis
pensible to the purity of the ballot-box.
8. That the present condition of political affairs in this state
demands a political organization of the moral, religious and temper
ate citizens of the state; and in order to perfect such an organiza
tion, this convention will appoint a state committee, to be composed
of thirteen persons, who shall have power to call future conventions
and take such other action as the interests of the organization may
require. 4. That in order that our organization may be properly designated,
we hereby style ourselves "The Independent Democracy" of the
state of Oalifornia. Inasmuch as we have no legally elected repre
sentatives in congress frora this state, that the citizens of the
counties of San Francisco, Contra Costa, San Joaquin, Calaveras
and all the counties south of the sarae, forming the southern or first
congressional district, and the citizens of all the counties north of
San Francisco, Contra Costa, San Joaquin and Calaveras, forming
the northern or second congressional district, be requested and
advised to elect suitable persons to fill said offices at the comin o-
election.

TEMPERANCE CONVENTIONS. 49
5. As a cardinal principle of our organization, that we shall
oppose the election of all duelists to office.
The resolutions were temporarily laid on the table.
For justice of the supreme court (long term), Chas. H. S.
Williams was nominated on the first ballot, over Myron Norton,
H. 0. Murray, J. H. Ralston, G. B. Tingley, and R. T. Sprague
(withdrawn). On the 23d, -.John B. Harmon was nominated for justice of the
supreme court (short term), David S. Terry, Cornelius Cole, and
J. M. Howell withdrawing. Shortly afterward, Harraon telegraphed
his declination, and H. 0. Beatty was norainated.
For congressraan from the southern district, Annis Merrill was
nominated on the first ballot, over J. H. Purdy, B. Haywood, P. H.
Burnett, and P. T. Herbert.
John H. McKune was nominated from the northern district, but
he declined the next day, after the convention had adjourned.
It was understood that the regular party candidates for the other
offices were sound on the temperance question, and were therefore
acceptable. A state coramittee was chosen, consisting of Rev. S. D.
Simmonds, E. B. Crocker, J. M. McDonald, J. T. McLeany J. R.
Crandall, and others. The resolutions presented on the 22d were
adopted, except that in the fourth resolution, the name of the party
was changed to the "People's Party of Oalifornia."
The following additional resolutions were adopted :
That the hona fide settlers on private land claims in this state,
under the belief that they are on public property, are justly entitled to*,
compensation for all permanent improvements ; and we will favcofi-
the passage of any suitable law on that subject.
That we are in favor of a donation of a reasonable quantity offthje ,
public lands to actual settlers.
A resolution was adopted asking the people to vote for a,pf,obibi'i
tory liquor law.
Towards the close of August, an effort was raade i^,,Sao,iFfan- .
Cisco to reorganize the whig party, and an attempt w^s JHa.de, to .get r,
the state committee of that party together, but the inovement iwas ,
not successful.
The election was held on Wednesday, Septem^^j; ,5li,i and.th^^
entire Araerican ticket was elected. Following ar^ .tl^?,,t0|ta}s; .
4

50 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
For Governor — Johnson, 50,948; Bigler, 45,937.
Supreme Judge {long term) — Murray, 48,141 ; Norton, 47,734.
Supreme Judge {short term)— -Terr j, 49,677 ; Bryan, 46,892.
Lieutenant-Governor — Anderson, 49,385; Purdy, 47,669.
Co/»i!ro?^er— Whitman, 49,911; Flournoy, 46,691.
Treasurer — Bates, 49,947; Keene, 46,941.
Attorney-General — Wallace, 50,113; Whiting, 46,685.
Surveyor-General— Brewster, 49,994; Mariette, 46,977.
Printer-Allen, 50,060; Crossette, 46,696.
Prison Directors — A. Bell, 49,789 ; McKenzie, 49,644 ; Wilson,
50,550; W. H. Bell, 46,818; Powell, 46,132; Astin, 46,785.

CHAPTER VIII.
18S6. Presidential Election — American Council — Democratic Conven
tions — Republican Conventions^American Convention — Vigilance
Committee.
The first raovement toward preparing for the presidential campaign
of 1856 was made by the American party. The state council met in
secret session at Sacramento, on Tuesday, November 13, 1855, with
109 delegates present. Dr. T. J. White called the council to order,
and, on the 14th, Dr. S. A. McMeans was elected president and
Silas Selleck, vice-president, for the ensuing term. For delegates
to attend the national council, to meet on February 22d, 1856, to
nominate a presidential ticket, Johnson Price, S. H. Brooks, R. N.
Wood, 0. N. Hitchcock, N. T. Gough, E. P. Brown, Louis Teal,
Thomas D. Johns, Samuel D. Smith, Louis R. Lull, E. P. Bowman,
and Silas Selleck were naraed, and Brooks, Wood, Price, and Smith
were elected. Teal, Hitchcock, Bowraan, and Johns were elected
alternates. Hitchcock, John Skinker, S. W. Brockway, and Theo
dore Winters were elected delegates to the national council, to meet
at Philadelphia, on June 5, 1856 ; and John 0. McKellura, S. 0.
Evelett, G. W. Leihy, and John M. Batson were elected alternates.
On the 15th, the following address and platforra was adopted :
To the Araerican party of California— Brothers : Oalifornia has
been the best taxed and the worst governed country of which there
is any record. In vain have the onerous exactions of government
been paid without stint. In vain have thus far all the sources of

ADDRESS OF THE AMERICAN COUNCIL. 51
peaceful reformation been exhausted. Long suffering has not propi
tiated our rulers, nor has indignant reraonstrance been able to
inspire terror. Evil has followed evil— calamity has been heaped
upon calaraity, until the young state which yesterday filled the
world with her renown, to-day lies bankrupt, crime ridden, and
abject. Much — very much of our misfortunes is the result of acci-
-dents and contingencies which no huraan foresight could have pre
vented, but that crime, fraud, and infamy should have aggravated
our sorrow, we must blame ourselves and a reckless public policy.
But there is always a limit to passive endurance of flagrant wrongs
by a free and enlightened people. The history of the election cam
paign of 1855 in our state is ample testimony that the people united
to inaugurate a stronger, wiser, and better government. Let it be
our fervent hope, brothers,' that this time they have not been
deceived. What have been the issues thrust upon us heretofore, in the
political world ? Not our home interests — the political sanhedrim
of California has uniformly kept them from the view of the people,
a,nd has cunningly fomented discord on issues foreign to this state.
In our legislative halls, and in our cabinet councils, the interests of
¦California have been subordinate, topics to the political issues which
have convulsed the old states since 1798. What are these issues to
us 1 Oalifornia has asked for reform, and she has been answered by
a clamor about the annexation of Cuba. She has asked for a rail
road, and the response has been a howl upon the Nebraska bill.
She has asked for protection against lynch law, judicial. corruption,
and imbecility. She has asked for a speedy settlement of our land
titles, and for a proper and just protection of the hona fide settlers,
and disunion is thundered upon our ears in reply. Have we not a
mission in the world — a separate duty to perform, and a distinct
destiny to work out ? The broad Paciflc lies before us to bring into
comraercial subjection, and a wilderness behind us in hardly dimin
ished wealth invites the enterprise of the pioneer and capitalist.
Intemperance and corruption banquet in the high places in the
land, and bold and bloody crime stalks unchecked in our raidst.
While these horae duties are before us to perform, these domestic
wrongs to redress, are we ever to hang loosely on the skirts of
remote scrambling factions over the mountains, kicked and trodden
on by all, suffering all the heat and dust of the turmoil without the
hope of receiving any of the trophies of the contest ? Neither the
success nor defeat of the Nebraska bill — neither American nor
Spanish dominion in Cuba — neither the cotton spinners in Massa-

52 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
chusetts, nor the cotton planters of Alabaraa, could or would at the-
cost of a dollar advance the interests of California one jot. The
main duty of Oalifornia at this juncture is to act for herself.
The questions which have caused such serious agitations in the old
states are the ones which we wish to ignore and discard from this
state. Let us rest assured that the union is safe — that liberty
strikes its root too deep and strong in Araerican soil to be so easily
and suddenly uprooted. But even did danger impend, it is not in
the power of Oalifornia to rescue the continent from its imminent
doom. Yet, we too, owe a duty to the confederacy in this ques
tion, and our sectional isolation enables us to take a noble and
impressive stand upon it. Reraoved, as we are, by position and
actual interest frora its baneful influence, we should allay instead of
precipitating its agitation.
Analyze this slavery question. It has no proud principle; it is
the raere ebullition of sectional antipathies. Side by side, in friendly
contact, repose the historic states of Pennsylvania and Maryland —
the one a free and the other a slave state — the border lines of the
hotspur state of Kentucky come flush up to those of the young
giant Ohio, and the pioneer of the western plains, the Missourian,
has only to stretch his arms across an imaginary line to shake hands
with his friend from the granary of the west, Illinois. Here, at the
very line of contact between the free and slave states, there is com
paratively little feeling on the subject of their different domestic
institutions, and there would be none at all were they let alone, but
exactly in proportion as we recede from this line, where, were the
question one of principle, we would see a deadly border warfare, do
we find the antagonism growing stronger and stronger, and instead
of Pennsylvania finding fault with her neighbor, Massachusetts and
Mississippi are at loggerheads. Why should we, therefore, lend our
voices to swell the clamor? Why enlist in a cause so senseless and
unprofitable in itself, which, while it divides us to our own destruc
tion, is valueless to those with whom we sympathize % Our true
course to the confederacy and ourselves, is to mind our own busi
ness, and let that question sink to that insignificance its unprofita
bleness deserves.
The enunciation of abstract political theories is perhaps expedient
whensoever there is a necessity for promulgating doctrines upon the
subject of our international policy, but at present there is no such
necessity. The agitation of such questions at present, to the exclu
sion of our state affairs, would fall short of the point to which it is
our duty to address ourselves.

ADDRESS OF THE AMERICAN COUNCIL. 53
' Discarding, therefore, all sectionalities, and while our allegiance
to the 'fatherland is the foundation and corner stone of our political
faith, and while we earnestly hope to see all sectional animosities
there allayed, and are convinced that silence and indifference are
the true means of accoraplishing anything toward that end, we can
not forget that we have nearer and more pressing home duties
required of us. For the purpose, therefore, of more clearly defining
and of re-affirming those doctrines, whioh the people have heretofore
so clearly endorsed through the ballot-box — we deem it expedient at
this juncture to address you.
We demand a careful revisal of our criminal code, an expurga
tion of its errors and a reconcilement of its inconsistencies ; that the
means of enforcing its penalties be made more certain, so that while
the guilty shall not escape trial, the convicted shall not escape pun
ishment. We deraand the enactment of laws for the protection of
our votes against the tricks and frauds of bullies and knaves. We
demand that the fountains of both civil and crirainal jurisprudence
be purified. We demand that a more urgent effort be made for the
settlement of our land titles, and also for the protection of hona fide
settlers. We deraand a more economical, responsible, and syste
matic administration of our state governraent. We demand that
laws be enacted which, independent of a healthy comraercial inter
course, will check the exhausting drain frora our pockets to those of
-eastern capitalists and speculators, and protest against making the
state, either a divided political or financial dependency of New
York or Louisiana. We demand that our legislators shall direct
their attention to the passage of laws for the support and mainten
ance of only that system of common schools for the education of our
-children which shall be wholly uncontrolled by sectarian influence.
We ask that immediate steps be taken to urge successfully upon the
general government the enlargement of the plan, and the hastening
of the completion of our coast defenses, their present condition
leaving our sea ports exposed to blockade and bombardment, and
our communication with the rest of the world liable to be inter
rupted at any time. We insist upon the establishment amongst us
of a United States arsenal of sufficient resources, in variety and
qviantity, to arm and equip all our citizens for any eraergency which
our ever-varying foreign relations may at any time create. We
demand that the general government shall cease to tax this people
:for government purposes beyond those of pur sister states.
We believe that the general government has the power to lend
-her aid in the building of works of internal improvement which, in

54 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
the event of war, would become vitally important to the proper
defense of our people. The Pacific railroad being such, we urge thfr
united eflbrt of our representatives in congress to expediate its
building. We pledge ourselves to the support or""every raeasure which has
for its object the facilitating means of transit to and from our state.
While we advocate either the repeal of great modiflcation of our
naturalization laws, we demand that all who have or will coraply
with our terms, be allowed the privileges guaranteed to them.
We believe in the doctrine of "Americans ruling America," and
that the boon held out to foreigners and secured to our naturalized
citizens by our constitution and laws is protection in the enjoyment-
of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
We believe that all white native born citizens of good moral
character, who acknowledge no allegiance superior or equal to their
allegiance to the constitution and laws of the United States, are a^
common brotherhood and entitled to the same privileges, without
reference to sect or religion, and drawing ourselves out of all sec
tional agitation upon the subject of southern rights as distinguished,
frora the northern, we demand that our congressional delegation
shall vote "nay" upon every proposition, coming from whatever
quarter it may, to continue or renew it.
These are some of the more prominent measures and doctrines-
which we believe it becomes our party to carry out, and though
there may be others which should demand the attention of our
representatives in both state and general government, yet we have
sufficient confidence in the integrity, ability, and statesmanship of
those who have received our suffrages, to believe that they will lend
all their energies to making our people happy as well as intelligent,,
and give us wise and beneficent laws.
A deraocratic paper, in referring to the raeeting, indignantly said :,
Its proceedings only furnish additional proof that the "know
nothing" is nothing but a whig moveraent in California. We should
like to know how deraocrats could sit quietly in that body and allow
their forraer professions to be buried — how they could allow whigs
to pass over their heads an endorseraent of a policy against which
they have been warring during the early stages of their lives.

The deraocratic convention, to select delegates to attend the
national convention, raet at the Congregational church, Sacramento,.

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 55
on Wednesday, March 5, 1856. It was called to order by B. F.
Washington, chairman of the state committee, and Humphrey
Griffith was selected temporary chairraan. There were two sets of
delegates frora San Francisco, and the entire day was consumed in
a discussion as to which of them should be admitted. On the 6th,
the convention received the report of the comraittee on credentials.
All went on smoothly until San Francisco was reached. The com
mittee reported in favor of admitting the delegates who had been
elected under the direction of the general committee, acting for the
deraocracy of the city, and a struggle followed for the floor. It was
secured by E. D. Sawyer, the spokesman for the "reform" wing,
and he earnestly protested against the action of the committee. At
the close of his remarks, the report of the comraittee was adopted,
and the delegation, he represented, retired. While the discussion
was pending, H. P. Haun stated that the question of the election of
a United States senator had been sprung in the legislature, and that
it was then being debated. Many of the democratic senators were
in the convention as delegates, and hardly had the announcement
escaped his lips, when the convention rose en raasse, and the dele
gates rushed pell raell to the capitol. In half an hour, however, the
matter was adjusted in the legislature, and the session of the con
vention was resumed. A permanent organization was effected by
electing James W. Mandeville, president; and J. R. Gitchell,
Samuel McConnell, W. A. Mix, and Frank Tilford, vice-presidents.
The following resolution was intoduced and laid on the table :
That we entertain for General Joseph Lane, of Oregon, as a
national democrat, unbounded confidence, and should he receive the
noiftination of the democratic national convention for vice-president,
California will extend to hira a most cordial support.
A coramittee on resolutions was appointed, consisting of W. Van
Voorhies, J. W. McOorkle, W. L. Dudley, D. P. Durst, W. W.
Gift, J. 0. Zabriskie, John Bigler, J. L. Brent, B. F. Myers, H. 0.
Patrick, J. M. Covarrubias, J. R. Gitchell, Pablo de la Guerra,
0. T. Ryland, J^ B. Frisbie, M. E. Cooke, T. N. Cazneau, H.
Griffith, 0. E. Lippincott, and others.
In the evening, the committee reported the following platform :
W iiEEEAS, The prosperity and progress of the United States have
resulted in a great degree from the principles and action of the
deraocratic party ; and, whereas, the preservation and perpetuation

56 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
of those principles are essential to the security of liberty and the
integrity of the union of these states ; it is, therefore, fitting and
proper that the cardinal principles of the deraocratic party, by the
influence of which our country has advanced with such unparalelle^
rapidity to power and greatness, should be clearly set forth, not only
to guide the party in jts future action, but to exhibit the wisdora,
the patriotism, and the exalted love of liberty in its broadest sense
of the illustrious founders of our faith. Therefore, resolved,
1. That we inscribe on our banner th'e following principles of our
political faith, which were proclairaed by the iraraortal Jefferson,
sustained and enforced by the illustrious Jackson, and which have
been adhered to by friends of liberty and humanity to the present
period, to-wit : First — A strict construction of the constitution,
that the honest will of the people may be carried out. Second —
Equal justice to all raen, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or
political. Third — Strict economy and rigid accountability in all the
departments of the government. Fourth — To secure which we are
in favor of the prompt arraignraent and punishment of all public
officers convicted of peculation. Fifth — An undeviating adherence
to the universal standard of value of gold and silver, that honest
industry may receive its just reward, and the general interests of the
country be securely and perraanently established. Sixth — Uriiver-
sal suffrage, unrestricted hy property qualifications, that every
citizen raay enjoy the highest prerogative of a free man, on the basis
of his raanhood, and not of his property. Seventh — Liberal nat-u-
ralization laws, that the oppressed of every nation may speedly
secure the blessings of liberty guaranteed by our national constitu
tion, after reaching "the land of the free,, and home of ' the
oppressed.'' Eighth — The support cfi the state government in all
their rights as the raost corapetent administrations for our
domestic concerns and the surest bulwarks against anti-republican
tendencies. Ninth. — The preservation of the general government in
its whole constitutional vigor, as the sheet-anchor of our peace at
home, and safety abroad. Tenth — A jealous care of the right of
election by the people, and prompt and exemplary punishment of all
frauds upon the elective franchise. Eleventh — Absolute acquies
cence in the decisions of the raajority, the vital principle of repub
lics, frora which there is no appeal but to force, the vital principle
and immediate parent of despotism. Twelfth — Universal educa
tion, and the prompt arraignment of all abuses at the bar of public
reason. Thirteenth — The honest payment of our debts, and the
sacred preservation of the public faith. Fourteenth — Freedom of

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 57
religion, freedom of the press, freedora of person, under the protec
tion of the habeas corpus, and trial by juries impartially selected.
Fifteenth — That although democrats may have differed in opinions
upon the expediency of the Missouri compromise, yet, as that ques
tion is now a by-gone issue, we are ready to resist its restoration as
inexpedient and unwise, ahd recognize in the principle of "popular
sovereignty," as erabraced in the coraproraise measures of 1850, and
the Baltiraore platform of 1852, and subsequently embodied in the
Kansas-Nebraska bill, as the one great issue before the American
people, as this time ; and we will cherish and maintain such principle
as the sheet-anchor of our hopes, and will uphold it as the only sure
means of perpetuating our government through all time to come.
Sixteenth — The prompt construction of the Atlantic and Paciflc
railroad. And, as a means of accoraplishing this great result, an
appropriation by the general government, of land sufficient to secure
its speedy completion. Seventeenth — We are in favor of "union
and liberty, now and forever, one and inseparable." Eighteenth —
We demand of the general governraent the prorapt construction of
the necessary fortifications upott this coast, to afford protection to
the great interests of this state ; the establishraent of a United
States arsenal, with such supplies and raunitions of war, as will
enable the citizens of this state to protect theraselves against Indian
aggressions or foreign invasions. Nineteenth — We are opposed to all
secret political organizations, regarding thera as subversive of the
great principles upon which our iiistitutions are based, and danger
ous to liberty. We are opposed to that party (falsely called Araeri
can) which recklessly assails the sacred rights of conscienoe, pro
scribes naturalized American citizens, assails all the great doctrines
secured by the heroism of the revolution, and established by the
wisdom and patriotism of the founders of the republic; and yet hyp
ocritically professes attachment " to the purer days of the republic,
and invokes the spirit of heroism, patriotism, and virtue that precipa-
tated the revolution," and declares that "Americans shall rule
America." Twentieth — We are opposed to all sectional organiza
tions ; the forraations of parties upon geographical divisions, and
the agitation of the question of slavery.
2. That we approve of the principles and policy of the adminis
tration of President Pierce, and urge their adoption and enforce
ment upon all succeeding administrations.
3. That we are in favor of the most liberal appropriation by the
general government of the public lands in California for the benefit
of actual settlers, and that the same should be donated to said

58 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
settlers in limited quantities; and that we are in favor of protect
ing the actual settler in all his just, equitable and legal rights.
4. That in common with a large majority of the people of Oali
fornia, the members of this convention have unbounded confidence
in the integrity, great ability, sterling democracy and ardent devo
tion to country of the Hon. James Buchanan ; that we have not for
gotten the distinguished services by hira rendered as secretary of
state, under the lamented Polk, during the war with Mexico, which
resulted in the acquisition of the territory we now occupy; nor have
we failed to appreciate his fearless bearing and discreet action as our
minister to Great Britain during the discussion of questions highly
important to the interests as well as the honor of his country; there
fore, he it resolved;
5. That the members of this convention, in expressing our ardent
desire for the nomination and triuraphant election of the Hon.
Jaraes Buchanan as president of the United States, do but give
utterance to the wishes of an immense majority of the democracy
of Oalifornia.
6. That the delegates elected by this convention to the democratic
national convention be and they are hereby instructed that it is the
earnest and unanimous desire of the deraocracy of California that
the noraination for president of the United States shall be given to
the Hon. Jaraes Buchanan.
7. That the deraocratic party still adheres to that policy which
has already filled our mountains with hardy and prosperous miners, .
and built up for bur state that prosperity which has so wonderfully
marked her brief history : To the rainers belongs the regulation of
the mines.
The resolution to instruct the delegates excited a prolonged dis
cussion, and several substitutes were offered and defeated. The
platform was adopted as a whole, by a vote of 225 to 41. On the
7th, the following additional resolutions were adopted :
8. That our delegates be, and they are hereby instructed to sup
port no man for president or vice-president who is not a sound
national democrat, in favor of preserving the union at all hazards,
and of protecting the constitution against all assaults, coming from
whatsoever quarter they may.
9. That the election of N. P. Banks to the very responsible
position of speaker of the house of representatives of the congress
of the United States, is" dangerous to the peace ^.nd harmony of the
people of the United States and the integrity of the union, because

FIRST REPUBLICAN MASS MEETING. 59.
the known and avowed opinions of that gentleman on the subject of
slavery, if carried into operation by the election of a president and
a majority of the two houses of congress entertaining similar opin
ions on this question, would have a tendency to dissolve the union.
The following gentleraen were placed in nomination for delegates
to attend the national convention: P. C. Rust, Sarauel H. Dosh,
D. E. Buel, J. H. Hill, P. L. Solomon, J. L. Brent, I. N. Dawley,
S. W. Inge, Michael Gray (withdrawn), B. F. Marshall, Daniel
Aidrich, R. H. Bowlin, B. S. Lippincott, E. F. Beale, Jesse Brush,
Volney E. Howard, W. H. Endicott (withdrawn), Nelson Taylor,
W. D. Farren, 0. F. Lott, A. Redman and W. J. Ford. On the
first ballot Rust, Dosh, Brent, Hill, Buel, Soloraon, Dawley and
Inge were elected. W. J. Ford, Jas. M. Wilson, R. H. Boring,
Jesse Brush, Nelson Taylor, John L. Chipman, A. Redman, J. B.
Frisbie, Jefferson Hunt, Samuel T. Leake, W. D. Farren, Thomas
McConnell, W. Lowe and W. H. Graham were nominated for alter
nates, and Ford, Taylor, Wilson, Hunt, Frisbie, Lowe, McConnell
and Chipman elected. Immediately before the adjournment the
following resolution was adopted :
That the convention does hereby most fully approve of the action
of the senate and assembly in preventing the election to a seat in
the senate of the United States of a "know nothing;" that in so doing
they have fully done their duty and expressed the wishes of the-
entire democratic party, and the wishes of a majority qf the people.
On the evening of April 1 9th, the first raass raeeting of repub
licans in Oalifornia was held at Sacraraento. E. B. Crocker, who
was the leader of the new party in that county, opened the meeting
and was granted a fair hearing. Geo. 0. Bates was then introduced,
but the general disturbance raised by the Americans and democrats
present prevented his voice from being heard. Henry S. Foote then
took the stand and begged the disturbers to desist and allow the
meeting to proceed, but he was not heeded. The republican speakers
again attempted to talk, when suddenly a rush was raade for the
stand by the crowd and it was overturned and the raeeting broken
up. On April 30th, the first state convention of republicans met in
th^ Congregational church at Sacramento. E. B. Crocker was tem
porary chairman, and the permanent officers were Nathaniel Ben
nett, president; and Thos. Hill, H. Wade, John Dick, H. Robin

60 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
son, .Jonathan Phelps, Thos. Bartlett, and E. P. Flint, vice-presidents.
The convention was slimly attended, but thirteen counties being
represented, and several by but one delegate. Of the 125 delegates
present, 66 were from San Francisco and Sacramento.
The following resolutions were adopted :
1. That the republican party is organized to preserve the liberties
of the people, the sovereignty of the states, and the perpetuity of
the union, by administering public affairs upon the principles estab
lished by our forefathers at the organization of our federal govern
ment. 2. That we adopt as the cardinal principle of our organization,
the prohibition of slavery in all the national territories — a principle
derived from the ordinance of 1787, adopted at the forraation of the
republic, and which was applied to all the territory then the prop-
-erty of the nation.
8. That we are in favor of " preventing the increase of the politi
cal power of slavery " in our federal government.
4. That the prohibition of slavery in the territories of the union,
is properly within the control of congress, and all the people of the
union are, therefore, directly responsible should it be perraitted to
¦extend over such territories.
5. That slavery, in the several slave states, depends solely upon
state laws for its existence, and that congress has no power to raodify
or repeal such laws, and we are not, therefore, responsible therefor.
We are therefore opposed to all interference with slavery in the
slave states.
6. That slavery is a sectional institution, in which only about
350,000 slave holders are directly interested, while freedom is a
national principle, by which 26,000,000 of American freeman are
secured in their rights. The republican, being the only party
opposed to the extension of slavery, and in favor of free institutions
for our territories, is therefore the only national party now seeking
the support of the American people.
7. That we heartily welcome to our country the honest and indus
trious immigrants, who seek our shores to escape frora European des
potism, and we deprecate all atterapts to erabitter their feelings
against our free institutions by political persecution on account of
their foreign birth.
8. That the speedy construction of a national railroad, by, the
most central and eligible route, frora the Missouri river to the bay
of San Francisco, is demanded by the military, postal, and commer-

FIRST REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 61
cial necessities of the republic, and should comraand the direct and
immediate aid and support of the federal government ; and the only
hope of its construction is in the success of the republican party.
9. That the future growth and prosperty of our state depends
upon the speedy settleraent of land titles ; and we regard a law,
judiciously framed, for securing to the hona fide settler the improve
raents he may have made upon private lands, in ignorance of the
title, as peculiarly required in the present uncertainty of boundaries
and titles. We are also in favor of a free grant to actual settlers,
of reasonable portions of the public lands ; and also of the present
system of free mining established in our state.
10. That it is the duty of the people to select as candidates for
office in this state, only such men as are permanently located here,
and who, by their raoral character and correct business habits, give
assurance that a rigid economy, as well as an energetic enforce
ment of the laws, will govern in the administration of public affairs.
The following resolution was offered by Mr. Crocker, and with
drawn after a discussion :
That the repeal of the Missouri coraproraise utterly absolves us
from all support of any of the compromises respecting slavery, not
embraced in the federal constitution ; and we are therefore opposed
to the admission of any more slave states into the union.
The platforra of the Pittsburg convention was adopted unani
mously. The following were selected, as delegates, to attend the national
convention : From San Francisco, Francis B. Folger, 0. A. Wash- ,
burn, Jas. A. Wells ; Sacraraento, Eben Owens ; Alaraeda, W. H.
Charaberlain ; Santa Clara, Jas. M. Pierce ; Sutter, Geo. M. Han
son; Butte, John Dick; Yuba, John 0. Fall, S. M. Judkins ; Nevada,
John Phelps ; Yolo, Jonh M. Reed.
A state committee was selected, consisting of E. B. Crocker,
George Rowland, Cornelius Cole, Annis Merrill, Charles Watrous,
James Churchman, and Dthers.
Owens offered a resolution to the effect that the delegation be
instructed to cast their first vote for John 0. Fremont for presi
dent. Crocker offered the following substitute :
That this convention declines to instruct its delegates to the
national convention as to their votes in that convention for the

62 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
respective candidates for president and vice-president of the United
States ; that we leave this matter entirely to the good sense and dis
cretion of our delegates, being well satisfied that, after consultation
with their republican brethren of the other states of our union in
convention assembled, they will act with a clear and decided
purpose to insure the success of the national republican party in the
coming presidential election.
The substitute was adopted.
Among the delegates to the convention, other then those mentioned
in the proceedings, were George C. Bates, Samuel Soule, J. W.
Foard, 0. P. Huntington, P. Coggins, Dr. A. B. Nixon, E. H.
Miller, Mark Hopkins, and O. 0. Wheeler.
Early in May, a public discussion was announced to take place at
Sacramento, between Geo. 0. Bates (rep.) and J. 0. Zabriskie (dem.),
but when the appointed time arrived no location could be secured
on account of the anticipated disturbance, and the meeting was
postponed until the evening of the 10th of that month. At that^
time, the discussion was commenced. Rotten eggs were thrown and
fire crackers burned to create a disturbance, but the police made
several arrests, and order was restored. After the meeting closed,
outsiders took possession of the stand, and a resolution was adopted
declaring "that the people of this city have been outraged by the
discussion of treasonable doctrines by a public felon, and that we
will not submit to such an outrage in the future."
A few days later the Sacramento Tribune (Anier.), referring to
the meeting, said :
The fact that a public discussion was permitted to take place in a
public street in the heart of our city, in the presence of a large con
course of citizens, mostly all of whom disapprove of the doctrines
advocated by the speakers, and this, too, when it is the firm convic
tion of a large majority of the persons assembled that the agitation
of the slavery question as the basis of political party organization, is
against the true interest of the state and the nation, speaks volumes
in favor of the public morals in Sacramento.
On May 13th, the semi-annual session of the state council of the
American party coraraenced at Sacramento. It was presided over
by S. A. McMeans, the grand president; and 140 delegates were
present, representing twenty-five counties. On the 14th, McMeans
was unanimously elected president, and Silas Selleck, vice-president.

SESSION OF AMERICAN COUNCIL. 63
The following resolutions were adopted :
1. That the people of the territories of the United States have
the sole right to regulate their own doraestic institutions, and that
congress has no constitutional power, either directly or indirectly, to
interfere with slavery either in the states or territories.
2. That we heartily indorse the noraination of Millard Fillmore
for president and of Andrew J. Donelson for vice-president, as
national men, and in that their forraer course of policy guarantees
to Oalifornia their favorable action upon the construction of the
Atlantic and Pacific railroad by the general government as a national
work, and for the benefit of the union as a whole.
3. That we consider the construction of the Atlantic and Pacific
railroad as paramount to every other interest of Oalifornia in our
relations to the general governmei;it, and that our safety, prosperity,
and well being, in a great measure, require that it be built with all
reasonable speed.
4. That we cordially indorse the pla,tforra adopted by the national
council asserabled at Philadelphia, on February 22, 1856.
5. That the American party of this state cannot view with indif
ference the evil that raust naturally grow out of the large araount of
our mineral lands, which are covered by Spanish grants, which
must ultimately result in iramense monopolies, that will endanger
the peace and quietude of our state; and that we will, to prevent
such evils, as well as to protect generally the raining interest
(which is one of such pararaount importance to this state), use all
our strength and influence as a party to procure the purchase of all
such doraain by the general government, that the sarae may be left
free and open for mining purposes to all our citizens.
The following resolutions were offered, and tabled :
Whereas, The tirae has arrived when it becomes the right of
every raember of the American party to know how that party, as a
party, stands upon the one great issue which now divides the people
of the states, east of the Rocky mountains, and which, contrary to
the wishes of the people, has been thrust into the politics of this state ;
therefore, resolved,
1. That, in the opinion of the state council of Oalifornia, the
measure known as the " Kansas-Nebraska bill " should be regarded
as a finality, so far as congressional action on the subject of slavery
is concerned ; said bill only guaranteeing to the people of the terri
tories the same privilege of deciding for themselves, with regard to

64 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
their domestic institutions, that the people of California claimed and
exercised. 2. That the republican moveraent in this state is regarded by this
council as mischievous and treasonable — the doctrines advocated by
said party, if carried into effect, disfranchising entirely those citi
zens born in a particular section of the republic ; and, therefore,
having a direct tendency to build up sectional parties, and to
encourage sectional strife, against which we were solemnly warned
by George Washington himself, and which, if carried to any extent,
must inevitably procure the disruption of the confederacy.
3. That the American party will oppose with all its power, the
success of said republican movement, and we pledge ourselves to
each other to wage an uncompromising war upon it.
Thos. J. Oxley offered the following, which was tabled :
That this state council will not express any opinion in regard to
the principles erabodied in the measure known as the " Kansas-
Nebraska bill"
McOallum offered the following :
The recognition of the right of the native born and naturalized
citizens of the United States permanently residing in any territory
thereof, to frame their constitution and laws, and to regulate their
domestic and social affairs in their own mode, subject only to the
provisions of the federal constitution, with the right of admission
into the union whenever they have the requisite population for one
representative in congress ; provided, al-ways, that none but those
who are citizens of the United States, under the constitution and
laws thereof, and who have a fixed residence in any such territory
ought to participate in the forraation of the constitution, or in the
enactment of laws for said territory or state.
The whole matter was laid on the table, and afterward the resolu
tion numbered one, in the series adopted, was passed. On the 17th
a lengthy address was issued to the people signed by a committee,
composed of Jaraes T. Farley, W. W. Hawks, B. 0. Whitman, and
others.

The republican convention, to nominate presidential electors and
congressmen, met at Sacramento, on August 27th, and was called to
order by E. B. Crocker, chairman of the state committee. Joseph
A. Nunes was elected temporary chairman. On permanent organiza-

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION, 65-
tion, Gen. 0. H. S. Williaras was president; and Daniel Olds, W. F.
Curtis, C. G. Lincoln, E. Fitzhenry, J. R, Clark, 0. Wadharas,
0. G. Boerraan, L. T. Wilson, J. 0. Harmer, Thos. Cox, P. H. Sib
ley, James Gathers, T. O. Larkin, A. B. Nixon, J. W. Jones, 0. S.
Haswell, S. W. Brown, S. Overmeyer, Antonio M. Pico, J. W.
Kelsey, Wm. Page, Julius Smart, and Lewis Cunningham were vice-
presidents. On the 28th, the following nominations were raade :
Comelius Cole, for clerk of the supreme court, on the first ballot,
over R. A. Perkins, Thos. Cox, George A. Runk, Wm. S. Cooper,
Herman Camp, and E. Giddings.
Alex. Bell, F. P. Tracy, 0. N. Ormsby, and L. 0. Gunn, for presi
dential electors, by acclamation — the other candidates, T. 0. Lar
kin, John N. Turner, W. W. Shepard, A. M. Pico, G. B. Tingley,
Warner Oliver, F. B. Murdock, Chas. G. Lincoln, and John Dick,
withdrawing. J. M. Buffington, for school superintendent, on the first ballot,
over John M Howe, Wra. Sheldon, Wm. Sherman, A. H. Myers,
and S. S. Johnson.
Ira P. Rankin, for congressraan frora the southern district, on
the first ballot, over 0. H. S. Williams, F. P. Tracy, E. D. Baker,
and 0. A. Washburn.
Thos. Cox, for congressraan from the northern district, on the first
ballot, over 0. A. Tuttie, L. Cunningham, J. 0. Brown, J. T. Mc
Lean, E. B. Crocker, D. W. Oheesman, and 0. N. Ormsby.
Moses Arms, for state prison director, over J. 0. Wheeler, Geo.
Goodrich, Chas. Brown, and H. 8. Gates.
A state committee was selected, consisting of Trenor W. Park,
B. W. Hathaway, Samuel Soule, J. T. McLean, E. B. Crocker, 0.
Cole, and L. 0. Granger.
The following resolutions were adopted :
1. That we cordially endorse the resolutions adopted by the
national republican convention, and in thera we recognize the prin
ciples which governed the political course of the fathers of the
republic. 2. That we heartily ratify the nomination of John 0. Fremont
arid Wra. L. Dayton, and we will give them an enthusiastic support,
as the standard bearers of republicanism in this presidential cam
paign. 3. That we inscribe on our banner " Freedom, Fremont and the
5

-ee POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Railroad," and under it we will fight on until victory shall crown our
efforts. 4. That slavery in the slave states depends solely upon state laws
for its existence ; that congress has no power to modify, change or
repeal such laws, and is not responsible therefor. We are, there
fore, opposed to all interference with slavery in the slave states.
5. That the speedy construction of a national railroad, by the most
central and eligible route, connecting the Atlantic states with Cali
fornia, is demanded by the military, postal, and commercial necessi
ties of the republic ; and we recognize the power of congress, under
the constitution, to appropriate raoney, as well as land, to aid in
building this great work, and the only hope of its construction is in
the election of John 0. Freraont.
6 That P. T. Herbert, by the murder of an humble laborer, has
rendered himself unworthy of a seat as our representative in con
gress ; and the democrats in the federal legislature, by refusing to '
investigate the facts, have sanctioned the bloody deed ; and Senator
Weller, in attempting to screen him from public odium, raerits the
severest condemnation. (This resolution referred to the killing of
Thos. Keating, a waiter at Willard's Hotel, Washington, by Con
gressman Herbert, on May 8, 1856.)
7. That the time has fully come for a thorough and radical reform
in our state affairs, and the complete overthrow of political parties
who have encouraged and sustained a host of cormorants in their
scheraes for plundering the people.
8. That the practice of electing to important public offices
immoral and unprincipled raen, and those who have no perraanent
interest in the welfare of the country, has disgraced our state, and
is an evil which deraands aft imraediate remedy.
9. That we are in favor of the speedy settlement of land titles in
this state, of a free grant to actual settlers of reasonable portions of
the public doraain, and of free mining upon the public lands.
On October 7th, Cox, one of the nominees for congressman, with
drew from the ticket, on account of personal attacks which had
been made upon him by the opposition press. Tn his letter of with
drawal, he stated that the charges were " in the main false," but as
he, had not tirae before election to disprove them by obtaining testi
mony from the east, he would not becorae a stumbling block by
remaining on the ticket. The state committee iramediately nomi
nated J. N. Turner for the place.
The new party continued to be the object of most bitter attacks

AMERICAN CONVENTION. 67
by both of the old parties, on account of its tendency toward aboli
tionism. The feeling that was entertained toward it may be imag
ined from the following allusion to the last convention, that appeared
in the Sacramento State Journal, of August 28th :
The convention of nigger worshipers asserabled yesterday in this
¦city. Ecce Signum ! This is the first time that this dangerous
fanaticism has dared to bare its breast before the people of Oalifor
nia. Heretofore, it has skulked in dark corners, denied its own
identity, and kept in the background ; but the success which
attended the " know nothing" party in its efforts to abolitionize con
gress, and inaugurating a reign of anarchy in the northern and
western states of the confederacy, has emboldened these political des
peradoes to atterapt the work of abolitionizing Oalifornia. A year
ago no such a scene as we now witness in this city would have been
tolerated or thought of ; a year ago the fanatics would have been
ashamed to acknowledge allegiance to the party founded by Hale,
Wilson, Chase, Suraner, et id omne genus. We tell our readers
there is dangerous raeaning in the spectacle of political degradation'
now before us, and that it is high tirae all national men should
unite in saving California from the stain of abolitionism — high time
that we should, for the present, at least, cast aside our personal pre
ferences for men, and our little personal rivalries, and unite upon
the party which is the strongest and truest exponent of conserva
tism and unionism — which is neither propagandist nor abolitionist,
but which arrays itself in support of the sacred guarantees of the
constitution. * * * The "know nothings,'' it is clearly demon
strated, are " down araongst the dead men." They do not under
stand their own position in respeet to the great issue now in contro
versy. Ask one of thera how he stands on the Kansas-Nebraska
question, and he will be unable to reply.
On September 2d, the American state convention met at the
Congregational church, Sacramento. It was called to order by S. A.
McMeans, president of the state council. The first day was con
sumed in settling contests among delegates. On the 8d, on perma
nent organization, J. G. McOallum was elected president, and Thos.
J. Oxley, J. H. Harris, B. G. Weir, Eben Niles, and Alex. G.
Abell, vice-presidents.
The following nominations were raade :
B. 0. Whitman and A. B. Dibble, for congressmen, on the second
ballot over D. R. Ashley, O. 0. Hall (withdrawn), W. W. Upton

68 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
(withdrawn), Jesse 0. Goodwin (withdrawn), J. M. Williams
(withdrawn), Jas. W. Ooffroth (withdrawn), W. S. Sherwood, Jas.
T. Farley (withdrawn), George H. Cartter, A. P. Catlin, J. D. Cosby
(withdrawn), Wm. H. Culver (declined), J. G. McOallum (declined),
and John M. Howell (declined).
John Skinker, for supreme court clerk, on the third ballot, over
G.. W. Gilraore, E. 0. Gillette, Oliver Wolcott, Dr. J. Powell, D. T.
Bagley, Louis Teal, J. D. Scellen, W. H. Taylor, and H. R. Haw
kins. Horace P. Janes, for school superintendent, on the first ballot,
over J. 0. Cook, Dr. F. W. Hatch, N. Slater, O. C. Wheeler, R. H.
Tibbetts, M. M. Noah, Dr. W. W. Stevenson, M. Walthall, and
C. F. Linn.
Bailey Peyton, Jesse S. Pitzer, R. N. Wood, and 0. 0. Hall, for
presidential electors, over W. W. Upton, W. W. Sefton, D. R. Ash
ley, James W. Ooffroth, Caleb Dorsey, J. G. McOallum, A. M. Ros-
..boro'ugh, R. H. Daly, Geo. H. Rhoades, E. Garst, and Henry S.
'Foote. Manuel A. Castro, Chas. D. Semple, Jos. Winston, and J, Milton
Williams, for alternate electors.
The convention decided not to nominate a candidate for state
prison director, considering that the office had been abolished by the
legislature. At this stage of the- proceedings, a resolution was
handed to the secretary to read, but as soon as that officer had pro
ceeded far enough to enable the convention to conjecture what was
coming, a storm was raised which beggars description. The first
manifestations of opposition were the hisses from fifty lips at once,
and then cries came from all parts of the house of "kick it under
the table," etc. The reading was discontinued, and the offensive
docuraent was hurried out of sight. The " bombshell " was in the
following words :
That the American party recognize the constitution and the laws
of this state as the supreme authority; that such laws should be main
tained in every part, and that we repudiate the heretical higher-law
doctrine lately promulgated by raany newspapers of this state ; that
we, as a party, conderan the acts and doctrines of the organization
known as the vigilance committee of San Francisco, as destructive
of the prosperity of this state and dangerous to the rights and
liberties of her citizens; that this question cannot be treated as
merely local, affecting only the citizens of San Francisco, but it is

AMERICAN CONVENTION. 69
one in which every citizen of California is vitally interested ; the
question being, practically, whether the constitation and laws,
instituted by the people, and the rights of citizens under them, shall
be raaintained, or whether the majority of any town or precinct
may, at their own option, nullify the laws and abrogate the con
stitution.* The following platform was adopted :
That the American party, being essentially a reform party, they
pledge themselves, in laboring to elect Fillraore and Donelson, the
norainees of the convention ; to lend their energies in the aid of the
*This resolution referred to the action o( the vigilance committee in San
Francisco in 1866. In that city crime had been frequent and its punishment rare.
Wm. H. Richardson, the United States marshal for the northern district of the
.state, waa shot and killed on the street by a gambler named Charles Cora, on Nov
ember 17th, 1855, and while the murder was unprovoked, it was evident that Cora
could never be convicted in the courts because of the money and influence that was
being used in his behalf. The culmination came, however, with the assassination
of James King of William, by James P. Casey, on May I4th, 1856. King was the
editor of the San Francisco Bulletin, and Casey was the proprietor o£ the Sunday
Times, and a political manager. A communication appeared in the Times, signed
¦"Caliban," which reflected on Thomas S. King, a brother of James, and another
appeared in the BuUetin relative to one, Bagley, who had been indicted for attempt
ing to kill Casey, On the evening of the Uth, King in an editorial said :
It does not matter how bad a man Casey had been, nor how much benefit it might
be to the public to have him out ot the way.* we cannot accord to any one citizen
the right to kill him, or even beat him, withont justifiable personal provocation.
The fact that Casey has been an inmate of Sing Sing prison in New York is no
offense against the laws of this state; nor is the tact of his having stuffed himself
through the ballot-box as elected to the Board of Supervisors from a district where
it is said he was not even a candidate any justification for Mr. Bagley to shoot
Casey, however richly the latter may deserve to have his neck stretched for such
fraud on the people.
Two hours after the Bulletin appeared that evening, King was fatally shot by
Casey. The latter was arrested, but it was with difflculty that Mayor Van Ness
and the ofiicers kept him from the mob. That evening the old vigilance committee
of 1851 met and reorganized, and on Sunday they took Casey and Cora from the jail
to the committee rooms. On the, 20th King died, and, when the bells tolled forth
the sad intelligenoe, a deep gloom overspread the city. His remains were interred
in Lone Mountain cemetery on the 22d, and on the same day Casey and Cora were
hanged by the committee, they having previously been secretly tried and convicted.
Two other men who were charged with murder, Joseph Hetherington and P. Brace,
were afterward, on July 29th, hanged by the committee, and a number of objec
tionable characters were. banished from the state. On June 21st Sterling A, Hop
kins, one of the committee's policemen, was sent for Reuben Meloney, who was
required as a witness. Meloney was found in the offlce of R. P. Ashe, the U. S.
naval oiflcer, where also was David S. Terry, a justice of the state supreme court.
Ashe and Terry interfered for Meloney, and when Hopkins returned with assistance
they had procured arms and were escorting Meloney to the Dupont-street armory.
In the collision which ensued Terry stabbed Hopkins severely in the neck. Terry
was captured by the committee and was kept by them in close confinement until
August Tth. During this period no business was transacted in the supreme court,
as Judge Heydenfeldt had departed for the east and Europe on March 3d, and was
still abroad, and there was no quorum of the judges at liberty in the state. The
court resumed its sessions on August 26th, with Justices Murray and Terry on the
bench. Heydenfeldt did not return until in October. The committee disbanded in
_August.

70 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
great and essential reform movements of the day — the Pacific rail
road, the purity of the ballot-box, the elevation of none but pure-
men to positions as local officers, and that we recognize all persons
advocating the election of Fillmore and Donelson, as co-laborers
with us in the glorious cause of union and regeneration.

Another deraocratic convention raet in the Congregational church,,
at Sacramento, on Septeraber 9th. It was called to order by B. F.
Washington, the chairraan of the state committee. On the lOth^
Jos. P. Hoge was elected permanent chairman, and Geo. P. Porter,
Wra. McClure, D. B. Milne, John M. O'Neill, A. T. Laird, and
Andres Pico, vice-presidents.
The following nominations were made :
phas. L. Scott, for congressraan from the southern district, on the
third ballot, over Frank Tilford, Wm. L. Dudley, and Pablo de la
Guerra. Jos. 0. McKibben, for congressman from the northern district, on
the first ballot, over John Conness, Royal T. Sprague, John T. Cren
shaw, Jas. W. Denver, P. T. Herbert, and F. J. McGann.
On the 11th, Chas. S. Fairfax, for suprerae court clerk, on the-
third ballot, over Huraphrey Griffith, Geo. S. Evans, Moses E.
Flannigan, D. W. Gelwicks, P. K. Woodside, and Thos. H..
Coombs. Andrew J. Moulder, for school superintendent, on the second)
ballot, over E. A. Theller, Wm. G. Wood, A. 0. Baine, Paul K.
Hubbs, W. H. Graham, Sherman Day, and W. M. Gwin.
Augustin Olvera, George Freanor, P. de la Torre, and A. 0. Brad
ford, for presidential electors, over P. de la Guerra, P. H. Clayton,
Wm. McClure, G. W. Colby, W. S. Long, 0. J. Lansing, Alex.
Hunter, Geo. Pearce, J. P. Hoge, Chas. Precht, Wm. McDaniels,
H. Griffith, and .John B. Frisbie.
J. M. Covarrubias, 0. Precht, J. 0. Palraer, and W. S. Long were-
selected as alternates.
No noraination was raade for state prison director.
On the 12th, the following address and resolutions were adopted:
To the people of Oalifornia— Your convention, in closing its
labors, congratulates the democracy of California on its present posi
tion and its future prospects. At our late national convention,
held at Cincinnati, a platforra was adopted replete with sound

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 71
sense, distinctly defining the course of that great political party to
which we belong, and clearly enunciating that foreign and domestic
policy which it has ever been the great aim of the democratic party
to uphold and raaintain, and to which we invite a cordial and unani
raous assent. At that convention were norainated, respectively, as
candidates for the president and vice-president of the United States,
Jaraes Buchanan and John 0. Breckinridge ; the former a statesmen
who- has grown gray in the service of his country, well acquainted
with the policy of foreign powers, perfectly conversant with the
machinery of European cabinets, and to whose experienced hands
we may safely trust the destinies of the republic in its various and
complicated relations with the other powers of the globe. The
latter, John 0. Breckinridge, though a younger laborer in the politi
cal field, a man of unquestionable ability, well calculated to assist
in the administration of the government, and both possessing a pri
vate character and public reputation which raay safely challenge the
investigation of a world. At a time, like the present, when fanati
cisra and intolerance are rearing their hydraheads in various sec
tions of the union, we calraly and confidently invite attention to the
doctrines of the deraocratic party, as expressed in the Cincinnati
platforra, believing, as we do, these doctrines fully calculated to sus
tain the integrity of our national union in the time of difficulty and
danger. Guaranteeing to every state its respective privileges, they
trample on the ri-ghts of none, they broach no new and dangerous
political heresies calculated to subvert the original articles of con
federacy and endanger the safety of the union; they strive by no
mercenary appeals to array one section of the country in hostile atti
tude against another, but in the true spirit of the original compact,
declare the perfect integrity of the union in its fullest and most
ample sense. We seek not to prescribe to any man the raode in
which he shall worship his Creator, nor will we drive by intolerance
frora our shores the oppressed of any clirae or nation. We welcome,
as an addition to national wealth and strength, the honest indus
try of other lands, guaranteeing to those who may choose to become
willing and worthy citizens of the republic "equal rights, equal pri
vileges, an'd exact justice to all." In conclusion, we congratulate the
gallant deraocracy of California on the perfect unanimity which has
pervaded our councils. Difficult and delicate questions of national
and doraestic policy have been raet and argued in the happiest spirit
of comproraising unanimity. "Bear and forbear" has been our
motto, and we now present in favor of our national and state norai
nees an unbroken array, an undivided front, an impenetrable pha-

72 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
lanx, against which our foes may spend their shafts in vain. In the
full confidence that those time-honored principles for which we have
so long contended are again about to assert their proud supremacy
over the factional " isms " of the day, we bid you a kind farewell
until on the ides of November, when we shall meet again once more
to celebrate a democratic triumph in this El Dorado of the western
world. Resolved,
I. That the democracy of California unanimously endorse and
cordially approve the platforra of the democratic party, as adopted
in the Cincinnati convention.
2. That the democracy of California decidedly and unequivocably
advocate and approve the construction of the Pacific railroad, as a
measure of the greatest importance, not only to California, but to the
union at large, and hereby urge upon the federal government and our
national representatives of the state at Washington the necessity of
using their most united exertions and utmost endeavors to secure
the construction of this truly important work.
3, That the liberal and enlightened policy of our democratic gov
ernment, in opening to the hardy pioneer the broad field of our public
lands, as an invitation to his industry and enterprise, has already
secured the affection of our early settlers; and that we regard an
extension of that policy, so far as to secure a homestead to every
honest settler, free of charge, against vicissitudes of fortune, as the
wisest, most just and reasonable course which the general govern
raent can pursue; and we earnestly recoraraend it to the serious
attention of our representatives at Washington.
4. That the deraocracy of California are in favor of guaranteeing
to every state and territory the rights and privileges secured to them
by the constitution and laws of the country — that for them there is
neither north, south, east, nor west; and that duly regarding the
importance of the whole as a union, they, as a unit of the confederacy,
will jealously guarantee the rights of each individual state.
5. That we recommend the utraost economy in the appropriation
and disbursement of all public raoneys ; that we hold all public offi
cers strictly accountable for the adrainistration of the public funds;
that we regard it as a cardinal principle of the deraocracy to preserve
unimpaired the credit and resources of the state; and that he who
commits the slightest defalcation in this respect, is unworthy the
support, and has justly forfeited the respect and confidence of the
democratic party.
6. That we cordially welcorae to the ranks of the deraocracy,
and receive into full brotherhood and coramunion, those old-line

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 73
whigs and members of other parties, who, regarding the democratic
party as the great conservative party of the union, now join with us
in the existing struggle to preserve the constitution.
7. That in James Buchanan and John 0. Breckinridge, the derao
cracy recognize leaders of whom they may well be proud, of unsul
lied public- character, and unspotted private reputation ; and that
they will use all honorable endeavors to secure for them a trium
phant majority in the El Dorado of the Pacific.
8. That, in the norainees of this convention, we recognize men
worthy of our implicit confidence and deserving of our undivided
support, and hereby pledge to them the undivided vote of the democ
racy of this state.
9. That we are in favor of, and recoraraend the party to vote for,
at the coraing election, the proposed amendraent of section two,
article ten, of the constitution; which araendraent provides that no
new state constitution shall be adopted without a direct vote of the
people. 10. That we do now adjourn to meet again at the polls in the
mouth of Noveraber next, and add our efforts to swell the triuraph
which then awaits the democracy of the union.
Immediately after the platform was reported by the committee,
McConnell offered the following :
That the writ of habeas corpus and the right of trial by jury are
sacred, and that ,the democracy of this state will ever guarantee
those sacred privileges to the humble citizen.
This resolution referred to the vigilance committee question.
After a lengthy discussion, the chairraan announced that the church
in which the convention was sitting raust be vacated by two o'clock,
as it was then needed by its trustees., A motion was then carried to
adopt the resolutions reported by the committee, and the chairman
declared that by virtue of the tenth resolution the convention was
adjourned sine die.
The convention selected a state comraittee, consisting of 0. E.
Thom, R. Heath, P. K. Woodside, H. A. Higley, 0. Benhara, J. J.
Hoff, J. P. Hoge, H. P. Barber, G. W. Dent, .A. Redington, D. J.
Thomas, J. B. Frisbie, J. Teraple, W. A. Mix, G. H. Crossette, Jas.
Walsh, A. T. Laird, B. F. Myers, and others.
The deliberations of the convention were by no means harmonious.
It was divided into the old factions — Broderick and anti-Broderick
 and the latter party was in the ascendency. Tilford and Conness

74 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
were the candidates for congress on the Broderick side. No nomi
nation was made for state prison director.
Intelligence of the nomination of Fillmore and Donelson reached
California on March 21st, and of Buchanan and Breckenridge and
Freraont and Dayton, on July l4th. Early in July, a raovement
was instituted in San Francisco to organize a people's party for the
purpose of making norainations for the legislature and local officers,
on the vigilance comraittee issue. On August 11th, a public raeet
ing was held, which was attended by about 3,000 persons, for the
purpose of consummating that object. Ira P. Rankin was chairman,
and a committee to nominate a ticket was appointed. After passing
resolutions approving the action of the vigilance committee, the
meeting adjourned. The ticket, that was subsequently norainated,
was elected by a large vote.
At the election held on Noveraber 4th, the deraocratic electoral
and state tickets were elected, and at the official canvass, the follow
ing result was exhibited :
For President — Buchanan, 51,935 ; Fillmore, 35,113; Freraont,
20,339. For Congressmen— Soott, 49,429 ; McKibben, 49,529 ; Whitman,
34,681; Dibble, 34,159; Rankin, 21,519; Turner, 20,595.
For Supreme Court Clerk— Fa.irta.x, 50,579 ; Skinker, 33,396 ;
Cole, 20,536.
For School Superintendent — Moulder, 50,174 ; Janes, 35,609 ;
Buffington, 20,616.
Moses Arms received a number of votes for state prison director,
but they were disregarded.
The democratic electors met at the state capitol, on Deceraber 3d,
and cast their votes for Buchanan and Breckinridge. On the flrst
ballot, Freanor was chosen as the messenger to convey the returns
to Washington.

CHAPTER IX.

18B7. Gubernatorial Campaign— Republican Convention— Democratic
Convention— American Convention— Settlers' and Miners' Conven
tion—Result of the Gubernatorial Election.
The republican state convention raet in the Congregational church,
at Sacramento, on July Sth, and was coraposed of 300 delegates.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 75
It was called to order by G. W. Parr, and on permanent organiza
tion F. P. Tracy was president; and Richard Rowe, G. 0. Gram
mar, Smith Herrick, J. A. Quimby, G. M. Hanson, and A. B.
Nicholson, vice-presidents. The committee on resolutions consisted
of T. W. Park, E. B. Crocker, 0. A. Tuttie, L. 0. Gunn, and G. W.
Baldwin, and they made the following report, which was adopted :
Whereas, The issue upon which the republican party has been
formed is of a national character, we forbear to express any opinion
in reference to questions of state policy, leaving republicans free to
act and vote on all questions; therefore, we adopt the following
resolutions as the basis of our organization :
1. (Same as the first resolution of the republican convention of
August 27, 1856.)
2. (Same as the fourth resolution of the republican convention of
April 30, 1856.)
3. (Same as the fourth resolution of the convention of August 27,.
1856.) 4. (Same as the fifth resolution of the convention of August 27,
1856, oraitting all after the words " this great work.")
5. (Same as the ninth resolution of the convention of August 27,
1856, omitting all after the words "the public domain.")
6. (Sarae as the seventh resolution of the convention of April 30,
1856.) 7. That the opinion rendered by Chief Justice Taney, and con
curred in by other judges, in the late "Dred Scott" case, is a palpa
ble violation of the principles of the declarations of independence, a
falsification of the history of our country, subversive of state rights,
and a flagrant injustice to a large portion of the people of the
United States, and, as such, merits the indignant reprobation of
every freeman.
8. That, as citizens of the free state of Oalifornia, we deprecate
the introduction of the institution of slavery on the Pacific coast,
and therefore do extend to the freemen of Oregon an earnest desire
for their success in the establishment of free principles as the basis
of their state government.
The following norainations were raade on the 8th and 9th :
Edward Stanly, for governor, on the first ballot, by a vote of 1 63,
to 9 for E. D. Baker, 6 for D. R. Ashley, 1 for T. W. Park, 1 for
I. P. Rankin, and 1 for R. Chenery; J. A. Nunes, Samuel Bell,
E. B. Crocker, F. P. Tracy, and J. N. Turner withdrawing.

76 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
D. W. Oheesraan, for lieutenant-governor, on the first ballot, over
Ashley, Dr. A. J. Spencer, and Leland Stanford.
Nathaniel Bennett, for justice of the supreme court, on the flrst
ballot, over 0. L. Shafter and F. M. Haight.
L. 0. Gunn, for controller, on the first ballot, over Wm. L.
Newell. Leland Stanford, for treasurer, without opposition ; J. N. Turner
¦declining. Aaron A. Sargent, for attorney-general, without opposition; F. P.
Tracy and C- J. Hillyer withdrawing.
p. M. Randall, for surveyor-general, without opposition ; Wm.
Mott withdrawing.
F. B. Murdock, for state printer, without opposition.
A state comraittee was selected, consisting of E. B. Crocker, Mark
Hopkins, J. T. McLean, J. R. Clark, T. W. Park, F. P. Tracy,
Cyrus Palmer, F. F. Fargo, H. Cummings, J. C. Birdseye, 0. A.
Tuttie, 0. Cole, J. E. Benton, Curtis Baird, J. A. Quimby, C. S.
Haswell, J. F. Houghton, 0. H. Chamberlain, and others.
Nunes offered the following, which was laid on the table :
That the nuraerous iraperfections existing in our state constitu
tion render it necessary that a constitutional convention should be
convened to make such changes in it as may be deemed advisable,
and it is therefore recommended to republicans throughout the state
to vote in favor of the convention.
The democratic state convention, with 312 delegates, met in the
Congregational church, Sacramento, on July 1 4th, and was called to
order by A. Redington, chairman of the state coraraittee. A. C.
Bradford was elected temporary president. The committee on
credentials reported a] resolution that no delegate be entitled to a
seat in the convention who had voted in opposition to Buchanan.
Wm. Van Voorhies offered the following substitute :
We pledge ourselves to support the nominees of the democratic
state convention, and to use our utmost exertions to secure their
election, and for this purpose we not only now urge upon the democ
racy the necessity of harmonious and vigorous action in the
approaching campaign, but cordially invite all national men, of
whatever party heretofore, to unite with us in finally and forever
destroying within the limits of our state the fell spirit of disunion
and sectionalisra which has threatened the existence of our beloved

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 77
institutions ; and we recognize all those who co-operate with us in
the approaching carapaign as co-laborers with the democracy of this
state. The substitute was adopted" by a vote of 224 to 81.
A committee on resolutions was appointed, consisting of John
Boggs, P. T. Herbert, James Anderson, V. E. Geiger, Jeflerson
Hunt, R. McGarvey, H. T. Huggins, J. B. Devoe, J. M. Hudspeth,
John C. Burch, G. W. Patrick, 0. H. Bryan, and others. On per
manent organization, Bradford was president, and S. A. Merritt,
N. E. Whiteside, Philip Moore, W. M. Lent, J. C. Jaraes, C. J.
Cputs, F. J. Hoover, F. D. Kohler, B. F. Varney, J. A. Putney,
D. W. Connelly, and U. Edwards, vice-presidents.
The following nominations were made on the 14th and 15th :
John B. Weller, for governor, on the first ballot, receiving 251
votes, to 61 for J. W. McOorkle; John Nugent withdrawing.
Joseph Walkup, for lieutenant governor, on the first ballot, over
J. R. Hardenbergh and J. J. Warner ; E. T. Beatty withdrawing.
Stephen J. .Field, for justice of the suprerae court, on the first
ballot, over Peter H. Burnett and John H. McKune.
Thos. H. Williaras, for attorney-general, on the first ballot, over
R. Aug. Thompson ; W. Gouverneur Morris withdrawing.
James W. Mandeville, for controller, on the first ballot, over J. T.
Paine, Geo. W. Dent, and S, H. Brooks (withdrawing).
Thos. Findley, for treasurer, without opposition.
John O'Meara, for printer, on the first ballot, over H. 0. Patrick
and T. A. Springer.
Horace A. Higley, for surveyor-general, on the first ballot, over
Rowland Shea.
The majority of the coraraittee reported the following, resolutions,
which were all adopted, after a debate :
1. (Sarae as the first resolution adopted by the democratic con
vention of September 9, 1856.) <
2. (Same as the second resolution in the series above referred to.)
3. That we hail with pleasure the commencement of the wagon
roads, believing that they will bring within the state a hardy, enter
prising and laborious class of citizens, and we call upon the govern
ment to hasten their completion by liberal appropriations.
4. (Sarae as the third resolution in the series above referred to.)
5. (Same as the fourth resolution in the series above referred to.)
6. (Sarae as the fifth resolution in the series above referred to.)

78 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
7. (Sarae as the sixth resolution in the series above referred to.)
8. (Same as the eighth resolution in the series above referred to.)
9. That there is a radical defect in our laws regulating preemp
tions, whereby the owner of a floating, Mexican grant is enabled to
prevent the settlement of a tract of land much larger than he
claims. 10. That the rights of preemptions in this state ought to be as
liberal as obtained in other new states, and these rights ought to be
secured to settlers on all lands not actually segregated as private
property. 11. That the policy of governraent which is sought to be estab
lished by the present chief magistrate of the United States, is emi
nently entitled to our most hearty and cordial approbation, as truly
deraocratic, and calculated to secure the proraotion of the best
interests of our common country.
12. That this convention acknowledge a moral obligation to liqui
date the existing debt of the state, and that its payment is hereby
recommended. 1 3. That political associations, whether secret or otherwise, based
¦upon religious intolerance, or exclusion from the exercise of political
privileges, guaranteed by the constitution as it is, on account of
personal rank or the accident of birth, are at once inconsistent with
the spirit of our institutions, and a slander upon the liberty -loving
and freedom-disseminating people of this union.
14. That we consider the present naturalization laws of the United
States in accordance with our free and liberal institutions, and will
resist their abrogation or amendment, as uncalled for, illiberal and
unjust. The minority of the committee reported the following :
1. That this convention recognizes the time-honored principle of
instructions, and feel it a duty to condemn theconduct of our recent
.delegates to the democratic national convention at Cincinnati for
their unpardonable disobedience in voting against that sterling pat
riot and honored statesman, Jas. Buchanan, now president of the
United States.
2. That the perpetuity of our deraocratic forra of government is
based upon the respect of the people for the laws they themselves
create. 3. That, inasmuch, as under our form of government all power
coraes from the people, and constitutions and laws are but the expres
sions of the popular will; therefore, the late violations of our con-

ADDRESS TO THE AMERICAN PARTY. 79
stitution and laws, by a portion of the people organizing theraselves
into armed bodies, and exercising legislative, judicial, and executive
functions, is a direct repudiation of the principles upon which our
government is founded, and can but tend to debase us in the estima
tion of the people of other countries, and postpone the day when a
republican form of government will be the only one known among
civilized nations.
The first minority resolution was indefinitely postponed. The
second and third resolutions were offered by P. T. Herbert and had
reference to the action of the vigilance comraittee of 1856. They
gave rise to an exciting and storray debate, when finally the follow
ing was adopted as a substitute, by a vote of 181 to 104, and it was
incorporated iri the platform, by a vote of 242 to 51.
15. That the democracy of California will ever support the con
stitution and laws of their state, and of the United States, and will
ever use their utraost endeavors to preserve as sacred and inviolate
that priceless legacy of our fathers contained in the bill of rights and
the writ of habeas corpus.
A state committee was selected, consisting of V. E. Geiger, F.
Forman, H. B. Truett, R. 0. Page, J. P. Hoge, D. W. Gelwicks,.
W. S. Smith, S. H. Chase, W. A. January, S. S. Lewis, J. Ander
son, T. B. Rearden, E. Steele, H. T. Huggins, J. A. Turner, T. A.
Springer, A. R. Maloney, and others.
Early in 1857, the idea of abandoning the organization of the
American party was earnestly considered by prominent members of
that faction, and many were in favor of disorganization. On March
31st, Henry S. Foote, who had been the caucus nominee of the party
for United States senator in 1856, published a letter addressed to
the members of the party in the state, in which he gave his opinion
touching the expediency of continuing the party organization. He
said that he had no desire to dictate the course to be pursued by others,
but simply desired that there raight be no mistake as to his indi
vidual attitude on the question; that the party was originally
organized mainly for the purpose of securing the faithful execution
of the compromise measures of 1850, of suppressing the agitation of
the slavery question, and of preserving the union frora the dangers
which seemed to menace it from the prevalence of feelings of fierce
sectional hostility in two opposite quarters of the confederacy; that
the party in Oalifornia had been at all times wholly untainted either

80 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
with the heresy of abolitionism or with that of secession; that
universal religious toleration had been with them a cardinal princi
ple, and that with regard to the naturalization laws they had con
tented themselves with simply insisting upon their judicious revision;
that the presidential contest had passed, and a new and bright era
had dawned ; and that there was much proraise in the adrainistra
tion of President Buchanan. He concluded by saying :
Such a cabinet as Buchanan has formed, and such political
views as are announced in the inaugural, should command universal
confldence, and give most gratifying assurance that for the next
four years, at least, the republic will be in the enjoyment of coraplete
repose ; that its great doraestic interests will be carefully guarded
and assiduously promoted, and the honor of the American nation be
wisely and fearlessly maintained in every quarter of the globe. I
have, therefore, no hesitation in declaring that I can see no propriety
in atterapting to keep up the distinctive organization of the Araeri
can party, either in Oalifornia or elsewhere. At any rate, whatever
raay be the action of others, I shall myself yield to Buchanan and
his administration as hearty and true a support as it would have
been possible for me to accord to them had I ever so actively parti
cipated in elevating them to the high official places which they
hold. On April 29th, a raeeting of the leading merabers of the party
was held at Sacramento for the purpose of advising upon the best
course to be pursued as to the future position of the party. Among
those present at the conference were Jesse O. Goodwin, J. G. Mc
Oallum, W. T. Ferguson, A. J. Stevenson, James T. Farley, D. F.
Douglass, Jesse D. Carr, Frank Hereford, Wj 0. Wallace, G. W.
Bowie, and John 0. Barr. It was unanimously resolved that it
would be useless to attempt to keep up a distinctive organization on
the old issues. The raeeting fully endorsed the principles laid down
in Buchanan's inaugural address, and it was declared that they
would stand upon that platform so long as those principles were
maintained by the president. In May, the county councils of the
party were held and in several of them resolutions to disband were
voted down. On June 26th, the state council met at Sacramento.
A resolution to abandon the organization was defeated, and it was
determined to reorganize the party in the state, and abolish all tests,
obligations of secresy, etc. The council issued an address calling
a state convention to nominate a full ticket and recommended that
an energetic catnpaign be made.

CONVENTION OF AMERICAN PARTY. 81.
' The Araerican state convention met in the assembly chamber,,
Sacramento, on July 28th. Dr. Joseph Powell was elected tem
porary chairman, and on permanent organization, O. 0. Hall was
president, and J. M. Day, F. Knox, T. L. Reed, and R. S. Mesick,
vice-presidents. In the evening, an interesting debate sprang up on
the proposition to adjourn without raaking norainations. The dele
gates who advocated that course favored the election of Stanly, but
the convention determined to present a straight ticket to the people.
On the 29th, the following nominations were made :
George W. Bowie, for governor, without opposition; James H.
Ralston and Bailey Peyton withdrawing.
Dr. J. A. Raymond, for lieutenant-governor, without opposition ;
Jaraes W. Ooffroth, O. C. Hall, and Hiram R. Hawkins with
drawing. Geo. W. Wbitman, for controller, without opposition; Wm. H.
Taylor, F. M. Proctor, D. K. Newell, and E. F. Burton with
drawing. T. B. McFarland, for attorney-general, without opposition ; John
J. Musser, A. P. Catlin, and R. M. Briggs withdrawing.
Lucien B. Healey, for surveyor-general, without opposition; J. L.
Brown withdrawing.
B. H. Monson, for printer, on the first ballot, over N. P. Brown,
H. A. Appleton, and H. R. Hawkins.
J. R. Crandall, for treasurer (long and short terras), on the first
ballot, over Jas. L. English, W. K. Lindsey, W. H. Howard, F. M.
Proctor, and J. Powell.
Jas. H. Ralston, for justice of the supreme court (long and short
terms), without opposition; H. 0. Gardiner withdrawing.
The following resolutions, reported by a comraittee consisting of
T. B. McFarland, M. M. Noah, J. R. Crandall, R. M. Briggs, L.
Tooker, A. P. Catlin, and others, were adopted :
1. That we cordially endorse the platforra of principles adopted
by the national American convention at Louisville, Ky., on the 4th
day of June, 1857.
2. That we have an abiding faith in the truth of our political
creed, and that we will struggle in the future, as we have struggled
in the past, to engraft the policy of our party upon the legislation
of the country.
3. That we still hold to the fundamental principle of our party,
that "Americans shall rule America," and that our naturalization
6

82 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
laws should be so araended as to insure, on the part of the applicant,
a just appreciation of the rights and duties of an American citizen.
4. That the American party is in no way responsible for the
recent intense exciteraent of national issues ; and that a restoration
of the brotherly feelings that should actuate one great national
people, can only be accoraplished by the permanent success of the
national American party.
5. That the main objects of the Arnerican party being to proraote
American interests, and to cherish Araerican nationality, the con
struction of a Pacific railroad — thus bringing the extrerae portions
of the country into close contact, and promoting the welfare of all —
would be a natural and certain consequence of the triuraph of the
American party.
6. That the Araerican party of Oalifornia acknowledge it as a
duty pararaount above all others of a local character to protect set
tlers upon Spanish grants in their just rights and claims. We
believe that laws designed to protect the bona fide settler in his
improveraents are not only absolutely necessary in order to insure
confidence and prosperity, and to encourage agriculture and trade,
but are also constitutional and just. Tbe wants of the people require,
and equity and good conscience deraand such laws, and while the
past history and recent actions of the deraocratic party in this state
exhibit a record of broken faith, we refer for the sincerity of our
professions to our past efforts in this behalf, and to the character of
the raen whom we present for the suffrages of the people.
7. That we consider it our duty to recommend to the electors of
this state to vote in favor of paying the state debt ; that while we
have the utraost abhorrence for the party corruptions which saddled
this onerous burden upon us, we yet would find it still more grievous
to bear the load of obloquy and sharae which repudiation of the
claims of innocent creditors would earn for us and our posterity.
8. That the democratic party of California is responsible for the
long course of iraprovident legislation and official corruption which
has finally brought the state to the verge of bankruptcy, and is not
fit longer to be in power.
9. That the American party of Oalifornia, during its partial suc
cess in 1856, did more, by way of legislation, for the protection of
the state from corrupt officials, than the democratic party has done
during all the years of its misrule; and that the recent discovery of
official unworthiness has been the result of stringent laws passed by
an American legislature.
10. That we will use every possible effort to select none but

SETTLERS' AND MINERS' PARTY, 83
honest raen for office, and the fact that we have, in some instances,
been deceived, will only make us the raore vigilant in this behalf
hereafter. 11. That while the salaries and fees of sorae offices, both county
and state, are sufficiently low, yet in many instances, they are so
¦extravagant as to amount to a heavy burden upon the people, and we
pledge the influence of the Araerican party to effect still further
reductions in the " fees of office, with a view of making such offices
less desirable to the incumbents thereof, and of removing motives
for corruption in obtaining thera.
•A state committee was selected, consisting of A. P. Catlin, J.
Powell, W. 0. Wallace, B. Peyton, M. M. Noah, D. P. Talmadge,
D. K. Newell, R. S. Mesick, A. McDonald, E. F. Burton, H. R.
Hawkins, R. M. Briggs, O. C. Hall, A. R. Ahdrews, and others.
Shortly before adjourning, a resolution was adopted that the
•Organization of the party in the state, thereafter, be under the direc
tion of the state committee ; that the state and subordinate councils
should be abolished ; that no obligation of secrecy should be required
of the members of the party, and that all American citizens should
be eligible to raerabership. '
On July 8d, the state coraraittee of the settlers' and miners' party
met at Sacramento, issued an address calling a state convention,
and recommended the noraination of a ticket from the candidates
nominated by the other parties. The convention raet in the assembly
charaber, Sacramento, on August 4th, and about 40 delegates were
present. The convention was called to order by Dr. A. B. Nixon,
and I. W. Underwood was elected president. Delegates were pre
sent from the counties of San Francisco, Solano, Sacramento, Ala
meda, Yolo, Butte, Yuba, and Sutter.
The following ticket was made up :
For governor, Edward Stanly; justice of the supreme court, N.
Bennett ; lieutenant-governor, Joseph Walkup; controller, J. W.-
Mandeville; treasurer, Thos. Findley; attorney-general, A. A. Sar
gent; surveyor-general, P. M. Randall; printer, J. O'Meara.
A lengthy set of resolutions was adopted.
The sessions of the convention were stormy. At an early stage
in the proceedings, a resolution was adopted to exclude the full vote
of such counties as were but partially represented, and as San Fran
cisco and Sacramento counties constituted the mass of the conven-

84 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
tion, and acted in concert, they controlled the deliberations of the
body. At the close of the first day, most of the delegates from with
out those counties withdrew in a body.
The democratic and republican conventions neglected to nominate
candidates for the offices of justice of the supreme court and
treasurer for the short terms which were then filled by Burnett and
English, respectively, and to avoid difficulty, the democratic state-
committee nominated those two gentlemen to fill the offices until
the time when their successors would take office. News reached
California, on August 17th, of the appointment of Mandeville, the
deraocratic candidate for controller, to the office of United States
surveyor-general for California, but he was not officially notified of
his selection to that place until a few days before the election — too
short a tirae to substitute another norainee on the state ticket.
The election was held on Septeraber 2d, and the official canvass
developed the following result :
For Governor— '^eUer, 53,122; Stanly, 21,040; Bowie, 19,481.
Lieutenant-Governor — Walkup, 57,336; Cheesman, 16,800; Ray--
mond, 19,718.
Justice of the Supreme Court {long term) — Field, 55,216 ; Ben
nett, 18,944; Ralston, 19,068.
Justice of the Supreme Court {short term) — Burnett, 54,991;
Bennett, 10,550; Ralston, 7,710.
CoM<ro;Z«r— Mandeville, 57,048; Gunn, 16,398; Whitraan, 19,-
842. rreasMrer(fowgri(er9?i)— Findley, 57,641 ; Stanford, 16,529 ; Cran
dall, 19,348.
Treasurer {short <erm)— English, 55,236 ; Stanford, 4,390; Cran
dall, 7,271.
Surveyor-General— B.\^e-y, 55,858; Randall, 18,205; Healey,
19,703. y4«ome2/-(?eweraZ— Williaras, 55,561 ; Sargent, 18,418 ; McFar
land, 19,701.
Printer— (yM.es.ret,, 57,274; Murdock, 16,365; Monson, 19,797.
Pay the state debt— Yes, 57,661 ; No, 16,970,
Constitutional Convention — For, 30,226; against, 17,680.
The entire democratic ticket was consequently elected, and the
people ratified the act to provide for the payment of the state
indebtedness. On December 2d, a writ of injunction was sued out
frora the sixth district court, at the instance of Thos. S. Fiske and

DIVISION OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 85
served on the governor, controller, and treasurer, restraining them
from issuing the bonds provided for in the aot. The case was an
agreed one, and was designed to test the constitutionality of the
proceeding. It was carried to the supreme court, and on January
4th, 1858, that tribunal rendered an opinion declaring that the law
and the action of the people upon it were constitutional. The propo
sition to call a constitutional convention was lost, not having
received a raajority of all the votes which had been cast at the elec
tion.

CHAPTER X.

18S8. Division of the Democratic Party — Convention of the Lecomp
ton Wing of the Party — Convention of the Anti-Lecompton Wing —
Republican Convention.
Kansas had been erected into a territory by act of congress, of
May, 1854, by the terras of which the question of slavery was to be
determined by the vote of her citizens. Shortly afterward, an exten
sive immigration flowed into the new territory from both the free
-a.nd the slave states, and election disturbances ensued, which were
finally quelled by the United States militia. Two legislatures were
chosen — one composed of free-states raen, and the other of pro-
slavery men. The free-state legislature raet on January 6th, 1857,
but was dispersed by the United States raarshal. Soon afterward,
the pro-slavery legislature convened and provided for a constitu
tional convention, which raet at Lecorapton, in September, and
framed a pro-slavery constitution. The election for delegates to
this convention was held June 15th, but the free-states men did not
participate, as they clairaed that the legislature which made the call
was an illegal body. The convention provided for the submission
of the direct slavery clause separately to the people, but no votes
were to be counted unless they read "for the constitution with
slavery" or "for the constitution without slavery,'' and of course it
could not well happen that the constitution would be defeated.
The election was held on Deceraber 21st, and with the coloniza
tion of pro-slavery men from Missouri and the refusal of the anti-
slavery men to vote, the constitution "with slavery" was carried by
a vote of 6,266 to 567. Meanwhile, in October, an election had been
Jield for members of a territorial legislature, under a la w enacted by the

86 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
pro-slavery legislature ; and at this election raost of the free-states;
raen, trusting to the assurances of the territorial governor, had voted.
Over 11,000 votes were polled, of which 1,600 were taken at a little^
precinct known as Oxford, on the Missouri border, where there
were but forty-three voters; and 1,200 were returned from McGee-
county, where no poll had been opened. But, notwithstanding these
enormous frauds, the free state preponderance was so decided that
it carried the legislature. An act was passed by this legislature to-
submit the Lecompton constitution to a vote of the people on Janu
ary 4th, and at the election then held, in which the pro-slavery men
declined to participate, the full poll returned was — for the Lecom-
ton constitution, with slavery, 138; without slavery, 24; against
the constitution, 10,226.
President Buchanan, in his annual and also in a special message
of February 2d, urged congress to accept and ratify the Lecompton
constitution (which meant to make Kansas a slave state), but Sena
tor Stephen A. Douglas took strong ground against it. The senate,
on March 23d, passed a bill acfcepting this constitution, by a vote of
32 to 25; but the house, on April 1st, adopted a substitute requiring
a resubmission of the constitution to the people of Kansas, by a vote-
of 120 to 112. This amendment was rejected by the senate, but a
bill was finally passed by both houses, on the 30th, which indirectly
allowed the people of the territory to again vote upon the instru
ment. Under this bill, on August 3d, the people rejected the
Lecompton constitution by an overwhelming majority. Senator
Broderick and Congressman McKibben sustained the course of
Douglas in his opposition to the Kansas policy of the president;.
Senator Gwin and Congressraan Scott sided with the administration.
On May 10th, the democratic state committee met at Sacramento-
and called a state convention to consist of 324 delegates to raeet at
that place on August 4th. It soon became evident that a serious
division was growing in the party on the Kansas question, and the
bitterness of feeling that was evinced augured a wider difference
than had ever before existed in the party. The coramencement of
the storm was not until June 23d, when the deraocratic convention
of Del Norte county adopted the following resolutions:
1. That the democracy of Del Norte county, through their dele
gates in convention assembled, cordially and entirely approve and.
endorse the adrainistration of President Buchanan.
2. That David 0. Broderick, by his opposition to the administra-

DIVISION OF THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY. 87
tion, raanifested as well in his degrading and disreputable language
in relation to it, as by his votes ; by his treachery to the party
which elected him, his refusal to obey instructions, and by his league
with the republicans, has placed himself beyond the pale of the
democratic party, and should only receive at its hands the scorn and
contempt which he so justly merits.
Soon after, conventions were held in other counties, and in most
cases, they divided, and two sets of delegates were elected to the
state convention — one representing the Lecompton and the other the
anti-Lecompton sentiment.
Early in July, the Sacramento Mercury said, in commenting upon
the action of the various county conventions :
For our part, we should not consider ourselves any more bound
by the action of a convention, composed of Broderick (anti-Lecom-
ton) raen, than we would by a convention of republicans; and now,
at the risk of being called " bolter," we have no hesitation in pro
claiming here, in advance of the state convention, that if it should
be a Broderick *one, of which, however, we have no fears, that we
will not support its nominees. * ¦* ¦* We had rather be beaten
with a good set of true democrats, than to succeed with a set of men
who are democrats in nothing but the name. * * * Let the Stanly
and Broderick men go over to the black republicans, where they
properly belong ; let us cleanse our party of this rubbish ; let us
wipe off this incubus that has been festering and eating out the very
life and substance of our party in this state since its first organiza
tion, now while we have the opportunity, and our word for it, we
shall never regret it.
The Sacramento Union, of July 10th, said :
We have expressed the opinion that if the Douglas popular
sovereignty democrats succeeded in electing a majority of the dele
gates to the state convention, the Buchanan Lecompton wing would
* * * withdraw from the convention, and organize one of their
own. ¦**¦*¦ An eflbrt is raade to avow a distinction between
Broderick and Douglas, but the object is too transparent. * ¦* *
The Buchanan leaders are determined to rule the convention or
divide it ; that the Kansas policy of the administration shall be sus
tained, or there shall be two democratic parties. It may be added
that they declare they will not adrait the possibility of a man's
being a democrat who does not sustain the policy of the administra
tion. * ¦* * We may conclude that if the Buchanan men elect

88 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
a raajority of the convention, they will force the Douglas democrats
to endorse the administration in full, or withdraw from that body.
The sarae paper said, on the 28th :
Accounts come from all sides of a breaking up of the democratic
party, and that two sets of delegates are likely to be elected from
most of the counties, and two tickets run for the county officers and
legislature on that side. The bonds of party were never so
much set at defiance in California before, and we predict a political
improvement in the future in consequence. One great reason why
there is so much splitting among the deraocracy is, that the state
election this year is not iraportant, as there are no political offices of
consequence to fill; hence, the, pressure is not sufficient to keep the
eleraents of the party together. It is by no means a clear question
which of the contending divisions of the great deraocratic party is
to gain the ascendency.
The division had increased to such an extent that by the time
appointed for the meeting of the state convention there was no
thought of a joint session, and each wing selected its own time and
place for raeeting.
The administration state convention met in the Congregational
church, Sacramento, on August 4th, and was called to order by
V. E. Geiger, chairman of the state coramittee. Chas. R. Street
was selected temporary chairman, and after sorae dispute in relation
to the merabership of certain delegates, a perraanent organization
was effected by the election of Jaraes H. Hardy, as president ; and
and H. P. Haun, A. T. Laird, 0. Kerrins, A. French, B. M. Henry,
G. R. Ayers, Jaraes Osborne, W. T. Gough, J. B. Carr, T. Foley,
George Coulter, W. 0. Stratton, B. F. Mauldin, J. 0. Hinkson, and
A. Magee, as vice-presidents. A comraittee on resolutions was
appointed, consisting of W. H. Glascock, A. 0. Adams, D. W. Gel
wicks, G. W. Hook, J. G. Downey, A. Deering, Henry Meredith,
V. E. Geiger, E. Oasserly, J. P. Hoge, Rasey Biven, C. T. Ryland,
. 0. R. Street, J. R Kittrell, Z. Montgoraery, H. P. Barber, Chas .
Lindley, and others.
On the 5th, the following resolutions were reported by the cora
mittee :
1. That the democracy of California maintain, with unfaltering
faith, their attachment to the wise, just and liberal principles an
nounced in the Cincinnati platform ; and, araong others, they most

LECOMPTON CONVENTION. 89
cordially approve and will raost faithfully sustain the doctrine of
popular sovereignty and its inseparable guarantee, non-intervention
of the federal government with the domestic institutions of a state
or territory.
2. That the act of congress known as the "English compromise
bill," having referred the whole subject of the admission of Kansas
to the decision of the people thereof, we do, without regard to
former differences of opinion, accept and abide by that reference,
and cannot but deem any atterapt to revive the agitation of that
subject in national politics as a violation of the spirit and intent of
the Kansas-Nebraska law, and dangerous to the peace and integrity
of the union.
3. That we have undiminished confidence in the wisdom, patriot
ism and democracy of the chief magistrate of the United States, and
pledge to hira and his adrainistration the earnest support of the
people of California in raaintaining the honor and integrity of the
union, both at home and abroad.
4. That we deem the passage of the Pacific railroad bill as of
vital iraportance, not only to the interests of California, but to those
of the union at large ; and that whilst we deeply regret the post
ponement of that measure, and the unfortunate causes which led to
it, we congratulate our people upon the establishment of a complete
system of overland mail lines upon all the main northern, central
and southern routes to the Pacific coast.
5. That American ships, at sea under the American flag, in tirae
of peace, are subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and to
that of no other power on earth, whether for search, visitation or
any other purpose whatever; aud we rejoice in the promptitude,
energy and success with which this great principle has just been
maintained by a democratic administration.
6. That the present democratic administration of this state is
entitled to and receives our cordial approval.
7. That we cordially invite the co-operation of all national men,
without regard to forraer political associations, to unite with us in
the present and prospective struggles against sectionalisra and its
attendant evils.
Iraraediately when he had concluded the reading of the resolu
tions, Hoge moved their adoption, and also for the previous question
on his first motion. The previous question was ordered by a vote of
117 to 49 ; and the resolutions were adopted as reported by a vote
of 287 to 2. Montgomery then offered the following additional
resolutions :

90 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
8. That we recognize the right of the people of each state and
territory, when so desired by them, to vote upon the adoption or
rejection of their fundaraental law; but we hold that it belongs not
to the congress of the United States, but to the people themselves,
speaking through their own representatives, to say whether they do
or do not desire to exercise such right.
9. That, in the opinion of this convention, the formation of and
adherence to the so-called Topeka constitution by the abolition party
of Kansas was, in the language of Stephen A. Douglas, "an act of
rebellion, which ought to have been put down by force."
10. That it is the will of those who adhere to the government,
and not the will of those who array themselves in rebellion against
the government, that should be looked to and carried out, both in
the formation of state constitutions and the admission of states into
the union.
After a lengthy discussion the convention refused to consider the
resolutions, by a vote of 122 to 178 ; but afterward, just before the
adjournment, they were taken up and adopted, by a vote of 202 to
65, and made a portion of the platform. The following norainations
were then made :
Joseph G. Baldwin, for justice of the suprerae court, without oppo
sition ; John M. Howell, S. K. J. Handy, Henry P. Barber, P. H.
Burnett and W. T. Barbour withdrawing.
A. R. Meloney, for controller, without opposition ; S. H. Brooks
and S. C. Tompkins withdrawing.
A resolution was introduced to proceed to make nominations for
congressmen, but it was withdrawn after a debate. A state committee
was chosen, coraposed of J. R. Hardenbergh, W. S. Long, E. Aubrey,
V. E. Geiger, J. P. Hoge, M. D. Sweeney, R. C. Page, H. 0. Pat
rick, W. J. Hooten, 0. R. Street, L. Magruder, N. E. Whiteside, D.
T. Loufbourough, A. Deering, J. G. Doll, 0. J. Lansing, J. N. Doak,
H. P. Barber, W. 0. Stratton, and others.
The anti-Lecompton (Douglas) state convention also met on August
4th, in the Baptist church, Sacramento. J. A. Turner, a member
of the state committee, called it to order, and Wra. I. Ferguson was
elected temporary chairman. A comraittee on resolutions was
appointed, consisting of J. W. McOorkle, 0. H. Bryan, H. Griffith,
J. Powell, B. S. Lippincott, John Conness, and others. On the 5th,
a permanent organization was effected by electing H. Griffith, presi
dent; and G. W. Colby, E. McGarry, R. Irwin, W. N. Anderson,

ANTI-LECOMPTON CONVENTION. 91
Robert Bell, Chas. Kent, H. Fitzsiraraons, J. Allen, C. F. Lott, and
J. 0. Davis, vice-presidents.
The following resolutions, reported by the coraraittee, were unani
mously adopted :
1. That all just powers of governraent are derived frora the
people; that this principle is recognized as fundamental by all
American constitutions, and by the deraocratic party.
2. That the right of the people to form and regulate their politi
cal institutions in their own way, subject only to the constitution of
the United States, as guaranteed to Kansas and Nebraska by their
organic law, belongs alike to the people of all other territories of the
United States.
3. That while we adhere to the fundamental democratic princi
ples embraced in the Cincinnati platform of 1856, we especially
renew and reaffirm that principle contained in the resolution known
as " the popular sovereignty resolution," declaring the true intent
and meaning of that resolution to be, that the people of a state or
territory are invested with the right of ratifying or rejecting, at the
ballot-box, any constitution that may be fraraed for their govern
ment; and all attempts by the administration and congress to coerce
and bribe the people into the adoption of a particular constitution,
not thus ratified by them, are subversive of the principles of pure
democracy, and destructive of the equality of the states under the
constitution. 4. That the recent attempts of the executive and congress to force
upon the people of Kansas a constitution which they have rejected at-
a legal election, are in violation of the principles of the party which
placed them in power, derogatory to the positions they occupy, and
destructive of our forra of governraent.
5. That we regard with detestation the passage by congress, at its
last session, of the bill known as the " English bill," and look upon
it as an attempt to bribe a free people into the indorsement of an
odious constitution; as calculated to create sectional feelings and
cause sectional jealousies; as a violation of the federal compact, a
breach of the compromises of the constitution, and a blow at the
equality of the states, in that it proposes to make large donations of
land, and admit Kansas into the union as a state without reference
to her population, if she adopts the Lecorapton constitution, which
establishes slavery, while it refuses her people, adraission until they
obtain a population of 90,000 or 120,000, if they prefer any other
than the Lecompton constitution.
6. That we heartily endorse the action of those raerabers of con-

92 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
gress who sustained the "Crittenden-Montgoraery bill," and who
opposed the English bill, at the last session of that body.
7. That it is the right of the people of the states to regulate, in
their own way, their political affairs ; that federal office holders are
servants of the people, and the constaiit interference by those ser
vants with the priraary affairs of party, whether by raenaces of dis
missal frora office, by forced levies, or by the distribution of proraises
and raoneys at the polls and elsewhere, is incorapatible with the
spirit of our constitutions, state and federal, subversive of popular
liberty, and calculated to destroy the sovereignty of the states and
centralize power at the federal capital.
8. That the immediate action of congress in securing the con
struction of a railroad to the Pacific is a recognized feature in our
party policy; indispensible to our safety in war and prosperity in
peace, and we call upon the administration to redeem its pledges,
and devote its energies to the consummation of this great work.
9. That we regard with favor the bill before congress, at its past
session, known as the " homestead bill," which proposes to donate to
each actual settler upon the public lands of the United States one
hundred and sixty acres, and earnestly recommend the passage of
the same.
10 That, relying implicitly upon the soundness and integrity of
the principles above set forth, and upon the justice and intelligence
of the raasses, we present this platform to the people of the state,
and earnestly invoke the active support of all in its vindication and
success, cordially inviting to a full and equal coramunion all those
of whatever creed who recognize the justice of our cause in the doc
trines we profess, and who desire to participate in their triumph.
The following nominations were then raade :
John Currey, for justice of the supreme court, on the first ballot,
over H. O. Beatty.
Isaac N. Dawley, for controller, without opposition; Thoraas
O'Brien withdrawing.
H. U. Jennings, for clerk of the suprerae court, without opposi
tion ; Moses E. Flannagan withdrawing.
Joseph C. McKibben and Wm. L. Dudley, for congressmen, with
out opposition.
A state comraittee was chosen, consisting of B. B. Redding, W. S
Manlove, G^ W. Colby, J. F. Morse, Josiah Johnson, E. McGarry,
Edraund Randolph, H. Wohler, W. J. Knox, Geo. Pearce, 0. F. Lott,
Wm. Higby, Thos. Eager, and others.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. . 93
The republican convention met in the theater at Sacramento on
August 5th, and was called to order by F. P. Tracy, chairman
of the state committee. M. Frink, Jr., was temporary chairman;
and on permanent organization S. B. Bell was president, and S. H.
Parker, L. Stanford, J. McKinstry Smith and E. Harkness, vice-
presidents. A committee was appointed on order of business, and
when it met it was found that its members were divided as to the
policy of making norainations — standing 5 in favor to 3 against.
When the report was presented by the majority, A. A. Sargent
raoved to strike out the portion relative to making norainations.
After a lengthy discussion the report was adopted, and the conven
tion determined to make nominations. A coraraittee on resolutions
was appointed, consisting bf E. D. Baker, T. W'. Park, E. B.
Crocker, J. E. Benton, A. A. Sargent, F. P. Tracy, A. H. Myers,
C. A. Tuttie and D. W. Oheesraan. On the 6th, the following reso
lutions, reported by the coraraittee, were unaniraously adopted :
1. That we hereby again declare our adherence to the resolutions
adopted by the national republican convention held at Philadelphia
in 1856.
2. That we do now, and always have maintained the doctrine of
popular sovereignty, when interpreted to mean the people of a terri
tory in forming a state governinent had a right to regulate their
political institutions in their own way, and to vote for or against
any proposed constitution.
3. That this sacred principle, dear to freemen and formidable
only to despotism, has been raost ruthlessly violated by the present
democratic adrainistration in its course upon the Kansas question.
4. That the "English bill," pressed through congress by the ad
ministration party, is a flagrant violation of the great principle of
popular sovereignty, a bold attempt upon the freedora bf the ballot-
box, and a most insulting sectional discrimination in favor of slavery
in Kansas.
5. (Sarae as the sixth resolution of the deraocratic [anti-Lecorap-
ton] convention of August 4, 1858.)
6. That the speedy construction of a national railroad, by the
most central and eligible route, connecting the Atlantic states with
Califomia, is demanded by the military, postal and coraraercial
necess'ities of the republic ; and we recognize the power of congress,
under the constitution, to appropriate money as well as land to aid
in building this great work. That the people of California will

•94 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
never consent to the terraination of such road at Guaymas, or at
any other point on the Gulf of Oalifornia.
7. That the course of the administration, in relation to the Pacific
railroad and other raodes of coraraunication between the Atlantic
and Pacific states, conclusively deraonstrates the insincerity of the
administration party, and the existence of a bitter hostility to the
interests and welfare of California among its leaders.
The following norainations were raade :
John Currey, for justice of the supreme court, on the first ballot,
by a vote of 171, to 62 for 0. L. Shafter. Currey had already been
nominated for the office by the democratic (anti-Lecompton) conven
tion, and Shafter was the candidate of the straight republicans.
L. 0. Gunn, for controller, without opposition ; L. Stanford and
Cr. W. Baldwin withdrawing.
The following additional resolutions were introduced and adopted :
8. That the conduct of the Hon. D. 0. Broderick, senator in con
gress frora Oalifornia, during the late session of congress is worthy
of approval, and evinces a regard for the interests of free labor and
free men equally becoming the state which he represents and the
station he occupies.
9. That the course of the Hon. J. 0. McKibben during the late
session of congress has been manly, courageous and just, and that he
deserves the highest praise for his opposition to the administration
in its atterapts to destroy the purity of elections and defeat popular
rights. A resolution was adopted instructing the state coraraittee to
place on the ticket the names of F. P. Tracy and J. 0. McKibben as
candidates for congressmen in case a majority of the committee
should deera it advisable, to run candidates for those offices ; and on
August 9th the announceraent was forraally raade by the comraittee
that those gentleraen had been nominated. No nomination was
made for clerk of the suprerae court. A state committee was se
lected, consisting of F. B. Higgins, E. B. Crocker, A. A. Sargent,
J. T. McLean, 0. Cole, Mark Hopkins, P. H. Sibley, S. H. Parker,
S. W. Holladay, E. L. Sullivan, L. R. Lull, F. P. Tracy, R. Math
eson, Samuel Bell, D. W. Cheesman, G. M. Hanson, and others.
In view of the action of the legislature in changing the time for
electing members of congress and clerk of the supreme court, Gov
ernor Weller did not include in his election proclaraation the selec
tion of persons to fill those offices, and it was generally understood

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 95
that the votes that might be cast for candidates to fill those posi
tions would not be considered in the count. The election was held on
"September 1st ; and it was developed by the official canvass that
for justice of the supreme court Baldwin had received 44,599 votes
and Currey 36,198; for controller, Meloney 44,285, Dawley, 27,759,
and Gunn, 7,481 ; .for clerk of the supreme court, Jennings 27,221 ;
and for congressmen, McKibben 31,833, Dudley 22,910, Tracy 9,293.
The votes that were cast for clerk of the supreme court and con
gressraen were not considered. The Douglas democrats and the
republicans had confidently expected the election of Currey, but in
the remote counties the anti-Lecompton party had not organized,
and in a number of the counties no ticket of that party was in
the field. The influence of the federal and state officers was used in
favor of the Lecompton ticket. Very curiously, in Butte county a
fusion was made between the administration democrats and the
republicans, and the former actually voted for the republican candi
dates for the legislature. Another curiosity developed in the returns
from Santa Barbara county, where it appeared that Baldwin had
313 votes, Currey 6, McKibben 287 and Tracy 286,
On September 6th, the Sacramento Union said, in referring to the
result :
Had the anti-Lecoraptons organized a raonth earlier, they would,
judging frora the result, have carried the state. They contested the
election without having an organization in a goodly number of coun
ties. The leading Douglas men were timid ; they hesitated about
acting uii til it was too late to secure a thorough organization.
Ground. was thus lost which they could not recover. ¦* * ¦*
Had the naked question of Lecompton been presented, without the
English bill, we believe it would have been voted down by an over
whelraing majority. But the English bill, as President Buchanan
hoped, assisted to save the democratic party in one of the free states.
In fact, the question has not been fairly raet by the adrainistration
advocates. They have insisted that the question was settled ; that
Douglas had so declared, and that there ought not to be any issue
upon Kansas, among democrats. In some portions of the state, the
adrainistration deraocrats were as strong Douglas-popular-sovereignty
democrats as their opponents. In this way, the real issue was evaded .

96 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.

CHAPTER XI.
18B9. Gubernatorial Campaign— Republican Convention— Convention
of the Anti-Lecompton Democrats — Convention of the Lecompton
Democrats — The Election.
The anti-Lecompton deraocrats began early to prepare for the fall
campaign, and on February 21st, the leading merabers of that party
held a meeting for consultation at Sacramento. It was there deter
mined to effect a thorough organization in every county before the
tirae for holding the priraary elections. The previous year the party
had not been organized in sorae fourteen counties, and that fact was
regarded as an iraportant factor which had tended to its defeat. On
the 26th, another meeting was held, at which it was resolved that
there should be no affiliation with the Lecompton deraocracy. Gwin,
Broderick, McKibben, and Denver arrived in San Francisco from
the east, on April 17th, and alraost iramediately the political pot
began to boil energetically. McKibben spoke in San Francisco, on
May 11th, and took a firm stand against the Buchanan adrainistra
tion, and in favor of the position which had been assumed by Doug
las. During the same raonth, anti- Lecorapton mass raeetings were
held elsewhere in the state, and the party succeeded in carrying the
municipal elections at Marysville, Stockton, Santa Cruz, and
Nevada, and in consequence, confidence was felt in their ability to
carry the state in the fall.
The republicans were almost without hope, but they felt that it
was necessary to keep up their party rganization in view of the
presidential election in 1860. They spurned the advice of the inde
pendent press to unite their fortunes with the anti-Lecompton
democracy and to raake the adrainistration party the common foe.
In May, the candidates for the Lecorapton nomination for governor
commenced the usual tour to the principal points in the state with
a view of shaping the election of delegates to the state convention.
'Governor Weller was a candidate for re-nomination, and his princi
pal opponents were Lathara, Nugent, and Denver. The governor
evidently suspected that the political convention workers were
against hira, for on May 13th, he issued a lengthy appeal to the
deraocratic raasses to insist on expressing themselves at the primaries
directly on the gubernatorial question, and not to suffer him to be
sacrificed by the politicians. The administration party organs

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 97
charged that the anti-Lecompton party had its inception througlr
the influence of Senator Broderick, and that he instigated its every
movement ; and the anti-Lecompton press retorted by assigning to-
Senator Gwin, the dictatorship of the Lecompton wing.
In its issue of April 23d, the Sacramento Union said, when
reviewing the political situation of the state :
The policy which governed the anti-Lecompton central comraittee
in setting the time for the meeting of their state convention a week
before the Lecompton convention was probably to take the initia
tive, and present the issues which the popular sovereignty wing of
the party intend to maintain in the canvass. Both sides appear
to be sanguine of success. The Lecompton wing relies greatly upon
its position and prestige; the anti-Lecompton upon the strength of
their cause with the people. The former have the state and national
administrations with them; the latter must rely upon the princi
ples they advocate, the qualities of the raen they nominate, and the
esthusiastic feelings of the raasses in favor of popular sovereignty
and non-intervention. An exciting canvass is in prospect. The
anti-Lecompton Douglas democrats manifest a deep interest in
coraing events, and a strong confidence in the popularity of the plat
form they stand upon. As an evidence of the zeal and promptness
of its members where party duty is to be performed, we refer to the
fact that only two of the central comraittee were absent when the
roll was called.
The republican state convention raet in the Congregational church,
Sacraraento, on June Sth, with about 150 delegates present. It was
called to order by F. P. Tracy, chairman of the state committee, and
Ira P. Rankin was elected teraporary chairraan. The body
organized by electing 0. A. Tuttie, president ; and E. D. Harkness,
Guillerrao Castro, M. Frink, Jr., A. W. Blair, D. J. Staples, Sarauel
Soule, Thos. Fallon, A. W Rawson, and D. W. Oheesman, vice-
presidents. A motion was made to adjourn until the 21st, and to
then proceed to endorse the anti-Lecompton norainees. The raotion
aroused a warm discussion. The straight-out republicans were in
favor of norainating a square party ticket, while others rather favored
the policy of uniting the opposition vote in the state upon one ticket.
F. M. Pixley led off for the " straights," and E. D. Baker championed
the liberal wing. The motion to adjourn was lost. A coramittee
on resolutions was appointed, consisting of A. W. Blair, E. D.
Baker, Sarauel Bell, M. Frink, Jr., C. Cole, D. J. Staples, J. F.

98 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Kennedy, D. W. Cheesman, P. H. Sibley, G. A. Grant, J. T. Mc
Lean, G. M. Hanson, A. A. Sargent, and others.
They reported the following resolutions, which were unaniraously
adopted :
1. That the republican party of Calif orna are now, as formerly,
unalterably opposed to the introduction of slavery into the territo
ries now free, and will use all just and constitutional means to
prevent it.
2. That we repudiate the raodern dogma that slavery exists in all
the territories of the United States by force of the constitution, and
view it as the entering wedge for the enslavement of the free states.
3. That the intervention of congress for the extension and protec
tion of slavery in the territories, recently announced in congress by
leading democrats as a cardinal element of democratic faith and
practice, is an alarming evidence of the advance in the deraands of
the slave power, and a gross infraction of popular rights.
4. That the corruptions and errors of the national adrainistration
demand the sternest rebuke which can be administered by a free
people. 5. That the welfare of the whole country, and particularly the
welfare and political influence of California, depend upon cheap and
easy comraunication between the Atlantic and Pacific states ; and
while patriotism and philanthropy, no less than interest, conspire to
impel the national republican party to facilitate such -communica
tion, the interest of the "democratic" party lies in a different direc
tion, and its entire energies are devoted to other and sectional
measures ; and it is, therefore, the deliberate opinion of this conven
tion that the dependence of the country for a Pacific railroad is
upon the republican party, and in no sense upon their opponents.
6. That California demands for the central raail route from St.
Joseph, via Pike's Peak, Salt Lake and Carson Valley, to Placer-
¦ville, the sarae protection and encouragement as is extended by gov
ernment to the southern, or Butterfield mail route.
7. That we approve of the horaestead bill, giving a horae, free of
cost, to every landless man who will occupy and improve it ; and
also favor Grow's land bill, providing by law that none of the
public lands shall be sold, except to actual settlers, until the plots of
the surveys of these lands shall have been in the land office ten
years from the tirae of the survey.
8. That we are opposed to any unjust discrimination against nat
uralizing citizens, which shall require any length of residence after
naturalization before they can vote.

ANTI-LECOMPTON CONVENTION. 99
The following nominations were made :
Leland Stanford, for governor, without opposition ; E. D. Baker,
D. R. Ashley, T. G. Phelps, Samuel Bell, and F. M. Pixley with
drawing. James F. Kennedy, for lieutenant-governor, without opposition;
D. W. Cheesman, F. M. Pixley, 0. A. Tuttie, L. Cunningham, J. T.
McLean, A. M. Crane, 0. Watrous, and James Patterson with
drawing. 0. L. Shafter, for justice of the suprerae court, on the first ballot,
over F. M. Haight.
S. D. Parker, for clerk of the supreme court, without opposition ;
Cornelius Cole withdrawing.
P. P. Caine, for treasurer, without opposition ; M. Frink, Jr., 0.
T. H. Palmer, and Charles Crocker withdrawing.
J. R. Clark, for controller, on the first ballot, over P. H. Sibley,
A. M. Blair, J. N. Tumer, G. 0. Haven, R. N. Mattheson, and B. T.
Bachman. A. W. Randall, for surveyor-general, without opposition; C. T.
Thomas withdrawing.
S. W. Brown, for superintendent of public instruction, on the first
¦ballot, over T. J. Nevins, W. Sherman, Jacob Moore, and N. Slater.
F. B. Murdock, for printer, without opposition ; 0. A. Washburn,
J. Hancock, W. B. Ewer, L. R. Lull, and H. Arms withdrawing.
H. S. Love, for attorney-general, by acclamation; R. A. Jones,
0. J. Hillyer, J. McM. Shafter, and A. A. Sargent withdrawing.
P. H. Sibley, for congressman (northern district), without opposi
tion; D. W. Oheesman, A. A. Sargent, J. 0. McKibben, H. Cum
mings, and Charles A. Tuttie withdrawing.
E. D. Baker, for congressraan (southern district), on the first ballot,
over F. M. Pixley, A. W. Blair, F. P. Tracy, Ira P. Rankin, J. A.
Nunes, Thomas Fallon, 0. P. Hester, and A. M. Crane.
On the 9th a state comraittee was appointed, consisting bf H. H.
Haight, 0. Watrons, J. G. Stebbins, E. B. Crocker, A. B. Nixon,
J. T. McLean, L. Cunninghara, Samuel Bell, A. M. Crane, R. N.
Mattheson, F. B. Higgins, A. A. Sargent, D. W. Cheesman, and
others. Thirty-two counties were represented in the convention.
The anti-Lecorapton state coraraittee met on April 21st, and called
a state convention, to consist of 240 delegates, to raeet on June 15th.
On the day last named, the convention raet in the Congregational

100 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
church, Sacraraento, and delegates were present frora all but six of
the counties. The body was called to order by B. B. Redding, chair
man of the state committee, and H. Fitzsiraraons was chosen tem
porary chairman. A coraraittee on resolutions was appointed, con
sisting of H. W. Carpentier, James Denraan, Wilson Flint, George
Pearce, S. W. Raveley, 0. H. Bryan, Jaraes Johnson, Alex. Camp
bell, H T, Huggins, John Caldwell, and others. On. the 16th, the
convention permanently organized, with Joseph W. McOorkle as
president; and J. B. Frisbie, A. G. Gould, D. H. Hanrahan, I. N.
Underwood, and O. L. Bridges, as vice-presidents.
The following resolutions were reported by the committee :
1. That we reaffirm the principles set forth in the Cincinnati
platforra, and recognize it as an authoritative exposition of the demo
cratic creed.
2. That in order to preserve the peace and harmony of the union,
and prevent the frequent recurrence of sectional agitation, it is-
essential that the people of the territories should be allowed to legis
late or omit to legislate upon the subject of slavery, as well as upon
other raatters of domestic policy, according to their own will, with
out any interference, direct or indirect, on the part of either congress
or the executive.
3. That the adrainistration of Jaraes Buchanan, by its outrages upon
the rights of the people of Kansas ; its unrelenting proscription of
tried and worthy deraocrats for the offense of adhering to democratic
principles ; its constant violation of the pledges which brought it
into life; its attempts to render the legislative subject to the execu
tive department, and its gross extravagance, raismanageraent, and
corruption, has forfeited the respect and lost the confidence of the
Araerican people.
4. That the iraraediate construction of the Paciflc railroad ought
to be encouraged by the federal and state governraents by all means
in their power, and that, raeanwhile, the raail service by the over
land routes should be sustained and increased.
5. That our state judiciary systera needs a thorough and complete
revision, and that the constitution should be so changed as to increase
the number of judges of the supreme court, and insure a speedy,
honest, and faithful administration of justice.
6. That, in the opinion of this convention, congress should enact
a law to protect actual bona fide settlers upon the public lands in
their just rights.
7. That we, as a convention representing the true democracy of:

ANTI-LECOMPTON CONVENTION. 101
"California, adhere with unfaltering firmness to the principles of
democracy, as taught by Thomas Jefferson, and which guided the
councils of the immortal Jackson.
8. That, when this convention adjourn, its members adjourn, to
meet, as citizens, at the polls in the ides of September, and that by
our labors and our voices they will show to the world that the free
men of California are unbought by federal patronage, are unawed by
federal power, and will stand by the sacred principles of democracy,
in defiance of treacherous presidents and their cabinets.
On raotion of John Conness, the resolutions as reported were,
adopted. The following resolution was then offered, and it was laid on the
table, by a large raajority :
9. That freedora, as the natural or norraal condition of the human
race, is a proposition lying at the foundation of our free system of
government, and that maintaining, as we do, the natural freedora of
man, we hold it to be a fundamental truth, that his natural condi
tion can only be changed by local law and as punishment for crime
whereof he shall first have been duly convicted ; holding, as we do,
firmly and unalterably, to these fundamental truths, we, therefore,
repudiate the dicta of the supreme court in the Dred Scott case,
which dicta has becorae the platform of Lecompton democracy.
The following preamble and resolutions were then offered, and
after a lengthy discussion were withdrawn :
10. Whekeas, The rights of man have been invaded, and popular
sovereignty entirely set at naught by the action of the general
government of the United States, at Washington city — particularly
and especially in regard to its action on the Kansas question, as well
as in other matters pertaining to the welfare of the people and the
perpetuity of the union — of that union which has been, and still is,
looked to as an asylum for the oppressed of the whole earth — and
that we believe this governraent, instead of being progressive as its
founders intended it to be, is retrograding, and tending towards
-anarchy; and, whereas, the action of the last legislature of this
state, by the passage of certain resolutions in regard to D. 0. Bro
derick, indorses the opinions set forth in the above first preamble;
"that said resolutions were passed by a factious spirit, and in opposi
tion to a large majority of the people of this state, and should by all
ineans be expunged from the journals of the said legislature, for the
ifollowirig reasons : First — That he had advocated in the senate the

102 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
rights of man to its fullest and original intent. Second — That he-
has honestly and fearlessly labored to retrench the expenses of the
govemment. Third — That he has, in all cases, in the senate,
endeavored to suppress fraud and fraudulent contracts, and parti
cularly so in regard to the Lime Point swindle ; therefore, resolved:
1. That we use our best exertions to have the resolutions referred'
to in the second preamble expunged from the journals of the legisla
ture of this state.
2. That all power is vested in, and consequently derived from the
people ; that magistrates^ are their trustees and servants, and at all
times araenable to tJiem.
3. That governraent is, or ought to be, instituted for the coraraon,
benefit of the whole people, and that government is the best which,
produces the greatest degree of happiness, and is the best protected
against maladministration.
4. That the freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks of
liberty, and can never be restrained but by despotic governments.
5. That the people have a right to uniform govemment.
6. That no free governraent or the blessings of liberty can be pre
served to any people but by a firra adherence to justice, moderation,.
temperance, frugality, and virtue.
7. That religion can be directed only by reason and conviction —
not by force or violence; and that it is the duty of all to practice
christian forbearance, love, and charity towards each other.
The following nominations were then raade :
John Currey, for governor, on the first ballot, receiving 139 votes,
to 69 for Humphrey Griffith ; Alfred Redington, D. R. Ashley, and
J. W. McOorkle withdrawing.
John Conness, for lieutenant-governor, on the first ballot, over
Richard Irwin.
Jos. 0. McKibben, for congressman (northern district), without -
opjiosition. S. A. Booker, for congressman (southern district), on the first
ballot, over Jas. W. Ooffroth.
Royal T. Sprague, for justice of the suprerae court, without
opposition. Jos. Powell, for clerk of the supreme court, on the second ballot^
over M. D. Boruck, H. U. Jennings, and A. R. Baldwin.
D. R, Ashley, for treasurer, without opposition; D. K. Porter-
withdrawing. Geo. Pearce, for controller, without opposition.

LECOMPTON CONVENTION. 103
E. K. Steele, for attorney-general, without opposition.
James O'Meara, for printer, on the second ballot, over John R.
Ridge. On the 17th, the following additional nominations were made :
Jas. S. Long, for surveyor-general, on the first ballot, over W. S.
Watson and Sherman Day.
A. H. Myers, for, superintendent of -public instruction, without
opposition ; A. R. Jackson and J. 0. Pelton withdrawing.
The words "be allowed to" were stricken frora the second resolu
tion of the series adopted, and the following additional resolutions
were adopted :
11. That the right of the people of the territories to forra all their
domestic institutions in their own way is absolute and complete, and
that we are unalterably opposed to any interference with such right,
either by the legislative or executive departraent of the general
government. 12. That the doctrine of "intervention" by congress to establish
a slave code for the territories, assumed by the administration adher
ents, is a gross departure from the principles of the true democracy,
as laid down in the platforra raade at Cincinnati, and we repudiate
it as the heresy of a faction, and condemn it as an outrage upon the
great charter of American liberty.
13. That the chief executive of the nation has broken his pledges
to the people of California in regard to the Pacific railroad, which
pledges were announced in his ill-timed letter of 1856, two weeks
previous to the election in this state, and that we conderan the
administration for its refusal to place the central overland mail on
the same footing, as to compensation, etc., as the southern route.
A state committee was selected, consisting of J. Middleton, Wilson
Flint, A. Redington, H. U. Jennings, Edward McGarry, 0. E. De-
Long, Wm. H. Lyons, L. B. Arnold, and others. On June 21st,
D. R. Ashley, the nominee for treasurer, declined; and on the 24th,
Elijah K. Steele, the norainee for attorney-general, also withdrew.
On July 7th, the state committee nominated Edmund Randolph, for
attorney-general, and J. W. Jewett for treasurer. Jewett declined
to be a candidate, and on the following day the committee norai
nated Josiah Johnson for the office.
The Lecompton democratic state convention met in the Con
gregational church, Sacramento, on June 22d, and was composed of

104 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
269 delegates. Every county, except Fresno, was represented. The
body was called to order by J. P. Hoge, chairraan of the state com
mittee, and R. P. Hammond was chosen teraporary chairraan. A
great deal of time was consumed in deciding contests for seats. On
the 23d, a permanent organization was effected by electing Haramond,
president ; and Jasper O'Farrell, Chas. R. Street, W. R. Garrison,
W. 0. Stratton, and F. M. Smith, vice-presidents.
The following norainations were then made :
Milton S. Lathara, for governor, on the second ballot, receiving
136 votes, to 104 for John B. Weller, and 29 for John Nugent;
A. P. Dudley and Jaraes W. Denver withdrawing. First ballot —
Weller, 111 ; Nugent, 29; Latham, 129.
John G. Downey, for lieutenant-governor, without opposition ;
James A. Johnson withdrawing.
On the 24th, a committee on resolutions was appointed, consisting
of 0. T. Ryland, J. P. Hoge, 0. 0. Hall, A. French, L. R. Bradley,
H. P. Barber, 0. J. Lansing, W. S. Long, D. P. Durst, W. S.
Wells, P. H. Harris, R. M. Anderson, Chas. Lindley, 0. R. Street,
Myron Norton, and W. C. Stratton.
The following additional norainations were raade :
John 0, Burch, for congressraan (northern district), on the first
ballot, over Vincent E. Geiger, N. E. Whiteside, Z. Montgomery,
and Henry Meredith.
Chas. L. Scott, for congressman (southern district), on the first
ballot, over Samuel A. Merritt, Wm. Van Voorhies, E. W. McKin
stry, and Calhoun Benhara.
W. W. Cope, for justice of the supreme court, on the first ballot,
over Lewis Aidrich and David S. Terry.
Thos. H. Williams, for attorney-general, on the first ballot, over
R. Aug. Thompson.
Chas. S. Fairfax, for clerk of the supreme court, on the first
ballot, over W. J. Hooten, John S. Robberson, and Wra. A. John
son. Thos. Findley, for treasurer, on the first ballot, over R. P. Ashe
and C. Reese.
Samuel H. Brooks, for controller, on the first ballot, over P. A.
McRae, A. R. Meloney, Archibald McNeill, and J. M. Haven.
Horace A. Higley, for surveyor-general, on the first ballot, over
William Holden.
Andrew^ J. Moulder, for school superintendent, without opposition;
W. 0. Stratton withdrawing.

LECOMPTON CONVENTION. 105
Chas. T. Botts, for printer, on the first ballot, over H. 0. Patrick
and L. Magruder.
The following resolutions, reported by the committee, were unan
imously adopted ;'
1. That the deraocracy of California, in convention assembled,
again reiterate their firm determination to stand by, and maintain
in all their integrity, the wise, just and liberal principles enunciated
in the Cincinnati platforra, by the democratic party of the union.
2. That the organized territories of the United States, although
not endowed with all the attributes of sovereignty, are yet justly
entitled to the rights of self government, and the undisturbed regu
lation of their domestic and local affairs, subject to the constitution
of the United States ; and that any attempt by congress, or any of
the states, to establish or maintain, prohibit or abolish the relation
of master and slave in a territory, would be a departure from the
original doctrines of our American institutions ; and that we ad
here imraovably to the principle of "non-intervention" by congress,
with slavery in the states and territories, as declared in the "Kansas-
Nebraska bill," and opeiily disclaim fellowship with those, whether
at the south, the north, or the west, who counsel the abandonment,
limitation, or avoidance of that principle.
3. That the vigor and efficiency of the present democratic admin
istration, manifested in the adjustment of our difficulties with Great
Britain, in regard to the right of search; in the prompt and success
ful redress of wrongs inflicted upon us by the government of Para
guay; the ' decisive suppression of the rebellion in Utah; in the
enforcement of the neutrality laws; in the irapartial execution of
the acts of congress for the suppression of the African slave trade,
and for the rendition of fugitive slaves, commands our cordial ap
probation, and we have full confidence in its ability and inclination
to protect the rights of our citizens and' uphold the honor of our flag.
¦1. That the republican party of Massachusetts have, by incorpo
rating in their constitution a provision requiring of the naturalized
citizens a residence of two years after naturalization, in order to en
joy the right of suffrage, or the privilege of holding office; and yet,
at the same time, allowing those privileges even to the fugitive
slaves upon a residence of one year, attempted to degrade the for
eign white man below the level of the negro and the mulatto, and
that we, the democracy of California, utterly repudiate such infa
raous doctrine.
5. That the persistent effort to fix upon the national deraocracy

106 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
the stigraa of a design to legislate through congress a "slave code"
for the territories, is but a desperate trick of unprincipled and ren
egade politicians to divert popular attention from their own base
and disorganizing purposes.
6. That we deera the speedy construction of the Pacific railroad
a national necessity, and again earnestly urge upon congress and the
states their duty of co-operation for that purpose.
7. That it is the duty of the general governraent to stand by and
sustain the overland raails, so successfully put in operation by a
deraocratic adrainistration.
8. That the democracy of California again tender to the adrainis
tration of James Buchanan our renewed pledge of support in raain
taining the honor and integrity of the union, at home and abroad.
9. That we again extend to the present democratic administration
of this state our most cordial and unqualified approval.
On the 25th a state committee was appointed, consisting of W. S.
Long, Frank Powell, Myron Norton, 0. T. Ryland, R. P. Hararaond,
B. F. Langford, W. J. Hooten, J. P. Hoge, JE. Oasserly, Thoraas
Hayes, Calhoun Benham, D. W. Gelwicks, S. A. Merritt, A. T.
Laird, I. N. Quinn, W. Van Voorhies, W. H. Parks, W. 0. Strat
ton, J. A. Watson, A. H. Rose, Charles Lindley, B. E. S. Ely, and
others. On motion the word "raaintain" was stricken from the sec
ond resolution. The following preamble and resolution, offered by
Horace Smith, was laid on the table, by a vote of 163 to 95:
10. Whereas, It is the sense of this convention that the organic
law of this state is defective, and needs a thorough remodeling; and
whereas, it is the opinion of this convention that the democracy of
California are in favor of calling a constitutional convention; there
fore, resolved, that we recoraraend to the various county coraraittees
throughout the state to order and cause to be printed upon the tick
ets to be voted at the coraing election the words "for a constitu
tional convention." ^
The following resolution was also adopted:
11. That it is the duty of every branch of our state governraent
to enforce and practice the rapst rigid economy in conducting our
public affairs, and that no raore revenue shall be raised than is actu
ally required to defray the expenses of the state government and
provide for the gradual extinguishment of the state debt.
It was soon apparent that the opposition to the administration

REPUBLICAN ADDRESS. 107
party would be defeated at the election unless a union of their
forces could be effected, and a strong effort was made to have the
republican party — the weaker organization — withdraw its ticket and
join hands with the anti-Lecompton faction. On July SOth Horace
Greeley arrived at Placerville, by the overland route frora the east,
and there and elsewhere in the state he raet with an enthusiastic
reception by the opponents to the adrainistration. He delivered
several political speeches, and on August 20th addressed a letter to
the republicans of the state advising thera to unite with the anti-
Lecomptons on a joint ticket. On August 10th a letter was ad
dressed to Stanford, inquiring if it was his purpose to withdraw
from the canvass on the eve of the election in favor of Currey — as
it had been rumored. Stanford replied on the 13th that he would
not withdraw, but that his party would maintain an unbroken front
throughout the campaign. On the 22d Frank M. Pixley issued a
novel three coluran address, denouncing both Gwin and Broderick
severely, and urging the republicans to stand together by their
ticket. The republican comraittee on the 29th issued the following
address to the merabers of that party :
The rumors which have been afloat for the past few days relative
to a union upon the congressional ticket between the republican
and the anti-Lecompton parties, make it proper and necessary for
the republican state central committee to state that no such arrange
ment will be made, as the leaders of the anti-Lecompton party, after
making the first advances for this -purpose, and after a favorable
response on our part to their proposition, have failed to come to any
understanding with us upon the subject. It is, therefore, the duty
of all republicans to use every effort for the election of the whole
republican ticket.
The candidates in a raeasure effected the end which the coraraittees
could not attain, but at so late a day in the canvass as to help mat
ters very little, if any. On August 24th, F. B. Murdock, the repub
lican nominee for printer, published a card of withdrawal, and asked
his friends to support O'Meara. On September 1st, the republican
committee accepted the resignation, and made no nomination to fill
the vacancy on the ticket, P. H. Sibley, the republican candidate
for congress, withdrew on September 2d in favor of Baker and
McKibben; and on the 3d, Samuel A. Booker, the anti-Lecompton
candidate for the same office, followed Sibley's exaraple. About the
same time, S. W. Brown, the republican candidate for school super-

108 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
intendent, declined the nomination. On August 31st, the state
coraraittee of the settlers' party issued an address, in which they
said that they deeraed it unnecessary to call a state convention of
that party when such men as Currey, Sprague, Randolph, Baker,
McKibben, and O'Meara had been nominated by the regular parties.
Currey published a letter to Latham on June 29th, inviting him to
canvass the state with him, and to speak frora the same platform.
The proposition was accepted by Latham on July 1st, and both gen
tleraen lived up to the agreeraent during the entire campaign. The
campaign of 1859 was the raost exciting and reraarkable in the
history of California. The interest centered upon Senators Gwin
and Broderick, who spoke in favor of the Lecompton and anti-
Lecorapton tickets, respectively. Their speeches were intensely per
sonal, and in thera was given the inside history of the famous
Broderick-Gwin fight for the United States senatorship. When it
was announced that Broderick intended to raake a sturaping tour
through the state, his opponents raised a shout of derision. For
many years they had represented hira as a man of low instincts,
immoral habits, and ungovernable temper, and it was their pleasure
to describe the sorry appearance he would make before the people
as a publio speaker. It was asserted as above dispute that he was
entirely incapable of composing and delivering a sentence which
should possess any of the qualities of directness, perspicuity, or
grammatical accuracy, and it was prophesied that his first effort at
stumping would be a sad failure; and even some of his best friends
caught the infection of the oft-rehearsed disparagement, and trem
bled for his success. His first speech, however, covered his eneraies
with chagrin and disappointment and elated his friends with confl
dence and hope, and his subsequent efforts but confirmed him as a
speaker of ability. Broderick delivered his first speech at Placer
ville, on July 9th.
The election was held on Septeraber 7 th, and it developed upon
the official canvass of the returns, that
For Governor — Lathara had received 62,255 votes; Currey 31,-
298, Stanford 10,110.
Lieutenant-Governor — Downey 59,051; Conness 31,051; Kennedy
11,148. Congressmen— '^eott 56,998 ; Burch 57,665 ; McKibben 43,474 ;
Booker 2,969; Baker 41,438 ; Sibley 301.
Justice of the Supreme Court — Cope 59,357 ; Sprague 30,978 ;
Shafter 11,799.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 109
I'reamrer— Findley 62,889 ; Johnson 28,889 ; Caine 10,290.
Controller— Broo\s 59,712; Pearce 31,238 ; Clark 10,855.
Attorney-General— ^\S!ae.-mt^ 59,292; Randolph 33,166; Love 9,-
403. Sm-veyor-General—Ki^ejm,l'il; Long 31,073; Randall 10,676.
Superintendent of Puhlic Instruction — Moulder 60,787; Myers
32,033 ; Brown 9,431.
Printer— ^otts 57,381; O'Meara 44,048; Murdock 494.
Supreme Court Clerk— 'Fah.ri&.s. 60,179; Powell 31,179; Parker
10,104. Constitutional Convention — For, 46,129; against 10,060.
Ne-w Territory — For 1,202; against 2,156.
The entire Lecompton ticket was consequently elected.

CHAPTER XIL

I860. Presidential Campaign — Republican Convention, February
22d — Efforts to Combine the Democracy — Democratic Convention,
February agth — The Breach of 1858 in the Democratic Party made
Wider — Republican Convention, June 20th — Meetings ofthe Demo
cratic State Convention — ¦Convention of the Douglas Democrats,
September 5th — Convention of the Breckinridge Democrats, Sep
tember nth — Convention of the Union Party— Result of the Election
— Secession of the Southern States — Efforts to Set Up a Paciiic
Republic.
On January 21st, the republican state committee met at San Fran
cisco, and called a state convention to meet at Sacraraento, on Febru
ary 22d, to select delegates to attend the national convention which
was to raeet at Chicago, on June 15th, to nominate a presidential
ticket. The convention assembled at the appointed tirae, and was
called to order by H. H. Haight, chairman of the state comraittee.
P. H. Sibley was teraporary chairraan, and on perraanent organiza
tion, Sarauel H. Parker was president ; and J. F. Chellis, T. G.
Phelps, J. T. McLean, W. W. Belshaw, and G. W. Towle, vice-
presidents. The following were norainated for delegates to the
national convention : F. P. Tracy, Leland Stanford, Sarauel Bell,
A. A. Sargent, Chas. A. Suraner, D. J. Staples, S. F. Johnson,
D. W. Oheesman, Chas. Watrous, R. N. Mattheson, J. 0. Hinckley,
Isaac M. Baldwin, J. A. Nunes, J. 0. Wycker, F. 0. Haven, W. H.
Pratt, B. M. Hance, Chas. A. Tuttie, Geo. M. Hanson, P. Whit-

110 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
beck, Chas. McDonald, and Geo. Stacey. Tracy, Stanford, Sargent,
Cheesman, and Staples were elected. Hinckley, Baldwin, John B,
Yan, Francis Snyder, and Jaraes Churchraan were elected alternates.
The convention adopted no resolutions.
Early in 1860, a raoveraent was inaugurated to bring together the
two wings of the democratic party in view of the -presidential elec
tion, but the anti-Lecompton faction preferred, before consummating
the union, to await the result of the national convention. Douglas
was the presidential candidate of the northern deraocrats, but to the
Lecorapton wing, he was about as obnoxious as any republican
norainee could be, and raany of the southern democrats openly
announced that in the event of his nomination they would not sup
port hira. An air of trouble surrounded the democratic camp, and
the apparent disinterestedness of the northern democracy was but as
the lull before a great storm. On January 18th, the two democratic
state committees met separately at Sacramento, and the Lecompton
wing called a democratic state convention of 359 raerabers, to select
'delegates, and to raeet on February 29th, at Sacraraento.
The anti-Lecompton comraittee adopted the following resolutions
and adjourned :
1. That the recent re-enunciation of Jaraes Buchanan of his
federal heresies deraands frora us that we should renew our adher
ence to our old principles, believing, as we do, that upon those
principles only can our government be safely conducted, and the
union of the states preserved.
2. That we reaffirm the Cincinnati platform and the great princi
ples contained therein ; and that we declare our unalterable adher
ence to the great doctrines of popular sovereignty, as understood
and expounded in 1856.
3. That we deem it inexpedient to recommend the election of
delegates to the Charleston convention, but that it is of the greatest
importance to cherish the principles of our party, and we desire our
friends in the different counties to sustain them at all times and
under all cirbumstances, as their wisdom may best suggest.
Soon afterward, the county conventions were held, and the anti-
Lecorapton democrats generally participated in the priraaries, but
the majority of the conventions returned Lecompton delegates to the
state convention, The generally expressed preference for the presi
dential norainee was in favor of Daniel S. Dickinson, J. 0. Breckin
ridge, or Joseph Lane.

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. m
The democratic state convention to select delegates to attend the
national convention to. raeet at Charleston on April 23d, met in the
Fourth-street Baptist church, Sacraraento, on February 29, 1860.
The raajority of the delegates had arrived in the city as early as the
raorning of the 28th, and the legislature adjourned over for a day to
allow its members to attend the convention. The church was filled
with delegates and spectators the instant the doors were opened, and
it was found that sufficient room was not afforded in the building.
Immediately after the body was called to order by J. P. Hoge, the
chairman of the state comraittee, an adjournraent was had to the
Forrest theater, but that building also was not sufficiently commo
dious, and at 4 o'clock another removal was made to the Congrega
tional church. During the day there was a stormy session, and in
the evening a partial compromise was effected by choosing Philip
Moore for teraporary chairman, by a vote of 180 to 176 for N. Kil
patrick. Imraediately afterward Moore was elected permanent
president. On March 1st, Wm. Glaskin, John Bidwell, J. C. Hun-
saker, John P. Haynes, S. G. Whipple, W. Neely Johnson, B. F.
Mauldin, Peter Donahue, Thos. W. Lane, Walter Murray, 0. W. Tozer,
Thos. Baker, John P. Jones, 0. F. Reed, and others were elected
vice-presidents ; and a committee on resolutions was appointed, con
sisting of Williara Van Voorhies, P. H. Harris, John Boggs, D. E.
Buel, D. J. Johnson, J. T. Ryan, Andres Pico, S. A. Merritt, T. J.
Henley, B. E. S. Ely, W. W. Oaperton, J. W. Ooffroth, S. A. Sharp,
Thos. Laspeyre, D. W. Connelly, E. Garter, H. I. Thornton, Jr., J.
Temple, V.. E. Geiger, I. N. Quinn, H. Griffith, and others. The
coramittee reported the following resolutions :
1. That the deraocracy of California raost unhesitatingly declare
their adherence to the principles laid down in the Cincinnati plat
form of 1856, believing that those principles can alone secure the
prosperity and perpetuity of our glorious Union.
2. That we recognize the decision of the supreme court of the
United States in what is known as the Dred Scott case, to be the
true construction of the law of the land ; that the courts are invested
with ample powers, under the laws and constitution of the United
States, for the protection of the person and property of the citizen ;
and that any intervention of federal power in controlling the policy
of the territories is highly impolitic and subversive of the funda
mental principles of self-government, except in cases of unlawful
resistance to the laws and the mandates of the courts.

112 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
3. That we most earnestly recoraraend the imraediate passage by
Congress of a Pacific railroad and telegraph bill, regarding the con
struction of such a road and telegraph to be the only raethod by
which the federal governraent can extend to the state of Califomia
that protection in tirae of war which is guaranteed by the federal
corapact to each state.
4. That we regard it a matter of the first importance to Califor
nia that the overland mail lines should be fostered by the govern
ment, and that we urge upon our senators and representatives in
congress the necessity of using all honorable means to that end.
5. That we approve and endorse the administration of James
Buchanan, and comraend it entirely.
6. That we approve of the policy of the present and the preced
ing state administrations.
7. That Daniel S. Dickinson is the first choice of the democracy
of California for the next President of the United States.
The following additional resolution was offered by B. F. Mauldin,
and laid on the table:
8. That we, the people democratic, while we deprecate all efforts
at disunion, are prepared to maintain the independence of Cali
fornia. The seventh resolution provoked considerable discussion, and the
following was offered as a substitute for it :
That this convention, having an abiding faith in the deraocracy
and integrity of those delegates who shall be elected to represent
California in the national democratic convention, to convene at
Charleston, emphatically refuse to trararael them with instructions
for any raan for the offices of president and vice-president of the
United States.
The substitute was lost by a vote of 21 to 317, and the platform
as reported by the coraraittee was adopted. The following were
placed in nomination for delegates to the national convention : Wm.
G. Easton, Austin E. Smith, G. W. Patrick. Jas. D. Terrill, D. S.
Gregory, Jas. E. Torrey, Newell Gregory, John S. Dudley, L. R.
Bradley, John Raines, Charles M. Creaner, John A. Driebelbiss,
John H. Seawall, H. P. Haun, Myron Norton, J. W. Osbom, John
Bidwell, T. J. Henley, Volney E. Howard, and John F. McCauley.
On the first ballot Patrick, Dudley, Bradley, Newell Gregory, Bid-
well, Driebelbiss, Smith and Raines were elected. The following
resolution was offered by V. E. Geiger, and laid on the table by a
vote of 282 to 65 :

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. \\Z
That Stephen A. Douglas is the last choice of the. democracy of
California fbr president of the United States.
The news of the split in the deraocratic national convention, and
of the nominations of Breckinridge and Douglas for president, was
received in California on July 15th. It produced the greatest excite
ment. The northern democrats generally went to the support of
Douglas, claiming that he was the regular presidential norainee of
the party, and they set about iramediately with enthusiasm to organ
ize for the purpose of conducting the campaign. The southern dem
ocrats, who supported Breckinridge, did not claim for hira the regu
lar nomination, but they urged that as neither of the candidates had
received a two-thirds vote of all the delegates who had been elected
to attend the national convention, the party was without a regular
norainee, and therefore its members could support either candidate
with propriety. Governor Downey immediately declared himself for
Douglas, and ex-Governor Weller took stand for Breckinridge.
Twenty-six of the raerabers of the deraocratic state committee were
Breckinridge men, and ten were for Douglas; and of the deraocratic
newspapers in the state twenty-four were for Douglas and twenty-
two for Breckinridge. The federal office holders supported Breckin
ridge almost to a man. During July deraocratic clubs were organ
ized throughout the state. The Douglas clubs resolved to repudiate
the action of the national delegates from the state who had sup
ported Breckinridge, and to support Douglas at the election. The
Breckinridge clubs declared in their resolutions that the platform
upon which their leader stood embodied principles which they cher
ished, and which for years had been endorsed by'the regular demo
cratic conventions of California. On July 25th, it was announced
in the dispatches that Senators Gwin and Lathara had determined
to support Breckinridge. A lengthy address to the deraocracy was
published in the San Francisco Herald on July 27 th. It was signed
by sixty-fivei persons — twenty-two of whom were federal officers,
and eight or nine were interested in governmental contracts.
Among the signers were 0. L. Weller, J. P. Haven, R. Aug. Thomp
son, R. R. Provines, A. 0. Peachy, Jas. H. Wade, Frank Tilford,
J. R. Snyder, S. Heydenfeldt, B. F. Washington, 0. J. Brenham, J.
W. Mandeville, V. E. Howard, R. P. Ashe, O. 0. Pratt, J. H. Wise,
Hall McAllister, 0. 0. Hall, J. B. Haggin, Lloyd Tevis, D. W.
Perley, and J. D. Thornton. The address defended the action of

114 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
the seceding branch of the national convention and ended by
saying :
In the absence, then, of any candidate who can properly claim
to be the nominee of the democracy of the whole union, no alterna
tive is left but for the democratic party of each state to deterraine
for itself which of the two tickets presented raost truly represents
the views and opinions of the party, and which would be most
likely to carry out and perpetuate its long-cherished principles.
* * * It is scarcely necessary to add that we shall give
our cordial and earnest support to Breckinridge and Lane ; and in
doing so we feel that we are standing upon the ancient principles of
our party, and maintaining the consistency of our former political
action. On July 28th, a large Breckinridge ratification meeting was held
in San Francisco, at which addresses were delivered by R. Aug.
Thompson, V. E. Howard, J. B. Weller, Calhoun Benham, and
Frank Tilford. Resolutions were adopted endorsing the nomination
of Breckinridge and Lane, and the platform upon which they had
been norainated. It was also resolved :
That the atterapt to fasten upon the national deraocracy the pur
pose of enacting a slave code for the territories is but a trick of
designing demagogues to divert the attention of the people from
their own departure from national principle.
That Stephen A. Douglas, in ignoring the decision of the supreme
court, by which he was pledged to abide, has not only proved false
to his promises, but by his consistent advocacy of the doctrine of a
law higher than the constitution as interpreted by that august
tribunal, has caused the unhappy divisions which now distract the
deraocratic party.
That a faithful adherence to the principles enunciated and decided
by the suprerae court in the Dred Scott case, is essential to the
peace and harmony of the union, and we hereby accept them as a
final solution and adjustraent of the vexed question of slavery in the
territories. Another address to the deraocracy was published in the San
Francisco Herald on July 31st, to which 150 names were signed,
including those of John G. Downey, j. P. Hoge, J. Mora Moss, W.
M. Lent, John Parrott, R. P. .Hammond, James T. Ryan, H. W.
Halleck, J. A. McDougall, W. S. Long, James Denman, Frederick
Billings, E. Oasserly, A. Hayward, S. M. Wilson, S. A. Sharp, L. B.

DOUGLAS VS. BRECKINRIDGE. 115
Mizner, J. J. Papy, R. H. Lloyd, L. McLane, H. A. Cobb, A. J.
Bryant, Elisha Cook, E. D. Sawyer, T. N. Cazneau, D. J. Oliver,
P. B. Cornwall, 0. T. Ryland, M. Norton, T. W. Freelon, R. H.
Sinton, Samuel Purdy, E. B. Mastick, and others. The address was
in response to the Breckinridge docuraent, and stated, among other
things :
There is disunion at the bottom of the Charleston and Baltimore
secession raovement. The dissolution of this government is the
ultimate object proposed by the great champion and leaders of this
faction. To this the true men of the south and the north, the east
and west will object. They will not only object — they will resist.
They will do more than this — they will overwhelm the disunionists.
The movement is yet in its infancy ; let it be crushed before it ob
tains a larger and raore vigorous growth. We call upon the democ
racy everywhere, and upon all true, union-loving patriots, to join us
in giving them one effective and final blow, by placing at the head
of this nation the true representative of the national and union-
loving democracy. In November next our country will expect every
man to do his duty by sustaining and voting for Douglas and John
son, as the only regular candidates of the national democratic party.
Let no man shrink frora its perforraance.
On August 4th, James W. Denver published a lengthy letter,
defining his political position. He declared for Douglas, and took
the around that Oalifornia was not interested in the territorial con-
troversy. He characterized the Breckinridge wing as a disunion
faction that was striving to divide the democratic party, and finally
to dissolve the union. Senator Lathara, on August 16th, published
a lengthy address to his party. After laraenting on the differences
in the deraocracy, and reviewing the claira of Douglas to be the
regular nominee, and deciding adversely to it, he said :
Neither do I claim for Breckinridge that he is the "regular
nominee" of the national democracy. He is presented to the people
just as Douglas is, as the exponent of a principle. It is upon a dif
ference as to the correctness of a political proposition that the party
is divided, and has taken position under two distinguished leaders.
The question of mere regularity, in comparison with its settlement,
sinks into the raost wretched insignificance. The democratic party
has always boasted with pride and exultation its adherence to prin
ciple. Let not now its followers, who can cast their eyes back upon
a long series of yearly triumphs of principle, mar that reputation by

116 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
a beggarly and miserable scramble araong theraselves as to raere
party machinery or regularity, irrespective of principle. I support
Breckinridge, not because he is the regular norainee, but because I
agree with hira and those who norainated him as to what is correct
as a political principle — as to what, under the constitution, is just
to all the states of this nation. I oppose Douglas because I do not
agree with him, and for no other reason. The point at issue involves
the right of the people in the territories, while under a territorial
forra of government. * * * From a sense of duty and
honest conviction, I shall vote for Breckinridge, believing that the
platform upon which he is nominated is right, and the only one
upon which our institutions can be raaintained, and the peace, unity,
and happiness of our country secured. There has been no peace to
the democratic party since the doctrine of "squatter sovereignty"
was promulgated. The effulgence of Douglas' giant intellect has
concealed its true form from the eye of the party. It has been a
gift frora him of a political Pandora's box.
Intelligence of the nomination of Lincoln and Hamlin was received
in Oalifornia on June 10th, and the republican state convention to
nominate presidential electors raet at Sacraraento on the 20th of that
raonth. It was composed of 240 delegates, and was called to order
by F. B. Folger. Jaraes Churchman was elected temporary chair
man, and a committee on resolutions was appointed, consisting of
J» S. Love, G. A. Grant, W. H. Weeks, and others. On permanent
organization, J. A. Nunes was president, and 0. 0. Burbank, F. S.
Dexter, G. W. Baldwin, and L. H. Foote vice-presidents. A. W.
Blair, C. A. Washburn, W. H. Weeks, and Charles A. Tuttie were
nominated for presidential electors, over George M. Hanson, Edward
Stanly, G. W. Baldwin, J. F. Polton, C. W. Reed, S. D. Parker,
J. Churchman, F. M. Haight, John C. Fremont, A. H. Myers, A. A.
DfeLong, P. H. Sibley, William Rabe, Antonio M. Pico, and Abel
Steams. Afterward, the vote by which Blair was nominated was
reconsidered, and Antonio M. Pico was nominated in his place.
The following resolutions were adopted :
I. That with a just and patriotic pride we endorse the action of
the national convention held at Chicago, on May 16th.
2. That the broad, comprehensive, and national sentiments
expressed in the platform adopted at that convention meet with our
heartiest apprpval, and, standing by thera, we earnestly invite all
opponents of the present corrupt adrainistration to join with us in

DEMOCRA TIC STA TE COMMITTEE. 117
hurling it from power, and in bringing back the government to the
principles of the fathers of the republic.
3. That Abraham Lincoln, of the great west, is the appropriate
representative of the great principles of the republican party; the fit
opponent of the sectional, factional, dissonant, and disordered " democ
racy;" known at home as " Honest Old Abe " — the sturdy champion
of freedom and justice — we commend him to the free voters of this
state as a man possessing alike the genius to will and the courage
and determination to maintain, at all hazards, the integrity of the
union, and the honor of the government.
4. That in Hannibal Haralin we have an honest, courageous, and
talented statesman ; one who had the courage and honor to desert a
mighty and triumphant party to which he had long been attached,
at the first raoraent when it became the assailant of the constitu
tional principles of the government.
5. That the great republican, Wm. IT. Seward, ever the warra
and judicious friend of Oalifornia, is the objeot of the unalterable love
and adrairation of the republicans of this state ; and whether in
office or in retirement, our affections will follow and surround him.
And to him, constantly, will our pride and patriotisra point as one
of the wisest men and greatest statesmen of any country or of any
age. The deraocratic state committee met at San Francisco, on July
SOth. It was understood beforehand that a split was inevitablp.
A strong effort was made, however, to bring about a compromise to
run but one electoral ticket. All of the merabers of the committee
were present. A. H. Rose offered a resolution recommending an
adjustment of the differences existing between the two wings of the
party by nominating an electoral ticket with two electors frora each
side, the tickets to be headed indifferently for Breckinridge or for
Douglas, and the electors to be pledged to vote for the democratic
candidate who should receive the majority of the democratic votes
in the state. After a great deal of debate, the resolution was
defeated — 22 to 14. It met with nofavor from the Douglas party.
Chas. Lindley then offered a resolution calling a state convention to
nominate four electors for Breckinridge. Eugene Casserly offered a
substitute that the convention nominate Douglas electors. The sub
stitute was lost by a vote of 26 to 6 — four declining to vote. An
adjournment was then taken until the 31st. On that day, separate
meetings were held, the ten Douglas members — J. P. Hoge, A. H.

118 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Rose, B. M. Henry, Myron Norton, A. D. Rightmire, W. S. Long,
0. T. Ryland, R. P. Hammond, Geo. F. Price, and S. D. Krider —
withdrawing. The Breckinridge raerabers sent the following message to Hoge,
the chairman : San Feancisco, July 31, 1860.
Hon. Joseph P. Hoge, chairman of the democratic state central
coraraittee :
Sir — At a meeting held pursuant to adjournment, at 10 o'clock
A. M., to-day, the undersigned were appointed by the state central
comraittee to inform you that they are now asserabled and ready to
proceed to business, and desire your attendance, which we accord
ingly do.
Hoge's reply was as follows :
I have your note notifying me, as the chairman of the democratic-
state coraraittee, that you are a committee from a portion of that
body to desire my attendance. This is my reply : The action of
yourselves and your friends, in the state coraraittee, on yesterday,
in rejecting every proposition for maintaining the harraony and
organization of the democratic party of this state, and in repudiating
the regular national democratic convention of Charleston and Balti
more, and its candidates for president and vice-president — Douglas
and Johnson — has, in my judgment, placed you and them outside of
the regular deraocratic party of the state and union. I cannot,
therefore, any longer recognize you or them as merabers of the demo
cratic state comraittee, and raust respectfully decline to accede to^
your request. I shall continue to act with the regular deraocratic
coraraittee, and the organization of the party in this state, as T have
done all ray life, here and elsewhere.
Upon the receipt of this reply, the Breckinridge members adopted
the following prearable and resolution :
Whereas, The democratic state committee of Oalifornia, met on
Monday, July SOth, 1860, there being present Joseph P. Hoge,
chairman, and 36 raerabers of the coraraittee ; and whereas, after
due organization and discussion of the business, the committee, by
resolution regularly passed, adjourned to. meet again on Tuesday
morning, July 31st, at 10 o'clock ; and whereas, on the said July
31st, the coramittee having assembled at 10 o'clock, the chairraan
not being present, a comraittee of three was appointed to inform him
that the committee was asserabled and ready to proceed tp business-

DOUGLAS CONVENTION. II9
and desired his attendance ; and the comraittee, in writing, inforraed
the chairraan thereof ; and whereas, the said Hoge, in answer, ad
dressed a note to the said committee, designating the said state com
raittee as "a portion '' of the state comraittee, and declining further
to act with said committee ; now, therefore, be it resolved by the dem
ocratic state committee of California, that the place of chairman of
the state coramittee is vacant, by the refusal of the said Hoge to act
as such, and that this coramittee do elect a chairman.
The Breckinridge raerabers adopted also the following resolutions:
1. That the platform promulgated by the convention at Baltiraore,
which norainated Breckinridge and Lane, raeets with our cordial
approval, and that we accept it as the true exposition of deraocratic
principles. 2. That we regard Breckinridge and Lane, for president and vice-
president, as the representatives of the true national deraocracy.
3. That the democracy of Oalifornia meet by delegates in state
convention, at Sacraraento, on Tuesday, Septeraber 11th, to choose
electors, who shall support Breckinridge and Lane.
The Douglas coraraittee adopted the following resolutions on the
31st: 1. That we recognize and sustain the regular candidates of the
national deraocratic convention — Douglas and Johnson — and approve
the platforra of principles there adopted.
2. That a deraocratic, convention be held at Sacraraento, on
Wednesday, September 5th, to nominate four electors of president
and vice-president, to cast' the vote of California for the regularly
nominated candidates of the national deraocracy.
The committee recommended the adoption of a test at the prima
ries which should adrait all national and union-loving men who
would support Douglas. The county committees followed the exam
ple of the state committee, and the machinery of both wings was in
perfect working order in most of the counties by the middle of
August. The Douglas state convention met in the Sixth street M. E.
church, Sacramento, on September 5th, and was composed of 359
delegates. It was called to order by J. P. Hoge, chairman of the
state committed, and I. N. Quinn was elected temporary, and after
ward perraanent, president. The vice-presidents were Alfred Red-

1 20 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
ington, Myron Norton, John Middleton, J. N. Hill, J. W. Denver,
S. S. Lewis, and R. T. Sprague. The coraraittee on resolutions
consisted of G. F. Price, J. W. Denver, John ConAess, E. Garter,
E. Oasserly, J. W. McOorkle, E. D. Wheeler, George S. Evans, Alex.
Deering, W. S. Long, and others. On the 6th the following resolu
tions were reported and adopted :
1. That the deraocracy of Oalifornia, in convention assembled,
relying upon the justice and patriotisra of the people, reiterate their
firm determination to stand by, and maintain in all their integrity,
the wise, just, and liberal principles enunciated in the Cincinnati
platforra by the deraocratic party in 1856, and reaffirmed by it at
Charleston in 1860 ; and also the following resolutions, adopted at
Charleston and Baltimore by the national democratic organization,
to-wit :
a. That it is the duty of the United States to afford araple and
coraplete protection to all its citizens, at home or abroad, and
whether native or foreign born.
b. That one of the necessities of the age, in a military, commer
cial, and postal point of view, is speedy communication between
the Atlantic and Pacific states, and the democratic party pledge
themselves to such a constitutional enactment as will ensure the
construction of a railroad to the Pacific coast at the earliest practi
cable period.
c. That the-democratic party are in favor of the acquisition of
the island of Cuba, on such terms as shall be honorable to ourselves
and just to Spain.
d. That the enactments of state legislatures to defeat the faithful
execution of the fugitive slave law are hostile in character, subver
sive of the constitution, and revolutionary in their effect.
e. That it is in accordance with the Cincinnati platforra that,
during the existence of territorial governraents, the measures of re
striction, whatever they may be, imposed by the federal constitution
on the power of the territorial legislature over the subject of the
domestic relations, as the same has been or shall hereafter be finally
deterrained by the suprerae court of the United States, should be
respected by all good citizens, and enforced with proraptness and
fidelity by every branch of the general government.
2. That we recognize and sustain the action of the national con
vention in norainating Stephen A. Douglas, of Illinois, and Herschel
V. Johnson, of Georgia, for the offices of president and vice-presi
dent of the United States, as in accordance with the usages and

DOUGLAS CONVENTION. 121
discipline of the democratic party; .and, as such nominees, they are
entitled to the support of all good democrats; and believing the
platform adopted by the convention which nominated them to be
patriotic, national and sound — being the same, in fact, as tbat upon
which the great political battle of 1856 was fought and won by the
democracy of the whole nation — we will give thera a hearty support
at the next Noveraber election.
3. That the compromise measures of 1850 were intended as a full
and final settlement of the slavery question in congress, as is fully
evidenced by the endorsement given them, in 1852, by the whig and
democratic national conventions, and we deprecate any interference
calculated to disturb that settlement ; and we repeat with renewed
energy the following resolution adopted by the state convention of
1859, which nominated Milton S. Latham for Governor, to-wit :
(Here followed the second resolution adopted by the Lecompton
convention of June 22, 1859.)
4. That we repudiate and disavow the action of that portion of
the California delegation which withdrew from the late national
convention at Charleston and Baltiraore (excepting from this cen
sure Major John Bidwell, the only one among them who has as yet
disavowed that act), and that we never can and never will acknowl
edge the right of a minority of the members of a convention to break
up and destroy the democratic party organization.
5. That we are opposed to all sectionfelism which would tend in
any way to disturb the harmony of our federal union, no raatter
whether it comes in the shape of northern congressional intervention
for the prohibition of slavery in the territories, or of southern, con
gressional intervention for the maintenance of slavery in the terri
tories. 6. That we are in favor bf a homestead bill, the establishment of
a daily overland mail, the building of an overland telegraph, and a
Pacific railroad, and that there is no constitutional objection to con
gress extending such aid as will ensure the speedy construction of
such road.
7. That in the judgment of this convention the title of the United
States to the island of San Juan, on our northwest coast, is as good
as it is to the District of Columbia ; that the recent history of our
territorial relations with England in that quarter may well make us
fear that the delays of diplomacy are full of danger to our rights.
That the man or the administration that will allow a grasping power
a second time to overreach us on that coast will merit and receive
the lasting indignation of the Araerican people.

122 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
8. That excessive, wasteful, and special legislation has been the
bane of Oalifornia, and has imposed upon the people a burden bf
taxation which is almost intolerable. That these evils should be
corrected, and the business of legislation be restored to the derao
cratic basis of inflexible opposition to a large public debt ; to the
granting of special privileges to the few at the expense of the many ;
to the extravagant expenditure of the public moneys ; that this much
needed reform cannot be withheld without wrong to the state and a
violation of the plain duty of the representative to the constituent,
and of the true policy and cardinal principles of the deraocratic
party. 9. That it is imperatively necessary for the, true interests of the
state that the legislature should use all constitutional power to
increase the public school fund and advance the interests of educa
tion, believing, as we do, that upon the education of the people de
pends the advanceraent and honor of the state.
10. That we cordially endorse the adrainistration of Governor
John G. Downey, as eminently calculated to advance the true inter
ests of California.
11. That we heartily endorse the action of the democratic state
central committee, presided over by J. P. Hoge, and recognize their
action in calling this convention as right, proper, and deraocratic.
The following resolution was offered by George S. Evans, and laid
on the table :
12. That, in the opinion of this convention, it is the iraperative
duty of our state legislature to exercise all its constitutional power
to prevent the further iraraigration of coolies or Chinese to our state.
The following prearable and resolution was also laid on the table :
Whereas, the time has arrived in the affairs of our state for a
decided expression of the democratic party regarding the propriety
and necessity of a bulkhead for the city and county of San Fran
cisco ; and whereas, the whole and every part of the state is equally
interested with the city of San Francisco upon this subject ; there
fore. Resolved, That this convention deem it expedient and proper to
express its opposition to any and all plans for a bulkhead for the
harbor of San Francisco until such tirae as a legal and scientific sur
vey by proper engineers can be made.
George F. Price, Humphrey Griffith, Richard P. Hararaond, and
Pablo de la Guerra were nominated for presidential electors, over

BRECKINRIDGE CONVENTION. 123
John R. McConnell, Jesse S. Pitzer, S. H. Dosh, and 0. T. Ryland.
No alternate electors were nominated. A state committee was ap
pointed, consisting of J. W. McOorkle, T. B. Shannon, P. E. Conner,
B. Shurtieff, George F. Price, J. G. McOallum, A. St. 0. Denver,
John Conness, J. T. Ryan, M. Norton, A. B. Dibble, John Caldwell,
R. C. Poland, A. Redington, W. B. Hunt, D. D. Colton, J. P. Hoge,
J. Middleton, L. Haskell, R. 0. Page, P. W. Keyser, I. N. Quinn,
T. B. Reardon, 0. E. DeLong, and others.
The Breckinridge state convention met at Sacramento on Septem
ber 11th, and was called to order by Charles Lindley, of the state
comraittee. Thoraas J. Henley was elected teraporary chairraan.
A committee on resolutions was appointed, consisting of John B.
Weller, D. W. Gelwicks, W. C. Wallace, Niles Searls, James An
derson, J. F. Montgoraery, T. Hayes, E. C. Winchell, 0. 0. Pratt,
J. S. Dudley, W. J. Hooten, Z. Montgomery, H. Gwinn, 0. L. Wel
ler, 0. Benham, D. E. Buel, T. L. Thompson, W. F. Goad, 0. Lind
ley, and P. L. Edwards. On the 12th, John B. Weller was elected
president, and J. L. Brent, J. 0. Duncan, S. B. McKee, O. C. Hall,
J. P. Hardy, D. Fairchild, F. L. Aud, Joseph Walkup, D. W. Con
nelly, E. 0. Winchell, A. T. Laird, and others vice-presidents. Sen
ators Gwin and Latham, who were present, were invited to seats on
the platform. Antonio F. Coronel, Vincent E. Geiger, Zach. Mont
gomery, and A. P. Dudley were nominated for presidential electors,
over Jackson Temple, Horace Sraith, Frank Ganahl, W. Matthews,
and D. B. Hoffraan ; and H. P. Barber, Smith, Ganahl, and Hoff
man were naraed for alternate electors. The, following resolutions
were unanimously adopted :
1. That the democracy of California, in convention assembled,
endorse and cordially approve the platform adopted by the conven
tion which nominated John 0. Breckinridge and Joseph Lane, as
a just exposition of the true principles of the true national dem
ocracy. 2. That the administration of James Buchanan has met the just
expectations of the country by its patriotisra, firmness and loyalty
to the constitution.
3. That we congratulate the people of this state upon the passage
through the Senate of the United States of a bill to establish a
daily overland mail on the central routes; and respectfully, but earn
estly, request Scott and Burch to urge its passage through the house
of representatives at an early day in the next session of congress.

124 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
4. That we earnestly recommend to the county committees of the
several counties of this state to have ballots prepared favoring the
calling of a constitutional convention.
5. That this convention do most cordially endorse and approve of
the action of the state democratic central comraittee, presided over
by Chas. Lindley, at its recent meeting in San Francisco.
6. That we enter into the present contest with an enthusiasm
worthy of our cause, and the watchwords "Pacific Railroad," "Daily
Overland Mail," "Mail -Steamships to China and Japan," and the
"Annexation of all the'Territory we can Honorably Acquire" inscribed
upon our banner.
A state committee was selected, consisting of H. C. Smith, J. E.
N. Lewis, D. W. Gelwicks, John Daggett, E. J. C. Kewen, J. A.
Watson, 0. H. Mitchell, W. J. Hooten, Chas. Lindley, H. 0. Pat
rick, R. A. Redman, John H. Wise, T. L. Thompson, J. J, Kend
rick, Z. Montgoraery, Thos. Hayes, J. P. Haven, 0. Benham, Jas.
Haworth and others.
On May 21, 1860, information was received of the nomination of
John Bell and Edward Everett by the union convention, but no ac
tion was taken to organize the party in California until July 26th,
when a meeting for that purpose was held at Sacramento, which was
presided over by A. P. Catlin. A county committee was chosen,
and resolutions adopted recommending that the friends of the union
party organize and send delegates to a state convention to be held
at Sacramento on Septeraber 5th, to nominate an electoral ticket.
Similar meetings were held elsewhere in the state shortly afterward,
and on August 10th a call was issued, signed by citizens of the
counties of San Francisco, Placer, Nevada, Tulare, Santa Cruz, Ala
meda, Napa, Solano and Sacramento, also calling the state conven
tion for September 5th. Araong the signers to this call were D. 0.
Shattuck, T. H. Selby, J. B. Crockett, H. R. Hawkins, W. B. Lyon,
J. D. Carr, E. Gibbons, R. D. Hopkins, J. M. Dudley, G. W. Bowie,
J. Neely Johnson, A. P. Catlin, H. O. Beatty and David Meeker.
Pursuant to these calls the union state convention met in the M. E.
churoh (south), Sacraraento, on Septeraber Sth. Twenty six counties
were represented, and 309 delegates had been elected. The conven
tion was called to order by D. 0. Shattuck, and W. R. Longley was
elected temporary chairman. On perraanent organization, Shattuck
was president ; and S. B. Woodin, John Anderson, J. W. Smith, J.

UNION CONVENTION. 125
W. Porter and E. Gibbons vice-presidents. The committee on
resolutions consisted of H. R. Hawkins, H. O. Beatty, J. E. Wain
wright, A. P. Catlin and others. The following resolutions were
unanimously adopted :
1. That we cordially endorse, and will eamestly support the nom
inations of John Bell, of Tennessee, and Edward Everett, of Massa
chusetts, for the offices of president and vice-president of the United
States. 2. That we reaffirm and endorse the resolutions adopted at the
national union convention, held at Baltiraore, on the 10th day of
May, 1860, which are as follows :
Whereas, Experience has deraonstrated that platforras, adopted
by the partisan conventions of the country, have had the effect to
mislead and deceive the people, and at the same time to widen the
political divisions of the country, by the creation and encourage
ment of geographical and sectional parties ; therefore, resolved, that
it is both the part of patriotism and of duty to recognize no political
principles other than the constitution of the country, the union of
the states, and the enforcement of the laws ; and that, as the repre
sentatives of the constitutional union men of the country, in national
convention asserabled, we hereby pledge ourselves to raaintain, pro
tect, and defend, separately and unitedly, these great principles of
public liberty and national safety against all enemies, at home and
abroad, believing that thereby peace may once more be restored to
the country, and the just rights of the people and of the states re
established, and the government again placed in that condition of
justice, fraternity, and equality, which, under the exaraple and con
stitution of our fathers, has solemnly bound every citizen of the
United States, to maintain a more perfect union, establish justice,
insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, pro
mote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to our
selves and our posterity.
3. That the above resolutions are suggestive of the whole duty of
every citizen and patriot, and we cordially invite conservative men
of all parties to unite with us in their support.
4. That this convention recommend a complete organization of
the union constitutional party throughout the state, and the nomi
nation of full legislative tickets in the several counties and districts.
J. B. Crockett, G. W. Bowie, Phineas L. Miner, and James H.
Lander were nominated for presidential electors, without opposition.
On the 6th, A. M. Rosborough, Dr. E. Gibbons, R. H. Daly, and

126 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
W. R. Longley were norainated for alternate electors. A state cora
mittee was selected, consisting of J. E. Wainwright, G. H. Hosse
fross, M. M. Noah, A. P. Catlin, David Meeker, Jaraes Queen, R.
H. McDonald, E. Gibbons, 0. E. Filkins, Jesse D. Carr, A. M. Ste
venson, H. R. Hawkins, A. M. Rosborough, and others.
The carapaign was conducted with great vigor by the advocates of
Lincoln, Douglas, and Breckinridge, but the Bell men cut very lit
tle figure, as it was evident from the outset that there was no hope
for thera. Wideawake clubs, in the interest of the republican
ticket, and little giant clubs, in the interest of the Douglas ticket,
were organized, and their parades with torches in the cities lent
much to the general enthusiasm. The principal campaign speakers
were : for Breckinridge — W. M. Gwin, S. Heydenfeldt, W. 0.
Stratton, Z. Montgomery, M. S. Latham, A. P. Dudley, H. P. Bar
ber, Horace Smith, J. B. Weller, B. F. Washington, and Frank
Tilford ; for Douglas — J. G. Downey, John Nugent, J. R. McCon
nell, J. A. McDougall, J. W. MfcCorkle, H. Griffith, R. P. Ham
mond, and G. F. Price ; for Lincoln — Thos. Fitch, 0. A. Tuttie, L.
Stanford, George Cadwalader, W. H. Weeks, Nathan Porter, G. B.
Tingley, 0." Cole, A. A. Sargent, Alex. Campbell, F. M. Pixley, J.
A. Nunes, Wilson Flint, and I. P. Randall. Early in September a
moveraent was inaugurated in San Francisco to nominate a people's
independent ticket for the local offices, and a comraittee was ap
pointed at a public meeting to raake selection of the candidates and
in October the ticket was announced. On the 20th of that month
the republican county convention endorsed the people's ticket, and
two days later the Bell convention followed the same course ; but
some of the straight-out republicans, being dissatisfied with the ac
tion of their convention, nominated a full local ticket for the party.
This action engendered bad blood, and on October 31st the republi
can county committee held a meeting which broke up in a row,
growing out of an attempt by the straights to oust from, their seats
such committeemen as had endorsed the people's movement. The
intervention of the police was necessary to quell the disturbance.
On October 26th, the Breckinridge and Douglas democrats in that
city fused on the local norainations. The division in the republican
party did not extend beyond San Francisco, and a thorough and
effective organization was early effected in all parts of the state. In
October an iraposing display was raade by the republicans at San
Francisco in honor of the election of E. D. Baker to the United

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. 127
States senate from Oregon. The new senator arrived in that city
on the 18th, on his way to Washington, and a grand reception was
given him under the auspices of the republican state coramittee.
On the 21st intelligence was received of republican successes in
Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Ohio, and it resulted in numerous acces
sions to the ranks of that party. The Douglas organs charged that
the Breckinridge strength was to be given to elect Lincoln, as the
only raeans of carrying the state against their candidate, and there
is little doubt that the Breckinridge leaders preferred the election
of the republican rather than that of Douglas, in what they regarded
as a choice between two evils. That they were not admirers of Lin
coln is evidenced by a speech delivered in San Jose in October, by
ex-Governor Weller, when he said :
I do not know whether Lincoln will be elected or not; but I do
know that if he is elected, and attempts to carry out his doctrine,
the south will surely withdraw from the union; and T should con
sider them less than raen if they did not.
The election was held on Noveraber 6th, and the official canvass
of the votes, raade on Deceraber 4th, exhibited the following result :
For Presidential Electors — Lincoln — Washburn, 38,733; Weeks,
38,720; Tuttie, 38,734; Pico, 38,699. Douglas— Hammond, 37,-
999 ; Griffith, 38,023; de la Guerra, 37,957; Price, 37,959. Breckin
ridge— Coronel, 33,969; Geiger, 33,970; Montgomery, 33,970;
Dudley, 33,975. Bell— Crockett, 9,111; Bowie, 9,110; Miner,
9,136; Lander, 9,098.
Constitutional Convention — For, 59,732; against, 12,481.
State Debt—7a.j, 62,514; repudiate, 8,763.
The proposition to call a constitutional convention was therefore
again defeated. The republican electors raet in the capitol, in Sacra
mento, on December 5th, and cast the vote of the state for Lincoln
and Haralin, and after four ballotings, selected Weeks, as the raes
senger, to convey the returns to Washington.

128 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
CHAPTER XIII.
1861. Secession of the South — Union Resolutions — Condition of the
Democratic Party — Union Mass Meeting — Breckinridge Conven
tion — Republican Convention — Douglas Convention.
On November 14th, the intelligence arrived from the east of the
election of Lincoln, and the southern syrapathizers in the state
regarding the secession of the south as inevitable, talked boldly of
the possibility of erecting a Pacific republic from California, Oregon,
and the adjoining territories. The San Francisco Herald, on
November 28th, editorially suggested the establishraent of such a
republic. The advocates of a Pacific republic were, however, few
in Oalifornia, and they were confined to the extreme secession sym
pathizers in the ranks of the Breckinridge party. Senator Latham
saw the handwriting on the wall in the result of the election in the
state, and raade haste to retract his declaration that Oalifornia ,
would leave the union, in a speech which he delivered in the
United States senate, in December, 1860, and which was published
in this state, on the 31st of that raonth. In the course of his
remarks on that occasion, he said :
I arise, to correct a false impression upon the public mind, as I
have seen it published in several leading journals of the country, as
to the attitude of California in the present crisis. It has been said,
and by many believed, that, in the event of the secession of several
of the states of the union, California would avail herself of the
opportunity to declare her own independence, and in conjunction
with the other territories of the United States on the Pacific, would
forra a Pacific republic. There is not a word of truth in this idea,
and it does great injustice to the people of that state. The union
has no more loyal subjects than the people of California ; and out of
her half million population, I believe there are not raany who are
for disunion in any shape. California will reraain in the union as
it is and as it raay be. And if, as seems now to be conceded, the
cottpn states withdraw from the union, and are eventually followed
by all the southern states, Califomia, I am certain, will still remain
¦with the great west and the north, with whom she is identified. In
addressing this body, on April 16th, 1860, I foreshadowed the idea
of a Pacific republic upon the dissolution of the existing union. I
am satisfied, upon more mature reflection, to say the least, I was
premature. For, whatever may be ray own opinion of the right or

SECESSION OF THE SOUTH. 129
wrong of the present agitatii\g question — a question in which Cali
fornia has no present or vital interest — I feel it my bounden duty
to thus give, not only my own opinion, but, as one of her representa
tives, to state what I believe to be the voice of her majority. There
is but one thing which will or can alienate the affections of the
people of the Pacific from the union as it is, or as it may be, and
that is, a failure to give them a Pacific railroad, and, until that is
completed, overland raail facilities. Upon this question, they are
clamorous, urgent, unanimous ; and, since the great west and north
are thoroughly coraraitted to this material idea, their loyalty cannot
be questioned.
It was understood that Senator Gwin favored the establishment
of a Pacific republic in the event of the secession of the south. On
January 3d, the San Francisco Herald published a lengthy letter
from Congressman Burch, addressed to Ohas. R. Street, and dated
at Washington, on November 22d, 1860. In the letter, Burch
said :
Our government has fallen upon strange times. The dissolution
of the union, which but a short time ago seemed to be too far away
in the future for me to give it even a passing thought, is now
regarded not only with gravity and seriousness, but it is looked upon
by many wiser heads than mine as a fixed fact. * * * It is
not unreasonable to conclude that they (the southern leaders) may
possibly prosecute successfully the work of disunion in which they
are so earnestly engaged.
He hoped they would recede from the position they had taken, and
said he would lose no opportunity to restore peace to the country,
and to reconcile and, reunite our estranged and maddened brethren
of the north and south. He held that it was the duty of the repre
sentatives of the Pacific coast, who were reraoved frora the scene of
strife to use their utraost exertions to prevent disunion, and sug
gested that it would be well for the people of California, Oregon,
New Mexico, Washington, and Utah to seek refuge for themselves
from the blighting effects of disunion and civil war by retiring and
establishing a prosperous, happy, and successful republic on the
Pacific slope, to whioh they and our brethren here raay look for
peace and quiet for themselves and their children when such bless
ings are no longer tolerated near the Atlantic, along the Ohio, nor
even in the broad valley of the Mississippi. He pictured the pros
pective republic in these glowing terms :

130 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The people of Oalifornia and her neighbors should be of one mind
on this subject, and be prepared for the emergency ; and if the "fates"
should force us to this last sad resort, let us, with a disposition to
welcome all who come to us from our "old homes" seeking an asylum,
raise aloft the flag of the "bear," surrounded with the hydra-pointed
cactus of the western wilds, and call upon the enlightened nations
of the earth to acknowledge our independence, and to protect us, the
only "waif" frora the wreck of our once noble union, the youthful
but vigorous Caesarian republic of the Pacific.
On January 18th, a letter from Congressman Scott, dated at
Washington, December 21, 1860, and addressed to Charles Lindley,
chairman of the democratic state committee, was published in the
Herald. It was very lengthy, and urged the formation of a Pacific
republic for self-preservation, in case of disunion and civil war. The
people of the state were generally in favor of standing by the federal
government in the event of the secession of the south, and "union''
clubs were immediately organized in every town. These clubs
passed resolutions declaring the loyalty of the people to the union,
and their opposition to any forra of secession.
An important part of the history of the legislatui-e of 1861, was
the numerous resolutions on the state of the union that were intro
duced, and the debates upon them.
On January 18th, in the senate, 0. E. DeLong (Douglas) intro
duced the following resolutions :
1. That it is proper that the legislature of Oalifornia should, at
this time, give expression to the sentiments with which the people
of the state are inspired by the unhappy events which are occurring
within these United States.
2. That California cherishes a loyal devotion to the union. Our
honor and our pride are in its flag. Our safety and our prosperity
depend upon its continuance. Through a glorious and beneficent
history we trace our rights and liberties to the founders of the
union, and with its destruction would go down our hopes of their
preservation. 3. That Oalifornia will never despair of the union.
4. That, reraote frora the scenes and unaffected by the causes of
the strife of sections, with a population drawn from every state, who
entertain all opinions, and yet upon her soil are bound together by
a coramon allegiance, Oalifornia, by her position, by the feelings of
her people no less than by her interests, is called to assume the part

UNION RESOLUTIONS. 131
of a peaceraaker, and to labor to restore harraony to the states from
which she has sprung, and of whose might in union she is the noblest
monument. 5. That Oalifornia, with an unbroken faith in the power of reason
and justice, and in the efficacy of peaceful measures, will recognize
no policy but the preservation of the union in all its parts, and the
enforcement of all its laws. To the wisdora and patriotisra of those
to whom the people of the United States have coraraitted the powers
of governraent she entrusts the selection of the raeans necessary to
the accomplishment of those ends, and pledges thera her support.
6. That the governor be requested to transrait a copy of these
resolutions to our congressional delegation, to apprise thera of the
true sentiments of their constituents, to serve as their instructions
and guide in all questions that may arise for their consideration,
and that they raay be informed that Oalifornia repudiates the sug
gestion of a Pacific republic, and of any other confederacy than our
present union, as fraught with all the dangers and mischiefs of
treason. Senator Henry Edgerton (Douglas) offered the following substitute :
1. That this legislature, and the people whora they represent, have
witnessed with sentiments of the profoundest sorrow the political
events which have occurred and are in progress of development in the
Atlantic states of the union ; and that this alarraing crisis in our pub
lic affairs deraands the exercise of moderation, patience, justice, and
wisdora upon the part of the people of these states and their repre
sentatives. 2. That the people of California are devoted to the union of these
states ; that they regard that union as the source of our prosperity,
happiness, and power ; that it has assured us peace at horae and
respect abroad ; that it has brought to us and secured for us all the
blessings of civil and religious freedora ; that under the governraent
formed by that union the fondest anticipations of the fathers of the
republic have been realized in a confederacy already advanced to the
rank of a first-class power in the world, in the greatest progress ever
made by any nation in the same period in population, wealth, and
material resources and achievements, and in the rare union of the
largest liberty ever accorded to the citizen, with sufficient energy in
the government for national defense and self-preservation, and with
the security to minorities and individuals of all rights of person
and property.

132 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
3. That this union and the constitution which establishes it, were
framed in the . spirit of compromise, conciliation, and concession ;
minor advantages and considerations being wisely surrendered in
order to secure the greater benefits of a good and efficient govern
ment for all sections of the confederacy; that in the nature of things,
and from the constitution of men, it must have been expected that
collisions and disagreements would arise, as they have occasionally
arisen in all countries ; and that to avoid or to remedy these disturb
ances, we must invoke the same spirit of justice, moderation, and
conciliation to which the union owes its origin.
4. That we look upon the dissolution of this union with feelings
of horror ; that we prize this union above all sordid standards of
pecuniary interest ; that we love it and cherish it with the unsel
fish affection of freeraen loving and cherishing the raost valued insti
tution of their country, and the sacred heritage of their fathers.
That if disunion could be peaceably accoraplished, it would be unwise,
iraprudent and irapolitic, a rash experiraent, because exchanging
happiest political institutions for other and untried scheraes of gov
ernment ; and, if not peaceably effected, it would bring in its train
a multitude of evils too horrible to contemplate. That we regard,
therefore, the disruption of the union as one of the greatest cala
raities which could ever fall upon the world ; as blighting the hopes
of freedora and free men everywhere ; as irapairing the confidence of
patriots in the capacity of raan for self rule ; as overturning the
freest and best of all governraents, and destroying the most pros
perous of the nations of the earth, and as putting back for years,
perhaps for centuries, the cause of civilization itself, and of rational
liberty regulated by law.
5. This legislature — composed themselves, and representing a con
stituency made up of raen born and reared in every part of the
union and of the civilized world, of men of diverse origin, yet meet
ing as brethren in daily political and social relations with each
other — do utterly repudiate the notion, sometimes expressed, that
between the citizens of different sections or states of the American
union there is any natural or other inequality; but, on the contrary,
neither here nor elsewhere should there be made any discrimina
tion or distinction, political or social, founded upon the birthplace
or residence in a given state of any Araerican citizen ; and we do
erapbatically repudiate the idea that, frora a difference of interest or
character between the people of the northern and those of the south
ern sections of the confederacy, there is any such incorapatibility or
antagonisra as to prevent a continuance of the union, or a just and

UNION RESOLUTIONS. 133
rautually beneficial central government over the whole ; that, on the
contrary, the happy frame of our system of state and federal govern
raents, if faithfully carried out, would raake of those very circum
stantial diversities elements of national strength and civil order.
6, That the union of these states is founded upon the principles
of justice and equality, upon the equal right of every memljer of the
confederacy, and of every citizen of every state ; that the govern
ment instituted for the whole should be administered upon the same
principles, and that the union can only be preserved by a faithful
adherence to this rule, and by a prompt and cheerful discharge by
every state of the constitutional duties and obligations which she
owes to her confederates.
7. That California has ever been national in character and feeling ;
that she has resisted all encroachments upon the just rights of her
sister states, because she deemed it national to conserve the rights
of every part of the nation ; that we have seen with regret acts and
proceedings in and of other states, the tendency of which was to
alienate the affections of the southern states from the union, and to
produce the deplorable condition of affairs now existing ; that in the
passage of certain acts called liberty bills, by several of the northern
states, the southern states have just cause of complaint, as of acts of
hostility to them, in plain violation of the constitution, and tending
directly to revolution and disunion ; that in the interference by
states, or citizens of states, with the domestic affairs of other states,
we recognize a plain and unwarrantable intrusion, which is not only
wrong in itself, but calculated to enfeeble the sacred ties which bind
the members of the confederacy together.
8. That in the deliberate judgment of this legislature, there is no
matter, cause, or thing between the southern and northern states
which cannot be settled, and which ought not to be settled and adjusted,
in a spirit of fair and just coraproraise; and that we approve of such
settlement. That the exigency of the danger now impending over
us demands prorapt, decided, and patriotic action ; that this settle
ment should be thorough, coraplete, and radical. That the northern
states that have passed unconstitutional "liberty bills" should repeal
thera ; that the fugitive slave law should be raade effectual to secure
its objects, if any amendment be necessary ; that the south should
be relieved of any apprehensions in respect to the abolishing or
interference with slavery in the states or the District of Columbia.
9. That we approve of, and will abide by the plan of adjustment
of the present difficulties in which the country is involved, as sub-

134 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
mitted by the Hon. Stephen A. Douglas in the United States senate
on the 24th of December, 1860.
10. That this confederacy of co-equal states, so seriously divided
upon these exciting questions, can, only be preserved, as we believe,
by a prompt and patriotic union of all conservative and loyal men,
sincerely acting in concert, and patriotically sacrificing sectional
prejudices and mere pride of opinion upon the altar of their comraon
country. 11. That whatever may be, or raay be supposed to be, the wrongs
and grievances of any of the merabers of the confederacy, such .
wrongs should be redressed within the union, and by the means the
constitution has provided for that purpose.
12. That it is the sense of this legislature, and of the constituency
it represents, that the constitution is the fundaraental law of the
land, sovereign and suprerae within its own sphere, operating di
rectly upon each individual citizen of the republic, and justly exact
ing an iraplicit obedience to all its provisions and requirements.
That the union of these states, under the constitution as it now
exists, or may be hereafter araended, must be preserved ; and that
the people of this state will steadfastly stand by the general govern
ment in the exercise of every constitutional power to uphold and
sustain both in all their integrity, and in the enforcement of the
federal laws.
13. That our representatives in congress have not, nor have they
ever had, the right to coramit the people of this state to any other
policy than that of strict adherence to the union.
14. That the governor be requested to forward a copy of these
resolutions to each of our representatives in congress, and to each of
the governors of our sister states.
In the assembly, on January 19th, G. W. Patrick (Breckinridge)
introduced the following :
1. That we most heartily concur with his excellency, John G.
Downey, in his late annual message transraitted to the general
assembly of Oalifornia, wherein his excellency speaks in that erai
nently union, conservative spirit of our federal relations.
2. That "the nullification of the fugitive slave law, and the pas
sage of personal liberty bills by raany of the sovereign states, cannot
be viewed in any other light than subversive of all araicable rela
tions between those states and that portion of the confederacy inter
ested in slave property ; that these enactraents are unconstitutional.

UNION RESOLUTIONS. 135
are founded upon injustice and bad faith, and are in violation of the
federal corapact.''
3. That "the estimation in which California is held by both of the
contending sections, her citizens, as it were, being a congress of the
whole confederacy, fits her for a mediator, and this is the position
she desires to occupy."
4. That while anything exists worthy of being called an Amer
ican union, California will cling to it with patriotic devotion at all
hazards. Zach. Montgomery (Breckinridge) offered the following substi
tute :
Whereas, Events which have recently transpired, and which are
daily transpiring in the Atlantic states, leave too little room to doubt
that the American union, if not already dissolved, is on the verge
of dissolution ; and whereas, the people of Oalifornia regard such
dissolution as a most direful calamity ; and whereas, we look upon
the remodelling of the federal constitution by a national constitu
tional convention as the surest raeans of restoring peace and harraony
to our distracted country ; therefore, be it resolved :
1. That the congress of the United States be, and is hereby urged
to take steps for the calling of such convention, in accordance with
the 5th article of the federal constitution.
2. That we do most earnestly invite the several states of the union,
as well as such state or states as may deem themselves to have with
drawn from the union, to co-operate with us through their respective
legislatures, in urging upon congress the immediate necessity of call
ing said convention.
3. That the present excited state of public feeling, both north and
south, engendered by reciprocal violations, or threatened violations,
of the federal laws, calls for like reciprocal forbearance, in order
that reason may resume her sway and that patriotism may regain
her wonted place in the hearts of the people. •
4. That the wilful refusal on the part of certain of our sister
states to surrender fugitives from labor, and the strenuous and per
sistent effbrts on the part of said states to prevent the enforcement
of the fugitive slave law, are palpable infringements of the constitu
tion of the United States-
5. "That we deprecate any attempt on the part of the general gov
ernment to maintain by force of arma the federal union, as against
such state or States as raay deera themselves to have withdrawn, or
as raay hereafter attempt to withdraw frora the union on account of

136 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
continued and flagrant violation of their constitutional rights by
other states; and we hold that any such atterapt, without first
affording to such aggrieved state or states adequate protection
against a continuation of said grievances, is to light the fires of civil
war and crush forever the last hope of reconciliation between the
opposing sections.
6. That the people of Oalifornia acknowledge neither the north
nor the south, but the whole American union, as their coraraon
mother, to whora they are united not raerely by the considerations
of interests, but by the more enduring ties of blood and filial affec
tion. 7. That, as Californians, we are willing to stand by the whole
union, hazarding, if necessary, our lives and our fortunes for her
defense ; but we are not prepared to pledge our allegiance to either a
northern or a southern fragment of a dismembered confederacy, nor
will we ever consent to become the ally of one section in waging a
fratricidal war against another section of our comraon country.
Charles Crocker (republican) offered the following substitute for
the substitute :
1. That the constitution of the United States is not a mere con
federacy or corapact between the several states, but is the organiza
tion of the govemraent proper, and creates direct relations between
the federal government and the people of all the states ; that no
state, either by convention or otherwise, has power to dissolve those
relations, and therefore any atterapt by a state to secede frora the
union is unconstitutional and revolutionary.
2. That it is the duty of the president of the United States to
take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and to preserve, pro
tect and defend the constitution of the United States, and to pre
serve the public ports, arsenals and other property from all attempts
to wrest them from the general government ; and it is his duty to
use all the power vested in him to accomplish these purposes.
3. That while we would rejoice to have the state of South Caro
lina withdraw frora the union, should her citizens on a free and fair
vote elect so to do, yet, as such withdrawal cannot be effected with
out a breach of the constitution and a revolution subversive of this
glorious fabric of our national union, we are, therefore, opposed to
all acts and proceedings sanctioning such a withdrawal.
4. That the election of any person as president of the United
States, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution, affords
no just ground of complaint on the part of those defeated in such

UNION RESOLUTIONS. I37
election ; and this state will oppose all attempts of such defeated
minority to subvert and destroy the federal union.
5. That Oalifornia will stand by the constitution framed by the
fathers of our republic and union, and cemented by the blood of our
revolutionary sires, so long as any state will unite with her in its
support. In the words of our heroic Jackson : "the federal union-
it raust be preserved."
On January 22d, Caleb Burbank (republican) offered the following
resolutions in the senate :
1. That the people of California regard the present as a fitting
time, and a proper occasion, to avow their sentiments clearly, boldly,
and respectfully, upon the extraordinary and unprecedented attempts
to destroy the integrity of the American union.
2. That in the judgment of the people of California, our national
government has in it the vested power to enact laws, and also the
rightful power and authority to carry into complete execution the
laws it raay raake, and that without such power of enactment and
execution, there can be no national govemment.
3. That no state in the confederacy has the right to secede from
the union or to nullify any law duly enacted by the congress of the
United States.
4. That no nation can be entitled to respect araong the nations of
the earth, or be worthy of the love and confidence of its own citi
zens, without a due observance of its laws is required and raain
tained. 5. That the multiplied blessings enjoyed by the people of this
union, from the beginning of our government to the present time,
show raost clearly to us and to the civilized world, the wisdora and
foresight of our fathers who ordained this government, and the
statesmanship and patriotisra of their descendants, who through suc
cessive generations have nobly sustained their government and trans
mitted its blessings to the present generation of thirty millions of
people, now the most happy and prosperous of any nation of people
upon the habitable globe.
6. That it is the imperative duty of the chief executive of the
general government to require of the people a due and proper ob
servance of the laws thereof in every part and portion of our com
mon country, and that it is the reasonable duty of every citizen, in
his individual capacity, and the duty of all the citizens in each and
every state, in their collective and organic position as a state of the
confederacy, to yield a ready and willing compliance with the laws

138 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
of the general governraent ; and that upon the faithful performance
of such duty by the executive, as well as upon such compliance by
the people and the states, depend the integrity of the union, and
the happiness of this great and glorious nation, whose high destiny
can be realized only through a patriotic devotion to the principles
of self-government — kindred indeed, to the devotion which gave to
our fathers a just, a glorious and an iraraortal renown.
7. That the people of California look with deep regret and with
unqualified disapprobation upon the antagonism of South Carolina
to the constitution, union, and laws of the United States.
8. That the people of California are firmly attached to the union ;
that they believe our general governraent to be the best form of
government known among raen, and that, with this full belief, they
will honor it, uphold it, and maintain it, at all times, under all cir
cumstances, and in every contingency, against any and all attempts
to weaken, distract or to dissolve it — whether such attempts are
made by a foreign power, by domestic insubordination, or by treason
able infidelity and usurpation.
9. That the people of California are not so lost to self-respect, so
blind to their present and future interest and security, or so un
patriotic and disloyal as to entertain a wish or a thought favorable
to the unwise, imprudent, suicidal and disloyal idea of a Pacific
republic. 10. That our congressional representatives are warranted by their
constituents in asserting and declaring on all proper occasions that
all the sentiraents contained in these resolutions are the sentiments
of the people of California.
On the sarae day J, H. Watson (Douglas) ottered the following in
the Senate :
1. That this legislature approves and affirras the patriotic recom
mendations and suggestions of his excellency the governor, for the
settlement of this vexed and dangerous question of disagreeraent
between the northern and southern sections of the union.
2. That in order that a settleraent raay be effected, it is indis
pensable that no atterapt be raade to coerce any state or states by
force of arms into submission to federal authority, since, upon the
exhibition and exertion of force, though directed only against a
single state, in the present temper of parties north and south, and
under existing circumstances, the inevitable effect would be to array
the whole north and south as two hostile nations, against each other ;
that civil war would ensue between the sections — civil war, the most

UNION RESOLUTIONS. 139
deplorable and cruel of all wars at the best, but the horrors and
enormities of which in this case would be aggravated by circum
stances peculiar to this controversy and the causes of it ; that the
coraraencement of hostilities will close the door forever to a peace
ful solution of this difficulty, whether to be effected by a renewal
by the discontented states of the connection with the other states,
or by a satisfactory adjustraent of questions between the sections
or states, upon an agreeraent to separate ; that this war would be,
in all probability, of long duration, withdrawing all the energies of
the contending sections from the peaceful pursuits of industry to
the dreadful trade of fratricidal strife, in which the wealth of the
north would be taxed and exhausted in the vain attempt to desolate
the south ; and if successful, the result would be scarcely less de
plorable, by reducing freemen to slaves, sovereign states to subjugated
provinces, and a fertile land to desolation. That federal force, thus
producing civil war, can secure no single purpose for which it is
offered — since it is chimerical to suppose the general government,
represented, in that contingency, only by the northern states, have
the ability to conquer the southern states. And if this could be
done, the conquest raust be preserved and maintained by immense
standing armies, quartered in the south, which the northern states
have neither the power nor the wealth to maintain. And if this
last purpose could be effected, the states so conquered and disgraced
would not be eleraents of strength, dignity, or power to the confed
eracy, but discontented and disgraced colonies, burdening their con
querors with unreraunerated and intolerable expenses, and exposing
them to destruction whenever assailed by foreign enemies. The
conquest of a state would change the whole theory of the govern
ment, and destroy the principle of state equality which is the corner
stone of the confederacy. The prosecution of such a war would
change the whole genius of our people, corrupt the public morals,
introduce into every neighborhood the vices of the carap, withdraw
enterprise, industry, and intellect frora trade, coramerce, and agri
culture, to war, and thus introduce the evils of martial doraination
and arabition as controlling influences in both sections, to end at
last in the establishraent of a railitary despotism. That a union of
states, held in enforced corabination by the sword, could answer
none of the purposes and fulfill none of the proraised blessings of a
free and pacific confederacy, uniting the energies of its merabers in
peace for a wise and fraternal governraent, and in war for rautual
protection and national glory ; and that no evils likely to arise from
a peaceable separation can equal the evils flowing frora an atterapt

140 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
to compel a union by force of arms— in which vain effort, every
evil of a disordered coraraerce, a divided people, of trade destroyed,
and of prosperity reversed, of bankruptcy, civil war, faraine and
insurrection would succeed. And, besides all this, it is as little
consistent with the pride, as with the interest, of the free states, to
endeavor to raaintain a connection, as brethren and equals, with an
unwilling people, if a union with thera can only be secured and
raaintained by the sword ; therefore, resolved :
3. Because we are in favor of the preservation of this union, we
are opposed to the atterapted coercion by arras of any southern state,
since such atterapt raust necessarily cause and perpetuate disunion
and superadd to disunion the evils of an interrainable, unchristian
and unnatural civil war.
4. That this legislature do not and will not despair of the union
of these states. We believe that too much patriotisra and too
enlightened a sense of self-interest exist in the intelligent people who
compose the American states to permit the destruction of thousands
of millions of material wealth — the diversion to war of energies,
that, employed as now exerted, would produce thousands of millions
more ; and to see, without an opposing effort worthy of the stake,
the destruction of the best government in the world. We rejoice to
see that the conservative sentiment of the whole country is now
being aroused, and we are unwilling to believe that the efforts now
made to adjust this difficulty will be fruitless; but it is our solemn
conviction that those efforts raust all prove unavailing if force be
employed by the federal government before the loyal, just, and pat
riotic sentiments of the people shall have been invoked, and respond
to the appeal.
5. That these views derive additional strength from these con
siderations ; that this action of the southern states is taken by one
and threatened by others in their sovereign capacity ; that these
states claim, under the sanction of high, though it may be mistaken
authority, the right so to act ; that the sentiment of the southern
people and of a large proportion of all the people of the United
States is, that the southern states have been grievously oppressed
and iraposed upon by a large portion of the people of the northern
states ; that apprehensions have been justly excited by the action of
certain states, and by the forraation and success of a sectional party,
as to the safety of their doraestic institutions ; that under the cir
cumstances, they are entitled to be guaranteed in their just and
equal rights ; that it is conceded that several of the northern states
have themselves openly defied a constitutional law of congress, by

UNION RESOLUTIONS. l4l
the passage of so-called liberty bills; that these acts, still unre
pealed, exhibit those states in open and flagrant disobedience to the
constitution, the offense of opposing and nullifying one law, and
that of nullifying all laws, being the sarae in kind and only differing
in degree ; that a delay, until justice be done the south, to atterapt to
enforce the federal authority against the resisting southern states
by arms could be productive of no injury; and that such an attempt
would be fruitless of good, arbitrary, impolitic, partial, and unjust,
and productive only of the worst possible sentiments.
6. That it is the deliberate sense of this legislature that an appeal
to force should not be raade by the federal government, until at
least every effort be made in good faith to settle and adjust the
unhappy difficulties now existing between the two sections ; and
that the offending northern states that have passed the unconstitu
tional acts before referred to, be respectfully requested to set an
example of loyalty to ' the constitution and laws by immediately
repealing these obnoxious statutes.
In the asserably, on January 22d, J. Dougherty (Douglas) offered
the following :
1. That the people of California, drawn from the different states,
from the north, from the south, from the east, and from the west,
cherish a loyal attachraent to the union ; that they regard it, and
the constitution by which it was established, as the cause of the
unexampled prosperity of the country, the source of its power and
influence abroad, and of its peace and security at horae, and as fur
nishing the only assurance of the perpetuation of the government
and the blessings of free and republican institutions.
2. That no state has the right, under the constitution, to secede
from the union; that secession can only be justified upon the ground
of revolution; and that in the judgraent of the people of California,
there are no evils endured by any raerabers of the confederacy that
cannot be remedied in the union under the constitution, whilst
those evils, whatever they may be, would be immeasurably increased
by dissolution, and accompanied by calaraities of the raost appalling
nature. 3. That the people of California, with poignant feelings of indig
nation and horror, utterly repudiate and repel the suggestion of seces
sion on the part of this state as well as the forraation of a separate
Pacific republic; and that their true policy is to recognize and sus
tain a permanent adherence to the union.

142 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
4. That California is peculiarly fitted for, and imperatively called
upon to act the part of pacificator between the contending sections
and alienated states of the union. She is removed from the strife,
and is not interested in the causes from which it originated, except
so far as they raay impair the integrity of the confederacy. Her
population is bound together by a coraraon attachment for the
union, and by a like deterraination that the state of their adoption
shall remain, with the states frora which they emigrated, raembers
of the sarae great confederacy. In assuming the part of a peace
raaker she will eminently respond to the warmest feelings of her
people. 5. That while the people of this state have unshaken confidence
in the peaceful solution of all questions at present exciting and
estranging frora each other the citizens of other states, they expect
the general governraent to see that the republic suffers no detri-
raent, and to exercise all necessary constitutional power for the pres
ervation of the union in its integrity, and the enforcement of the
federal laws.
In the assembly on January 23d, P. Munday (Douglas), offered
the following :
Whereas, One of the southern states of this union, in consequence
of alleged grievances for which she could obtain no redress from the
hands of the federal government, has declared herself out of the
confederacy of states ; and whereas, other states, for like causes,
complain of hostile legislation against and unjust treatment by their
brethren of the north, have evinced an unmistakable determination
to secede; and whereas, the people of Oalifornia, composing citizens
of all portions of the union, and all nations of the earth, possess
interests in coramon with all the states and own no special bias
to or affiliation with any section, loving the union for its own sake,
sustaining it as the great ark of safety for the liberties of the peo
ple, and looking upon its destruction as the deathblow to freedom
everywhere, resolved,
1. That we have viewed with «xtrerae sorrow the sectional agita
tions which have for raany years disturbed the peaceful and harmo
nious relations that should always exist between the different states
of the conf edbracy.
2. That whatever may have been the provocation given by the
unwholesorae agitation of the question of negro slavery by evil-dis
posed persons at the north, we most earnestly deplore the hasty
action of our sister state of South Carolina, in the adoption of meas-

UNION RESOLUTIONS. 143
ures for her separation from the confederacy ; and we indulge the
earnest hope that, upon reflection and friendly consultation, she will
reconsider a resolve that cannot fail to result in disaster to herself,
and the most deplorable consequences to the whole union, and in the
retardation of th^ cause of human freedora all over the world.
3. That we urge upon each of the free states, having passed laws
inimicable to the interests, or calculated to wound the feelings of the
southern people, an imraediate repeal of such laws, and a decent
and becoming abstinence frora all such action or language aa raay
agitate the present excited condition, and thus precipitate the
irapending evil.
4. That we are unalterably attached to the union as it is ; and as
that union was in the beginning based upon coraproraise and conces
sion by the various sections, so, in view of the alarming dangers
that now for the first tirae seriously threaten its existence, a spirit
of compromise and conciliation should guide the federal and state
councils to all raeans productive of harraony, good feeling, and broth
erly love ; and that these should be exhausted before abandoning
hopes for the perpetuation of the republic.
5. That while a withdrawal of even one state is to be regarded by
us all as a grievous calamity, yet more than all is to be deprecated
the shedding of brother's blood by brother's hand ; that if the union
cannot be preserved by peaceful raeans, it cannot be perpetuated by
force of arras ; that any atterapt to compel a sovereign state to
remain in the confederacy will only result in civil war, the end of
which cannot be foresee^i ; that even if the attempt should result in
the subjugation of the seceding state, the condition of the state would
be that of a conquere4 province, and not that of an equal ; and that
such compulsory fealty would be degrading to the people on whom
it would be imposed, and inconsistent with the whole spirit and
design of the union of the states.
6. That the "people of California, equal inheritors with their
brethren at the east, in this glorious republic, while they cannot
, contemplate without grief and horror a dissolution of the union, yet
they reserve to theraselves the right to act as their own interests may
require in the deplorable event of a dismemberment of the states.
They now reiterate solemnly and fervently through their representa
tives, their earnest devotion to the union loving-citizens throughout
the confederacy, and their hearty co-operation for its preservation.
7. That our congressional delegation be directed to act as far as
practicable in accordance with the spirit of these resolutions.

144 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
On January 24th, the majority of the committee on federal rela
tions of the senate reported favorably, with amendments, the series
of resolutions introduced by Edgerton. John H. Watson, of the
minority, concurred with the araendraents except so far as related to
the twelfth resolution, and, as a substitute for tbat resolution, he
recoraraended the resolution introduced by hiraself.
The araendraents proposed were as follows, to add to the seventh
resolution :
That in the acts of personal violence and outrages perpetrated in
the southern states upon northern citizens, which acts have been
entirely unpunished, and alraost wholly unrebuked in said states,
there is just cause for reproach and exasperation on the part of the
north towards the south.
To strike out in the ninth resolution all after the word "abide,''
and insert " by the plan proposed by Senator Stephen A. Douglas,
as a coraproraise and adjustment of the difficulties between the north
and south or some sirailar plan."
On January 24th, in the senate, T. G. Phelps (republican)
offered the following as a substitute for the union resolutions
reported by the committee :
1. That the people of California look with troubled apprehension
upon the condition of our national affairs.
2. That our government was formed to be perpetual, and cannot
be dissolved except by revolution.
3. That there is sufficient power in the constitution of the United
States to maintain the integrity of the union, and enforce the laws
of Congress.
4. That secession is but another term for treason against the
government. 5. That California will aid the general government with the entire
strength of her militia in maintaining the integrity of the union and
enforcing the laws of congress, in whatever quarter the one may be
assailed or the other impeded.
6. That to apologize for the present secession moveraent is to aid
and abet treason.
7. That the idea of a Pacific republic is repudiated by our entire
people. These resolutions were raade the special order for the 31st.
On January 26th, in the asserably, John White (democrat)
introduced the following :

UNION RESOLUTIONS. 145
1. That the union of these states under the constitution was the
result of a coraproraise, and a just regard for the rights and inter
ests of all sections, and that these are the only conditions upon
which it can be perpetuated.
2. That, in the judgment of the people of Oalifornia, the right of
secession finds no warrant in the constitution ; but that we would
regard with disfavor and alarm an attempt to corapel by force a
state to remain in the federal union.
3. That, in our judgraent, the best raode of meeting the present
difficulty is to call a convention of the states for the purpose of
adjusting the present unhappy differences, and of making such
araendraents to the constitution of the union as may be thought
necessary to secure the rights of all sections of the country, and to
preserve the union for all time to come.
On the same day, Asserablyraan A. W. Blair (republican) offered
the following :
1. That while we deeply deplore the unfortunate state of politi
cal affairs that now disturbs the peace and prosperity of our common
country, we clearly trace its cause to the false political doctrines of
the party and men now having the control of the administration of
the general government ; and that we deem the administration of
Jaraes Buchanan an unfortunate national calamity, and that the
same has our unqualified conderanation.
2. That any person or persons, state, community or association of
individuals whomsoever, who raise their hands or voices against the
union of these states or the constitution thereof, or the due execution
of the laws therein, should be held and treated by the people of Oali
fornia as enemies of the republic, false to their country, false to
us, false to the federal constitution, and false to the cause of free
dom, humanity, and civilization everywhere.
3. That the people of California are true to the union of these
states, and unalterably and unqualifiedly opposed to the secession of
any state or states from the federal union, and deny the right of
secession or to dismember the government of these states in any
way; and that they will with their lives, their fortunes, and most
sacred honor support the federal government in the due exercise of
all constitutional power necessary to preserve the union of these
states maintain inviolate the federal constitution, and enforce the
due execution of the laws of the federal government.
10

146 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
On January 28th, in the senate, J. McM. Shafter (republican)
made the following report from the rainority of the coramittee on
federal relations, to whora the various sets of resolutions had been
referred :
1. That this legislature, and the people they represent, have wit
nessed with profound sorrow the political events which have been
initiated, and are in progress of development in the federal union,
and that the present crisis in our public affairs demands the exercise
of firmness, justice, and wisdom upon the part of the people of these
states and their representatives.
2. That the federal constitution was fully considered at the time
of its adoption ; that its provisions were the raost just that would
have been then generally acceptable, and now, when properly exe
cuted, furnish an adequate protection to all portions of the coramon
union. 3. That the binding force of the constitution is in no way dependent
upon the present volition of any citizen or state, and that the right
of withdrawing frora such union by auch citizen or state exists under
no circurastances nor pretenses whatever.
4. That the act of seizing upon the public property, the actual
and forcible occupation of public vessels, forts, arsenals, and reve
nues with the intent of denying the right, and an actual resistance
of the power of the constitution and of govemment organized under
it, are acts of war, and if persisted in by organized bodies of men,
will araount to a levying of war against the states of the union, -within
the constitutional definition of treason.
5. That so long as the constitution is recognized, the executive
created by it should inflexibly enforce its provisions ; and that the
punishraent of criraes, treason included, is one of those provisions
which cannot be disregarded.
6. That Oalifornia entirely repudiates the idea of a Pacific repub
lic ; that she will adhere with unalterable firraness to the govern
ment exercising its functions under the constitution, and that as its
prosperity and triuraphs have been hers, so in whatever perils that
governraent may be placed, she pledges to its aid her fortune and
her sacred honor.
In the asserably, on January 30th, Johnson (republican) offered
the following :
1. That duty deraands and justice requires our senators and repre-

UNION RESOLUTIONS. 147
sentatives in congress not to coraproraise the people of this state by
declaring that in the event of a dissolution of the union California will
go with the north or with the south, or will forra a separate govern
ment of her own.
2. That our only aim is the preservation of the union of all the
states, and that our devotion to the constitution of the union is
unalterably fixed.
On February 1st, in the senate, S. H. Chase (Douglas) offered
the following :
1. That the people of a state cannot absolve themselves from
their allegiance to the national government, or from their obligations
to support the constitution of the United States, and all laws made
in pursuance thereof ; that this union was designed to be perpetual,
and that the provisions of the constitution are ample to perpetuate
the union ; that secession is not a constitutional right, nor a power
reserved to the states, but a revolutionary remedy, to be resorted to
•only as a last raode of redress against continued wrong and oppres
sion, when all constitutional remedies have failed.
2. That it is the duty of the executive to uphold the constitution
and enforce the laws ; to see that the revenue is collected ; that the
property of the United States is protected, and by prudence, modera
tion and forbearance to endeavor to preserve the public peace and
maintain the union.
3. That whenever any state or states shall deliberately deterraine
and undertake to secede from the union, it is for the national
government to decide how far it will resist such revolutionary action ;
that such decision is one of state policy alone, and based upon con
siderations of life, liberty, property, and prosperity; that until such
a time as the national government shall recognize such seceding
state or states as an independent nation, the laws should be respected
and executed, and the honor, dignity, and power of the governraent
sustained. 4. That the secession of any state or states from the union does
not relieve other states from their obligations to abide by the national
constitution and laws ; that no rights are acquired by revolution,
and there is no dissolution of existing relations beyond the limits
conceded by the government to a revolutionary people.
5. That California has no grievances originating in the union that
should cause her to seek an existence out of the union, and that any

148 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
attempt to establish an independent Pacific republic would be
impolitic and revolutionary, and condemned by and offensive to the
sense and sentiment of the state.
6. That a faithful fulfillment of all the obligations that the con
stitution imposes, both by the national and state governments, an
exclusion from the halls of congress of the subject of slavery in all
its relations, except in those cases specified in the constitution, and
the same spirit of concession and compromise, in which the govern
ment was established, are the only sure guarantees of liberty and
union, peace and prosperity.
7. That the preservation of this union frora impending danger
should be a pararaount consideration with every patriot; that there
is no just cause to sever the social and political relations of the peo
ple of these United States, and no insurmountable obstacle to a
satisfactory and perraanent adjustraent of all our political difficul
ties ; that California, anxious to restore harraony and cement by
affection this union, would come to the settlement of these difficulties
in a spirit of the raost liberal concession ; that she would sanction
either of the following raodes of adjustment (not intending, however,
to assert that she would not sanction other modes):
a. The plan submitted to the senate by Senator Crittenden, being
certain amendments to the constitution, restoring the Missouri com
promise, and making further provisions in relation to slaves and
slavery; or,
b. An imraediate adraission of several states into the union, em
bracing all the territory of the United States, with sorae fair prori
sion for the forraation out of thera of future states, when necessary;
preferring, however, that plan which would raost effectually and
readily dispose of all controversy as to slavery in the territories, and,
contribute most "to forra a more perfect union, establish justice, and
insure doraestic tranquillity."
8. That our congressional delegation be instructed to carry out
the foregoing views, so far as applicable to their official action.
On February 3d, the assembly coraraittee on federal relations sub
raitted the following majority report :
Whereas, The obligations of the constitution, which bind eaoh
state as a member of the union of these United States, were volunta
rily assumed ; and whereas, an atterapt is being raade by the people of
one or raore of the states forcibly to dissolve this union and subvert

UNION RESOLUTIONS. 149
-this constitution ; and whereas, in the furtherance of this treasonable
purpose, forts and other property of the people of all the states are
being taken from the possession of the constitutional agents of the
United States government ; and whereas, the people of said states
are preparing to resist the enforcement of the laws of the United
States ; and whereas, the people of California, by their representa
tives in the legislature, desire to express their loyalty to the consti
tution and the union, and to instruct their congressional represent
atives to support and sustain in all their integrity, the union and
the constitution as they were bequeathed to us by our fathers,; there
fore, resolved :
1. The withdrawal of a state frora its membership and obligations
in the federal union, in defiance of the general government, can only
be accomplished by a successful resistance to the whole power of the
United States.
2. Decent respect to the opinions of the people of the civilized
¦world, and the instinct of self-preservation, demand that the United
States government should use all the power necessary to enforce
-obedience to its laws and to protect its property. ,
3. The people of California will sustain and uphold the constitu
tionally elected officers of the United States government in all consti
tutional efforts to preserve the integrity of the union and to enforce
¦obedience to the acts of congress and the decisions of the courts. After
the laws haye been enforced, and the power and authority of the
constitution and the government of the United States recognized
and acknowledged, every feeling of nationality and brotherhood de
mand that such compromises as are consistent with justice shall be
made, for the purpose of restoring that harmony which should char
acterize the people of a coramon country.
The rainority of the coraraittee reported the following :
Whereas, Events which have recently transpired, and which are
daily transpiring in the Atlantic states, leave but little roora to doubt
that, the American union, if not already dissolved, is on the verge of
¦dissolution ; and whereas, the people of California regard Such disso
lution as a raost direful calamity ; and whereas, we look upon a
remodeling of the federal constitution by a national constitutional
-convention as the surest raeans of restoring peace and harraony to
•our distracted country ; therefore, resolved :
1. That the congress of the United States be, and is hereby urged

150 .POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
to take steps for the calling of such convention, in accordance with-
the fifth article of the federal constitution.
2. That we do most earnestly invite the several states of the union,
as well as such state or states as may deem theraselves to have with
drawn from the union, to co-operate with us through the respective
legislatures, in urging upon congress the immediate necessity of call
ing said convention.
3. That we deprecate any attempt on the part of the general gov
ernment to maintain, by force of arras, thp union of these states,.
since to do so would light the fires of civil war and crush forever the-
last hope of reconciliation between the opposing sections.
4. That the people of California acknowledge neither the north
nor the south, but the whole Araerican union as their common
mother, to whom they are united not merely by considerations of
interest, but by the more enduring ties of blood and filial affection.
5. That as Californians we are willing to stand by the whole union,.
hazarding, if necessary, our lives and fortunes for her defense ; but
we are not prepared to pledge our allegiance to either a northern or
a southern fragment of a dismembered confederacy, nor will we ever
consent to become the ally of one section in waging a fratricidal war-
against another section of our common country.
In the assembly, on February 2d, 0. W. Piercy (Douglas) offered
the following :
As the sense of this house, that the troubles existing in the At
lantic states are justly chargeable to the sectional doctrines advocated
by the republican party.
A motion to lay on the table was lost — 28 to 41. John Conness
(Douglas) offered the following araendraent :
And that the United States forts and arsenals recently taken at
Charleston and elsewhere have undoubtedly been taken by black
republicans in disguise.
The araendraent was lost — 22 to 37. Thomas O'Brien (Douglas)-
offered the following amendment :
Strike out republican party and insert "republican and Breckin
ridge parties."
N. Greene Curtis (Douglas) offered the following substitute :
That we .have an abiding confidence in the justice and patriotism
of the people of the United States, and that the unhappy domestic

UNION RESOLUTIONS. 151
difficulties now existing between the north and the south are not
chargeable to the great masses of the people of the United States,
but are justly chargeable to the abolitionists of the north and the seces
sion leaders of the south.
The whole raatter was laid on the table.
On February 5th, in the assembly, Williara Childs (Douglas)
offered the following, which was laid on the table — 43 to 29:
That we do most cordially approve the patriotic, conservative and
humane sentiments enunciated by the Hon. Stephen A. Douglas,
senator from Illinois, in the United States senate on January 3,
1861, inasrauch as in his view of the present fearful crisis in the
destinies of our beloved country, that erainent senator repudiates as
unwise, fratricidal, barbarous and inexpedient any attempt to make
war upon any one or more states for the purpose of forcing thera to
reraain in the union.
In the senate, on February 12th, Jas. T. Ryan (Douglas) gave
notice that he would, at an early day, introduce a bill authorizing
the governor to order an election of delegates to represent California
in a convention , of all the states that may be called by the joint
action of the states, or by the action of congress, to take into con
sideration the present unfortunate condition of national affairs, and
devise a plan by which the preservation of the union may be in
sured, provided such convention may be called. The bill was not
introduced, however.
On February 12th, A. Wood (Douglas) introduced the following
in the assembly:
1. That we fully and cordially endorse the plan proposed by the
Hon. John J. Crittenden, for a settlement of the existing troubles
in the Atlantic states, which is as follows. (Then followed at length
what is known as the Crittenden compromise.)
2. That our congressional delegation are instructed to do all in
4heir power to procure the adoption by congress, of the foregoing, or
some sirailar plan.
The previous question was ordered, and the resolutions were
referred to the coraraittee on federal relations by a vpte of 38 to 34.
On the same day, P. H. Harris (Dbuglas) offered the following in
the house :

152 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
That we heartily endorse the plan of settleraent for existing diffi
culties in the Atlantic states, as proposed by the Hon. John J. Crit
tenden, in the United States senate, on January 3d, 1861 ; and that
we approve and commend the patriotisra and wisdom of the Hon. Ste
phen A Douglas and the Hon. John 0. Breckinridge, raanifested by
thera in their endorsement of the sarae, and in their conderaning the
use of military force to coerce the southern people, recommending
conciliation and concession rather than war, and compromise rather
than disunion.
The author said that he introduced the resolution for the purpose
of affording the raerabers an opportunity " to show their hands."
E. W. Oouncilraan (republican) offered the following substitute :
Whereas, Treason, as defined by the constitution of the United
States, exists in several of the states of the union ; therefore,
resolved: 1. That the legislature of California, profoundly impressed with
the value of the union, and deterrained to preserve it unimpaired,
hail with patriotic gratitude the recent firm and dignified special mes
sage of the president of the United States ; and we cheerfully tender
to hira, through the chief magistrate of our own state, whatever aid in
men and money may be required to enable hira to enforce the laws
and uphold the authority of the federal govemment, and in defense
of the raore perfect union, which has conferred prosperity and
happiness on the American people. Renewing the pledge given
and redeemed by our fathers, we are ready to devote our fortunes,
our lives, and our sacred honors in upholding the union and the con
stitution. 2. That the union-loving citizens and representatives of Delaware,
Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee, who have
labored with devoted zeal and courage to withhold their states from
the vortex of secession, are entitled to the warraest gratitude and
adrairation of the people of the whole country.
After an aniraated discussion, the substitute was lost by a vote of
5 to 69, and amid considerable feeling and disorder the Harris reso
lution was adopted — 44 to 29. A motion to reconsider the last vote
was lost on the following day.
On February 13th, J. Logan (Douglas) offered the Harris resolu
tion in the senate, and on the 14th, it was laid on the table. The
resolution was subsequently taken from the table, and consid-

UNION RESOLUTIONS. 153
«red on the 16th. J. T. Ryan moved to amend by striking out
all after "1861;" and R. C. Clark (Douglas) raoved to amend the
amendraent by striking out all after the word '¦ coraraend," and
inserting the following "the position of all those who insist upon a
peaceful adjustraent by coraproraise of pending difficulties with the
south." The Clark amendment was accepted.
S. A. Merritt (Breckinridge) offered the following substitute :
That we heartily endorse the plan of settleraent for existing differ
ences in the Atlantic states, as proposed by Senator John J. Crit
tenden in the senate of the United States, January 3d, 1861 ; and
that we condemn the use of military force to coerce the southern
people, and recoraraend conciliation and concession rather than war,
and coraproraise rather than disunion.
The substitute was accepted.
Mr. DeLong raoved to strike out all after "1861," and the raotion
was lost — 15 to 15. Mr. Clark moved to strike out the words
"and that we condemn the use of military force to coerce the south
ern people." On the 27th, the Clark amendment was lost — 14 to
15. Mr. DeLong moved to amend by inserting after the words
"southern people," the words "except such as raay be by the con
stituted authorities of this union deemed absolutely necessary for
the safety and perpetuity of the sarae, after all attempts to effect a
reconciliation by compromise have failed." The amendraent was
lost — 10 to 17. Several other amendments were proposed and lost,
when T. G. Phelps offered the following substitute :
That the people of California are in favor of adjusting any and
all difficulties, and causes of dissensions that do, or raay hereafter
exist between different sections of the country, or between any sec
tion thereof and the general governraent, so far as the same can be
done without acknowledging the right of secession, or comproraising
the dignity and integrity of the general governraent.
That the people of Oalifornia are loyal to the constitution and
union, and will adhere to thera under any circumstances, and will
uphold the general governraent in any constitutional action.
The Phelps substitute was lost, as, was also the Merritt substitute.
Mr. Clark raoved to amend by inserting after the word " force," the
words "under existing circumstances," and itwas adopted — 16 to
10. The resolution, as amended, was adoj)ted — 21 to 6.

154 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
In the senate, on March 12th, S. H. Chase (Douglas) offered the
following substitute for.the union resolutions :
1 That the withdrawal of a state from its membership and obli
gations in the federal union, in defiance of the general government,
can only be accomplished through successful revolution.
2. That self-respect and self-preservation demand that the govern
ment of the United States should use all its constitutional power,
so far as raay be necessary, to protect its property and maintain the
union, and that we will sustain the executive department in all con
stitutional efforts for such purpose.
3. That for the sake of harraony and union, and to avoid the hor
rors of civil war, Oalifornia would give her assent to either of the
following propositions :
a. The Crittenden compromise, as originally offered in the senate.
h. The proposition known as that of Mr. Rice, of Minnesota, being
substantially to enlarge the boundaries of several of the states, and
to admit at once into the union two states, erabracing all the remain
ing territory.
c. The plan known as the border states plan.
Regarding that as the best and wisest measure of pacification
which will most speedily and perraanently settle the pending diffi
culty. 4. That California will scrupulously observe all the obligations
imposed upon her by the constitution of the United States, and ear
nestly desires that her sister states raay observe the same obligations.
5. That while we recognize no constitutional right of any state to
withdraw from the union, yet when it is satisfactorily ascertained to
be the will and deterraination of the people of the several seceding
states to depart frora this union, we would sanction sorae fair and
honorable arrangement on the part of the nation by which such states
could be released frora existing obligations to the union.
In the senate, on May 7th, Caleb Burbank (republican) introduced
the following :
1. That California will cheerfully respond to such requisition as
the president of the United States may raake upon this state for
men, money, and means to aid in maintaining the supreraacy of the
constitution and laws of the United States.
2. That the people of California are a loyal and union-loving peo
ple, and will hold themselves in readiness at all times to aid our

UNION RESOL UTI ONS. 155
general government in upholding and defending the constitution,
laws, and property of the United States against all insubordination,
treason, or rebellion that may threaten to disturb domestic tranquil
lity, or to endanger the integrity and permanency of the constitution
of the United States.
In the assembly, on May 18th, 0. H. Kungle (Breckinridge) in
troduced the following, which was laid on the table — 45 to 11.
Whereas, A number of the states have withdrawn frora the fed
eral union, and after asserting their independence have established
a new governraent, which is known as the Confederate States of
Araerica, and it being evident to the world that the people of those
states are able to maintain their independence and determined to do
so ; and whereas, to refuse to recognize their independence and to
attempt, by making war upon them, to conquer and reduce thera
into subjection to the other states would be wrong, and violative of
the spirit of our institutions and destructive of our liberties, since
the attempt would require the raising of vast armies, the increase of
taxation, and the creation of enorraous debts to burthen the people,
and since no object can be attained by making war upon those states,
for if conquered they would be ruined and desolated, and inhabited
by a dissatisfied population, ever seeking an opportunity to throw off
the yoke, and as we are not yet ready to give up our free system of
government, based upon the assent of the governed, and establish in
its place those arbitrary military forms necessary for the prosecution
of aggression and conquest ; therefore, resolved :
That the independence of the Confederate States of Araerica
ought to be at once recognized by the United States government,
and that all questions between the two governments should be set
tled by negotiation and treaty.
The resolution was laid on the table — 45 to 11. In the assembly,
on May 13th, Johnson (Breckinridge) offered the following :
Whereas, Our coraraon country is in danger of being distracted
with civil war ; and whereas, the people of California are raainly
frora every section of the union, and deeply deplore the unnatural
sectional war in which our brothers, in the east are now about enter
ing; and furtherraore, we are interested in preserving intact the
union of all the states that raade the union when it was established
by our fathers, and those added them to won by her sons ; therefore,
resolved :

156 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
That our congressional delegation be instructed to offer the state
of California, by her representatives at Washington, as mediator
between the general government and the confederate states, to the
end that peace may be restored, and that provision may be made
for the calling of a constitutional convention of all the states, for
the purpose of reconstructing the federal union on a firm and imper
ishable basis.
On the 24th, Kungle introduced the following in the asserably,
which was adopted :
Whereas, It is provided in the fifth article of the constitution of
the 'United States, that congress, upon the application of the legisla
tures of two-thirds of the several states, shall call a convention for
proposing araendraents to the constitution ; and whereas, it has now
becorae necessary that the states should meet in convention, for the
purpose of devising means for the settleraent of our present inter
state troubles ; therefore, resolved :
That the congress of the United States be, and is hereby urged to
take steps for the calling of a convention of the states, for the pur
pose of revising and changing the constitution of the United States,
in accordance with the fifth article of the federal constitution.
Early in the session of the legislature a moveraent was inaugu
rated by the Breckinridge raerabers to eff'ect an alliance of the
Douglas party of the state with their party, and on February 18,
1861, a caucus was held by the merabers of that party and some
disaffected Douglas men for the purpose of initiating action towards
uniting the parties. The call was addressed to all democratic mem
bers of the' legislature who were in favor of the plan proposed in
the United States senate by Senator Crittenden for the settlement
of the difficulties existing in the Atlantic states. Thirty-five mera
bers were present — 19 Breckinridge and 10 Douglas deraocrats. A
committee was appointed to draft resolutions to be reported at a
subsequent meeting. On the following evening another meeting
was held, at which there were accessions from the Douglas party.
The members of that_ party who participated inthe proceedings of
the caucus were adherents to J. W. Denver and John Nugent in
the contest for the United States senatorship, and it was understood
that they favored the Crittenden coraproraise resolutions that had
been passed by the asserably. The coraraittee on resolutions re
ported the following, which were adopted :

UNION RESOLUTIONS. 157
1. That we, the undersigned, deraocratic raembers of both branches
of the California legislature, feeling the necessity of uniting the
two wings of the deraocratic party of the state preparatory to the
coming general election, do raost urgently request the state central
coraraittees representing the Douglas deraocracy and the Breckin
ridge deraocracy of the state, to speedily call meetings of conference
of their respective bodies to ascertain, on consultation, whether
some general plan cannot be adopted by which all the democracy of
California can be united on one common platforra, in opposition to
the disorganizing and destructive principles of republicanism.
2. That in the event that said comraittee shall determine to pur
sue the course we have respectfully suggested, that they be requested
to raake known to us, the deraocratic members of the legislature, at
as early a day as possible, the result of their joint deliberations.
3. That should it be found irapossible for the committees to agree
upon any satisfactory platform, and they shall so report to the mem
bers of this body, that in such event a general call shall be made of
all the democratic members of both branches of the present legisla
ture, to adopt in joint council such measures as will ultiraately lead
to the end so necessary for the future success of the democratic
party in California.
4. That the chair appoint a committee of  to call on every
democratic raeraber of both branches of the present legislature, to
notify and request them to be present at an adjourned meeting of
this body to be held in this chamber on Friday next, the 22d inst.,
to confer upon such matters as raay be then and there suggested, in
order to obtain a speedy, perraanent and satisfactory organization of
the entire deraocracy of Oalifornia.
F. Sorrell (Breckinridge) introduced the following, which was de
clared out of order :
That in the opinion of the democratic members of this legisla
ture, in convention asserabled, the course recently pursued by Lieu
tenant-General Scott, in connection with the preservation to the
general governraent of forts and other property appertaining to the
late union, is in contravention to the constitution, which guarantees
to each state all rights not delegated to the general government.
Another meeting was held on the 26th, with 44 raerabers present.
Lloyd Magruder (Breckinridge) offered the following resolutions,
which were referred to a coramittee with instructions to report at a
subsequent tirae :

158 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Whereas, The republican party has, by advocating and support
ing sectional doctrines, placed itself in an attitude of hostility to
the constitutional rights of the people of fifteen of our sister states,
and thereby, notwithstanding the oft repeated warning of the de
raocracy, have brought the union to the very verge of destruction;
and whereas, the interpretation which the democracy have always
placed on the federal constitution is, in our opinion, the only one
which is in accordance with the true spirit and intent of that in
struraent, and which alone will secure equal rights to every portion
of our confederacy, while the republicans occupy a position antago
nistic to, and destructive of that equality of rights ; and whereas,
the deraand now being made by the republican party under the
specious pretext of upholding the constitution and enforcing the
laws, after misconstruing that instrument first, and then grossly
violating its spirit and intent, is in fact nothing but a declaration
of war against the southern people, for . the purpose of coercing
them either to the adoption of republican doctrines, or the loss of
their equality as states in the union, to assist in doing which the
democracy would have to abandon its time-honored principles, those
which have been reiterated time and again ; therefore, resolved :
1. That we cherish the warmest attachment for our federal union,
and that we contemplate with the raost profound sorrow the troubles
and difficulties at present existing in the Atlantic states, which
threaten to destroy the unity of our governraent.
2. That the true attitude of the people of Oalifornia at this time
of trouble is that of fraternal kindness towards the people of all
the states, and her honor and interest alike demand of her to do all
in her power to bring about harraony and reunion among the people
of the whole country.
3. That we are in favor of amending the federal constitution in
such a manner as will specifically secure to every portion of the con
federacy equal rights under the government, and leave nothing to
iraplication or doubtful construction.
4. That it is as rauch the duty of every good citizen to adhere to
and uphold the spirit and obvious intent of the constitution as of the
mere words thereof ; and, therefore, no good citizen who entertains
a just appreciation of the blessings conferred on the whole people by
our present form of governraent, will advocate doctrines which are
hostile to the intendraents of the constitution, and in opposition to
the rights of any portion of our coramon country.

UNION RESOLUTIONS. 159
5. That we heartily endorse the plan of settlement for existing
difficulties in the Atlantic states, as proposed by the Hon. John J.
Crittenden, of Kentucky, or of another plan which may be adopted
by the great border states, north and south, which is in accordance
with the spirit of our federal constitution, as expounded by the su
preme court of the United States, and as construed by the democratic
party in convention assembled, provided the same does not comrait
the governraent to the use of military force to coerce the southern
people, recommending conciliation and concession rather than war,
and compromise rather than disunion.
6. That we will now unite for future political action, and recora
raend all deraocrats throughout the state to do the same, and rally
as one party for the preservation of our common country and the
maintenance of the federal union.
The Sacramento Union, on February 28th, in speaking of the
attitude of the political parties in the state, said :
Parties in California are in a transition state. The events of the
past few weeks indicate a reconstruction, which will offer to the
people of the state but two parties to unite with and vote with. But
up to this time, raen who aspire to be leaders exhibit such a want
of confidence in the future that they hesitate to advance rauch be
yond present positions. They are waiting the course of events in the
Atlantic states.
The Breckinridge file leaders, however, have ventured to raake
one positive move towards the presentation of a platform upon which
they claim the two wings of the democratic party may unite and act
together. The plank they offer is the Crittenden coraproraise, upon
which there was no particular difference. ¦» ¦» # gyt
the Douglas raerabers did not vote for it directly in the legislature.
They voted to refer it, and that vote gave the Breckinridge wing the
advantage of voting directly for a resolution which simply endorsed
the compromise. The failure of that resolution opened the door for
the introduction of one by a Douglas raeraber, endorsing the com
promise, and also the sentiments of Douglas and Breckinridge against
coercion. Enough of the Douglas wing voted with the Breckinridge
members to secure the passage of that resolution through the assem
bly, and that resolution was offered as the basis upon which it was
proposed to unite the two wings of the deraocracy. The intention of
the Breckinridge leaders is, if possible, to place theraselves and their

160 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
party in the position of the democratic organization of the state and
the only antagonist of the republicans. They are determined there
shall be but two parties, and that they shall lead one of thera.
When the legislature convened, the Douglas party had a working
majority in each house, but it sunk through mismanagement into a
minority ; and so confident were its opponents that it was about
being dissolved, that each calculated its chances for gathering up a
majority of the fragments. The leaders of the Douglas wing, how
ever, looked upon the Breckinridge party as the minority party
before the people, and preferred rather to cling to their own organi
zation than cast their lot with it.
On February 28th, the chairman of the Breckiilridge state com
mittee, Charles Lindley, issued a call for a raeeting of the coraraittee
at Sacraraento on March 20th, "to consider the perilous crisis in our
national affairs, and to arrange for the state convention." In the call
he said :
The convention which conferred upon us the trust as state central
committee, received frora each of us a solemn pledge not to do the
very thing which the recent Breckinridge-Denver-Nugent caucus re
quests us to do ; thus irapliedly reserving to future conventions the
question of araalgamation of parties, and the adoption of platforms.
The call also contained the following remarkable series of ques
tions and declarations :
Let us have union if we can ; peaceable dissolution if we must ;
but conflict, never.
If peaceable dissolution comes, why should not California remain
with the free states %
If a bloody separation, why should she not establish a Pacific
nationality ?
Is she willing to be dragged into a war against a southern confed
eration of her sisters, should such confederation be irrevocably
established. Ought not she to deraand of the other free states to consent to a
peaceable separation, if any raust come, as an unyielding condition
of her remaining with them %
Does not Lincoln's foreshadowed policy of executing the laws over
seceded states, iraply force, cocercion, war %
Are ou people ready to be plunged into anarchy, and suffer the
ravages of such a war %

BRECKINRIDGE COMMITTEE. 161
These are the moraentous questions to be considered, and which,
it is feared, will too soon require action.
On March 15th the sarae gentleman wrote a letter, in which he
reconsidered that portion of his call which was adverse tb the propo
sition of fusing the two parties ; and after adraitting that a strong
desire for such a union existed in his party, he intimated that by
the 20th of March, when Lincoln's policy would be known, there
would be little difficulty in effecting the union. He suggested that
the two coraraittees call a convention, which by concurrent action
could agree upon a principle and a platform upon which the parties
could unite. The Breckinridge committee met at Sacraraento on the
20th with twenty-eight merabers present, but nothing was done
beyond the appointraent of a coramittee on resolutions, who were
instructed to report to the central comraittee at San Francisco, on
April 2d. On that day a call was- issued for a state convention, to
meet at Sacramento on June 11th, to nominate a state ticket, and a
very elaborate address to the deraocracy was adopted. The address
acknowledged all as democrats who would subscribe to the Critten
den compromise, and who were, opposed to coercion. It drew the
following doleful picture of the horrors of civil war :
What will be the consequences of war % No raortal man can fully
foretell. By the experience of nations, and the light of history, we
can see conscript laws dragging the sons of toil into military service,
families decimated, industry paralyzed, coraraerce destroyed, indi
viduals and states bankrupt, ruin, gloom, and desolation in the land
— the civil yielding to the martial law — military spirits and military
chiefs rising, millions of lives sacrificed, finally ending the despotism,
with liberty lost forever. For what purpose are we to have war t
Is it to preserve a union by force % Will you make the south love
the north at the point of the bayonet, and consent to live with her
as a family of states ? It is raadness ! Madness ! ! Madness ! ! !:
After a hundred victorious battles in favor of the north, she would
need an iramense standing array to hold her conquered possessions.
The committee adopted the following resolutions :
Whereas, We are desirous of co-operating with all democrats
upon the present political issues, regardless of the divisions which
existed at the presidential election last fall ; therefore resolved.
That the several county committees be recoraraended to direct, in

162 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
view of such co-operation, that the votes of all citizens be received
at the primary elections for delegates to the democratic state con
vention, who endorse the Crittenden, or similar araendraents to the
constitution, and are opposed to coercion, and any and all attempts
on the part of the adrainistration to enforce, by military or naval
power, the federal laws within the jurisdiction of any of the seceding
states. Late in April, papers were circulated for signatures among the
Breckinridge legislators and their Douglas allies, requesting the
Breckinridge state comraittee to raeet at the sarae time and place as
the Douglas comraittee, and on the 29th, the chairraan issued a call
for a raeeting to be held in San Francisco, on May 7th. The two
state coraraittees held meetings at that city on that day, but -without
any joint arrangement from the Douglas comraittee. The news of
the attack on Fort Surater reached California, April 25th, and it
created an intense excitement. Men who had been weak-backed
before, and who had acted with the Breckinridge party deserted it
and attached themselves to the parties that were raore loyal. The
Breckinridge party lost strength every day, and the principles of
the Douglas and republican parties became more identical. , The
meeting of the Douglas committee was presided over by Joseph P.
Hoge. A coraraunication was received frora a sub-committee of the
Breckinridge coraraittee asking for a conference with a view of
uniting the parties, but the whole matter was laid on the table by
a vote of 20 to 5, and the sub-committee was informed that no nego
tiations would be entered into.
On May 8th, the Douglas coramittee adopted the following
prearable and resolutions :
a. Whereas, The democratic party has ever been the party of
fealty to free government and fraternal devotion to the rights of the
states of the union, and of unwavering fidelity to the laws, the con
stitution, the union, and the country — ready to maintain them by all
proper means and at every sacrifice ; and
b. Whereas, The country is now defending itself against a war
without justification, or decent excuse ; waged upon it by certain
seceded states — which is manifestly a war for the invasion of our
national capital ; for the overthrow of our national government ; the
oppression of the loyal states ; the subjugation of the union  a war
to hurable in the dust our national flag — to wrench from the Ameri-

DOUGLAS RESOLUTIONS. 163
can people their constitutional rights of determining for theraselves
their own policy, foreign and domestic, and to blot them out frora
the class of the great powers of the world ; and
c. Whereas, Such war, so aggressive in its character, and so
deadly in its purposes, forces upon the country an issue which can
be raet but in one way by any people having the common instinct of
self-preservation, or worthy of an existence as a nation ; therefore,
he it unanimously resolved hy this committee :
I. That, at this time, when the country is resisting with all its
might a war of invasion and destruction, indifference is impossible
to the. patriot, and neutrality is cowardice, if not preraeditated dis
loyalty. 2. That the people of California in the past have been most anxi
ous for peace throughout the land, and will hail with joy an honora
ble adjustraent in the future; at the same time, they are above all
things for the union, the country, and the flag, against all assail
ants, no matter who they are, whence they corae, or with what power
arraed. 3. That, in this great crisis of the American nation and name,
our state will always, as heretofore, faithfully discharge her con
stitutional obligations to the union and the federal government, and,
as in duty bound, will earnestly sustain the constituted authorities
at Washington in all raeasures necessary to defend and protect either
against this raost unjustiflable and unnatural war.
4. That, in the name of the loyal people of California, we demand
of the general government, by all its power, to protect their lives
and property on the high seas, between this coast and the Atlanj;ic,
from the piratical flag which already threatens injury, and would
infiict destruction on both.
5. That all former partisan differences are lost in the present
overwhelming crisis ; and he who would seek, by reviving them, to
distract the people, or to wrest from their honest and patriotic devo
tion some sordid partisan advantage, is not true to the country nor
worthy of the name of an American citizen.
6. That, as Californians, we appeal to the whole people of Cali
fornia, without distinction of party or reference to partisan issues, to
stand with us by our country and our flag, that all may know that
the great union democratic party of California is the overpowering
majority of her citizens.
7. That with these views we cordially invite all patriotic men,

164 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
who hold these sentiments, to meet in grand mass convention at
Sacraraento, on the 4th day of July next, to norainate candidates to
be supported at the ensuing election ; and we recoraraend in the
election of delegates, that the only test be approval of these resolu
tions and willingness to support the candidates nominated.
The Breckinridge comraittee was in session several days after the
attempt at amalgaraating the parties had so signally failed. The
following modes of settling the difficulties in the east were
approved :
A peaceful dissolution of the union, by recognizing the indepen
dence of such states as refuse to reraain in the union without such
constitutional araendraents as will insure the doraestic tranquillity,
safety and equality of all the states, and thus restore the peace,
unity and fraternity of the whole country, and the establishraent of
a liberal systera of coraraercial and social intercourse with thera by
treaties of comraerce and araity.
War, with a view to the subjugation and railitary occupation of
those states which have seceded or may secede frora the union.
E. E. Eyre introduced a resolution of unconditional loyalty to the
union, but it was lost — receiving but 7 votes.
A grand union mass raeeting was held at San Francisco, on May
11th, and loyal addresses were delivered by Senators Lathara and
McDougall and Generals Shields and Suraner. An invitation had
been sent to Governor Downey to be present, and in reply, he sent
a letter explaining that business prevented hira from attending. In
the letter, he said :
I believe that the only means of preserving the Araerican union
is honorable coraproraise and respect for the constitutional rights of
every section. I believe in the government using all its constitu
tional powers to preserve itself and resist aggression. I did not
believe nor do I now, that an aggressive war should be waged upon
any section of the confederacy, nor do I believe that this union can
be preserved by a coercion policy.
The raeeting passed strong resolutions in support of the federal
governraent. In Majr, an anonyraous address was published for a "union" state
convention to be held June 13th, for the purpose of norainating a

BRECKINRIDGE CONVENTION. 165
state ticjiet without regard to politics, and with a view of uniting
the union vote. When the tirae carae for holding the convention
but a corporal's guard was present, and an adjournment was had to
July 10th. On that day, very few persons were present, and the
movement was abandoned. The republican and union democratic
conventions had raet and norainated their tickets, and the people
who desired the election ot loyal officers felt satisfied that the suc
cess of either of those tickets would secure that result.
The Breckinridge deraocratic state convention raet at Sacramento,
¦on Tuesday, June 1 1th. It was coraposed of raen of talent, many of
-whom in former days had, to a great extent, led the democratic
party in the state. The convention was rather a small body, and
several of the counties were not represented. Charles Lindley, the
chairman of the state coraraittee, called the convention to order, and
a teraporary organization was effected. On the 12th, Tod Robinson
was elected president, and Volney E. Howard, James T. Farley,
J. E. N. Lewis, F. M. Warmcastle, Charles S. Fairfax, G. D. Rob
erts, Charles T. Botts, A. P. Crittenden, J. J. Franklin, Jaraes A.
Johnson, S. Heydenfeldt, Charles Lindley, S. W. Sanderson, and
others were appointed a coraraittee on resolutions.
Mr. Sanderson submitted the following minority report :
The undersigned, member of the committee appointed to draft
resolutions expressive of the sentiraents of this convention upon the
political questions of the day, respectfully submits the following
minority report :
1. That the deraocracy of California endorse and reaffirm the prin
ciples and doctrines contained in the Cincinnati platform, and that
adopted at the national convention held at Baltimore, in 1860,
(except so far as the same shadows forth the doctrine of secession),
the same being a sound exposition of the constitution of the United
States, and the rights of the several states under the same. That
the allegiance of every citizen of the United States is due, first, to
the federal government; and, second, to the state in which he
resides. 2. That while we recognize the right of the people to change
itheir forra of government whenever the sarae has become oppressive,
-or failed to accomplish the end and object of all governments, to-wit:
the happiness and prosperity of the governed, we emphatically deny
the right — under the federal constitution — of any state to withdraw

166 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
from the union without the consent of three-fourths of the states-
thereof. 3. That in the judgraent of this convention, secession is revolu
tion, and that the sarae should never be resorted to by the people
except upon good and sufficient cause.
4. That while we believe that the south has had grievous and
just cause of complaint against the north on account of the non-en
forcement of thc fugitive slave law, and the denial to her, by the
republican party, of equal rights in the territories, and that the
actual enforcement of the principles of the Chicago platform, by the-
present or any subsequent adrainistration, would be good and suffi
cient cause for revolution on the part of the south — it is the judg
raent of this convention that such cause did not exist at the tirae
South Carolina seceded, and that the action of the seceded states in
withdrawing frora the union has been hasty and premature.
5. That it is the duty of every administration to uphold the federal
constitution, maintain the integrity of the union, and, at all hazards,
enforce the laws in every section thereof ; and that it is the duty of
every citizen, in these times of impending danger to popular govern
ment, to stand loyally and firraly by the constitution and laws of his^
country. 6. That California is unalterably attached to the union of the
United States, and that she repudiates and spits upon the idea of a.
Pacific republic.
The majority of the committee submitted the following :
1. That the deraocracy of California endorse and reaffirm the-
principles and doctrines contained in the Cincinnati platforra and
that adopted at the national convention held at Baltiraore, in 1860 —
the same being a sound exposition of the constitution of the United
States, and the rights of the several states under the same.
2. That we are opposed to the eraployment of force by the general
government against the seceded states for the purpose of compelling
obedience and submission to federal authority.
3. That we are in favor of the preservation of the union upon
constitutional guarantees which will be acceptable to both sections
of the confederacy; but if that desirable consummation be impossi
ble, then we are in favor of the recognition of the independence of
the confederate states, and a treaty of amity and peace between
them and the United States government, as the only alternati\&

BRECKINRIDGE CONVENTION. 157
which will terminate the horrors of- civil war and bring back peace
and happiness to our distracted country.
4. That it is the duty of Oalifornia, as a member of the union, to
yield obedience to all constitutional acts of congress, and to all con
stitutional and legal acts of the federal executive.
5. That the president of the United States (Lincoln) has been
guilty of the "violation of the constitution, and usurpation of power,
in borrowing and appropriating money, raising arraies and increas
ing the navy without the authority of congress, and that such acts
are dangerous to liberty, and tend to convert the government into a
military despotism.
6. That we are opposed to the tariff passed by the late congress,
known as the Morrill tariff, and that we here reiterate the doctrine
of the democratic party— in favor of free trade and in opposition to
any tariff which looks to the protection of particular interests at the
expense of others, and that the principle here enunciated is of more
importance to the people of the Pacific states and territories than to
any other portion of the union.
The following were offered by Lindley, in open convention, as a
substitute for both series :
1. That the avowal of Wra. H. Seward, in 1850, that "there is a
higher law than the constitution,'' and his subsequent avowal that
" the conflict is irrepressible '' — the rapid growth of the republican
party upon these sentiraents — the repudiation by the state govern
raents of the plain letter of the constitution, and of the decisions of
the suprerae court upon the slavery guarantees — the aggressions
upon the institution of slavery through the raediura of the republi
can press, orators, and pulpits, with a direct tendency to produce ser
vile insurrections — the final concentration of republican will in the
Chicago platforra, culrainating in the election of President Lincoln,
and the appointment of the author of the "higher law" and "irre
pressible conflict" theories as premier of his administration, carry
with thera, as a conclusion to the southern raind, the apparent final
adoption, by a majority of states, of the doctrine that raoral law
and natural rights, as viewed from their standpoint, are paramount
to the constitution ; the total disregard by the administration of the
supplications of the conservative border states for a peace policy; all
these things have alarmed the whole south, and have provoked and
expanded into fearful proportions the present revolution. There-

168 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
fore, before God, the civilized world, and our country, we charge the
republican party of the nation as being the primary cause of plung
ing the best, the happiest, the most powerful and prosperous nation
on earth into what now proraises to be the most terrible civil and
sectional war ever known in the history of the world.
2. That we condemn the raode and manner adopted by the south
for redress,' seeking security for their rights out of, rather than in,
the union, without heeding the sincere petitions of the border states.
We affirm that our destinies are with the governraent in this
struggle, and we love and revere the flag of our country and the con
stitution as our fathers raade it, and stand pledged to protect and
defend both, and preserve the integrity of that nation with whose
destiny we are linked, and whose honbr is our honor.
3. That California, as a state, cannot take a neutral position in
this trying crisis of our country; that she must either reraain in the
union or go out of it ; that we intend she shall remain in it, loyal to'
the constitution and to the national flag.
4. T'hat it is the soleran duty of our state to contend in the con
gress of the union, for peace, and urge the reception of coraraission
ers with a view of agreeing upon a peaceful settleraent of our diffi
culties by guarantees and reunion. If this should fail, then let
California stand (in congress) on this sectional contest between her
coraraon parents, as did Burke and Pitt in the coraraons on the seven
years' struggle between England and her colonies, deploring separa
tion, but denying the policy of subjugation.
5. That the deraocratic party of this nation has ever recogmzed
the constitution of our country as the highest law in the land, and,
with the watchwords, the "union and the constitution," carried our
country safely through all its trials, and, in view of the irapending
peril, it is the duty of all good citizens to rally to the standard of
that party which has ever recognized the obligations of the con
stitution upon all, and the constitutional right of all under it, and
rescue, if possible, our whole country and her institutions from
both northern and southern fanaticism; and present or accept any
plan of peaceful solution which can be honorably adopted by our
government. '
After a discussion, in which Sanderson addressed the convention
at length, the rainority report subraitted by hira was rejected — only
two persons voting for it. The substitute resolutions were also lost.
The report of the majority was then taken up. A motion to amend

BRECKINRIDGE CONVENTION. 169
the first resolution by adding the words "provided the resolutions of
1798, referred to in this platform, should not be construed as
declaratory of the right of secession," was lost, and the original
resolution adopted. Thomas H. Williaras offered the following
substitute for the second resolution :
That we are opposed to the doctrine of the republican adrainistra
tion— a party which holds that the constitution of the United States
raust be maintained, and the union preserved by the exercise of the
coercive powers confided to and assuraed by the federal governraent
within the several states, in opposition to the will of the people
thereof. The araendraent was rejected, and the original resolution adopted.
James T. Farley offered the following substitute for the third reso
lution :
That we are in favor of the preservation of the union upon con
stitutional guarantees which will be acceptable to both sections of
the confederacy, and that we believe the plan of settleraent pro-
posecj by the Hon. John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, would meet
with the entire approbation of the conservative men in all sections
of the union.
F. M. Warmcastle offered the following substitute for the sub
stitute :
That we are in favor of and will urge the adoption of the Critten
den resolutions, so called, or any other measures of peace and com
promise which will restore harmony to our comraon country.
Both substitutes were rejected. Lindley moved to araend by strik
ing out all after the first proposition, and inserting the following
instead :
Then, we are in favor of the reception of peace coraraissioners,
for the purpose of obtaining a peaceful settleraent of our difficulties,
upon such terms as the surrounding circurastances and the honor of
our country raay require.
The amendraent was rejected, and the original resolution adopted.
The fourth resolution was agreed to. Kittrell raoved to amend the
fifth resolution by adding : "and that his action in the premises
deserves that he should be impeached before the next congress of
the United States." A delegate said that Lincoln deserved impeach-

170 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
ment in hell and heaven as well as on earth, and the reraark was
received with applause. The araendraent was lost by a close vote,
and the original resolution adopted. The sixth resolution was
agreed to. Williaras offered the following additional resolution :
That the speedy construction of a Pacific railroad is a national
necessity; and that the democracy of Oalifornia earnestly urge the
use of the public money in aid of such work, instead of the prosecu
tion of a war for the subjugation of the seceded states, so called,
and the forcible emancipation of negroes held as property within
those states.
After a discussion, all after the words "seceded states" was
stricken out, and the resolution, as araended, adopted. Farley offered
the following which was adopted :
That we recognize the plan of settleraent proposed by the Hon.
John J. Crittenden, of Kentucky, in the senate of the United States,
as being patriotic and just to all sections of the union, and it should
have been adopted as a settlement of the difficulties existing between
the contending sections.
On the 1 3th, Lindley offered the following :
That the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions of 1798, referred to
and approved by us in the Cincinnati platform, and reaffirmed by
our first resolution, are not construed by us as being declaratory of
the right of secession.
Williams offered to araend by adding the following : "or any
other specific mode of redress." After a lengthy discussion, a
raotion to lay on the table was lost — 131 to 137; the araendraent
was adopted, and the resolution, as araended, adopted. The conven
tion then adjourned until July 23d. This adjournment, without
making norainations, was the result of two causes : First, the hope
of uniting a large portion of the Douglas and Bell and Everett
parties with thera when they would meet again, upon the comraon
basis of opposition to the adrainistration — it being a general senti
ment among the delegates that a reaction would take place in a few
weeks in popular sentiment, which would array a powerful party in
the north against the president's war policy; and, second, the
inability to fix upon a standard bearer. At the adjourned meeting,
the follo^wing resolutions, offered by H. P. Barber, were adopted :

BRECKINRIDGE CONVENTION. 171
That this convention is unequivocably opposed to the bulkhead
scheme, either directly or indirectly, and that we will use all honora
ble means to prevent and defeat a measure which is eminently cal
culated to create a moneyed raonopoly for a few, at the expense of
the best interests of the raany.
That we tender the hand of cordial welcome and friendship to
those old tried democrats in the eastern states who, regardless of
threats or menaces,- are standing unflinchingly at their posts, bat
tling in defense of the old Anglo-Saxon rights of freedom of speech
and person against executive usurpations and unauthorized assurap-
tions of power, destructive to the liberties of the people and subver
sive of a free government.
Lindley then offered the following :
1. That the federal government has no powers except such as are
delegated by the constitution, or clearly implied as necessary in
executing the expressed powers. It is supreme within the powers
delegated, and has the constitutional right to preserve itself intact,
until changed or destroyed, by raeans provided in the constitution.
2. That the state governraents have respectively all the general
powers of sovereignty not delegated to the governraent, and are
equally supreme within the limits of their reserved powers, and have
also the right to preserve themselves intact. There is no "paramount
allegiance" to either, but a separate and complete obligation to each
within their respective limits.
3. That California, from her institutions, interests, associations,
and patriotism, remains true to the union, and loyal to the constitu
tion and flag of our country.
4. That we condemn both northern and southern agitators — aboli
tionists and secessionists — for plunging our country into sectional
war. It should be the mission of Oalifornia to aid in arresting this
fearful strife, and restoring peace to our distracted people. But
she raust contend for peace as a question of policy -within the gov
emment with whose destinies she is cast, and whose honor is our
honor. She must contend for it to preserve the whole country. If
she fails in this, then she must contend for it as a means of preserv
ing frora exhaustion, anarchy, or railitary despotism, those states
with which our lot is cast.
These resolutions gave rise to a prolonged, and in some respects,
bitter controversy, which lasted during the greater part of the day.

172 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
On the next day, they were referred to a coramittee, consisting of
A. P. Crittenden, J. J. Franklin, T. H. Williams, P. L. Edwards,
A. Montgomery, D. F. Douglass, and N. E. Whiteside.
The following report of the comraittee was adopted, on the 24th :
That convinced, as your comraittee are, that this convention did
not, and does not intend in its platforra to express any opinion what
ever in favor of the right of secession, your coramittee do not con
sider it either necessary or proper to adopt any explanatory resolu-
tibn upon the subject ; and believing that the substance of the third
and fourth resolutions presented by Mr. Lindley is already contained
in our platform, we see no reason for any further declaration of our
loyalty to the union. We, therefore, recoraraend that the resolu
tions be indefinitely postponed.
On the 24th, the following nominations were made :
John R. McConnell, for governor, without opposition.
Jasper O'Farrell, for lieutenant-governor, on the first ballot, over
-John A. Eagon and John 0. Dudley.
W. 0. Wallace, for justice of thfe suprerae court, on the first
ballot, over Sydney L. Johnson ; H. P. Barber and J. G, Baldwin
declining. H. P. Barber and D. 0. Shattuck, for raerabers of congress, on
the first ballot, over N. E. Whiteside, R. P. Hammond (declined),
John 0. Burch (declined), and John A. McQuade (declined).
Samuel H. Brooks, for controller, on the .first ballot, over G. W.
Hook. Thos. Findley, for treasurer, on the first ballot, over John Q.
Brown; R. G. Mesick declining.
Tod Robinson, for attorney-general, by acclamation ; John Nugent,
Huraphrey Griffith, and Edraund Randolph withdrawing. '^
Horace A. Higley, for surveyor-general, without opposition; W. S.
Oreen withdrawing.
M. D. Carr, for printer, on the first ballot, over S. W. Ravely and
D. Fairchild.
Chas. S. Fairfax, for clerk of the supreme court, on the first ballot,
over Tabb Mitchell and John R. Kittrell.
At the second meeting of the convention, some eight or nine
counties, not represented at the first raeeting, had delegates present.
Several secession speeches were raade in the convention, the most

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 173
remarkable of which was delivered by Edmund Randolph, who
declined to be a candidate for attorney-general against Robinson,
and after announcing that he was opposed to the policy of President
Lincoln and the war, said :
If that be the democratic party represented by yourselves, then
I ara with you (applause). If it be any other party, under any
other name, represented by anybody else under God's heaven, then I
am with them. My thoughts and my heart are not here to-night in
this house. Far to the east, in the homes from which we came
tyranny and usurpation, with arras in its hands, is this night, per
haps, slaughtering our fathers, our brothers, and our sisters, and
outraging our horaes in every conceivable way shocking to the heart
of huraanity and freedora. To me, it seems a waste of time to talk.
For God's sake, tell me of battles fought and won. Tell rae of the
usurpers overthrown; that Missouri is again a free state, no longer
crushed under the arraed heel of a reckless, and odious despot. Tell
me that the state of Maryland lives again; and oh ! let us read, let
us hear, at the first moraent that not one hostile foot now treads the
soil of Virginia (applause and cheers). If this be rebellion, then I
ara a rebel. Do you want a traitor, then ara I a traitor % For
God's sake speed the ball ; raay the lead go quick to his heart, and
may our country be firee from this despot usurper that now claims
the name of president of the United States (cheers).
A state comraittee was appointed, consisting bf Wra. H. Glas
cock, A. C. Hinkson, J. E. N. Lewis, Jas. H. Hardy, 0. D. Scrapie,
J. 0. Hunsaker, D. W. Gelwicks, T. H. Williaras, D. E. Buell, G.
W. Hook, John Daggett, J. L. Brent, S. A, Merritt, J. W. Best,
Geo. D. Roberts, S. B. Wyman, John Q. Brown, C. T. Botts, W.
J. Hooten, T. L. Thompson, A. P. Crittenden; T. Hayes, J. H.
Wise, J. B. Haggin, V. E. Geiger, J. 0. Burch, J. B. Lamar, O.
S Witherby, J. L. Ord, W. W. McCoy, 0. Lindley, P. L. Edwards,
E. J. 0. Kewen and others.
The republican state convention met at Sacraraento on Tuesday,
June 18, 1861, and was called to order by B. W. Hathaway, chair
man of the state coramittee. About 250 delegates were present.
J. McM. Shafter was chosen temporary chairraan, and on permanent
organization A. A. Sargent was president ; and 0. P. Hester, Alfred
Barstow, L. Hamilton, G. W. Granniss, L. Cunningham, Hart Fel-

174 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
lows, Jas. Collins and others vice-presidents. A coramittee on reso
lutions was appointed, consisting of E. B, Crocker, 0. J. Hillyer,
E. G. Waite, A. L. Rhodes, G. W. Granniss, A. H. Myers, H. Oum-
mings, J. A. Banks, G. W. Tyler and others. On the 19th the fol
lowing resolutions were adopted :
1. That the union of all the states must be preserved, the fed
eral constitution sustained, and the national flag respected wherever
it waves. 2. That we heartily endorse and approve the firra, bold and ener
getic course of the present adrainistration in its defense of the na
tional territory and property from the attacks of rebels and traitors,
and we pledge ourselves and all that we have, to sustain the federal
government, in the use of all its powers in maintaining the constitu
tion, enforcing the laws, recapturing and preserving the national
forts, arsenals and other property, punishing traitors, and in defend
ing union men in aU parts of the country.
3. That the doctrine that a state is superior to the federal govem
ment, and that the former has a paramount claim to our allegiance,
and the consequent assumption of the right of secession, is repug
nant to the constitution, and to every principle of our system of gov
ernment, and can only result in the destruction of the union and the
establishment of a general anarchy.
4. That we point with pride to the general uprising of the people
of all classes and all parties, both native and foreign-born, in sup
port of the federal administration, as giving assurance to the world
that we have a govemment fixed in the hearts of the people, and
which is able to withstand all shocks, whether from domestic traitors
or foreign foes, and as giving further assurance of a speedy retum of
peace by a thorough crushing out of rebellion.
The words "and all parties" were stricken out of the above reso
lution in the convention.
5. That we invite all who love tha union and the constitution,
and who favor the enforcement of the laws, to unite with us in one
great adminstration party, in the support of the federal governraent,
and the defense and vindication of the national flag.
6. That our present public school systera should be sustained in
all its essential features, and every effort should be made to extend
its benefits and efficiency, and keep it free from all sectarian influ
ences.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 175
7. That under our present administration we look forward with
hope to the speedy corapletion of a Pacific railroad, and the adop
tion of the free homestead system in the disposition of the public
lands. 8. That we are opposed to the granting of valuable franchises to
private parties- unless clearly required by the public good ; and the
opinions and interests of the local comraunities, whose rights are
thereby affected, should always be consulted, and when it is clearly
requisite that such franchises should be confided to individuals or
incorporated companies, the right to enjoy them should be opened
to free, publio corapetition, and under suitable restrictions, awarded
to those -who will accept their use for the shortest period, or pay
into the public treasury the largest annual, or other compensation.
The original resolution read "shortest period and pay," but the
"and " was changed to "or" in the convention.
9. That in this hour of .our country's peril, the death of the
Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, whose course in the present unfortu
nate crisis of our affairs is so honorably in contrast with that of some
of his late corapetitors and coadjutors, is a national calaraity; and
that in rising above party for the good of his country he proved
himself a true patriot.
A. H. Myers offered the following, which was laid on the table :
it at in the opinion of this convention the interference of federal
ofiScials in local conventions and elections is a fruitful source of cor
ruption, and should be discontinued.
A. M. Crane offered the following, which was indefinitely post
poned— 135 to 108 :
That the treasonable conclave who recently assembled in this place,
and under the name of a democratic convention, put forth to the
people a platform announcing in substance their sympathy for trait
ors, and in conderanation of the federal adrainistration in its at
tempts to preserve, defend and vindicate the constitution and laws,
raeets with the raost unqualified condemnation of this convention,
and, as we believe, of a vast and overwhelming majority of the peo
ple of this state.
The following candidates were nominated on the 19th and 20th:

176 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Leland Stanford, for governor, on the first ballot, having received
197 votes, to 104 for T. G. Phelps, and 24 for D. J. Staples; Sam
uel B. Bell withdrawing.
John F. Chellis, for lieutenant-governor, on the first ballot, over
Alex. G. Abell and Hiram Cummings ; A. M. Orane withdrawing.
T. G. Phelps and Aaron A. Sargent, for congressraen, over Chas.
A. Tuttie, S. B. Bell, F. F. Fargo, Alex. CarapbeU, Frank M. Pixley,
D. R. Ashley, and D. J. Staples.
Edward Norton, for justice of the suprerae court, on the first ballot,
over Oscar L. Shafter.
Frank M. Pixley, for attorney-general, without opposition.
Frank F. Fargo, for clerk of the suprerae court, on the first ballot,
over A. L. Rhodes, John L. Sykes, and James Green.
George R. Warren, for controller, on the first ballot, over W.
- Jones, Louis Jazinsky, T. 0. Boucher, George 0. Hough, and F. F.
Low. J. F. Houghton, for surveyor-general, on the first ballot, over A.
B. Bowers, J. E. Whicher, and D. T. Hall.
Benjamin P. Avery, for printer, -without opposition ; F. Eastman,
James W. Towne, F. Blake, George Amerige, and H. S. Crocker
withdrawing. Delos R. Ashley, for treasurer, on the first ballot, over William
Jones, A. E. Hooker, and M. B. Clute.
It is a matter of curfosity that, with one exception, the nominees
were from either New York or Massachusetts. A state committee
was selected, composed of A. B. Nixon, F. F. Low, B. W. Hatha
way, A. Barstow, 0. L. Taylor, A. G. Abell, L. R. Lull, William
Sherman, Charles Maclay, and others.
The union democratic state convention met in Sacramento on
Thursday, July 4th, with about 650 delegates present. All of the
counties were represented, and it was the largest convention of a
party character that had assembled in the state. Jos. P. Hoge,
chairman of the state coramittee, called it to order, and Leander
Quint was chosen temporary chairman. On the 5th, James W. Oof
froth was elected president, and A. B. Dibble, Charles E. Allen, A.
Redington, 0. B. Fowler, J. G. Wickersham, P. E. Conner, 0. V. R.
Lee, T. N. Cazneau, A. Deering, A. 0. Brown, and others, vice-
presidents. The committee on resolutions consisted of M. Fallon,
A. 0. Brown, H. J. Tilden, D. P. Durst, John Hume, H. U. Jen
nings, J. T. Ryan, A. Deering, E. McGarry, J. K. Byrne, J. E. Hale,

UNION DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. l77
T. B. Shannon, A. Redington, A. J. Bryant, W. F. White, A.
Schell, 0. E. Fisher, J. H. Lawrence, O. Wolcott, 0. I. Hutchinson,
C. E. DeLong, and others. On the 6th, the sarae prearable that had
been adopted by the Douglas state committee on May 8th was adopted
by the convention, except that in paragraph "6" the words, "trea
sonable combinations in certain states claiming to have seceded from
the union," appeared in place of the words, "certain seceding states"
(p. 162). The following resolutions were agreed to:
1. (The sarae as the first resolution of the committee, except that
the words, "with all its might," were omitted — p. 163.)
(Resolutions 2, 3, and 4 were the sarae as the resolutions of like
nurabers adopted by the committee.)
5. That in the present overwhelming crisis, he who would seek by
reviving past partizan issues — (The balance of the resolution was
the same as the fifth resolution of the coramittee, after the words,
"reviving them" — p. 163.)
6. That we hold our paramount allegiance is due to the federal
governraent ; that the right of state secession is a dangerous heresy,
inevitably destructive of our form of governraent.
7. That obedience to the constitutional will of majorities is the
only safeguard of republican governments ; that - we will uphold
the constitutional authorities, under all circumstances and at all
hazards, in maintaining federal jurisdiction in its sphere, regardless
of what party may be in power.
8. That governraents are political organizations, arraed with co
ercive power, without which they cannot exist. That it is not only
no assuraption of authority upon the part of governments, but their
positive duty, to exercise such coercive power in order to maintain
theraselves against either foreign invasion or domestic rebellion.
9. That we trace the causes through which the present rebellion
has been accomplished to the existence of sectional political parties
in the country; one, founded upon anti-slavery, the other pro-slavery
— both equally anti-democratic, and destructive of the peace, har
mony, and prosperity of the country ; that it is the duty of the
union democratic party to take a strong conservative position in
this the hour of our country's trial, and rallying around our national
flag, present an unbroken front to all sectional agitation.
10. (The same as the sixth resolution adopted by the coramittee.)
11. That in the death of Stephen A. Douglas, the democratic
party has lost a great and raighty leader ; the country a true pa-
12

178 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.

triot, and our nation one of its brightest ornaments and noblest ben
efactors, and that in his dying words he has left us an imperishable
legacy which will constitute in history the higtest tribute to his
memory. D. D. Golton ofiered the following, which were laid on the table ;
1. That California has too long suffered from special, excessive
and wasteful legislation ; that we are unalterably opposed to all law
making for private profit at the the public expense, and especially
to all schemes for giving up the water front and commerce of the
state at San Francisco to private parties or companies under the
• pretext of a bulkhead, seawall, wharf, combination, or any other
name or serablance whatever. And we recoraraend that candidates
for the legislature be pledged to this resolution.
2. That it is the duty of the legislature, by all proper means, to
increase, maintain, and preserve the coraraon school fund of the
state, the general education of the people being its practical power,
prosperity and greatness.
On the 8th and 9th, the following norainations were made :
John Conness for governor, on the fourteenth ballot, over John
G. Downey, J, W. McOorkle, Eugene Oasserly, John Bidwell, and
Samuel Platt. The various ballotings were as follows :

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

«

9

10

11

12

13

14

Conness 

212
178160 52
52

2^27
171 157 49 50

231179
152 4052

237169 148 4762

240
172147 39
55

239174
150 32
57

231
176150 3462

233
178
147 35
61

235
180
147 40
62

238
183
148 39
46

261
170163 40
wit

282
179162 81

297
184164 1

tw

I't

ISI

Bidwell 

McCorkle
\('-.:
Richard Irwin, for lieutenant-governor, on the first ballot, over
Thoraas B. Shannon, J. H. Hill, and O. K. Smith.
Henry Edgerton and Joseph 0. McKibben, for congressmen, over
James W. Ooffroth, J. I. Pitzer, David Mahoney, R. M. Briggs, and
Charles E. DeLong.
B. 0. Whitman, for justice of the supreme court, without oppo
sition. George S. Evans, for clerk of the supreme court, on the second
ballot, over M. D. Boruck, W. A. Gard, James D. Ryan, and Wm."
Hayden. George W. Bowie, for attorney-general, without opposition, Frank
Hereford, W. G. Morris, 0. T. Ryland, S. W. Brockway, S. G,
Clarke, and F. B. Higgins, withdrawing.
STATE ELECTION. I79
J. T. Landrura, for treasurer, on the first ballot, over I. N. Daw
ley and Thomas Findley.
James E. Nuttraan, for controller, on the first ballot, over Austin
W. Thorapson and M. Gray.
J. J. Gardiner, for surveyor-general, on the first ballot, over W.
S. Watson, John Doherty, J. J. Cloud, and John Allen.
John R. Ridge, for printer, on the third ballot, over John White,
W. J. Forbes, Thoraas A. Springer, Jaraes H. Lawrence, Andrew
Black, and Wra. Biven.
A state committee was selected, consisting of A. 0. Brown, John
Hume, Wra. Higby, W. G. Morris, J. T. Ryan, A. Deering, E. Mc
Garry, L. Quint, J. K. Byrne, L. B. Arnold, J. W. Ooffroth, 0. V.
R. Lee, J. 0. Davis, J. B. Southard, W. J. Forbes, L. N. Ketchura,
J. P. Hoge, D. D. Colton, P. Donahue, 0. E. DeLong, ti. D. Lati
mer, S. H. Chase, J. J. Green, A. Redington, Frank Denver, W. B.
Hunt, M. Walden, and others.
On July 31st an attempt was made to hold a Breckinridge ratifi
cation meeting at San Francisco, but the people refused to hear the
speakers. The candidate for govemor endeavored to raake himself
heard, but he only partially succeeded. Other meetings of the
same party, held elsewhere in the state, were also disturbed and
broken up.
Under the congressional apportionment, based on the census of
1860, California became entitled to three representatives in con
gress, and the several state coraraittees agreed to place on each
ticket another candidate for congress. On August 20th, the repub
lican committee norainated Frederick F. Low ; on the 22d, the
union democratic comraittee norainated Joseph R. Gitchell ; and on
the 27th, the Breckinridge committee norainated F. Ganahl.
Towards the close of the carapaign, a settlers' ticket was placed in
the field, but it cut no particular figure in the fight. It was made up
frora the other tickets, and endorsed Conness for governor, Irwin for
lieutenant-govemor, Phelps and McKibben for congressmen, Norton
for justice of the suprerae court, Fargo for clerk of the suprerae
court, Bowie for attorney-general, Ashley for treasurer, Nuttraan
for controller, and Gardiner for surveyor-general.
The election was held on Wednesday, September 4th, and resulted
in a coraplete triuraph for the republican ticket. It was attended
with considerable exciteraent, and at San Francisco a few prominent
secessionists were driven from the polls. Weapons were drawn, but

l80 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN cALtFOkNtA.
no person was hurt. In a private conversation during the campaign,
McConnell had stated, it was said, that as Kentucky would go so he
would go, and that Kentucky would go out of the union. This
remark was used with effect against hira, and on the eve of the elec
tion he published a letter, in which he stated that if he should be
elected he would obey the federal requisitions for troops, etc. ; but
his profession of loyalty came too late to save him from defeat.
An effort was made late in the campaign to consolidate the union
democratic and republican parties and tickets, but it failed of con
summation. The vote of the state was officially canvassed on October 17th, and
the following result was exhibited :
For (9oi)erwor— Stanford, 56,036; Conness, 30,944; McConnell,
32,751. Lieutenant-Governor — Chellis, 52,593 ; Irwin, 34,479; O'Farrell,
32,356. Congressmen— Ylxel^s, 51,651; Sargent, 50,692; Low, 39,060;
Edgerton, 35,449 ; McKibben, 35,401 ; Gitchell, 22,550 ; Barber,
31,591; Shattuck, 31,712; Ganahl, 24,036.
Justice of the Supreme Court — :Norton, 53,652 ; Whitman, 3^-
034; Wallace, 31,970.
Attorney-General — Pixley, 48,664; Bowie, 37,615; Robinson,
31,880. Treasurer— Ashley, 51,868; Landrum, 34,116; Findley, 33,153,
Controller— Warren, 51,658; Nuttraan, 35,186; Brooks, 31,239,
Surveyor-General^-H.o\x^h.ton, 51,373; Gardiner, 35,439; Higley,
32,179. Clerk of the Supreme Court — Fstrgo, 51,017; Evans, 36,487
Fairfax, 32,314.
Printer— Avery, 52,160; Ridge, 34,849; Carr, 32,300. '
After the election, a nuraber of southern sympathizers left the
state to join the confederate army, and not a few citizens of Oali
fornia enlisted in the federal array. On August 3d, Austin E.
Smith, a son of "Extra Billy" Smith, and who had beeu promi
nently connected with state politics, was arrested for treason in
New York, on the arrival of the California steamer, on which he
was a passenger. Senator Gwin, Calhoun Benhara, and J. L. Brent
were also arrested on board of a steamer for the east by General
Sumner, for the same offence, and placed in a New York jail.
None of the parties were detained long. D. Showalter and a party

UNIQN RESOLUTIONS. \^\
who were raaking their way south overland, were overhauled and
brought back and iraprisoned for a time. Congressman Scott did
not return to the state, but went south and joined the confederate
army. Ex-congressman Herbert also fought against the union, and
was killed in action. Late in November, controller Brooks pri
vately placed his resignation in the hands of the governor, and after
disposing of his property, left the state and enlisted in the southern
army.

CHAPTER XIV.

1862. Union Resolutions— Union Convention — Douglas Convention 
Breckinridge Convention.
Early in the session of the legislature of 1862, resolutions on the
state of the union were introduced, and, as in the session of 1861,
they gave rise to lengthy debates. On April 4th, a preamble and
series of resolutions were adopted by both houses, which recited that
the federal governraent was, at that tirae, struggling to put down a
formidable rebellion, and to preserve the integrity of the union,
under which, by the blessing of heaven, we had grown to be a great
and prosperous nation ; and that the people of this' state, as a part of
the comraon government, whose existence had become endangered
by such a rebellion, could not, with honor or propriety, reraain silent
or passive. Therefore, it was resolved, that the attachraent of the
people of California to the union of the states in one undivided
nation is firm and unalterable ; that the rebellion was without justi
fication or decent excuse, and was but the result of a wicked con
spiracy long since formed by designing and ambitious men to over
throw our republican form of government, and subvert the liberties
of the American people ; that they favored the most thorough and
vigorous prosecution of the war ; that they viewed with pride and
admiration the conservative and patriotic course pursued by the
president, and denounced as enemies of the country all those who
sought to divide the executive councils or erabarrass the govern
ment either by captious criticisra or by efforts to convert the war
into a raeans for carrying out ultra political doctrines ; that the peo
ple of the state pledged their cordial and earnest support to the
federal government; that the questions which had in the past
divided the people into different political organizations had either

182 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
becorae obsolete or were for the time being in abeyance, and that
the only vital issue before the country was the one of loyalty or dis
loyalty. While the resolutions were under consideration in the
senate, on March fith, R. F. Perkins offered an amendraent recom
mending that the slaves in the south be arraed, but it received but
one vote — his own.
F. F. Low, who had been elected a third raember of congress in
1861, proceeded to Washington and presented his credentials, but
was not admitted to a seat in the house of representatives, until
June 3d.
The subject of uniting the republican and union deraocratic par
ties continued to be agitated in 186,2, and raany of the prominent
members of those parties favored abandoning both party organiza
tions and forming a new party, the foundation principle of which
should be the support of the union and of the administration of
President Lincoln. A considerable nuraber of union deraocrats,
however, desired that no change should be made. They disliked the
abolition doctrine of the republicans and the secession sentiment of
the Breckinridge democracy, and preferred to occupy the raiddle
ground. It was very evident, however, that their party was rapidly
approaching dissolution, and that portions of it would go to each of
the other parties.
On April 6th, several of the state officers addressed a letter to
Governor Stanford, in which they stated that much discussion had
arisen as to the propriety of calling a republican state convention to
norainate a party candidate for the only state office to be filled that
year, and asked his opinion as to the expediency of calling such a
convention. The governor replied, on the 9th, and advised that a
republican convention be called, and that a strict party organization
be raaintained. The letter was the subject of considerable coraraent,
and was criticised by some of the papers as being at variance with
the views of a raajority of the party.
A raeeting of republican and union deraocratic raerabers of the
legislature, who were of a liberal turn, was held on the 26th of
April, for consultation, and it was resolved that the state committees
of the two parties be requested to jointly call a union administration
convention. On April 28th, the republican comraittee issued a call for a state
convention of the people who were in favor of sustaining the national
administration, and of raaintaining^ the constitution bf the tJnited

UNION DEMOCRA TS. 183
States, and preserving the union entire. The name " republican "
was dropped frora the call, which was issued in response to a nuraer-
ously signed request directed to the comraittee, asking it to take the
step as the initial raove towards forming a new party.
An adjourned raeeting of the legislative caucus was held on the
same evening, which was attended by twenty-nine raembers. Reso
lutions were unanimously adopted endorsing the republican com
mittee call, and recomraending that the loyal voters of the state
respond by the election of delegates to the convention. They also
declared that the call sunk party designations and issues, and that
instead of being a call for a party convention, it appealed to those
who sustained the administration and the union. It was suggested
that a raore specific invitation be extended to the union deraocrats
to co-operate in the election of delegates, by a call from their state
committee. In the meantirae, in San Francisco, efforts were being raade to
effect a fusion of the Breckinridge and union democracy upon the
basis of opposition to Lincoln's administration.
On May 6th, David D. Oolton, the chairraan of the union derao
cratic state committee, addressed a letter to Senator W. Van Dyke,
chairman of the legislative caucus, in response to the request that
had been raade for the coraraittee to unite in the call for the union
adrainistration convention. ^ In the letter, Colton said that he
endorsed the union sentiraents in the caucus resolutions ; that he had
neither the disposition nor the power, acting as chairraan of the
coraraittee, to abandon the party organization and assist in the con
struction of a new party; that a union of union raen was not neces
sary; that as true and loyal men aa there were in California had voted
for McConnell, as the most available candidate to defeat the republi
can nominee ; that there was not then any considerable secession
element in the state ; that more than half of the federal sojdiers in
the field were democrats ; that the democratic patriots at horae
should pray for the absent, and keep up the old deraocratic party; that
that party alone could adrainister the government properly; that the
best of a hundred good reasons why the democratic party should
neither fuse with the republicans nor aid in building up a new
party, was that when peace was restored, the people would as
instinctively look to the democratic party to guide and control
them, as would the mariner, after a frightful storm, turn his eyes
to the compass to direct his course ; that the dismemberment of

184 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
the deraocratic party at Charleston was but teraporary, and that the
-war would soon be ended, and the nation and the democracy would
be restored to their original strength and purity. The letter was
regarded aa a strong bid for the peaceful adjustment of the differ
ences in the deraocratic party. i
On the 7th, the republican coraraittee again raet and extended a
specific invitation to the union democratic comlraittee to co-operate
with them in the call for the union convention.
Pursuant to the call issued by the republican coraraittee, the union
adrainistration state convention met at Sacramento on Tuesday,
June 17th. The attendance of delegates was quite large, and the
majority of them were republicans. The convention was called to
order byWilliara Sherraan, chairman of the republican state com
raittee, and G. W. Tyler was chosen teraporary chairraan over Alex.
G. Abell. In the evening a coraraittee on resolutions was appointed,
consisting of Delos R. Ashley, 0. B. Porter, T. J. Keyes, 0. I.
Hutchinson, Warner Oliver, Benj. P. Avery, Thos. Fitch, Nathaniel
Holland, T. W. Park, R. H. Farquhar, William Higby and others.
On perraanent organization, Walter Van Dyke was president ; and
0. P. Hester, B. W. Hathaway, Dr. 0. Duncombe, George 0. Gor
hara, B. R. Nickerson, Wra. Sherman, and others, vice-presidents. A
motion was made to appoint a coraraittee to select a state coraraittee,
to be coraposed of one member from each senatorial district, and it waa
agreed to after some debate. On the 18th, the coraraittee on resolu
tions made the following report which was unanimously adopted :
1. That we heartily endorse the present national administration,
and hereby pledge ourselves to sustain it in all its efforts to preserve
the union.
2. That we are in favor of a vigorous prosecution of the war,
without regard to cost or sacrifice, until the last arraed rebel is dis
armed and the supremacy of the national govemment acknowledged
in every state and territory of the union.
3. That we have no sympathy with any party or person who
advocates a peace on any terms while there is an enemy of the union
in open rebellion against the government; and that such a peace
would prove to be but a hollow truce, leading again ta rebellion and
war, and would be a lasting disgrace to us and to our country.
4. That every citizen of the United States owes an allegiance to
the national governraent which is paramount to his allegiance to

COMMITTEE RESOLUTIONS. 185
any state, and that any other doctrine would be repugnant to the
constitution and to every principle upon which our government is
founded. 5. That since the inauguration of the present national administra
tion, all issues heretofore dividing the loyal people of the different
political parties have been settled, and the only issue now before the
nation is union or disunion.
6. That we call upon all loyal citizens of this state to unite with
us in a union party, which shall place California where she of right
belongs — high in the rank of states, ready to sacrifice all to pre
serve the rich heritage of liberty bequeathed to us by our fore
fathers. The comraittee appointed on the preceding day reported the followr
ing names of gentlemen to constitute the state committee, and the
report was adopted : Wm. Sherman, Alfred Barstow, A. G. Abell,
James de la Montanya, W. G. Still, Charles A. Dana, James F.
Kennedy, N. Holland, A. E. Hooker, A. A. DeLong, T. K. Wilson,
W. H. Pratt, George Oulton, B. P. Avery, Charles James, J. 0.
Birdseye, Thomas Campbell, and others.
John Swett was nominated for superintendent of public instruc
tion, on the first ballot, over George W. Reed, T. N. Machin, Frank
Soule, J. B. McChesney, and A. H. Myers.
The following additional resolutions were adopted :
7. That we congratulate the army and navy of the United States
upon the recent brilliant victories which their valor has achieved,
and bespeak for thera, when their work shall have been accora
plished and peace consuraraated in the restoration of the union, the
warm gratitude of all true patriots.
8. That the thanks of Oalifornia are due to the house of repre
sentatives of the United States, for their prorapt action in the pas
sage of the Pacific railroad bill.
The union democratic state comraittee met at San Francisco on
July 2d, 1862, and was presided over by D. D. Oolton. Resolutions
were adopted endorsing the action of the chairraan in refusing to
disband the party at the request of the republican comraittee ; and
expelling from their comraittee Williara Higby, "who had betrayed
the trust reposed in him, by counseling, advising and co-operating
with the republican leaders and officeholders for the purpose of dis
organizing the union democratic party." The various coramunica-

186 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
tions requesting the committee to sanction the union administration
movement were laid on the table. A preamble and resolutions were
adopted declaring it to be inexpedient to call a state convention to
nominate a party candidate for school superintendent. Jaraes J.
Green and L. B. Arnold resigned as merabers of th6 committee, and
several other raerabers were not present at the meeting, as they
had ceased to act with the party. The following resolutions were
adopted :
The union democratic state central coramittee,' while it adheres to
and acknowledges the binding forra of the principles of our party plat
form, as established by the union democratic state convention of the
4th of July, 1861, deeras it eminently proper, under the existing state
of the country and of parties, to present to the union democratic
party of the state, the following resolutions :
1. That the union deraocratic party of California adheres iraraova-
bly to its distinctive organization, and recognizes no necessity in
the existing condition of the country and of the state, calling upon
us as deraocrats, or as patriots, to abandon or qualify that organiza
tion. 2. That the democratic party of California are now, as heretofore,
for the whole country, without division or dirainution, and for noth
ing less — for the union and the constitution, without conditions or
higher law reservations — for peace with all men and all nations,
when it can be honorably secured or preserved, and for war when
peace is no longer consistent with national dignity or the preserva
tion of the people's just rights — for a strict construction of the con
stitution of the country, and a sacred regard, at all times, and under
all circumstances, by ruler as weU as people, by servant as well as
citizen, for all its guarantees and provisions — for the preservation
of the freedora of speech and the liberty of the press — for an honest
and econoraical administration of the government, the faithful guard
ianship of the public credit, and the protn-pt punishment of treasury
plunderers. 3. That the present rebellion and the attempt to x>verthrow, by
force, the best government which the sun ever shown upon, is both
unreasonable and crirainal — an indefensible violation of all the
pledges which citizenship iraplies, and such an outrage against
humanity and civilization as nothing in the past can justify or
palliate.

UNION DEMOCRATIC COMMITTEE. 187
4. That, while this civil war continues, it is our duty and the duty
of all loyal citizens to render to the government a cheerful and ear
nest support ; to stand by it in the enforcement of all constitutional
measures tending to the suppression of arraed rebellion ; to give its
officers, so far as they are true to the trusts reposed in thera, the
aid and comfort which raay be derived frora our moral influence
and physical resources ; and that we extend to these gallant men of
our own and other states who have responded to the call of the gov
ernment for that protection which arms alone can give, our hearty
commendation and warmest sympathies. (The balance of the reso
lution is the sarae as the seventh resolution adopted by the union
adrainistration convention, on June 18th.)
5. That the effort now being made by a fanatical faction, under
the assumption of superior patriotism and loyalty, to divert this war
frora its original purpose, as proclaimed by the president and con
gress of the United States — the raaintenance of the federal constitu
tion and the preservation of the union's integrity — and to turn it
into a war of abolition, is an effort against the union, against the
constitution, against justice, and against humanity, and should be
proraptly frowned upon by all the friends of free institutions.
6. That to bring the present war to a final and happy conclusion,
and scQure a union of hearts as well as a union of hands, it is abso
lutely necessary to reassure the misguided raasses in the revolted
states that we mean no warfare upon their rights, and are actuated
by no spirit of revenge ; to disavow any other wish than that of
bringing together these now belligerent states, without the loss to
any one of thera of a single right or privilege which it has heretofore
enjoyed. To show by our acts, as well as by our professions, that our
whole purpose is to preserve our governraent jjist aa it carae to us
frora the hands of our fathers ; to regard all the guarantees of the
constitution, whether to the states, or to the people of the states and
to becorae once more a harmonious and happy people. And that, to
this end, it is the duty of the union deraocratic party not only to
preserve its distinctive organization, but to demonstrate by honorable
and patriotic raeasures, both its determination and its power, to with
stand and render harraless the assaults of northern or southern sec
tionalists upon constitutional liberty.
Jonathan D. Stevenson was norainated, without opposition, for
superintendent of public instruction.

188 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
On August 5th, L. B. Arnold, Jaraes J. Green, John B. Knox,
Wm. Higby, John Hume, E. Willow, A. 0. Brown, and P. E.
Drescher, raerabers of the union democratic state comraittee, pub
lished a letter in which they repudiated the action of the other
members of the comraittee, and declared theraselves in favor of
abandoning the old party organization and adhering to the union
adrainistration party.
The Breckinridge state convention raet at Sacraraento, on Wed
nesday, August fith. It was called to order by A. P. Crittenden,
chairraan of the state coramittee. Humphrey Griffith was elected
temporary chairraan. A committee on resolutions was appointed,
consisting of W. H. Glascock, Jaraes T. Farley, Tod Robinson,
Charies D. Scrapie, D. W. Gelwicks, A. P. Crittenden, W. 0. Wal
lace, B. F. Myers, T. H. Williaras, S. Heydenfeldt, D. S. Terry,
W. J. Hooten, H. P. Barber, J. F, Linthicum, and others. On per
manent organization, Griffith was elected president ; and Colonel
Haraszthy, H. P. Barber, W. 0. Wallace, David Fairchild, and
S. B. Wyraan, vice-presidents.
On the 7th, the following resolutions were reported by the cora
raittee :
Whereas, In the earliest years of the republic, a controversy
arose concerning the powers granted to the federal governraent, the
federalists claiming the power to enact the alien and sedition laws,
and the deraocrats denying that such power was delegated, and
insisting that all powers not expressly delegated were reserved to
the statea or to the people. The democratic party was then formed
upon the principles enunciated in the Kentucky and Virginia reso
lutions of 1798, and in the report of Mr. Madison to the Virginia
legislature of 1799, and have ever since been the distinctive feature
of deraocracy. The federal party becarae extinct, and the American
people sustained the equality and all the reserved rights of the states
until the inauguration of the present chief raagistrate, who in his
first address to the people denied that the states ever were inde
pendent sovereignties, and consequently had no right to judge of any
infraction of the federal compact ; thus denying that the people are
sovereign, or that they have a right to create a state government,
and also a federal governraent, granting to the one and denying to
the other any powers they may think best calculated to secure their

MEdcLNHlDGS CONVMNTLOM. 189
safety and happiness; and whereas, the revival of the doctrines of
the old federal party, destroying our forraer system of state goven-
raent is dangerous to civil liberties and justly alarraing to all lovers
of free government ; therefore, resolved,
1. That the democratic party of the present day is the true repre
sentative of' the theory of the American revolution ; that all just
powers are derived frora the consent of the governed, and that the
people have the right to change their form of government and their
political associations whenever they shall deem it essential to their
happiness. 2. That the constitution of the United States was a coraproraise
between confiicting sectional interests, and that the true construc
tion of that instruraent is the one which has always been maintained
by the democratic party and enunciated by its statesmen, in the
Virginia and Kentucky resolutions and the platforra of the national
democratic convention at Cincinnati.
3. That we agree with the present chief raagistrate in one senti
raent expressed by him, in substance, that the two sections of our
union cannot fight always; that, after they had exhausted them
selves by war, the same questions would arise, to be settled by
negotiation, the sarae sentiment having been expressed by Mr.
Douglas thafwosr loas disunion;" and again reiterated by our state
convention of last year, declaring that we preferred negotiations in
the outset to war.
4. That the war now waged by the United States against the
confederate states is unjust and unnecessary war, in which thousands
of valuable lives and raillions of treasure have been expended in
vain, when, as we feel and believe, this vast destruction would have
been avoided by wise diploraacy and teraperate negotiation.
5. That the events of the past twelve montha have convinced us
that no compromise can be made between the republican party and
the seceded states. Sectional hatred having constantly increased
under republican obstinancy in adhering to the Chicago platforra
instead of the constitution, therefore, the democratic party raust suc
ceed, or the war will have no end.
6. That the democratic party is now the only true union party,
because they now profess, and if in power would practice, the sarae
principles which have govemed their administrations from the
foundation of the government, to-wit : equal rights to each state
and to all sections, thus cutting off the possibility of sectional ani
raosity.

190 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
7. That the railitary should be subordinate to the civil power of
the governraent, and that we view with distrust the encroachments
of the military upon the rights of the civil authorities.
8. That the privileges of the writ of habeas corpus, regarded for
centuries as the greatest safeguard of the- liberties of the people,
and constituting a portion of our fundaraental law, should, except
as provided for by the constitution, remain inviolate to every
citizen. 9. That the freedom of speech, and of the press, should remain
unabridged ; that to deprive the people of these rights, guaranteed
to thera by the constitution, would be rank usurpation ; and that
they are inestiraable to the citizen, and formidable to tyrants only.
10.' That no citizen should be arrested without just or reasonable
cause, and the cause of his arrest should be made known to hira, and
a speedy trial granted.
11. That the rights of the several states, and state lines, and local
state institutions, should remain unimpaired.
12. Thatthe purpose avowed, and advocated hy republican dis
unionists — to liberate and arm the slaves — is revolting to humanity;
a disgrace to the age ; and raeets our unqualified conderanation.
13. That we view with alarra the reckless extravagance which
pervades every department of the federal governraent; that a
return to rigid econoray and accountability is indispensable to arrest
the systeraatic plunder of the public treasury by favorite partisans,
while the recent startling developments of frauds and corruptions at
the federal capital, show that an entire change of administration is
imperatively deraanded.
14. That we rejoice that the democratic members of congress, from
all the free states, have agreed upon the constitutional principles
erabodied in an address issued by them to the people of the United
States, and that great victories have been won by our fellow demo
crats in the western states, upon principles which we can cordially
endorse. (This resolution was stricken out in the comraittee.)
15. That we reaffirra and heartily endorse the sentiments contained
in the resolutions adopted by the democratic state convention, in
1861, of California.
T. H. Williams raoved to strike out the prearable and all the reso
lutions except the fifteenth. He said that there was rauch in the
resolutions that would have a tendency to confuse the minds of the
members of the convention, and that they would be raade the sub-

BRECKINRIDGE CONVENTION. iQi
ject far the severest criticism, if adopted. The motion prevailed,
and the fifteenth resolution was adopted 0. D. Scrapie offered the
resolution nurabered 14 in the above series, and it was adopted.
O. P. Fitzgerald was nominated, without opposition, for Superin
tendent of public instruction ; Andrew J. Moulder withdrawing.
During the sitting of the convention, several leading raembers
raade speeches in favor of raaking no nominations, and leaving
members of the party free to vote as they pleased, but a motion to
that end was laid on the table by a vote of 226J to 68|. About
108 delegates were present, although 295 votes were cast — nearly
two-thirds of the votes being cast by proxy. A state comraittee was
appointed, consisting of Harry Linden, 0. R. Street, D. E. Buell,
D. W. Gelwicks, George W. Hook, S. F. Harara, J. Daggett, T. J.
Henley, S. A. Merritt, J. W. Bost, D. S. Gregory, W. C. Wallace,
James Anderson, P. O. Hundley, T. H. Williams, Thomas Hayes,
J. H. Wise, P. L. Solomon, J. D. Thornton, D. S. Terry, J. L. Ord,
L. Archer, T. L. Thorapson, V. E. Geiger, H. P. Barber, H. Griffith,
B. P. Hugg, W. J. Hooten, and others.
Towards the close of August, Senator Latham delivered several
speeches from the sturap, in which he took the inconsistent position
of urging the prosecution of the war by the federal governraent to
last extreraity, and at the sarae tirae fiercely assailed the administra
tion. He- fixed the responsibility of the war upon the southern
leaders, and declared that it was the raost unjustifiable war recorded
upon the pages of history, and that it waa without apology or reason;
that the federal government was compelled to fight in self-defense,
and that, if it had not fought to vindicate itself, it would have
merited and received the conterapt of every governraent on the face
of the earth ; that it would have to be fought out, and that no set
tlement could be expected until the war was at an end ; that the
original object of the war, ao far aa the federal governraent was con
cerned, was legitiraate and proper, but that that original object had
been abandoned, and that it was then prosecuted for emancipation
purposes ; that the constitution had been violated in the passage of
confiscation bills, and that men had been illegally and unconstitu
tionally imprisoned ; that the law abolishing slavery in the District
of Columbia was an outrage, and that the ultra abolitionists had
obtained the control of the government; and ho said that the world
had never witnessed , such corruption as had been developed in the
conduct of the war by the federal government. Congressraen Sar
gent and Phelps delivered speeches in reply to Lathara.

192 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The election was held on September 3d, after a vigorous cam
paign, and the union administration ticket was successful. The offi
cial vote waa published on November 3d, and exhibited that Swett
had received 51,238 votes; Stevenson, 21,514; and Fitzgerald, 15,-
817. Shortly after the election, several prominent southern sympa
thizers, araong whom were two merabers elect to the legislature,
were arrested by the United Statea authorities and sent to Alcatraz,
but on taking the oath of allegiance to the government, they were
discharged. CHAPTER XV.
1S63. Union Resolutions — Union Convention — Democratic Conven
tion.
In the senate, on January fith, 0. B. Porter, of Contra Costa,
offered the following concurrent resolution :
That the loyal state of California receives with earnest favor the
recent proclamation of freedom issued by the president of the United
Statea and commander-in-chief of the army and navy, regarding the
policy of the measure as necessary for the success of the efforts of
the govemment for the suppression of a desperate and wicked
rebellion, and the re-establishment of its authority,- consistent with
the spirit of our institutiona, and full of promise for the future per
manence, unity, and prosperity of the nation, and we hereby pledge
to the measure the cordial and earnest support of the people of
Oalifornia. B. Shurtieff offered a substitute, declaring in effect, that the people
of California would continue to render the government their sincere
and united support in the use of all legitimate raeans to suppress
the rebellion, and "to restore the union as it was, and maintain.
the constitution as it is ;" that they believed that that sacred instru
ment, founded in the wisdom of our fathers, clothed the constituted
authorities with full power to accoraplish such purpose ; that the
policy to which the government was pledged by a resolution passed
by congress, in July, 1861, could not be departed from without viola
tion of public faith, in which resolution it was declared that the war
was not waged by the federal government in any spirit of oppression
or for the purpose of conquest or subjugation, or for the purpose of

UNION STATE COMMITTEE. I93-
overthrowihg or interfering with the rights or established institu
tions of the seceded states, but to defend and raaintain the suprem
acy of the coristitution and to preserve the union ; and that they
viewed with disfavor the emancipation proclaraation, believing that
it was unwise, impolitic, and in direct contravention of the Araeri
can doctrine as laid down by our fathers in the war bf the revolu
tion, and unaniraously reaffirraed by the Araerican people in the last
war with Great Britain. The substitute was lost, and the original
resolution adopted by a vote of 31 to 8. On the sarae day, E. B.
Smith, of Sierra, introduced the following concurrent resolution in
the assembly :
That we fully and heartily endorse the action of the president of
the United States in issuing his proclamation of the 1st of January,
declaring slaves, in certain atates and parts of states in rebellion
against the government, to be free; and that we believe with him
that it is "an act of justice, warranted by the constitution as a mili
tary necessity "
The resolution was laid over. The next day, the senate resolu
tion came up in the asserably, and it was laid over under the rule
which required that resolutions concerning federal affairs should be
treated the same as bills. On the 10th, the senate resolution was,
after a lengthy discussion, amended on motion of Sanderson so as to
indicate clearly- that the measure was endorsed as a war policy,
deemed proper and necessary by the coraraander-in-chief of the army
and navy, and in that shape it was adopted by a vote of 64 to 11.
The senate concurred in the ameiidmerits on the sarae day. In the
resolution, as thus finally passed, the words "policy of the" were
omitted, and the words "laws of war'' substituted for "spirit of our
institutions." The uriion state committee issued a call on April 10th, for a state
convention, which was addressed "to all citizens who -were willing to
sustain the natibrial adrhinistration in its efforts to suppress the
rebellion." The party had greatly increased in strength since its
success in 1862, and from the fact that national questions were
kept prominently befbre the people through the action of union
leagues, which had been orgariized in alraost every town and precinct
in the state, these leagues were in the nature of political clubs, in
the interest of the union party. Stanford, Sargent, and Low were
the le'adirig ck'nd'idafres fbr the noriiinatiori fbr gbvernoi', arid at first
13

. 194 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
the outlook was decidedly favorable to the renoraination of the then
incumbent of that office, but the friends of Low worked with system
to secure the election of delegates pledged to his support, and with
so much success that Stanford finally withdrew from the fight. On
June 3d, the Sacramento county convention to elect delegates to the
state convention met, and it was generally supposed that the friends \
of Stanford were in the majority. A resolution was introduced to
instruct the state delegates to support that gentleraan, but a substi
tute directing thera to support Low was adopted by a majority of
sixteen, to the great surprise of the Stanford men, who had been so
confident of success that they had made no extra exertions to add to
their strength. The defeated party charged bad faith and fraud,
and a number of delegates seceded from the convention, but they
cooled down the next day and, returning, assisted in nominating a
county ticket. On the 10th, a primary election was held in San
Francisco, and Low delegates were elected by a heavy majority,
which assured that gentleman's success in the state convention.
The union state convention met at Sacramento, on Wednesday,
June 17th, and the attendance of delegates was very large. N.
Holland, chairraan of the state coramittee, called it to order, and
John H. Jewett was elected temporary chairman by a vote of 147 to
117 for W. H. Sears. This was regarded as a test vote, as Jewett
was supported by the friends of Low. On permanent organization,
W. L. Dudley was elected president ; and Ramon Hill, J. J. Owen,
W. W. Traylor, J. R. Watson, J. B. Frisbie, S. P. Wright, D. W.
0. Rice, Jacob Deeth, J. N. Turner, J. Bidwell, R. M. Briggs,
G. S. Evans, and others, vice-presidents.
D. 0. McCarthy submitted the following resolutions to the con
vention :
1. That we cordially reaffirra the following resolutions adopted at
the union state convention, of June 17th, 1862. (Then followed
resolutions nurabered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the series referred to.)
2. That wg heartily endorse the president's proclamation of free
dora, of January 1st, believing it to be a wise and proper war raeasure,
and a step onward in the cause of civilization and human progress.
3. That the brave officers and men who are upholding the national
flag on land and sea are worthy the admiration of raankind and the
gratitude of the nation.
4. That we call upon all loyal citizens to unite with us in rebuk-

UNION CONVENTION. 195
ing and defeating at the polls in September next the malignant tribe
of copperheads, who, falsely clairaing the name of democrats, seek
on all occasions to discourage our armies in the field, and to corrupt
the patriotic sentiment of the Ibyal people of the country.
The following additional resolution was offered :
5. That any means necessary to be made use of to preserve the
union are constitutional.
The five resolutions were adopted, the vote on the last being very
close ; and on the next day, on a motion to reconsider, it was rejected
by a vote of 101 to 164, and the original resolutions offered by
McCarthy were passed.
On the 18th, the follo-w;ing nominations were made :
Frederick F. Low, for governor, on the first ballot, having received
176 votes, to 93 for Aaron A. Sargent.
T. N. Machin, for lieutenant-governor, on the first ballot, by a
vote of 164, to 47 for Alex. G. Abell, and 58 for J. F. Chellis ; Gen.
James Collins withdrawing.
Thomas B. Shannon, for congressman from the northern district,
without opposition ; William H. Parks withdrawing.
Williara Higby, for congressraan from the middle district, without
opposition. Cornelius Cole, for congressraan from the southern district, on the
second ballot, over Caleb T. Fay and R. F. Perkins.
B. B. Redding, for secretary of state, on the first ballot, over
A. B. Nixon.
Romualdo Pacheco, for treasurer, without opposition.
George Oulton, for controller, on the first ballot, over E. B. Vree
land, Wra. R. Robinson, and L. R. Lull ; T. M. Ames withdrawing.
John G. McCuUough, for attorney-general, on the first ballot, over
A. M. Crane, Jesse 0. Goodwin, and F. M. Pixley.
W. D. Harriman, for clerk of the supreme court, on the second
ballot, over Frank F. Fargo, Wm. G. Wood, E. F. Dunne, and
James Green ; George S. Evans withdrawing.
O. M. Clayes, for printer, on the first ballot, over B. P. Avery and
T. A. Springer.
J. F. Houghton, for surveyor-general, on the first ballot, over J. J.
Gardner. On the 19th, Charles L. Taylor was nominated, without opposition,
for harbor commissioner.

196 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
A resolution was adopted endorsing the administration of Gover
nor Stanford.
Silas W. Sanderson, John Gurrey, A. L. Rhodes, 0. L. Shafter,
and Lorenzo Sawyer were nominated for justices of the supreme
court, on the first ballot, over Walter Van Dyke, George W. Tyler,
H. O. Beatty, John B. Harraon, Walter Torapkins, and L. E. Pratt.
John Swett was unaniraously norainated for superintendent of
public instruction.
A state committee was selected, .consisting of H. Robinson, F.
Tukey, J. H. McNabb, S. G. Whipple, D. W. 0. Rice, J. Bidwell,
J. R. Buckbee, N. Holland, L. Shearer, H. S. Brown, J. McClatchy,
and others.
The union deraocratic state committee issued a call on April 15th,
for a state convention to meet on June 24th ; and the Breckinridge
committee also appointed a time and place for the meeting of their
convention. The committees manifested no inclination to make any
effort to unite the two wings, but sorae of the leaders and raany of
the rank and file felt that it was hopeless to go into a contest with
the party under two banners, and they concluded that it would be
advisable to unite the party without the instruraentality of the com
mittees, and thus give it the character of a spontaneous movement
of the people. To this end, democratic clubs were formed all over
the state, the membership of which included adherents to both
wings, and the proposition to reconstruct the democratic party was
made the principal subject of discussion.
The Oroville club, on May 12th, adopted the following preamble
and resolutions :
Whereas, the deraocratic qlubs, a majority composed of the citi
zens of Butte county who have heretofore been divided between two
organizations clairaing superior legitimacy in the democratic party,
now merging all past differences of opinion in the momentous issues
involved in the present troubles of the country, periling alike its
unity and its constitutional liberties, have unanimously agreed, by
resolutions sent to this club, to call a state convention of the democ
racy, at a time and place set forth i-n their resolutions, and have
asked us to concur with and join them in the same; we do, there
fore, adopt said resolutions as follows :
1. That a state convention of the democracy be called to meet at
the city of Sacramento, on Wednesday, the Sth day of July, for the

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 197
purpose of norainating candidates for the several state offices and
-for the transaction of such other business as raay legitimately come
before it.
2. That all legal voters be permitted to participate in the primary
elections who are in favor, first, of adhering unalterably to the con
stitution of the United States, with all its guarantees of civil
liberty uninapaired ; second, of the restoration and preservation of
the American union; third, of supporting the govemment in all
•constitutional and legal efforts to perpetuate its existence against
all hostile forces arrayed in opposition to it ; fourth, and who are
opposed to the principles and present policy of the national adrainis
tration. 3. That the democracy of all the counties in this state are
requested to send delegates to said convention, and to make known
their acquiescence in thia call by publishing the action taken by
them in their clubs, raass raeetings, and county conventions, in the
Sacraraento Republican, Marysville Express, Butte Record, and
other deraocratic papers.
The call was generally adopted by the various clubs, and the
-action of the state committees was ignored. On June 24th, no
union democratic convention was held. The county of Placer alone
sent delegates to it, and they met with Oolton, the chairman, at the
office of Jaraes W. Ooffroth, at Sacraraento, and after a short con
sultation, adjourned sine die. Thus it was that the union demo-
¦cratic party of California carae to its end. The Breckinridge con
vention was not held, and the party passed out of existence in the
same way.
On July 8th, the fusion deraocratic state convention met at Sac
ramento. John S. Berry called it to order, and read the Butte call,
under which it assembled. Jaraes W. Ooffroth was elected tem
porary chairman, and afterward president. While awaiting the
report of the coraraittee on credentials, speeches were made by Tod
Robinson, H. P. Barber, Col. Hatch, J. B. Weller^ Jaraes Johnson,
W. H. Rhodes, and P. L. Edwards. A coraraittee on resolutions
was appointed, consisting of L. M. Shra,ck, D. Inraan, D. W. Gel
wicks, J. 0. Crigler, W. Holden, W. S. Montgoraery, J. D. Carr,
W. 0. Wallace, T. Findley, J. L. English, O. M. Wozencraft, 0. L.
Weller, R. T. Sprague, J. O'Farrell, Beriah Brown, H. P. Barber,
Harrison Gwinn, F. L. Hatch, and others. On the 9th, J. W.
Mandeville, J. L. English, T. N. Cazneau, James Johnson, L. M.

198 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Shrack, J. S. Curtis, John Boggs, D. Mahoney, R. T. Sprague,
O. M. Wozencraft, L. R. Bradley and others were elected vice-
presidents. A motion was made and lengthily discussed to strike
froni the order of business the nomination of justices of the suprerae
court, but it was lost.
The following resolutions, reported by the comraittee, were unani
raously adopted :
1. That the democracy of California are in favor of an unaltera
ble adherence to the constitution of the United States, with all its
guarantees of civil liberty unimpaired.
2. That we are in favor of the restoration and preservation of the
whole Araerican union ; that we recognize to its fullest extent the
right and duty of the governraent to resist by every constitutional
mode rebellion or insurrection against its lawful supreraacy; but we
recognize that right solely for the purpose of restoring its constitu
tional authority, and for no other purpose whatever.
3. That it is the duty of Oalifornia, as a raeraber of the union, to-
yield obedience to all constitutional acts of congress and the federal
executive ; and that any individual, of ' any party, who shall
endeavor to incite insurrection or rebellion within her borders, or-
disaffection and discord araong her people, is a traitor to her best-
interests. 4. That the aira and object of the democratic party is to preserve
the federal union, and the rights of the several states unirapaired ;
and they hereby declare that they do not consider the administra
tive usurpation of extraordinary and dangerous powers not granted
by the constitution — the subversion of the civil by military law in
states not in insurrection or rebellion — the arbitrary military arrest,
iraprisonraent, trial, and sentence of American citizens in such-
states where the civil law exists in full force and vigor — the sup
pression of freedora of speech and of the press — the open and
avowed disregard of state rights — the fanatical attempt to place the
negro on a Sociali and political equality with the white race^and
the eraployraent of unusual test oaths — as calculated to preserve or
restore a union of the several states or perpetuate a government
deriving "its just powers from the consent of the governed."
5. That we are opposed to all secret political organizations and
societies, as dangerous to the liberties of the people, and destructive
of our republican form of government.
6. That we claim and demand as inalienable rights, freedom of

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 199
thought, freedom of speech, and freedom of the press ; and further
assert and declare that governraent agents should at all tiraes be
held to a strict accountability to the people, and that all errors of
such agents should be liable to the full and free exercise of untrara
raeled popular discussion, for the purpose of correction by the ballot-
box. 7. That we denounce and unqualifiedly condemn the emancipation
proclamation of the president of the United States as tending to
protract indefinitely civil war, incite servile insurrection, and
inevitably close the door forever to a restoration of the union of these
states. 8.. That we disapprove of all congressional laws tending to sub
stitute a paper currency in California in place of our own raetallic
circulating mediura.
9. That the spirit and meaning of the democratic platform of
this state are comprised in the words "The constitution as it is, and
the union as it was."
The following nominations were made :
John G. Downey, for governor, on the first ballot, having received
200 votes, to 18 for Joseph W. McOorkle, 53 for John B. Weller,
56 for William M. Lent, and — for Royal T. Sprague.
E. W. McKinstry, for lieutenant-governor, on the second ballot,
over William Holclen, Jamea L. English, and O. M. Wozencraft.
A. 0. Bradford, for clerk of the supreme court, without opposi
tion. S. W. Bishop, for secretary of state, on the first ballot, over A.
St.C. Denver.
R. 0. Cravens, for controller, on the second ballot, over T. L.
Barnes, William Ord, and William K. Lindsay.
Thoraas Findley, for treasurer, without opposition. Findley
afterwards declined the noraination, and raoved that H. L. Nichols
be nominated, but the convention refused to raake the change.
L. 0. Granger, for attorney-general, on the first ballot, over John
M. Cochran, J. A. McQuade, and P. L. Ed-wards.
Presley Dunlap, for surveyor-general, on the second ballot, over J.
Alexander, W. S. Green, and E. Twitchell.
Beriah Brown, for printer, without opposition; S. Addington,
T. A. Brady, A. M. Kennedy, and J. R. Ridge withdrawing.
Michael Hayes, for harborraaster, without opposition.
John B. Weller, John Bigler, and Joseph W. McOorkle were

200 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
nominated, -without opposition, for congressmen. McOorkle after-
W3,rd declined tl(e nomin9,tion, a,nd on the second ballot, N. E.
Whiteside vfas nopainated in his stead, over Jaraes W. Mandeville,
F. L. Hatch, 0. M. Creaner, A. B. Dibble, E. J. Lewis, James T.
Farley, and W. F. White.
Royal T. Sprague, Williara T. Wallace, J. B. Hall, Tod Robinson,
and Henry H. Haight was norainated for justices of the suprerae
court, on the first ballot, over A. B. Dibble, W. H. Rhodes, H. H.
Ha,rtley, James L. English, J. P. Hoge, and Niles Searls.
A,. J. Moulder, fbr superintendent of public instruction, without
opposition. A stato committee was appointed, consisting of Murray Morrison,
W. p. White, F. Tilford, C. L. Weller, T. N. Cazneau, H. A. Cobb,
J. W. Mandeville, J. W. Ooffroth, A. D. Patterson, A. B. Dibble,
B. W. Gelwicks, J. A. McQuade, J. Da,ggett, W. Irwin, J. T. Far
ley, and others.
The convention was iraposing so far as nurabers were concerned;
but few of the delegates were anti-war democrats. The disposition
seemed to be for that element to keep in the background, and to
allow the former members of the Douglas faction to occupy the con
spicuous positions- Downey declined at first to accept the noraina.-
tion, but the convention insisted that he should receive it, and he
finally acquiesced. Sprague also declined, but the de.clina,tion was
npt accepted. Shortly aft§r the adjournment of the convention,
Haight and Moulder resigned their nominations, and the state copa-
mittee supplied their places with H. H. Hartley and 0. M. Wozen
craft. On July 13th, Dov^ney is|,ued a lengthy address to the people,
"as a means of recording in language which, no one could fail to
understa,nd," his deliberate views on the constitutional rights, and
powers of the federal a,nd state governments, and their relaitive
powers, and alsp to outline his proposed policy in case of his ejec
tion. On August 24th, Low issued an address, sorae three, columns
in length, which was devoted to natiopal raatters. The democracy
made as warra a ca,rapaign as was possible, under the circumsta,nces,
but the enthusiasm was mostly on the other side, and the result was
apparently inevitable from the first that the union ticket would be
successful by a large raajority.
The election was held on September 2d, and the official count of
tbe votes exEibited the following result :

UNION RESOLUTIONS. 201
For Governor— Xiow, 64,283 ; Downey, 44,622.
Lieutenant-Governor — Machin, 64,873; McKinstry, 43,923.
Cojigrresswew— Shannon, 64,914; Higby, 64,881; Cole, 64,985;
Weller, 48, 567; Bigler, 43,520; Whiteside, 43,693.
Secretary of *S'<a<e— Redding, 65,023 ; Bishop, 43,694.
Controller— 0\Aton, 65,039 ; Cravens, 43,730.
Treasurer— Vaxiheco, 64,984 ; Findley, 43,768.
Attorney-General— McGuWo-agh., 64,777; Granger, 43,615.
Surveyor-General — Houghton, 64,887; Dunlap, 43,760.
Printer— Glaiyes, 65,013; Brown, 43,789.
Clerk of the Supreme Court — Harriman, 64,954; Bradford, 43,-
€90. Harbor Commissioner — Taylor, 63,614; Hayes, 43,111.
The judicial election was held on October 21st, under the amend
ment to the constitution, with the following result :
For Superintendent of Public Instruction — Swett, 44,791 ;
Wozencraft, 18,902 ; Moulder, 606.
For Justices of the Supreme Court — Shafter, 45,102; Sawyer,
45,195; Ourrey, 45,216; Rhodes, 45,044; Sanderson, 45,065;
Sprague, 20,768 ; Wallace, 20,776; Hall, 20,724; Robinson, 20,158;
Hartley, 19,560; Haight, 944.

CHAPTER XVI.

1864. Union Resolutions — Union Convention, March 24th — Demo
cratic Convention, May loth — Union Convention, August
30th — Democratic Convention, September 7th.
On January 12th, Thompson CampbeU introduced, in the assem
bly, a series of resolutions on the state of the union, and after a
discussion, they passed that body by a vote of 59 to 8. They were
sent to the senate on the same day, and were referred. On the
15 th, they were reported back with amendments, and on the 20th,
were araended and adopted by a vote of 27 to 4. The assembly, on
the 21st, declined to concur in the amendments, and the senate
refuse to recede. Committees on conference were appointed, but
no agreement could be arrived at in coraraittee. , New coraraittees
were appointed on February 12th, and on the 17th, they agreed on
a draft of the resolutions, and the series they reported was adopted
by both houses.

202 ¦ POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The resolutions, as finally pasaed, were aubstantially as follows :
1. That the people of California are uncoraproraisingly loyal, and
repudiate the political heresy of state supremacy when brought in
conflict with federal authority, holding that each has its proper
sphere — but that in all national affairs the constitution and laws of
the United States are the suprerae law of the land, and which no
state, either by legislation, judicial decision, or otherwise, can dis
obey, controvert, or evade,- without violating this great fundamental
principle of our government, for the raaintenance of which the people
of this state are prepared to die rather than surrender.
2. That the rebellion, is a war of the southern slave owning aris
tocracy against the democracy of the nation, and is a blow struck
against all free governments.
3. That we endorse all the raeasures of the adrainistration adopted
for the purpose of subduing the present raost wicked rebellion; and
endorse the abolition of slavery in the District of Colurabia, the
act making free from slavery all the territory belonging to the
United States, the confiscation act, the conscription law, the sus
pension of the writ qf habeas corpus, the enlistment of negro
soldiers, the noble stand taken by President Lincoln, that all who
wear the union uniform shall receive the same protection, the finan
cial policy of the government, and the legal tender act, as the great
administrative raeasures for successfully carrying on the war and
which we pledge ourselves to defend and uphold, the policy of estab
lishing military governraents in the revolting states, and the admis
sion of West Virginia.
4. That we endorse the emancipation proclaraation by the presi
dent, of January 1st, 1863.
5. That we endorse the plan of reconstruction as set forth in the
proclamation of the president, and appended to his last message.
6. That the proposition of the copperhead raembers of congress, to
send coraraissioners to Richmond to sue for peace from armed trai
tors, should consign their names to eternal infaray, and he who
would treat with arraed treason is himself a traitor, and deserves a
traitor's punishment ; California will accept no peace which is not
based upon an unconditional surrender.
7. That we endorse the confiscation law which has for its object
the unconditional forfeiture of the property of the rebels, and urge
our federal representatives to secure its passage.

POLITICAL ARRESTS. 203
8. Thanking the army and navy, and guaranteeing to thera civil
rights while they are fighting.
9. Relating to the president's proclamation of pardon.
10. Conderaning the barbarous treatraent of union prisoners by
the rebels.
11. Endorsing President Lincoln, and recommending his re-elec
tion. The progress of the civil war so much absorbed the attention of
the people that little attention was paid to local politics, and the
decided majorities by which the union candidates had been elected
in 1863, left no roora for doubt that the presidential election would
result in the election of that party. The existence of the war, and
the feeling it engendered had the effect to sharply define party lines,
and the adherents to the minority party labored under the stigma of
secession, then so odious to the loyal majority of the people of the
state. A number of those who had held high place in the demo
cratic party of the state, had gone south and enlisted in the con
federate army, notably, James Y. McDuffie, John T. Crenshaw,
Daniel Showalter, Calhoun Benham, J. L. Brent, T. 0. Flournoy,
George W. Gift, Samuel H. Brooks, D. S. Terry, H. A. Higley,
W. M. Gwin, R. Shoemaker, Philip Moore, and H. I. Thomton, and
merabers of the deraocratic party at horae raade little effort to
conceal the syrapathy they felt for the confederate cause. A num
ber of prorainent deraocrats were arrested by the railitary authori
ties because of treasonable expressions, and confined in Fort Alca
traz. Their incarceration stirred up considerable indignation from
the members of their party. On July 25th, Charles L. Weller, the
chairraan of the democratic state comraittee, was arrested by order
of General McDowell, because of reraarks he made in a political
speech. This act, upon the part of the federal authorities
inflamed the democracy to a high pitch, and meetings were
held in various parts of the state and conderanatory resolutions
passed. They threatened to carry arras to the polls and to get up
an insurrection. Referring to the arrest of Weller, the Grass Valley
National (deraocratic) said :
Scarcely any war was ever waged by England or any power in
Europe during which there were not partisans of peace and parti
sans of war, the governraent not drearaing of visiting penalties for a
mere difference of opinion upon public questions. It reraained for
the governnient of the United States — no, not the governraent, but

204 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
the present infaraous adrainistration of it — to set the example in a
country which bled from every pore to establish the very opposite
principle. This state of things cannot last always. Several hun
dred thousand men in Ohio and Illinois are ready to defend their
rights with their blood, and hundreds of thousands more are prepar
ing to do the same thing in other states, or are already prepared.
New York assuraes the position to which she is entitled as a sovereign
state, protecting the rights of her citizens, and the Lincoln power
dares not lay its hand upon her. Let every democrat in California
¦exercise the like determination, and all will be well.
On August 15th, a motion waa made in the United States circuit
court by Weller's counsel, to sumraon a grand jury for the purpose
of investig(iting any charges against him that raight be preferred-
The raotion was taken under advisement, and on the next day, it
was withdrawn. On the 18th, Weller was released upon giving
¦bonds in the sum of |25,000 to bear allegiance to the United States
government. Another affair occurred about the' same tirae which created a great
excitement in the state. On the night, of June SOth, the down
stage frora Virginia city waa attacked about thirteen railes above
Placerville, and a large amount of bullion belonging to Wells, Fargo
A Oo. stolen, The robbers gave to the stage driver a receipt in the
following words : "June, 1864. This is to certify that I have
received from Wells,, Fargo & Co., the sum of $ cash, for the
purpose of outfitting recruits enlisted in California for the confeder
ate states' army. R. Henry Ingram, captain coraraanding corapany,
C. S. A." It subsequently developed that the robbery was but the
ramification of a scheme which had been set on foot in Santa Clara
county to recruit and equip soldiers in this state for the confederate
army. The robbers, after disposing of their booty, went to the
Somerset house, where, about daylight the next morning, they were
overtaken by deputy sheriff J. M. Staples and constable Rarasey,
and a fight ensued in which Staples was killed. Some of the gang
were arrested, and the balance scattered in the mountains. Subse-
<iuently, on July 15th, the rest of the party were found near San
Jose, and several of them were killed in a fight with the sheriff's posse,
and a nuraber were taken. One of the captured robbers confessed
fully, and his stateraent lead to the arrest of a number of conspira
tors in Santa Clara county. The grand jury of El Dorado county,
for the J uly term, indicted Thomas B. Poole and nine others for the

UNION CONVENTION. 205
raurder of Staples', and August 20th, they were arraigned before
Judge Brockway, pleaded not guilty, and demanded separate trials.
The trial of Poole coraraenced at Placerville, on August 24th, and
on the 26th, he was convicted of raurder in the first degree. On
Septeraber 10th, he was sentenced to be hanged on October 28th,
and another of the party was condemned to serve twenty years in
state prison. The case of Poole was appealed to the supreme court,
but the judgment was affirmed, and he was executed at Placerville,
on Septeraber 29th, 1865. The rest of the parties were released be
cause of legal technicalities.
The union state coraraittee met at San Francisco, on November
30th, 1863, and called a state convention to meet at Sacramento, on
March 24th, to select delegates to attend the national convention
which was to meet at Baltiraore. The test adopted for the priraa
ries included all citizens who sustained the adrainistration in all its
efforts to suppress the rebellion, who favored the vigorous prosecu
tion of the war to federal success, and who had voted for Low.
Pursuant to this call, the convention met at the time and place set.
About 350 delegates were present, representing every county except
Fresno. The convention was called to order by Nathaniel Holland,
chairman of the state comraittee. For teraporary chairraan, William
H. Sears and Williara H. Parks were placed in noraination, and, on
the first ballot, Sears was elected, receiving 201 votes, to 156 for
Parks. There were evidently two powerful factions in the conven
tion, but the causes of this division did not appear to be clearly
and accurately understood, even by some of the delegates. The
senatorial election for the successor of McDougall was supposed to
cut a considerable figure in the matter. The greater portion of the
first day was consuraed in deterraining contests for seats among
delegates. On permanent organization. Sears was president ; and
R. J. Hill, S. J. Clarke, W. E. Lovett, G. S. Evans, Amos Adams,
0. Hartson, John P. Jones, R. Burnell, Timothy McCarthy, J. W.
Wilcox, 0. A. Tuttie, and others, vice-presidents. A Committee on
resolutions was appointed, consisting of W. L. Dudley, C- Hartson,
M. M. Estee, E. W. Roberts, and others. Oh the 25th, the com
mittee reported a resolution in respect for the meraory of the late
Rev. Thoraas Starr King, which was unatiiBiibflsly adopted. The
committee then submitted the foUo-wing platforra, which was adopted
-without opposition :

206 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Whereas, The perils and distresses of civil war continue in this
republic ; and whereas, our national governraent is still assailed and
sought to be overthrown by rebels in arms, and by traitors advocat
ing peace at the sacrifice of the unity, dignity and power of our
nation ; and whereas, throughout this momentous and unparalleled
struggle for national existenoe, it is the imperative duty of every
citizen to unreservedly and earnestly sustain the national adminis
tration in the execution of all measures adopted by the government
for the suppression of this unprecedented and iniquitous rebellion,
and the restoration of the flag of our country over all the national
domain ; therefore, resolved:
1. That the union party of California re-affirms devotion to the
union, and its determination to support and sustain the national
adrainistration in all its efforts to suppress this infamous rebellion,
waged against our national existence, as long as a rebel is found in
armed hostility to the laws and constitutional authorities of the
country, or a copperhead is found to give him "aid and corafort."
2. That this convention, representing the union party of Califor
nia, endorses the adrainistration of President Lincoln, from the first
hour of its existence to the present time ; embracing a period in the
history of our country raore eventful, and fraught with more danger
¦to the cause of constitutional liberty, than any like period in the
history of the world; that we are unanimously in favor of his renom
ination to the presidency, believing it will contribute to the speedy
triumph of our arms, the establishment of a permanent peace through
victory, and will be a merited indorsement of a wise statesman and
earnest patriot, who has earned and possesses the love and confi
dence of the Araerican people. We therefore instruct our delegates
to the national convention to vote for, and use all honorable means
to secure- his renomination.
3. That we are opposed to huraan slavery, as an institution con
demned by God and abhorrent to huraanity, a stain upon the nation's
honor and a clog to its raaterial progress ; that as the rebels, by
their own act, have brought destruction on this infernal system,
we regard it as a just punishment for their crirae against their gov
ernraent and the civilization of the age, and rejoice that such good
results as its eradication will issue from our nation's tribulations.
4. That we take a just pride in the California volunteers, who
have left the peaceful pursuits of life to go forth and battle for the
raaintenance of the flag of the republic against the polluting hands

UNION CONVENTION. 207
of traitors ; they have proven their patriotism by their acts, and
have earned the gratitude and comraendation of the loyal citizens of
their state. These brave soldiers of the union should be allowed to
exercise all the privileges and suffrages of freeraen, and the legisla
ture should, by suitable enactraents, secure thera in that right.
5. That we endorse the Hon. John Conness, our union senator in
congress, and believe that his official acts thus far have been fraught
with great good to the country and the people of this state, and
that in him we have a true representative and an able and patriotic
statesman. 6. That we recognize in the Hons. William Higby, Cornelius
Cole, and T. B. Shannon, our raembers in the house, able, faithful,
and patriotic representatives.
7. That the administration of Governor Low has been thus far
marked with wisdom and patriotism, and raeets with the hearty
approval of the loyal citizens of this state.
8. That we regard the Pacific railroad as one of the most impor
tant measures of the national administration ; and the liberal dona
tions by congress to aid in the construction of that great work entitles
it to the thanks and support of the American people.
Delegates to the national convention were then elected, as fol
lows : Frora the third district — Nathan Coombs and Robert Gardner,
without opposition. Second district — O. H. Bradbury and William
Ritter, over John J. Sykes and 0. 0. Rynerson. First district —
James Otis and Williara S. McMurty, over Phineas Banning, Jacob
Deeth, Jerorae Rice, and O. B. Crary. At large — Thompson Camp
bell, M. 0. Briggs, John Bidwell, and Phineas Banning, over Frank
M. Pixley, S. H. Alley, 0. Harvey, J. E. Benton, Alex. Hunter,
and Samuel Brannan. The following alternates were selected : Third
district — Andrew J. Snyder and A. W. Thompson; second dis
trict — 0. P. Huntington and 0. 0. Rynerson ; first district — William
H. Culver and A. P. Jourdan ; at large — David Mahoney, Samuel
Brannan, John F. Neville, and Araos Kendall. George S. Evans
offered the following resolution, which was withdrawn after an ani
mated discussion :
That during the calamity of civil war, when all true patriots are
united against the coraraon eneray, the union party of California
should be undivided ; that the creation of local independent organi
zations, tending to irapair or destroy the one union party of this
state, is wholly inexcusable by circurastance, pernicious in example,

208 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
and disastrous in consequences ; and that henceforth the union men
of California will disowri and condemn every such faction as an
auxiliary of disloyalists, and unworthy of recognition as friends of
the country.
On March 9th, the democratic state coramittee raet at San Fran
cisco and called a state convention, to raeet in that city on May
10th, for the purpose of selecting delegates to attend the national
convention, to meet at Chicago on July 4th. The test adopted in
cluded all who were "opposed to the policy of the present national
administration, which is subversive of the constitution, the laws,
and the union of our fathers ;" in "favor of a speedy and honorable
peace that" would "secure equal and exact justice to every section of
the Araerican union ;" and who would support the party norainees.
On the day appointed, the convention met in Union hall, San Fran
cisco, and was called to order by James W. Coflroth, chairman of
the state coramittee. Every county was represented except Mono
San Mateo, and Santa Barbara'. John B. Weller waa elected tempo
rary chairraan. On perraanent organization, Weller was president ;
and J. B. Crockett, 0. M. Creaner, M. Whallen, P. W. S. Rayle,
W. K. Lindsay, C. D. Scrapie, and Henry Hamilton, vice-presi
dents. On the 11th, the comraittee on resolutions reported the fol
lowing platform, which was adopted :
1. (Same as the first resolution adopted by the democratic con
vention, of July 9th, 1863.)
2. (Same as the second resolution of the series above referred to.)
3. (Same as the third resolution of the series above referred to,
except that the words "any individual of" were oriiitted.)
4. (Same as the fourth resolution of the series above referred to.)
5. (Same as the fifth resolution of the series above referred to.)
6. (Same as the sixth resolution of the series above referred to.) i
7. (Same as the seventh resolution of the series above referred to.)
8. (Same as the eighth resolution of the series above referred to)
9. (Same as the ninth resolution of the series above referred to.)
10. That, in the opinion of the convention, the war as at present
conducted by the abolition party, is not prosecuted in a manner to
restore the union, iior with any expectation that it will have that
result. Ori the contrary, the object of those in power is simply to
abolish slavery, and, in the event that th'ey succeed in this, to
i-ievoliitionize the government, and establish a centi-alisied power
utteriy subversive of the rights of the states under the constitution,

UNION CONVENTION. 209
and that we, therefore, hope and believe that the national conven
tion will pledge the democratic party to a reatoration of peace upon
just and honorable terms.
11 That the democratic party of this state is opposed to the
taxation of the mines by the general governraent, believing that it
will tend materially to repress the energy and enterprise with which
the mining population are now developing the resources of the coun
try, be detrimental to the best interests of the state, and in many
instances will be simply an oppressive burden upon unproductive
labor. 12. That the increase of the state tax by the last republican
legislature, and their extravagant appropriations of public money,
when the people were already overburdened with national taxation,
is conclusive evidence of the unfitness of that party to control our
state legislation.
John B. Weller, John Bigler, John G. Downey, Thomas Hayes,
S, B. Stevens, J. S. Berry, 0. Witheral, 0. D. Semple, Charies L.
Weller, and S. G. Whipple were elected delegates to the national
convention ; and a state comraittee was appointed, consisting of
J. J. Kendrick, W. F. White, R. R. Provines, J. S. Curtis, M.
Whallon, J. 0. Burch, F. L. Hatch, D. W. Gelwicks, J. M. Bondu
rant, Williara Watt, T. N. Cazneau, C. L. Weller, J. W. Ooffroth,
-J. 0. Goods, and others. A resolution was unaniraously adopted
instructing the ten delegates to cast the vote of the state as a unit.
Intelligence reached California, on June 9th, of the noraination of
Lincoln and Johnson by the national union convention, and salutes
were fired in honor of the event in the principal cities and towns.
The norainations were exceptionally acceptable to the union raen of
California, who were to a man enthusiastic admirers of Abraham Lin
coln. On June 4th, a call was issued by the state comraittee for a
union convention to meet on, August SOth, for the purpose of nomi
nating presidential electors. At that time, the convention met at
Sacramento and was called to order by Nathaniel Holland, chairman
of the state committee. J. G. McOallum was elected temporary
chairraan on the first ballot, by a vote of 199, to 170 for William
L. Dudley On the 31st, a perraanent organization was effected by
the election of McOallum, as president; and Walter Van Dyke,
T. R. Hooke, L . M. Foulke, J. M. Haven, and Charles Maclay, as
vice presidents. The committee on resolutions consisted of A. A.
14

210 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Sargent, R. 0. Gaskill, N. Harailton, J. MoM. Shafter, W. E.
l,iovett, W. H. Barton, and C. E. Greene, and they reported the fol
lowing resolutions, which were unanimously adopted :
1. That this convention,, representing the opinions and wishes of
the union party of California, is fully conscious of the iraraensity of
the struggle, and of its consequences, in which thia nation and the
governraent representing it are now engaged. We accept the con
test with its crosses and triuraphs, as the condition upon which
treason has raade our national existence ito depend. This contest,
by action now deeraed hurailiating, we have long avoided ; but when,,
at last, left no choice — attacked — peace and civilization, nation and
horae at once assailed — we have turned upon our eneraies, resolved
that this land shall hereafter be true to its professions of attach
raent to law, to justice and freedora.
2. That we firraly adhere to the platforra and declarations of the-
na tional union convention recently held in Baltimore.
3. That we heartily and unreservedly approve the nominations of
Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson for president and vice-
president of the United States, and we pledge to them that support-
which we tendered to thera at our last union state convention.
4. That, in the nominations of candidates for presidential electors,
it is upon the express condition that the votes of said electors be
cast for the above named norainees of the national convention.
5. That John Oonness, in the support which he has given to the
present administration as senator from California, is heartily en
dorsed and approved, and the loyal people of this state will hail
with lively satisfaction his further co-operation with the administra
tion in its efforts to restore peace to the country by the destruction
of the armed power of the states now in revolt against the govern
ment. J. G. McCallura and Samuel Brannan w6re nominated, without
opposition, fbr presidential electors at large.
Charles Maclay was nominated for elector from the first district,
on the first ballot, over Andres Pico and E. D. Wheeler ; W. W.
Crane, Jr., was nominated from the second district; and Warner
Oliver from the third district, all without opposition.
A state comraittee was selected, consisting of J. J. Warner, R. C.
Gaskill, J. McClatchy, J. H. McNabb, S. Cooper, M. Boulware,
J. W. Wilcox, A. A. Sargent, and others.
The first congressional district convention of the union party met

, DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 211
at Sacramento, on August Sist, but no business was transacted on
that day. On Septeraber 1st, another meeting was held. For
member of congress, D. 0. McRuer, Cornelius Cole, and Frederick
Billings were named, and McRuer was norainated on the first ballot.
On August 31st, William Higby was nominated for congress by the
second district convention; and John Bidwell by the third district
conventiori — both without opposition.
On August 31st, news was received of the nomination of Mc
CleUan and Pendleton by the national deraocratic convention. The
state coraraittee of that party had called the state convention to
narae presidential electors to meet at San Francisco, on August Ifith,
but on July 21st, the coramittee postponed the convention until
Septeraber 7th, at which time the meeting was had. About 250
delegates were present. The convention was called to order by
C. L. Weller, chairman of the state committee, and Beriah Brown
was elected temporary chairraan. On permanent organization, James
W. Mandeville was president ; W. S. Moss, J. 0. McQuaid, W.
Neely Johnson, S. Flemming, G. W. Crane, S. B. Axtell, D. 0. Shat
tuck, J. R. Snyder, T. J. Henley, WiUiam Biven, W. W. McCoy,
and others, vice-presidents. The comraittee on resolutions consisted!
of E. J. Lewis, H. P. Barber, T. J. Henley, 0. L. WeUer, and Thos..
Findley, and on the 8th, they reported the following platform, which*
was adopted ;
1. That this convention do hereby reaffirm the political principles;
embodied in the platform of resolutions adopted by the democratic:
state convention of last May.
2. That this convention do most heartily endorse the noraina
tion of George B. McClellan for president, and George H. Pendle
ton for vice-president of the United States; and also the platform of
principles enunciated by the national deraocratic convention of the
29th of August last.
Presidential electors were nominated as follows: H. P. Barber
and John T. Doyle frora the state at large; Williara F. White from
the first district ; Jo Hamilton from the second ; and E. J. Lewis
from the third. The' defeated candidates for the nominations were
Thomas Hayes, 0. M. Wozencraft, Williara Watt, Beriah Brown, J.
W. Mandeville, T. J. Henley and E. J. 0. Kewen.
For merabers of congress John G. Downey was nominated from
the first district, Jaraes W. Ooffroth from the second, and Jackson

212 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Temple frora the third. Shortly before the adjournraent the follow
ing preamble and resolution was adopted :
Wheeeas, Citizens of this state, at various times, have been un
der military arrest by reason of entertaining and expressing senti
ments in opposition to the policy of the present administration; now
therefore he it resolved.
That for the greater security of the citizen from arrest for the ex
pression of political opinion, either in speech or by pen, as guaran
teed to him by the constitution of the United States, the county
democratic central coraraittees of the various counties of the state
be hereby requested, that when an arrest in their respective counties
for opinion's sake, or for expression of such political opinion, shall
be raade, to iramediately convene and inquire into the cause of such
arrest ; and if it shall appear to have been made without good cause,
to take such imraediate and proper action as shall be necessary to
secure to the accused a speedy and irapartial trial of the rights of a
citizen under the constitution of the United States,
J. D. Hambleton was selected as alternate for White, S. B. Axtell
for Hamilton, and W. Neely Johnson for Lewis. A resolution was
adopted recomraending to the'democrats throughout the state to hold
raass meetings on September 17th, to commemorate the adoption of
the constitution of the United States.
On September 25th, Downey declined to accept the noraination
for congressman, and on October 15th, the congressional conven
tion of the first district raet again at San Francisco, and nominated
J. B. Crockett for the office and to fill the vacancy on the ticket.
The election was held on Tuesday, November 8, 1864, and the
official canvass of the vote on Deceraber 8th, exhibited the follow
ing result :
For Congressmen: First Z>is<ric<— McRuer, 20,677; Crockett,
14,821. Second Bistrict-^i^y, 23,092; Ooffroth, 14,557.
Third District— Bx-d.^ ell, 18,018 ; Temple, 14,249.
For Presidential Electors: Lincoln — Brannan, 62,053; McOallum,
62,120; Crane, 62,134; Oliver, 62,131; Maclay, 62,117. McClellan—
Doyle, 43,839; Barber, 43,829; White, 43,833; Hamilton, 43,841;
Lewis, 43,832.
On Deceraber 7th, the union electors raet in the senate charaber
in the state capitol and cast the vote of the state for Lincoln and
Johnson ; and McCallura was appointed raessenger to convey the re.
turns to Washington.

DIVISION OF UNION PARTY. 213
CHAPTER XVII.
186S. Division of the Union Party — Union Convention — Democratic
Convention.
Early in April, 1865, great excitement prevailed over the fall of
Richmond, the surrender of Lee, and other succesaea bf the union
array, indicating the fall of the aouthem confederacy; and on the
13th the events were celebrated in various parts of the state by a
general suspension of business, and by processions and the firing of
salutes; but on the 15th a gloora was cast over the state by the re
ception of the intelligence of the assassination of President Lincoln.
At San Francisco a mob organized on the aftemoon of the 15th, and
destroyed the printing material in the offices of the Deinocratic Press,
the Occidental, News Letter and Monitor, and a French newspaper;
and attempted to pay the same raark of respect to the Ecco du Pa-
cifique, but desisted as the property of the Alta would be injured in
the atterapt. The newspapers against which these attacks were
made were of the deraocratic school, and their destruction was ex
cused by the raob upon the ground that their expressions had been
disloyal to the government, and insulting toward the deceased pres
ident. During these scenes of violeme the greatest excitement pre
vailed. In various parts of the state arrests were made of persons
who rejoiced over the death of Lincoln, and the prisoners were con
fined in Fort Alcatraz, but were subsequently released upon taking
oaths of allegiance.
In 1865 the first serious division occurred within the ranks of
the union party since its organization. The wings of the party
were styled the "long hairs" and the "short hairs," and in July,
1865, the Grass Valley Union gave the following account of the
origin of the ridiculous distinctive designations :
The use of the terms "long hair" and "short hair," as now ap
plied to the two sections of the union party, originated in the course
of a debate in the assembly, at the last session of the legislature,
upon a bill to re-district the city of San Francisco into wards, and
the apportionment of the supervisor districts. It was charged upon
those -who claimed to be the particular friends of Oonness, that they
were endeavoring to " gerrymander " the city so that the control of
its affairs might be thrown again into the hands of the "roughs"
and "short hair boys." The term seemed so expressive that gen
eral opinion adopted it as the proper cognomen of that faction— and

214 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
they have adopted it with a fuU knowledge of its literal and polit
ical significance. They desire power for its profit, and wiU rule or
ruin. Governor Low was a candidate for United States senator to suc
ceed McDougall, and his claims were championed by Senator Con
ness. The short hair eleraent of the party favored the election of
Low, and the main split followed from the deterrained opposition, of
the long hairs, and the expression of preference by thera for some
other senatorial candidate. The first division occurred in Sacra
mento at the municipal election in March, 1865, but the long hair
or regular candidate for city trustee was elected. The regular
union priraaries and county conventions were held in May, June,
and July, and the raain issue was on the senatorial election. Other
than Low, the principal candidates for that office were A. A. Sar
gent, John B. Felton, and Cornelius Cole. Early in June the pri
raary election was held in Nevada county, and the short hairs or
Low men were defeated, the preference being expressed for Sargent.
The county convention was held, and a union county ticket nomi
nated. Soon afterward a call was issued for a "people's union"
convention to assemble at Nevada City on July 1st, to nominate a
ticket " without trickery and fraud," as it was alleged had been
committed and resorted to in the regular convention. The call was
issued by the short hairs, and it was the flrst signal for a general
bolt in the other counties by the adherents of Low, wherever they
met with defeat at the primary election polls. It was charged by
the long hairs that the shorts resorted to frauds at the priraary elec
tions, and that they were aided in their scheme to disrupt the union
party by the democrats. In July, 1865, the Placerville Mirror
(long) said :
Every federal officer, every officer appointed by Governor Low,
and two-thirds of the county officers, have been steadily at work for
two months, trying to carry El Dorado county for Conness and
Low ; and for the last week battalions of blowers and strikers from
San Francisco, Sacramento, and San Quentin have been detailed
here to operate at the primaries.
And on July 22d, the Sacramento Union said, in referring to the
bolt: In every county of the state where regular norainations have
been made by union conventions, and the norainees have been anti-
Low, the friends of that senatorial aspirant, when they have bolted.

DIVISION OF UNION PARTY. 215
(have sought affiliation with copperheads, and thus endeavored to
-destroy the integrity of the union organization, and give aid and
-corafort to the eneray. They have done this in Nevada, Placer,
Plumas and Yuba counties, thus sacrificing principle for the polit
ical elevation of a favorite candidate, and it is said they will en
deavor to pursue the same course in other counties under like cir
cumstances. The platforms adopted by the short hairs in their county conven
tions were generally framed in sentiment acceptable to the demo
crats, and it was generally understood that the latter would make
no norninations, but would support the bolting tickets. In Yuba
county the short hair convention adopted the following resolution :
That while we are willing to extend to the African or negro race
upon the continent all their natural rights, and protect them in the
enjoyment of the sarae, we atill bejieve this to be a "white raan's
govemraent," and that allowing or perraitting the negro to vote
would be the introduction of a systera unnatural, impolitic, and de-
;grading. And that is a fair representation of the views expressed by that
side upon this subject, upon which the democrats at that tirae were
very sensitive. The short hairs contended that the union party at
the commencement of the war, was formed of discordant raaterials;
that raen of all parties — whigs, democrats, republicans, and Douglas
¦democrats — had united to sustain the national government ; that
they had responded nobly to the country's call ; that as the war was
-over, the several eleraents of the party had again divided, and had
•ceased to treat each other with respect ; that one class (the long
hairs) clairaed all the offices, to the exclusion of all other classes ;
and that as a consequence of this tendency on the part of the long-
-hair faction, the bolt had been projected by the short hair party as a
measure in the direction of securing justice and a proper recogni
tion. The Butte county regular union convention, on August 8th,
adopted the following resolutions, directed against the bolters :
Whereas, In many counties of this state, certain union men
have declared that the object for which the union party had been
•forraed was now fully accomplished, and that they were therefore at
liberty to dissolve and disorganize the party which had successfully
-sustained the government through years of rebellion against it ; and
whereas, new issues have been presented to the people of this state,

216 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
upon which union raen of the union party may and will be called
upon to act ; and whereas, it is not only the privilege but the duty
of union men to make open avowal of their opinions upon sucb-
issues; ^therefore, be it resolved by the union party of Butte county,
in convention asserabled :
1. That the mission of the union party is not yet accomplished.
2. That the raen and parties of raen, who advocate the dissolution-
or disorgani-zation of that party can be successful in their desires
only by open affiliation with secessionists and copperheads.
3. That the union party propose to decide upon and settle the
new issues growing out of the rebellion and its suppression without.
the advice of southern secessionists or northern doughfaces.
4. That we have unliraited confidence in the integrity, ability,
and patriotism of President Johnson and his cabinet, and in such
confidence we submit to the advice and the action of our nationaP
congress all questions of reconstruction, arid all action in regard to
the late seceded states of the union.
5. That the question of "negro suffrage," which the so-called dem
ocratic party is endeavoring to force upon the union party of the
union, and of this state, is one which belongs in the rion-seceding
states, exclusively to the states themselves, and as yet in this state
is not an issue to be presented to the people for their action.
The union primaries and conventions were very exciting in conse
quence of the unfortunate division in the party, and much bitterness
of feeling was raanifested. A feud had long existed between the old
line republicans and the Douglas democrats, and although events-
had entirely erased the old party lines, issues long since dead had
been dragged into the political arena and had added to the feeling
of hostility produced by other causes. The orily serious demonstra
tion of this hostile feeling, however, occurred at Sacramento on July
25th, when the union county convention was .held. The Low and
anti-Low delegates were about equally divided in numbers in the-
body. The convention raet in the asserably chamber in the then
state capitol. The desks which had ordinarily occupied the floor had'
been removed, and a sufficient number of chairs had been placed in
their stead, to accoraraodate the 106 delega,tes who were expected to-
participate in the proceedings. As the roora filled up, it was a
noticeable fact that, almost without exception, the Low or short hair-
delegates occupied the seats on the right of the speaker's chair, and
the anti-Low or long hairs those on the left. Iraraediately when the-

THE "SPITTOON" CONVENTION. 217
convention was called to order, two persons were placed in norainatioii
for teraporary secretary, and voted for. The chairman of the county
committee pronounced W. H. Barton, the long hair candidate, elected
to the position on a viva voce vote. The convention was at once
thrown into confusion, and the Low delegates insisted on a count of
the votes. The scene that followed is thus described by the reporter
of the Sacramento Union:
Barton advanced from the left toward the secretary's table, when
the delegates frora the right raade a general rush to the left side of
the house. Then ensued an indescribable and a terrible scene, such
as was never before witnessed in Sacramento at any political conven
tion. Barton was intercepted before reaching the secretary's table
and told that he should not take his seat. The delegates on the left
crowded up for the purpose of supporting him as those from the right
^formed a solid phalanx on the front to prevent him from advancing.
In a raoraent, the two parties were engaged in a hand to hand fight.
Solid hickory canes, which appeared to be abundant on both sides,
were plied with vigor, Spittoons flew frora side to side like borab-
shells on a battle field. Inkstands took the place of solid shot.
Pistols were drawn and used as substitutes for clubs. The principal
weapons, however, which were used by both sides were the cane bot
tomed arra chairs, which were of course within the reach of every
one. These iraplements — not very well adapted to purposes of war
fare — were swung in the air by the dozens and broken over the heads.
of the contending parties. In some instances, chairs were broken up
for the purpose of procuring the legs to use as clubs. No firearms
were discharged, and no knives were used*. The fight took place
exclusively on the left side of the room, and lasted probably five
minutes. At the close, the anti-Low men or long hairs, who had
rallied to the support of Barton, were driven frora the field. , Several
juraped out of the windows, others who were badly hurt were
assisted out of the building, while the greater portion passed into
the ante-rooras and the main hall or to those portions of the assem
bly charaber which were regarded as neutral ground. The fight was
stubborn and effective while it lasted on the part of the long hairs.
as well as the shorts.
After the fight, the long hairs retired in a body and organized in
another hall, while the short hairs proceeded with business in the
capitoL Each convention norainated a full local ticket, and elected
a set of delegates to the state convention. Newton Booth was nomi-

218 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
natedfor state senator by the long hairs, and E. H. Heacock by the
shorts. The shorts attributed the trouble to an alleged partial
ruling by the chairman of the comraittee in favor of Barton, and to
the determination on the part of the longs to run the convention
without regard to the rights or wishes of the opposition. The short
hair convention instructed their nominees for the legislature to vote
for Low for United States senator, but that gentleman, on August
2d, published the following card in the Bulletin withdrawing from
the contest :
To the people of California — Sorae months since many personal
and political friends in various portions of the state thought proper
to put my name forward as a candidate for the United States senate,
to succeed the Hon. Jaraes A. McDougall, whose term will expire
March 4th, 1867. To their requests for authority to use ray narae,
I replied that if I could be elected honorably I would accept the
position. I expected, naturally enough, that the usual araount of
partisan bitterness would be engendered by the contest, but hoped
that the discussions would be conducted in a spirit of fairness and
with due regard to the proprieties of life. My expectations have
been more than realized in regard to the former, but ray hopes of
the latter have proved futile. As a citizen, I can bear attacks raade
in the exciteraent of political contests, calraly looking to the time
when the heated passions shall ha-ve subsided for a just and con
siderate judgment and a complete vindication. As a public officer,
I cannot longer reraain silent and allow ray usefulness to be im
paired, or permit the attacks, directed at me personally, to bring
odium upon the state. Occupying the position I do in the union
party, I cannot longer permit the charge to go unrefuted that I am
alone responsible for its threatened disruption to serve my personal
ends, when the fact is, that never, by word or deed, have I assisted,
counseled or advised a "split" or "bolt" in any county in the state,
however much the circumstances of the case might seem to justify
such action.
In view of these considerations, and desiring to settle at once and
forever these and all other points*of controversy, and not being aware
of any other way of doing it so effectually, I desire that my name be
no longer used in connection with the office referred to. Elect
honest and capable men to the legislature, and let thera select from
among the nuraerous candidates, one as to whose integrity and ability
there can be no question. Let hira be a man of large and liberal

DIVISION OF UNION PARTY. 219
views, devoid of meanness and partisan bigotry; one who haa been
faithful and true to the country during her years of darkness and
peril ; one whose past public record will be an araple assurance that
he can safely be entrusted with the great work of reconstructing
and readjusting the rebellious states in the union, having due regard
to the great principles of liberty, huraanity, and justice; one who
will honestly endeavor to subserve the beat interests of the state
and the nation. To such a man, I will give my cordial support and
co-operation. A consciousness of the rectitude of my purposes and
actions, and a desire to allay rather than increase the bitterness of
feeling at present existing, are my reasons for raaking this public
announceraent. The withdrawal of Governor Low frora the senatorial contest did
not, however, heal the breach in the union party. In raost of the
counties bolting tickets were norainated, while the deraocratic con
ventions adjourned without making norainations, but with recom
mendations that the members of their party support the short hair
tickets. The prospect of an election inspired the bolters to remain
in the field. In San Francisco, early in August, a petition was
circulated among the union voters, asking certain prominent citizens
to constitute themselves a union county convention for the purpose
of nominating a local ticket, electing delegates to the state conven
tion, and appointing a county coraraittee. This moveraent was ex
cused upon the ground that the then union coramittee had no legiti
mate existence, because the terms for which its members had been
elected had expired, and because the manner in which primary
elections had been conducted in that city, and the means and appli
ances which had been notoriously used to influence their result had
given no security that they would express the will of the real union
men and lawful voters of the city as to the choice of the men they
would have to represent them in the conventions and coraraittees of
the party. The petition was extensively signed, and the gentlemen
designated raet in convention and agreed upon a ticket and naraed
delegates to the state convention. The "regular" union primaries
were held in that city, on August fith, and the short-hairs carried
them by a large majority. The delegates so elected also held a conven
tion and nominated a local ticket, and selected a set of delegates to
attend the state convention. After the withdrawal of Low, the short-
hairs generally transferred their support to Felton for United States
senator.

220 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The union state committee met at San Francisco, on June 28th,
and called the state convention to meet at Sacramento, on August
16th, to nominate a candidate for justice of the supreme court. It
was apprehended that the division that existed in the party would
be carried into the convention, as double delegations had been elected
from seven or eight counties, and each faction evinced a disposition
to resort to any advantage that would have the effect to secure to it
the control of the body. The convention met at the appointed time,
at the Sixth-street M. E. church, and was called to order by A. J.
Bryant, chairman of the atate committee. J. G. McOallum (long
hair) was elected temporary chairman, without opposition — contrary
to the general expectation. A committee on resolutions, consisting
of J. W. Dwindle, Ira P. Rankin, W. L. Dudley, L S. Belcher, C.
Hartson, W. S. Safford, and Henry Philip, was appointed. On the
17th, the committee on credentials reported that they had listened
to a vast amount of evidence on the various contests, and had
endeavored to determine in favor of the delegations which were the
choice of the majority of the union voters of the counties. They
decided in favor of admitting the long hair delegation from Sacra
mento, and the short-hair delegation frora San Francisco. The
rainority of the comraittee favored the adraission of the short hair
delegation frora Sacraraento, but concurred in the raajority report in
the other particular. The defeated delegates frora San Francisco
waived their claims, and the lengthy discussion in the convention on
the adoption of the raajority report was confined entirely to the
Sacraraento case. The raajority report was adopted. On perraa
nent organization, McOallum was elected president; and W. L
Dudley and W. E. Hopping, vice-presidents.
For justice of the suprerae court, Silas W. Sanderson, John H.
McKune, W. T. SeXton, and S. W. Brockway were named. Sexton
and ,Brockway withdrew. On the first ballot, Sanderson received
219 votes and McKune 88, and the former waa declared norainated.
A state coraraittee was appointed, consisting of W. ^Murray, S. J.
Clarke, J. W. Dwinelle, H. S. Brown, A. B. Nixon, C. Hartson,
Felix Tracy, W. H. Parks, John Yule, S. H. Parker, W. 0. Ralston,
A. Barstow, J. R. Hardenbergh, and others.
The following resolutions were unanimously adopted :
1. That representing the loyal union men, and'^the union party
of California, we acknowledge our inestimable debt of gratitude
to the brave men who on land and sea have fought the battles

UNION CONVENTION. 221
of the republic through the varying fortunes of a desperate civil
war; to the statesraen who have exercised the civil authority
of the governraent and conducted its diplomacy; and above all, to
Almighty God, whose gracious Providence in the affairs of men was
never more signally manifest than in bringing our country — ^the
hope and beacon light of humanity — triumphantly through so terri
ble a struggle.
2. That while we have reason to rejoice in the success which has
attended union arms, and union principles, we recognize the fact that
our work is.not yet done; that great questions yet remain to be
settled and great difficulties to be overcorae by congress and the
administration in bringing order, peace, and submission to law, out
of the confusion and disorder in which the war has left the late rebel
states ; that there are still elements of disaffection to be restrained
in the section lately in rebeUion and to be com'batted at the polls in
Oalifornia; and that consequently there is no less necessity than
heretofore for raaintaining the organization of the party in its full
vigor and integrity, to the end that Oalifornia raay at all tiraes be
in a condition to render the raost effective and loyal support to every
measure of policy which may be found necessary by congress or
the adrainistration in order to raaintain the authority of the union
and to secure and perpetuate the just fruits of victory.
3. That in the life of Abraham Lincoln we recognize not only the
eminent and lasting services which he rendered to our country as
a patriot and a statesman, but also the brilliant and unstained
example which he has left to his countrymen and to raankind.
Hitherto our history haa been wanting in our illustration of the
stimulating energy arid of the field of action bestowed by our republi
can institutions. But in the history of his life we have an actual
instance of one born in the humblest condition of society, who sur
mounted the obstacles infused by poverty and want of education,
rising successively frora the lowest to the highest station in our
country, equal to every position and superior to every trial, and
everywhere and at all times, and for all tirae presenting to the world
the ideal type of the representative republican, man, citizen, and
patriot. On his tomb, we lay the offering of our gratitude and
love. 4. That in Andrew Johnson we recognize the worthy successor of
Abraham Lincoln ; like hira, the representative of the benefits of
our free and beneficent republican institutions, and that to him we
transfer, with undoubting faith, the allegiance of hope and love

222 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
whioh we bear to the beloved institutions of our country. That
we approve the spirit of corabined firraness and clemency which has
thus far characterized his administration. We endorse his declara
tion " that the restoration of peace and order cannot be intrusted to
rebels and traitors who destroyed the peace and trampled down the
order that had existed raore than half a century," and believe it to
be the duty of all union men to oppose the restoration of civil power
in the rebellious statea until the president and congress shall be
satisfied that it will be wielded by truly loyal majorities therein.
We have the fullest confidence in the administration of President
Johnson, and in his patriotism, wisdom, and judgment, and pledge
him our earnest support.
5. That it is the duty and policy of California to adopt the amend
ment of the constitution of the United States prohibiting involun
tary servitude, except on conviction for crirae, throughout the United
States. 6. That the Monroe doctrine is the traditional and well-estab
lished policy of the United States, and we cannot see with indiffer-
encethe subversion of the liberties of a friendly republic by European
arras, and the establishment of imperialism by the same means, on
our immediate borders.
, The following additional resolutions were offered by J. R. Buck-
bee, but they were lost by a large majority :
7. That California is unalterably pledged to maintain the plighted
faith of the nation for the payraent of the public debt; and that by
no act, either direct or indirect, will she favor repudiation, nor pur
sue a state financial policy calculated to impair the national credit,
either at home or abroad.
8. That we are in favor of collecting the state revenue on the
national currency, and that a law raaking such provision should be
enacted during the session of the next legislature.
9. That we are in favor of establishing the national banking
systera in this state, and that its introduction should be encouraged
and promoted by all proper and necessary state legislation.
10. That it follows as a corollary frora the three preceding pro-
, positions, that the law, known as the "specific contract law" should
be repealed.
On August 24th, the union state committee issued an address to
the merabers of the party, in which they recited :

ADDRESS OF UNION STATE COMMITTEE. 223
It is useless for us to disguise the fact that there exists within
the party, in the various counties of the state, much dissatisfaction.
It has been said that there are now no issues before the people; that
the mission and work of the union party are finished. It cannot be
that this is the judgment of the loyal raen of California. Never
were there raore moraentous issues before any party. What raore
iraportant issue could possibly be presented than the siraple one of
whether you shall be governed by loyal raen or traitors? If no
principle were involved, this alone should call forth your most
earnest and enthusiastic exertions. ¦* * ¦* Losing sight
of the work of reconstruction yet before the union party, ambitious
men have allowed themselves to be drawn into a course of action
which cannot be other than the destruction of the union party, and
the triumph, not alone of its enemies, but of the deadly enemies of
the country. Office acquired by the aid of traitor votes will only
prove a legacy of shame. There is no middle ground. You must
be for the country through the union organization, or against the
country in company of traitors. Division can only result in disaster.
Nopersonal jealousy can justify it. Any success outside of the union
organization will be, not the success of union men, but of traitors;
for it will be the first step toward placing the latter in power.
Defeat the regular nominations in any considerable nuraber of coun
ties at the approaching Septeraber election, and your state govern
ment will inevitably pass out of your hands at the next state elec
tion. Believing that this disaster can only be averted by union and
harmony in our own ranks, we earnestly urge and implore the union
men to stand firmly by the regular organization. If sacrifices of
feelings are necessary, let them be made.
The general election for members of the legislature and county
officers was held on September 6th. The democrats coalesced with
the short hairs in raost of the counties, upon the principle of opposi
tion to negro suffrage, and of a paper currency in place of gold and
silver. The fusion was raade in Sacramento county two days before
the election, but generally in the state the deraocrats raade no norai
nations. The long hair ticket was successful in Shasta, Sierra,
Sutter, Yuba, Butte, Teharaa, Nevada, Placer, Alpine, Calaveras,
San Joaquin, Santa Clara, Alaraeda, Los Angeles, Tuolurane, Mari
posa, El Dorado, arid several other counties; while the fusionists
carried Sacramento, Amador, Yolo, Sonoma, and Stanislaus counties,
and were partially successful in San Francisco. The long hairs
secured the control of the legislature.

224 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
On August 16th, the deraocratic state coraraittee called a state
judicial convention of that party, to meet at Sacramento, on Sep
tember 19th, at which tirae that body convened in the Seventh-
street M. E. church. James 0. Goods, chairman of the state com
raittee, called the convention to order, and J. P. Hoge was unani
mously elected temporary chairman. On perraanent organization,
Hoge was president; and John Bigler, W. McClure, Jaraes Johnson,
W. F. White, George Pearce, Wm. Watt, John McDougal, Alex.
Montgomery, W. T. Coleraan, and others, vice-presidents. A com
mittee on resolutions was appointed, consisting of P. A. Forrester,
E- H. Vandecar, W. H. Glascock, Eugene Oasserly, J. W. Ooffroth,
¦George Pearce, D. W. Gelwicks, 0. D. Semple, W. T. Coleraan,
Thos. Findley, J. D. Harableton, and others.
The comraittee reported the following resolutions :
1. That we sincerely rejoice in the cessation of war and the retum
of peace throughout our whole country; and we trust that the
momentous lessons of the past four years will inspire among all
our fellow-citizens greater reverence for constitutional obligations,
and those friendly and fraternal relations between the people of all
the states, which are the most solid guarantee for the perpetuity of
the union.
2. That the democracy of Oalifornia will in the future, as in the
past, give a cordial support to the national administration in the dis
charge of all its constitutional functions, and most especially in
times of great national peril ; that in the face of the manifold diffi
culties and embai-rassments resulting frora the late war, the demo
cratic party will not withhold its support from the policy of the
adrainistration so far as the same tends to secure the rights and
liberties of the states and of their citizens.
3. That upon every ground of justice and policy to the white
people of the country, as well as of huraanity to the negroes them
selves, the democratic party is inflexibly opposed to negro suffrage,
and ita inevitable conaequence : the political and social equality of
the negro in every form, and especially to the unnatural and revo
lutionary scheme for thrusting universal suffrage, by action of con
gress, upon the riegroes of the southern states.
4. That the welfare of California demands, imperatively, that her
mining interests should be developed and fostered ; and her people
are in the same degree opposed to any system for the sale or taxa
tion of her mines.

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 225'
5. That the whole history of Oalifornia is a triumphant vindica
tion of her state policy of a gold and silver circulating medium ; and'
that any change in this respect would be disastrous in the extreme ;•
that unwritten contracts for work, labor, and services should by law,
in all cases, be enforced in gold and silver coin.
6. That the Monroe doctrine is an essential part of the policy of
the democratic party, and of the American people.
7. That when the civil authority is in full operation, there is
neither warrant in the constitution or laws, nor even a pretext in
any supposed necessity of state, for trials by military courts or
arrests by railitary power. And that the writ of habeas corpus
should be held inviolable under the provisions of the constitution.
The resolutions were unanimously adopted, except the sixth, for
which John McHenry offered the following substitute :
That while we approve of the Monroe doctrine, we do not think
that its enforcement either requires the United States of North
America to give aid or assistance to, or to enter into any treaty, or
alliance, offensive or defensive, or any compact or engagement, by
which they shall be pledged to Mexico or any of the Spanish Ameri
can states, to raaintain by force the principle that no part of the
American continent is henceforward subject to colonization by any
European power, nor does it bind them in any way, or to any extent,
to resist interference from abroad with the domestic concerns of the
aforesaid governments, or to adopt any measure which shall commits
the present or ^future neutral rights or duties of these United States,
as regards any other foreign state or nation whatsoever. This doc
trine being the enunciation of a right, to-wit : that each state on
this continent which has achieved its independence is entitled to
guard by its own means its own territory from future colonization,
made with a view to establish a European form of government ; and
that the declaration of this doctrine was drawn frora our govern
ment in 1823, in consequence of the proraulgation of certain despotic
principles by the allied powers, and which were imraediately fol
lowed by certain militarj^ raoveraents on the continent of Europe,
among which principles were : "That tfie allied powers have an
undoubted right to take hostile attitude in regard to those states in
which the overthrow of the government may operate as an example;"
"That useful and necessary changes in legislation and in the adminis
tration of states ought only to emanate from the free will and
intelligent and well weighed conviction of those whora God has ren-

226 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
dered responsible for power;'' "that all popular or constitutional
rights are held not otherwise than as grants from the crown ;" "that
there is henceforth but one policy in Christendora, which should be
adopted both by people and kings, to protect religion and to secure
the prevalence of those principles on which huraan society rests.''
The announcement of these principles, together with a then rumored
corabination of those European continental sovereigns against the
newly established free states of South Araerica, -vindicated the
wisdora of our government in adopting the policy it then pursued,
and justified it in announcing in that crisis, the Monroe doctrine.
After a spirited discussion, the substitute was defeated, and the
original resolution adopted.
For justice of the suprerae court, Henry H. Hartley, Royal T.
Sprague, William T. Wallace, and E. Steele were placed in nomina
tion. Wallace withdrew, and Hartley was norainated on the first
ballot, by a vote of 140, to 58 for Sprague, and 6 for Steele.
A state coraraittee was appointed, consisting of P. A. Forrester,
E. H. Vandecar, W. H. Glascock, T. W. Freelon, Jaraes W. Mande
ville, J. S. Curtis, George Pearce, John Daggett, John Berry, A.
Montgomery, D. W. Gelwicks, T. N. -Cazneau, J. H. Lawrence,
Thoraas Findley, J. D. Hambleton, J W. Ooffroth, J. 0. Goods, W.
Shattuck, W. T. Coleman, J. P. Hoge, E. Oasserly, and others.
The judicial election was held on October 18th, and Sanderson
was elected by a vote of 34,277, to 27,829 for Hartley.
On December 6th, George Pearce (deraocrat) introduced the fol
lowing in the senate, and by a vote of 26 to 6, it was referred to
the coramittee on federal relations :
Whereas, in the years 1860 and 1861, several of the states of the
union passed acts through their legislatures professedly for the pur
pose of dissolving their relations to and connection with the federal
government, which acts were and are wholly null and void, the
people of which several states, however, took up arms in defense of
their supposed right to so sever their relations, and after a sanguin
ary war, failed to maintain their avowed right so to sever their rela
tions ; and whereas, in the bloody conflict through which they have
just passed the local governments of the so-called seceded states
were and now are suspended, which local state governments it is
proper should now be restored, as well as their former relations to
the federal government ; and whereas. President Johnson, since his

POST BELLUM RESOLUTIONS. 227
inauguration has, by proclaraation, in conferences and by raessage,
-declared that the governraents of the so-called seceded states and
their relations to the federal government should be restored by the
friends and citizens of such states, and that the same should be
-effected by the friends and citizens aforesaid under the constitutions
and local laws of each of such states in force at the date of the
passage of the so-called secession acta or ordinances ; and whereas,
after the danger of dissolution has passed, we find a factious politi
cal eleraent striving to thwart and defeat the huraane efforts of the
president to restore their relations to the union, and local state
govemments upon the principle so declared ; therefore, resolved.
That we heartily approve the efforts of President Johnson to
restore the social relations and governments, and upon the principle
aforesaid, and hereby pledge hira our undivided support in his said
efforts upon the principles and plan so declared and promulgated by
him, to the end that the said relations and local state governments
may speedily be restored.
On December 8th, Williara Holden (democrat) introduced in the
assembly the following resolutions, which were laid on the table by
a vote of 50 to 16, but on the 12th, they were taken up by a vote
of 41 to 38, and referred to the comraittee on federal relations, but
were never reported :
1. That our senators in congress are instructed and our representa
tives requested to vote against and oppose any and all raeasure or
¦measures having for its or their object the conferring upon the negro
the right of suffrage in the District of Colurabia, or any other terri
tory belonging to the United States, over which congress has the
exclusive power of legislation.
2. To vote against and oppose any measure in congress fixing or
attempting to fix the qualifications of voters in any of the states or
territories of the United States.
3. To vote against and oppose any and all measures the objeot of
which may be to dispose of the mineral lands of California.
4. To vote for arid sustain all raeasures of this administration
-which will tend to a coraplete and full restoration of the union, the
constitutional authority of the federal government, the constitu
tional rights of the individual states, and that fraternal feeling that
existed between the citizens thereof prior to the revolution.
5. To vote for the adraission to seats in congress of all senators
and representatives who have been elected by conventions or legisla-

228 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
tures, or by the people of states heretofore in rebellion, in pursuance
of the proclamation of the president of the United States, provided
they can take the oath of office required by the laws of the United
States. On Deceraber 9th, Williara J. Shaw (deraocrat) introduced the
following in the senate, and they were referred to the coramittee on
federal relations :
Inasmuch as the rebellion, and the peace which has ensued, pre
sent new issues and new measures for public consideration; and
inasrauch as legislation raay be assisted and expedited by a prompt-
discussion and decision respecting some of thera ; therefore, resolved,
as the sense of the senate :
1. That we approve of "the reconstruction policy" of the president
of the United States, Andrew Johnson.
2. That states admitted into the union becorae parts of it, and
cannot commit treason against it ; that states cannot be taken oui
of the union by separate acts of their own, nor by lawless acts of '
individuals acquiring temporary control. Secondly, that the states
recently in rebellion are co-equal states of the union, as completely
as though the late lawless control over thera had not been acquired.
3. That the regulation of the elective franchise in the states apper
tains to the states severally and exclusively, and the sarae should
not be extended, changed, nor interfered with by any act of the con
gress of the United States, or by either house thereof.
4. That every atterapt to revive issues calculated to excite sec
tional hatred and raaintain "parties by geographical discrirainations"
should be reprobated, because it tends unavoidably to embitter one
section of the republic against another, to render a universal love of
the union irapossible, and thereby to irapair its usefulness, lessen its
strength and iraperil its continuance; and that misfortunes such as
these, and such as we have recently encountered from the same
cause, are more serious to our country and to mankind than would
be an utter neglect of all states and statesmen to interfere with the
laws, customs, or people of the states not their own, however
superior in virtue, huraanity, and intelligence the intermeddlers
might really be ; consequently, that we will do no act to encourage
any party which raay seek to maintain itself through sectional issues
and sectional prejudices.
-5. That we are in favor of reducing the rate of interest of the war
debt, and of taxing the holders thereof on the income therefroni as

POST BELLUM RESOLUTIONS. i 229
:soon as the sarae can be constitutionally accomplished, without any
violation of the national faith, credit, or honor.
6. That we are opposed to an irredeemable currency and the
introduction of national banks into this state, unless provision be
-first raade to insure the prompt redemption of their bills in gold and
silver. 7. That we are opposed to the sale by govemment of the mines or
mineral lands of this state, and in favor of an act of congress secur
ing all mines to the discoverers and occupants.
On the same day, J. D. Goodwin (deraocrat) offered the following
in the asserably, and they had the sarae reference :
Wheeeas, The military power of the states lately in rebellion
against the constitutional authorities of the United States has been
-completely destroyed, and peace restored to the country; and where
as, it is indispensible to the future happiness, prosperity, and union
¦of the American people that all the parties in the late terrible con
flict shall work together in harmony, and that the said states shall
assurae without delay the exercise of all their functions as sovereign
states in the union ; and whereas, the president of the United
-States has adopted, and is now urging upon the attention of the
whole people, a wise and conciliatory policy to that end ; therefore,
resolved. That we heartily endorse the efforts of President Johnson to con-
-ciliate the southern people, and to restore their status to the union
and the constitution.
On the 12th, S. L. Lupton (deraocrat) introduced the following- in
the assembly, and it was sent to the same coraraittee :
That we heartly endorse the pardoning power conferred upon the
•chief executive of the United States as exercised by President
Andrew Johnson toward the erring people of the southern states.
In the assembly, on the 14th, A. B. Hunt (union) offered the
-following, which were referred to the same committee :
Whereas, An armed and unauthorized resistance has been made
"to the national authority in certain states of this union, and a bloody
civil war unequaled in the annals of the world for atrocity and
¦cruelty has for the last four yeara been waged against the govern
ment of United States ; and whereas, said war was instigated and

230 . POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
carried on by raen who were educated at the expense of the general
govemraent, and who have all their lives been the recipients of its-
favors and emoluments, and when by the constitutionally expreased
will of the people the control of the government passed from their
hands, resolved upon its overthrow and destruction, waged a bloody
and unrelenting war to that purpose, filling the land with mourning
and desolation, and as a fitting climax to so brutal and blood-thirsty
a rebellion it culminated in the assassination of that great and good
man, Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States, and the
atterapted assassination of that erainent Araerican statesman, Will
iam H. Seward ; and whereas, said rebellion has been met, com
batted, and overthrown by the navy and armies of the United States,
and the insurgent forces captured or dispersed, and their leaders are
now within the control of the government, and peace and fraternal
relations are being established within insurgent states ; therefore,
resolved, 1. That our hearty and sincere thanks are due, and are hereby'
extended to the president of the United States and his cabinet for
the wisdom, devotion, and patriotism they have displayed in con
ducting the republic through difficulties such as never before
environed a government, and that we still have full faith and con
fidence in the wisdom, integrity, and patriotisra of the administra
tion. 2. That our everlasting gratitude and thanks are hereby given to
the soldiers and sailors of the armies and navy of the United States
for their matchless courage, their unflinching devotion and the
more than Spartan valor displayed by them, both in the storm of
battle and the long continued sieges.
3. That we heartily concur and hereby approve of the declaration
of his excellency, Andrew Johnson, president of the United States,
that "treason must and shall be raade odious."
4. That it is due to the martyred dead, to public justice and the-
raajesty of law, and it is our raost earnest desire that the leading
conspirators, as soon as may be convenient, be brought to trial and
convicted of the crime of treason^— the highest crirae known to our
laws — and that they be made to suffer the penalty of their crimes.

POST BELL UM RESOL UTIONS. 231
CHAPTER XVIII.
1866. Union Resolutions — Policy of President Johnson.
On January 5th, 1866, John S. Hager (democrat) offered the fol
lowing in the senate, and they were referred to the committee on
federal relations :
1. That the sentiments of President Johnson in regard to main
taining the traditional policy of the nation by adhering to what is
commonly known as the Monroe doctrine, so promptly disclosed in
his first annual message, are erainently patriotic, and meet with the
cordial approval of the people of Oalifornia.
2. That we endorse and concur in the views entertained by the
president, enunciated in his late annual message — that under the
federal constitution all questions relating tb an extension of the
elective franchise to the freedmen of the south should be referred
to the several states and deterrained and regulated exclusively by
thera — as just in principle, sound in policy, and best calculated to
proraote the future harmony and prosperity of the country.
On the same day, Jaraes Johnson (deraocrat) offered this resolu
tion in the senate:
That the so-called confederate states are not out of the union.
Joseph Kutz moved to amend by adding, "but are emphatically
out in the cold."
Horace Hawes offered the following substitute :
That the pretended right of secession on the part of any state, or
the people thereof, is repugnant to the federal constitution, and sub
versive of the peace, order, and liberties of the country, and we
rejoice that reason and the force of arms have forever overthrowri'
the dbctrine of the said pretended right of secession, and re-estab
lished the authority of the constitution and government of the
IJnited States, in all their plenitude, over the whole territories of
the American union.
The Hawes substitute was adopted — 26 to 5. It went to the
house, and on the 9th, Holden (democrat) offered the following pro
viso :
Provided, however, that we recognize the right of any people, any
where, being inclined and having the power and the right to rise up
and' shake ofl" the existing governraent and forra a new one that

232 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
suits them better ; that it is a valuable and a sacred right that any
people who , can, raay revolutionize and make their own of so rauch
territory as they inhabit.
The whole raatter was referred to the committee on federal rela
tions — 49 to 12. On the 31st, the majority of the committee
reported that the Holden amendment was "an extract from a speech
on the Mexican war made by Lincoln in congress, and was a mere
incidental remark intended doubtless to enunciate the right of revolu
tion as that right is recognized in the declaration of independence,
which extract is not as guarded in its terms as it would have been
had the author sought to enunciate a principle in the form of a
resolution, or had he supposed that his language might afterward
be quoted for the purpose of justifying an attempt to overthrow a
republican government with the intent of building on its ruins
another government, the corner stone of which should be human
slavery." The committee reported as a substitute for the Holden
amendment that portion of the declaration of independence referring
to the right of revolution. On February 1st, the resolution came
up for discussion in the house, and after a heated debate the instru
ment reported by the majority of the committee was passed — 47 to
7. It went to the senate again, but was not acted upon.
On January 11th, R. P. Mace (democrat) introduced the following
in the asserably:
Whereas, The states lately in rebeUion against the lawful authori
ties of the government of the United States have laid down their
arms and have acknowledged as binding and unchangeable the
authority of the federal constitution, and have subraitted to the law
ful power of every department of the general government; and
whereas, peace once raore blesses every portion of the national union;
and whereas, reason and huraanity dictate a course of leniency
rather than violence toward those recently in armed rebellion against
the lawful authority; and whereas, Jefferson Davis was only the
visible representative of the feelings and sentiraents of the southem
people; therefore; resolved.
That our congressional representatives be instructed to use their
influence to procure the unconditional pardori of Said Davis.
T. J. Sherwood (union) offered the foUowing substitute :
Whereas, Jefferson Davis, late president of the so-caUed, con
federate states, is now ancJ has been for some jnonths past in the

, UNION PAR TY AND PRESIDENT JOHNSON. 233
custody of the United States, on the charge of treason against the
government, and complicity in the assassination of the president ;
resolved. That in view of the enormity of the crirae, and the demands of
the loyal people of this state, we respectfully request of the presi
dent that said Davis, for his alleged treason,' be speedily brought to
trial before a civil or military tribunal, and if convicted, that he be
made to suffer the punishment prescribed by law.
The substitute was adopted and passed — 58 to 20. It went to
the senate on the ISth, when Johnson proposed the following sub
stitute :
That in view of the fact that Jefferson Davis has been indicted
for treason against the United States govemment, we are content to
leave the question of his trial to the courts, and that of his pardon
to the president.
On the S.lst, the whole matter was indefinitely postponed.
The policy of President Johnson for the reconstruction of the
southern states was rauch at variance with the views of the old line
merabers of the union party, and toward the end of 1865, it received
sharp criticisra frora the organs of that element. The democrats at
first raildly approved the course of the president, but with his veto
of the freedmen's bureau bill, on February 19th, he became their
party hero, while the unionists declared open war against him, and
they prosecuted it vigorously during the remainder of his term. The
veto of the freedraen's bureau bill was endorsed in California by
the raerabers of the deraocratic party by torch-light processions, ora
tions, and the firing bf salutes. The democratic county committee
of San Francisco adopted resolutions declaring their trust in the
virtue, integrity, and intelligence of the American people, invoking
the favorable judgment of the people in behalf of the president in
his battle with congress (there being a union majority in each branch
which was at war with the president and his policy), pledging their
personal influence to strengthen his arra in the great work of restora
tion, declaring that the, confederate states should be iraraediately
admitted into the union to all the rights and privileges of states and
upon such terms of -perfect equality, pronouncing in opposition to
negro suffrage in any form, and especially endorsing the president in
his declaration that the question of suffrage is one peculiarly belong--
ing to the states, and that for congress to attempt to interfere in the

234 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
matter would be a gross violation of the federal compact. The com
mittee called a mass meeting, to be held in that city, on February
27th. At the raeeting, resolutions endorsing the policy of the presi
dent were adopted, and speeches were delivered by John B. Weller,
Frank Hereford, and J. H. Hardy.
On February 23d, the executive coramittee of the union state
committee met at San Francisco, and adopted the following resolu
tions :
1. That the present is a crisis in the closing of the war for the
restoration of the union in which it becomes all union raen to adhere
firraly to the principles which have guided them through four years of
rebellion, and to act with the greatest patience, discretion, and
deliberation, and not be unwarily entrapped into any action or expres
sion which shall seera to coraralt thera to any co-operation with that
party which for the last four years has sympathized with the
rebellion. 2. That we do not yet perceive that there is an irreparable
breach between the president and congress ; and that until such a
breach shall conclusively appear to exist, we shall continue to hope
that the fruits of the triuraphs of the union armies are not to be
lost ; and that it is the duty of all union men to avoid any entangle
ment with the Vallandighams, the Seymours, and the copperhead con
federate sympathizers in Oalifornia, by assisting at their public
meetings or otherwise.
3. That when such men as Vallandigham and Seymour at the east,
the notorious copperhead sympathizers of San Francisco, and those
recreant Californians who have always denounced the suppression of
the rebellion, openly avowed theraselves traitors, sent their sons
into the rebel army, and always rejoiced over the reverses of the
union arms, unite together in a public endorsement of the policy of
a president whora they have hitherto bitterly opposed, it is apparent
that they do not fully understand that policy, or that they are
endeavoring to seduce the president from his allegiance to the con
stitution. 4. That the abolition of slavery in the United States is one of the
results of the late rebellion, and that it would be a most wicked,
senseless, and dastardly act if the free and loyal people of the
United States should now withdraw their protection from the four
millions of freedmen and permit them to be reduced again into
slavery under state laws enacted by men whose hands are red with
the blood of patriots.

RESOLUTIONS ON RECONSTRUCTION. 235
5. That we believe that President Johnson will remain true to
the constitution and to his pledges, and that he will not suffer hira
self to be betrayed by the atterapted seductions of men who were
lately in arms against the union, or by those who in act and declared
sentiment syrapathize with rebellion.
In the asserably, on February 23d, Thomas Eager offered the
following :
That we approve of the action of the majority of the United
States senate in refusing to sustain the veto of the president of the
freedmen's bureau bill.
That the Hon. John Oonness, in acting with the majority of the
- United States senate on that question, represented the opinions and
wishes of the people of California.
A motion to lay the resolutions on the table was defeated — 28 to
40, and they went to the comraittee on federal relations. The next
day the raajority of the committee reported the following substitute:
That we heartily endorse the course of those of our delegation in con
gress who voted for the passage of the bill known as the "freedmen's
bureau bill;" and that we endorse the course of the Hon. John Con
ness in voting against sustaining the president's veto of the sarae.
The rainority of the coraraittee recommended that the original
resolutions be indefinitely postponed, and that the following sub
stitute be adopted :
That we do most heartily endorse President Johnson's recent veto
of the freedmen's bureau bill, and his expressed views in relation to
his restoration policy.
On the 28th, the raajority substitute was passed — 47 to 26. It
was adopted by the senate, on March 2d — 21 to 8.
On February 27th, John P. Jones (union) introduced in the
senate a lengthy series of resolutions endorsing the position taken by-
congress on the question of reconstruction. W. J. Shaw offered a
substitute endorsing the adrainistration of President Johnson, and
the raatter carae up for discussion and action on March 21st.
Jones then ofl'ered an amended series of resolutions, which were
finally passed — 21 to 13, and they were adopted by the house, on the
30th— 39 to 16.
The resolutions as finally adopted declared :
That in view of the present extraordinary condition of national

236 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
affairs, it is proper that the legislature of the loyal state of Cali
fornia make the following declarations :
1. That although "indemnity for the past" has not been, and
could not in the nature of things, be obtained by the recent triumph
of our national arms in the great civil war, the late so-called con
federate states ought not to be represented in congress, nor per
mitted the fuU exercise of civil power within their own limits, or to
resume their positions as states of the union in full fellowship
therein, until adequate guarantees of "security for the future" and
of the maintenance of the nation's faith are incorporated in the
United States constitution, and frankly, fully, and in good faith
endorsed or adopted by the people of said so-called confederate
states, and so raade practically irreversible.
2. That the alarming pretense recently set up to the contrary of
this by those in sympathy with the unsubdued spirit of the rebel
lion is incompatible with the course pursued by the president, and
approved by the secretary of state, in instituting provisional or
military governments in the rebel states (after the cessation of
lioatilitiea, and the surrender of the rebel armies), and in refusing to
withdraw such temporary military governments until the ratifica
tion of the constitutional araendraent abolishing slavery.
3. T'hat while we agree with the position then taken by the presi
dent, that those states had no right to resume domestic civil power,
or to send representatives to congress until they should fulfill cer
tain conditions precedent, in deterraining the terras of which they
should have no voice, we deny the right of the executive branch of
the government to determine the nature or extent of such condi
tions. 4. That all questions pertaining to the status of the late rebel
states, their just relations to the national union, and the time and
method of their restoration thereto, belong to the legislative and not
to the executive departraent of the federal governraent ; therefore,
the raeasure of the guarantees which may be necessary for the future
peace and security of the nation can be authoritatively deterrained
only by the congress, and that any atterapt by the national execu
tive to control the questions, would be an invasion of the rightful
authority of the people, and dangerous to republican liberty.
5. That because the second clause of the latest constitutional
araendraent, which empowers congress to carry into effect by federal
enactment the first clause, abolishing slavery, would obviously be a
dead letter with a congress composed of the eneraies of liberty, and

RESOLUTIONS ON RECONSTRUCTION. 237
because the present constitutional basis of representation is, under
the new order of things, raanifestly partial and unequal, we approve
the spirit of the proposed constitutional amendment which has
already received a two-thirds vote in the house of representatives,
and which is now pending in the senate; and our senators are
hereby requested to yield the same their fuU support, to the end that
the late so-called confederate states may, when admitted, be reduced
to an equality, as to representation, with the loyal states.
6. That the adoption of this and such other amendments to the
constitution as congress raa,y propose and the loyal states ratify,
ought to be held as conditions precedent to the restoration of civil
power in the late so-called confederate states, and the adraission of
their senators and representatives to seats in congress.
7. That we have full confidence in the wisdom, integrity, and
moderation of the present congress ; that the freedraen's bureau bill
which recently passed that body appears to have been a well con
sidered and constitutional measure, having only in view the main
tenance of the pledged faith of the nation, and that the refusal of
the president to give his assent, taken together with his implied
purpose to veto all measures affecting the late rebel states unless
their representatives are first adraitted to vote for or against such
measures, are totally indefensible, and an assumption of dictatorial
power justly calculated to awaken the gravest apprehensions in the
minds of a people jealous of their liberties.
8. That all fears for the future of the republic are silenced by an
abiding faith in the patriotism, power, and purpose, the constancy,
conscience, and courage of the loyal people, who have thus far
proven equal to every emergency, and will continue so to the end.
On February 24th, a large union mass meeting was held at Sacra
mento, and it was addressed by Senator-elect Cole, who vindicated
the action of the majority of congress on the subject of reconstruc
tion. A lengthly set of resolutions was adopted which opposed the
policy of the president. On March 2d, another meeting was held at
the pavilion, at Sacraraento, over which Governor Low presided, and
similar resolutions were passed.
President Johnson vetoed the civil rights bill on March 27th, and
the raessage met with the approval of the democratic party, but was
severely conderaned by the extreme unionists. The union con
gressional majority was now in open war with the president, and
the conflict was carried on with much bitterness by both sides. On

238 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
June 25th, a call was issued by the executive coramittee of the
national union club for a national union convention to be held, at
Philadelphia, on August 14th, and to be composed of delegates
chosen by citizens who endorsed and sustained the president's
adrainistration, and who were in favor of maintaining unbroken the
union of the states under the constitution. On July 28th, a meet
ing of the Johnson administration club of Santa Clara county was
held at San Jose, and a resolution was passed calling a state conven
tion, to meet at San Francisco, on August 3d, of the friends of the
administration, for the purpose of selecting delegates to represent
California, in the Philadelphia convention. At the appointed time
and place, the convention met, F. B. Murdock was chosen presi
dent ; and A J. Gunnison, J. Center, 0. P. Sutton, W. H. Culver,
0. P. Hester, B. P. Kooser, and G. W. Hagar, vice-presidents.
The following resolutions were passed : ,
1. That we recognize in Andrew Johnson, president of the United
States, and his cabinet — at the head of which is Williara H. Seward,
long tried and true — sterling patriots and wise and coraprehen-
sive statesraen, who have devoted their best energies to the welfare
of the nation ; and that we hereby approve of their plan for the
speedy restoration of the states to their normal position in the na
tional union.
2. That the rebellion has been crushed, that slavery has been
destroyed, and that the rebels having laid down their arms and re
turned to their allegiance to the United States government and
obedience to its laws ; nothing now remains for the political power
but to restore the states to their proper position.
3. That all the original states of the union are entitled to be rep
resented in congress, providing that they select as representatives
loyal men who are qualified by existing laws of the United States
to serve as such.
4. That a spirit of wise and judicious forbearance, raoderation
and charity, should control the political action of the country, in
order that the people of all sections raay become thoroughly reunited
in the bonds of national sentiment, common interest and industrial
pursuits ; that so long as one section of the country is unnecessarily
kepi out of its proper position in the union, its material interests
cannot flourish; it cannot contribute its just quota to the general
revenue, and thus onerous taxes must be levied upon other sections.
5. That we cordially endorse the spirit and principles embodied in

NA TIONAL CONVENTION DELEGA TES. 239
the call for a national convention to assemble in Philadelphia, August
14, 1866, and that-we sincerely hope and trust that that convention
will be guided by wise and patriotic counsels, so that all true patri
ots may endorse its action.
6. That the action of congress, in refusing to restore all the states
of the union to their proper position in the union, is violative of
the principles of the union party, and of the pledges made to the
country by that party, which congress was in duty bound to fulfill.
7. That we do hereby call upon all citizens who have hitherto op
posed the ruinous doctrine of the political right of secession, and
who are still opposed to recognizing its principles in any shape, to
rally, in connection with the national union party of thia state, in
support of the principles above set forth.
The following were elected delegates to the Philadelphia conven
tion : First district — Cornelius Cole (who afterward published a
letter repudiating the action of the convention) and Montgoraery
Blair. Second district— J. H. Riley and J. W. Wilcox. Third
district — J. W. Siraonton and J. P. Leese. At large — Senator
Doolittle, Robert J. Walker, General Dix, and General Slocura. A
state central committee was selected, consisting of M. S. Whiting,
I. N. Thorne, W. H. Culver, Charles Maclay, J. Center, and Edw.
¦ Stanly. On August 7th the democratic state central coraraittee met at
San Francisco, passed resolutions that the democracy of California
should be represented in the democratic convention, and elected as
delegates Jackson Temple, Williara T. Coleman, Jas. A. McDougall,
and W. W. Cope, at large ; Joseph P. Hoge and Sanauel Purdy
from the first district ; John Bigler and Samuel Martin from the
second district ; and P. B. Reading and Thomas H. Hanson from
the third district.
The Johnson union state committee, on September 26th, issued a
lengthy address to the voters of Oalifornia, urging the formation of
clubs, and the appointment of county committees, in order that a
vigorous support might be given to the policy of the president, but
the movement never attained the dignity of a political party.
On August 1st, the union state central committee raet at San
Francisco, and adopted a resolution endorsing and approving the
amendment to article fourteen of the federal constitution. The fol
lowing resolutions were also adopted :
1. That until such amendment is adopted, those states lately in

240 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
rebellion should not be adraitted to representation in congress ; that
by all laws the victor should not place political' power in the hands
of the vanquished until full and araple guarantees for future peace
are given and accepted ; that a people who have waged for four
years an unjust war against the govemment cannot complain of in
justice at being denied the opportunity to do in the halls of legisla
tion what they were powerless to accomplish on the fleld of battle.
2. That the union party of Oalifornia are opposed to any legisla
tion or to any policy in congress, or by the president, which shall
fall short of a full settlement of huraan slavery, in fact as well as
name, throughout our whole country ; and that any reconstruction,
reorganization, or rehabilitation which does not assure to the whole
people, white as well as black, "life, liberty, and the pursuit of hap
piness," will be mischievous in its results, a;id-a full admission that
the republic does not possess the genius to save what it had the
valor to win.
3. That the work of reconstruction iraplies a moral regeneration
of disloyal raen and parties, and should be carried on among de
feated and disorganized rebels and rebel states rather than in the
ranks of the union party. That the VaUandighams, the Woods, and
the Seymours, who are active in proraoting a convention in Phila
delphia, and who it is certain are to participate in it, are not fit
associates for loyal raen, and are not to be trusted in any degree
with the destinies of the republic. That the party which has proved
capable of carrying the country successfully through years of bloody
war, may safely be trusted to finish, in time of peace, the work yet
remaining to be done to insure the permanence of pure republican
institutions in America.
4. That we approve the action of congress, and of our union del
egation in congress, on the question of reconstruction, and that any
courae less "radical" would not have met the approval of the people
of California.

The committee appointed Senators Conness and Cole, Congress
men McRuer, Bidwell, and Higby, and Frederick BiUings, Richard
Chenery, and Moses Ellis to attend the southern union convention,
which was to meet at Philadelphia on September 3d, and to assure
the members of that body that they had the syrapathy of the loyal
men of California.

THE CHINESE QUESTION IN POLITICS. 24L
CHAPTER XIX.
1867. The Chinese Question ;in Politics — Union Primaries — Union
Convention— Bolt in the Union Party— Gorham's Appeal to the
People— Revised Union Ticket— Republican Convention— Demo
cratic Convention.
The Chinese issue was the raost prorainent one at the outset of
the campaign of 1867. In San Francisco, anti-Chinese associations
were formed, and they essayed to take a hand in the politics of the
state. The officers of the anti-coolie association, on April 19, 1867,
sent invitations to George C Gorham, John Bidwell, Caleb T. Fay,
and Frank M. Pixley, the candidates for the union nomination for
governor, requesting their views on the Chinese labor question.
Bidwell replied under date of May 3d, that " it ought not to be
necessary for me to have to say that I ara opposed to slavery in
any forra." Fay expreased hiraself as opposed to Chinese iraraigra
tion and labor, and Gorham said in his letter :
If I understand the avowed object of the so-called anti-coolie
movement, it is an attempt by men of the European race to prevent, by
all lawful raeans, the employment, at the various industrial callings
in Oalifornia, of men of the Asiatic race. I am in favor of such a
scheme. If, as some believe, ignorant Asiatics are improperly
induced to make contracts with capitalists of their own race, by the
terms of which they are to owe service or labor in this state for a
term of years, without a good consideration, I will aid by any proper
means to reraedy the evil. I ara opposed to huraan slavery, and to
all its substitutes and aliases ; coolieisra, peonage, contract systeras
in which one side raakes the bargain for both — these are all abhor
rent. But because I ara an anti-slavery raan, I am also an anti-slave
raan. Because I detest the overreaching man who would grind the
faces of the poor, I do not also detest the poor. Because I am
opposed to the coolie systera, I ara not the eneray of its victims. I
believe in the christian religion, and that rests upon the universal
fatherhood of God and the universal brotherhood of man. The
sarae God created both Europeans and Asiatics. No man of what
ever race has any better right to labor, and receive his hire therefor,
than has any other man. To controvert this is to contend with Hira
who said to man: "In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread till
thou return unto the ground." i^s a question, then, of right and
wrong, I am as emphatically opposed to all attempts to deny the
Chinese the right to labor for pay, as I am to the restoration of
16

24-2 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
African slavery whereby black men were compelled to labor without
pay. This is with rae an earnest conviction, the expression of
which I have no desire to avoid.
As a question of policy, I am equally opposed to your movement.
It is certain that the millions in Asia will, at no distant day, learn
to consume sorae products of our own country. Imagine, if you
can, a single article of American production, which, if it should
corae into general use in China, would not give employment to a
greater number of our own race here than the whole immigration of
Chinese can amount to for years. As we treat strangers in our
land so will our countrymen be treated in the land whence those
strangers came. We sought coramercial intercourse with China
and Japan. Now that we have succeeded in breaking down the
Chinese wall let us not hasten to erect an anti-Chinese wall at home.
The question of cheap labor I will not here discuss, but it seems
certain to me that if we could have it in abundance, the state would
go forward at such strides as would raake prosperity general among
all deserving classes. Principle and policy, then, both forbid the
atterapt to raake war upon our Asiatic brethren.
In conclusion, let rae suggest that the Chinese now in our midst,
and those who may come hereafter, must either work, steal, beg or
starve. It would be difficult to raake an argument to show that
the creation of so large a number of street beggars, or of thieves,
would be corapensated by the fact that none but men of the
European race were permitted to eam a livelihood in California.
As to starvation, the mere word raakes us shudder. So, after all, if
we would not have the Chinaman steal, beg, or starve, he must be
allowed to work.
The first application of the Porter law was on the occasion of the,
municipal primary election of the union party, in Oakland, in Feb
ruary, and on March 2d, the second application was made at the
Sacramento city priraary. In both instances, the result was
regarded as Satisfactory, and it was hoped that a sufficient reraedy
had been found for the evils which had been attendant on elections
of this character.
George C Gorham early presented himself from the ranks of the
short-hair or Douglas wing of the union party as a candidate for
governor. Senator Oonness had returned from Washington, in
May, and had developed into an earnest supporter of Gorham,
although the latter had sorae months before professed to be his bitter

DIVISION OF UNION PARTY. 243
enemy. Oonness was seeking a re-election to the senate, and he
iraraediately inaugurated an active carapaign in conjunction with the
adherents of Gorham. It was not long when the long-hair or old-line
element of the party assumed the attitude of antagonism toward the
¦Conness faction which had characterized it in 1865, and it was evident
from the first that the struggle within the ranks of the union party
would be carried on with a bitterness alraost unparalleled in the
history of state politics. The long-hair^ eleraent was supported by
the leading newspapers, while the other wing coraprehended the
most active and experienced politicians. The antagonism to Con
ness was based by the long-hair journals upon the ground that at the
most critical period of. the union party he had figured as a disor-
ganizer ; that he had pursued his personal schemes regardless of the
honor, integrity, or continued life of the party; and then he pre
ferred to put its eneraies in power rather than to aid the election of
candidates who were not under his control.
The Sacraraento Union, in explaining this feeling of hostility, said:
Before Senator Oonness left our shores, in 1865, various circum
stances had conspired to render him the most unpopular politician
who claimed affiliation with the union party. The senator had
done nothing at Washington to raerit censure. If he had been con
tent with the discharge of his legislative duties, no fault could have
been found with hira at that period. But a new senator was to be
elected, to succeed McDougall, and Conness evinced a determination
to prevent the choice of any other than a Conness raan. He entered
deeply into ward and county politics, superintended operations at
the primaries, and made devotion to his personal fortunes a new test
of promotion in the union party. The result of a fierce, distracting
contest was a treraendous condemnation of the senator's dictatorial
policy, a very large majority of the counties being carried by his
opponents. W^** followed? Did the senator and his personall
friends bow to the decision of the majority and give an honest or
even a reluctant support to the regular ticket ? This was the duty
of the hour. The war was at an end, but the delicate work of recon
struction was yet to be perforraed. It was clear to raen of average
sense that if the union men of the country did not stand shoulder to
shoulder and control this business the treason-tainted democratic
party would return to power, and the fruits of a blood-bought vic
tory would be lost. Yet at this critical period the record is that
Senator Conness looked outside the union carap for the raeans of

244 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
gratifying his personal spleen, and countenanced, if he did not.
actually assist in forraing, combinations between his retainers and
the copperheads in El Dorado, Sacraraento, Nevada, and other coun
ties for the defeat of the loyal ticket. In a speech delivered at-
Placerville, on the 12th of July, 1865, obviously designed to pave
the way for an unholy alliance, he took pains to show that all im
portant national issues had been settled, that there was no live
question to prevent the people frora acting together, without regard
to past differences. "There is no question reraaining upon whioh
any considerable portion of the people now differ." Referring to the
deraocratic party, he had the generosity to say: "Everywhere their
organization is giving in its adhesion to the new order of things."
And thereupon the Mountain Democrat, the organ of the El Dorado
democracy, waxed gracious and flattering toward the senator. In
Sacramento, the senator's lieutenants declared that the union party
had lived long enough, had fulfilled its raission, and would now com
mit suicide by forcing Conness's friends into the ranks of the democ
racy. When the election day arrived, the unionists in El Dorado;.
Sacraraento, and Nevada found theraselves confronted by the
threatened corabination — Oonness raen and copperheads arrayed on
the sarae ticket. This is why the senator, in 1866, went back to
Washington with a dark shadow of repudiation resting upon his

It was announced by the long-hair press that a huge political com
bination had been effected looking toward the return of Oonness to
the senate, the election of Gorham as governor, and of others to
other prorainent offices ; that this combination was backed by the
large moneyed corporations in the state ; and that raoney would be
used at the primaries to influence the selection of delegates to the
various conventions. However this may be, the Oonness wing
endeavored to have the primaries held without regard to the Porter
law, but the long-hair, faction resolutely insisted that that statute
should be invoked as a protection against fraud. John Bidwell was
the candidate for governor from the long-hair wing, and Frank M.
Pixley and Caleb T. Fay were also in the field for the nomination,
with an apparent willingness to accept the honor if tendered by either
wing. Fay becarae a candidate at the published solicitation of a
number of the prominent business men of San Francisco, and he
proraptly signified his willingness to run, "not feeling at liberty to
decline, even if so disposed." The union state central coraraittee

DIVISION OF UNION PARTY. 245
had recommended in its call fon the state convention that the pri-
imai-y elections be conducted in accordance with the provisions of
the Porter law. The union county committee, at Sacramento, on
May 15th, i-esolved to call the primary election for that county
•under the Porter law, except that all citizens, registered and unreg
istered should be entitled to vote. This action of the comraittee
was regarded by the long-hair element as the opening act on the pro
gramme which had been arranged by the Conness side, and it was
-criticised with little regard for delicacy of expression. The call was
addressed to "all union voters," who would endorse the test pre
scribed by the state committee, and it was contended that raembers
-of the democratic party could and would vote under it. Subse
quently the reference to the Porter law in the call was annulled,
leaving the call for an open primary. A few days later, a caucus
•of union men was held, and the old long-hair county coraraittee were
requested to call a "legal" primary and county convention. This
was done, and it resulted in two union priraaries, county conven
tions, and local tickets. GeneraUy the division as to individuals
was the same as in 1865. In San Francisco, on May I4th, the
union county coramittee called a primary election for June 5th, to
•select delegates to the county convention to choose representatives
in the state and coTigressional conventions, leaving it necessary to
hold a subsequent primary to elect delegates to the county conven
tion to nominate a local ticket. This priraary was also called with-
¦out the pale of the Porter law, and iraraediately petitions were cir
culated requesting the people's norainating coramittee of 18i54-5, to
again convene and norainate delegates to attend the union county,
state, and congressional conventions. These petitions were signed
by about 4,000 union voters, and the committee met on May 25th
and organized. But two members declined to participate in the
moveraent, and out of forty-eight raembers, thirty -eight were pres-
-ent. On May 31st, the county committee held another meeting,
pursuant to a request of five of its members, for the purpoae of con
sidering the test questions, and a proposition to keep the polls open
from 9 A. M. to 7 p. m., instead of from 11 a, m. to 5 p. M., as had been
agreed on. Resolutions were read which had been adopted by the
people's committee requesting the adoption of a test which would
prevent any person frora voting who had not theretofore acted with
the union party, and an extension of the hours for voting. While
-discuasing the proposition of amending the test, F. P. Dann stated
^that there was nothing before the meeting and raoyed to adjourn out

246 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
of respect for the memory of the chairman (F. M. Pixley), who, he
said, had recently deceased as a candidate for governor; that he was
not dead in the body, but had suffered a political death from "toe
rauch card." Pixley stated that Dann had taken advantage of his
position before the public to raake a base, dirty, mean, and cowardly
attack upon him, and that he would not have dared to talk in that
manner had they met as men on a comraon plane. Dann declared
that his remarks were intended as a joke, and not as an insult, but
Pixley declined to entertain any apology. The raeeting then
adjourned without taking action upon the resolutions of the people's
coramittee. As Pixley left the chair, 'Dann approached as if to-
explain, when the forraer told hira not to speak, and said h'e would
whip hira as soon as he was out of the gubernatorial canvass. The
other members of the committee and outsiders took sides in the diffi
culty, and in a few seconds, there was a general fight, which con
tinued until the police interfered. This' affair was seized upon by
the press as an illustration of the character of the men who com
posed the coramittee, and the circumstance proved an effective
weapon in its hands. No agreement being effected, the regular pri
mary was held, but the supporters of the people's coramittee gener
ally refrained from voting, and a Gorhara delegation was selected.
The people's coraraittee went on with its work, and as a consequence
two sets of state and congresaional delegates, and two local tickets
were selected in San Francisco. The press of the city was almost
unaniraous in the endorseraent of the action of the people's com
mittee. In the other counties, the primaries were generally held
under the Porter law, and the conventions of Yuba and Butte
counties exacted a pledge from their legislative nominees to- support
A. A. Sargent for the United States senate.
On April 10th, the union state central comraittee met at San
Francisco and issued a call for a state convention, to assemble at
Sacramento on Wednesday, June 12th, for the purpose of norainat
ing a state ticket. The call was addressed to the union voters who-
were in favor of the adoption of the proposed constitutional amend
ments, and of the reconstruction of the late rebel states in accord
ance with the laws enacted by congress. Pursuant to this call, the
convention raet at the Sixth-street M. E. church, Sacramento. The
body was called to order by W. H. Parks, chairraan of the state
comraittee, who advised cautious action as "owing to sorae little
excitement in various parts of the state between contestants for the

UNION CONVENTION. 247
convention, there is some degree of feeling, and it is already whis
pered among our opponents that this convention is to be separated
here to-day." For temporary chairraan, W. W. Stow and T. B.
McFarland, the caucus nominees of the adherents of Gorham and
Bidwell, respectively, were placed in nomination. Stow was elected
by a vote of 141, to 139 for McFarland. In taking the vote, the
short-hair delegation frora San Francisco was counted, and the rival
delegation frora Sacramento was not permitted to vote. In the
evening, the comraittee on credentials reported that they had found
no dispute except as to the counties of San Francisco and Sacra
mento, -and they unanimously reported in favor of admitting the
short-hair delegations from those counties. After a lengthy and excit
ing debate on the question of admitting that delegation frora Sacra
mento county, the report of the coraraittee was adopted. A perraa-
' nent organization was then effected by the election of Stow, as
president; and W. L. Dudley, S. G. George, Bernard Block, and
George H. Riddell, vice-presidents. The order of business provided
for the forraation of a platform after all of the norainations should
be made.
For governor, George C. Gorham and John Bidwell were placed in
nomination, and Gorham was norainated on the first ballot, by a
vote of 148, to 132 for Bidwell.
Gorham, in his speech accepting the nomination, said :
I ara very free to say that I ara much rejoiced to find that it has
pleased this convention of the union party of the state of California
to endorse the action of what I consider to be a raajority of the union
party. I have received, I ara told, a raajority of the votes of this
convention as its norainee for the office of governor. I believe the
union party to be invincible even with any load that may happen
to be laid upon it through inadvertence. I shall be the governor of
this state, and I hope I have great confidence that the duties that I
will be called upon to discharge in the executive office of state will
be discharged to the satisfaction of all ; yet I am deeply sensible of
the weight of my great responsibility to the state. I know that
during the canvass a great many warra things have been said on
both sides. I entertain no feelings of anger toward any, although I
might coraplain a little perhaps at the want of fairness of some por
tions of the press toward me. They may be honestly mistaken in
their incorrect impressions of me, but I hope to remove thera all. I "
have said if anything could be pointed out in my life against ray

248 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
private character — any failure to discharge the duties of my posi
tion in public places — then I would retire from the contest, and I
wiU still keep up the sarae proposition until Septeraber ; if there is
anything brought against me I will give way. For those who have
stood by me in this contest, I have a brotherly affection ; for those
who opposed me, I have no feelings of ill-will, and I hope that no
state of aniraosity will exist hereafter. I now ask for the united
support of the delegates in this convention. I ask for the counsel
and aid of the leaders of the party in this convention, and that we
raay place before the people of this state a ticket that shall be unex
ceptionable. I have no further ambition than to preserve the
interests of the state.
On the 13th, a comraittee on resolutions was appointeql, consist
ing of David Belden, Walter Murray, Seneca Ewer, B. F. Ferris,
Nathaniel Holland, R. P. Johnson, L. Upson, J. B. Southard, W. J.
Swasey, E. Wadsworth, A. J. Batchelder, W. H. Xeonard, T.
O'Brien, J. P. Dyer, A. J. Dyer, and J. 0. Birdseye. A comraunica
tion was received frora the president of the Central Pacific railroad
inviting the delegates to a free excursion by special train to Cisco, and
the invitation was accepted for the next day. The coramittee on
resolutions reported the following, out of order, and the resolutions
were adopted :
1. That in the present, as in the past, we are irreconcilably opposed
to treason and to traitors, whether the sarae shall atterapt to sub-
¦vert our union and control our governraent by fraud and treachery
from within, or force from without ; and that upon the loyalty of the
nation, tried and proved, we rely to re-establish, firmly and forever,
the bonds of our national union.
2. That in reconstructing the nation, its foundation should be
justice, and its architecture loyalty, and we are unwilling that those
so active to destroy should be the chosen and preferred builders to
erect it ; and until it shall appear that iri the states lately in rebel
lion loyal communities exist capable and ready to adrainister jus
tice and enforce laws in accordance with the principles of a govern
ment of free men, and equals, it is our wish that the government be
adrainistered and the laws enforced by the loyal agents of the federal
governraent. 3. That in the 'Veconstruction plan of the, late congress we recog
nize a policy as wise as it is magnanimous, and when the respective

UNION CONVENTION. 249
states late in the rebellion shall bring themselves within its pro
visions, we will welcorae them as sisters and receive them as equals in
a reconstructed union.
4. That we deem the passage by the legislature of a law estab
lishing eight hours labor as a legal day's work, eminently just and
proper. 5. That the iraportation of Chinese or any other people of the
Mongolian race into the Pacific states or territories is in every
irespect injurious and degrading to Araerican labor, by forcing it into
unjust and ruinous corapetition, and an evil that should be restricted
by legislation and abated by such legal and constitutional raeans as
are in our power.
6. That the future priraary elections of the union party in this
state should be held under the proviaiona of the primary election
law, and that such test should be prescribed and enforced as shall
¦exclude all peraons not members of the union party.
7. That we fully approve the amendraent to the constitution of
the state, presented by the legislature of 1866, and providing "that
the legislature shall have no power to raake an appropriation of
money for any purpose whatever, for a period longer than two years;"
that the same should be accepted by the legislature, adopted by the
people, and becorae part of the constitution of the state.
The following additional nominations were then made :
John P. Jones, for lieutenant-governor, without opposition.
William H. Parks, for secretary of state, on the first ballot, by a
vote of 162 to 140 for Jaraes E. Hale.
Josiah Howell, for controller, on the first ballot, by a vote of 177
to 120 for J. M. Avery; F. F. Lux withdrawing. •
John Currey, for justice of the suprerae court, on the fourth ballot,
by a vote of 159 to 121 for S. W. Brockway, and 21 for J. H. Mc
Kune. Charles F. Reed, for surveyor-general, on the first ballot, by a
vote of 163 to 137 for J. H. Whitlock.
J. G. McCuUough, for attorney-general, on the first ballot, by a
vote of 222 to 80 for E. D. Wheeler.
Romualdo Pacheco, for treasurer, on the first ballot, by a vote of
196 to 99 for Antonio Pico and 28 for R. Ellis.
Charles Clayton, for harbor commissioner, on the second ballot, by
a vote of 160 to 58 for 0. L. Taylor; W. A. Holcomb and Marcus
D. Boruck withdrawing.

250 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
R. H. Farquhar, for clerk of the supreme court, without opposi
tion. D. 0. McCarthy, for state printer, on the first ballot, by a vote of
156 to 72 for T. A. Springer and 63 for J. J. Owen.
John Swett, for school superintendent, on the first ballot, by a
vote of 170 to 131 for E. S. Lippitt
The following additional resolutions were adopted :
8. That the union party of Oalifornia cheerfully endorse the
course of our senator and representatives in congress, who aided in
making and consistently sustained the national policy known as the
reconstruction policy of congress.
9. That the union party of Oalifornia cheerfully endorse the
present state officers for having honestly, faithfully, and economically
conducted the state government during the past four years.
A state central comraittee was appointed, consisting of Walter
Murray, Seneca Ewer, G. W. Ryder, W. B. Hunt, Charles West
moreland, Felix Tracy, I. S. Belcher, M. D. Boruck, E. G. Waite,
H. J. Tilden, J. P. H. Wentworth, and others.
On June 10th, the first district union congressional convention
raet at San Jose. Before the meeting, J. W. Wilcox, a candidate
for the nomination, who had the support of the short-hair delegation
frora San Francisco, announced his withdrawal. He had also a
strong support from the workingmen's organization, and they
denounced his withdrawal as the result of a sale to the Pacific Mail
Stearaship Corapany. Wilcox declared that if norainated the capi
talists would spend raoney to defeat hira, and that with a defeat he
would be ruined financially. The San Francisco short-hair delega
tion was adraitted by a vote of 31 to 5, and T. G. Phelps was nomi
nated for congress by acclamation. Wilcox, William E. Lovett,
Frank Soule, George Barstow, 0. 0. Hickey, Rev. M. 0. Briggs, and
Harvey S. Brown were placed in nomination, but they all withdrew.
The session of the convention was very animated.
The second district union congressional convention met at Sacra
mento, on June 11th, but adjourned without transacting any busi
ness. Another meeting was held on the 14th, at 2 a. m., immed
iately after the adjournment of the state convention. The first
meeting had been held in the asserably charaber, and the adjournraent
was to meet at the same place, but the second session was held in

CONGRESSIONAL CONVENTIONS. 251
the Sixth-street M. E. church, and a number of the delegates being
absent, a determined effort was made to adjourn over until during
business hours, but the motion to delay action was defeated, and
several delegates withdrew. William Higby was renominated for
congress by acclamation. The Sacraraento Union subsequently sup
ported Higby, but on the raorning of his noraination it indignantly
said :
The nomination of William Higby for congress was made under
circumstances as discreditable as those which attended the nomina
tion of Gorhara. After the adjournment of the state convention, at
the witching hour of two o'clock in the morning, the time for the
meeting of the congressional convention was suddenly changed, the
delegates could not be properly notified, and it was evident that the
attendance of all of them was not desired. A convocation was got
together at that unseasonable hour, and, the majority of those pres
ent being Higby men, the nomination was rushed through against
the protest of the minority. The nominee has been taking lessons
in the gophering tactics of Gorham. He may imagine that he is
the regular candidate of the union party in the second district ; but,
from the indignation expressed by the rainority, we judge he will be
compeUed to get a little more regular endorseraent, in broad day
light, by a full convention to secure the votes of the union men of
this district. The whole system of cheating the people out of a fair
expreaaion of their choice for public office raust be crushed out, and
now is the accepted time for accomplishing that result. Swindling
is never regular, and when it is practiced in making norainations,
revolt against it becomes the raost consecrated regularity.
The third district union convention met at Marysville, on June
15th. After a protracted debate on the divided report of the com
mittee on credentials, Chancellor Hartson and Jesse O. Goodwin
were placed in nomination for congress. Goodwin withdrew,
remarking that he had not money enough to recover the votes he
had once controlled, and Hartson was nominated by acclamation.
A few days later, Goodwin published a card announcing hiraself as
an independent candidate, but in July he withdrew frora the contest.
In his card of announceraent, he said :
To the free and independent voters of the third congressional
district, state of Oalifornia, who believe that norainations for office
by conventions, conceived in fraud, put up in utter disregard of

252 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
public opinion, and sharaelessly carried out according to the direc-
¦tions of a clique of politicians (so-caUed) acting under the raandates
of a few soulless corporations, I submit my narae as an independent
¦candidate for congress. Circurastances beyond ray raeans to control,
together with the advice of prorainent raen frora nearly half the
counties in the district concurring with me in this regard, have
induced me to this action. Time and space will not allow me to discuss
the reasons here, but I shall take great pleasure in doing so in person
in every county in the district during the coming campaign ; with
a full, firm, and abiding belief that the free yeomanry of Califomia
have some rights left, even as against money and morieyed corpora
tions, which may be made to appear on the fourth of September
next at the polls. My platform is, equal and exact justice to all, to
accomplish which the governraent should be adrainistered upon the
(most economical baaia that can be deviaed ; unfaithful officers dis
placed and faithful ones put in their stead ; taxation reduced to the
¦expenses of the government, including the interest of the national
debt, with only a nominal sinking fund for the present, and in the
collection of such tax that all money, property, or evidences of debt
should be taxed according to their real value, none to be excluded;
and that "the powera not delegated to the United States by the con
stitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the
states, respectively, or to the people." Finally, for the present, hav
ing been brought up a laborer myself, I am in favor of all laws
-tending to protect the white labor of the country, and am also in
favor of all that will kill or tend even to choke the soulless corpora
tions now sucking the very life-blood of our young state. I love and
venerate our common country and her flag, the starry emblem of our
nationality, and I am for all who will stand for the union of statea,
and against all who are opposed to such union. My motto is: God
and the right.
It was evident frora the first that the nomination of Gorham
would alienate from the union party the support of the influential
newspapers of the state, and iraraediately on his noraination, an open
-declaration of hostUity to the ticket was made. The San Francisco
Bulletin denounced the nomination of Gorham as the result of fraud,
saying that less than 1,500 union men had voted his ticket at the pri
maries, and that the democrats had done the rest of the work . It
urged the people to compel Gorhara to withdraw, and added, "We have
mo raeans of knowing whether the respectable people of the city and

GORHAM'S CANDIDACY SCORED. 253:
state will accept the yoke which has been fashioned to gall their
necks. If they do quietly subrait to the infiiction, they will deserve
the consequences." It was urged that' Bidwell was the choice of a
large raajority of the union citizens of the state ; that he had had
the support of thirty-five newspapers of influence; and that he had
been cheated out of the noraination by political trickery in the
interest of Gorhara. The opposition was directed against Gorhara,
Parks, Howell, and McCarthy. So far as the reraaining norainees
on the state ticket were concerned, they were entirely satisfactory,
and the opposition, or "independent" press, as it styled itself. Urged
their support upon the party. The Sacraraento Union, in explain
ing its hostility to Gorhara, said :
The noraination of George 0. Gorham by the union state conven
tion for the high office of governor of Oalifornia encounters the pr,o-
test of thousands who have hitherto acted with the union party from-
considerations of patriotic duty and love of principle and without
regard to the spoils of place. As a citizen, aside frora his associa
tion with a gang of plunder seekers, Gorhara is socially clever and is-
known to possess fair capacity. He has chosen to identify himself
with a league of bad characters who have followed the union party,
like the camp followers of an array, with a greedy eye for loot, to-
become their candidate and representative man, to adopt their pecul
iar tactics for preventing a free expression of the will of the people,
and to give the state the most flagrant illustration of the power of
such a crowd to wrest a nomination frora an unwilling party that
has been witnessed for years. Beginning with the state central
committee, Gorham and his friends deprived the union men of the
interior of their proper representation in the convention. Thence,
they proceeded to secure the county coraraittees and prescribe rainor
programmes of fraud, to get up primary elections which were palpa
ble mockeries of free choice, and, with the raoney of scheming
corporations to buy up delegates who were elected by interior con
stituencies to vote for a rival candidate. And, when the conven
tion, thus fraudulently planned, had assembled, and it was found
that a nomination depended upon the twenty-one votes of Sacra
mento county, the league deterrained to admit a delegation from
that county which they knew did not represent five hundred legiti
mate voters out of forty-three hundred. A convention thus made
up can have no valid title to be regarded as an exponent of the
wishes of the union party, and the noraination of Gorhara raust be

254 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
looked upon as a fraud, frora its inception in San Francisco until it
was consuraraated at the capital.
And now in what position does this action place those honest
citizens who have hitherto affiliated with the union organization ?
They are not only asked to endorse with their votes the means by
which the noraination of Gorhara was procured, but to place in
power at the state capitol, for four years, the whole league of spoils
men, schemers, and corruptionists with which he has chosen to
identify himself, and for which he has been an active lobby-agent.
We need not again do more than refer to the Western Pacific rail
road swindle, for which Gorhara undertook to secure the sanction of
the governor, as a fair sample of the sort of legislation which he
would approve. In that instance, the gubernatorial veto saved the
people from prolonged and grievous taxation, and the treasury of
the state frora depletion by a half dozen speculators who had clearly
shown that they had no intention of building a railroad. Gorham's
strength in seeking a noraination has consisted largely of the knowl
edge or belief that he would affix his signature to all similar bills,
and they have raany such, involving raillions, at the bay. No-w,
elect Gorhara and let a legislature aa pliant aa the last one be
obtained — ^and that is, of course, the next object of the combination
— and the atate will be bled to bankruptcy within two years, while
the pressure of taxation upon every interest will become intolerable
to the people. It is quite clear that such an experiment would kill
the union party, at any rate at the close of the Gorham administra
tion, if not before ; and, with this view of the case, there are thou
sands of taxpayers and conscientious citizens who will respectfully
decline to make an organization of which they have had reason to
feel proud, responsible for the infliction or deserving of this unsavory
end. As a last consolation, there is such a thing as dying with
decency, leaving an honorable narae. In any event, however, and
whatever course partisans and their organs may see fit to pursue,
the duty of the independent press in such emergencies as this is, to
look after the interests of the state and the people. Protesting
against the nomination of Gorham before it was consuraraated, we
stated the considerations which would render the nomination a
calamity to the party now dominant in the state. As the same
reasons would make his election disastrous to the people, we repeat
our protest, now that the convention has done its work. We find
no pleasure in the performance of this task. It is, indeed, sorrowful
to be compelled to witness the wreck of a party which has a bright

GORHAM'S ADDRESS TO VOTERS. 255
record of service, and, if properly guided, might still lend potential
aid to the cause of true progress and good government. But if the
raachinery of the organization is to be intrusted to wicked engineers,
and the union party is to be run for the mere benefit of corrupt
schemers, though we may regret the inevitable smashing up of the
train and the consequent blighting of many chteering hopes, we must
expect to see the people who don't want to go to ruin take passage
in a safer political conveyance.
To stem the current of popular opinion, Gorham, on June 18th,
issued the following address to the raembers of the union party:
As the norainee of the union party of the state for the office of
governor, the welcome task is iraposed on rae of sounding the note of
preparation for the irapending contest. Previous to the nomination
the usual efforts were made on behalf of the several candidates. The
clairas of all having been submitted to the state convention, and the
choice having fallen upon me, I ara gratified at being able to say that
the representative raen of the several elements of the party have
warmly and enthusiastically assured me that they will now, as in
the past, labor zealously for the success of the cause. They will
soon be heard rallying the masses to the support of the union ticket.
The party press, true to principle, have so far as I have heard,
already entered upon the carapaign.
After calling attention to the attitude of the democratic party
toward the federal governraent and to the fact that the presidential
election would be held in the succeeding year, he said :
But, notwithstanding the vital necessity at this time of the suc
cess of the union party principles and union party organization,
murmurings of discontent are heard from quarters which have some
times lent us aid frora without the party lines. A portion of the
independent press, refusing at all times to be bound by the action
of the conventions of the party, has attempted to dictate its policy
and its norainations, and failing to overawe its asserabled representa
tives, has taken up arras against the organization. A persistence
in this course will make them the allies of the democratic party,
and as such they must be met as we meet all enemies of our cause.
These papers forbade my nomination by the union state convention.
They say I have been employed to urge upon the legislature scheraes
for the improper expenditure of public money. The charge is with
out foundation, and is utterly untrue. I never in my life aided in

256 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
the passage of any measure in the legislature for a consideration.
I never made use of nor advised any improper influences to reach
any legislator in behalf of any measure. It is well known that my
presence at the last legislature was at first for political purposes —
to aid in the elevation of another, not myself, to office; and subse
quently, to urge party action on national subjects then of great
moment, and to solicit aid for the circulation of a little sheet called the
Free American, through which I was at my own expense, calling
public attention to the subject of reconstruction. I raean to be
clearly understood as giving a full and complete denial to all the
charges made against rae, not one of which can for a moment stand
in the presence of the light of truth. But they go further, and say
that I am sure, if elected, to be under the control of schemers and
jobbers. To those who know rae, so absurd a proposition needs no
denial. But I know I raust address rayself to those who do not
know rae. Much has been said of raeasures for the disposal of prop
erty belonging to the state, and charges are made that those
interested have secured pledges from rae that I -will, if elected give
such measures my sanction. These charges are untrue ; and so far
frora their having any foundation in factj, I here erapbatically declare
that no bill to dispose of state property anywhere without full and
just corapensation, could ever have my sanction. If any have aided
in my noraination with expectations contrary to this declaration, let
thera disraiss such hopes forever. It is also said that I would
approve heavy appropriations to aid public improveraents. Let my
reply be explicit. I believe that the public iraprovements so necessary
to the building up of the raaterial interests of the state raust rely
raainly on private enterprise, and that public aid should only be
invoked after great outlays of private capital have already been
made ; and I pledge rayself to the tax payers of this state that no
raeasure to add to the burden of the public debt shall ever receive
my approval, in the event of my election, unless it is clearly in
obedience to the demand of public opinion, and clearly to the advan
tage of the coraraonwealth. No interest of private persons shall
ever be subserved through rae at the expense of the state. I have
made no pledges, expressed or implied, to any corporation or indi
vidual, upon any proposed measure whatever. To an economical
adrainistration of the state government ; to firmness in the execu
tion of the laws ; to a watchful care in the examination of claims
against the state ; to humane and thoughtful attention to the poor,
to the insane and the criminal; to the appointment of none but

GORHAM'S ADDRESS TO VOTERS. 2b7
trustworthy and competent men to office ; to fidelity, at all times, to
the cause of education; to boldness of speech in behalf of the right,
when great issues shall arise; to all these I pledge myself most
unreservedly. I trust I am on better terms with roy Maker than I
can believe ray cruel calumniators to be, and in His presence I again
asseverate the truth of all 1 have said. Let Hira judge rae. My
heart is light, and my conscience is clear. '
One of the journals of San Francisco affects to misunderstand a
remark made by me to the state convention, and makes it the basis
of an offensive suggestion. I will reproduce what was really said,
and set the matter finally at rest. After alluding to the assaults
made on me, I said that "if anything could be pointed out jn ray
life against ray private character, or if any failure to discharge my
public duty could be shown, that I should cheerfully retire frora the
contest." Notwithstanding my narae has been under discussion for
a year, the utmost malignity of ray eneraies has been foiled in all
efforts to fix a bleraish upon me, and I now declare irrevocably that
the party banner which has been intrusted to my keeping by the
finally unaniraous voice of the union state convention, shall be held
aloft by me until the day of election ; and that I would as soon
think of surrendering it into the hands of those who rejoiced at the
assassination of the martyred Lincoln, as of laying it down at the
bidding of raen who are eagerly whetting their knives to seek the
life of the invincible union party.
For all who are union raen I have the feeling of a fellow soldier
in a sacred cause. Let us forget the bickerings of the last few
weeks and resolve on victory. For open and raanly political oppo
nents I have the proper respect. For those who would, after time
is given for the blood to cool, strike at the cause under a pretext of
being dissatisfied with the nominations, I have nothing but defiance
and scorn. At no tirae and under no circumstances will I desert
the post of d.uty to which I have been legitimately assigned by my
party. The union party has a charmed life, and nothing can destroy
it until its great raission is fulfilled. I will do ray whole duty dur
ing the canvass, visiting all accessible portions of the state. I shall
thus meet you face to face, and we can come to good understandings.
In several counties a moveraent was imraediately inaugurated to
the end of a revision o£ the union state ticket by dropping the ob
jectionable norainees, and in San Francisco it culminated in a call
for a raeeting to be held on June 17th. That meeting was presided

"258 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
over by T. W. McColliara. The following resolutions were adopted,
after a discussion :
Whereas, The raachinery of the union party of California has
been prostituted by unscrupulous deraagogues to the support and
advocacy of unworthy purposes, as has been evidenced by the late
action of the union state central comraittee, of the county corarait
tees of Sacraraento and San Francisco, and more recently by that of
the union state convention excluding the legitimate representatives
of the union party ; therefore be it resolved :
1. That we reorganize the republican party of Oalifornia, and
pledge ourselves to its support.
2. That a coraraittee of five be appointed by the chair, who shall
issue an address to the national republicans of this state and request
their co-operation with us in reorganizing our party.
3. That said committee of five be authorized to act as raerabers
frora the county of San Francisco of a republican state central com
mittee. 4. That such state central committee, when organized, be re
quested to call a republican state convention, to asserable between
the 15th and 25th days of July next, to norainate a state ticket for
the support of the republicans of California.
• 5. That the republicans of the county of San Francisco be re
quested and urged to forra a republican club in each election pre
cinct in the county.
6. That said clubs, when so organized, appoint each two members
to act as a republican county coraraittee for the county of San Fran
cisco. Caleb T. Fay spoke in favor of the adoption of the resolutions,
and a gentleman who desired to speak in opposition to the move
ment was prevented from proceeding by constant interruptions, and
cries of " Put him out !" The chair appointed Joseph M. Wood,
George Amerage, David N. Hawley, A. J. Snyder, and A. F. Scott
to act on the coraraittee provided for by the second and third reso
lutions. This coraraittee afterward issued an address to the repub
licans of the state, urging thera to reorganize their party.
A republican meeting was held at Sacramentp on June 24th, and
a coraraittee was appointed to caU a raeeting for the 25th, of aU
union raen who were opposed to or ip favor of reconstructing the
state ticket. A meeting was held pursuant to this call, but it was

UNION-REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 259
¦captured by the short hairs, and the long hairs retired to another
hall, and after organizing, elected Charles H. Swift, Thomas Ross,
and Williara Beckraan raembers of the republican state central com
mittee from that county, called a county convention, and adopted a
lengthy set of resolutions. Sirailar meetings were held in other
¦counties. The republican state coramittee, composed of members chosen at
-these informal meetings, called a state convention, to assemble at
Sacramento on July 16th, for the purpose of revising the union state
"ticket. The call was issued on July 3d. Accordingly, on the day
named the union republican state convention raet. It was called to
order by J. M. Wood, chairman of the state committee. On raotion
of 0. T. Fay, WiUiara Jones was elected teraporary chairman. Del
egates were present from the counties of Alaraeda, Araador, Contra
Costa, El Dorado, Lake, Placer, Sacraraento, San Francisco, Santa
Cruz, Solano, Sutter, Tuolumne ,and Yuba. The coramittee on reso
lutions consisted of J. M. Wood, F. A. Hornblower, E. Judson, M.
C. Tilden, A. Seavey, W- H- Reynolds and W. S. Ooorabs. On per
manent organization, Jones was president, and Williara Kendall and
George Amerage vice-presidents. A raotion was carried heartily
endorsing the nominations made by the union party, except for the
offices of governor, secretary of state, controller and printer. On
the 17th, by a resolution offered by Fay, John Bidwell was unani
mously norainated for governor. The following norainations were
also made without opposition : J. G. McOallum for secretary of
state, William Jones for controller, and Edward G. Jefferis for
printer. The following resolutions, reported by the committee, were
unanimously adopted :
Whereas, Justice is essential to political peace, and patriotism
should be- exalted as a virtue, and it is the duty of the state to
cherish all its people ; and, whereas, those who assert these prin
ciples are, throughout the nation, called republicans ; therefore be
it resolved, 1. That the republican party of California declares itself a part
of and in alliance with the national republican party of the union.
2. That we endorse the action of congress on the question of re
construction, and will heartily endeavor to bring the same to a suc
cessful conclusion.

260 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
'3. That we are the friends and advocates of free speech, a free
press, free schools and the most liberal provision by the state for the-
purpose of educating the people thereof.
4. That we are opposed to any appropriation of the raoney or
credit of the state for private purposes, or for the benefit of private
corporations. 5. That we are in favor of such lirait by law to the hours of
labor as the sound judgraent of laborers theraselves shall fix, as for
their best interests after mature deliberation in their own council.
6. That we are unqualifiedly opposed tb coolie labor, but are in
favor of voluntary iraraigration, and just protection to all free labor-
from whatever nationality it may come.
7. That we are in favor of impartial suffrage without distinction
of color.
8. That we are in favor of the registry law and the law known as
Porter's primary election law, and that we consider the honest and
faithful enforcement of their provisions essential to the purity of
the ballot box.
9. That we are in favor of rigid and strict economy in state,
county and city governraents, and the reduction of salaries of officers-
to the standard of industrial pursuits.
10. That the action of the late union county coraraittees of San
Francisco and Sacraraento, by which deraocrats were allowed to take
part in the late union primary election, was a fraud upon the union
voters of this state, and disgraceful to all those who were concerned
therein, and nominations obtained by such means have no binding
obligation upon any raeraber of the union party.
A state central coramittee was selected, composed of E. Judson,
Sarauel Soule, R. B. Torrence, J. M. Wood, B. R. Nickerson, Isaac
E. Davis, J. H. Redington, 0. H. Swift, W. Beekman, A. Leonard,
George 0. Perkins, D. Gordon, and others. After a debate^ a resolu
tion was adopted declaring it as the sense of the convention that no
compromise could harmonize the union party while Gorham was re
tained as the gubernatorial nominee.
On July 26th, McOallum published a card declining the republi
can nomination for secretary of state, and on August 5th the state
committee of that party substituted B. R. Nickerson as the candi
date for that ofiB,ce.
Bidwell was nominated for governor without consultation, and it
was not known if he would accept. On July 20th, a telegraphic

GUBERNATORIAL NOMINATION DECLINED. 261
•dispatch dated on the 17th, from Bidwell to George S. Evans, was
published, in which he stated : " Having been in the field once, I
cannot consent to be a candidate again." 'The republican convention
made no provision for officially notifying their candidates of their
nominations, and therefore there was no opportunity for a formal de
clination. Afterward, Bidwell was waited on by several prominent
raerabers of the Gorhara party, and on August 2d, the Marysville
Appeal published the following correspondence :
Marysville, July 22, 1867.
John Bidwell, Ohico, — Dear Sir: Understanding that the late
convention, which norainated you for the office of governor, do not
intend tb forraally notify you of such nomination, and offer you an
-opportunity to formally accept or decline the same, and seeing that
the paper published at your place favors the placing of your name as
such norainee at the head of the ticket ; and feeling, like raany other
union raen, anxious for the welfare of the union party, I address
you this note to inquire of you whether you approve or accept of
such nomination ; or have authorized the Ohico Courant to so use
your name in placing it before the people as such norainee for the
-office of governor. Hoping an early reply, and one you may be
willing to have published, I reraain, your obedient servant,
G. N. SWEZY.
Ohico, July 24, 1867.
G. N. SwEZY, — My Dear Sir: Yours of the 22d inst. is received.
In consequence of receiving so raany letters, pro and contra, I ara
forced to abandon my original purpose to siraply answer each letter
in its turn and write nothing for publication, for it will consurae all
my time. I, therefore, propose now, through this occasion, to speak
-to one and all. To those who congratulate me on my reported nom
ination for governor, I have promptly, but courteously, said that I
could not possibly accept the honor. To those who urge me to de
cline the noraination in question and dictate the terras in which I
-shall corae out in favor of the regular ticket, I must kindly say that
I have not been officially advised of auch nomination, have accepted
none, do not, under the circumstances, propose to accept any, prefer
to employ my own language in raaking this formal declension, and
that I have not abandoned, but still adhere unswervingly to the
•union party.
Some ask me to give an expression of sentiment, if consistent

262 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
with my views, favorable to a united effort in behalf of the union
state ticket. I answer, it certainly is consistent with my views, antJ
I proceed to do so. Having been a candidate before one convention,
I desire to say to those friends who adhered to me during the strug
gle for the nomination, and who labored earnestly for and were
favorable to my nomination, and to all others, that I feel profoundly
grateful to them, but that I cannot consent to enter the field again
and- attempt to make the race for governor. To do so would be-
tantaraount to giving aid to the so-called democratic party, the suc
cess* of which, at this juncture of affairs, would be a calaraity both
to the state and nation, and ought not to be thought of by any loyal-
man. As far as I ara concerned, I am trying to lay aside all per
sonal feelings and considerations ; in fact, I hav e done so, so far as
human nature is capable under similar circumstances. I profess not-
to be perfect. And f now ask, what can be done to restore harmony
to the union party of this state? In the pending contest we want
not only to win the battle for freedora and equal suffrage, but we
want to raake the victory overwhelraing. Being out of the race, I
ara no longer a sturabling block in the way, and I think I can view
the scene frora the standpoint of a tax payer and private citizen,
calmly, impartially. There is one question upon which all must-
agree. Our public burdens are great and raust not be increased.
There is a deep-seated apprehension pervading the minds of the
people, that the head of the state ticket, having been identified with.
a measure vastly increasing the public debt or liabilities, and con
sequently the taxes of the people, would have the right to consider,
if elected, that his course in respect to the said measure had been
sanctioned, and that he would feel at full liberty to approve that-
or any sirailar raeasure for the benefit of speculators, "as clearly
in obedience to the demand of public opinion ;" also, that the tide-
lands belonging to the state, some of which are already valuable, and
which if safely guarded and properly raanaged can scarcely fail to
be raore than ample to pay the entire state debt (for who can doubt
that a city is destined to rise from the waters of the bay of San Fran
cisco, perhaps stretching frora Goat Island to the Alameda shore, of
more than Venetian opulence and splendor?) will be recklessly
squandered for the benefit of speculators.
Now, there should be a cure for every ill. The only remedy that-'
suggests itself to my mind is this : Let the people everywhere exact
of the state ticket and candidates for the legislature pledges of the
most binding character upon these vital questions. Let candidates-

, DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 263
pledge themselves to the people that no measure adding to the liabil
ities of the state or the taxes of the people, or squandering the
public property, shall be passed or approved; and, satisfactory
pledges having been given, let us vote the entire union ticket without
scratching a letter, syllable or name. No candidate can refuse to
accede to these reasonable deraands. No person, in this tirae of
peace, can propose to favor oppressive raeasures and expect the
people to sustain him by their votes. A new ticket cannot be sub
stituted, at this late hour, with any certainty of success. We raust
then stand by this or let the copperheads take the state. I say,
therefore, to my friends everywhere, let us raUy and prevent such a
calamity, by taking the only course that seeras within our power..
Let us demand that the state indebtedness shall not be increased ;
that the property of the state shall be preserved for the benefit of
the people ; the state for the nation, and the nation for the cause
of freedom and huraanity. J. BIDWELL.
R. H. Farquhar, the union candidate for clerk of the supreme
court, was killed at Nevada City on July 27 th, by the explosion of
gas in the record vault in the court house, and on August 4th the
state central comraittee norainated E. G. Waite for that office ; and,
on the next day, the republican committee ratified the nomination.
On the same day the latter committee tendered the nomination for
governor to Caleb T. Fay (in place of Bidwell), and on the fith he
published a lengthy letter of acceptance. The republican comraittee
construed Bidwell's letter to Swezy as placing him in a hostile atti
tude toward the revised ticket, and unaniraously resolved to accept
the document as a withdrawal.
The democratic state committee met at San Francisco on April
19th, and called a state convention, to consist of 273 delegates, to
meet in that city on June 19th. The test adopted included all
voters who were opposed to the radical policy of congress, and who
were in favor of a constitutional administration of the governraent.
At the tirae appointed the convention asserabled in Turn Verein hall,
on Bush street, and was called to order by Jaraes 0. Goods, chair
raan of the state coramittee. Eugene Casserly was unanimously
elected temporary chairman, John Bigler declining the nomination.
On permanent organization, Casserly was president ; and J. P. Hoge,
J. W. Ooffroth, Jaraes Johnson, A. 0. Adaras, John 0. Burch, A. G.
Stakes, James A. Johnson, E. D. Keyes and others, vice-presidents.

264 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The comraittee on resolutions consisted of J. P. Hoge, A. C. Brad
ford, E. D. Keyes, Thomas Findley, W. W. Cope, P. B. Reading,
A. H. Rose, E. T. Wilkins, and H. P. Barber. On the 20th, the
convention raet at Union hall, and adopted the following resolutions:
1 . That the governraent of the United States is the pararaount
governraent of the country, and that the allegiance due from the
citizens to such governraent is a binding and perpetual obligation,
to be observed with fidelity and good faith.
2. That the questions involved in the late rebellion have been
practically settled by the war, and it is the duty of all to acquiesce
in this settleraent and endeavor to restore friendly relations between
the different sections of the country and re-establish the govern
ment in its constitutional authority throughout the union.
3. That, in order that our national difficultiea raay be apeedily
adjusted and the union restored on a permanent and satisfactory
basis, the states lately in rebellion should be dealt with in a spirit
of kindness and forbearance, and we regard the course of congress,
in what are known as the reconstruction raeasures of that body, as
harsh, illiberal, and oppressive, and raore likely to result in a hollow
truce than enduring peace
4. That the only way in which peace and concord can be re-estab
lished ia by conforming to the requirements of the constitution and
defeating the radical party, who spurn its provisions and iraperil
the union by their mad and seditious course.
5. That~to effect this object we soleranly pledge our best and most
untiring efforts, that the accoraplishing of this end is the one grand
question now pending, transcending all others in importance, and
that the present imminent perils of the country deraand the union
of all conservative hearts and hands, irrespective of forraer or pres
ent party naraes, in a vigorous effort to raaintain the federal consti
tution in its integrity and secure its operation according to the spirit
and intent of its founders.
6. That the scherae of reducing a portion of the United States to
territories, and stripping them of the rights enjoyed frora the found- '
ation of the governraent, is so absolutely opposed, not only to the
dearest provisions of the federal constitution, but to any sound idea
of practical statesmanship, so dangerous as a precedent and so
thoroughly antagonistic to those principles of reserved rights and
local self governraent which underlie our republican systera, that it

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 265
^ is the duty of the people of California, without distinction of party,
to set upon those measures the seal of their condemnation.
7. That we believe it irapracticable to raaintain republican insti
tutions based upon the suffrages of negroes, Chinese, and Indians,
and that the doctrines avowed by the radical leaders of indiscrim
inate suffrage, regardless of race, color, or qualification, if carried
into practice, would end in the degradation of the white race and
the speedy destruction of the government.
8. That we regard the right to regulate suffrage as belonging ex
clusively to the several statea of this union. /
9. That the payment of the public debt ia a aolemn duty resting
upon the government, and that the people should cheerfully submit
to any just system of taxation necessary to enable the government
to discharge this duty ; but no tax should be levied except to meet
the necessary expenses of the government and suatain the public
credit. 10. That all taxation ahould be equal and uniform, and the ex
penses of the government should be reduced to the sraallest amount
consistent with the proper administration of public affairs.
11. That in view of the enormous weight of state and national
taxation, it is iraperatively necessary to prevent any increase of the
state debt, and to reduce our state and county expenses to the low
est standard compatible with good governraent ; that we regard with
serious apprehension the scheraes which unprincipled raen are now
maturing for the people by Corrupt legislation, and we hold it to be
the duty of all good citizens to defeat the political schemers who,
under the thin disguise of professed loyalty, are seeking an oppor
tunity to deplete the public treasury and add to the burdens of tax
ation, 1 2. That the raoney and property of the public should be used
for the public good and not wasted in rpckless appropriations and
private grants.
13. That the power to regulate foreign imraigration being vested
in congress, it is the duty of that body to protect the Pacific states
and territories from an undue influx of Chinese and Mongolians,
and it is the duty of the legislature of this state to petition con
gress to endeavor to obtain the adoption of such regulations as shall
accomplish this object, and the legislature should use all its power
to prevent the introduction of Mongolian laborers.
14, That labor is the basis of all raaterial prosperity and the cre
ator of wealth, and that its interests should always be favorably

266 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
regarded by the legislature ; that the laborer should have tirae for
raental and raoral culture and for healthful recreation. We there
fore heartily syrapathise with the laboring classes in their endeavors
to reduce the legal standard of a day's labor, and declare ourselves
in favor of making eight hours a legal day's work, in the absence of
any agreement to the contrary.
15. That the industrial interests of the country should be care
fully guarded and nourished, and every effort raade to iraprove the
condition and protect the rights of the laboring classes will receive
our hearty support.
16. That we regard the act known as the "Registry Law " of this
state as unjust, oppressive, and tyranical, calculated to defeat the
rights of the honest voters of the country, and should be iraraedi
ately and unconditionally repealed.
The following norainations were raade :
Henry H. Haight, for governor, without opposition ; Gen. W. S.
Rosecrans and Williara M. Lent withdrawing.
Williara Holden for lieutenant-governor, without opposition; Wil
liam Irwin withdrawing.
H. L. Nichols for secretary of state, without opposition ; J. A.
McClelland withdrawing.
Robert Watt for controller, without opposition ; Paul K. Hubbs
and Jesse H. Craddock withdrawing.
Antonio F. Coronel for treasurer, without opposition ; Joseph Rob
erts, Jr., withdrawing.
John W. Bost for surveyor-general, without opposition ; 0. D.
Semple, A. G. Winn, and E. Twitchell withdrawing.
Jo Hamilton for attorney-general, without opposition.
Thomas H. Selby for harbor commissioner, without opposition;
Jaraes H. Cutter, Jaraes 0. Pennie, Thomas Boice, Charles McMil
lan, and Charles F. McDermott withdrawing. (Selby, on the 25th,
declined the nomination, and J. H. Cutter was substituted by the
state committee).
George Seckel for clerk of the supreme court, without opposition ;
S. L. Lupton withdrawing.
Daniel W. Gelwicks for printer, without opposition; P. B. Fors
ter, T. L. Thorapson, David Norris, W. S. Moss, John R. Ridge, and
M. D. Carr withdrawing.
O. P. Fitzgerald for school superintendent, without opposition.
Royal T. Sprague for justice of the suprerae court, on the first

RESULT OF STATE ELECTION. 267
ballot, over Williara T. Wallace ; J. B. Crockett and Eugene Cas
serly withdrawing.
On the 21st a state coraraittee was selected, composed of T. J.
Henley, William F. White, WiUiara Watt, Selden S. Wright, D. F.
Douglass, John Daggett, P. B. Reading, E. T. Wilkins, A. H. Rose,
0. J. Brenhara, J. W. Roberts, S. T. Leet, John Bigler, H. H.
Hartley, J. W. Ooffroth, Eugene Casserly, J. P. Hoge, J. H. Baird,
John Middleton, T. N. Cazneau, G. H. Rogers, J. 0. Goods, and
others. The first district deraocratic convention raet iraraediately after
the adjournment of the state convention. S. B. Axtell was nomi-
inated for congressraan, on the second ballot, over 0. T. Ryland ;
Murray Morrison, W. S. Montgoraery, Edward Stanly, and E. S.
Tully withdrawing.
The second district deraocratic convention met at the same time,
and norainated Jaraes W. Ooffroth for congressraan, without oppo
sition ; A. H. Rose and J. B. Crockett withdrawing.
The third district democratic convention also met on the 21st and
nominated James A. Johnson for congressman, without opposition ;
W. W. Pendegast withdrawing.
The carapaign which followed was vigorously prosecuted by the
three parties, the independent press keeping up a persistent fire at
Gorhara and his ostracised associates on the union ticket. The elec
tion was held on September 4, and the union party met with
its first defeat in the state since the breaking out of the war. The
result was the election of the entire democratic ticket, and the offi
cial canvass exhibited the following result :
For (?ou«rTOor— Haight, 49,905 ; Gorhara, 40,359 ; Fay, 2,088.
Lieutenant-Governor — Holden, 47,969 ; Jones, 44,584.
Secretary of State — Nichols, 48,573; Parks, 41,663; Nickerson,
2,019. Cowiro&r— Watt, 48,841 ; Howell, 41,887; Jones, 2,001.
Treasurer — Coronel, 48,147 ; Pacheco, 45,243.
Attorney-General— ^a,xa\lton, 48,268; McCuUough, 44,876.
Surveyor-General— Bost, 48,047 ; Reed, 45,039. ,
Clerk of the Supreme C7oMr<— Seckel,' 48,237 ; Waite, 44,894.
Harbor Commissioner — Cutter, 48,155; Clayton, 44,853.
i'/'mfer— Gelwicks, 48,378; McCarthy, 39,072; Jefferis, 4,452.

268 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Congressman: First District— Axtell, 18,793; Phelps, 13,989.
Second District— CoSroth, 14,786; Higby, 16,053.
Third District— Johnson, 14,767 ; Hartson, 14,394.
The judicial election was held on October 16th, and both of the
deraocratic candidates were elected.
For Justice of the Supreme Court — Sprague, 38,113; Ourrey,
34,706. For Superintendent of Public Instruction— VitzgerM, 37,074
Swett, 35,479. 
CHAPTER XX. I
1868. Reconstruction Measures— Impeachment of President John
son — Republican Convention, January 28th — Democratic Conven
tion — Republican Convention, June 2Sth.
On Deceraber 14, 1867, George Pearce (democrat) offered the follow
ing resolution in the senate, and it was referred to the coraraittee on
federal relations :
That it is the sense and judgraent of the people of California that
the whole people of the United States owe it to theraselves and pos
terity, as a sacred duty, to resist, by all honorable means, every
effort and attempt to count an electoral vote of any state in the ap
proaching presidential election cast under or by virtue of the recon
struction acts (so called) of congress.
On March 20th, the coraraittee recommended the indefinite post
ponement of the resolution, but it was never reached on file.
On December 16, 1867, John M, Jaraes (democrat) introduced a
resolution in the assembly to direct the congressional representatives
"to use their exertions and all honorable means to restore the ten
southern states, now governed by the military, to the same and equal
constitutional rights with all the other states."
W. S. Green (democrat) offered the following, and both resolutions
were referred to the committee on federal relations, but were never
reported back :
Whereas, Some of our sister states, by their merabers of con
gress, claim the right to establish despotic military governments
within the territory of ten of the states of this union, and to per
mit the negroes of those states not only to enact laws for the gov
ernment of the white population, but to send merabers to congress,
and to participate in the election of president ; therefore resolved,

RECONSTRUCTION MEASURES. 269i
1. That such military governments are totally inconsistent with'
our free institutions and destructive of civil liberty.
2. That the negroes of the south are now incapable of self govern
ment, and therefore it would be unsafe and unwise to intrust them
with political power or social equality.
3. That the action of congress in establishing pretended state
governments in the said ten states, wherein the whites are disfran
chised and the negroes enfranchised, is unconstitutional and void.
4. That the people of Oalifornia will not recognize any state gov
ernment established by force, nor members of congress, nor presiden-
. tial electors elected therein.
5. That copies of these resolutions be transmitted by the governor
to the president of the United States, to our senators and represent
atives in congress, and to the governors of all our sister states not
controUed by military power.
On Deceraber 17, 1867, Charles Westraoreland (union) offered
the following resolution in the assembly, which was laid on the table
That the recent elections in Oalifornia and other states, resulting
as they did in victories to the deraocratic party in sorae of the said-
states, and in an increase of the party vote in nearly all, is not in
any way to be regarded as an indorsement of the doctrine of seces
sion, nor as a rebuke to the conduct or result of the late civil war ;
but that, on the contrary, the said doctrine of secession is a perni
cious heres.y, unfounded in law, and the civil war naraed was main
tained by the adhering of loyal states and people in strict response
to the duties and instinct of patriotism.
The next day the resolution was taken from the table, when T. E.
Parish (democrat) moved to amend by striking out the word "seces
sion" wherever it occurred, and inserting "military reconstruction,
Chinese and negro suffrage." After a discussion, the resolution and
substitute were referred to the committee on federal relations, and
it was nbt reported back until the last day of the session, when it
was not considered. On December 19th, tbe house adopted a reso
lution that all motions and resolutions pertaining to the policy of
the federal government toward the late confederate states and the
people thereof, and to theories of reconstruction and suffrage
therein, should be referred to the committee on federal relations
without debate.
On January 9, 1868, A. H. Rose (democrat) offered the following
resolution in the senate, which was referred tp the judiciary com-

270 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
mittee, a previous motion to refer it to the committee on federal
relations having been defeated by the casting vote of the president :
1. That the people of Oalifornia are irreconcilably opposed to
conferring the elective franchise upon negroes or Chinese; that con
gress has no constitutional power to regulate the elective franchise
in the states of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia,
Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, or any
¦other state or territory; that any attempt to make such regulation
by congress is a usurpation of power against which this legislature,
in the name of the people of Oalifornia, doth solemnly protest.
2, That our senators in congress are instructed and our repre
sentatives requested to oppose and vote against all legislative action
purporting to confer the elective franchise upon negroes or Chinese,
and to vote for the repeal of all legislation of that character.
On March 27 th the coramittee reported the resolution back among
a mass of other business which had not been considered, and it was
never afterward acted on by the senate.
On January 11th, Rose offered the following resolution in the
senate, and it was referred to the coramittee on federal relations :
Whereas, The people of Oalifornia having, in coraraon with
people of other states, and without distinction of party, declared
their unalterable devotion to the federal union, and their conviction
that the late war extinguished and settled forever all claims to the
right of secession ; therefore, resolved,
That, there being no difference of opinion between the people of
California concerning the right of states to secede from the union,
any discussion of that subject by this legislature is wholly unnec
essary and improper.
The comraittee, on March 20th, reported against the resolution,
and it was never reached on file.
On January 17th, Pearce offered the following resolution in the
senate, which was referred to" the committee on federal relations
by a vote of 17 to 15 :
That the refusal of congress to adrait to seats members elected to
that body by the state of Kentucky, without any constitutional ob
jection to their eligibility, is viewed with deep regret and anxiety,
and is regarded by the people of Oalifornia as wholly injurious and
unjust, and exceedingly dangerous and revolutionary ; also, that the
action of the United States senate in atterapting to force ex-Seore-

RECONSTRUCTION MEASURES. 271
tary Stanton into the cabinet of constitutional advisors of. the pres
ident, against the expressed wish and desire of that high functionary
of the governraent, is equally injurious, dangerous and revolution
ary, and tends to destroy the usefulness of the executive branch of
the government.
This also met with an unfavorable report from the comraittee, on
March 20th, and was not afterward considered by the senate.
The disagreement between the president and congress, which cul
minated in the passing of a resolution of impeachment of the chief
magistrate of the United States, on February 24th, by the house of
representatives, attracted a great share of public attention in Cali
fomia, and gave rise to many animated debates in the legislature.
On February 20th, J. H. Moore (deraocrat) offered the following in
the assembly, which was referred to the comraittee on federal rela
tions :
Whereas, Measures are now pending before congress, the declared
purpose of which is to extinguish ten states of the union, and estab -
lish in their stead a railitary dictatorship, in which the civil laws
and public and personal liberty are to exist only at the pleasure of
the military power; and whereas, the attempt is raade to complete
the scheme of usurpation by the degradation and subjection of the
federal judiciary to the arbitrary will of a congressional majority ;
therefore, be it resolved :
1. That the representatives of California, now asserabled, reflecting
the will of the people of the state, in obedience to their oaths to
support the constitution, hereby pronounce these acts of usurpation
treasonable, flagatious, and a crirae against liberty and against the
institutions of our fathers.
2. That our senators in congress be instructed and our represent
atives requested not only to vote against such measures, but to op
pose and endeavor to defeat them by all the means in their power.
The resolution was reported back on the last day of the session,
without recoraraendation, and it was not considered by the house.
On February 25th, Senator W. J. Shaw (democrat) introduced the
following, which was referred to the committee ori federal relations,
by a vote of 11 to 10 :
That we view the recent action of merabers of congress seeking
to force one of the bureaus of the executive department of the
United States government from the control of the chief executive

272 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
thereof, as inadvisable and as revolutionary in its tendencies ; and
that our senators in congress are instructed and our representatives
requested not to encourage, assist or advise said proceeding.
On March 20th, the coraraittee recommended its indefinite post
ponement, and it was never reached on the file.
, On February 25th, Westraoreland offered the following in the
assembly, which was referred to the coraraittee on federal relations,
the house refusing to suspend the rules for the purpose of an imme
diate consideration of the resolution, by a vote of 17 to 31 :
1. That congress is the supreme law-making power of the United
States of America, and that laws passed by such congress are bind
ing upon every citizen and officer thereof, from the higheist to the
lowest, until repealed or set aside by corapetent lawful authority.
2. That the course of the acting president of the United States,
Andrew Johnson, in reraoving Edwin M. Stanton frora" the place of
secretary of war of the United States, as well as the course of that
functionary — Andrew Johnson — in appointing General Lorenzo
Thomas to the place or position naraed, are in direct, flagrant and
undenied violation of the letter and spirit of the law of congress,
then and now in force, known as the tenure of office act.
3. That California disavows and denounces the said action of said
acting president, , Andrew Johnson, in the raatter naraed herein as a
gross and palpable violation of the laws of the nation, and an insult
to its citizens, whose rights and privileges are destroyed thereby.
4. That the principles here announced the state of Oalifornia will
forever maintain and defend by all methods adequate to secure their
supreraacy. The coraraittee reported the resolutions back without recoraraenda
tion on the last day of the session, and they were never considered
in the house. On the sarae day, Asa EUis (democrat) offered the
following in the assembly :
Whereas, The radical raajority of the congress of the United
States are treasonably atterapting to usurp the constitutional func
tions of the executive and judicial departraents of the federal gov
emment, and to that end are endeavoring, in defiance of the laws
and the traditions of our country, by violence, to remove frora office
the president of the United States ; therefore, be it resolved by the
assembly of the state of California :
1. That the people of this state will now, as they have in the

RECONSTRUCTION MEASURES. 273
jpast, bear true faith and fealty to the governraent of our fathers ;
^ that by all legal and just means they will sustain the president of
the United States in the coraplete discharge of his duties.
2. That we urge the president of the United States, in the narae
of our people — the freemen of the state of California — and in the
name and in the behalf of the cause of constitutional liberty, to be
firm and unbending in the maintenance of the rights of the execu
tive department of the government, and to that end we pledge him
our undivided support.
3. That the radical majority in the congress of the United States
have trampled upon and disregarded the great interests of the people,
and instead of legislating to relieve the people from the burden of
taxation, under which the entire industry of the country is suffering,
are bending their united efforts to involve the country in the vortex
of civil war, and, in the opinion of the assembly of the state of Cali
fornia, have proved theraselves unworthy alike of the high positions
they now occupy and of the confidence of the people.
4. That his excellency the governor be directed to send, telegraph
ically, a copy of the above resolutions to his excellency the president
of the United States, Andrew Johnson.
The speaker pro tem., A. J. Batchelder (union), decided that the
resolutions were out of order, as they purported to give expression
to the opinion of the asserably alone- upon leading national questions,
but this decision was not sustained by the house, by a vote of 10 to
38. A raotion was carried to suspend the rules for the iramediate
consideration of the resolutions, when Paschal Ooggins (union) offered
the following substitute :
Whereas, The law-making power of the federal government is by
the constitution exclusively vested in the congress of the United
States; and whereas, repeated and flagrant atterapts have been
made by President Andrew Johnson to embarrass and overawe con
gress in the exercise of this power, and to violate laws constitution
ally passed by that body; and whereas, the president has persistently
opposed all efiorts on the part of congress to reconstruct the govern
ments of the southem states on a basis consistent with the issues
determined and settled by the war ; and whereas, the constitutional
power of congress to create and regulate the office of secretary of
war and other cabinet officers has never heretofore been denied; and
whereas, the president has attempted to reraove frora that office the
present incurabent, Edwin M. Stanton, during the session of the
18

274 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
senate, in open and direct violation of the tenure of office act ; there
fore, resolved :
1. That in the opinion of the asserably, the present unlawful at
tempt of the president to reraove the secretary of war is deliberately '
designed by him to re-inaugurate civil war for the purpose of over
throwing our republican form of governraent, and for the re-establish-
raent of American slavery, the relic of barbarism recently abolished
by the conquest of arms, by presidential proclamation, and by an
amendraent of the constitution of the United States.
2. That we regard the act of the president in atterapting to re-
rriove the secretary of war, as a high crime and misderaeanorj for
which he should at once be impeached by congress.
The previous question was ordered, and the substitute was lost by
a vote of 18 to 30. The original resolutions were then adopted by a
vote of 32 to 18. The house iramediately adjourned, before notice of
a reconsideration could be given. '
On February 27th, E. H. Heacock (union) introduced in the sen
ate a series of resolutions, the first three of which were identical
with resolutions 1, 2, and 3, offered in the asserably by Westmore
land on the 2-Jth, and with the following in addition : ,
4. That his excellency, the governor, be directed to telegraph a
copy of the above resolutions to Hon. Benjamin F. Wade, president
of the senate, and the Hon. Schuyler Colfax, speaker of the house of
representatives of the congress of the United States.
The senate refused to postpone the special order for the consider
ation of the resolutions, and on the next day Heacock offered the
following in place of the series which he had off'ered on the 27th :
1. Resolved, hy the Senate of California, That congress is the
supreme political and law-making power of the United States of
America, and that laws passed by such congress are binding upon
every officer and citizen thereof, from the highest to the lowest, until
repealed or set aside by competent legal authority.
2. That the course of the president of the United States, Andrew
Johnson, in removing Edwin M. Stanton frora the position of secre
tary of war of the United States, and in appointing General Lorenzo
Thomas to such position, is in direct and flagrant violation of the
letter and spirit of the law of congress, then and now in force, known
as the " tenure of office act."
3. That we deem such removal and appointment as sufficient

MsOLUfloNS ON iMPEAtHMMNT. 27S
6S,use of -Impeachment of the president, such removal and appoint
ment being declared by said act to be a "high misdemeanor."
4. That his excellency the governor be directed to send by tele
graph a copy of the above resolutions to the Hon. Benjamin F.
Wade, president of the senate, and Hon. Schuyler Colfax; speaker of
the house of representatives of the congress of the United States.
D. L. Morrill (democrat) offered the following as an amendment :
Provided, nevertheless, that as a total disavowal of the princi
ples erabodied in the foregoing resolutions was expressed by the
people of California at the last general election, their adoption by
this senate cannot in any raanner be construed as reflecting the
sentiments of the people of the state.
J. W. Mandeville (democrat) raised the point of order, that sira
ilar resolutions were already before the senate undisposed of, and
thereupon the president ruled that the resolutions were out of order,
but the senate failed to sustain the ruling. After a debate, and
several roll-calls on collateral questions, the Morrill araendraent was
rejected, and the resolutions were adopted by a vote of 7 to 12. On
the 29th, a motion to reconsider was raade immediately on the open
ing of the session, and the entire day and evening was spent in the
discussion of the questions which aroSe. On March 2d, the debate
was resumed, and the senate refused to reconsider, bjr a vote of 12
to 15. Pending the discussion on the second, Maclay offered the
following as a substitute, which, being declared out of order, were
recommitted to hira to be drawn up in the form of a protest on
behalf of the democratic senators : '
Whereas, The pending impeachment of the president is a pro
ceeding of the most profound concern to the whole people of the
United States, involving in its consequences the very existence of
the governraent, and the perpetuity of free institutions ; and whereasj.
the irapeachment, conviction, and removal of the president frora
offipe on the charge of having violated, or attempting to violate the
provisions of the "tenure of office act," before the supreme court of
the United States shall have first decided that congress had the con
stitutional power to pass the said act, would be a measure not only of
folly and of injustice and wrong to the president, for which no adequate
atonement could be offered, but entail great reproach and odium on
both congress and the country; therefore, resolved,
1. That, influenced by a sincere desire to preserve the peace, the

276 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
honor, and the dignity of our comraon country, that to this end for
the present ignoring all questions of right and wrong, of constitu
tional law, and justice, as between the president and congress, we
solemnly appeal to that honorable body to arrest at once all further
proceedings touching the matter of impeachment until the supreme
court shall have decided whether, in point of fact and of law, there
is such a statute as the "tenure of office act."
2. That our representatives in the lower house are hereby earnestly
requested and our senators instructed to use their influence and
cast their votes in aid of the accomplishment of the purpose of these
resolutions. On March 5th, Maclay presented a protest against the action of
the senate in passing the Heacock resolutions, but it was subse
quently withdrawn. On March 4th, Governor Haight transmitted
a raessage to the senate declining to send the resolutions to Wash
ington, and setting forth his reasons at great length. A motion by
Shaw that the reasons expressed by the governor for declining to
send the resolutions as requested be declared satisfactory to the
senate, was carried by the casting vote bf the president. ' On the
next day, this vote was reconsidered, when Heacock offered the fol
lowing, which were adopted, by a vote of 20 to 16:
1. That the reason given by his excellency the govemor in the
following portion of his message, viz : "that body (meaning the
senate of .the United States) sits as a court to try the president upon
the charge presented, and any attempt to forestall the judgment of
that or any other judicial tribunal, before the accused is heard in his
defence would be indelicate and improper,'' for not telegraphing the
resolutions referred to therein, be deemed and accepted by the senate
as a sufficient reason for his refusal to telegraph the resolutions to
the Hon. Benjamin F. Wade, president of the senate of the United
States, as directed by order of the senate.
2. Further, that such reason does not apply to that portion of the
order of the senate which directs him to telegraph the resolutions to
the Hon. Schuyler Colfax, speaker of the house of representatives,
and that no sufficient reason or excuse is given br shown in his
message for a failure to comply with such last-mentioned portion of
the order of the senate; therefore, be it further resolved,
3. That the resolutions referred to in the governor's message be
returned to him, and that he be respectfully requested to imraediately
telegraph the first three of such resolutions to the Hon. Schuyler

AN ADDRESS TO REPUBLICANS. 277
Colfax, speaker of the house of representatives of the congress of
the United States.
On January 28th, an address was issued, which had been adopted
on the 25th, at a meeting of the republican central club of San
Francisco. It was addressed to the republicans of Oalifornia, and
urged them to at once organize clubs in harmony with that club
with a view of facilitating the selectiori of delegates to the state
convention which was to be called by the republican state comraittee
to select delegates to attend the national convention, tp be held in
Chicago, in May. After urging the importance of selecting able
and honest representatives, the address recited :
Republicans, friends — all who believe in the principles enunciated
by the great national republican party: We cordiaUy invite you to
join with us in our efforts to again place ourselves upon the platforra
of our distinctive organization, that we may wisely profit by the
disastrous results, of the late political campaign and steer clear of
the rocks upon which the late union party of this state was wrecked
by a clique of selfish schemers who were thrust upon us during the
rebellion, and who introduced and obtained control of the organiza
tion by the introduction of a system of tactics worthy only of our
democratic opponents in their days of darkest degradation. The
frauds through which the norainations of the union party were
obtained are fresh in the rainds of all, and the perpetrators are
justly branded by your eraphatic condemnation. We are now
called upon again to meet the same infiuences, manipulated by the
same class who led the union party into disgraceful defeat and
buried it with theraselves in hopeless oblivion. Let us not allow
ourselves again to be led by scheraing without honesty, policy with
out principle, or ambition without wisdom. There can be but two
national parties in the coraing contest : the one known as republican ;
the other deraocratic, The one upholds the principles that carried us
safely through the war; the other struggles to overturn them. Clad
in our political armor, let us do battle for the living issues of the
republican party, with all its wisdom, strength and prestige, its
renown, its honored scars received in fierce contest in forura and on
bloody fields for liberty and justice; and, finally, its full and com
plete triumph over ignorance, barbarism, human degradation, false
opinions, and vaulting arabition,

278 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The republican state committee of 1867, however, did not issue a
call for a convention, and the moveraent to infuse life into the party
was signally unsuccessful.
On February 24th, a raeeting of the union state central committee
was held at San Francisco, and a state convention to choose delegates
to attend the national republican convention to be held in Chicago,
on May 20th, was called to convene at Sacraraento, on March 31st.
The coraraittee recommended that the primaries be held under the
primary election law, and adopted a test to include all legal voters
who would pledge theraselves to support the national ticket. The
following resolution was also adopted :
That the union state central committee earnestly urge upon all
raerabers of the union party of California unanimity of action in the
approaching campaign, and that all differences of the past be for
gotten. Pursuant to this call, the state convention met at the Sixth-street
M. E. church, at 2 o'clock, on the 31st of March. E. W. Casey,
secretary of the state committee, called the convention to order, in
the absence of the chairman, and Frank M. Pixley was unaniraously
chosen teraporary chairraan, Charles Westmoreland withdrawing in
his favor. The coraraittee on resolutions consisted of S. W. Brock
way, 0. Westraoreland, E. W. Roberts, L. R. LuU, W. H. Sears,
0. A. Tweed, John F. Miller, 0. B. Powers, and Chancellor Hart
son. In the evening, the convention organized perraanently by
electing Pixley, president ; and W. E. Lovett, Wra. Sherraan, J. P.
Dyer, L. H. Foote, G. W. Swan, H. G. Rollins, 0. Westmoreland,
Horace Beach, and J. A. Hutton, vice-presidents.
The following resolutions were reported, and unaniraously adopted:
1. That the loyal raasses of Oalifornia are unalterably attached to
the imperishable principles of the union republican party; that its
history is the history of progress, of the advancement of civil, indi
vidual, and national liberty, of the war against rebellion, of the pre
servation of the union, of the delivery of four millions of people from,
bondage; and that its great mission will never end until the union
of all the states shall be established on a foundation of justice and
right, never again to be shaken, either by traitors at horae or by
their allies abroad.
2. That the constitution devolves upon the executive the duty to
see that the laws are faithfully executed, ^^d that when a law is

UNION CONVENTION. 279
enacted in conformity with the prescribed constitutional forms, the
executive is bound to execute the same.
3. That the house of representatives of the United States is
entitled to the gratitude and thanks of the nation for its action in pre
ferring articles of impeachment against Andrew Johnson; that his
flagrant disregard of a positive enactment of congress, in the remo-val
of the secretary of war, in direct violation of an expressed provision
forbidding such act, was of itself a high crime, and, which added to
the long series of his gross misdemeanors, would, if suffered to go
unrebuked, subordinate all the other powers of govemment to the
despotic will of the executive, and would end in the subversioij, of
the constitution and the final destruction of representative govern
ment. 4. That the loyal masses of California, with one voice, approve of
and pledge themselves to sustain all the reconstruction measures of
congress; that in carrying out the principles involved in those
raeasures congress is only executing that provisiori of the constitu
tion which devolves upon the United States the obligation tb
guarantee to every state in the union a republican forra of govern
ment. 5. That we have the most implicit confidfence in the senate of the
United States, before which august tribunal the highest officer
known to the constitution and laws is now arraigned and on his
trial, that they will fairly and impartially discharge the solemn duty
imposed upon them according to the law and evidence, and they
will, by their decision and judgraent, raaintain and vindicate the
constitution and laws of their country, uninfluenced by either
political or personal considerations.
6. That we are in favor of the strictest economy in the adrainis
tration of our national, state, and county affairs; of reducing public
taxation at once to the lowest lirait allowable by the requireraents of
our public obligations.
7. That the payment of the public debt, and in which is involved
the national honor, is a cardinal point in our political faith; that
repudiation would be an abandonraent of the principles upon which
the war, for the union was fought ; a concession that the union was
not worth defending ; a breach of the public faith ; a violation of
plighted honor, and a crirae against the loyal dead, who gave their
lives on the battlefield in defense of the great cause for which it was
incurred, '

280 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
8. That it is the bounden duty of the national government, under
all circumstances and at all hazards, so to use the national power in
its fullest extent without hesitation and without delay, that the
rights of every Araerican citizen, native born and naturalized, shall
be fully protected at horae and abroad ; and especially that no for
eign nation should be permitted to arrest and punish any Araerican
citizen for any offense committed upon our own soil.
9. That in Ulysses S. Grant — the hero, the patriot, and states
raan — we recognize the representative man of the times, one in
whose keeping the destiny and honor of the nation will ever be safe,
and therefore we narae hira as our unanimous choice for president of
the United States.
Westmoreland offered the following additional resolution :
That the delegation elected by the convention are hereby advised
to support Benjamin F. Wade, of Ohio, for the position of vice-
president of the United States.
G.-A. Gillespie offered the following as a substitute :
That this convention now proceed to ballot, to indicate its choice
for the office of vice-president,-and select from the names of the fol
lowing statesraen : Benjamin F. Wade, Schuyler Colfax, Rueben
E. Fenton, A. G. Ourtin, and Henry Wilson, and that the person
receiving the highest vote shall be deemed the preference of this con
vention,- and the one receiving the next highest vote the second pre
ference, and so on. /
After a discussion, Westraoreland had leave to withdraw his
resolution, and the Gillespie substitute was laid on the table.
On the first ballot, for four delegates at large to attend the
national convention. General P. E. Conner, Colonel James Ooey,
J. J. Green, and John Stratman were elected, the vote being : for
Conner, 211; Ooey, 231; Green, 203; Stratman, 161; W. E.
Lovett, 127; and William H. Sears, 111.
WiUiam H. Sears and W. E. Lovett were elected delegates from
the first congressional district, on the first ballot, the vote being :
For Sears, 159; Lovett, 175; Seth Wetherbee, 127; Josiah Belden,
32 ; and Henry Baker, 36. James L. Riddle, J. Benrimo, and T. T.
Tidball were also placed in nomination before the convention, but
no votes were cast for them.
Charles B. Higby and J. M. Days were elected delegates from
the second district, hy acclamation; John Q,, Byers withdrawing.

UNION CONVENTION. 281
Thomas Spencer and J. S. Rogers were elected frora the third dis
trict, by acclamation.
On April 1st, the following resolution was adopted :
That the firmness, consistency and devotion to principle exhibited
by the union merabers of the legislature during its late session are
entitled to the hearty commendation and grateful remembrance of
the union party of California, and that this convention hereby
acknowledges its obligations to those members for the thoroughness
with which they were organized and their uncoraproraising devotion
to the interests of the party and country.
Joseph Benrimo, J. 0. Byers, B. N. Bugbey, and J. H. O'Brien
were elected alternate delegates at large, over .Henry G. Rollins,
Benjamin Dore, Jerorae 0. Davis, 0. E. Allen, Nathan Coombs,
F. G. French, Charles F. Reed, and Walter Murray.
0. E. Allen and Benjamin Dore were elected alternates from the
first congressional district ; H. G. Rollins and Abijah Baker frora
the second district; and 0. F. Reed and F. G. French frora the third
district — all by acclaraation.
A state central coramittee was selected, coraposed of Sarauel Mer
ritt, J. R. Hardenbergh, T. K. Wilson, W. F. Huestis, J. 0. Birds-
eye, J. S. Downes, A. N. Merrick, Robert McGarvey, J. M. Coghlan,
E. W. Roberts, J. 0. Boggs, John R. Buckbee, F. A. Gibbs, Harvey
S. Brown, J. N. Chappel, J. M. Kelsey, Chas. E. Huse, A. Schell,
0. B. Powers, Daniel E. Gordon, D. M. Kenfield, Jaraes A. Hutton,
A. S. Sraith, and others; and the state executive comraittee was
composed of I. A. Amerraan, J. G. McOallum,. James Otis, Alpheus
Bull, Jacob Deeth, Alfred Barstow, A. SeUgraan, E. N. Torrey, and
Charles G. Thoraas.
A resolution was adopted instructing the state central coraraittee to
call all primaries under, pursuant to, and in accordance with the pro
visions of the Porter priraary election law of March 26, 1866
The convention adjourned with three cheers for General U. S.
Grant. It was universally recognized that Grant was the choice of the
party in California for president, and that it was the business of the
convention siraply to record this choice. There was therefore a dis
position to secure harraony.
On February 27th and 28th, meetings were held by the derao
cratic state central coramittee at San Francisco, when it was resolved

282 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
to hold the convention of the party in that city, on Wednesday,
April 29th, to norainate 10 delegates to attend the national conven
tion, and five candidates for presidential electors. The state con
vention was to consist of 304 delegates, and the test for the primaries
was raade to erabrace "all voters opposed to the radical policy of
congress, to nogro or Chinese suffrage, and in favor of a constitu
tional administration of the governraent of the whole union." The
committee recoraraended that the congressional conventions meet at
the tirae and place fixed for the holding of the state convention and
transact the business delegated to thera; and the necessity for the
formation of campaign clubs was urged upon the democratic and con
servative voters of the state.
The following resolutions were unanimously adopted Ijy the com
mittee :
1. That the radical majority in congress, instead of seeking to
lighten the burdens of taxation, disregarding the will of the people
and their official oaths in an unnatural pursuit after negro equality,
having been laboring to usurp the functions of the executive, degrade
the judiciary, and after committing the indecency of forcing upon
the executive a cabinet officer personally offensive to him, and
raaking a railitary subordinate independent of the orders of the presi
dent, thus uniting in their own hands the purse and sword, they
have for the first tirae presented to the world the disgraceful spec
tacle of an Araerican president arraigned by a party vote, avowedly
for party purposes, before a senate, more than two-thirds of whieh
is composed of his political opponents, and placed on trial for no
crime except that of having endeavored to preserve, protect and
defend the constitution of the United States and the liberties of the
people; that in these proceedings the radical party in congress have
been manifestly actuated by a desire to perpetuate themselves in
office, and raerit the unqualified condemnation of all good citizens,
without distinction of party.
2. That this committee view with sincere alarm the revolutionary
action of the radical majority in congress, condemned in the fore
going resolution, believing the same calculated to create wide-spread
distrust, and seriously derange the financial and other great interests
of the country.
Pursuant to this call, the convention met in Union hall, San
Francisco, at 12 o'clock m., on April 29th, and it was called to order
by J. P. Hoge, chairman of the state committee. William Holden

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 283
was elected temporary chairman, on the first ballot, by a vote of 199,
to 92 for J. W. Mandeville. The comraittee on credentials reported
that the county of Mono alone was unrepresented, and John Bigler
moved that two gentlemen from that county who were then, present
be invited to act as delegates. This raotion gave rise to a heated
discussion and was finally carried — 154 to 105. A permanent
organization was then effected by the election of Holden, as presi
dent, and Thomas Findley, J. W. Mandeville, and N. E. Whiteside,
as vice-presidents. The coramittee on order of business reported a
prograrairie calling for the election and noraination of one national
delegate at large, and three frora each congressional district; of two
electors at large, and one frora each district and of an alternate
elector from each judicial district. . A. H. Rose raoved to strike out
the portion providing for the nomination of electors and alternates,
but the motion was lost — 142 to 157. A coramittee was appointed
on resolutions,, consisting of John 0. Burch, R. J. Betge, B. F.
Myers, 0. Howard.W. Z. Angney; H. P. Barber, T. J. Henley, A. B.
Dibble, and S. A. Booker. About eight hundred spectators viewed
the proceedings of the convention. On the SOth, a motion was made
that before any raan was selected as a national delegate he should
. declare his intention of devoting all his energies to procure the
noraination of H. H. Haight, as president of the United States, but
it was ruled oiit of order.
For delegates to attend the national convention, the following
were elected :
Thomas Hayes, at large, over W. T. Coleraan, E. Steele, Charles
S. Fairfax, Henry H. Platt, and Eugene Casserly.
Charies S. Fairfax, E. Steele, and W. W. Woodward frora the
third congressional district, by acclaraation; J. Berry and G. T.
Orane withdrawing.
John Bigler, A. H. Rose, and Richard' Heath from the second
district, on the first ballot, over Joseph Dumont, Talbot of Nevada
county, S. T. Leet, H. P. Barber, and Lewis R. Bradley.
Robert 0. Page, Joseph R. Roberts, and A. Jacoby frora the first
district, on the first ballot, over James A. Couch, H. M. Black, John
Middleton, James R. Lawrence, James 0. Gallager, 0. T. Ryland,
and Dr. Sharkey.
A motion was made to reconsider the vote by which the conven
tion had determined to norainate electors, and araid great confusion
it was laid on. the table— 156 to 137. The convention then raade
the following norainations for presidential electors :

284 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
E. J. 0. Kewen and Thomas J. Henley from the state at large,
on the first ballot, by the following vote: Kewen, 212; Henley,
197; W. T. Wallace, 176; J. D. Hambleton and W. W. Pendegast
withdrawing. W. T. Wallace from the first congressional district, by acclama
tion ; W. F. White, Francisco Pico, and John R. KittreU with
drawing. A. B. Dibble from the second district, and George Pearce frora the
third — both by acclamation.
The following alternate electors were nominated :
Francisco Pico and John R. Kittrell, at large ; J. Burckhalter,
from the first ; B. F. Myers, from the second ; and J. N. Martin,
from the third congressional district.
On May 1st, a proposition to elect alternate delegates was dis
cussed and laid on the table. . A state central comraittee was
selected, coraposed of A. 0. Bradford, William Watt, Robert Ferral,
Charles A. Johnson, ,E, 0. Tully, R. R. Provines, Jasper O'Farrell,
P. H. Ryan, E. T. Wilkins, A. H. Rose, J. 0. Maynard, P. H. Sib
ley, R. J. Betge, Thoraas N. Cazneau, George Pen Johnston, Charles
E. McLane, Creed Hay mond, J. W. Ooffroth, John Bigler, J. P.
Hoge, and others.
After adopting the following resolutions, the convention adjourned:
1. That the expedients resorted to by the radicals in congress for
the purpose of perpetuating their despotic power are such as to
threaten the perpetuity of the government itself ; and it is, therefore,
the duty of all good citizens to disregard minor considerations and
local issues, and to combine in one grand and united effort to pre
serve the legacy left us by our fathers, to restore the industry of the
country to its wonted condition of prosperity, and to relieve our
people from the oppressive burden of taxation.
2. That the unanimous declaration of congress, made on the 23d
day of July, 1861, "that the war is >vaged by the government, ot the
United States, not in the spirit of conquest or subjugation, not for
the purpose of overthrowing or interfering with the rights or institu
tions of the states, but to defend and maintain the supremacy of
the constitution, and to preserve the union, with all the dignity,
equality, and rights of the several states unirapaired," has been per- '
sistently falsified by its action, and the power of the govemment has
been perverted to schemes of ambition and revenge.
3. That the impeachment of the president of the United States by

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 285
a radical congress (composed of those who assisted to elevate him to
that high position) on the raost frivolous charges, is only an addi
tional evidence of party violence — not actuated by any solicitude for
the common welfare, and which must tend to make the United
States government ridiculous in the eyes of all civilized nations.
4. That Henry H. Haight, in all the elements of honesty, integrity,
patriotic devotion to the best interests of the whole country, in
elevated statesraanship and unswerving opposition to the disorganizing
and destroying factions now threatening the permanency of con
stitutional government stands pre-eminent among the great men of the
nation. 5. That the action of the Radical house of representatives of the pres.
ent congress of the United States, in refusing to make the necessary
appropriation for the purchase of Alaska (a territory so iraportant
to the future welfare of the Pacific coast), after the purchase had
been honorably consuraraated by the treaty-raaking power of the
government, is an act of perfidy on the part of the representatives
of the people, and the repudiation of a national obligation, which is
entitled to and receives the hearty condemnation of the democracy
of California.
6. That it is not only the patriotic duty, but the deliberate pur
pose of the democratic party never to submit to be govemed by
negroes, nor by those claiming to be elected by negro suffrage ; and
we do earnestly recommend the adoption of this resolution by the
national convention of the democracy which shall assemble in July
next. 7. That the eight-hour system of labor is a democratic raeasure,
and ought to become a national principle — making eight hours a
-legal day's work on all public works in the United States ; that our
delegates to the national convention are requested to use their
endeavors to incorporate this declaration in the national platform.
8. That the attention of the national convention, called to assem
ble at New York on the 4th day of July next, be directed to the
question of coolie immigration into the United States, and respect
fully asked by our delegation to devise some means to be recom
mended to congress to protect free industry against their incur
sions. The democratic convention of the third congressional district met
at San Francisco on May 1st — 73 delegates being present. A. 0.
Bradford presided. On the 2d, S. B. Axtell was nominated for -con-

i8§ Political Conventions in calieprnia. ,
gressman, by acclamation; W. D. Sawyer withdrawing while the
roll was being called for.the first ballot.
The democratic second district convention met at San Francisco,
on May 1st, J. T. Farley presiding, but adjourned without action, to
raeet at Sacraraento on August 19th. On the last named day,
another meeting was held, and James W. Ooffroth was nominated
for congress, by acclamation.
The democratic third district convention met at San Francisco, on
May 1st, and James A. Johnson was nominated for congress, by
acclamation; A. W halen and N. E. Whiteside withdrawing.
The "national union republican" state central comraittee held a
meeting at San Francisco on June 25th, and appointed August 5th as
the time for the holding of the state convention at Sacraraento, for
the purpose of nominating an electoral ticket. The number of
delegates was fixed at 275. The- primaries were directed to be
held in accordance with the provisions of the Porter election law,
and the test erabraced all legal voters who should pledge themselves
to vote for the electors to be chosen by the convention. The
coramittee recoraraended that a Grant and Colfax club be formed
on the day of the primaries in every precinct where a union republi
can club did not then exist. At the time and place mentioned, the
state convention raet. It was called to order by Jaraes Otis, chair
man of the state coramittee, and J. G; Eastman was unaminously
elected temporary chairman. G. W. Tyler, H. J. Tilden, L. D.
Latimer, E. G. Waite, and J. E. Wyman were appointed a com
mittee on resolutions, and shortly afterward they reported the fol
lowing, which were adopted :
1. That the platform of principles adopted by the national union
republican convention, at Chicago, in May last, deserves and receives
the approval and hearty endorseraent of all the union republicans of
California. 2. That the fearless chieftain. General Grant, and the pure states
raan, Schuyler Colfax, were the first choice of the union republicans
of California for president and vice-president of the United States
for the ensuing four years, and that we rejoice in their nomination.
3. That General U. S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax, by their ser
vices to their country, by their devotion to principle, and by their
unspotted reputation as men and as citizens, are deserving of the
united and earnest support of aU the loyal people of the United

CONGRESSIONAL CONVENTIONS.

m

States, and we pledge to them the electoral vote of California at the
ensuing election, by an overwhelming majority.
The temporary officers were declared perraanently elected. The
convention made the following nomination :
' Presidential Electors : First congressional district, David B. Hoff
man; second district, Alfred Redington; third district, Charles
Westmoreland — all by acclamation. At large, John B. Felton and
O. H. LaGrange, on the first ballot, over John F. Swift and
Nathaniel Holland; George W. Tyler withdrawing. The vote
stood : Felton, 147; LaGrange, 225 ; Swift, 121 ; and HoUand 24.
Alternate Electors : First congressional district, Louis Sloss ;
second district, Charles A. Tweed; third district, James H. Mc
Nabb. At large, Walter Van Dyke and George W. Tyler, on the
first ballot, over Jaraes B. McQuillan.

On August Sth, the republican first district convention raet at
San Francisco, and on the first ballot, Frank M. Pixley was nomi
nated for congress, by a vote of 72, to 18 for Soule. The republi
can convention of the second district convened at Sacramento,
August 4th, and on the tenth ballot, Aaron A. Sargent received the
nomination for congress, over S. W. Brockway, Williairi Higby,
J. G. McOallum, Charles A. Tuttie, and 0. H. LaGrange.
The baUotings resulted as follows :

1

2

3

4

5

6

8

10

Sargent 

3313112812

31
16 11
28 11

31231122
10

32
2010

37 21
10

372010

371810

4915

Tuttie  

Higby 

McCallum. ... . . 

10 25

1
28

LaGrange 
30
32
33
The third district republican convention raet at Washington,
Yolo county, on August 4th. Chancellor Hartson was nominated for
congress, on the first ballot, by a vote of 47, to 32 for Charles West
moreland, and 13 for H. L. Gear.
During the campaign a number of joint discussions were held,
and in some instances the opposing candidates raade the entire can
vass in company. On July 13th, P. H. Sibley, a meraber of the
deraocratic state central coramittee, published a card, announcing
his resignation from that position, and assigning as the reason for
the action that although he could conscientiously support Blair,
288 Political conventions in calipopnia.
because of his war record, he could not support Seymour, and that
he did not approve of the deraocratic national platforra. Under
those circumstances, he felt it his duty to support Grant and Colfax.
On August 12th, Alpheus Bull and A. Seligman resigned frora the
union state central comraittee, as was stated "on account qf
business arrangeraents," and Louis R. Lull and Richard Chenery
were elected to fill the vacancies.
The election was held on Tuesday, November 3d, and the official
canvass, raade in the following month, developed :
For Presidential Electors: Grant and Colfax^Felton, 54,588 ;
LaGrange, 54,576 ; Hoffman, 54,565 ; Redington, 54,592 ; West
moreland, 54,551. Seyraour and Blair — Wallace, 54,069 ; Henley,
54,078 ; Kewen, 54,068 ; Dibble, 54,06S ; Pearce, 54,061.
For Memhers of Congress: First district — Pixley, 20,081 ; Ax
tell, 23,632. Second district— Sargent, 18,264; Ooffroth, 15,124.
Third district— Hartson, 15,528; Johnson, 15,792.
The republican electors were therefore elected, and Axtell, Sar
gent, and Johnson were elected to congress. Through a typo
graphical error in a blank, the returns from seventeen counties,
representing a vote of 13,047 for the republican electors, were for
D. A. Hoffman, instead of D. B. Hoffraan, audit became known that.
the secretary of state proposed to credit the D. A. Hoffman vote as if
it had been cast for a distinct individnal from D. B. Hoffman. This
would of course elect Henley, but on November SOth, a writ of
mandamus was issued by Judge McKune of the sixth district court,
directing that officer to count the D. A. Hoffman votes the same as
if they had been certified as having been cast for D. B. Hoffman.
The question was submitted to the suprerae court upon an agreed
stateraent of facts, and that tribunal unarainously decided, on
Deceraber 1st, that the returns should all be counted for D. B. Hoff
raan. Later in the day, the official canvass was made, and the
republican electors were declared to be elected. On the 2d, the
republican electors met in the office of the California steam naviga
tion corapany, cast the votes of the state for Grant and Colfax, and
appointed Charles Westraoreland raessenger to carry the returns to
Washington.

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 289-
CHAPTER XXI.
1869. Democratic Convention — Republican State Convention.
The democratic state central coraraittee raet at San Francisco on
May 12th, and it was resolved to hold the state convention at Sac
ramento on Tuesday, June 29th.
The following test was adopted :
That all voters in the state who are opposed to the radical
measures of congress, including the proposed fifteenth araendraent to
the constitution of the United States; who are opposed to the
appointraent of negroes to office, and who pledge theraselves to sup
port the democratic ticket at the coming fall elections, shall be per
mitted to participate in primary elections.
On May 24th, the democratic coramittee of San Francisco resolved
to appoint delegates to represent that county in the state convention,
but this action produced so much disaffection that it was recon
sidered, and primaries were held on June 17th.
The deraocratic state convention met in the asserably chamber, at
Sacraraento, on June 29th, and was called to order by J. P. Hoge, the
chairman of the state comraittee, who was also elected teraporary
president. A committee on resolutions was appointed, consisting of
0. T. Ryland, J. W. MandeviUe, J. W. Ooffroth, J. R. McConnell,
W. P. Daingerfield, J. West Martin, H. P. Barber, J. G. Downey,
and J. M. Burnett. On permanent organization, Hoge was presi
dent ; and J. F. Williams, Charles Maclay, Joseph Powell, and R. 0.
DeWitt, -vice-presidents.
The following resolutions were , reported and adopted :
Whereas, Upon the eve of a political canvass, the time -honored
usages of our party require that a platform of principles be announced
for the government of those who may be elected to political office ;
and, whereas, new questions have arisen since the raeeting of the
last deraocratic convention, raaking such action erainently proper ;
therefore, resolved,
1. That the deraocracy of California now and always confide in
the intelligence, patriotism, and discrirainating justice of the white
people of the country to adrainister and control their governraent
without the aid of either negroes or Chinese.
2. That the deraocratic party view with alarm the action of an
19

290 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN- CALIFORNIA.
unscrupulous majority in congress in their attepapts to absorb the
powers of the executive and judicial departments of the federal
government, and to annihilate the rights and functions reserved to the
state govemments.
3. That the subjection of the white population of the southern
states to the rule of a mass of ignorant negroes, their disfranchise
ment, and the denial to them of all those sacred rights guaranteed
to every freeraan, is an outrage and a wrong for which the history of
free govemments in raodern tiraes may be searched in vain for a
parallel. 4. That the deraocratic party is opposed to the policy of lending
the credit of the state and squandering the state property upon rail
way or other corporations to the detriraent of the public interests
and the overwhelraing increase of the state debt and taxation.
5. That the deraocratic party ever has been, is now, and ever will
be, the champion of the rights of the mechanic and working man ;
that all the reforms having for their object the reduction of the
hours of his labor, the enlargeraent of hia privilegea and the protec
tion of his personal liberty, have ever been demanded, enacted and
enforced by the deraocracy; that we point with pride to the fact
that in California it was the democratic element in the legislature
that passed, and a deraocratic governor that approved, the eight hour
law, and that we pledge ourselves to use our utmoat exertions to
carry the provisions of that law into full force and effect, as well as
to labor in other directions for the cause of the sons of toil.
6. That we are opposed to the adoption of the proposed fifteenth
amendment of the United States constitution, believing the same to
be designed, and, if adopted, certain to degrade the right of suffrage;
to ruin the laboring white man, by bringing untold hordes of Pagan
slaves (in all but narae) into direct competition with his efforts to
earn a livelihood; to build up an aristocratic class of oligarchs in
our midst, created and maintained by Chinese votes; to give the
negro and Chinaman the right to vote and hold office ; and that its
passage would be inimical to the best interests of our country, in
direct opposition to the teachings of Washington, Adaras, Jefferson
and the other founders of the republic ; in flagrant violation of the
plainest principles upon whioh the superstructure of our liberties
was raised; subversive of the dearest rights of the different states,
and a direct step toward anarchy and ita natural sequence, the erec
tion of an empire upon the ruins of constitutional liberty.
7. That the democracy of California believe that the labor of our

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 291
white people should not be brought into competition with the labor
-of a class of inferior people, whose living costs comparatively noth
ing, and who add nothirig to the wealth of our state, and who care
and know nothing about our churches, schools, societies, and social
and political institutions.
8. That we arraign the radical party for its profligacy, corruption,
and extravagance in public expenditures; for its tyranny, extortion,
and disfranchisement ; for its contempt of constitutional obligations ;
for placing the city of Washington in the hands of serai-civilized
Africans ; and we particularly conderan the appointraent of healthy
and able-bodied negroes to office while the land is filled with capable
white citizens who are suffering for the coramon necessaries of life.
9. That we heartily endorse and approve of the manner in which
the deraocracy have administered the state governraent, and point
with pride to the acts to protect the wages of labor, to lessen public
and official expenses, and to the fact that during the present state
administration the state debt has been reduced nearly $1,000,000,
and taxation reduced frora $1.13 on $100 to 97 cents.
0. T. Ryland introduced the following which were also adopted :
10. That the so-called Alabaraa treaty having been rejected by
the treaty-raaking power of the governraent, the deraocratic party,
true to its record as the only political party which on such issues
has uniformaly proved itself faithful to our own country, will now,
as heretofore, be found ready to sustain all measures demanded by
the honest dignity and rights of the republic in its relations with all
foreign powers.
11. That all voters in California who are opposed to the radical
measures of congress, including the proposed fifteenth amendment
to the constitution of the United States, and who are opposed to the
appointment of negroes to office, be invited to unite with the deraoc
racy in the coming contest.
J. B. Crockett was nominated for justice of the suprerae court, to
fill the vacancy occasioned by the- resignation of O. L. Shafter; and,
in like manner, William T. Wallace was nominated for justice of
the suprerae court, to succeed Lorenzo Sawyer. Sarauel Bell McKee
was placed in noraination against Wallace, but his narae was with
drawn. A committee of nine, consisting of J. R. McConnell, 0. T.
Ryland, T. R. Wise, T. A. Coldwell, J. H. Hardy, E. T. Hogan,
J. H. Budd, J. 0. Burch, and D. W. Gelwicks, was appointed to
draft an address to the people upon the Chinese question. (On

292 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
August 4th, the re'port of the committee was published, and it
occupied six columns in the newspapers.) The convention appointed
a state central comraittee, composed of Harry Linden, J. W. Mande
ville, D. W. Gelwicks, J. W. Ooffroth, R. 0. Haile, P. H. Ryan,
J. K. LuttreU, John Boggs, Wra. Watt, R. 0. Cravens, J. W. Free
raan, J. G. Downey, J. P. Hoge, Jaraes H. Hardy, J. H. Baird,
Joseph Naphtaly, -J. 0. Maynard, and Thoraas N. Cazneau.
W. W. Pendegast offered the following resolution, which was
adopted :
That the Western Union Telegraph Company, which controls all
the wires connecting the Atlantic with the Pacific, has, in instituting
a tariff designed to give a virtual raonopoly of eastern news to a few
newspapers of one 'political party in this state, been guilty of a great
public wrong, has betrayed the trust confided to it, and effectually
restricted the liberties of the press, and that its action in this regard
calls loudly for such legislative interference as shall prohibit dis
crirainations, prevent the use of the telegraph as a political engine,
and raake it, like the mails, free to all.
The republican state central coraraittee met at San Francisco, ^
April 29th, and appointed a state convention to be held at Sacra
mento on July 21st. A resolution was adopted requesting the con
vention to take into consideration the expediency of adopting the
"Crawford county" plan in norainations to be thereafter made by
the party — that is, permitting each voter at a priraary election of
the party to vote directly for the persons whom he desires to have
nominated for the various offices. In 1869, the republican pri
maries in the counties of Sierra, Santa Cruz, Trinity, Nevada, and
Napa were conducted upon that plan, and it was very generally in
favor. Pursuant to the call of the state comraittee, the republican
convention met at the Fourth-street Baptist church, at Sacramento,
on Wednesday, July 21st. It was called to order by Richard
Chenery; T. B. McFarland, and C. A. Tuttie were placed in nomina
tion for temporary chairman. During the balloting, Walter Van
Dyke received nine votes frora Alaraeda. The chair announced the
vote to be 136 for McFarland and 143 for Tuttie, when it was
announced that the Alauieda votes would be changed from Van
Dyke to McFarland. The point of order was raised that that vote
could not be changed after it had been announced by the chair.
After sorae little debate, the election of McFarland was raade unani
mous, and iramediately afterward a motion was carried that the

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 293
temporary officers be permanently elected. The committee on resolu
tions consisted of John P. Stearns, John Dick, W. Van Dyke, John
F. Miller, N. M. Orr, George Cadwalader, George Oulton, 0. A.
Garter, W. 0. Belcher, F. M. Pixley, G. W. Schell, A. 0. Niles,
M. 0. Briggs, D. B. Hoffman, and others. They preserited the
following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted :
1. That the republican party of Oalifornia gives its earnest sup
port to the administration of President Grant, and hereby endorses
the acts and policy of the adrainistration. We recognize the earnest
effort of the government to secure an econoraical adrainistration of
its affairs, to reduce expenses, to honestly pay the national debt, to
prevent speculation and fraud upon the treasury, to enforce the
collection of the revenue, and to cause the speedy restoration of
public confidence in our financial strength and integrity.
2. That the negro question has ceased to be an element in Ameri
can politics, and that the ratification of the fifteenth amendment to
the constitution ought to be followed by an act of universal amnesty
and enfranchisement of the southern people.
3. That we regard with pride and satisfaction the evidences of an
increasing imraigration to this state of industrious and intelligent
people from the Atlantic states and Europe, with whora we are
anxious to share the benefits of a fruitful soil, a genial climate and
an advancing civilization ; but while giving preference to the imrai
gration of people of our own race, we hold that unoffending irarai
grants from China to this state are entitled to full protection for
their lives, liberty, and property, and due process of law to enforce
the same, but we are opposed to Chinese suffrage in any form, and
to any change in the naturalization laws of the United States.
4. That we recognize the power of the general governraent to
restrict or prevent Chinese iraraigration, whenever the welfare of the
nation demands such a measure, by terminating our commercial
relations with China ; but it should be considered that the adoption
of a non-intercourse policy in respec^o China surrenders to Europe
the comraerce of the empires of Asia. We believe that the general
prosperity will be greatly enhanced .by fostering commercial inter
course with Asia, and that the closing of our ports at this tirae
against Chinese would be raost injurious to the raaterial interests of
this coast, a reproach upon the intelligence of the American people,
and contrary to the spirit of the age.
5. That the republican party, having ever had in its especial-

294 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
keeping the rights of labor and of the laborer, and reraoved there
from the blighting curse of slavery and inaugurated a new era, in
which the wages of labor have greatly advanced, while the hours
therefor have been correspondingly dirainished, claira to have origi
nated in this state, and steadily supported what is known as the
"Eight-hour law," the sound policy of which has been proclaimed
by a republican congress, and by proclaraation of a republican presi
dent made applicable to the public works of the United States.
6. That we endorse the action of the senate of the United States
in rejecting the so-called "Alabaraa treaty," and consider it the duty
of the general governraent to demand full reparation for the injuries
inflicted by the British governraent and her people upon our com
merce during the late rebellion.
7. That we are in favor of iraposing upon all kinds and classes of
taxable property in the state an equal share of the burdens of taxa
tion, and to that end favor the organization of a state board of
equalization or review, that the inequalities now existing under the
present system of assessment and collection of the state revenues
may be avoided. '
8. That we are opposed to grants of state aid to railroads, and are
in favor of limiting taxation to the araount of revenues absolutely
requisite to pay the actual expenses of the state governraent, and to
maintain the financial credit of the state.
9. That we hail with joy the return of peace, and the promising
signs of an increasing development of the country and the permanent
prosperity of the whole people. We earnestly invite the co-opera
tion at the ballot-box of all who agree to the foregoing declarations,.
regardless of old party ties or previous differences of opinion upon
the now settled questions of slavery, rebellion, reconstruction, and
negro suffrage.
Lorenzo Sawyer was unaminously renominated for justice of the
suprerae court (full term).
0. 0. Pratt, Nathaniel Bennett, and G. N. Swezy were placed
in nomination for justice of the supreme court to fill the vacancy
caused by the resignation of Shafter, and on the first ballot, Pratt
received the nomination, by a vote of 181, to 88 for Bennett, and 20
for Swezy.
A state central committee- was appointed, consisting of 0. E.
Huse, S. J. Clarke, W. Van Dyke, J. Stratman, N. M. Orr, W. 0.
Crossette, L. H. Murch, N. D. Rideout, A. Deering, J. H. Neff,

LETTER OF GOVERNOR HAIGHT. 295
D. B. Hoffman, E. L. SuUivan, A. Barstow, H. S. Sargent, S. 0.
Houghton, H. W. Bragg, and 0. M. Gorhara.
The election of the county officers and members of the legislature
was held September 1st, and resulted generally in a deraocratic suc
cess. The judicial election was held October 20th, when Wallace
received 36,705 votes; Sawyer, 30,936; Crockett, 38,997; and
Pratt, 28,705.

CHAPTER XXIL

1871. Letter of Governor Haight — Divisions among Democrats —
Democratic State Convention — Divisions among Republicans —
Republican State Convention — " Brick " Pomeroy — Tape 'Worm
Ballots.
Early in 187 1, the raatter of the selection of a candidate for gov
emor from the democratic side was actively agitated. James A.
Johnson, Frank MoCoppin, and Thoraas Findley were prominently
mentioned in connection with the nomination, and each had his
quota of warm and active supporters. It had been understood that
Governor Haight was not an aspirant for a second terra, but in
January, a letter was addressed to hira by Senator Minis, dated on
the 10th, asking if the report was true that he was not disposed to
enter into the contest. The governor replied on the 1 2th, and said :
It was my desire and design to release rayself frora office at the
end of my present term, and devote sorae attention to ray private
affairs. This resolution was a fixed one, and I did not suppose any
influence or arguments would avail to change it. The reasons for
this purpose were, in brief, the serious pecuniary sacrifice involved
in a continuance in office, a desire for rest from burdensome responsi
bilities, repugnance to the calumny and misconstruction to which
public officers are commonly subjected, with considerations of health
and other plans for the future not entirely compatible with public
life. * -* # ^jjQ determination thus formed has been
reluctantly abandoned, because of the conviction which seemed to
prevail, that persistence in it would be a virtual surrender of the
principles for which we have contended, and which we believe to be
inseparably connected with public welfare. I am not willing to
make such a surrender, nor to be justly' chargeable with aiding, by
my default, in the success of the measures which, for the benefit of

296 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
the favored few, wiU load with grievous burdens a people already
taxed to the limit of endurance, and which seek to appropriate the
property and earnings of the whole raass of taxpayers to enrich pri
vate corporations. To such a system as this, which is neither demo
cratic, just, nor salutary, I am opposed, now and henceforth, at aU
times and under all circurastances, against all corabinations and
coraproraises. Opposition to such a systera results logically from,
and is inseparably blended with, the tirae honored doctrines advo
cated by Jefferson, and which lie at the basis of the democratic
organization, to-wit : The largest liberty to the individual, and the
least possible interference by government with his person or his
property, and then, the least possible delegation of power to a cen
tral and, to some extent, irresponsible control, and the most careful
reservation of it to local authorities. Allied to these are opposition
to the exercise of doubtful powers, strict construction of those dele
gated, and a careful limitation of thera in the interest of the people ;
acting upon the raaxira that, while the governraent was made for
the people, the less there is of it, after affording that security whioh
is its primary object, the better it is for them. Hence our opposi
tion to special legislation, to protective tariff, to profligate grants of
the public domain to corporations, regardless of the rights of settlers,
to military interference with elections, and to all the abuses prac
ticed heretofore. These principles wiU be at issue in 1872. That
contest will be between the corporations on one side and the pepple
on the other; not that we desire to deny to corporations anything
which a liberal policy would fairly suggest, but we do desire to see
the governments, state and federal, administered for the benefit of
the whole people and not for the benefit of a privileged few. In
this way only can our system fully accomplish the beneficent ends
had in view by its founders. With these views and in this spirit, if
our convention should think proper to present ray narae for re-elec
tion, their expressed will would control ray action, and be accepted
as another proof of that confidence so generously accorded to me
heretofore by the democracy, notwithstanding any errors of judg
ment which I may have committed through inexperience of public
affairs. Governor Haight met with active opposition from a corisiderable
element of his party, based — as it was charged — upon the position
he had taken on the question of granting aid to railroad corpora
tions; and one of the leading organs of the party, a paper which

A DIVIDED PARTY. 297
derived its principal support frora the patronage resulting frora the
passage of the state paper and litigant printing bills, openly and
vigorously opposed his renoraination. But he was supported by the
anti-subsidy eleraent, and it was soon apparent that his nomination
was almost inavertable. The primaries began to be held early in
May, and frora most of the interior counties Haight delegations were
returned. On May 26th, the deraocratic county committee of San
Francisco resolved not to call a primary election, and took upon itself
the appointment of the delegates to the state and local conventions —
the raajority of the delegates to the state convention so selected being
against Haight. This action of the coraraittee produced great dis
satisfaction, and on June 1st a call was circulated, at the instance
of prominent raerabers of the party, for a primary election and con
vention to select the delegates, independent of the coramittee, but
the primary was not held, as by the 15th, Haight had secured a
sufficient number of pledged delegates from the interior counties to
insure him the nomination. The feud created in the party in San
Francisco by this action of the committee was kept up after the
meeting of the state convention and centered upon the local nomina
tions. Efforts to conciliate through committees of conference
failed, and the breach widened. Finally, three wings of the party
developed, whose respective figure-heads were Isaac Friedlander,
Eugene Casserly, and Frank MoCoppin, and by the day of election
it was difficult to deterraine which of the several local tickets repre
sented the Siraon-pure deraocracy. On June 26th, the deinocratic
committee of Sacramento county passed a resolution repudiating the
Sacramento Reporter — the official state paper — as a democratic
organ, and recomraending that the patronage of the party be with
drawn frora it. It had been charged by the press that the majority
of the stock in the paper had been secured by the managers of the
Central Pacific Railroad Company, and that its expressions were
controlled by their dictation.
On May 12th, the democratic state central committee met in San
Francisco and called a state convention, to raeet at Sacramento on
June 20th. The apportionment was fixed at 319 members, and
the test at the primaries included all who were opposed to the
radical measures of congress, and who would pledge theraselves to
support the ticket, Pursuant to this call, the convention met in
the assembly chamber, in the capitol, at 12 M. on Tuesday, June

298 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
20th. It was called to order by J. P. Hoge, chairman of the state
committee, and Jaraes W. Ooffroth was unarainously elected tem
porary chairraan. On perraanent organization, Ooffroth was presi
dent; John G. Downey, M. L. McDonald, William Minis, and W. A.
Eakin, vice-presidents; and Henry George, secretary. The com
mittee on resolutions was coraposed of Russell Heath, P. 0. Hund
ley, W. Z. Angney, S. Heydenfeldt, J. W. MandevUle, A. A. Ben
nett, John C. Burch, James T. Ryan, William Irwin, J. T. Farley,
J. P. Hoge, P. D. Wigginton, James K. Byrne, A. H. Rose, W. A.
Conn, and others.
On the 21st, the coraraittee on resolutions reported the following,
which were unarainously adopted :
1. That waiving all differences of opinion as to the extraordinary
means by which they were brought about, we accept the natural and
legitiraate results of the war, so far as waged for the ostensible purpose
to raaintain the union and the constitutional rights and powers of the
federal governraent.
2. That we regard the three several araendraents to the constitu-
*tion, recently adopted, as a settlement in fact of all the issues of the
war, and that the same are no longer issues before the country.
3. That we demand that the rule of strict construction, as pro
claimed by the deraocratic fathers, and embodied in the tenth amend
ment to the federal constitution, be applied to the constitution as it
is, including the three recent araendraents to that instruraent; that
the absolute equality of each state within the union is a fundaraental
principle of the federal government; that we shall always cherish
and uphold the American system of state and local governraent for
state and local purposes, and of the general government for general
purposes only, as essential to the maintenance of civil liberty; and
are unalterably opposed to all attempts at centralization or consolida
tion of power in the hands of the federal government.
4. That we demand of congress universal amnesty for aU political
offences. 5. That while we condemn all riotous and unlawful combinations
to disturb the peace or infringe the rights of any citizens, we
denounce the act commonly called the "bayonet bill," passed by
congress, and the more recent act, commonly caUed the " Ku-Klux
bill," as enacted for no other purpose than to complete the work of
centralization, and by establishing a military despotism to per
petuate the present administration without regard to the will of the

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 299
.people ; that these measures are not only inconsistent with the whole
theory and character of the federal government, and revolutionary
and dangerous in their tendency, but are in direct confiict with the
spirit and letter of the constitution, including araendraents which
they pretend to enforce.
6. That we are in favor of a tariff for revenue only, and we
denounce the systera commonly called the protective system, as
unjust, oppressive, prolific of corruption, and injurious to the best
interests of the country; that the tariff legislation of the republican
.party during the past ten years has destroyed our shipping, paralyzed
industry, and plundered the mass of the people for the benefit of
capitalists and raonopolists.
7. That the profligate grants of vast tracts of the public doraain
made by the radical majority in congress, to railroad corporations,
regardless of the rights of settlers, and without any proper condi
tions or restrictions, are a fraud upon the people of the country.
8. That the failure of congress to repeal the odious income tax,
the maintenance of a vast army of tax gatherers, to harass the people
and eat out their substance, and the failure to restrict the importa
tion bf Chinese coolies, whose corapetition tends directly to cheapen
and degrade white labor, constitute a catalogue of grievances for
which a radical congress will be held justly accountable.
9. That we are uncompromisingly opposed to subsidizing railway
or other private corporations out of the public treasury, to the over
whelming increase of debt and taxation; that laws which irapose
taxes upon the mass of citizens in aid of such corporations, whether
in the form of donations, loans, or subscriptions, are an invasion of
the rights of private property and a departure from sound raaxiras of
government, and result in the bankruptcy of towns and counties ;
that they lead to gross abuses, are a prolific source of corruption,
and violate the cardinal principle of deraocracy, to-wit: That gov
emment is instituted for the welfare and security of the mass of the
people, and not for aggrandizement of a favored few; and that the
law upon the statute book known as the five per cent, law, ought to
be iramediately repealed.
10. That we are in favor of amending the state constitution so as
to provide additional safeguards against the taxation of private
property in aid of private corporations or individuals, and against-
improvident legislation, and of securing needed constitutional
reforms. 11. That the democratic party, deriving its strength frora the

300 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
working classes, is the natural eneray of raonopolies, and has always
been and always will be ready to support and urge such measures
for the elevation of the laboring population and the amelioration of
their condition as an enlightened policy may suggest ; that we point
to the legislation of the past three years, reducing the hours of
labor, requiring public work to be done by the day, and seeking to
restrict Chinese immigration, as evidence of the sympathy of the
democracy with the wishes and interests of the laboring classes.
12. That we believe that the labor of white people should not be
brought into corapetition with the labor of a class of inferior people,
whose living costs comparatively nothing, and who care and know
little about our churches, schools, societies, and social and political
institutions, and that we are, therefore, opposed to Chinese imraigra
tion; that congress, by its legislation, having sought to foster such
imraigration and to prevent our local authorities from interfering
with it, and by its attempted abrogation of the foreign miners'
license, deserves our severest conderanation, and has given us another
illustration of its intention to concentrate all power in the hands of
the general govemraent.
13. That the public lands yet left to the United States and the
state of California should be disposed of only to actual settlers in
liraited quantities, and on the most favorable terms ; and the laws,
both state and federal, should be so framed as to insure this result,
so vital to a free people.
14. That the interference by the president of the United States
with the railitary power of the union, in elections, to overawe the
people and control the right of suffrage, is treason to the constitu
tion. 15. That we are compelled, by profound convictions of their injus
tice and impolicy, to record our solemn protest against the leading
measures of the national administration, and we pledge all the power
with which we may be intrusted to earnest effbrts to lessen the
expenditures of the govemment, to reduce and equalize taxation, to
hasten the extinction of the public debt, and by honest legislation
to protect the public domain against the rapacity of speculators and
robbers, and restore early and cordial union and fraternity to the
states and the people of the republic.
16. That by thorough organization and concerted action, another
victory is within the reach of the democratio party of this state, and
this convention pledges itself to effect such organization and action.

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 301
and to secure, by all honorable means, the election of the candidates
this day nominated.
17. And whereas, since the advent of the democratic party to
power in 1867, the rate of taxation for state purposes has been
reduced from $1.13 to 86 cents on each $100 of property, and the
state debt reduced raore than $1,000,000, at the same tirae that the
school fund has been increased, and large sums of money have been
judiciously expended upon public buildings, a state university
organized and put in operation, the tide lands of the state rescued
from the grasp of speculators, and sold for the public benefit, special
franchise legislation successfully checked for the first tirae by execu
tive veto, laws enacted for the revision of our civil and criminal
codes, the equalization of assessments and the refunding of the state
debt, and a successful opposition inaugurated to any taxation of the
people for the benefit of railway or other private corporations, besides
other useful reforms; therefore, resolved, that we heartily endorse
the democratic state administration, and declare it eminently entitled
to the contidence and approval of the whole people.
The following nominations were then made :
Henry H. Haight, for governor, without opposition.
E. J. Lewis, for lieutenant-governor, on the first ballot, having
received 195 votes, to 8 for Williara Holden, and 124 for Charles
Gildea. Jackson Teraple, for justice of the supreme court, to fill the San
derson vacancy, without opposition.
For justice of the supreme court to succeed Rhodes, Peter Van
OUef, S. Bell McKee, Creed Haymond, John W. Armstrong, W. 0.
Wallace, Delos Lake, and Selden S. Wright were subraitted ; Arra
strong, Van Clief, and Lake were withdrawn, and on the first ballot,
McKee had 146 votes; Hayraond, 47; Wallace, 53; Lake, 9, and
Wright, 90. On the second ballot, McKee had 134; Wright, 136 ;
Haymond, 45.; and Wallace, 3. Haymond and Wallace were then
withdrawn, and on the third ballot, Wright was nominated, by a
vote of 180 to 139 for McKee.
For secretary of state, H. L. Nichols, L. B. Harris, Presley
Dunlap, H. 0. Clarkson, Charles L. Weller, and W. B. 0. Brown
were naraed. On the first ballot, Nichols had 100 ; Harris, 39 ;
Dunlap, 6 ; Weller, 32 ; and Brown, 137. On the next ballot,
Brown was norainated by a vote of 198 to 101 for Nichols, 3 for
Harris,. 1 for Dunlap, and 8 for WeUer.

302 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
For controller, James S. Mooney, Marion Biggs, Michael Gray,
C. Oappleman, Joseph Roberts, Jr., John 0. Crigler, and R. 0. De-
Witt were presented. First ballot — Roberts, 57; Crigler, 46 ;
Mooney, 15; Gray, 41; Cappleraan, 35; Biggs, 40; and DeWitt,
-80. Second ballot— DeWitt, 93; Roberts, 66; Gray, 44; Crigler,
37; Biggs, 36; Oappleman, 29; and Mooney, 11. Biggs withdrew.
Third ballot— -DeWitt, 137; Roberts, 75; Gray, 48; Crigler, 23;
Cappleraan, 22 ; and Mooney, 10. Crigler, Mooney, Cappleraan, and
Oray withdrew. On the fourth ballot, DeWitt was nominated, by a
vote of 227 to 91 for Roberts.
On the 22d, the convention met again. Joseph Walkup ofiered
the following resolution, which was referred to the comraittee on
platforra :
That it is the duty of the legislature to reduce, equalize, and
regulate the rates of freight and fare on all the railroads in the state,
and to enact such penalties as will enforce such legislation.
The following additional nominations were made :
For treaaurer, Antonio F. Coronel was norainated on the first
ballot, by a vote of 200 to 31 for Jose Raraon Pico, and 88 for Juan
B. Castro ; L. B. Engelberg withdrawing.
Jo Hamilton, for attorney-general, without opposition.
John W. Bost, for surveyor-general, without opposition.
For printer, Walter TurnbuU, J. F. Linthicum, Robert Ferral,
John T. Barry, M. D. Carr, and W. A. January were naraed. Ferral
withdrew. First ballot — Turnbull, 19 ; Linthicura, 49 ; Barry,
137; January, 87; Carr, 27. Linthicura, Carr, and TurnbuU with
drew. On the second ballot, Barry was nominated by a vote of 164
to 155 for January.
For superintendent of public instruction, 0. P. Fitzgerald, by
acclamation. '
For clerk of the supreme court,- T. J. Shackleford, Newton Bene
dict, Thomas Laspeyre, George Seckel, and J. F. Wilcoxson were pre
sented. First ballot — Seckel, 30 ; Shackleford, 106 ; Benedict, 53 ;
Laspeyre, 65; Wilcoxson, 61. Seckel withdrew. Second ballot 
Shackelford, 124 ; Benedict 55 ; Wilcoxen, 57; Laspeyre, 78. Wil,-
coxson and Benedict withdrew. On the third ballot, Laspeyre
waa norainated by a vote of 174 to 141 for Shackleford.
For harbor commissioner, J. 0. Pennie, Henry Seals, William F.
White, 0. Kopf, Isaac Friedlander, and F. S. Malone were named,
but Kopf withdrew. First ballot— Friedlander, 120; Pennie, 90;

CONGRESSIONAL CONVENTIONS. 303
White, 27; Seals, 42; Malone, 37. White withdrew. On the next
ballot, Friedlander was nominated by a vote of 198, to 96 for Pennie,
17 for Malone, and 7 for Seals.
A state central comraittee was selected, consisting of W. J.
Graves, W. P. Tilden, J. 0. Pennie, J. W. MandeviUe, J. W. Oof
froth, WiUiam McPherson, T. M. Brown, John Boggs, I. N. Walker,
Joseph Walkup, W. A. Conn, Jaraes A. Johnson, Williara Watt,
Frank MoCoppin, J. P. Hoge, D. J. Oullahan, A. A. Bennett,
James H. Budd, Thoraas Findley, Paul Shirley, and others.
On June 23d, Friedlander declined the nomination for harbor
commissioner, and on July 8th, the state committee nominated
John Rosenfeld for that office.
The democratio congressional convention for the first district
met at San Francisco, on June 23d. The candidates for congress
raen were Lawrence Archer, W. D. Sawyer, T. N. Wand, S. B.
Axtell, King of Los Angeles, and Jaraes H. Lawrence. A number
of ballots were taken, the highest vote received by each candidate
being: Archer, SO; Sawyer, 13; King, 28; Wand, 26; Lawrence,
16; and Axtell, 26. At the evening session. Archer received the
nomination. The second district deraocratic convention met at Sacramento, on
June 2 2d, and Jaraes W. Ooffroth was unaniraously norainated for
congressraan. The third district democratic convention met at Sacramento,
on June 23d. The candidates for congressman were George
Pearce, J. B. Lamar, and N. E. Whiteside. On the first ballot,
Pearce had 41 votes; Lamar, 32; and Whiteside, 9. A dozen
ballots were taken without much change. Finally, Lamar and
Whiteside -were withdrawn, and Pearce was unanimously nominated.
Early in 1871, Newton 'Booth was suggested as an appropriate
person as the republican candidate for governor, and his claims for
the nominatiori were endorsed and advocated by the Sacramento
Uriion and the ©ther republican organs that had taken a stand
against the granting of' subsidies to railroad corporations. The sub
sidy question was made the principal issue of the campaign. Charles
A. Washburn was also naraed as a suitable candidate, but he devel
oped no strength, and did not long remain in the field. In Febru
ary, Thomas H. Selby was brought out as a candidate, but it was
charged that he had not long been a member of the party, and that

304 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
he was the candidate for the railroad corporations. The contest
was soon resolved to between Booth and Selby, and the latter was
urged to declare himself upon the leading issue before the public,
which he did on June 24th, in the following card :
To the puhlic, — Being a candidate, not by ray own seeking, for
the gubernatorial noraination, at the hands of the republican con
vention about to asserable, and ray political status having been
frequently called in question and ray views on the leading topics
V^ariously stated, I deera it due to you and myself to say: First —
That I voted for presidents Lincoln and Grant, and gave both
adrainistrations ray most hearty support. Second — In regard to
state, county, or municipal aid or subsidies to railroads, my views
are in harmony with those of leading republicans with whom I have
conversed ; gentlemen whose opinions are likely to give shape to the
platform that will be adopted by the republican convention at Sac
ramento. To avoid misapprehension, I airi opposed to granting
subisidies to railroads by the state, counties, cities or towns of Cali
fornia. I am in favor of the repeal of what is commonly called the
five per cent. law.
On May 24th, the republican county coraraittee of San Francisco
adopted a resolution asking the chairraan to appoint a committee of
three to suggest the best mode of selecting delegates to the state
convention. The coramittee so appointed declared against the pri-
ipary election plan, because it was liable to corrupt influences, and
against the "club" plan as being obnoxious for the same objection;
They recoraraended that the delegates be selected by the county com
mittee, and they presented the naraes of 62 delegates to the state
convention. The county coramittee ratified this action, and when
the proceeding was made public much indignation was raanifested.
The following evening, the executive coramittee of the young men's
republican club of that city held a raeeting, and adopted the following
protest : ,
Wheeeas, The union republican state central committee, on the
18th day of May, called upon the union republican voters of the
state of California to choose delegates to a state convention, to be
held June 8th ; and whereas, the city and county of San Francisco
is apportioned 62 delegates, and the county committee of San Fran
cisco, unsolicited by the union republican voters of this city, have
assuraed to themselves the authority of appointing all the delegates

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 305
from this city and county to said convention, thereby expressly
declaring that they alone are vested with the power of designating
exponents to express the wishes and political views of all the union
republican vbters of the city and county; and whereas, in the
struggle for party supremacy about to be inaugurated, fair dealing
to the whole of our party, unity of action, and the iraperative and
immediate denunciation of any action on the part of a minority
tending to disregard the wishes or rights of the majority, are abso
lutely necessary to our success in the coming carapaign ; now, there
fore, be it resolved that we, the executive coramittee of the young
men's republican club, do raost earnestly and sincerely condemn the
action of the republican county comraittee, and enter our protest'
against it.
Like protests were adopted by the other local clubs, and on the
26th the county coramittee rescinded the action complained of, and
called a priraary election for June 24th, to select the delegates. At
the primary election, Selby delegates were elected. A disagreement
subsequently arose in regard to local raatters, and two republican
tickets were run in the city. Booth succeeded, however, in securing
pledged delegates frora most of the other counties, and his noraina
tion was assured some time before the meeting of the state conven
tion. On May 4th, the republican state central committee met at San
Francisco and apportioned the representation in the state conven
tion, but referred the raatter of fixing the tirae and place for holding
the convention to its executive coramittee. On the 18th, the execu
tive coramittee directed that the convention be held at Sacraraento
on June 28th. Accordingly, at 1 o'clock on the day fixed, the con
vention raet in the assembly chamber, in the state capitol. It was
called to order by Walter Van Dyke, chairman of the state cora
mittee, and 0. E. Filkins was elected temporary chairman, without
opposition. A coraraittee on resolutions was appointed, composed
of Henry Edgerton, George 0. Perkins, A. W. Poole, M. Ashbury,
Stephen Wing, W. S. WeUs, L. H, Murch, E. Wadsworth, L. E.
Orane, H. F. Page, E. L. Bradley, H. 0. Rolfe, and others. While
the convention was awaiting the report of the committees, it was
addressed by the Hon. John A. Bingham, of Ohio. The committee
on credentials accompanied their report by a resolution that the
practice 6f couniy committees selecting delegates to conventions by

306 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
themselves, instead of calling priraaries, should be utterly conderaned,
and the resolution was adopted. On perraanent organization, Fil
kins was president, and Col. J. D. Stevenson, Stephen Wing, and
George 0. Perkins, vice-presidents. The coraraittee on resolutions
reported the following, which were unarainously adopted :
1. That the republicans of Oalifornia, by their representatives in
state convention asserabled, avow their deterraination to raaintain
and perpetuate the principles of the national republican party.
That we recur with pride and satisfaction to the raany practical and
substantial triuraphs of those principles achieved during the past ten
years, in the coercion by force of the rebellious states into obedience
of the federal constitution and laws; in raaintaining through a long,
severe, and bloody struggle the authority of the general government
against powerful armies in front, English and French interference
on the fiank, and the democratic party in the rear ; in rooting out
the democratic institution of slavery, and banishing it forever from
the jurisdiction of the United States; in prohibiting any state from
abridging the privileges of any citizen of the republic ; in pro-viding:
irrepealable guarantees for the payment of the public debt incurred
in suppressing the late rebellion, and securing the people of all the
states against being taxed for the payment of the debt of the late
rebel confederacy; in declaring the civil and political equality of
every citizen, and in establishing all these principles in the federal
constitution, by amendments thereto, as the perraanent law.
2. That in Ulysses S. Grant we recognize a large measure of the
patriotisra, ability, and honesty which distinguished the presidential
career of Abrahara Lincoln, and we feel assured that the storra of
falsehood and petty slander directed against hira by the raalice of
defeated enemies will no more prevail in depreciating his character
in the minds of the people than when the same raeans were
employed by the same agencies to destroy his great co-laborer and
predecessor; that his services, both military and civil, entitle him
to the confidence and regard of the whole American people, and give
assurance that the wisdora, perseverance, and capacity which com
manded success at the head of great armies will, in the civil affairs
of the government, accomplish results equally important and valua
ble. 3. That the present national adrainistration, inaugurated amid
political, civil, and social disorders incident tb civil war, and con
fronted by complications, foreign and domestic, unparalleled in their

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 307
difficulty and extent, has thus far achieved a most gratifying success,
and given universal assurances of the stability and power of popular
government. That by its judicious conduct of our foreign relations,
its firm and impartial attitude toward the great powers of Europe
recently involved in a desolating and destructive war, its prorapt
and rigid enforceraent of the laws of neutrality, its successful solu
tion of grave and threatening issues long pending between our own
country and Great Britain, its wise and econoraical raanageraent of
the national finances, its correction of frauds in the revenue and
efficient collection of the sarae, its retrenchraent of expense in all
the departments of government, its reducing of the public debt by
more than two hundred millions of dollars, its diminution of taxa
tion eighty raillions of dollars per annura, and its establishraent of
the public credit upon a secure basis, commands universal respect
at home and abroad, and deserves the continued confidence and sup
port of the Amerioan people.
4. That ithe concentration of the landed property of the country
in the possession and ownership of a few, to the exclusion of the
many, is in contravention of the theory of American govemment,
subversive of the rights, liberties, and happiness of the raasses of the
' people, and, if perraitted, would inevitably terrainate in the speedy
establishment of an aristocracy upon the ruins of our free institu
tions ; and we are in favor of such legislation, both by the nation
and the state, as shall, secure a just and equal distribution of the
public lands remaining to them respectively, to actual settlers and
proprietors in sraall quantities, at the lowest reasonable prices, and
for homestead purposes only.
5. That the safety and perpetuity of republican institutions
depend raainly upon popular education and intelligence. We there
fore approve and recoraraend a coramon school system that shall not
only extend its benefits to all, but which shall be compulsory upon
all — and we are inflexibly opposed to any application of the pubUc
school moneys with any reference to distinction in religious creeds.
6. That religious liberty in its broadest sense is a fundamental
principle of American governraent ; and legislative enactraents hav
ing in view the establishment of creeds, the regulation of raodes of
worship, or the enforcement of religious observances of any kind, are
inconsistent therewith, and invasions of the rights of the citizen.
7. That the presence in our midst of a large number of Chinese,
who are incapable of assirailation with our own race, ignorant of the
nature and forms of our governinent, and who manifest no disposi-

308 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
tion to acquire a knowledge of the same, or to conform to our own
manners, habits, and custoras, is a serious and continuing injury to
the best interests of the state ; that their eraployraent, under the
plea of cheap wages, is offensive to the exalted Araerican idea of the
dignity of labor, detriraental to the prosperity and happiness of our
laboring classes, and an evil that ought to be abated ; that while we
unsparingly reprobate and denounce all acts of violence wheresoever
and by whomsoever committed upon them, we are inflexibly opposed
to their adraission to citizenship, and demand of the federal gbvern-
ment the adeption of auch treaty regulations and legislation as shall ¦
discourage their further iramigration to our shores.
8. That the subsidizing of railroads, or other private corporationsi
by grants of public lands, or by taxation of private property in any
form, is contrary to sound raaxiras of government, productive of.
gross corruption and abuse, and a plain invasion of the rights of
the citizen. And we hereby pledge the republican party to an
uncompromising opposition to any and all legislation for such pur
pose; and whereas, the suprerae court has decided that such legisla
tion is not in conflict with the constitution ; therefore, resolved,
that we are in favor of an araendraent to that instruraent prohibiting
the enactment of any law granting such subsidies^
9. That we deraand an iramediate repeal of the act of the last
legislature commonly known as the " five per cent, subsidy law."
10. That the scandalous abuse of power exhibited by a demo
cratic legislature in the creation of useless offices, boards, and com
missions, arid the exorbitant increase of salaries and fees, for parti
san purposes; its palpable and wanton violation of a plain provision
of the constitution by the infamous enactment coraraonly known as
the "lottery bill;" its raeasureless subserviency to a corrupt lobby,
evinced by nuraerous profligate grants of subsidies to railway com
panies; official sanction of most of these pernicious raeasures, in
cluding the aforesaid " lottery bill," by the present deraocratic state
executive, aqd, in addition thereto, his official approval of a series
of legislative enactraents, whereby railway corporations have been
subsidized to the extent of $4,000,000, afford convincing proof of
the apostacy of a deraocratic administration to all the pledges upon
the faith of which it was elevated to power; and that the affairs of
the state cannot with safety be recoraraitted to its control.
11. That we extend to our newly enfranchised citizens a cordial
welcome to ihe rights of citizenship now permanently secured to
therii after a hai-d-fouglit steuggle with t'heir old oppressors; that

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 3Q9
they do not underestiraate the responsibility which rests upon them
as freeraen we fully believe; and as they advance in the path of
freedora and intelligence, none will regret the act of justice by
which the republican party gave to them by constitutional guaran
tees civil and political equality.
Newton Booth was nominated for governor without opposition,
Thomas H. Selby withdrawing.
On the 29th, the following additional nominations were made :
Romualdo Pacheco, for lieutenant-governor, on the flrst ballot, by
a vote of 196 to 131 for Thomas B. Shannon.
For secretary of state, N. M. Orr, John Yule, L. H. Murch, and
Drury Melone were named. First ballot — Orr, 86; Yule, 39; Murch,
40; Melone, 157. All of the candidates withdrew except Melone,
who was norainated by acclaraation.
Addison 0. Niles, for supreme judge, short term, on the first
ballot, by a vote of 217 to 110 for J. B. Southard.
A. L. Rhodes for supreme judge, full terra, without opposition.
Jaraes J. Green for controller, on the first ballot, by a vote of 169
to 54 for Walter B. Lyon, 40 for H. O. Weller, and 73 for P. W.
Bennett. Ferdinand Baehr for treasurer, without opposition.
For surveyor-general, A. S. Easton, Sherman Day, Charles G.
Bockius, and Robert Gardner, were presented. First ballot — Easton,
-53; Day, 109; Rockins, 55; Gardner, 107. Rockius withdrew, and
on the second ballot Gardner was nominated. '
For attorney-general, Walter Van Dyke, John Lord Love, J. G.
Eastman, Lewis Shearer, and L. B. Mizner were named. During
the first ballot Van Dyke and Shearer withdrew, and Love received
173 votes, and was declared the- nominee.
For clerk of the suprerae court, Charles Grunsky, Frank J.
French, Henry McCrea, Grant I. Taggart, and J. G. Moore were
placed before the convention. First ballot — Grunsky, 108; French,
13; McCrea, 9; Taggart, 153; Moore, 45. French and Moore with
drew. On the second ballot Taggart wqs norainated by a vote ot
176 to 152 for Grunsky.
H. N. Bolander, for superintendent of public instruction, with
out opposition.
Thoraas A. Springer, for printer, on the first baUot, by a vote of
175 to 146 for John G. Howell.
For harbor commissioner, S. S. Tilton, John A. McGlynn, 4.. J.

310 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Bryant, Charles B. Porter, and B. N. Bugbey were named. Tilton
withdrew. First ballot — Bryant, 55; Porter, ,61; Bugbey, 86;
McGlynn, 124. Bryant withdrew. On the second ballot McGlynn
was norainated by a vote of 207 to 38 for Porter, and 82 for
Bugbey. A state central coramittee was selected, consisting of Walter
Murray, I. A. Amraerraan, H. S. Sargent, A. J. Rhoads, H. P.
Page, J. P. Ames, J. E. Hale, E. L. SuUivan, M. M. Estee, W. W.
Dodge, W. W. Orane, Jr., and others.
On June SOth, the republican first district convention met at San
Francisco. Thoraas H. Selby was unaniraously norainated for
congressman, and a committee was appointed to wait on him and
tender him the noraination. Selby positively declined to accept.
S. O. Houghton, R. G. McClellan, and W. H. Sears were then pro
posed. McClellan withdrew, and Houghton was nominated on the
first ballot, by a vote of 86 to 39 for Sears.
The second district convention met at Sacraraento on June 29th,
and Aaron A. Sargent was unanimously nominated for congressman.
On June 21st, the third district convention met at Marysville.
John M. Coghlan, Charles F. Reed, Jesse 0. Goodwin, and 0. B.
Denio were placed in nomination for meraber of congress. First
ballot — Coghlan, 39; Reed, 27; Goodwin, 24; Denio, 6. On the third
ballot Coghlan was norainated by a vote of 62, to 27 for Reed and
13 for Goodwin.
During the carapaign, clubs coraposed of colored raen were organ
ized in the larger cities, and addresses were issued urging every
colored citizen to support the republican ticket; and the advice was
generally followed. This element manifested a disposition to de
mand the rights which had ever been denied them, and in January,
at an emancipation celebration meeting in San Franeisco, the follow
ing resolutions were adopted:
1. That we must make our future political watchword admission
to our public schools for every child in the state, without regard to
color. 2. That we will vote for no man, for any position, who is opposed
to that raeans of justice.
During the carapaign, Mark M. Poraeroy ("Brick") delivered sev
eral speeches in the interest of the democratic ticket, and a report

RESULT OF GUBERNATORIAL ELECTION. 311
that he had announced his intention to deliver a lecture at Oakland,
showing the necessity for the assassination of President Lincoln,
greatly excited the citizens of that place, and threats were freely
raade that he would be prevented from delivering his lecture. The
democrats denied that Pomeroy had expressed such an intention.
On August 22d a republican club of that city resolved:
1. That the city of Oakland is not the locality where an applaud
ing crowd of rebels and their syrapathizers may be entertained with
the glorification of assassins hired by the late so-called confederate
government. 2. That the merabers of this club hereby pledge their honor that
no such an address as the one above indicated shall be delivered in
Oakland. 3. That instead of adjourning sine die after the election this club
holds itself in readiness to asserable at the call of the president,
whioh call shall be issued as soon as published notice is given of the
intention to deliver said lecture.
4. That a copy of these resolutions be forwarded to M. M. Pora
eroy, through the democratic central coramittee.
Pomeroy made no attempt to deliver the lecture.
The general electipn was held on Wednesday, Septeraber fith, and
the official canvass of the votes that had been polled developed the
foUowing results: For govemor — Booth, 62,581; Haight, 57,520.
Lieutenant-govemor — Pacheco, 62,555; Lewis, 57,397. Secretary.
of state— Melone, 61,750; Brown, 57,907. ControUer— Green, 62,-
708; DeWitt, 57,181. Treasurer— Baehr, 62,467; Coronel, 57,515.
Surveyor-general — Gardner, 61,967; Bost, 57,866. Attorney-gen
eral — Love, 61,726; Harailton, 58,161. Clerk of the suprerae court
—Taggart, 62,422; Laspeyre, 57,469. Printer— Springer, 62.650;
Barry, 57,043. Harbor coraraissioner- — McGlynn, 58,626; Rosen
feld, 60,353. Merabers of congress: First district — Houghton, 25,-
971; Archer, 24,374. Second district-— Sargent, 18,065; Ooffroth,
15,382. Third district— Ooghlan, 18,503; Pearce, 17,309. AU of
the norainees of the republican party were elected except McGlynn.
The judicial and school election was held on Wednesday, October
18, and resulted as follows, all of the republican norainees being suc
cessful: For justice of the supreme court (full terra) — Rhodes, 46,-
829; Wright, 36,606. Justice of the supreme court (to fiU the San-

312 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
derson vacancy)— Niles, 47,373; Teraple, 36,500. Superintendent of
.public instruction — Bolander, 48,860; Fitzgerald, 34,212.
It had been the custora in the state for the various political par
ties to print their tickets in a raanner to raake it inconvenient, if
not impossible, to change them in any particular, and to print con
spicuous figures or marks upon the backs by which their character
could be ascertained as voters handed them to the officers of election.
Tickets were printed without margins, on so poor a quality of paper
that "scratches" could not be written upon thera, and in other in
stances the naraes of the candidates and designation of offi^s were
printed in curved lines to prevent "pasters" from being used. The
republican tickets used at the September election at Vallejo and
Mare Island went to a greater extremity than had before been
practiced. They were used principally among the men eraployed
at the United States navy yard; the tickets were rather raore than
half an inch in width by five and one-half inches in length. They
were printed without raargins, in the very finest type set solid, the
lines running lengthwise, and on thin cardboard. A colored figure
was printed on the back. There was no opportunity afforded to
change a ballot either by writing or pasting. Ballots narrower,
but in all other respects sirailar, were used at the judicial election.
The use of these ballots excited discussion as to the propriety of a
uniforra ballot law, to prevent the abuses to which the use of the
prevalent styles of tickets had subjected voters.

CHAPTER XXIIL
1872. Republican Convention, April 25th — Democratic Convention-
Republican Convention, August ist— Liberal Republican Movement
— Straight-out Democrats.
The republican state central coramittee met at San Francisco on
March 4th and issued a call for a state convention of 325 members,
to be held at Sacraraento on April 25 th, to select delegates to
attend the national convention to meet at Philadelphia on June
5th. At 1 o'clock on the day mentioned the convention assembled
in the assembly charaber in the state capitol, and it was called to
order by E. L. Sullivan, chairraan of the state coraraittee. Charles

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 313
E. EUkins was unanimously elected president, and Claus Spreckles,
W. H. Sears, A. G. Abell, Samuel Myers, Joseph Phelps, 0. L. F.
Brown, J. 0. Goodwin, M. J. C. Calvin, J. F. Tobin, S. G. George,
W. H. Mace, and W. M. Williamson, vice-presidents. The coramit
tee on resolutions consisted of J. M. Cavis, Jaraes A. Duffy, J. H.
McNabb, 0. F. Reed, Cyrus Palmer, and others, and they reported
the following :
1. That we have a firra and abiding faith in the principles of the
republican party, and point with pride to its achleveraents, believ
ing that the party which brought order out of chaos, saved and pre
served the nation, is alone worthy of adrainistering its affairs in the
future. 2. That we fully and heartily indorse the wise, patriotic , j ust and
economical administration of U. S. Grant as president of the United
States, and that our delegates to the national convention are hereby
instructed to use all honorable means to secure his renomination, he
being the unanimous choice of the republican party of California.
3. That the delegates from this state to the national republican
convention are hereby instructed in the selection of a candidate for
the vice-presidency to vote as a unit for the best interests of the
republican party; and that upon all questions arising in said con
vention they are hereby instructed to cast the vote of the state in
such a raanner as the raajority of the delegates raay determine.
M. S. Deal moved to strike out sp rauch of the last resolution as
related to matters other than the selection of a candidate for the
vice-presidency. Henry Edgerton raoved the following as a substi
tute for the entire resolution :
3. That the delegates frora California to the national convention
at Philadelphia be instructed to vote as a unit for the candidate for
vice-president. Sears raoved to strike out the portion of the resolution relating to
the candidates for vice-president, but the motion was lost, and the
Edgerton substitute was adopted. Sears offered the following,
which was adopted :
That Governor Newton Booth, by the prudence and wisdora with
which he has conducted the state adrainistration, and by his watch
ful regard for public interests, has vindicated the choice of the
people in the ,last election and deserves the confidence and thanks
of every citizen.

314 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The resolutions were then adopted as a whole, without opposition.
The following were unaniraously selected as delegates, to the
national convention : First district — Eugene L. Sullivan, James
H. Withington, and James Otis. Second district — F. K. Shattuck,
J. W. B. Dickson, and H. S. Sargent. Third district— E. Wads
worth, A. D. Starr, and 0. M. Patterson. Fourth district — 0. S.
Abbott, Thomas Fallon, and A. Bronson.
A state central comraittee was appointed, consisting of Walter
Murray, Walter VanDyke, M. 0. Conroy, John Sedgwick, Charles
F. Reed, David E. Gordon, L. B. Ayer, Charles Marsh, Cyrus
Coleman, Frank Eastman, Josiah Belden, Alvinza Hayward, F. D.
Atherton, Paul Newman, 0. N. Felton, John F. Miller, WUliani
Sherman, E. B. Mott, Jr., and others.
The caucus of the second district raerabers was held during a
recess of the convention, for the purpose of agreeing on three dele
gates to be presented from the district. The names of F. K.
Shattuck, James A. Duffy, J. W. B. Dickson, Charles Kent, H. S.
Sargent, and A. J. Rhoads were proposed. Duffy withdrew, and
on the first ballot Shattuck received 87 votes; Dickson, 73; Sargent,
73; Rhoads, 16; Kent, 21, and Duffy, 6. The first three were
therefore elected.
On May 23d, the deraocratic state central coramittee met at San
Francisco. Jamea W. Ooffroth moved that the comraittee appoint
the delegatea to attend the national convention to raeet at Baltiraore;
Frank McCoppin moved aa an amendraent- that a state convention
be called, and the latter motion carried. A resolution waa then
adopted calling a state convention of 339 merabers, to raeet at San
Francisco on June 19th, to select 12 delegates to attend the national
convention, and to nominate an, electoral ticket. In pursuance of this
call, the convention met at 12 o'clock on the day named, and was
called to order by James W. Mandeville, chairraan of the state com
mittee. J. T. Farley and J. W. Ooffroth were nominated for tem
porary chairraan. Ooffroth withdrew, and Farley was unanimously
elected. Farley then declined, when Ooffroth was choseri. On per
manent organization, Ooffroth was president; and Frank MoCoppin,
W. Neely Johnson, WUliara McP. Hill, John Daggett, John G.
Downey, Peter Donahue, 0. T. Ryland, John 0. Hays, Thomas
Hope, J. D. Carrington, William Irwin, and others, vice-presidents.
The committee on resolutions consisted of 0. H. Johnson, J. 0.
Martin, WiUiam Van Voorhies, J. H. Budd, J. W. Ooffroth,' J. B.

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 315,
Lamar, John Daggett, A. M. Rosborough, P. W. Keyser, George
E. Williams, F. McCoppin, William Watt, P. Reddy, J. G. Downey,
C. T. Ryland, and others. A resolution was adopted to refer aU
resolutions to this committee without debate. The coramittee on-
order of business recommended the selection of 12 delegates to the
national convention-^two from each congressional district and four
at large; and that the state central committee be authorized to
norainate candidates for presidential electors. The following resolu
tions were reported by the coramittee and adopted by the conven
tion :
1. That the best interests of the nation require a change in the
adrainistration of the government, and all good citizens should dis
regard the prejudices and differences of the past, and unite in one
grand effort to restore the government to its original purity.
2. That we earnestly condemn and protest against the machina
tions, tyranny, extravagance, and corruptions of the adrainistration
of U. S. Grant, which, for lobbying scheraes and building' up raono
polies, has no parallel in the history of our country.
3. That we fuUy recognize the patriotisra and pure raotives of
the liberal republicans, and trust that such action may be taken at
the Baltimore convention as will result in the hearty co-operation of
all parties opposed to the present administration, and that we
recoraraend to the consideration of the national deraocratic conven
tion the principles enunciated in the platforra of the Cincinnati con
vention. 4. That having an abiding confidence in the wisdora and patriot
isra of the democratic national convention soon to be assembled at
Baltiraore, we pledge ourselves to give the norainees of that conven
tion a hearty support.
5. That we leave our delegates to the national convention free
and untrararaelled, believing that wise counsels and devoted patriot
isra will govern their action.
The following resolutions were presented by Menzies, but they
were sent to the coraraittee on resolutions, without reading, and
were not reported to the convention :
1. That we are in favor of a tariff for revenue only and pronounce
the protective systera as unjust, oppressive, prolific of corruption,
and injurious to the best interests of the country. That the tariff
.regulations of the republican party have destroyed our shipping,

316 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
paralyzed industry and plundered the people for the benefit qf
m,pnopolists. 2. That we are uncompromisingly opposed to the granting of Goat
island to the Central Pacific Railroad, or any other railroad, for rail
road purposes, under any circurastances whatever. The preservation
of our noble harbor, in the interests of coraraerce .and the property
interests in this great city, deraands this public declaration frora the
deraocratic state convention, and we pledge our candidates in good
faith to oppose any act which would grant Goat island for railroad
purposes. On the 20th, the convention elected a state central coramittee,
consisting of P. W. Murphy, P. O. Hundley, R. Beverly Cole, Tyler
Curtis, E. R. Galvin, J. W. Ooffroth, John Daggett, Dr. J. E. Pel
ham, 0. E. Wilcoxson, J. T. Farley, Wm. Hayes, J. B. Sensabaugh,
Jo Hamilton, Paul Shirley, Thomas Laspeyre, J. P. Hoge, R. Watt,
E. J. Lewis, Michael Hayes, W. F. White, and others.
George Pearce offered the following resolution, but no action was
taken on it :
That the democracy of California recognize the right of a demo
cratic convention, state or federal, to meet and adjourn either with
or without designating or naming a partisan candidate of the democ
racy, but utterly deny the authority of such a convention to nomi
nate other than a democratic partisan as their candidate for any
elective office in their gift.
The following were selected as delegates to the, national conven
tion: First district, C. T. Ryland and McD. R. Venable; second
district, Robert 0. Cravens and George D. Roberts ; third district,
Joseph 0. WolfskiU and W. F. Goad; fourth district, Frank
McCoppin and Henry George — all of whom were elected by acclama
tion. James H. Hardy, J. G. Downey, WiUiara M. Gwin, Samuel
Butterworth, James H. Lawrence, Eugene Oasserly, Charles L.
WeUer, Martin Tarpey, J. D. Cochrane, T. G. Cockrill, H. 0. Pat
rick, and Thoraas Hope were placed in noraination for delegates at
large. Lawrence and WeUer withdrew, and on the first baUot,
Downey, Ha,rdy, Gwin, and Casserly were selected, the vote being :
Downey, 239; Hardy, 244; Oasserly, 185; Gwin, 170; Patrick,
117; Butterworth, 90; Tarpey, 82; Cochrane, 89; CockriU, 48, and
Hope, 16.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 317
U. S. Grant and Henry Wilson were norainated respectively for
president and vice-president of the United States on the 6th day of
June, and the republican state central coramittee immediately raet
and called a state convention of 325 delegates, to raeet at Sacra
raento on August 1st, for the purpose of nominating an electoral
ticket. At 11:30 o'clock on the day named the convention raet in
the asserably chamber and was called to order by John F. Miller, a
member of the state committee. J. G. Eastraan was elected tera
porary chairraan without opposition. The coraraittee on resolutions
consisted of W. E. Lovett, P. J. Hopper, M. S. Deal, Walter Van
Dyke, Henry Bahr, J. H. McNabb, W. N. DeHaven, 0. A. Puring-
ton, and J. E. Wyman. On perraanent organization, Eastraan was
president, and T. B. McFarland, George 0. Perkins, J. W. North,
and Joseph Lip man, vice-presidents.
The following resolutions were reported and unanimously adopted:
1. That the republican pfirty of California, in convention assem
bled, heartily indorse the declaration of principles embodied in the
platform of the national convention of the republican' party, adopted
at Philadelphia, and pledge theraselves to the cordial support of the
standard- bearers there selected for president and vice-president of
the United States.
2. That in U. S. Grant we recognize the patriot and statesraan
under whose leadership the union was preser-ved, and whose record
as a soldier is fully equalled by his wise and prudent administration
of national affairs, by which peace has been restored and the union
cemented, debt and taxation greatly reduced, and the national flag
respected throughout the world.
3. That in Henry Wilson we hail the true friend of labor, whose
whole career has illustrated that the republic recognizes true merit
in her sens, who, by their ability, honesty, and worth, coraraend
themselves to the confidence of the people.
4. That General U. S. Grant and Henry Wilson, by their course
in civil life, and by their public and official acts, have proved thera
selves to be the true, fast and firm friends of labor and labor
reforra. 5. That the party claiming to be followers of Jefferson and
Jackson, that originated and enunciated the doctrine of "principles,
not men," having by indorsement of Greeley and the Cincinnati plat
form, rii&de an unconditional surrender of all that was left of its
political principles, it" only'remairis'fbrtlte riatiorial fepriblib'aii p'at'ty.

318 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
by its votes on Noveraber 6, 1872, to consign it with its unholy
coalition, to political oblivion forever.
6. That republicans need no "new departure," and have no faith
in that so-called liberal reform which involves desertion of true and
tried leaders, or abandonraent of the principlea of republican gov
ernment and the rights of man.
7. That we fully concur in the opinion of Horace Greeley, that
General Grant never haa been beaten and never will be, and we pro-
,pose to fight it out on this line until November, when said predic
tion will be fully realized by the verdict of the Araerican people.
The following Were nominated for presidential electors, without
opposition: First district, Claus Spreckles; second district, James
E. Hale; third district, Jesse 0. Goodwin; fourth district, T. H.
Rose; at large, John B. Felton and John F. Miller.
In like raanner the following were norainated for alternate elec
tors: First district, . A. R. Baldwin; second district, S. W. Sperry;
third district, Isaac G. Wickershara; fourth district, W. Canfield;
at large, F. E. Spencer and Benjarain Shurtieff.
The first district republican convention raet at San Francisco on
August 15th, and adopted resolutions endorsing the national ticket
and platform, and opposing the granting of Goat island' to any cor
poration. The names of Henry Baker, Charles Clayton, J. 0.
Merrill, A. D. Splivalo and Cornelius Cole were presented as candi
dates for the congressional nomination. All were withdrawn except
Clayton, but some of his opponents insisted upon a ballot being
taken. Clayton was nominated upon the first ballot, by a vote of
55, to 5 for Cole. The second district convention met at Sacra
mento on August 1st. H. F. Page, Charles A. Tuttie, Nathan Por
ter, and J. M. Cavis were placed in nomination. On the first ballot
Page had 43 votes; Tuttie, 7; Porter, 27, and Cavis, 15. The result
was the same on the second ballot, except that Page drew one vote
frora Porter and one from Tuttie. On the third ballot Page drew
two raore votes frora Tuttie, when the entire Sacramento delegation
voted for hira, and he was norainated.
The third district convention raet at Washington, Yolo county, ¦
on August 2d, and renominated John M. Ooghlan, without opposi
tion. The fourth district conventim met at Sacramento on August 1st,
and renominated S. 0. Houghton, by acclamation.

THE LIBERAL PARTY. 319
On May 3d, Horace Greeley was nominated for president of the
United States by a convention at Cincinnati, which adopted the
name of " Liberal Republican" for a new political party, which was
designed to occupy the middle ground between the then existing
national parties. On the 2 2d, a raeeting was held at San Francisco
for the purpose of organizing the party in the state. F.. M. Pixley
stated the object of the meeting, and J. F. Chellis was raade chair
man. A coraraittee was appointed to correspond with the friends
of the raoveraent in the various counties and to appoint a state
central comraittee, consisting of A. J. Bryant, S. S. Tilton, George
Barstow, Thoraas Gray, F.- M. Pixley, J. P. H. Wentworth, J. A.
McGlynn, and others. This coraraittee appointed a state coraraittee,
consisting of George Barstow, George D. Nagle, Seth Wetherbee, S.
S. Tilton, F. B. Taylor, M. FenneU, E. L. Beard, J. H. Keyes, J.
Winchester, J. W. Snowball, 0. G. Bockius, Williara Sexton, A. J.
Snyder, and others.
On August 3d, the state central coraraittees of the deraocratic
and liberal republican parties met jointly at San Fra'ncisco and'
nominated the following Greeley and Brown electoral ticket : F.
M. Pixley, J. 0. Shorb, F. H. Rosenbaum, Jo Harailton, John
Yule, and Peter Donahue. The following were norainated for alter
nate electors : Albert Hagan, Austin Sperry, Juan B. Castro,
Robert McGarvey, John Daggett, and A. J. Spencer. A state
executive coraraittee was appointed, consisting of the following :
Deraocrats — Michael Hayes, William Hayes, J. W. Ooffroth, Robert
Watt, Tyler Curtis, R. Beverly Cole, J. P. Hoge, Frank Lawton.
Liberals— E. W. Corbett, Seth H. Wetherbee, S. S. Tilton, W. 0.
Schmidt, S. E. HartweU, F. B. Taylor, WiUiam Sexton, A. J.
Snyder. The first district liberal and deraocratic congressional convention
met at San Francisco on July 25th, and passed resolutions en
dorsing the araendraents to the federal constitution, the national
liberal candidates, pledging the norainee to oppose the granting of
Goat island to any raUroad, and in favor of building another rail
road line to the east below the snow belt. The candidates before
the convention were W. A. Piper, Thoraas , N. Wand, Frank M.
Pixley, R. Beverly Cole, and Leander Quint. On the first ballot
Piper had 43 votes; Wand, 8; Pixley, 2; Cole, 1, and Quint, 1, and
Piper was declared to be the nominee.

320 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The second district deraocratic and liberal conventions raet sep
arately, at Sacraraento on Septeraber 4th, but coalesced, and nomi
nated Paschal Ooggins on the first ballot, over Henry Larkin, and
G. J. Carpenter. The ballot stood : Democratic delegates —
Coggins, 33; Carpenter, 28; Larkin, 24. Liberal delegates —
Ooggins, 43. A series of anti-raonopoly resolutions were adopted.
The third district joint convention was held at Marysville on
August 2 2d. J-. B. Laraar, George Pearce, L. A. Norton, and J.
K. Luttrell were placed in noraination. All withdrew except
LuttreU, who was norainated by acclamation.
The fourth district deraocratic convention met at San Francisco
on June 20th, and on the first ballot norainated E. J. 0. Kewen, by
a vote of 51, to 32 for Lawrence Archer. The liberals acquiesced
in the nomination.
On October 14th, a meeting was held at San Francisco of demo
crats who favored the raaintaining of their party organization, and
opposed the liberal moveraent. A committee of five was appointed
to prepare an address to the people, and to nominate an electoral
ticket in the interest of Charles O'Conor and John Quincy Adams,
who had been nominated, respectively, for president and vice-presi
dent by the national democratic convention. This committee made
the following nominations: For presidential electors— J. Mora
Moss, Jackson Temple, Zach. Montgomery, Williara J. Graves, M.
R. 0. Pulliara, and A. J. King. For alternate electors — G. W
Hunter, E. F. McCarthy, Daniel Taylor, A. P. Bernard, E. N.
Foote, and Charles E. Beau. A state central coraraittee was
selected, consisting of John Nugent, Charles T. Botts, Thomas
Golden, W. D. Sawyer, James 0. Goods, N. P. Jones, E. A. Rock
well, James Van Ness, George Seckel, Jacob R. Snyder, and others.
On the 18th, Temple declined the nomination for elector, and John
Nugent was placed on the ticket in his stead. On the 29th, the
state central committee made the foUowing norainations for con
gressraen : First district, W. D. Sawyer; second district, G. W.
Hunter; third district, J. N. Bailhache; fourth district, Jaraes Van
Ness. Hunter, on November 1st, declined to run.
During the campaign the principal speakers were: Republican-^
John F. Swift, H. F. Page, J. M. Ooghlan, J. G. Eastman, John F.
Miller, J. M. Cavis, George 0. Gorham, S. J. Finney, 0. H. La
Grange, S. 0. Houghton, Henry Edgerton, John B. FeRbn, John L.
Love, George M. Pinney, H. G. Rbllims, and WaAiw Oliver.

RESULT OF PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. 32I
Liberal— M. M. Estee, P. Coggins, J. K. LuttreU, Jo Hamilton,
James T. Farley, N. Greene Curtis, Henry Larkin, G. J. Carpenter,
W. B. C. Brown, W. W. Pendegast, F. M. Pixley, P. F. Walsh,
Creed. Haymond, Stuart M. Taylor, Eugene Casserly, J. 0. Shorb,
J. B. Frisbie, E. J. 0. Kewen, William Irwin, J. R. Sharpstein, and
J. F. Cowdery.
The election was held on Tuesday, November 5th, and the official
canvass exhibited the following result: Republican electors  Fel
ton, 54,007; Spreckles, 54,044; Goodwin, 54,020; Miller, 54,013;
Hale, 54,020; Rose, 53,998. Liberal electors— Shorb, 40,718; Pix
ley, 40,703; Hamilton, 40,749; Rosenbaum, 40,674; Donahue, 40,-
718; Yule, 40,717. Democratic electors— Moss, 1,068; Nugent,
1,035; Montgomery, 1,064; Graves, 1,051; PuUiam, 1,028; King,
1,053. Members of congress: First district — Clayton, 11,938;
Piper, 10,882. Second district— Page, 13,803; Coggins, 12,819.
Third district— Coghlan, 13,105; Luttrell, 14,033. Fourth district—
Houghton, 10,391; Kewen, 9,012. The republican electors were
therefore elected, and Clayton, Page, Luttrell, and Houghton were
elected to congress, to take office March 4, 1873.
The republican presidential electors raet at the state capitol on
December 4, and cast the six votes of the state for Grant and
Wilson. James E. Hale was appointed messenger to convey the
returns to Washington.

CHAPTER XXIV.
187S. Independent Movement — San Francisco Politics — Republican
State Convention — Democratic State Convention - — Independent
Party Organized — Independent State Convention.
Early in 1873, the organization of farraers' clubs was very gen
eral in the state. The clubs held weekly meetings at which sub
jects of interest to agriculturists were discussed in open session, but
soon the club systera was abandoned and a secret order styled Patrons
of Husbandry, or grangers, absorbed the membership of the clubs,
and by the close of the year raost of the clubs had ceased to exist.
These organizations exerted considerable influence in the politics of
the state, as the questions of railroad transportation rates, reduc-
21

322 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
tion of pubUc' expenditures, etc., were debated at the meetings and
acted upon by resolution. On April 26th, the Vacaville grange,
one of the first organized in the state, adopted and published the fol
lowing resolutions, whioh are similar to those afterward adopted by
other granges and clubs;
1. That we will support no raen for law makers, or for adminis
trators of our laws, or for any position of public trust, no matter to
what party they may belong, whose character for integrity and hon
esty of purpose, and whose fidelity to the true interests of the
farmer (which are the true interests of the country) are not beyond
a doubt. 2. That we wage no war against railroads and other modes of
transportation, or upon grain buyers, or commission merchants, only
so far as their treatment of the farming interest is manifestly unjust
and oppressive. So far as they are governed by honesty and fair
dealing, our airas and interests are identical, and we wish to co-op
erate with thera harraoniously. But when they forra "rings" or odi
ous corabinations to oppress the farming interests and cripple and
crush out the vitality of this great paramount industry of the coun
try, then we may be corapelled to beat our plowshares into swords
and our pruning hooks into spears, and go after the coraraon enemy.
The third resolution directed that a copy be sent to each grange
in the state "asking their co-operation in carrying out the princi
ples and raeasures proposed, so far as they accord with their ideas
and* views of the necessity of the case and the exigencies of the
times.'' On Septeraber 24, 1872, delegates frora a nuraber of farmers' clubs
met at Sacramento and effected the organization of the State Farm
ers' Union, the design of which was to promote the agricultural and
industrial interests of the state. John Bidwell was elected presi
dent; J. R. Snyder, Dr. E. S. Holden, T. Hart Hyatt, W. S. Man-
love and others, vice-presidents, and I. N. Hoag, secretary. A called
meeting of the union was held at San Francisco on April 9th, whioh
was attended by delegates frora about twenty different counties.
On the 10th the following resolutions were adopted:
1. That the rates charged for freights over the railroads in this
state are ruinous to our agricultural interests.
2. That in our opinion the corporations operating these roads,
being the creations of law, are, and should be, under control of our

ANTI-RAILROAD PARTY. 323
¦statutes, and that the raaxiraura rates of freights should be so fixed
by statute as to prevent extortion, and leave the producer a raar
gin of profit on his productions, and that way freights be charged
only in proportion to the distance the freight is sent with the charges
for through freight.
3. That if we find it irapracticable under present raanageraent of
such roads to obtain a fair reduction on such freights, we will agi
tate the subject, and insist that the raUroads built by raoney of the
^government shall be operated by the government in the interest of
the people, rather than by private persons for personal aggrandize
ment. 4. That as these matters are political, we will so far make this a
political body as to cast our votes and use our influence for such
men for our state legislature as will carry our views into effect.
The fifth, sixth and seventh resolutions directed the executive
comraittee to consider the propriety of utilizing the state prison labor
in the production of grain sacks sufficient for home consumption, to
be sold to farmers at cost. The eighth, ninth and tenth resolutions
directed the committee to prepare plans for a co-operative bank; for
a co-operative system for selling agricultural supplies; and to pro
vide storage for grain with the intention of retaining it until it
should bring the highest price.
The resolutions were adopted, the fourth, by a vote of 38 to 20.
The railroad question absorbed the entire interest of the cara
paign of 1873 for the election of the county officers and raerabers of
the legislature. A strong anti-railroad party had grown up under
the leadership of Governor Booth, and with the support of the
Sacramento ZZraiow and other prominent journals, although it had
no organization. Within the republican party Booth had a
numerous and active following to second his aspirations for the
United States senatorship, to succeed Casserly, and some of the
¦republican county conventions pledged their candidates for the
legislature to support Booth for senator. It was urged by the
Booth republicans that the organization of the party in the state
was in the hands of raen under the railroad influence, and that the
party raanagers frequently misused their power. The first open
bolt occurred in Sacramento county. The republican comraittee of
that county, on May 28th, issued a call for a Crawford primary, to
be held on June 7th, to select delegates to the county convention.
On the 29th, a naeeting of the Booth republicans was held and a

324 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
resolution was passed objecting to the call, because the time was too-
short for the voters to prepare for the election; because a demo
cratic primary was to be held on the sarae day, " giving color to the
belief that the same voters; in the interest of the sarae parties,
were intended to be used to carry both elections; because the ap
pointment of delegates and the election of officers of the primary
was unfair." A committee was appointed to wait on the county
committee and to request a postponement of the primary for one
week, and a representation on the boards of election. On June
2d, this coraraittee reported that the central comraittee had refused
to raake any change in the call. The Booth raeeting then appointed
a coraraittee of thirteen to arrange for an independent primary and
convention. This coraraittee adopted the narae " Independent Tax
payers' Party," and called a primary for June 21st, at which all
were invited to vote who had not voted at any previous primary,
and who would support the ticket to be nominated by the conven
tion. On the 4th, the coraraittee issued a call to the people, defin
ing the object of the moveraent to be to elect raerabers to the
legislature who would coramand the confidence of the whole people,
and who would be free frora the control of rings and corrupt com
binations. They also declared that they would act independent of
party. The convention raet on the 26th, and norainated Henry
Edgerton for state senator, and a complete legislative and county
ticket. The party was christened by- its opponents the " Dolly
Varden " party. A similar moveraent was inaugurated soon after
ward in raost of the counties, resulting in placing three tickets in
the field. At the Septeraber election the "dolly vardens" were gen
erally successful.
In San Francisco the following tickets were presented for the
September election, each containing a full list of legislative and
raunicipal nominations, but the norainees for mayor and state
senators alone are here given : Citizens' Independent — Mayor,
Jaraes M. McDonald; senators, Philip A. Roach and Washington
Bartlett. Deraocratic — Mayor, McDonald; senators, Frank Mc
Coppin and Roach. Liberal Reforra — Mayor, McDonald; senators,
McCoppin and Roach. Citizens' Union — Mayor, James Otis;
senators, W. H. Sears and Irving M. Scott. People's Union —
Mayor, Otis; senators, A. S. HaUidie and Bartlett. Anti-sectarian
— Senators, HaUidie and Scott. Republican — Senators, Sears and
Scott. Taxpayers' and People's — Mayor, Otis. At the election on

HARBOR COMMISSIONERS': TROUBLES. 325
-Septeraber 3d, Otis was elected Mayor, by a vote of 13,648, to
12,406 for McDonald. Roach and Bartlett were elected senators,
-Sears receiving 9,869 votes; Soott, 6,956; HaUidie, 9,869; Bartlett,
•9,551; McCoppin, 8,512, and Roach, 10,134.
On January 6th, a suit was, institu ted in the district court at San
Francisco, by L. E. Crane, an expert who had been appointed by the
governor to investigate the affairs of the state board of harbor com
missioners, to oust John J. Marks and Jasper O'Farrell from their
positions as merabers of the board, because of fraud alleged to have
been discovered. Marks was also indicted by the grand jury for
fraud. Pending the civil suit, on February 21st, Marks resigned,
and Governor Booth appointed Lewis Cunningham to the position.
¦O'Farrell resigned later, and Samuel Soule was appointed in
his place. John Rosenfeld, the remaining raeraber of the board,
and who had held the office but a very short time, also resigned,
and T. D. Mathewson was appointed to fill the vacancy.
On August 29th, the republican state central comraittee norai
nated Paul Newraan for harbor commissioner from the state at
large; and on the same day, the deraocratic coramittee naraed John
W. Bost for the office. Bost was endorsed by the independents
generally. At the September election, Newraan was elected, by a
vote of 31,696, to 30,867 for Bost.
In San Francisco, Charles L. Taylor was nominated for harbor
-commissioner by the citizen's union, people's union and taxpayers'
¦conventions, and Thomas E. Parish by the democratic, citizens', inde
pendent, and liberal reform conventions. Taylor was elected. Com-
miissions were issued to Newraan and Taylor by Governor Booth on
Noveraber 12th.
On July 23d, the republican state central committee met at San
Francisco, and called a state judicial convention of 362 delegates, to
meet at Sacramento on August 20th. On August 16th, another
meeting of the comraittee was held at San Francisco, when a resolu
tion was unanimously adopted postponing the raeeting of the con
vention to Septeraber 16th, because no proclamation had been issued
by the governor calling the state judicial election, and a doubt
-existed whether one or two judges of the supreme court were to be
-elected. Pursuant to this amended call, the convention met at Sac
ramento, on September 16th, and was called to order by Walter

326 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Van Dyke, the acting chairman of the state committee. William
H. Sears was elected chairman, without opposition. On motion of
H. F. Page, the convention decided to refer aU resolutions to the
committee on resolutions, without debate. A coraraittee on resolu
tions was appointed, consisting of H. F. Page, E. P. Lovejoy, W. E.
Lovett, G. M. Pinney, M. 0. Andross, T. B. McFarland, and W. R.
Wheaton. The coramittee reported that in their opinion, as the con
vention was purely judicial, it would be iraproper to adopt a plat
forra, and they submitted a resolution that the convention would
not entertain any resolution relating to political subjects, and the
resolution was adopted. John B. Felton announced that I. S. Bel
cher would not be a candidate for justice of the supreme court.
Sarauel H. Dwinelle was norainated for judge of the supreme
court, to serve out the terra made vacant by the death of Judge
Sprague, without opposition.
Ansen Bronson was unanimously norainated for judge of the
supreme court, to succeed Justice Crockett.
On August 26th, the democratic state central coraraittee met in
San Francisco and ordered a state judicial convention to be held at
Sacramento, on September 17th. The primary test included all
democrats and all persons who were opposed to the nationaLadminis-
tration. At 12 o'clock on the day naraed, the convention met and
was called to order by J. P. Hoge, the coraraittee chairman. James '
T. Farley was elected chairraan. After a lengthy discussion, the
convention decided to have a coraraittee on resolutions appointed,
and W. W. Pendegast, WiHiam Watt, Delos Lake, W. F. White,.
G. J. Carpenter, Thoraas P. Bond, and John G. Downey were selected.
The committee reported the following resolutions, .which were
adopted :
Notwithstanding the fact that this is a judicial convention, con
vened raainly for the purpose of selecting candidates for judicial
positions, we nevertheless deem it a proper occasion to soleranly '
declare our views and principles; therefore, the derriocracy of Call'
fornia, in state convention assembled, do adopt the following resolu
tions as a statement of the principles which they believe should be
carried ilito effect.
1. That we deraand the utmost economy in the manageraent of
public affairs, and to that end recoraraend the incoming state legis-'
lature to largely reduce the fees and salaries of aU public servants,.

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 327
coramencing the reform in the office of the chief executive of the
state, and prosecuting the sarae through all departraents of the
governraent. 2. That we unqualifiedly conderan the action of the United States
congress in enacting the law coraraonly known as the "back-pay
salary steal," as well as the action of the president of the United
States in approving the bill, whose sole recoraraendation was that it
raade hira richer in dollars.
3. That we point to the history of the state and nation as demon
strating the fact that the democratic party has always been the
friend of the people, the advocate of every needed reforra, the
staunch defender of the rights of the laborer, and the uncompro
mising foe of all monopolies, railroad corporations, or others, and we
congratulate Ourselves and the people of Oalifornia that every
candidate at the late election was forced to plant himself squarely
on the good old democratic anti-monopoly platforra, whether he
soUcited votes under the republican or deraocratic standards, or the
flag of an independent organization.
4. That we make no war upon railroads as such, but we protest
against their being managed in the interests of any ring or clique,
or political man or party, and believing it to be a proper subject of
state legislation, we demand that such action be taken by the in
coraing legislature as will properly adjust the vexed question of
railroad fares and freights so as to enable the railroad corapanies to
earn a fair profit upon their investment, and at the sarae time
remove all onerous charges from the people, and prevent any unjust
discrimination for or against any section of the state.
5. That we regard the presence of the Chinese in our midst as an
unmixed evil, ruinous alike to the people and the state, while the
prospect of an increase of their numbers is appalling to the hearts of
all; and we deraand that the incoming legislature, through its own
enactments and its urgent appeals to congress, take steps not
merely to prevent the further infiux of the mongolian horde upon
us, but to secure the speedy exodus of those already here; and to
this end we urge that raeasures be at once instituted to decrease the
subsidy to the Pacific Mail Stearaship Corapany, and to abrogate
the so-caUed Burlingame treaty.
6. That we hail with pleasure the action of the farmers in this
and other states in the formation of granges and societies for the
protection and advancement of their own' interests. We are proud
to observe this class of our people, hitherto quiet, has of late

328 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
asserted its rights, and is beginning to demonstrate its power; that
we now pledge ourselves that our candidates for all offices, legis
lative, executive or judicial, shall be in full sympathy with aU
these farmers in all just and honest demands; and that in event of
their failure to do so, they shall never receive our support in the
future. The convention selected a state central committee, consisting of
P. O. Hundley, R.' B. Cole, W. H. Oronise, Caleb Dorsey, Harrison
Guinn, R. A. Thompson, Thoraas Rector, John McMurray, N. E.
Whiteside, R. H. Ward, Williara Watt, Paul Shiriey, Thomas
Laspeyre, FrankUn Lawton, W. B. 0. Brown, Grove L. Johnson,
Thonias N. Wand, J. 0. Pennie, A. H. Rose, James T. Farley, J.
P. Hoge, and others.
Samuel Bell McKee was nominated for justice of the supreme
court, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Judge Sprague, on
the first ballot, by a vote of 161, to 121 for WiUiam C. Wallace.
A. B. Dibble raoved to norainate Niles Searls for justice of the
supreme court to fill the vacancy should the term of Judge Crockett
be declared expired, but after discussion the motion was withdrawn,
and it was agreed that the central committee should place the name
of a candidate upon the ticket if they should deem ifc necessary.
Iramediately when the result of the Septeraber election beoame
known the suggestion was thrown out by the portion of the press
that had assisted in the election of the independent legislative and
county tickets, that the advantage be followed up by organizing an
independent party in the state, with the view of norainating a can
didate for justice of the supreme court, to be voted for at the
October election, and of presenting tickets at the subsequent state
elections. About the middle of September, the independent county
comraittee of Sacraraento county called a meeting for the 18th, and
invited the members of the independent taxpayers' and people's
union committees frora the other counties to attend, the object of
the meeting being to take steps leading to a state organization. A.
P. Catlin called the meeting to order, and Edward Gibbons was
elected chairman, on motion of John F. Swift. Catlin offered the
following resolution :
That in the opinion of this meeting, the people of this state de
mand, and, therefore, it is expedient, that a state organization of an
independent people's party be imraediately forraed; and to that end

INDEPENDENT CONVENTION. 329
that a state central coraraittee be forraed, and that steps be
at once taken to put before the people nominations for justices of
the suprerae court, and to call a state convention.
A division of the question was ordered on the resolution and the
first branch was unaniraously adopted. The last branch was then
withdra-frn. On motion of Sarauel T. Leet, a committee of seven
was appointed, consisting of Leet, Catlin, Swift, F. T. Baldwin, J.
G. Howell, B. F. Myers and P. Van Clief, to prepare a plan for a
state organization. The comraittee recommended the calling of a
state convention, to meet at Sacraraento on September 25th. The
call recited:
The representatives of the several county independent organiza
tions, believing it expedient for the public good to form a state
organization opposed to raonopolies, and to all forras of partial and
special legislation, and in favor of consolidating and organizing into
actual and effective form the sentiraent of the people of California
upon all questions of reform in legislation, especiaUy with respect to
securing the rights of the people in the contest now being waged
between them and the railroad power of the state and nation, and
other monopolies, and having in view the approaching judicial elec
tion, as well as political raoveraents of a like character in other
states, request that delegates be sent to a state convention to be
held in Sacramento on Septeraber 25th, frora every county in the
state, to perfect a state organization, to norainate one or more
justices of the supreme court, to appoint a state central comraittee,
and transact such other business as raay corae before it. In counties
where independent -raoveraents are already established, the delegates
to be selected by or under the central committees of such inde
pendent organizations. In counties where such movements have not
yet been raade, the delegates to be selected by patrons of husbandry,
or other associations or persons in ' sympathy with our raoveraent.
The report was unanimously adopted. About sixty persons took
part in the meeting.
The people's independent judicial state convention raet at Sacra
mento on September 25th, and was called to order by Edward Gib
bons, who announced that the object of the convention was to
organize the independent party, and to consider the propriety of
nominating candidates for justices of the suprerae court. Jonas Spect
was unanimously elected temporary chairraan, P. Van Clief with-

330 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
drawing. A motion by J. W. Dwinelle that all resolutions offered
before the convention be referred to the comraittee on resolutions
without debate, was discussed by Dwinelle, W. 0. Norton, James
Johnson, William Jones, 0. 0. Terrill, A. Maurice, jr., and Alex
ander Campbell, jr., and finally withdrawn. A coramittee on resolu
tions was appointed consisting of Alexander Campbell, jr., J. W.
DwineUe, A. P. CatUn, G. T. Elliott, W. S. Buckley, W. 0. Norton,
W. Jeff. Gatewood, M. 0. Winchester, J. R. Sharpstein, 0. 0. Ter
rill, and I. N. Randolph. On permanent organization, P. Van Clief
was president. The following preamble and resolutions were unan
imously adopted:
This convention, representing- what it believes to be the honest
sentiraent of the people of this state, and encouraged by the splen
did success achieved in the recent state election, wherein the people,
alraost without organization, raet and overthrew the corabined power
of the incorporated raonopolists and the corrupt political and finan
cial rings, does hereby resolve to organize into a party all good citizens
who desire to join in the work of reform and political regeneration
throughout the , state, the better to enable thera to move forward
upon the enemy, to rout such corporations frora their stronghold as
rulers and practically as law raakers, and, finally, to rescue the gov
ernraent from the clutches of the corporationists who have so long
held it in subjection; therefore, be it resolved,
1. That the opponents of incorporated greed and organized cor
ruption do form theraselves into a political body, to be known as the
people's independent party.
2. That one of the most serious obstacles in the way of political
and governmental reform lies in the doctrine of so-called "party
fealty," that tyranical rule which degrades the citizen and sinks
him to the servile partisan, rendering him the helpless tool of selfish
wire pullers and caucus manipulators. In view of this long-stand
ing evil, the people's independent party now, in its very inception,
once for all, lays down its fundamental principle that parties are
mere instrumentalities to be eraployed only in the furtherance of
good governraent; that they should be followed no longer than while
they act in the interest of the entire people, of which fact each in
dividual must judge for hiraself; and that it is the duty of the citi
zen to abandon instantly any party which swerves from the path of
right or passes into the control of unscrupulous leaders, and finally
it utterly spurns and repudiates the doctrine that any citizen owes

RESOLUTIONS OF INDEPENDENT PARTY. 33I
aUegiance to any political organization, or that a pure and upright
man in public life can or ought to be under special obligation to any
source short of the people for office or pbsition.
3. That one of the great evils which earnestly demands correction
is the tyranny of party discipline, which, as maintained through the
system of primaries and caucuses by professional politicians aided
by governmental patronage and moneyed power, and has become a
despotic rule of the few over the many, and that we hold and affirm
that any citizen has the right to take part in good faith in the
actions and deliberations of any political organization, caucus, or
convention without being bound thereby except so far as his own
judgraent and conscience raay approve, and that the obligations of
the citizen and patriot are a pararaount to those of the partisan before
and after party norainations are raade.
4. That we are deterrained to use all lawful efforts to drive out
the corrupt political rings that control the action of the national
governraent, wielding its power and dispensing its patronage with
the sole end of benefiting theraselves and their hangers-on, and of
perpetuating their vicious rule ; and to that end we hereby and for all
time instruct all representatives of the people elected under the
auspices of the people's independent, party to urge and enforce a
strict exaraination into the affairs and raanageraent of the great rail
road corporations of the eountry as well as of their auxiliaries, the
credit raobilier and contract and finance corapanies, and their several
dealings with the various departraents of the governraent, executive,
legislative, and judicial, in order that their past corrupt practices
may be exposed, the rights and property of the people recovered, the
guilty punished, and purity and economy in administration and
legislation be restored throughout the land.
5. That the abominable and infamous practice of securing election
to office by the corrupt use of money at the polls, and in bribing
members of legislative bodies, which has become so prevalent in late
years, is an evil which strikes at the very foundation of free govern
ment, and that no man guilty of the atrocious crime of obtaining or
attempting to obtain office by such means can ever merit the confi
dence of the people.
6. That affirming and asserting the absolute and final sovereignty
of the people, we claim and will ever assert the right and authority
of the people's representatives to control and regulate all such cor
porations as exercise any franchise or special privilege obtained by
legislative enactment, and especiaUy the incorporated common car-

332 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
riers of the country, and that such right of control and regulation- is
an undeniable prerogative of the state and nation ; and, further,
that we will use all lawful raeans to bring said corporations within
a just and reasonable control, to reduce their rates of freight, fare,
and charges to an equable and uniforra standard, prohibiting all
¦unjust discrirainations and oppressive regulations leveled at locali
ties or individuals, to overthrow their political power, and finally
to reduce thera to the legitiraate purposes for which t^ey were
-ceatedand endowed, as the servants and beneScial aids and not the
raasters of the people. We further denounce the acceptance of free
paases by public officers, and believe that it should be prohibited by
law. 7. That we are pledged to a thorough reforra of the civil service
-of the country, to the end that capacity, honesty, and fitness, and
not political zeal and partisanship, shall be the only indispensible
¦qualifications for place. And especially we utterly oppose the per
nicious custom now so common and so productive of evil of the
interference of federal officials with state and local politics. And
we denounce the law passed at the last session of congress, known as
the "back pay steal," as a shame and disgrace to American legisla
tion. 8. That we take ground absolutely against the system of land dis
tribution now in vogue, whereby the public .domain is granted away
in vast tracts to railroad and other corporations or to private
individuals, through the raeans or scrip and warrants issued under
various pretenses, or by private entry on the part of non-resident
speculators ; that the true policy of the nation is to retain its public
lands for the benefit of actual occupants upon the sole condition of
residence thereon, in order to secure to each family a home.
9. That we are opposed to granting aid in subsidies of money,
lands, bonds, or interest on bonds, to any railroad or other corpora
tion, either by the federal, state, county, or municipal governments, and
to all laws desigried to procure any such subsidies under the specious
plea of submitting to a vote of the people the question as to whether
or not a particular subsidy shall be granted.
10. That we take ground against the present tariff, believing that
it is the result of a dishonest and corrupt systera of bargaining in.
congress, whereby each interest seeking protection conspires with
all other interests to support thera in their claim, to the great injury
of the cause of good governraent and to the loss of the people, who are
taxed thereby.

RESOLUTIONS OF INDEPENDENT PARTY. 333
11. That in view of the cliraate of Oalifornia, wherein rain falls
only during a portion of the year, rendering irrigation an absolute
necessity for the perfect developraent of the agricultural capabilities
of our soil, we hold it to be the duty of the legislature to retain
control of all rivers, lakes and other bodies of wateij-, to prevent
their appropriation and raonopoly by speculators, and to form and
perfect a systera whereby they can be turned upon the land at the
expense of the district benefited thereby, and for the use of the
people residing on said land.
, 12. That the surest safeguard for the perpetuity of this govern
ment and the rights of the people must always be found in the
education of the masses, therefore we will stand by the comraon
school system, to raaintain it in its integrity, as well as to urge and
support all iraprovements in popular education that the raost ad
vanced spirit of the age may suggest or discover.
13. That we regard the primary election system, as now con
ducted, especially in the larger cities, as being practically a device
which deprives the honest citizen of his political influence and
clothes the demagogue with power; it has driven statesraen from
our halls of legislation, and raade political econoray subservient to
personal aggrandizeraent; it has subverted the design of our gov
ernment by depriving the people of their constituent power to
correct abuses, and rendered the ballot a snare to the unwary and
a mockery of the elective franchise.
14. That all property, including solvent debts, as well as rail- .
roads and railroad property, should be taxed in proportion to ita
actual cash value, but taxation of solvent debts should be so regu
lated by law as to obviate all objection on the score of double
taxation; and if this cannot be obtained by legislation under the
constitution as it is, the fundaraental law should be araended so as
to accomplish such result.
15. That the legislatures of the state and nation should use all
constitutional methods to facilitate commerce between the interior
portions of the country and the sea; to cheapen freights and fares,
as well as to increase the raeans of conveyance, in order that the
produce of our farraers and products of our raanufactures raay be
transported to market at the sraallest possible cost.
16. That it is the duty of congress, as well as the state legis
latures, to institute and enforce the strictest inquiry into the affairs
and management of the railroad corapanies, and other corporations
xercising franchises of a public nature, and to root out and put

334 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
down the pernicious practice of watering stock, whereby the people
are oppressed by extortionate rates and charges in order . to pay
dividends upon capital which does not exist, and which only stands
upon the books of the companies by fraud and false pretense.
17. That we are opposed to the election of ^ president of the
United States for more than one terra of four years, and we will
support no man for congress who is not in fayor of amending the
constitution to accomplish that object.
18. That we are in favor of all reasonable measures of labor
reform, and of maintaining and enforcing the eight-hour law in
regard to manufacturing and mechanical pursuits, and upon all
public works.
19. That we are opposed to further influx of the mongolian race;
to the further subsidizing of stearaship lines for the purpose of
enabling thera to bring in this degraded class at mere nominal rates;
and to this end we demand that the treaty with China, known as
the Burlingame treaty, be abrogated, or raodifled to one for com
mercial purposes only; and that the whole moral and legal force of
the state should be bent to this purpose, as the Chinese are a stand
ing menace to the moral, physical, and pecuniary welfare of the
people of this state.
20. 'l^hat the manly and noble stand taken by Governor Newtpn
Booth in behalf of the popular rights and against the encroach
ments of unscrupulous politicians and railroad corporations on the
rights of the masses, has justly endeared him to the people of
California, and that his official conduct and conscientious perform
ance of his duty commend him to our grateful approval.
Elisha W. McKinstry was unaniraously norainated for justice of
the suprerae court, to fill the unexpired term of Judge Sprague.
The following were selected to constitute a state central com
mittee : John Bidwell, G. W. Bowie, A. S. HaUidie, T. A. Talbert,
Jaraes Burney, 0. E. Greene, Jaraes Johnson, D. W. Welty, J. G.
Howell, E. Steele, 0. P. Berry, WiUiara Jories, A. K. Dudley, W.
C. Norton, G. W. Applegate, A. Delano, J. H. Carothers, J. F.
Cowdery, D. B., Hoffman, Edgar Briggs, F. P. Dann, A. W. Poole,
C. T. Ryland, and others. An executive committee was chosen,
consisting of M. J. O'Conner, M. M. Estee, A. Helbing, A. J.
Gunnison, M. 0. Conroy, J. R. Sharpstein, Thomas Tobin, W. W.
Dodge, James H. Hardy, 0. 0. 'TerrUl, E. B. Mott, jr., A. P.
Catlin, W. S. Manlove, and'others.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 335
The judicial election was held on Wednesday, October 15th, when
McKinstry was elected justice of the suprerae court, by a vote of
25,609, to 14,380 for Dwinelle, and 19,962 for McKee Bronson
received 11,446 votes for the supposed Crockett vacancy.

CHAPTER XXV.

1878. Republican Convention — Independent Conventiori — Democratic
Convention — Prohibition Convention.
The republican state convention met at Sacramento on June 10th,
and was called to order by Walter Van Dyke, the chairraan of the
state comraittee. A. A. Sargent was elected temporary chairraan,
by a vote of 238, to 111 for H. O. Beatty. The coramittee on reso
lutions consisted of George 0. Gorhara, W. H. Sears, Philip Teare,
H. T. Dorrance, and others. In the evening a perraanent organiza
tion was effected, by the selection of Sargent as president; and H.
O. Beatty, H. S. Sargent, Soloraon Jewett, A. G Abell, and others
as vice-presidents. The coramittee reported the following platform :
The republican party of Oalifornia, in state convention asserabled,
reaffirming the state platform of 1871 and the national platform of
1872, makes the foUowing additional declaration of principles :
1. That we have an undiminished confidence in the patriotisra,
wisdom, and integrity of the present chief magistrate of the United
States, Ulysses S. Grant, and join our political brethren throughout
the nation in cordial and earnest support to his administration, in
fullest recognition of his illustrious career in the military and civil
service, and in conderanation of that rancorous party spirit which
prompts his and our enemies to the unconsidered and unjust attacks
upon him as those to whioh his great predecessors, Washington,
Jackson, and Lincoln were subjected during their administrations.
2. That the letter addressed by the presiderit to the chairman of
the Pennsylvania republican state convention upon the subject of the
succession is a full and complete refutation of the slanders of those
who charged him with ihtriguing for a re-election, and that we accept
it as an explicit and final settleraent of the third-term agitation created
by the enemy solely to arouse jealousies and dissensions in the
republican party.

336 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA:
3. That the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments to
the constitution of the United States, added to that instrument by
the votes of the requisite three-fourths of the States of this union,
are as sacred and binding as are any of its provisions, and that they
are to be raaintained by the enforcement of all proper congressional
enactments, notwithstanding the oppositiori, secret or avowed, of the
deraocratic party, or of hostile white leagues in the southern states.
4. That the conduct of that portion of the people in the south,
who defy the fifteenth araendraent, and seek by intiraidation or force
to prevent the lawful exercise of the- elective franchise by the great
body of colored citizens resident therein, is a rebellious defiance of
the national authority. An atterapt to prevent the election of the
next president by the people is calculated to arouse the worst pas
sions of raen, and to disturb the peace of the nation, and should be
met by all law-abiding citizens, both north and south, as an effort to
revive the flames of civil war. While admitting that honest
differences of opinion exist as to the extent of this conspiracy
against the fair and constitutional election of a president in 1876,
we deera it well to caution the people against slumbering in the face
of danger.
5. That with all our countrymen, of whatever section, who yield
obedience to the constitution and the laws, and who do not defend
or justify those who disobey them, we desire to cultivate fraternal
relations, without regard to mere party differerices, and we will at all
tiraes unite with thera to promote justice, order, and public tran
quility. 6. That the cost of the state and several county governments can,
and ought to be, reduced one-half, and to that work the next legisla
ture should address itself. This can be done by a comprehensive
re-adjustment of the public business, a curtailment, of the large list
of officers and their employes ; such a reduction of salaries and fees
as will place publio servants on a footing, as to compensation, with
persons in private business, and incidentally abate the almost
universal preference for public over private eraployment; honesty
and econoray in the raaintenance of the various institutions of the
state; a total abandonment of the practice of voting the people's
money to institutions which were called into existence without state
action; and by additional checks and safeguards to render official
peculation difficult of concealment, and surer of punishment when
discovered. 7. Thatthe burden of taxation should not only be reduced, but

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 337
the laws concerning assessraent and equalization should be so revised
and araended as to better insure a just division of that burden
among those who enjoy the benfits of governraent ; and that in aid of
the law a wholesome pubUc opinion should be cultivated against all
who seek to evade their just proportion of taxation, and in favor of
swift and certain punishment alike of citizens and' officials who by
fraudulent and corrupt practices may offend against the law.
8. That the republican party will aid the developraent of the
resources of the state by all legitiraate means, and as it is apparent
that the agricultural capabilities of large sections cannot be fully
shown unless sorae practical system of irrigation is adopted, the
republican party demands of the legislature that it assume control of
the waters of the various lakes and rivers, subject only to raining
and mechanical rights, and provide for its distribution over the
largest possible area of irrigable land, by the adoption of a compre
hensive systera that shall make the canals and irrigation works to
be constructed fbr this purpose a part and portion of the realty of
the various districts, to be wholly subject to the control and manage
ment of the owners of the irrigable land therein.
9. That the freedom of the state from ecclesiastical control is of
equal iraportance with the raaintenance of religious freedom frora
state control ; that the comraon school system is an institution of
the state, established as a preventive of the crirae and poverty which
attend ignorance, and we will tolerate no interference with it frora
any quarter; and that any effort to divide the school fund for the
purpose of supporting sectarian schools with a portion thereof, shall
be raet with all the resistance in our power.
10. (o) That the Central Pacific railroad company is a state cor
poration, and as such is araenable to the laws of the state concem
ing corporations. (6) That the relations of that corapany to the
nation are siraply those of agent and principal, and debtor and
creditor, so far as their property within this state is concerned, (c)
That the power of the state over the said corporation, so far frora
having been surrendered by the act of the legislature of April 4,
1864, as clairaed by that corapany, was rather affirmed thereby, in
these words : "Said corapany to be subject to all the laws of this
state concerning railroad and telegraph lines." {d) That the right
to regulate fares and freights, whenever it exists, is a condition
annexed to the franchise, and is necessarily vested in the govern
ment by which the franchise has been granted. The right to collect
22

338 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
tolls is one of the essential franchises of railroad corporations, and
the power to regulate them is simply a power to regulate the fran
chise under which they are collected, and the power raust be exer
cised by the authority creating the corporation, (e) That the exist
ence of the Central Pacific railroad corporation, and its right to
operate its roads in California, rests exclusively upon the authority of
state law, and that its national character is liraited to certain func
tions, which it derived, by the state's consent, from congress — such
as the right to operate its road outside of the state, and to create
liens upon its entire line in favor of the national- government and
, other creditors. (/) That as a necessary result of the foregoing,
while congress has the right to regulate tolls over the road, on
through and inter-state traffic, the state legislature has absolute and
exclusive power to regulate the rates of freights and fares between
all points within the state, {g) That experience has shown that
railroad corapanies, when left uncontrolled, naturally look exclu
sively to their own interests, and often disregard the interests and
convenience of the public they were created to serve, whereby
unreasonable rates of fares and freights have been, and are stiU
iraposed, unjust discriraination made against communities and
classes of merchandise; and many settlements and towns incon
venienced, and even severely injured, for the building up of the
localities in which raerabers of the corapanies are interested. (A)
That we recoraraend that the people should exact in advance from
candidates for the legislature unequivocal pledges. First, that they
will, if elected, vote for such a reduction of freights and fares as
will leave to the railroad companies a fair income upon the actual-
cost of constructing the roads, and allow for raaintaining and operat
ing the sarae, and enable thera to raeet their just obligations;
second, that they will, to that end, institute a thorough investiga
tion into the affairs of the corporations, as they have ample power
to do, in order to ascertain the real cost of the construction of the
roads and the annual outlays for maintaining and operating the
same; third, that they will, iri adjusting a tariff of freights and
fares, aboUsh all unfair discriraination between the sarae classes of
merchandise, and equalize the rates between different localities,
having due regard for grade and curves. {%) That while the
republican party disclaims any sympathy with indiscriminate war
upon associated capital, with a Wind disregard of its rights, it is
entirely independent of all corporate power; it is opposed to aU
schemes in state, county or city, whereby, under the pretext of pro-

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. . ' 339
viding gas and water to Comraunities, or irrigation for farraing, a
few men seek to enrich themselves by imposing heavy burdens
upon the people; it repels all atterapts of corporations to force into
office, through republican conventions, men who will guard their
interests rather than those of the public, and expects to be judged
by its acts, and the character of its candidates, rather than by the
false accusations of its enemies, who, after having had the executive
power of the state for the past eight years equally divided between
thera, can present no better claira for the public confidence than
loud and erapty professions of horror at alleged corruptions and
profligacy in public affairs, which they themselves have managed
and controlled.
11. That we earnestly invite the co-operation of the great farm
ing interests of the state in the reduction of the cost of transporta
tion, the reduction and equalization of taxes, and the inauguration
of a plan for irrigation, by representatives of their own selection in
the legislature.
12. That, confldent of the substantial agreeraent on national and
state questions of all who sustained the nation during the great civil
war, regretting the alienations among republicans, which have been
too apparent during the past few years, desirous of making all
becoming concessions to secure harmony, we cordially invite all who
are opposed to the restoration to power of the deraocratic party, to
forget the strifes of faction, to disregard the counsels of those who
seek to continue unseeraly and unnecessary division, and, keeping in
view the overwhelraing iraportance of the approaching presidential
election, aid in reuniting the republican party of the state, and
securing a victory for the cause of republicanisra and real reforra.
The resolutions were taken np seriatim. The first resolution was
adopted without opposition. The following was offered as a substi-'
tute for the second :
That it has become a part of the unwritten law of the land, that
no raan should be elected for more than two terras to the office of
president of the United States.
The substitute was lost by a pronounced vote, and the original
resolution adopted. The following was added to the ninth : " That
all citizens, without distinction of race or color, are entitled to
equal advantages of public school education."
The following was offered as a substitute for the tenth resolution :

340 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
That with respect to railroad corapanies and other corporations,.
we reassert the resolution passed by the republican state convention
in 1871, viz.: That we are opposed to any further subsidies in land
or raoney to such corporations; that corporations are creatures of
legislation, and are entitled only to those rights guaranteed them by
the constitution and the laws; that while they should be protected'
in those rights, they ahould not be allowed to trespass beyond their
chartered privileges upon the rights of the people; that it is the
duty of the legislature to enforce a fair and reasonable exercise of
corporate privileges; but that it is not wise or politic to force cor
porations into politics by resolutions pointedly hostile to them- and'
their just interests.
The substitute was lost, 113 to 250, and the resolutions as re
ported were adopted. The following additional resolution was also
adopted :
That the republican party of California is opposed to double tax- '
ation in every shape, and we favor such reform measures as will
reraedy the evil, believing that every person should only be taxed
on what he owns, and not on what he owes,.
The following ticket was norainated :
Timothy G. Phelps, for governor, without opposition, Romualdo
Pacheco withdrawing.
Joseph M. Cavis, for, lieutenant-governor, without opposition. ¦
Edward HaUett, for secretary of state, without opposition, Drury
Melone withdrawing.
Jaraes J. Green, for Controller, without opposition.
Robert Gardner, for surveyor-general, on the first ballot, over
William H. Norway.
Williara Beckraan, for treasurer, on the first baUot, over Jonas
Marcuse. E. D. Sawyer, for attorney -general, without opposition, L. B.
Mizner withdrawing.
Grant I. Taggart, for clerk of the suprerae court, without opposi
tion. Ezra S. Carr, for school superintendent, without opposition,
A state coramittee was selected, consisting of Jarrett R.
Richards, William Sharkey, F. K. Shattuck, James A. Duffy, W. S..
Wells, WiUiam Jennings, M. 0. Andross, Jaraes E. Hale, A. D.
Splivalo, S. E. Jewett, M. D. Boruck, A. G. Abell, Louis Sloss, A.
Briggs, 0. N. Fox, and others.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTIONS. 341
The first district convention met at San Francisco on August 9 th,
and on the first ballot nominated Ira P. Rankin for congressraan, by
a vote of 59, to 4 for Frank Soule.
The second district convention raet at Sacraraento on June 9th,
and nominated H. F. Page for congressraan, without opposition.
The following resolutions were there adopted :
That the republicans of the second congressional district recognize
in the brief congressional record of the Hon. H. F. Page a series of
acta, iraportant alike to the people of the district, state and nation;
reflecting distinguished honor upon himself, and the party who con
fided to his care the high trust of representative. That his success
ful exertions in obtaining the restoration of government lands upon
1;he Folsom and Placerville and the Stockton and Copperopolis rail
roads (the former alone estimated to be of the value of three -raillion
dollars), the passage of an act for the relief of settlers within the
limits of forfeited railroad grants, obtaining appropriations for the
improvement of Oakland harbor, the act to prevent the iraraigration
of Chinese coolies into the country, to prevent Chinese naturaliza
tion, to prevent straw bids for United States raail contracts (thereby
saving to the governraent, according to the last report of the post-
raaster-general, about three raillion dollars for the period of four
years), his votes for the reduction of salaries, the repeal of the
mileage law, his vote upon the bill which provided for the regula
tion of the price of transportation upon interstate railroads, and his
votes against subsidies of every kind, form a record of honesty,
ability and usefulness, which comraends hira to the fullest confidence
of the people of the district and state. That we recognize his votes
on the civil rights, force and bounty bills as being in harmony with
the principles of the republican party, as enunciated in the state
platform of 1871.
The third district convention met at Washington, Yolo county,
on June 9th, and 0. B. Denio was norainated for congressraan, with
out opposition, Jesse 0. Goodwin and J. A. Hutton withdrawing.
The fourth district convention raet at San Jose, on June 14th,
and Sherman O. Houghton was nominated for congressman, without
opposition. The independent state .convention met at Sacraraento, on June
22d, and was called to order by W. W. Dodge, chairman of the
-state comraittee. 0. T. Hopkins was elected teraporary chairman.

342 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
A coraraittee on resolutions was selected, consisting of John F.
Swift, W. 0. Bartlett, J. S. Thorapson, T. J. Sherwood, W. S.
Montgomery, John Bidwell, F. S. Freeman, Noble Martin, and oth
ers. On perraanent organization, Henry Edgerton was president;
and D. B. Hoffman, Sarauel Soule, Seneca Ewer, William Johnston,.
T. M. Araes, and others, vice-presidents. The coramittee on resolu
tions raade the following report :
Whereas, The bitter dissensions that have divided the citizens of
California into opposite parties, upon purely national questions, for
so many years, having passed away with the civil war and the re
construction measures growing out of the war, it has becorae obvious
that serious local evils are weighing heavily upon the people of this
state, requiring our earnest and thoughtful attention, lest they be
come, through our indifference, perpetual ; and whereas, the so-called
national parties in California have fallen into the control, in a large
raeasure, of the raore worthless elements of society, raanaged in the
interest of certain powerful corporations and associations of indi
viduals, who systematically seek to accumulate wealth at the public
expense, through and by raeans of the raachinery of government,
until affairs have reached a point where the people can no longer
safely trust the political control of the state to either of them;
therefore, resolved :
1. That the people's independent party seeks to unite together the
honest and law-abiding citizens of all portions of California, irre
spective of class, local, or business distinctions, and regardless of
religious or previous political opinions, for the purpose of bringing
about a thorough system of reforra in state, county, and raunicipal
governraents generally, and especially with the view of securing re
trenchraent in public expenditures and consequent reduction in tax
ation ; the regulation and control of all corporations exercising
franchises of a public nature, the reduction to reasonable rates of
fares and freights on railroads, as well as stearaboats operated in.
conjunction with railroads; and the prevention and punishment of
unjust discriminations by railroad and other corporations against
localities and against individuals; the securing from the power or
possibility of monopoly the natural waters of the rivers, streams,
and lakes of the state, and revesting thera once raore in-the people;
the rescue of the inhabitants of our cities and towns from the op
pressive power of water and gas corapanies, and other kindred mo
nopolies; the purification of the administration of justice throughout

RESOLUTIONS OF INDEPENDENT PARTY. 343
thte state, by reforming the grand jury system so that powerful crim
inals may be punished as well as weak, and generally to secure such
improved legislation in the interest of good governraent as wisdom
and an honest purpose of reforra may suggest.
2. That for the more perfect accomplishment of the foregoing
ends, this convention, composed of delegates representing all parts
of California, pledges the "people's independent party," and its nom
inees for office throughout the state, to support and carry out by all
' lawful and proper means, the policy and purposes of the party as
set fbrtli in this platform.
3. That to this end the agricultural and raining counties of the
interior hereby enter into a soleran league and covenant to and with
the cities, and the cities pledge themselves as solemnly to the. coun
ties of the interior, that all officers, executive, legislative, and judi
cial, elected by this party, in any part of California, shall in good
faith endeavor, in their official capacity, lawfully to remedy the
grievances of the people, not only such as are peculiar to their own
special constituencies or locality, but of all other portions of the
state as well.
4. That we repeat and reaffirra the principles of the party, as laid
dpwn and resolved upon by the judicial convention of the people's
independent party, held at Sacraraento, in September, A. D. 1873,
and make them a portion of this platform as fully as if herein set
forth at large.
Whereas, Through improvident and inconsiderate legislation, the
funda generously appropriated by the nation, and materially in
creased by our state, its cities and counties, to aid in constructing
the Pacific railroad, have been so eraployed that a small number of
individuals, acting in corporate capacity, now own and control the
only transcontinental railroad in the country, together with almost
the entire railroad systera of the state, as well as the river steamers
and ferry boats plying upon our interior waters, thereby practicaUy
monopolizing not only the entire overland traffic, but likewise the
general carrying trade of the state and coast; and, whereas, the cor
porations controlling these railroads arid steamboats possess and'
exercise the power to arbitrarily make, levy, and collect their rates
of freights and passenger fare, and to exact and enforce rules and'
regulations at their own pleasure; and, whereas, it is apparent that'
there can be no final relief from the excessive charges and unjust'
discriminations of the railroad corporations through competition.

344 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA
because of their vast wealth and power, which are invariably, used
to break down all rival enterprises, and to ruin the projectors, and
failing in that, then to corabine with them against the people ; and,
whereas, in order to retain this power to fix rates, and to discrim
inate at pleasure, and to prevent any legislative relief from being
extended to the people, the railroad corporations have, in the past,
systematically intermeddled with and corrupted the politics of the
state, using their wealth and influence to elevate scheming men, and
in many instances their interested partisans, and to place them in
the legislature and other stations of trust where they could vote
away the people's rights, until the domination of the railroad and
other corporations in our politics and governraent has becorae an
intolerable evil ; therefore, resolved :
5. That there is and can be no safety to good government, to cap
ital, or to production, so long as the corporations engaged in trans
portation by railroad and steamboat in this state possess the power,
independently of the law, to make their own rules and regulations,
or to establish and collect tolls and rates of freight and fare at their
own unrestricted will and pleasure.
6. That the rates of freight and fare charged and collected upon
the railroads of California, and upon the stearaboats owned and
operated in connection with them, in most places where there is no
competition, are unjust, unequal, and excessively high. And that
the power now exercised by the railroad corporations in making
their rules and regulations, as well as their said rates, is exercised
in an unjust and oppressive manner, to the injury of individuals and
localities, as well as the general productive interests of the state.
7. That the people's independent party hereby pledges its nomi
nees for office throughout the state, to reduce said rates of freight
and fare, by law, to a just and fair standard, based upon 'the actual
cost of the road and the expenses of operation; and also to the en
actraent of laws to prevent and punish all manner of unjust dis
criminations against individuals or localities, and generally to reduce
the railroad corporations to the supervision and control of the laws
of the land.
8. That while we seek by all lawful raeans to drive the railroad
corporations out of politics, and to protect the people by wise and
calmly considered laws from extortion and unjust discrimination at
their hands, yet we fully acknowledge the great value to the com
munity of a properly constructed and justly managed system of rail-

RESOLUTIONS OF INDEPENDENT PARTY. 345
roads, and will ever stand ready to accord due appreciation and
generous treatment to those who so construct and raanage them.
9. That we favor the construction of all independent lines of
competing railroads, to connect the Atlantic states with Califomia,
provided they be built and operated in the interest of the people,
and not solely in that of the monopolists, as is the case with the
railroads now existing in this state.
Whereas, In certain parts of the state irrigation of the soil is
absolutely essential to the proper development of our agricultural
interests ; therefore, resolved :
10. That to this end the waters of the lakes and rivers of the
state should be and remain forever in the ownership and control of
the public, and never allowed upon any pretence to become the sub
ject of private monopoly.
11. That the separation of the proprietorship of the land frora
that of the water necessary for its irrigation, is fraught with dan
ger, not only to the agriculturists, but to the entire commonwealth,
and should be discouraged by law.
12. That the legislature should speedily enact proper laws to en
courage and favor irrigation in the agricultural districts of the state
wherever needed, and to prevent the raonopoly by speculators of the
natural waters necessary thereto, at the same time having due re
gard for the wants of the mining localities, and fostering and pro
tecting the just rights of those engaged in raining pursuits.
Whereas, The Spring Valley water company is a corporation
which has been permitted by the legislature to obtain a practical
monopoly of the fresh water within and adjacent to the city and
county of San Francisco, ao that it now claima control of all the
sourcea of water supply within an area of 180 railes of the chief
city of the state; and, whereas, said corporation was allowed to ob
tain said monopoly upon the expreaa condition specified in the law
authorizing its existence, that it would supply the inhabitants of
said city and county with pure, fresh water 'for domestic uses, at
reasonable rates, and likewise, that it would furnish the raunicipal
govemment thereof with water in case of fire or other great neces
sity, free of charge; and, whereas, said Spring Valley water company
has willfully violated the conditions set forth in its said charter,
amongst other things, by extorting frora the inhabitants of said city
and county excessive and enormous rates for water for domestic
uses, so that in said city and county it has come to pass that the

346 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
water necessary for a family costs more than their bread, while the
rates charged for raanufacturing purposes make it so expensive as
to be a grievous burden upon productive industry; therefore, resolved :
13. That this convention pledges the people's independent party
and its nominees throughout the state, if elected, to join with the
representatives from the city and county of San Francisco, in their
efforts to place said corporation, and all other water corapanies in
the state, under just control of the law,-- to reduce and flx its rates
so that they shall be reasonable to the inhabitants of the said city
and county, and so that in no event shall said corporation levy or
collect any rate for water beyond what shall be necessary to pay in
terest iipon the actual capital invested in the construction of said
works and the purchase of land, disregarding all watered stock or
sham and pretended outlays of raoney.
Whereas, The greatest obstacle to the construction of a proper
system of water-works for our cities and towns, and especially for
the city and county of San Francisco, is to be found in the bands of
organized schemers arid corruptionists who infest the state, and
who, through the vicious laws now upon our statute bbbks providing
for thfe appropriation of lakes and water courses, by corporations for
speculative purposes, seize upon or make claira to all the waters
within convenient distance of any town or city, and then by fraud
and corruption induce the raunicipal authorities to buy them out at
enorraous and exaggerated prices; nor is this the sole and only
danger : The speculators do not hesitate to influence the elections,
and to corrupt the politics of the state, so as to secure the election
of officers favorable to their purposes, sheltering theraselves and their
scheraes under the false pretense of supposed benefits to the publio,
which they are only seeking to despoil; therefore, resolved :
14. That this party and its nominees throughout the state are
pledged to oppose all attempts on the part of any water corapany, cor
poration and individual, to sell any water-works scheme or pretended
water rights to the city of San Francisco, or to any town or city of
this state, at a price in excess of the money or capital actually ex
pended by such company or individual in land and works, exclusive
of the supposed value of any water right, disconnected frora the
ownership in fee siraple of land ; it being a cardinal principle with
the people's independent party that the fresh water in the rivers
and lakes of this state, as well as the rains that descend from the
clouds, belongs of right to the whole people, and that any ownership

RESOLUTIONS OF; INDEPENDENT PARTY. 347
or monopoly of it by any corporation or person, beyond what they
shall put to sorae beneficial use, is a wrong to the entire coraraunity.
Whereas, The city of San Francisco has been for years suffering
frora the exactions of the San Francisco gas corapany, a corporation
which, by issuing bonds or stock from time to time to buy off oppo
sition and to prevent competition, as well as by watering its stock
many times over in order to conceal its enormous earnings, has in
creased its capital to a sura vastly beyond the real value of its works,
but yet, nevertheless, continues to charge excessive prices for gas^
and to pay dividends upon this pretended capital, greatly to the
injury of the inhabitants of said city and county; therefore, re
solved :
15. That the people's independent party and its norainees are
pledged to the enactment of laws regulating the quality and illumi
nating power of gas furnished by said corapany, and by all gas com
panies in this state, as well as the price thereof, so that gas shall be
furnished at such a rate as shall afford a fair profit upon the cost of
production and distribution of the sarae, and no more.
Whereas, The expenses of the government of the state of Cali
fornia, its cities, counties, and towns, have been allowed to greatly
exceed the expenses of other states, cities, counties, and towns in
this union, by reason of the payment of salaries in excess of the
earnings of citizens engaged in private business pursuits, as well as
by the prevalence of a spirit of improvidence, and even jobbery, in
raany of the departraents, until the weight of taxation rests heavily
upon the raasses of the people; therefore, resolved :
16. That this party is pledged to a general- retrenchraent in pub
lic expenditures, and a reduction of official salaries throughout the
state, and in the cities and counties.
17. That the people's independent party pledges its nominees to-
endeavor to secure a repeal of all laws permitting public officers,.
upon any pretence whatever, to collect fees for their own use or
benefit; and further, to require their payment, in all cases where
collected, into the ,public treasury.
18. That the people's independent party stands by the constitu
tion of the state, which provides that taxation shall be equal and
uniform, and that all property should be taxed once, and no more >
and that any law which taxes the sarae capital in any form more
than once, is a law of discriraination, and should be repealed.

348 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Whereas, It is of paramount importance that each and every cit
izen, whether rich or poor, shall be made to bear his just share of
taxation to support the governraent under which he lives, and in
proportion to his wealth and no raore; and, whereas, it has been
found in practice that asseaaors have in some instances arbitrarily
decreased the assessments of favored individuals at the expense of
the general coraraunity, thereby inflicting an injury striking at the
very foundation of our systera of governraent ; therefore, resolved :
19. That this party is pledged to use all lawful raeans, by the
enactment of proper statutes and otherwise, to eradicate and put an
end to this vicious practice.
20. That this party is pledged to a thorough and careful revision
of the laws regulating the qualifications of grand and petit juries,
and to a reforra in the method of drawing the same, to the end that
powerful crirainals, and especially corrupt public officers and those
tarapering with them, may be punished, and confidence in the ad
ministration of public justice raaintained.
21. That the people's independent party re-affirras with increased
eraphasis the principle that individual conscience, and not party
discipline, is the only guide to the voter who in good faith seeks re
form in government; and further, that we ask no one to vote for
any candidate upen the pepple's ticket upon the sole ground that
such candidate is the party norainee, but, on the contrary, assert it
as the paramount duty of all citizens to scrutinize the work of this
and all other conventions with care, and to repudiate and vote
against any candidate whose past life or character justify them in
believing he will be false to the people and the principles of good
government. 22. That the sole purpose of the people's independent party in
placing candidates before the people of California for election this
year is that of securing needed reforras in this state, and thatthe
objects of said party sought to be obtained in the raoveraent for
better local governraent are in no wise dependent upofl the question
whether there will or will not be an independent national party or
an independent nomination for president in 1876; and that the vote
-of any citizen for the norainees of the people's independent party ot
California in 1875 does not foreshadow or have any manner of
significance or bearing upon the question of national politics or the
contest for president, but that each citizen will be free to vote and
act when that time shall arrive as his conscience may dictate.

NOMINA TIONS OP INDEPENDENT PARTY. 349
A motion was lost to strike out that portion relative to the gas
and water rates of San Francisco, as was also a motion to strike out
the last resolution.
The following was introduced and lost :
That no man should be removed frora appointed office for political
opinion's sake, and that the political dogma, that to the victors
belong the spoils, is demoralizing and pernicious.
The following resolution was offered and- withdrawn, after debate :
That the public school system is worthy of the comraendation and
support of every Araerican citizen, and should be maintained on
the basis of free unsectarian schools and an undivided fund.
The platform as reported was adopted.
The following norainations were raade on the 23d :
For governor, John Bidwell, M. M. Estee, and A. P. Catlin were
named. On the first ballot, Bidwell had 106; Catlin, 86; and
Estee, 92. Estee then withdrew. On the third ballot, Bidwell
was nominated, by a vote of 197, to 79 for Catlin.
Romualdo Pacheco, for lieutenant-governor, without opposition.
For secretary of state, the candidates were Jaraes 0. Carey and
Williara Roush. After the first ballot, Carey was declared to be
the norainee, but it was afterward ascertained that there had been
a miscount of the votes, and on motion of Carey, the noraination
was given to Rousch.
Lauren E. Orane, for controller, without opposition.
Ferdinand Baehr, for treasurer, without opposition.
Peter Van Clief, for attorney-general, on the first ballot, over
John Lord Love.
Edward Twitchell, for surveyor-general, on the second baUot, over
Johri F. Wade and A. S. Easton.
Paul Morrill, for clerk of the supreme court, without opposition.
J. M. Guinn, for school superintendent, without opposition; Ezra
S. Carr, James C. Carey, G. R. Kelley, Joseph LeConte, and John
Swett being withdrawn.
A state coraraittee was selected, consisting of A. S. HaUidie,
Peter Dean, J. F. Linthicum, E. B. Mott, jr., J. K. Doak, A.
Maurice, S. M. Buck, T. J. Sherwood, D. B. Hoffman, J. F. Cbw-
• dery, and others.

350 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The first district convention met at San Francisco on July 1st,
and norainated John F. Swift for congressraan, without opposition.
The second district convention met at Sacramento on June 23d,
and nominated Charles A. Tuttie for congressman, without opposi
tion. The third district convention met at Sacraraento on June 23d,
and norainated Charles F. Reed for congressman, without opposi
tion. The narae of Luttrell was proposed in the convention, but it
was not considered, as a telegram was read frora him stating that
¦he would abide by the deraocratic convention for his endorsement.
The fourth district convention met at Santa Barbara on July 14th,
and J. S. Thorapson was nominated for congressman, without
opposition. The democratic state convention met at San Francisco on June
¦29th. It was called to order by J. P. Hoge, chairraan of the state
coramittee. John G. Downey was elected temporary chairraan on
the first ballot, by a vote of 175, to 147 for Leander Quint. The
comraittee on platforra consisted of E. J. Lewis, J. R. Jarboe,
Niles Searls, Jaraes T. Farley, G. J. Carpenter, Eugene Casserly,
and Frank McCoppin. On the SOth, a perraanent organization was
effected by the election of Downey as president; and L. Archer,
J. T. Farley, E. J. Lewis, A. F. Coronel, A. M. Rosborough, 0. H.
Mitchell, George W. Henley, and others, vice-presidents. The com
raittee reported the following resolutions, which were unanimously
adopted :
The democratic party of California, in state convention assembled,
in compliance with usage, do assert the following principles as the
basis of their political action, and pledge the candidates about to be
norainated to their hearty support. We declare :
1. That we are opposed to the unconstitutional interference of
the federal adrainistration in the domestic affairs of the states, by
which one portion of the union is ground with taxation to keep an
other portion of the union in a state of bankruptcy and servitude.
2. We conderan the republican party, not only for its contempt of
constitutional obligations, but for its extravagant, partisan, and cor
rupt administration of the federal govemment; for the perversion of.
the functions of the latter to enrich great corporations at the expense
of the public; for the jobbery and frauds which have brought re-

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 351
proach upon democratic institutions; for the Sanbern and Jayne
frauds; for the infamous Washington ring; for the back-pay steal;
the iniquities of the protective system; the curse of inconvertible
paper money; the nepotism of the president ; for its disgraceful dip-
loraatic service, and unfit appointments; for its atterapts to pass an
unconstitutional force bill, which were fortunately frustrated by the
determined front of the democratic minority in both houses of con
gress; and for a catalogue of other enormities which have rendered
that organization offensive even to the raass of those who were once
its supporters.
3. That now, as at all periods, we are in favor of a strict construc
tion of the constitution, and against the exercise of doubtful powers ;
in favor of limiting the powers of legislative bodies ; in favor of a
tariff for revenue only, and a currency convertible into gold and
silver at the will of the holder ; against the profligate and wasteful
system of local improveraents by the federal government, and in
favor of reducing the expenditures of the state government, and of
the counties and towns, and the salaries of officials, which have been
largely increased since the state election of 1871.
4. That the school system and fund of this state are under the
guarantee of the constitution inviolable, and we are opposed to any
diversion of the fund to any purposes except those ordained by the
constitution. 5. We assert the traditional polioy of the democratic party, in
declaring that it is the right and duty of the legislature to regulate
corporations, whether railway, gas, telegraph, water, or otherwise;
to lirait their charges in the interest of the public, and to corapel
thera to serve all citizens -without discrimination, and at reasonable
rates; and that when they refuse to do so, we recognize the right
and declare the intention of making them do so ; and we further
assert it to be the duty of the governraent to preserve the waters of
the state for irrigation and other public uses, instead of perraitting
thera to be raade the raeans of extortion and raonopoly.
6. That the democratic party has no occasion to raake any new
departure or declaration of opposition to the system of subsidies,
when we recall the fact that it is to a democratic state administra
tion that this state owes its deliverance from this oppressive, unjust,
and corrupting system.
7. That we are in favor of calling a convention of delegates elected
by the people, to amend the constitution of the state, as the only
mode of creating a system of governraent at once harmonious and

352 POLITICAL ' CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
efficient, and are therefore opposed to the araendraents to the consti
tution proposed.
8. That the time-honored democratic doctrine of local self-govern
ment is sufficient when properly adrainistered to afford an efficient
reraedy for the evils now caused by Chinese labor, and the presence
among us of an inferior race, detriraental to our moral and physical
health ; that in the interest of all classes in Oalifornia, especially
that of the white working people, we deraand such amendment to
the Burlingame treaty as shall reduce it to a raere commercial con
vention. 9. That we condemn the doctrine whereby the power of the state
to prevent the importation to our shores of degraded persons for
imraoral purposes has been denied.
10. That we favor the speedy completion of a trans-continental
railway on the thirty-second parallel, subject to such liraitations by
the federal and state governraents as shall protect the rights of the
people. 11. That we are in favor of equal taxation, and any departure
from this principle, or any system of taxation which imposes a
double tax upon the same object, is in violation of the spirit of the
constitution and unjust to the best interests of the state.
12. That all legislation intended to regulate the social habits and
customs of the people, so long as those habits and customs do not
interfere with the welfare of society at large, and all legislation of
the character known by the general name of prohibitory laws, is
opposed to the principles of the democratic party, and is calculated
to proraote a pretense of social raorality rather than a well-founded
system of public order and decency.
13. That we invite the hearty co-operation of aU persons, what
ever may have been their past political affinities, to unite with us
in carrying out the principles herein enunciated.
14. That we condemn, as subversive of the rights of the people,
and ruinous to the best interests of the state, the policy of permitting
the lands of the state to becorae a monopoly in the hands of the few
at the expense of the many, and we hereby pledge the democratic
party to the correction of this giant evil.
For governor, Thoraas Findley, Jaraes A. Johnson, William Irwin,
0. T. Ryland, and Philip A Roach were named. Irwin was nomin
ated on the seventh ballot. On the first ballot, four votes were cast
for John S. Hager. The ballots were as follows :

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION.

353

Findley JohnsonIrwin . . .
Hyland Boach .

1

2

3.

4

5

G

87

90

91

94

92

92

53

54

61

59

54

43

104

109

117

119

128

141

63

70

76

73

71

67

34

22

Withdrawn.

75 19
193 58

For lieutenant-govemor, Jaraes A. Johnson, R. 0. Haile, George
Pearce, Frank McCoppin, Marion Biggs (declined), and A. 0. Brad
ford were naraed. First ballot — Johnson, 119; Pearce, 44; Mc
Coppin, 92 ; Bradford, 50 ; Haile, 37. During the secorid ballot
Haile and Pearce withdrew, and Johnson was nominated by a vote
of 194, to 143 for McCoppin, and 6 for Bradford.
The following additional nominations were made :
Thoraas Beck for secretary of state, on the first ballot, by a vote
of 182, to 157 for W. B. 0. Brown. '
J. W. Mandeville for controller, on the first ballot, by a vote of
214, to 37 for 0. 0. Coleraan, 64 for Joseph Roberts, and 11 for R.
Gibbons. J. G. Estudillo for treasurer, on the first ballot, by a vote of 175,
tio 18 for J. M. Estudillo, of Alameda, 40 for Juan B. Castro, 8 for
•Otto Kloppenburg, and~ 103 for A. G. Escandon.
Jo Harailton for attorney-general, on the first ballot, by a vote of
180, to 165 for Thoraas P. Ryan.
Williara Minis for surveyor-general, on the first ballot, over T. J.
Shackleford, G. W. Smith, W. Neely Johnson, G. Howard Thomp
son, and William A. Ord.
On July 1st, the following additional norainations were raade :
D. Barney Woolf for clerk of the supreme court, on the first bal
let, over L. 0. Branch, W. R. Hinkson, and Sands W. Forman.
0. P. Fitzgerald for school superintendent, without opposition.
A state |Committee was selected, consisting of E. J. Lewis, Joseph
F. Black, Caleb Dorsey, W. B. 0. Brown, J. B. Laraar, P. H. Ryan,
H. J. Glenn, W. M. Gwin, jr., Peter Donahue, J. B. CarapbeU, 0.
H. Mitchell, Paul Shirley, J. W. Satterwhite, 0. T. Ryland, Thoraas
Jindley, Eugene Oasserly, L. Quint, P. A. Roach, R. A. Thompson,
A. H. Rose, D. S. Terry, J. P. Hoge, and others.
The first district democratic convention raet at San Francisco, on
23

354 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
July 6th, J. 0. Shorb, Mark L. McDonald, Robert Ferral, and W.
A. Piper were named for congressraan. Ferral withdrew, and Piper
was nominated on the first ballot, by a vote of 35, to 9 for McDonald,
and 10 for Shorb.
The second district convention met at San Francisco, on June
SOth, and Henry Larkin was norainated for congressman, on the
first ballot, by a vote of 47, to 41 for A. W. Roysdon.
The third district convention raet at San Francisco, on June 29th,
and J. K. Luttrell was norainated for congressraan, without oppo
sition. The fourth district convention raet at San Francisco, on July 2d,
and P. D. Wigginton was norainated for congressman, on the first
ballot, by a vote of 47, to 24 for B. D. Wilson, and 16 for Charles
H. Johnson.
The state convention of the temperaiice reform party met at San
Francisco, on June SOth. The body embraced about one hundred
delegates, representing nearly every county in the state. A number
of the delegates were ladies. The convention was called to order
by W. E. Lovett, chairman of the state committee. Joel RusseU
was elected president. Resolutions were adopted favoring economy
in the administration of the governraent ; reraonstrating against the
monopoly of lands by speculators ; favoring the increase of railroad
facilities, but opposing subsidies ; demanding for the whole country
a real, changeable currency, and the enforcement of all laws tending
to the recognition of equal rights of all citizens. The platform also
set forth the evils of intemperance ; deraanded a license tax of at
least $30 per month; opposed - the sale of liquors in groceries; ta
vored a mingling of physical labor with school studies ; demanded
the establishraent of mechanical and agricultural colleges in connec
tion with the university ; favored an eight hour law, and all socie
ties forraed by the masses ; deraanded congressional interference to
prevent Chinese labor; clairaed that mechanics and laboring men
should be represented in congress by their own class ; asserted that
taxes should be paid upon luxuries, and that the revenue should be
drawn from accumulated capital rather than from the current pro
ducts of labor; opposed legislation restricting coraraerce; deraanded
that cities be vested with the right to control their own affairs;
favored a transfer of the city front to the municipality ; deprecated
the abuse of capital ; demanded a sailors' home, and opposed con
vict labor.,

TEMPERANCE REFORM PARTY. 355,
For governor, the naraes of John Bidwell and W. E. Lovett were
presented. A dispatch was read from Bidwell, in answer to one
asking him to accept the noraination, in which he said : "I stand
upon the people's independent platform. Believe firmly in temper
ance. Will accept no further nomination." Lovett was nominated
by a vote of 63, to 34 for Bidwell.
The following additional norainations were made, without opposi
tion; J. V. Goodrich, for lieutenant-governor.
W. H. Baxter, for secretary of state.
Joel Russell, for controller.
George B. Katzenstein, for surveyor-general.
0. P. Thorapson, for treasurer.
G. W. Anthony, for clerk of the suprerae court.
Ezra S. Carr, for school superintendent.
R. E. Thompson, for attorney -general.
No norainations were made for congressraen.
On July 16th, Goodrich, Baxter, and Anthony declined their
norainations, and on the 22d, the state committee nominated W. D.
Hobspn for lieutenant-governor, E. H. Hallett for secretary of state,
and Grant I. Taggart for clerk of the suprerae cburt.
The general state election was held on September 1st, and the
result was as follows :
For Governor— ^heX-^s, 31,322 ; Irwin, 61,509 ; BidweU, 29,752 ;
Lovett, 356.
Lieutenant-Governor — Oavis, 30,932 ; Johnson, 58,424 ; Pacheco,
33,335'; Hobson, 242.
Secretary of State— ^sXlett, 34,174; Beck, 59,746; Roush, 28,-
772. Controller— Green, 36,901; MandeviUe, 57,064; Orane, 28,535;
RusseU, 262.
Treasurer— Beckmsin, 34,222 ; EstudiUo, 59,090 ; Baehr, 29,042 ;
Thorapson, 258.
Attorney-General — Sawyer, 34,002; Hamilton, 60,915; Van
Clief, 27,769.
Surveyor-General— Gardner, 35,098; Minis, 59,677; Twitchell,
27,816. '
Clerk of the Supreme CouT^t—Ta.gga.rt, 34,642; Woolf, 59,723;
MorriU, 28,569.

356 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Congressmen: Fi/rst district — Piper, 12,417; Rankin, 6,791 ;
Swift, 6, 103.
Second district— Va.ge, 13,624; Larkin, 12,154; Tuttie, 5,589.
Third district— L-attrell, 18,468; Denio, 14,284; Reed, 6,770.
Fourth district — Wigginton, 15,649; Thompson, 5,343 ; Hough
ton, 11,090.
At the judicial election held on October 20th, Carr was elected
school superintendent, by a vote of 45,257 to 39,630 for Fitzgerald.

CHAPTER XXVI.
1876. Republican Convention, April 26th — Democratic Convention,
May 24th — Democratic Convention, July 26th — Republican Conven
tion, August gth.
The republican state coramittee met at San Francisco, on March
19th, and called a state convention to meet at Sacraraento on April
26th, to select twelve delegates to attend the national convention,
to meet at Cincinnati on June 14th. The following test was
adopted : "Opposition to the restoration to power of the democratic
party, and an intention to act in good faith with the republican
party." At the time and place indicated, the republican state convention
met, and was called to order by A. G. Abell, chairraan of the state
coraraittee. W. 0. Norton, L. E. Pratt, and L. B. Mizner were
norainated for temporary chairraan. Mizner withdrew, and Norton
was selected, by a vote of 246 to 116 for Pratt. The committee on
resolutions consisted of George G. Blanchard, P. H. McGowan,
E. W. Roberts, Charles F. Reed, and J. V. Kelly. On permanent
organization, Norton was president, and Mizner and Pratt, vice-
presidents. The following resolutions were reported :
1. That we have undiminished faith in the integrity of the repub
lican party of the nation ; that in its principles is the only security
of national existence, prosperity, and honor.
2. That in suppressing the great rebellion, begun and prosecuted
by one wing of the deraocratic party, and countenanced and aided
by the other, and in destroying slavery and preserving the nation,

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 357
the republican party justly earned the gratitude of the lovers of
Uberty and good governraent everywhere ; yet as a political party it
cannot long endure and receive popular support solely on renown
already achieved, however brilliant, but raust go forward and courage
ously deal with other questions now demanding consideration; and
that among such questions there is none more pressing or important
than reforra in the civil service of the governraent, and the coraplete
extirpation of the spoils system, inaugurated by the deraocratic
party. S. That we both admire and approve the action of those who have
been, and are still, engaged in the prosecution and punishment of
official dishonesty. That we are in favor of an economical adrainis
tration of the governraent by honest, faithful, and capable officers.
4. That the republican party of California deprecates now, as it
has done at all times in the past, the presence among us of hordes
of servile Chinese, iniraical to our advanceraent as a nation. That,
while the democratic party has repeatedly resolved against the intro
duction of these people, it has never taken action to prevent it.
That we fully endorse the course of our representatives, to whom is
due the credit of the only laws of reform upon this subject. That we
are in favor of such a modification of the existing treaty with China
as will effectually prevent any further influx of these people into
our state.
5. That wfe favor a return to metallic currency, and the restoration
of the silver coin of the United States to its constitutional equality
with gold as a legal terider.
6. That the funded debt of the nation, the principal and interest
of which was by law made payable in gold, should be so paid, and
that any and every scheme of repudiation, direct or indirect, meets
the hearty conderanation of the republicans of California.
7. That the democracy of this state is not to be trusted as a na
tional party with the possession of the presidential office or^of congress,
because of its purpose to add hundreds of millions to the natiorial
debt, for pensions to confederate soldiers, claims for cotton legally
and justly confiscated, and in the end, over a thousand raillions as
corapensation [for the loss of slaves of the south, the allowance of
which would raost surely result in another war, since loyal union
men will never peacefully corisent to be taxed to pay treason for its
losses. An araendraent was offered and withdrawn, expressing the opinion

358 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA
that no person should be elected president for a third terra. The
resolutions as reported were unanimously adopted. The foUowing
were elected delegates to the national convention :
First congressional district — John Martin and Isaac Hecht.
Second congressional district — L. H. Foote and E. H. Dyer.
Third congressional district — N. D. Rideout and A. P. Whitney.
Fourth congressional district— Josiah Belden and M. E. Gonzales.
For delegates at large, A. G. Abell, George S. Evans, Drury Me
lone, Charles F. Reed, Eugene L. SuUivan, and J. M. Pierce were
nominated. On the first ballot, AbeU had 349 votes; Evans, 317;
Melone, 127; Pierce, 285; Reed, 327, and Sullivan, 119. Abeil,
Evans, Pierce, and Reed were therefore elected.
J. M. Fulweiler moved that the convention express itself in favor
of Jaraes G. Blaine for president, and Ira P. Rankin offered the
folio-wing :
That whUe the republican party contains raany men who, by their
recognized ability and devotion to the principles of the party, have
proved theraselves worthy of public support and confidence, and
capable of filling honorably the highest office in the gift of the peo
ple, the republican party of Oalifornia especially recognizes in the
Hon. James G. Blaine an erainently able and tried exponent of the
principles of the party, of large experience in public life, of the
purest public and private character, and possessing in a marked
dfegree those personal qualities which would do honor to the office of
president of the United States.
That while thus expressing our preference for the Hon. James G.
Blaine, yet having confidence in the intelligence and patriotism of
our delegates to the national convention, we leave them unembar
rassed by instructions, and free to exercise their own deliberate
choice in the convention as the interests of the country may in their
judgraent seera to demand.
.The resolution was adopted.
The democratic state committee met at San Francisco on April
12th, and called a state convention to meet at that city on May 24th,
to select twelve delegates to attend the national convention to assem
ble at St. Louis on June 27th, and to nominate presidential electors.
The state convention was to be composed of 355 delegates. The test
included "all persons who intended to vote for the nominees of the
dembcratic party at the ensuing election."

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 359
¦ On the day named the state convention convened at San Fran
cisco, and was called to order by John 0. Maynard, secretary of the
state comraittee. 0. T. Ryland was elected teraporary chairraan,
without opposition. The coramittee on resolutions consisted of J.
S. Hager, Senator Howe, J. T. Farley, Jo Harailton, J. 0. Burch,
W. J. Tinnin, and others. Considerable difficulty was experienced
in settling contests for seats. In the evening a permanent organ
ization was effected by the election of Ryland as president, and A.
J. Bryant, R. J. Tobin, F. M. Warmcastle, T. F. Bagge, M. Biggs,
and others, vice-presidents. The comraittee on order of business
reported in favor of electing three delegates frora each congressional
district, but the convention, by a vote of 196 to 151, decided to
elect two frora each district, and four at large. The committee also
reported that in regard to norainating presidential electors at that
convention, they were equally divided, and they referred the raatter
• to the convention. After debate, it was decided, by a vote of 227
to 117, to postpone tho nominations until after the adjournment of
the national convention. On the 25th, a state coraraittee was se
lected, consisting of M. R. 0. PuUiam, Jos. F. Black, R. J. Tobin,
J. D. Spencer, W. B. 0. Brown, J. 0. WolfskUl, P. H. Ryan, W.
J. Tinnin, John Boggs, J. 0. Maynard, A. B. Dibble, A. H. Glass
cock, Paul Shirley, J. W. Freeman, A. P. Overton, A. Newman,
Peter Donahue, J. H. Baird, H. F. WiUiams, S. A. Sharp, T. M.
O'Connor, and others. The coramittee on resolutions reported the
following :
The democracy of California, in convention asserabled, adopt and
promulgate the following declaration of principles :
' 1. Fidelity to all the provisions of the constitution of the United
States. 2. A perpetual union of the states, with local self-governraent in
every section.
, 3. Civil service reforra. A restitution of the traits of honesty,
fidelity, and capacity in the selection and qualifications of public
officers. 4. Retrenchment and economy in federal, state, and municipal
administration; reducing the burdens on labor by the reduction of
offices and taxation.
5. Exposure and speedy punishment, by penal laws, of corruption
and peculation in the adrainistration of public affairs. '
6. The private use and appropriation of public funds by official

360 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
custodians, means embezzlement and robbery. Official accounta
bility exacted and enforced by the better administration of civil, and
crirainal laws.
7. State corporations supervisable by and subordinate to state
legislation, in the interests of the people.
8. Free schools, exeinpt frora all sectarian control. A free press;
accountable for abuses to civil and criminal laws.
9. Preservation of public faith and credit, and the honest pay
ment of the public debt.
10. The' money of the constitution, gold and silver, the only legal
tender. 11. A tariff for purposes of revenue only.
12. No Chinese iraraigration. It is so thoroughly obnoxious to.
our people and institutions, that its prohibition is imperatively de
manded, and all the powers of the governraent should be exerted to
that end.
The committee also recommended the adoption of the follbwing:
That the majority of our delegation to the national convention
cast the vote of this state as a unit.
E. J. Lewis offered the following araendraent to the coramittee
report :
Whereas, The Hon. Samuel J. Tilden, governor of New York, by
his manly defense of the people against the corrupt schemes of po
litical tricksters, has pointed him out as the true reformer and fit
champion of the people in the conflict with official corruption, and
by his bold advocacy of hard money as the circulating mediura ot
our country, has raade hiraself an unobjectionable leader of the
deraocratic party; therefore, resolved, that his nomin9,tion for pres
ident of the United States, by the national democratic convention
would be acceptable to the democratic party of Oalifornia, and a
glorious victory in the cause of honest governraent.
After a discussion, the report of the coramittee was unanimously
adopted, so far as the platform was concerned. The resolution to
instruct the delegation to vote as a unit was then carried by a vote
of 257 to 96. The Lewis resolution was adopted without opposi
tion. Delegates to the national convention were then selected as
follows: . -
First congressional district — William Dunphy and George H.
Rogers.

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 361
Second congressional district-^John 0. Hays and F. T. Baldwin.
Third congressional district — Armand Bay and George N. Corn-
well. Fourth congressional district — J. F. Moultrie and T. D. Mott.
For delegates at large, John S. Hager, Joseph P. Hoge, J. W.
Taylor, John G. Downey, Jaraes L. English, and Eugene Casserly
were named. On the first ballot, Hager had 250 votes; Taylor^
257; Hoge, 282; Downey, 139;. EngUsh, 267; and Oasserly, 239.
Hager, Hoge, English, and Taylor were therefore elected.
The convention then adjourned to raeet on the last Wednesday in
July. Pursuant to adjournment, the deraocratic convention raet at San
Francisco on July 26th. The comraittee on resolutions reported the
following, which were unaniraously adopted :
1. That the democracy of California accept and endorse the demo
cratic declaration of principles, adopted at their recent national
deraocratic convention assembled at St. Louis, as a true and faithful
exposition of deraocratic sentiraents upon the political issues of the
day. 2. That the Chinese plank of our national platform is in strict
conformity with our resolutions adopted at our late aeasion, and is so
bold and unequivocal a stand on this iraportant question, so vital to
our prosperity as a state, that we congratulate the people of the
Pacific slope on the prospect thus afforded of speedy relief.
3. That the thanks of this convention are hereby tendered to our
national delegates for their faithful and efficient representation of
the democracy of this state in the national councils of our party.
4. That we hail with pleasure the names presented for the presi
dency and vice-presidency, the raodel governors of the union, Samuel
J. Tilden, of New York, and Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana,
and unqualifiedly ratify their nominations.
5. That the great issue bf local self-governraent and reforra against
centralization and official corruption is now fairly before the people
of the union, and we as patriots dare not anticipate defeat.
6. That one raission above all others in the war we are now
waging against the present administration and its allies, is the
enforcement of that God given coramand, "Thou shalt not steal."
The following nominations were madcifor pj-eaic^ ential electors :
First district, Stuart M. Taylor ; second district, Joseph H. Budd;.

362 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
third district, Barclay Henley; fourth district, Frank Ganahl; at
large, J. Oampbell Shorb and John S. Hager.
For alternate electors, the following were naraed :
First district, John Mullan; second district, Theodore F. Bagge;
third district, Marion Biggs; fourth district, Juan B. Castro. At
large, Joseph Naphtaly and Caraeron H. King were nominated, over
M. G. Vallejo and 0. M. Wozencraft.
A raotion was made and lost to nominate a candidate for state
-controller, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of J. W. Mande
ville. The first district convention met at San Francisco on May 25th, and
nominated William A. Piper for congressman, without opposition.
The second district convention raet at Sacramento on September
20th, and nominated G. J. Carpenter for congressman, without
opposition. The third district convention met at San Francisco on July 26th,
and nominated J. K. Luttrell for congressraan, without opposition;
Barclay Henley withdrawing.
The fourth district convention met at San Francisco on May 25th,
and nominated P. D. Wigginton for congressraan, without opposi-
tibn. The second republican state convention met at San Francisco on
August 9th, and was called, to order by A. G. Abell, the chairman
of the state comraittee. W. 0. Norton was elected teraporary chair
raan, without opposition. The comraittee on resolutions consisted
of G. G. Blanchard, E. W. Roberts, Calvin Edgerton, Jaraes E. Hale,
R, Burnell, S. F. Gilcrest, and E. S. Saloraon. On permanent
organization, Norton was president; and W. H. Sears, L. H. Foote,
H. W. Briggs, and R. Burnell were vice-presidents, The conven
tion determined to norainate a candidate for state controller. An
adjournment was then taken until evening.
During the recess, the delegates frora the first congressional dis
trict raet and norainated D. A. McKinley for elector, on the first
baUot, over Paul Neuman, George F. Baker, Louis R. Lull, Dr. H.
Cox, and J. McM. Shafter. O. F. Von Rhein was norainated for
alternate elector, without opposition.
The second district delegates norainated John B. Felton for
elector, without opposition ; L.. H. Foote withdrawing. George G.
Blanchard was norainated for alternate.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTIONS. 363
The third district delegates norainated John H. Jewett for elector,
-without opposition. For alternate, Jerorae Banks, A. P. Whitney,
H. W. Byington, and L. W. Watkins were naraed, and Banks was
nominated, on the first ballot.
The fourth district delegates norainated H. J. Ostrander for
¦elector, on the first ballot, over Thoraas Fallon and W. E. Lovett.
G. 0. Reed was nominated for alternate, on the first ballot, over
-J. F. Richards and 0. S. Abbott.
In the evening, the state convention raet. D. M. Kenfield was
nominated for controller, without opposition ; Bernard Lande with-
-drawing. The nominations which had been made by the district
¦conventions for electors and alternates were ratified.
John F. Miller and Morris M. Estee were norainated for electors
at large, without opposition ; and Paul Neuraan and J. McM. Shafter
-were nominated for alternate electors at large.
A state comraittee was selected, consisting of J. T. Richards,
WiUiam Sharkey, N. W. Spaulding, H. T. Dorrance, A. Briggs, R
BumeU, E. A. Davis, J. Buhlert, 0. Rowell, J. H. Neff, Sol. Jewett,
J. R. Brierly, M. D. Boruck, Thoraas Fallon, J. G. Wickersham,
R. Chute, 0. Clayton, A. G. Abell, W. W. Dodge, E. B. Mott, jr.,
L. Sloss, W. F. Whittier, 0. N. Felton, F. K. Shattuck, S. O.
Houghton, and others.
The comraittee on resolutions reported the following :
1. That the delegates of the republican party of Oalifornia, in
¦state convention asserabled, do reaffirra and endorse the platform of
the national republican convention held at Cincinnati, and adopt
the same as the chart of our political principles.
2. That we heartily endorse the action of that convention in nomi
nating Rutherford B. Hayes as our candidate for president and
William A. Wheeler, vice-president, and reCognize in them cham
pions of honest and stable governraent — the true representatives of
popular reforra and popular liberty.
3. That we do reaffirra and endorse the announcement of princi
ples contained in the letters of acceptance of those of our national
candidates, that "office should be conferred only on the basis of high
character and particular fitness, and should be adrainistered only as
public trusts and not for private advantage.''
4. That as a great national party, devoted to the interests of the
laboring masses, we are opposed to the further iraraigration of the
Chinese, and we deraand, and will use all the raeans in our power

364 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
procure, a raodification of the present treaty between the govern*
ment of the United States and the Chinese erapire, so as to entirely
prevent the further imraigration of a people araong us, who, by
reason of their uniforra, ingrained character and national antece
dents are equally incapacitated frora becoraing Araerican citizens,
or of becoraing desirable members of our Araerican comraunities, and
whose presence and further introduction is prejudicial to the indus
trial interests of the nation.
5. That the interests of California and the welfare of the country
deraand resuraption of specie- payraent at the earliest practicable
raoment, and the maintenance of all laws and statutes providing for
resuraption. The resolutions were adopted, without opposition.
The first district convention raet at San Francisco on August 10th,.
and nominated Horace Davis for congressman, without opposition. .
The second district convention met at San Francisco on August
10th, and norainated H. F.Page for congressman, without opposi
tion. The third district convention raet at San Francisco- on August
9th, and norainated Joseph McKenna for congressraan, without
opposition. The fourth district convention jnet at San Francisco on August-
10th, and nominated R. Pacheco for congressraan, without opposi
tion. The election was held on Tuesday, Noveraber 7th, and the official
canvass developed the following result :
Democrobtic Electors— Shorh, 76,460; Hager, 76,464; Taylor,.
76,461; Budd, 76,451; Henley, 76,458 ; Ganahl, 76,460.
Republican, Electors— Miller, 79,258; Estee, 79,259; McKinley,.
79,254; Felton, 78,264; Jewett, 79,260; Ostrander, 79,255.
Greenback Electors — B. K. Lowe, S. H. Herring, J. H. Redstone,
J. Condia, A. Cridge, and 0. B. Smith, 47 each.
Congressmen. — First District — Piper, 19,363; Davis, 22,134,,
Second District — Carpenter, 15,916; Page, 20,815. Third Dis
trict— Luttrell, 19,846; McKenna, 18,990. Fourth District— Wig
ginton, 19,103; Pacheco, 19,104.
Controller— W. B, 0. Brown. 75,567; Kenfield, 78,529.
On Deceraber fith, the republican electors raet in the office of the

THE WORKINGMEN'S MOVEMENT. 365
.secretary of state, in the state capitol, and cast the vote of California
for Hayes and Wheeler for president and vice-president. John F.
Miller was selected messenger to convey the returns to Washington.
After the official canvass, Kenfield filed his oath of office and bond
as controller, but Governor Irwin refused to deliver to him a cora
mission for the office. Kenfield instituted an action in the district
court for a writ of raandate, to be directed to the governor, to compel
him to issue the comraission. The district court sustained a de
murrer to the petition, and the supreme court, at its April term,
1877, affirmed the judgment of the court below. Brown therefore
teld over during the entire term.
The secretary of state refused to issue a certificate of election to
Pacheco as a member of congress, and at the January term, 1877,
the supreme court of the state directed that a peremptory writ of
, mandate issue to the secretary of state, commanding hira to canvass
the vote as it had been transmitted to him by the county clerks, and
to issue a certificate of election to the person having the highest
number of votes. In accordance with this decision, the certificate of
election was issued to Pacheco, and he proceeded to Washington,
and was sworn in as congressraan on Deceraber 3d, 1877. Wigginton
instituted a contest for the seat. A minority of the coraraittee on
-elections of the house of representatives reported in favor of adrait
ting Pacheco, but the raajority sustained Wigginton. The majority
report was adopted on February 7th, 1878, by a vote of 126 to 137,
and Wigginton took the oath of office on that day and served out
the remainder of the term.

CHAPTER XXVII.
1877. 'Workingmen's Movement and the Kearney Excitement.
On the evening of September 21st, a meeting of unemployed
workingmen was held at San Francisco, attended by about 2,000
^persons. Philip A. Roach was the first speaker. Dennis Kearney
addressed the meeting afterward. He said that as the question of
labor then stood, every workingman should add a rausket to his
'household property. He predicted that within one year there would
¦be at least 20,000 laborers in San Francisco, well arraed, well organ
ized and well able to demand and take what they will, despite the

366 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
military, the police, and the "safety coramittee." He said that a.
little judicious hanging about that time would be the best course to-
pursue with the capitalists and stock sharps who were robbing the
people. It was resolved that a headquarters be established, and that
the unemployed workingmen should sign their naraes as members of
a self-protective organization.
On the afternoon of September 23d (Sunday), an open-air meeting;
of unemployed workingmen was held on the vacant lot in front of
the new city hall in San Francisco, and was attended by about seven
hundred persons. This was the first of a series of raeetings that
were held at the sarae place, the design of which was to secure the
co-operation of the working element. On account of the place where
the meetings were held, they were called "sand lot gatherings.'' At
this meeting J. G. Day was elected president of the organization,
and Kearney treasurer. One week later, on the 30th, another meet
ing was held, at which very intemperate language was indulged in^
and a division occurred in the ranks of the new party. One branoh
adjourned to raeet on the following Friday evening, and the other on
the following Sunday aftemoon. On October 5th a raeeting was
held, which was attended by about one hundred and fifty persons..
Kearney was elected president of the organization; Day, vice-presi
dent, and H. L. Knight, secretary. A coraraittee of five was ap
pointed to prepare a set of principles, and they reported as follows :
The object of this association is to unite all poor and working men
and their friends into one political party, for the purpose of defend
ing theraselves against the dangerous encroachments of capital on.
the happiness of our people and the liberties of our country.
We propose to wrest the governraent from the hands of the rich
and place it in those of the people, where it properly belongs.
We propose to rid the country of cheap Chinese labor as soon as
possible, and by all the raeans in our power, because it tends still raore-
to degrade labor and aggrandize capital.
We propose to destroy land raonopoly in our state by such laws-
as will make it impossible.
We propose to destroy the great raoney power of thp rich by a
systera of taxation that will make great wealth impossible in the-
future. We propose to provide decently for the poor and unfortunate, the
weak, the helpless, and especially the young, because the country is.

THE WORKINGMEN'S MOVEMENT. 367
rich enough to do so, and religion, huraanity and patriotisra deraand
that we should do so.
We propose to elect none but corapetent workingmen and their
friends to any office whatever. The rich halve ruled us until they
have ruined us. We will now take our own affairs into our own
hands. The republic must and shall be preserved, and only work-
ingraen will do it. Our shoddy aristocrats want an emperor and a
standing army to shoot down the people.
For these purposes we propose to organize ourselves into the
workingmen's party of Oalifornia, and to pledge and enroll therein
all who are willing to join us in accomplishing these ends.
When we have 10,000 raembers we shall have the sympathy and
support of 20,000 other workingmen.
The party will then wait upon all who employ Chinese and ask
for their discharge, and it will mark as public enemies, those who
refuse to coraply with their request.
This party will exhaust all peaceable raeans of attaining its ends;
but it will not be denied justice, when it has the power to enforce '
it. It will encourage no riot or outrage, but it will not volunteer to
repreaa, or put down, or arrest, or prosecute the hungry and ira
patient, who manifest their hatred of the Chinaraen by a crusade
against "John," or those who emfSloy hira. Let those who raise the
storm by their selfishness, suppress it themselves. If they dare
raise the devil, let thera raeet hira face to face. We will not help
thera. The other faction of the party was headed by a man named-
Bates. On October 7th the two factions raet at the sand lots, and
in the course of his remarks, Kearney referred to the rival faction
in this language: "You will have to mob these white Sioux and white
pigtail raen first. You will have to shoot them down on the streets,'
betore you begin on the Chinese." At this point, the crowd began
to follow out the instructions of the speaker by overturning the
stand from which one of the rival orators was addressing the people.
The stand' was righted, and again overturned, and the speaker was
chased back to his own crowd, who occupied a different portion of
the lot. On October 8th, notwithstanding the incleraency of the
weather, about twelve hundred workingraen of the Kearney faction
held a raeeting on the steps of the United States raint, and a club-
was organized in the tenth ward. On that day the board of super
visors of San Francisco considered the subject of providing for the

368 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
unemployed, and the finance committee reported that the board had
no power to appropriate money frora the public treasury to meet the
eraergency. Mr. Wise offered the following resolution, which was
laid over:
That the finance committee be and are hereby authorized to con
fer with such of the influential citizens of this city and county as
in their judgment they raay think proper, to the end that they may,
together with his honor, the mayor, devise such ways and means as
they may think raost expedient to provide eraployraent, and relieve
the distress at present existing' among a large class of the inhabi
tants of this city.
After that, meetings were held nightly at different points in San
Francisco to organize ward clubs. On October 11th, about eight
hundred persons met at the corner of Fifth and Folsom streets, and
after the adjournment, an attack was raade on a Chinese washhouse,
the windows of which were broken. On the following Sunday, at
- the sand-lot meeting, Kearney stated that the attack on the wash-
house had been raade by a vicious boy, and that the object of the
-organization was not to sack individual washhouses, but to strike a
blow that would break up the entire Chinese institution. On Oc
tober 16th, a raanifesto, signed by Kearney, as president of the
workingmen'? party of California, and Knight, as secretary, appeared
in the San Francisco Chronicle, to the editor ot which paper it was
addressed. The document recited :
We have made no secret of our intentions. We raake none. Be
fore you and before the world we declare that the Chinaman must
leave our shores. We declare that white men, and women, and boys,
and girls, cannot live as the people of the great republic should and
compete with the single Chinese coolie in the labor market. We
declare that we cannot hope to drive the Chinaman away by work
ing cheaper than he does. None but an eneray would expect it of
us; none but an idiot could hope for success; none but a degraded
coward and slave would raake the effort. To an American, death is
preferable to life on a par with the Chinaman. What then is left
to us? Our votes! We can organize. We can vote our friends
into all the offices of the state. We can send our representatives to
Washington. We can use all legitimate means to convince our ¦
countrymen of our misfortunes and ask thera to vote the moon-eyed
nuisance out of the couhtry. But this raay fail. Congress, as you
have seen, has often been raanipulated by thieves, peculators, land

THE WORKINGMEN'S MOVEMENT. 369
grabbers, bloated bondholders, railroad raagnates, and shoddy aristo
crats—a golden lobby dictating its proceedings. Our own legisla
ture is little better. The rich rule thera by bribes. The rich rule
the country by fraud and cunning; and we say that fraud and cun
ning shall not rule us. We call upon our fellow workingmen to
show their hands, to cast their ballots aright and to elect the raen of
their choice. We declare to them that when they have shown their
wUl that "John" should leave our shores, and that wiU shall be
thwarted by fraud or cash, by bribery and corruption, it will be
right tor thera to take their own affairs into their own hands and
raeet fraud with force. Is this treason,? Then raake the raost of it.
Treason is better than to labor beside a Chinese slave. Your cor
respondent " Citizen" thinks these expressions dangerous to the pub
lic peace, and calls upon the officers of the law to prosecute us. He
makes the old plea of oppressors everywhere, that such teachings
tend to disturb the public tranquiUity. MacMahon says this of the
speeches of Garabetta. Every tyrant has said the sarae. King
George spoke thus of the utterances of Patrick Henry. Who is
this "Citizen" who dares not write his name? this coward, who
would have somebody else shoot down his own race to make room
for the moon-eyed Mongolian ? Let him know that the workingmen
know their rights, and know, also, how to maintain them, and mean
to do it The reign of bloated knaves is over. The people are
about to take their own affairs into their own hands, and they will
not be stayed either by "Citizen," vigilantes, state militia, nor
United States troops. The people make these things, and can set
them aside. The American citizen has a right to express himself as
he pleases, as he thinks, and to arm himself as he will, and when
organized and strong enough, who shall make him afraid ? There is
none. On October 29th, about three thousand persons held a meeting on
the sumrait of " Nob Hill," in San Francisco, in the vicinity of the
residences of the directors of the Central Paciflc railroad company,
and speeches of a very inflammatory nature were made. The public
exciteraent which was engendered by these frequent raeetings be
oame great, and on Noveraber 1st the city authorities of San Fran
cisco held a consultation with Kearney and the other leading agita
tors, but no understanding was arrived at.
On Noveraber 3d, a raeeting was held at the corner of Washing
ton and Kearny streets, and while Kearney was addressing the

370 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
crowd, a number of policemen ran up stairs into a room which
opened on the balcony where the speaker was, and arrested hini.
This created an intense excitement in the audience, but Kearney
motioned the crowd back and was taken to the city prison. The
following resolutions were then adopted by the meeting :
That as workingraen of this city and representatives of the indus
trial interests of California, we hold that the system of strict party
caucusing for the noraination of candidates by the legislature does
not best tend to secure the rights and interests of all classes aUke.
That we earnestly request our legislature either to dispense with
the usual party caucusing in the noraination of United States sen
ator, or that, if strict party caucuses are held, a conservative caucus
also be held to norainate sueh a raan for the position as will be the
true friend of the industrial classes and not the raere slave of cap
ital or party.
Two coraplaints were lodged against Kearney for raisdemeanor.
One charged him with having uttered language tending to incite the
assemblage of persons on " Nob Hill," whom he addressed, to deeds of
violence, and the following is the language, credited to hira :
The Central Pacific raen are thieves, and wiU soon feel the power
of the workingraen. When I have thoroughly organized ray party
we will march through the city and compel the thieves to give up
their plunder. I will lead you to the city hall, clear out the police
force, hang the prosecuting attorney, burn every book that has a
particle of law in it, and then enact new laws for the workingmen,
I will give the Central Pacific just three months to discharge their
Chinamen, and if that is not done Stanford and his crowd will have
to take the consequences. I will give Crocker until November 29th
to take down the fence around Yung's house, and if he does not do
it, I will lead the workingmen up there and tear it down, and give
Crocker the worst beating with the sticks that a raan ever got.
The other charge was for the following language, which was
alleged to have been used in a speech delivered at the Irish-Ameri
can hall :
I want to make a motion. The raan who claims to be a leader —
the first man who flags interest in this movement — I want to make
a motion that he be hung up to a lamp post. By the eternal, we
will take thera by the throat and choke thera until their life's blood
ceases to beat and then run thera into the sea. A fine young man

THE WORKINGMEN'S MOVEMENT. 371
asked me : "What position are you going to give rae ?" His name
is Lynch. I said : "I will raake you chief judge." His narae is
Lynch, recollect — Judge Lynch — and that is the judge that the
workingmen will want in California if the condition of ttings is not
ameliorated. I advise everyone within the sound of my voice, if he is
able, to own a rausket and a hundred rounds of araraunition.
On the night of Kearney's arrest, it was apprehended that an
attempt would be made to rescue him by force, and the military of
San Francisco were called out and reraained in their armories in
anticipation of trouble. The Chinese became fearful that an attack
would be made on their quarters, and on November Sd, the following
appeal, signed by the presidents of the Chinese six companies, was
refceived by the mayor of San Francisco :
We, the undersigned, presidents of the Chinese six companies of
this city and state, desire to call your immediate attention to a state
of things which seems to us to threaten the lives and property of the
Chinese residents, as well as the peace and good name of this muni
cipality. In the multitude of responsibilities which tax your time and
strength, it may possibly have escaped your notice that large
.gatherings of the idle and irresponsible element of the population of
this city are nightly addressed in the open streets by speakers -who
use the most violent, inflammatory, and incendiary language, threaten
ing in plainest terras to burn and pillage the Chinese quarter and
kill our people unless, at their bidding, we leave this "free republic."
The continuance of these things for many days with increasing fury,
-without any check or hinderance by the authorities, is causing the
Chinese people great anxiety, and in the iraraediate danger which
seems again to threaten us as well as to threaten the peace and
good name of the city, we (as on a former occasion) appeal to you,
the-mayor and chief magistrate of this municipality, to protect us to
the full extent of your power in all our peaceful, constitutional and
treaty rights against all unlawful violence and all riotous proceed
ings now threatening us. We would deprecate the results of mob
violence, for we not only value our property and cherish our lives,
which now seem in jeopardy, but we should also regret to have the
good narae of this christian civilization tarnished by the riotous pro
ceedings of its own citizens against the "Chinese heathen." As a
rule, our countrymen are better acquainted with peaceful voca
tions than with scenes of strife, yet we are not ignorant that self-

372 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
defense is the common right of all raen ; and should a riotous attack
be raade upon the Chinese quarter, we should have neither the power
nor disposition to restrain our countrymen frora defending them
selves to the last extreraity and selling their lives as dearly as
possible. But we trust and beUeve that it is entirely within the scope of
your honor's power and in accordance with your high sense of jus
tice, to prevent these threatened evils. That we may do all in our
power as good citizens to preserve the peace and avert a riot, we
most respectfuUy submit these stateraents and raake this earnest
appeal to your honor.
On the 4th, a large raeeting of the workingraen was held and
intense exciteraent pervaded the entire city of San Francisco. J. G.
Day, Wra. Kennedy, H. L. Knight, James WiUey, 0. 0. O'Donnell,
and Charles E. Piiikett, who had been prominent as speakers at the
meetings, were placed under arrest. On the 7th, the executive com
mittee of the workingmen's party issued an address to the merabers
of the party, which was signed by A. A. Stout and Wra. Wellook.
The address was as follows :
Our leaders having been arrested and incarcerated in the city
prison for having dared to exercise the right of free speech — a right
guaranteed by the constitution of our government, the first impulse
no doubt, that filled your breasts, was to liberate them by force —
the expression of which you gave utterance ' to when the arrests
were made— but better counsels prevailed, and the officers were
allowed to carry them off, contrary to what we consider to be lawful.
Very well. Now we, as the only reraaining officers of the working-
men's party of California, out of jail, wish to give you sound words
of advice. Do not comrait any deeds of violence; do not inany
way harass the officers of the law. Await a full and impartial
expression of the law. It is the wish of the iraprisoned; it is
the progrararae of the workingraen's party of California that they
be arrested, tried, and if not convicted, then you will know that
it is lawful for a speaker to express his opinion in this boasted
free country. If the law says they are not guilty, then, having
committed no offense against the law, they are entitled to speak and
be protected, forcibly if necessary, in that right. But until the law
passes on that right, you have no right to object, in any way, to the
arrest of any of us.

THE WORKINGMEN'S MOVEMENT. 373
Have patience in this hour of trouble, and you will all see that
this martyrdom of our leaders will in the end redound to their glory,
and the liberation of the workingraen of California frora the thrall-
dom of capital and the incubus of the Chinese.
In the raeantime, organize. Join the roll in your respective
wards. " Truth crushed to earth will rise again." If our cause is
just, we can stand temporary delay; if not, it deserves to fall.
Our lawyers assure us that the complaint will "not stick." Have
patience and all will be well.
On the 15th, Kearney and Knight were released on bail, and on
the 21st the cases were tried in the city crirainal court and dismissed
by the judge. On the 29th — Thanksgiving day — the workingmen
held a grand deraonstration in San Francisco. About ten thousand
men were in line, and addresses were delivered by Kearney, Wel-
lock, and O'Donnell. At the meeting the following resolutions
were adopted :
We, the workingraen of California, in mass meeting assembled in
San Francisco, November 29, 1877, do hereby resolve that we are
opposed to any further grant by congress of lands, raoney, or bonds
in aid of any corporation or railroad raonopoly, of whatever preten
sion, whereby the people are irapoverished and robbed of fheir her
itage. Therefore we are opposed to the passage of the Texas Pacific
railroad bill. And whereas, the Union and Central Pacific raUroad
companies have defrauded the people of raillions of dollars' worth of
property and bonds, therefore we favor the passage of the Chaffee bill,
now pending in congress, for the governraent to declare the charter
of the Union Pacific railroad forfeited for willful violation of the law,
and to take possession of the road, unless legal irapediment exists
to prevent immediate action ; and, whereas, the national currency
banking systera of the United States gives double interest to the
capitalist, fosters monopoly, and centralizes the money of the repub
lic into the hands of the few; therefore we further resolve that we
favor the passage of the resolution of Townsend, of Illinois, in con
gress, authorizing the winding up of the national banks, withdraw
ing their circulation, and substituting greenbacks or other similar
currency in its stead.

374 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
CHAPTER XXVIII.
1878. The 'Workingmen's Excitement Growing in Intensity— Suc
cess of the Movement at the Polls — Workingmen's State Con
vention — A Joint Meeting of the Republican and Democratic
State Central Committees— Delegates to Constitutional Conven
tion—Division of 'Workingmen's Party — The Greenback Party.
On January 3d, about four hundred uneraployed workingraen met
on O'Farrell street and resolved to fall into line and raarch to the city
hall, where a coraraittee, headed \y Kearney, was selected to inter
view the mayor. The crowd increased to about fifteen hundred
when the city hall was reached. The comraittee deraanded of the
mayor that the workingmen be provided with work, bread, or a
place in the county jail. Kearney stated that he could not keep
thera in check any longer if one of three things was not provided,
and he did not want to be responsible for what might happen if
they were not provided for. Thd mayor then addressed the raeeting
and stated that the city authorities had no power to provide them
with work, and if they were set to work for the city, there was not
raoney enough in the treasury to pay them. The crowd then met
at the aand lot and speeches were delivered. So demonstrative was
the meeting that several of the city officers, becoraing apprehensive
that a raid would be made on the city hall, put the raoneys of their
departraents in their safes and vacated their offices.
Early in January, a committee of safety 'was organized by the '
leading citizens of San Francisco, to take action on what they con
sidered was an alarming state of public excitement. Secret meet
ings were held, and it was understood they had provided themselves
with arras, and that a perfect system had been adopted so that at a
given signal they could raeet for defence, if necessary. On January
5th, the grand jury of San Francisco found several indictraents
against Kearney, Wellook, O'Donnell, Knight, Helra, and Pickett,
and they were arrested, but released on bail. The indictments
charged them with conspiracy and riot, in endeavoring to drive the
Chinese and the railroad managers frora the state. Within the next
ten days Kearney was arrested several times for the utterance of
incendiary language. One of the complaints charged him with the
utterance of the following :
We are not to be intiraidated by anybody. It would take 50,000
raen in Oalifornia to intiraidate the workingmen that are now ready,
and if we can get through this without the shedding of blood, so

THE WORKINGMEN'S MOVEMENT. 375
much the better for ourselves. I do not care about dying just now,
but if it comes to that, I am ready. To carry ray point I do not
care who suffers, or who sacrifices his life in the attempt. We are
going to carry this thing to either death or victory, recoUect.
One of the indictments was tried in the crirainal court, and on
the 22d, Kearney and WeUock were acquitted by the jury. The
remaining charges were not pressed.
On January fith, Nathan Porter, state senator frora Alameda
county, died, and a special election was called for the 2 2d, to elect
a person to fill the vacancy. J. W. Bones was nominated by the
workingmen, and elected by a large majority, over W. W. Orane
jr., republican, and J. B. Lamar, deraocrat. On Pebruary 19th, a
special election was held in Santa Clara county for a senator and
assemblyman, to fill vacancies caused by deaths, and S. W. Boring,
• the people's candidate, was elected senator, and J. E. Clark, the
nominee of the workingraen, was elected assemblyman.
In March, at the city elections in Sacraraento and Oakland, the
workingraen elected their candidates for mayor, and several other
offices. These successes had the effect of giving considerable
"political importance to the raovement, and steps were actively
taken to perfect the organization, and raake it a factor in state
, politics. In January, military companies were organized in San
Francisco by the workingmen, to offset the organization of the cora
mittee of safety. At a meeting held on January 15th, in San
Francisco, the workingmen speakers defied the authorities, and
boldly announced that they were purchasing rifles, forming military
companies, and maturing plans for blowing up Chinatown. They
also intimated that they intended to blow the steamships of the
Pacific Mail company out of the water. A rope with a hangman's
noose tied in it was suspended from a gas jet on the stand. The
next day, the press of the city adraonished the workingraen that
they were going too far, and expressed grave apprehension of
violence. The legislature passed an act in January authorizing the board of
supervisors of San Francisco to employ a number of men to work
on the streets, with the hope of affording sorae relief Another act
was passed authorizing the supervisors to increase the police force
of that city to four hundred. At a special meeting of the board of
supervisors of San Francisco, held on January 16th, the district
attorney submitted an aniendment to the penal code, in relation to

376 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
riots, and a comraittee of seven was appointed to proceed to Sacra
mento and urge its passage by the legislature. After lengthy debates,
the bill was passed and approved. It provided that any person, who
in the presence or hearing of twenty-five or more persons, should
utter any language, with intent either to incite a riot at the present
or in, the future, or any act or acts of criminal violence against
person or property; or who should suggest, advise, or encourage any
acts of crirainal violence against person or property; or should ad
vise or encourage forcible resistance to any state law, should be
deeraed guilty of felony, and on conviction, iraprisoned not exceed
ing two years, or fined not exceeding five thousand dollars, or by
both. On January 17 th, Mayor Bryant, of San Francisco, issued
the following proclamation.
Whereas, Persons assemble in this city and county, and threaten
to comrait offenses against the property and lives of the inhabitants, -
and such assemblies are not held for any lawful purpose, but to
create disturbances, in which public offenses may be committed;
now, therefore, by virtue of the authority vested in me by law, as
mayor of this city and county, I do hereby declare that such assem
blies are unlawful, and will not be permitted, but will be dispersed,
and all persons composing thera and taking part in their proceed
ings wiU be arrested. And I advise all persons to stay away from
such raeetings, and not be present as spectators, from curiosity or
any other idle raotive, for such attendance encourages those en
gaged in promoting disturbances, interferes with the operations of
those who seek to keep the peace, and raay resrilt in harm to the
innocent as well as the guilty. I trust that the men who guide
these assemblies will not corapel the use of force in securing obedi
ence to law. But I shall not shirk frora using all the power at my
coramand to preserve the peace of the city and county. Such
assemblies, wherever held, in halls, upon the streets, or on sand lots,
wUl be suppressed, and the supreraacy of law and order resolutely
maintained. On the 17th, Kearney and WeUock, who were in the city prison,
issued the following address :
Workingmen, be calra ! be peaceful 1 Show your discipUne ! Do
not distrust the law. We wUl come out aU right. If you "come to
the courts, when we come on the streets, do not crowd the officers.
Do not run after us. Our cause shall yet be won. You show your
power best when you show your prudence. We are confident and

THE WORKINGMEN'S MOVEMENT. 377
liappy. There is no misery where there is a good conscience. We
must bide our tirae. We never can be defeated.
On the evening of the 17th, the workingmen attempted several
times to hold meetings in San Francisco, but they were dispersed by
the police. On the 18th, Charles Crocker offered to give employment
to one thousand men at %\ a day, to fill in certain portions of Mis
sion creek, and on the morning of the 21st, two hundred and fifty
men went to work, and the force was increased daily.
The first state convention of the workingmen's party was held at
•San Francisco on the evening of January 2 1st. Advertisements
appeared in the papers announcing that the convention would be
held at several different places, and these conflicting announcements
were intended to throw the police off the scent, as it was expected
that they would, by the instruction of the raayor, disperse the meet
ing. The delegates had been informed of the place of the raeeting,
and they entered the hall in small groups, through an adjoining
saloon. The main entrance to the hall was closed, and frora the out
side everything looked dark. The police did not discover the place
of raeeting until about midnight, and when they entered they found
that the proceedings were conducted in an orderly manner. The
convention was called to order by President Rooney, of the eighth
ward olub, who was chosen temporary chairman. About one hun
dred and forty delegates were present. A riiotion was carried to
employ counsel to have the mayor brought into court on a writ of
raandate, to show cause why he broke up the workingmen's meeting.
An adjournraent was then had until the following evening. The
next day the mayor announced that he would not interfere with the
convention so long as they did not violate the law. At the meeting
on the 22d, no particular business was transacted. On the 23d, J. P.
Dunn was chosen secretary, and a coraraittee on platform was
chosen, consisting of Kearney, Rooney, Knight,' Wellook, and others.
On permanent organization, Kearney was elected president ; D. F.
Manning, of Mono, and Wellook, vice-presidents, and Knight and
Dunn, secretaries. On the 24th, the coraraittee on platforra reported
the following, which was adopted :
That the time has come for the formation of a party of labor, to
embrace within its ranks all those engaged in productive industry
and its distribution. Upon signing the roll of membership, each per
son wUl publicly and solemnly pledge hiraself henceforth to sever all

378 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
connection with the republican and democratic parties, and shall
abide by the result of the majority in all cases duly expressed; and,
furtherraore, shall at all tiraes aid in the selection of the raost com
petent person frora our i;anks to serve us in an official capacity.
A vote of- thanks to the fifteen raerabers of the legislature who -
opposed the passage of the incendiary bill was passed. The follow
ing resolutions were also adopted :
Whereas, In the state there is almost a total disregard by em
ployers ot labor of adequate, protection of the life and limb of the
employes ; therefore, resolved, that we request of the present legis
lature, suitable laws for the protection of life and limb of eraployes
in factories, the erection of buildings, and all other occupations
involving risk of life and limb. That a coramittee of three be ap
pointed to draft a bill for presentation to the legislature, affording
the desired protection.
Whereas, The workingmen's party of San Francisco recognize
in Dennis Kearney their president, and view with abhorrence his
persecution and imprisonment by the city authorities; therefore,
resolved, that we extend to President Kearney and his coadjutors,
WeUock, Knight, and others, our sympathy and support in their
laudable efforts to wrest this city and the great state of California
from control of professed politicians, whose only desire is to plunder
our people and thereby enrich theraselves.
That we behold in the infaraous gag laws recently enacted by our
board of supervisors and our state legislature, an abrogation ot the
fundamental principles of the constitution of the United States and
the inauguration of anarchy. ' ,
That we hold Mayor Bryant strictly accountable for his heartless
betrayal of the raen who elected him to office, and believe that bis
unwarrantable attack upon our president and officers was to divert
public attention from his alleged complicity in the escape of Duncan,
the villain and forger.
That we will use all legal measures to bring to justice official dis
turbers of the peace, and venal officers of every grade.
Resolutions were adopted prescribing an oath for the members of
the party, by which they should bind themselves to oppose, by all
lawful raeasures, the introduction and raaintenance of coolie laborers
in the United States, and that they should not employ or sell to or
buy frora thera; and urging that a reasonable compensation be paid

WORKINGMEN'S RESOLUTIONS, 379'
to the delegates of the proposed constitutional convention, so that
poor men could afford to attend it.
The committee on platform made the following report :
Whereas, The government of the United States has faUen into
the hands of capitalists and their willing instruraents ; the rights of
the people, their corafort and happiness are wholly ignored, and the
vested rights of capital are alone considered and regarded, both in
the states andthe nation; the land is fast passing into the hands.
of thg rich few; great money monopolies control congress, pur
chase the state legislatures, rule the courts, influence all publio offi
cers, and have perverted the great republic of our fathers into a den-
of dishonest manipulators. This concentration and control of
wealth has impoverished the people, producing crime and discontent,
and retarded the settlement and civilization of the country. In
California, a slave labor has been introduced, to still further aggran
dize the rich and degrade the poor, and the . whole tendency of this
class of legislation is to undermine the foundation of the republic
and pave the way to anarchy and misrule; and this convention
therefore declares, as follows :
Section 1. The workingraen of California desire to unite with
those of other states in effecting such reforras in our general govern
ment as raay be necessary to secure the rights of the people as
against those of capital, to raaintain life, liberty, and happiness
against land and raoney monopoly. Only in the people, the honest
workingman can hope to find a remedy.
Sec. 2. Chinese cheap labor is a curse to our land, a menace to
our Uberties and the institutions of our country, and should, there
fore, be restricted and forever abolished.
Sec. 3. The land is the heritage ot the people, and its appropria
tion by the government for the furtherance of the scheraes of indi
viduals and corporations is a robbery; and all land so held should
revert to its lawful possession, to be held for actual settlement and
cultivation, and individuals holding by purchase or imperfect title
land in excess of one square mile shall be restricted to the use of
that araount only for cultivation and pasturage ; and all lands of
equal and productive nature shall be subject to equal taxation. Our
previous legislatures have abused the trust confidingly reposed in
them by a misguided people, by allowing a corrupt ring of land
monopolies to exist who have appropriated vast tracts of the fairest
land on earth to themselves ; we, therefore, in the name of humanity,.

"380 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
consider a resurvey of the state necessary in order to ascertain as
far as possible the extent to whioh the law in this instance has been
violated. As the land is the natural heritage of the children of
men, we deem, in the laws of equity and justice, that one section of
six hundred and forty ajcres is a sufficiency for any one raan to own
or transrait to his offspririg. All iraport duties on raw material not
produced in the United States should be abolished.
Sec. 4. The industries of the country are depressed or improved
by the fluctuation in our financial system; and we therefore insist
that the national government shall give to the people a system of
finance consistent with the agricultural, manufacturing, and mer
cantile industries and requirements of the country, uncontrolled by
rings, brokers, and bankers.
Seo. 5. The pardoning power conferred on the president of the
United States, and the governors of the several states, should be
abolished, and the same be vested in commissions.
Sec. 6. Malfeasance in public office should be punishable by
iraprisonraent in the state prison for life, without intervention of
the pardoning power.
Sec. 7. We deraand the abrogation of the contract systera in our
state prisons and reformatory institutions. They should be managed
in the interests of the people, and the goods therein manufactured
should not be sold at less than current market rates for the product
of free labor.
Sec. 8. All labor on public works, whether state or municipal,
should be performed by the day, at current rates of wages.
Sec. 9. Eight hours is a sufficient day's work for any man, and
the law should make it so.
Sec. 10. All public officers should receive a fixed salary, and the
fees should be accounted for as public moneys.
Sec. 11, Millionaires and raoney raonopolists are destructive
to the happiness and dangerous to the liberty of the people, and we
demand that they be made impossible by a proper systera of tax
ation. To section 6 an amendment was offered that the attention of con
gress be drawn to the fact that abuses exist in the custora house,
internal revenue, and land office departments of Oalifornia, that
should not be tolerated under any civilized government; but the
amendraent was lost. Section 1 1 was stricken out and the foUow
ing adopted in its place:

THE OLD PARTIES IN COUNCIL, 381
We demand that the constitution of the United States be amended
to the effect that the president and vice-president of the United
States, and senators of the several states, shall be elected by the
direct vote of the people.
The following resolution was opposed by Kearney, and laid on the
table :
That all speakers of this party engaged in organizing or advo
cating the interests of the party, shall be subject to the supervision
of the various county committees, and all language of a violent
character must be repressed by the party at all times.
A state comraittee was selected, consisting of Kearney, Knight,
WeUock, and others. On the 25th the following resolutions were
adopted :
That we regard the present comraon school system of the United
States as the foundation of our civilization, and it wid be forever
cherished and supported by the workingmen'a party.
That a system of compulsory education should be provided for
the children of our country, so comprehensive in its details as to
enable the attendance of such poor children as would otherwise be
unable to attend. For this end a special fund for the assistance of
such indigent children should be raaintained, under proper safe
guards ; such education to be entirely secular ; that there should be
instituted in all our publio schools lectures at stated intervals, whose
primary aira should be to uphold the dignity of labor and mechanical
vocations as pararaount to all other walks in life.
A resolution was also adopted to the effect that all unoccupied
lands in the United States should be declared open to settleraent by
all citizens, and when a citizen had taken possession of a piece of
land of 640 acres, he should be protected in such location, no mat
ter who held the title, and the holder of the title should be remun
erated by the governraent.
On April 24th, the state coraraittees of the republican and deriio-
cratic parties raet in different rooms in the Palace hotel, in San
Francisco. The object of the meeting was to endeavor to effect a
fusion of the parties in view of the election of delegates to the
constitutional convention. The republican committee agreed that
joint tickets should be nominated and a committee was sent to the
democrats inviting them to co-operate, but the latter comraittee had

382 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
no quorura present. On the 25th, meetings were again held but no
conclusion was arrived at. Subsequently the democratic committee
adopted the following resolutions :
1. That the people, having recognized, the necessity for certain
important and necessary changes in our organic law, we heartily
approve of the call for a constitutional convention, so imperatively
deraanded and provided for by the vote of the people.
2. That we deera it above and beyond any partisan association
of any character whatever to control so iraportant a body, or any
meraber thereof, selected for the forraation of the constitution of
our state.
3. That, as the representatives of the deraocratic party, we do
hereby solemnly declare it to be our desire, in the approaching
election for members of the state constitutional convention, that aU
past party issues should be discarded, and that none should be
selected for membership in that body but the fittest, -without regard
to previous political affiliations; therefore, we recommend that the
people of the several counties and senatorial districts, irrespective
of parties, choose two delegates for each member of the senate and
asserably, to which each county and senatorial district is entitled,
to meet in the city of Sacramento, on Wednesday, the 2 2d of May,
to nominate eight delegates from each of the four congressional dis
tricts of the state, to be voted for by the people ot the state at
large; and we further recoraraend, that the people of the several
counties and senatorial districts, in selecting their local candidates
for the other delegates to the constitutional convention, apportioned
to said counties and senatorial districts, ignore party politics en
tirely, and select the very best men.
When the resolutions were received by the republicans, consider
able indignation was manifested, and it wg,s charged that the demo
crats had acted in bad faith. The republican comraittee then
unaniraously adopted the following :
Whereas, At the coraraenceraent of this session of the republican
state central committee it was unanimously resolved that it is inex
pedient to make party nominations for delegates to the constitu
tional convention of this state; and, whereas, said resolution was
transraitted to the' deraocratic state central committee, then in
session, with the expectation that sorae joint action raight be had
¦with that comraittee, for the noraination of delegates at large to the

DIVISION IN WORKINGMEN'S PARTY. 383
state convention; and whereas, this expectation has been disap
pointed by the refusal or neglect of said committee to co-operate
with us in that respect, and by their, independent adoption of cer
tain resolutions; now, therefore, it is
Resolved, That the republican state central coraraittee, in accord
ance with the spirit of the resolution sent to the deraocratic atate
central committee, as above set forth, recommend to the republicans
of California, that they unite with their fellow citizens in the
selection of' the ablest, fittest, and best known gentlemen, to repre
sent thera in the convention which has been called for the purpose
of j)rieparing a new constitution for this state, and that for the
nomination of such candidates, meetings be held in the several
counties, and senatorial and congressional districts, at such times
and places as they and their fellow citizens shall determine to be
most suitable and convenient.
On May 4th, a very extensive petition was published in San Fran
cisco, requesting certain prominent gentlemen of that city, who
were designated regardless of party, to raeet and nominate the
delegates to be voted for in the first congressional district and in
the city of San Francisco. On the 10th the gentlemen designated
met and norainated a non-partisan ticket. This course was also
adopted in other portions of the state.
On April 27th, at a meeting of the workingmen's state comraittee,
a misunderstanding occurred, which resulted on May 2d in the ex
pulsion of Kearney frofti the committee, and on the 6th he was
removed from his position of president of the party by the com
mittee. He was charged with being corrupt and with using ¦ the or
ganization to advance his private ends. On the 12th the presidents
of the various ward clubs favorable to Kearney, met and issued a
lengthy address to the members of the party. Two state conven
tions of workingmen were called to meet in different halls, in San
Francisco, on the 16th.
The Kearney convention met at Charter Oak hall and was called
to order by Kearney. There were but 57 delegates present. The
country delegates held a separate meeting and deliberated for a long
time as to which convention they would join. About 5 o'clock the
delegates from Alameda, Marin, Monterey, Sonoraa, Santa Clara,
Santa Cruz, and San Joaquin carae in. Among those who partic
ipated in the proceedings were J. P. Dunn, 0. 0. Conger, Elihu

384 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Anthony, W. F. White, D. J. Oullahan, and J. H. Budd. A reso
lution was adopted to recognize Kearney as an organizer worthy to-
rank among the great organizers of history, and worthy of the sup
port and confidence of the people. On permanent organization-
Kearney was elected president. At the meeting of the country del
egates, 20 voted to join the Kearney convention. 9 to join the anti-
Kearney convention, and 8 were in favor of joining neither. On
the 17th, the Kearney convention held another meeting. The com
mittee on resolutions submitted the following :
Whereas, The duty of making the laws of our couritry has hith
erto been confined to the non-producing element of society, who
have failed to secure us in our inalienable rights, utterly ignoring
the welfare of the producers, upon whose labora individual and na
tional prosperity depends; reducing bur farmers and wage-laborers-
to a atate of dependence, compelling thera to corapete with a de
graded class of Mongolian laborers iraported frora abroad, and whose-
presence is demoralizing as well aa dangerous to the preaervation ot
our liberties; and, whereas, our legislative halls, national, state, and
raunicipal, have become infested by thieves who do not scruple to
take bribes, until our national forura has become a by-word and re
proach among the nations; and, whereas, our courts have become
corrupt, the equal rights of the people violated until the adminis
tration of justice has become a mockery and farce; therefore, re
solved :
1. That we recognize the constitution of^he United States as the
great charter of our liberties and the paramount law of the land,
and the systera of government thereby inaugurated by its framers
as the only truly wise, free, just, and equal government that has
ever existed ; the last, best, and only hope of man for self-govern
ment. 2. That the public lands are the heritage of the people, and
should be open to actual settlers in limited quantities.
The next resolution denounced all communism and all subsidies
by tbe government.
4. Land grabbing must be stripped. '
5. Vested rights in property must be respected, but land monop
oly must be restricted, and in the future prohibited.
6. Money, mortgages, and bonds raust be taxed.
7. The dignity of labor raust be upheld, and the labor of women,.

WORKINGMEN'S RESOLUTIONS. 385
when of equal value to that of men, should receive an equal com
pensation. 8. The legislator who violates his pledges given to secure his elec
tion, should be punished as a felon.
9. The pardoning power now vested in the national and state
executives should be abolished.
10. The contract system of the labor of criminals should be abol
ished, arid that labor should be so managed as not to conflict with
free labor.
11. All public officers should receive a fixed salary, and fees ac
counted for as public money.
12. All labor on public works should be done by the day, at the
current rate of wages, and eight hours is a sufficient day's work.
13. A system of corapulsory education for children under 14
years of age should be established.
14. Education in our public schools should be free, and the books
provided at the expense of the state governraent.
15. The president and vice-president of the United States, and
United States senators, should be elected by the direct vote of the
people. 16. Malfeasance in public office should be punished as a felony.
17. All crirainals should be punished by imprisonment, and pun
ishment by m6ney fine should be abolished.
18. All raoney raade a legal tender for private debts should be
received in payment of taxes, and for all public dues.
19. The Chinese laborer is a curse to our land, is degrading to our
morals, is a menace to our liberties, and should be restricted and
forever abolished, and "the Chinese must go.''
20. The eraployraent of Chinese laborers by corporations formed
under the laws ot this ^tate should be prohibited by law.
21. Interest exceeding 7 per centum per annura for the use of
money should be prohibited by law.
22. Contracts by the debtor for the payment of the fees of the
attorney of the creditor should be prohibited.
23. No person should be taxed for that which he does not own ;
in other words, debts due by the person assessed should be deducted
frora the assessable value of his property and should be assessed
against the person to whora they are payable.
24. The property of every person to an amount not exceeding
1500 should be exempt from taxation. ,

386 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
25. All farraing lands of equal productive value should be equally
taxed, without reference to the improvements.
26. Growing crops should not be taxed.
27. The property of the deaf, dumb, and blind should be exempt
from taxation.
28. There should be no special legislation by the state legislature,
and no state legislature should meet oftener than once in every four
years. The following was added to the fourteenth resolution :
That the principal of every public school should, at least once
every school week, deliver to the school a lecture on manual labor,
showing that its importance is pararaount to that of any other kind.
An addition was adopted to the twenty-eighth resolution : that aU .
laws passed by the legislature should be ratified by the people before
becoraing laws. The following was also adopted :
That all lakes exceeding one mile in area shall be declared public
property, excepting artificial reservoirs; and all rivers shall be de
clared public property.
The platforra was then adopted as a whole. Kearney was elected
president of the party; WeUock, vice-president, and H. M. Moore,
secretary. The following were nominated for delegates-at-large to the consti
tutional convention : First congressional district — Paul Bennett, An
thony Fischer, J. W. Jamison, Jaraes Kidney, J. R. I^ico, John R.
Sharpstein, Charles TiUson, John A. Whelan. Second district — P-
S. Dorney, J. B. Kelly, H. P. WiUiams, H. L. McKelvey, John
Greenwell, L. J. Morrow, George Thora, J. M. Todd. Third district —
'W. F. Stone, W. H. Northcutt, D. M. Gloster, John C. Crigler, J.
0. Garber, H. A. Boyle, Jonas Spect, W. M. Thorp. Fourth dis
trict — Isaac Bicknell, D. A. Dryden, William Vinter, B. Pilkington,
J. F. Breen, Isaac Kinley, R. D. Pitt, and 0. T. Chubb. After
adopting the following constitution, the convention adjourned sine die:
Section 1. This organization' shall be known as the "workingmen's
party of California, having for its object the redemption of the state
and nation from the hands of political tricksters, thieving officials,
and all corruption; the substitution of honest men in all offices; the
abolition of all special legislation, and the restoration to the people
of all power not delegated to their servants, and for all just
purposes.

WORKINGMEN'S CONSTITUTION. 387
It shall be coraposed of all engaged in productive and distributive
industry, and who honestly desire the establishment of the prin
ciples of the platform of the workingraen's party. Each person, on
becoraing a member of a club, shall be required to take the follow
ing pledge : "I,  , do solemnly pledge rayself that frora hence
forth I will dissolve all affiliation with all other political parties ;
that I will work faithfully for the establishment and maintenance
of good government, through the workingmen's party of California,
and place in power only those pledged to its support; that I will
discourage all office seeking ; that I will not employ, in any raanner,
any Chinese labor, and will discourage such employment by others,'
and that I will work and vote for the election to office of all persons
of known honesty and integrity, nominated by the workingraen's
party." Sec. 2. Merabers ot the party, in good standing, raay forra clubs
in any election precinct in this state, but such clubs shall not be
branches of the party until they are recognized as such by the
executive coraraittee of the county in which they are formed.
Sec. 3. The presidents of the recognized clubs in each county
shall constitute the executive committee of the party in such
county. Sec. 4. The executive department of the party shall be composed
ot a president, vice-president, treasurer and grand secretary, who
shall reside in San Francisco, who shall be elected by the state con
vention, and shaU hold office until the meeting of the next state
convention held after their election, at which state convention,
their successors in office shall be elected.
Sec. 5. There shall be a state executive committee, composed of
the president, vice-president, general secretary and treasurer, and
of one president of a club in the city of San Francisco, to be elected
by the presidents of the recognized clubs in that city, and of one
president of a club in each county in the state, to be elected by the
executive coraraittee of such county. Eight members of the state
executive committee shall constitute a quorum for the transaction
of business. Any member of the- state executive committee may be
recalled at any time by the powers which elected him, and another
qualified person elected in his place. The president, or in case of
his absence or inability to act, the vice-president, shall be the chair
man of the state executive committee, and the general secretary
shaU be the secretary thereof.

388 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Sec. 6. All candidates of the party shall be teraperate, of good
character, and they shall pledge themselves to the principles of the
party, and to integrity and econoray in the public service. They
shall be elected by the party, without cost to themselves ; and no
raoney shall be used by this party for or at any election, except for
ballots, and to procure speakers and documents to instruct the
people. Sec. 7. Every person norainated for office by the workingraen's
party of Oalifornia shall, upon acceptance of his nomination, take
and sign the following pledge: "I,  , do hereby pledge my
sacred honor that I will support the platform and declared prin
ciples of the workingmen's party of California, and in every instance
use my best efforts to secure their adoption, and that, if elected,
will, in every instance, conform to the wishes of my constituents,
and if requested by them to resign, I will at once comply, under the
penalty of ever thereafter being considered a man without honor or
principle, and a person unworthy ever afterward to be a candidate
for any office of trust in the nation."
Sec. 8. There shall be a state convention at such times as may
be deemed necessary by the state executive committee.
Sec. 9. There shall be district and county conventions whenever
the county coraraittees deem it necessary for election purposes, or to
promote the interests of the party.
Sec. 10. From and after the general election in 1879, all repre
sentation in the party shall be based upon the vote cast at the pre
ceding election.
Sec. 11 All priraary clubs of branches of this party shall make
their own by-laws, not inconsistent "with this constitution.
Sec. 12. No person shall be a meraber of two clubs at the same
time ; each member on joining a club shall present a proper transfer
from the club of which he was previously a member, in order to pre
vent such raembership representation.
Sec. 13. Every candidate taking office from the workingmen's
party of California shall resign such office when demanded by a con
vention called for that purpose by his constituents.
Sec. 14. The state executive comraittee shall, as soon as prac
ticable, establish a bureau of labor statistics in this state, with the
head at the city of San Francisco, and branches in each county.
The anti-Kearney convention raet at Tittle's Hall, in San Fran
cisco, on May 16th. Frank Roney was elected chairraan. The

SECOND CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 389
convention was but slimly attended. A platform was adopted, and
delegates were nominated only to represent the first congressional
, district in the constitutional convention.
In most of the counties, the deraocrats and republicans made joint
nominations for delegates to the constitutional convention. In each
of the congressional districts conventions were held without regard
to politics, and delegates at large were nominated.
The non-partisan candidates at large were as follows :
First congressional district — M. M. Estee, W. H. L. Barnes,
Joseph W, Winans, John F. Miller, Eugene Oasserly, Joseph P. Hoge,
John S. Hager, and Samuel M. Wilson.
Second district — Henry H. Haight, Walter Van Dyke, Henry
Edgerton, Hugh M. La Rue, J. B. Hall, Rufus Shoemaker, Jaraes
E. Hale, and J. M. Porter.
Third district— Isaac S. Belcher, Marion Biggs, W. J. Tinnin,
W. F. Heustis, J. McM. Shafter, John M. KeUey, A. P. Overton,
and Benjamin Shurtieff.
Fourth district— John Mansfield, P. B. Tully, George W. Schell,
Edward Martin, W. J. Graves, J. J. Ayers, Byron Waters, and
¦George Venable Smith.
The following were nominated for delegates at large on a regular
democratic ticket :
First congressional district — J. 0. Shorb, John J. Williams, J. W.
.Harding, J. L. Ord, Charles A. Suraner, Caraeron H. King, Edward
C. MarshaU, and H. P. Irving.
Second district — Joseph F. Montgoraery, W. A. Selkirk, S. A.
Nott, George W. Terrill, Theodore F. Bagge, John Anderson, R. B.
Thompson, and John Nugent.
Third district— 0. W. Lightner, M. G. VaUejo, R. 0. Haile, A. D.
Bell, George H. Crossette, John Boggs, Clay W. Taylor, and John
S. Sanders.
Fourth district — Byron Waters, Brice Grimes, J. O. Lovejoy,
0. G. Sayles, Lawrence Archer, J. M. Montgoraery, J. W. Freeraan,
and J. R. MoOonneU.
The regular republicans norainated the following ticket for dele
gates at large : Frederick Fillmore, Henry Horstman, S. W. HoUi
day, Jaraes A. Waymire, Christopher Green, Walter Van Dyke,
E. B. Mott, jr., H. T. Dorrance, Joseph McKenna, Benj. Shurtieff,

390 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
I. S. Belcher, N. W. Scudder, S. 0. Houghton, David Fessenheld,
John Mansfield, Edward Martin, L. Huerate, 0. W. Dannals,
Sarauel Soule, J. G. Severance, J. M. Porter, Jaraes E. Hale, E. W.
Roberts, John A- Eagon, Williara F. Heustis, J. M. McBrown,
Charles A. Garter, D. M. Burns, Paris Kilburn, Robert Widney,
George W. Schell, and G. V. Smith.
The election for delegates to the constitutional convention was
held on Wednesday, June 19th. The non-partisan ticket for dele
gates at large was elected. The following table exhibits a list of the
delegates who served :
List of Delegates to Second Constitutional Convention,

Name and Party Electing.

County.

FoEMEB Pol.

Occupation.

-W. H. L. Barnes  Non-partisan
Eugene Casserly  Non-partisan
Morris M. Estee  Non-partisan
John S. Hager  Non-partisan
Joaenh P. Hoge  Non-partisan
John F. Miller  Non-partisan
Samuel M. Wilson  Non-partisan
.Joseph W. Winans - -,  Non-partisan
Henry Edgerton  Non-partisan
*J. West Martin  Convention
James E. Hale  Non-partisan
J. B. Hall  Non-partisan
Hugh M. La Eue  Non-partisan
J. M. Porter  ,  Non-nartisan
Eufus Shoemaker  Non-partisan
Walter Van Dyke  Non-partisan
Isaac S. Belcher  Non-partisan
Marion Biggs  Non-partisan
¦W- 1'. Heustis  Non-partisan
John M. Kelley  Non-partisan
A. P. Overton  Non-partisan
James McM. Shafter  Non-partisan
Benjamin Shurtieff^  Non-partisan
W. J. Tinnin  Non-partisan
.James J. Ayers  Non-partisan
William J. Graves  Non-partisan
John Mansfield  Non-partisan
Ed. Martin  Non-partisan
.George W. Schell  -.:  Non-partisan
George V. Smith  Non partisan
¦ P. B. TuUy  --Non-partisan
Byron Waters  Non-partisan
A. Campbell, jr  Non-partisan
Daniel Inman  Non-partisan
John G. MeCallam  Non-partisan
-Wm. Van Voorhies  Non-partisan
¦Jonathan V. Webster  Non-partisan
John A. Eagon  Non-partisan
Wm. H. Prouty  Non-partisan
Josiah Boucher  Non-partisan
Mark E. C. Pulliam  Non-partisan
J. B. Garvey  Democrat
B. B. Glascock  Noii-partisan
Hiram Mills  Eepublican
James E. Murphy  Non-partisan
Henry Larkin  Woiiingmen
Samuel A. Holmes  Democrat
W- J. Sweasey  Workingmen
V. A. Gregg  Eepublican

At large 
At large 
At large 
At large  .
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large, 
At lalrge 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large 
At large' 
Alameda 
Alameda 
Alameda _.- 
Alameda 
Alameda 
Amador 
Amador 
Butte  . 
Butte 
Calaveras 
Colusa 
Contra Costa 
Del Norte 
El Dorado 
Fresno 
Humboldt 
Kern 

Eepublican-..Democrat 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Democrat; 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Dtimocrat 
Democrat-. 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Eepublican—,Eepublican 
Democrat  ,1.
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Ind. Dem. 
Ind. Eepub. -.
Democrat 
Ind. Dem 
Eepublican 
Democrat—'-.Eepublican 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Independent .
Eepublican—.

La-wyer.Lawyer.La-wyer.
Lawyer.Lawyer.Lawyer. Lawyer. . .
Lawyer.
Banker. Lawyer.Lawyer.Farmer.Lawyer.
Journalists '
Lawyer.Lawyer.Farmer. Cleik;
Farmer.Lawyer.Lawyer.Physician.Merchant.Editor.Lawyer.Lawyer,Merchant.
Lawyer.Lawyer. Lawyer.
Lawyer.Lawyer.Farmer.Lawyer.Lawyer.Farmer.Lawyer.Farmer.Farmer.Miner.Dep. .Sheriff.
Farmer.
Lawyer.Lawyer. Farmer;
Farmer. Merchant.
Lawyer.

SECOND CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 391

Name and Pakty Electins.

County.

FoEMEB Pol.

Occupation.

Alonzo E. Noel  Independent
Edward Evey, Farmer and Workingmen
Volney E. Howard  Democrat
John P. -West, Farmer and Workingmen
Hugh Walker  Workingmen
F. O. Townsend  Democrat
N. G. Wyatt  -  Workingmen
Eobert Crouch  Eepublican
C. W. Cross  Workingmen
Hamlet Davis  Workingmen
John McCoy  Workingmen
John T. Wickes  Workingmen
Samuel B. Burt  Non-partisan
J. A. Filclier  Non-partisan
James Caples  Non-partisan
Presley Dunlap  Non-partisan
Abraham C. Freeman  Non-partisan
Thomas McConnell  Non-partisan
Thomas B. McFarland  Non-partisan
Edmund Nason  Independent
Eandolph S. Swing  Democrat
Eli T. Blackmer  Eepublican
Clitus Barbour  Workingmen
Charles J. Beerstecher  Workingmen
Peter Bell  Workingmen
John D. Condon  Workingmen
Patrick T. Dowling  Workingmen
Luke D. Doyle  .  Workingmen
Simon J. Farrell  Workingmen
Jacob E. Freud  Workingmen
Joseph C. Gorman  Workingmen
Wilham P. Grace  Workingmen
Thomas Harrison '  Workingmen
Conrad Herold  Workingmen
¦William P. Hughey  Workingmen
Peter J. Joyce  Workingmen
Bernard F. Kenny  Workingmen
tJolm J. Kenny  Convention
Charlea E. Klein  Workingmen
Eaymond La.-yigne  Workingmen
John F. Lindow  :  Workingmen
JS. B. Thompson  Convention
Thorwald K. Nelson  Workingmen
Henry Neunaber  Workingmen
Charles C. O'Donnell  Workingmen
James 0' Sullivan  Workingmen
James S. Eeynolds  Workingmen
Charles S. Einggold  Workingmen
Henry W. Smith  Workingmen
John C. Stedman  Workingmen
Charles Swenson  Workingmen
Alphonse P. -Vacquerel  Workingmen
Patrick M. -Wellln  Workingmen
John E. W. Hitchcock-!  Non-partisan
David Lewis  Non-partisan
Justus Schomp  Non-partisan
David S. Terry  Non-partisan
George Steele  Non-partisan
William S. Moffat  Workingmen
Eugene Fawcett  Non-partisan
Dennis W. Herringtou  Workingmen
Tliomas H. Laine  Non-partisan
Eush McComas  Non-partisan
E. O. Smith  Non-partisan
Joseph E. Weller  Non-partisan
Daniel Tuttie  Workingmen
Henry K. Turner  Non-partisan
Jonathan M. Dudley  Eepublican
Joel A. Harvey  Eepublican
S. G. Hilborn  Eepublican
J. M. Charles  1  Non-partisan
G. A. Johnson  Non partisan
W. W. Moreland  Non-partisan
C. V. Stuart  Non-partisan
Tyler Davis Heiskell  Democrat

Lake 
Los Angeles 
Los Angeles 
Los Angeles 
Marin-

MendocinoMonterey —
Napa 
Nevada 
Nevada 
Nevada 
Nevada 
Placer 
Placer 
Sacramento 
Sacramento 
Sacramento 
Sacramento 
Sacramento 
San Benito 
San Bernardino
San Diego 
San Francisco ..
San Franciscol -.
San Francisco -.
San Francisco —
San Francisco
San Francisco
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
Sanr Francisco „
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Franciaco _.
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Francisco —
San Joaquin 
San Joaquin-

San Joaquin 
San Joaquin 
San Luis Obispo
San Mateo 
Santa Barbara-
Santa Clara—-—
Santa Clara 
Santa Clara 
Santa Clara 
Santa Clara 
Santa Cruz 
Sierra 
Solano 
Solano 
Solano 
Sonoma  i
Sonoma 
Sonoma 
Sonoma 
Stanislaus 

Democrat 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Democrat 

Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Independent .
Democrat 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Eepublican—.Independent .
Demf.crat 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Independent .
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
EepubUcan —
Eepublican—Eepublican —
Democrat 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Democrat 

Lawyer.Farmer.
Lawyer. Farmer.Cooper.
Farmer.Lawyer;Lawyer.Lawyer.Merchant.
Miner. Soh'l teach'r
Miner.
Journalist.Farmer. Lawyer.
Lawyer. Farmer.Lawyer.
Dairyman. Lawyer.Music teach.
Lawyer.Lawyer.
Painter. Cabinetm'kr
Miner.Gardener.Gasfitter.Merchant.
Tinner. Carpenter.
Eigger.Grocer,Sign painter.
Furn. dealer
Tel. operator
Merchant.
Bootmaker.
Lithograph'r Tailor. Carpenter.
Turner. Merchant.
Physician.Printer.Lawyer. Clerk.
Plumber. Bookkeeper.Eestaurant.Cook.Carpenter.Farmer.
Farmer. Farmer.Lawyer.
Farmer.Farmer.Dist. -Judge.
Lawyer.
Lawyer.Farmer.Fanner. Farmer.Farmer.Farmer.Farmer.
Lawyer. ,
Lawyer. Farmer.
Lawyer. Lawyer.Farmer.Farmer.

392 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.

Name and Party Electing.

County.

PoEMEE Pol.

Occupation.

George Ohleyer  Non-partisan
H. C. Wilson  Democrat
Joseph C. Brown  Democrat
John Walker  Democrat
Charles G. Finney, jr  Workingmen
John M. Ehodes  Eepublican
D. H. Cowden  Non-partisan
John F. MoNutt  Non-partisan
Augustus H. Chapman  Non-partisan
Thomaa H. Estey  Non-partisan
J. E. Dean  Workingmen
G. W. Hunter  Workingmen
8J. M. Strong  Convention
awilliam J. Howard  Convention
L. P. Jones  Non-partiaan
James N. Barton  Workingmen
Patrick Eeddy  Non-partisan
H. C. Boggs  Non-partisan
Edmund Barry  Workingmen
Ezra P. Soule  Workingmen
Horace C. Eolfe  Eepublican
Lucius D. Morse  Workingmen
W. L. Dudley  Non-partisan
William F. White  Workingmen
J. Berry  Democrat
David C. Stevenson  Non-partisan
Chas. P. Eeed  Eepublican
A. E. Andrews  Non-partiaan
E. M. Lampson  Non-partisan
James H. Keyes  Eepublican

Sutter 
Tehama 
Tulare 
Tuolumne 
Ventura 
Yolo 
Yuba 
Yuba 
Butte, Plumas
and Lassen 
Contra Costa
and Marin 
1 El Dorado f
j and Alpine 'i
1 Mariposa J
J and Merced)
Manposa, M'rc'd
and Stanislaus
Mn'cino, Hmblt.
and Dei Norte-
Mono and Inyo-
Napa, L'ke, Son.
Nevada, Sierra—
Plumaa, Lassen-
San Diego and
San Bernardino
San Francisco
and San Mateo-
San Joaquin
and Amador 
St. Cruz.Mont'ry
and San Benito
Siskiyou, Modoe
Siakiyou, Modoc,
Trinity, Shasta
Solano, Yolo 
Trinity, Shasta—
Tuol'ne, Cal'v'as
Yuba and Sutter

Democrat 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Democrat—.
Eepublican 
EepublicanEepublican 
Democrat 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Eepublican 
Democrat 
Democrat—.Democrat 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Democrat 
Eepublican.Eepublican.Eepublican.Eepublican.Eepublican.Democrat 
Democrat 
Eepublican. Eepublican.
Democrat—.Eepublican.Eepublican.

Farmer. Farmer.
Farmer.Physician.La-wyer.Miller.Lawyer.Carpenter.
Lumb'r de'lr
Parmer.Justice Pe'ce
Merchant. Planter.
Lawyer.Lawyer.Parmer.Lawyer.Farmer.Lawyer. Carpenter.
Lawyer.Physician.Lawyer.Farmer.Lawyer. Merchant.Fanner.Lawyer.Physician.Farmer.

* H. H. Haight was elected a delegate on the non-partisan ticket, but died before
the convention met, and J. West Martin was elected by the convention to fill vacancy.
f Bernard P. Kenny died during the session of the convention, and John J. Kenny
was elected by the convention to fill vacancy.
X S. B. Thompson was chosen by the convention in place of Thomas Morris, who
was disqualified, not being a citizen.
I George M. Hardwick died before the convention met. The convention elected
J. M. Strong to fill vacancy, who served a short time, when he alao died; the convention
then elected William J. Howard.

In the raonth of Septeraber, the state central coraraittee of the
national greenback party met at San Francisco, and adopted the fol
lowing :
Whereas, The demand for the " greenback,'' perfected and made
a full legal tender as the money of the nation, is the fundaraental
principle of the national greenback labor party; and, whereas, in
nearly all the states the narae "national greenback labor party" has
been adopted as the party narae; therefore, resolved :
That the party shall hereafter be known in this state as the " na
tional greenback labor party,'' until otherwise ordered by a national
convention.

SECOND CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION. 393
Whereas, The national greenback labor party was organized for
the very best interests of the workingraen of Araerica, and is to-day
the only party whose principles, if carried out, will alleviate their
preserit condition; and, whereas, the workingraen and women of
this country are being falsely led by an unprincipled, ignorant, and
-designing demagogue ; therefore, be it resolved :
That we do not indorse nor will we in any way affiliate with Dennis
Kearney, and we do most earnestly deprecate the action of the east
ern clubs of this party in their reception of the blatant, profane,
and low humbug, as he does not in any way represent the sentiraent
of the workingraen of California.

CHAPTER XXIX.

1879. Adoption of the New Constitution — Formation of the New
Constitution Party — 'Workingmen's Convention — Republican Con
vention — Convention of New Constitution Party — Democratic
Convention — Prohibition Convention.
The second constitutional convention raet at Sacraraento on Sep
tember 28th, 1878, and adjourned on March 3d, 1879. The new con
stitution was submitted to the people for ratification at an election
held on May Tth, 1879, audit was adopted by a vote of 77,959 in its
iavor, to 67,134 against it. Most of the newspapers of the state
were bitterly opposed to its adoption, the San Francisco Chronicle
being the only leading newspaper that favored it. Imraediately
after the election, the Chronicle urged the forraation of a new po
litical party, to be coraposed ot the supporters of the constitution,
with the view of electing the first state officers of persons who were
friendly to it and would in good faith endeavor to carry its provis
ions into effect. On May 10th a mass meeting ot the friends of the
constitution was held at Stockton, with a view of taking the pre
Uminary steps toward the formation of the new party. Similar
meetings were held soon after in the other counties.
On the 17th, a conference of the leading advocates of the new
movement was held in San Francisco. John H. Burke called the
meeting to order, and Cornelius Cole was elected chairman. Araong
those present were John 0. Burch, A. 0. Bradford, Clitus Barbour,
W. T. Baggett, 0. J. Beerstecher, Nathaniel Bennett, Alex. Carap-

394. POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
bell, John P. Dunn, Caleb Dorsey, J. R. Freud, Volney E. Howard,
S. T. Leet, H. M. La Rue, John L. Love, J. G. McCallum, 'Thomas-
McOonnell, James V. Coffey, John H. McKune, W. B. Norman, H.
0. Patrick, George H. Rogers, George V. Smith, J. B. Southard, J.
0. Stebbins, David S. Terry, T. A. Talbert, J. V. Webster, WUUam
F. White, J. A. Waymire, 0. M. Wozencraft, Coleman Younger.
Among those who had received invitations and were unable to-
attend, but who sent letters of regret, were Marion Biggs, Calvin
Edgerton, James Johnson, Henry Larkin, Benj. Shurtieff) John R.
Sharpstein, E. 0. Tully, W. J. Tinnin, J. P. West, T. J. Sherwood,
J. J. Ayers, J. W. Satterwhite, O. 0. Pratt, John G. Downey, P.
H. Ryan, and Warren Chase. A coramittee was appointed on res
olutions, and they reported the following :
Whereas, The new constitution has been adopted by the people pf
California, without regard to past political affiliations, by over
11,000 majority — a majority raore than three tiraes as great as the
republicans had in the last presidential carapaign, when California
polled its very largest vote ; and, whereas, it is apparent that the
victory has been achieved by the united effijrts of men of integrity
and patriotism in the three existing parties of the state, the demo
cratic party, the republican party, and the workingmen's party; and,
whereas, we believe that the wealth producers of California have
raade it possible to inaugurate reforras and provide a government
that will dispense equal and exact justice to all, and are further
more convinced that thia result can only be accomplished through
the prorapt and united action of those who supported and advocated
the adoption of the new constitution, leaving national questions to-
be decided at the presidential election; and, whereas, the new fun
damental law must be put in operation by the legislative, executive,
and judicial officers of the state governraent who are to be chosen in
Septeraber next; and, whereas, if the duty of construing and put
ting in force the new constitution be handed over to the persons and
the corporations opposed to its adoption, instead of relieving the
state and the citizens of the burdens which now overwhelra them in
the shape of raonopoly power, greed, fraud, and dishonest govem
ment, and unjust and unequal taxation, it will be turned into an
engine of oppression, and all our efforts be rendered futile and ot no
avail ; now, therefore, be it resolved :
1. That for the good of the state we will here and now sink all
past political differences, and maintain that position until California

THE NEW CONSTITUTION PARTY. 395.
is firmly and securely planted upon the foundation of the new con
stitution. 2. That there being now no vital national questions before the
pepple for discussion or decision, the paramount duty of the hour is
to devote all our energies to the work of electing such state officers
as will enforce the new organic law in the spirit of fairness intended
by its fraraers, and promote peace and prosperity where heretofore
injustice and discontent have prevailed.
3. That we will retain and perfect our present organization
throughout the state ; and to this end we call upon and invite all
good citizens to meet and asserable in every election precinct in this
state on Saturday, the 24th day of May, and that they then and
there form "new constitution clubs," to carry on the campaign.
4. That the chairman appoint an executive comraittee, to consist
ot twenty-three members — one from each judicial district and five
at large^with full power to call a state convention, to fix the ap
portionment of delegates, and take charge of the organization, with
whora all who are in harraony with the cause are requested to cor
respond. '
5. ' That we will never falter in this work or in our purpose hereby
enunciated until we have driven every vestige of monopoly oppres
sion, corporate misrule, and political corruption frora the govern
ment of this coraraonwealth.
6. That we will persevere in our good work until we make the
state of California a governraent of the people, by the people, for
the people, and until there shall be no raan or corporation so great
as to be above the law, and no one so lowly as to be beneath it.
7. That this organization shall be known as " the new constitu
tion party," and that this shall be our shibboleth.
8. That we know no national issues or national politics in this
campaign ; that we rise above all parties, at the same tirae leaving
every voter hereafter to act for hiraself in raatters appertaining to
old party lines, as he shall be advised.
The resoljutions were adopted without opposition. The raerabers
of the workingmen's party spoke against the moveraent, declared
that the workingmen would not abandon their organization, and de
clined to participate further in the raeeting. A state executive
committee was appointed, consisting of La Rue, Downey, Terry,.
Campbell, Younger, McOoniieU, Walter Van Dyke, Charles A.
Tuttie, Burke, Shurtieff, George Steele, 0. Grattan, Julius Chester,
H. K. S. O'Melveny, Jaraes H. Keyes, Calvin Edgerton, G. W.

396 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Hunter, P. H. Ryan, G. W. Hancock, Tipton Lindsey, E. T.
Blackmer, J. A. Filcher, W. W. Moreland, Biggs, Cyrus Jones,
H. 0. Wilson, Leet, Bradford, Burch, Love, and Waymire. On
May 11th, at a meeting of workingmen held at San Franciscq, it
was resolved not to affiliate with the new constitution party.
The workingraen's state convention met at San Francisco on June
-3d, and was called to order by Kearney. Araong the delegates
were John P. Dunn, T. K. Nelson, Pierce H. Ryan, S. M. Buck,
and John P. West. On perraanent organization, Kearney was
president, and J. J. Flynn secretary. On the 4th, the committee on
resolutions reported the following :
The workingraen of Oalifornia, in convention asserabled, do adopt
and proclaim the following as their platform and declaration of
principles :
1. That we recognize the constitution of the United States of,
Araerica and the constitution of the state of Oalifornia as the great
charters of our liberties, and the pararaount law of the land, and
Oalifornia as an inseparable part of the American union, and the
systera of government thereby inaugurated as the only wise, free,
just and equal government that has ever existed — the last, best,
and only hope of raan for self-governraent.
2. The letter and spirit of the new constitution must be enforced.
3. We utterly repudiate all spirit of communism or aggrarianism.
4. No land or other subsidies shall ever be granted to corporations.
5. Vested rights in property must be respected, but land monopoly
must be prohibited.
6. Money, mortgages, and bonds must be taxed.
7. The dignity of labor raust be upheld, and labor of male and
feraale, when of equal value, raust be equally compensated.
8. Any official who shall violate the pledges given to secure his
-election should be punished as a felon.
9. The contract systera of labor of criminals should be aboUshed,
^nd criminal labor so regulated as not to conflict with free labor
throughout the United States.
10. All public officers shall receive fixed salaries, and aU fees
must be accounted for as public raoney.
11. That the honors and legal pay pf all officials should be con
sidered equivalent for the best services they can render the state,
while official jobbery, bribery, or corruption, raust be visited by sure
«,nd severe punishment.

WORKINGMEN'S PLATFORM. 397
12. All labor on public works shall be performed by the day, at
ruling rates, and eight hours raust constitute a day's work.
13. A systera of corapulsory education for children between the
ages of eight and fourteen years, raust be adopted; education free in
public schools, and all books paid for by the state. That the state
should acquire a copyright for school text-books, which raust be the
property of the state forever, and the state print the same at the-
state printing office.
14. W" pledge this party to maintain in its purity the public
school system authorized by the constitution, and will, when in our-
power, establish in connection therewith, departraents for industrial
education. 15. Article XI of the constitution must not be construed in favor
of the appointment of public officials, whenever their election by the
people direct is at all practicable.
16. Lobbying having been declared a felony in the new consti
tution, we demand that the legislature shall enforce said provision
of the fundamental law by the raost stringent enactraent.
17. Foreigners ineligible to citizenship, shall not be licensed to
peddle goods or commodities of any character throughout the state
of California.
18. Land monopoly being contrary to the spirit of republican in
stitutions and detrimental to the progress of society, and conducive
to the creation of a wealthy class of landholders side, by side with a
landless multitude ; therefore, we hereby declare ourselves in favor
of adopting every legitimate raeans to prevent the monopoly of the
?oil in a tew hands.
19. Malfeasance in public office must be punished as a felony.
20. That the laws now existing for the punishment of buying and
seUing votes are insufficient, in that both the buyer and seller being
equally guilty, neither can he obliged to give evidence of the guilt of
the other. We therefore favor the enactment of laws by which
the person bribing or attempting to bribe an elector shall alone be
punished. 21. We demand that the fullest investigation be had, under the
authority of the ensuing legislature, into the alleged scandalous char
acter of the opposition to the adoption of the new constitution ; and
if the charges prove true, that condign punishment be visited upon
the guilty ones.
22. The legislature should cause to be examined and prosecuted,
land frauds in California.

398 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
23. The same value should not be taxed twice the same year under
the same system ot taxation.
24. Interest on money should not exceed 6 per cent, per annum,
25. We deraand the immediate restoration to preromption and
sale of all forfeited railroad lands, and that no further extension be
granted. 26. We conderan the action of our senators and representatives in
congress, in depriving this state of representation for one year, whUe:
her most important interests are at stake, as an unwarrantable per
version of their official duties, made under a false pretense of econ
omy, but really in the hope to gain a political advantage over the
workingmen's party of California.
¦ 27. That we conderan the inaction of our senators and repre
sentatives in congress, in not atterapting to have the withdrawal-
frora pre-emption and sale of lands illegally clairaed by the defunct
Atlantic and Pacific railroad corapany reraoved, and said lands re
stored to the people, and re-opened to pre-emption and sale.
28. We condemn the "desert land bill," and all other land grabs,
under whatever name or on whatever pretense.
29. Contracts by debtors for the payment of fees of the attorneys
of creditors, should be prohibited.
30. Laws should be passed providing for the deduction of debts
due horw, fide residents from unsecured credits in matters of taxation,
31. That notaries public should be elected by the people, one from
each county. That the best protection of our frontier will be a popu
lation of settlers owning their own lands, and that it will be the
part of wisdom for the government to expend the money now squan
dered for such protection, by settling the people on the unoccupied
land. 32. Whereas, Great apprehension exists in the mining counties
that some legislation under the new constitution might be unfavor
able to mining interests, we declare that under the protection of our
party their vested- rights shall be respected.
33. That the president and vice-president of the United States,
and United States senators, shall be elected by the direct vote of the
people, and no man should be elected to the office pf president or;
vice-president of the United States for two consecutive terms.
34 We are tired of the dreary discussion of dead issues in our
national congress, while great, living issues are confronting the coun
try. The people want bread and not stones. We hail the awakening

WORKINGMEN'S PLATFORM: 399
-of the oppressed workingraen and irapoverished farraers, to the east
-of us, to a sense of their power and the cause of their sufferings, as
a harbinger of a new revolution in behalf of huraan rights, against
-vicious systeras and dishonest politicians.
35. That the national bank law should be repealed, and all raoneys
issued by the United States be a full legal tender for all debts, public
.and private.
36. Congress ought to pass fares and freights bills, and bills to
prohibit unjust discriraination and other abuses in the manageraent
-of overland routes.
37. That the government of the United States should establish
"throughout the states, a system of postal savings banks.
38. Charges for freights and fares on railroads, and for the use of
"water, gas, etc., must be so regulated that there shall be no discrim
ination between persons and places, and that capital actually invested
in railroad, water, and gas rights should yield no greater net incorae
than capital invested in farming and other productive industries.
The legislature must pass laws to carry into effect the police power
of the state, in order to prevent the importation of Chinese, and
-congress should abrogate all treaties that corae in conflict with the
nineteenth article of the new constitution.
39. We hold «that the state and county tickets forraed under the
-auspices of the workingraen's party of California must be made up
-of friends of the new constitution, irrespective of party predilections.
To further secure the efficiency of the new organic law, we will
attack its opponents -with the most effective weapons ; but among
-ourselves, in difference of opiilion, we will allow liberal discussion,
give considerate attention, and exercise the largest charity. To these
-ends we invite the co-operation of all the friends of the new consti
tution. We must do all in our power as a party to prevent any
-conflict between the interests of raining and agriculture, by just
laws, engineering skill, and public aid.
40. That the cardinal principle of true reform in politics is, that
i;he office shall seek the man, and not the raan the office ; and that
honesty, capability, and faithfulness to our republican system of
.government, are the main requirements in the selection of candidates
for office. That the democratic and republican parties have signally
failed to apply these principles, inasrauch as both have been com
pletely controlled by "rings," seeking office only to betray the people.
That we denounce and condemn the efforts of both old political par-

400 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
ties to create a solid north or a solid south, and thereby sectionize
the country; that in the organization of our party we know no
north, no south, no east, no west. That we are deterrained the gov
ernment of our country shall be so administered as to secure equal
rights to aU .our people, be they high or low, rich or poor, black or
white; and that by so doing the union can and will be perpetuated
forever. Signed by M. F. Quinn, chairman ; W. W. Broughton, secretary; .
D. A. Leonard, F. F. O'Leary, P. F. Warde, Anson Clark, John
Allyn, H. M. Moore, Jaraes O'SuUivan, John Knotwell, John T.
Wickes, and W. J. Sweasey.
Kearney moved to strike out the third section, but after a dis
cussion he withdrew the motion, finding that the sentiment of the
convention was against hira. A raotion that the candidates for
judicial offices be excused frora taking the oath required by the con
stitution of the party was lost. On the 5th, the following was added
to the platforra :
Water for the use of any city, town, or county in this state, or the
inhabitants thereof, can only be appropriated by the lawfully con
stituted authorities of such city and county, or city or town. Any
. appropriation of water heretofore made by any person, association,
or corporation for supplying any city and county, or city or town,
or the inhabitants thereof, not carried into actual operation by the
construction of water works and the furnishing of water, shall be
declared void.
Gambling devices have always victimized productive- industry,.
and they must be vigorously suppressed. Stock gambling raust be
prohibited, and stock stealing raust be. regulated.
Oorporations raust discharge their Chinese employes, or go out of
business. Laws must be passed to purge the communities of the
state ot the presence of Chinese, and to prevent their acquiring any
further foothold among us.
The man who owns the labor must be given as perfect a lien on
the thing produced or iraproved thereby as the man who owns the
capital is given on his investment.
Justice is too dear. The courts are inaccessible to poor raen ani
men of liraited raeans by reason of the cost bills exacted from them^
We demand a reduction of these expenses.
The following norainations were then made :

WORKINGMEN'S NOMINATIONS. 401
William F. White, for governor, on the first ballot, by a vbte of
110, to 20 for Henry Larkin, and 22 for John 0. Crigler. J. V.
Webster was naraed for the office, but withdrew, and John G.
Downey sent a telegram declining to be a candidate.
W. R. Andrus, for lieutenant-governor, on the first ballot, over
Charles Krug ; Henry Larkin -withdrawing.
A. A. Smith for secretary of state, without opposition.
Charles Krug for treasurer, on the first ballot, over L. B. Clarke.
Krug declined the nomination, and Clarke was norainated.
Hugh L. Jones for controller, without opposition.
0. W. Cross for attorney-general, without opposition.
H. J. Stevenson for surveyor-general, on the first ballot.
D. H. Trout for school superintendent, over A. L. Mann. Trout
declined on the 13th, and the state committee nominated S. N.
Burch. R. F. Morrison for chief justice of the supreme court, without
opposition. S. B. McKee, J. R. Sharpstein, Charles A. Tuttie, George A.
Johnson, J. H. Budd; and W. T. McNealy, for associate justices,
over E. W. McKinstry, John H. McKune, A. L. Rhodes, E. D.
Sawyer, and S. M. Buck. Tuttie, Johnson, McNealy, and Budd
declined the nominations, and J. D. Tiiomton, Buck, McKinstry,
and E. M. Ross were norainated in their stead.
0. F. Thornton for clerk of the suprerae court, without opposi
tion. Henry Larkin frora the first district, 0. J. Beerstecher frora the
second district, and George Stoneraan frora the third district, for
railroad coraraissioners.
' The first district convention met on June 7th, and nominated
Clitus Barbour for congressraan, without opposition; Robert Ferral
withdrawing.. Wra. 0. Hoagland was norainated for raember of the
state board of equalization.
The second district convention met at San Francisco on June 5th,
and nominated , Peter J. Hopper for congressman, and George Thom
for meraber of the board of equalization. Both ot these candidates
withdrew the next day, and H. B. Williams was nominated for con
gressraan, over J. 0. Martin, Thom, John Green wall, and B. K. Low;
and W. B. G. Keller was nominated, without opposition, for member
of the board of equalization. Williams withdrew on August 19 th in
favor of the deraocratic candidate.

402 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The third district convention met on the 6th at San Francisco,
and nominated 0. P. Berry for congressraan, over Benjamin Shurt
ieff and J. T. Rogers. J. P. Cavanaugh was nominated for meinber
of the board of equalization. On July 10th, Berry declined to take
the pledge, and G. T. EUiott was nominated, but he declined on the
21st, and the name of Berry was again placed on the ticket.
The fourth district convention raet at San Francisco on the 5th,
and nominated Jaraes J. Ayers for congressraan, over Charles Mc
Dougall ; and 0. T. Chubb for raember of the board of equalization.
The republican state comraittee raet at San Francisco on March
5th, and called a state convention to raeet at Sacramento on June
17th. On May 22d, another raeeting of the coraraittee was held,
and it was resolved not to postpone the convention. The following
address was issued by the coraraittee to the voters of the party:
The republican state central committee desires to urge upon you
the necessity of organizing proraptly for an earnest and vigorous
carapaign. You are called upon this year to perforra a double duty :
to assist in securing a faithful and effective administration of the
new constitution, and to support the time-honored principles of
your party. The contest, which has just resulted in the adoption
of that change in our organic law, was waged without reference to
national party lines, and had but one issue : whether the new con-
constitution should be ratified.
The republican party accepts the result as an absolute finality,
and pledges itself to a faithful interpretation and administration of
its provisions in all honesty and sincerity. That party is pre-emi
nently the representative of loyalty, of respect for law, of faithful
adherence to compacts. The principles on and by which it stands
are inseparable frora these characteristics; its raerabers have ever
been noted for their insistence upon strict regard for constitutional
requirements; and, in urging the republicans of the state to rally
round their party banners, we are only giving the best assurance
conceivable that the candidates whom they will put forward may be
trusted to adrainister the new constitution fairly and fully, and in
all sincerity and good faith.
It is the raore necessary to stand by the party organization to
day, because great and momentous national issues are in contro
versy. In addition to four congressraen, Califomia elects a state
senate, whose raembers will vote on the election of a United States

ADDRESS OF REPUBLICAN COMMITTEE. 403
senator. These considerations alone point to the absolute necessity
of a vigorous party campaign. But these are not the only incentives
to energetic action. In 1880, the presidential campaign opens, and
the republicans of California cannot afford to be negligent in the
preparation for a struggle which may involve the whole future of
the republic. The issues now presented are inferior in gravity to
none which the party has been called to confront since its defense
of a threatened union.
Advancing, with ever-growing audacity, the deraocratic leaders
have conspired to paralyze the federal go-vernraent, and to revive
the obsolete and heretical doctrine of state's rights, with extrava
gance. To corapass their purpose they have undertaken to intirai
date the executive, by threatening to withhold supplies; and,
further to erabarrass the adrainistration, they have resorted to the
device of appending political measures to appropriation bills, and
causing it to be inferred that they will bring the governraent to a
standstill if their deraands are not conceded. It is against the
dangers which this condition of national politics involves, that the
republican party raust prepare to contend with all its energies. We
have exaggerated nothing in ascribing to the situation a gravity
only second to that which confronted the nation in 1861. The oc
casion calls for all the loyalty and resolution which the raeraories of
a glorious past can inspire and evoke. Though alraost a generation
has elapsed, the patriots who fought to preserve the union are not
yet dead. The policy which periled their lives, their fortunes, and
their sacred honor to uphold and defend, is not yet abandoned by its
friends; and it is to that spirit of patriotism, to that stern resolve,
to that noble liberalism, that we confidently appeal to-day.
The raission of the republican party is not ended while the en-
franchiseraent of the negro continues to be a sham and a pretense ;
while republican governraent in ten states is a mockery ; while the
men who fought to destroy the union stand triumphantly upon the
steps of the national capitol, and plot the reversal of the judgraent
which the swords of our patriots recorded. That party stands
pledged to preserve the faith of the governraent in all its proraises
to its creditors ; to provide, as a circulating raediura for the use of
the people, a currency which shall be of uniform value, whether
gold, silver, or paper ; and to make a dollar, whatever its forra, abso
lutely worth a dollar.
To disband, to falter, to fail now in recognizing the duty and

404 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
need of action, would be to surrender the purposes of a lifetirae, to
satisfy the teachings of a generation, to renounce the approval of
cotemporaries and the gratitude of posterity. It is not from the
republican party that such weakness, such apathy, is to be expected.
That party is to-day, as ever, the responsible depository of whatever
high and holy aspirations the people of these United States cherish.
It stands for ordered liberty, equal justice, enlightened education, ¦
constitutional governraent, and equitable legislation. It is the ex
ponent and guardian of that liberty which rests upon understanding,
and of that freedora which is distinguished from license. It stands
to-day, as ever, for the poor as for the rich, for the passionless ad
ministration of a justice which knows no respect of persons, and tor
all that can enfranchise, elevate, and ennoble mankind. And be
cause it stands for these, it is the natural and implacable foe ot that
party which aims at anarchy, sanctions license, and seeks to taraper
with justice, under the plea of a raore perfect deraocracy; and which
shelters and sanctions corruption, under the pretext of a magnani
mous catholicity.
Against the doctrines which assault the freedom, purity, and
republicanism of our institutions, it is the duty of all republicans to
oppose to their utmost efforts; and to such a contest you are now
invited, in the full and abiding confidenbe that you will respond
with characteristic enthusiasm to the summons, and that you will
not cease until your efforts shall be crowned by a glorious success.
The convention met at the time and place agreed upon and was
called to order by A. G. Abell, the chairman of the state committee.
Obed Harvey, Frank M. Pixley, and George L. Woods were nomi
nated for temporary chairman. On the first ballot Harvey had 188
votes, to 140 for Woods, and 74 for Pixley. On the third ballot
Pixley was elected by a vote of 206, to 186 for Harvey. The com
mittee on platform consisted of G. G. Blanchard, 0. B. Porter, E.
W. Roberts, George 0. Gorham, George L. Woods, John H. Jewett,
and O. Sanders. On the 18th a perraanent organization was effected
and Pixley was elected president, and R. BumeU, G. L. Woods,
O. Harvey, and W. B. May, vice-presidents. The raajority of the
committee on resolutions reported the following :
1. That we reaffirra our aUegiance to the principles of the grand
national party of free soU, free labor, equal rights of the people,
honest money, good pubUc faith, and the integrity of the national

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 405
union — the party whose record furnishes some of the grandest and
most illustrious chapters of our nationalhistory.
2. That the attempts by the deraocratic raajority in congress to
repeal the laws for the preservation ot the purity of the ballot-box
at elections for raerabers of congress, is in keeping with the history
of the party whose crimes against the ballot in New York city
under the Tweied dynasty in 1868, led to the enactraent of those
laws ; that the raethod by which they seek to accomplish this result
— by withholding appropriations tor the courts of the United
States unless the president will join them in their conspiracy, is
revolutionary; and that the denial of the power of congress to make
regulations for the conduct ot congressional elections — a power
specificaUy granted in the constitution of the United States— is a
palpable attempt to revive the baneful doctrine of state supremacy,
which was the cause of the great rebellion.
3. That the firm and united opposition of the republican party
in congress, and of the president, to this new revolt against the na
tion, should be sustained by all patriotic and law-abiding people
throughout the land.
4. That the new constitution is the organic law of the state,
adopted by the people in accordance with our republican forra of
governraent. It must and will be sustained by the republican
party in loyalty. It must and will receive honest legislation. It
must and will receive a just and generous judicial interpretation. It
must and will be enforced by an honest executive administration j
and we conderan any effort to evade its provisions as unwise and
treasonable to the popular will legally expressed.
5. That an independent and intelligent agricultural population is
the chief eleraent of a nation's strength and prosperity, and it should
be the policy of state and general government to encourage the
acquisition of lands in small holdings for actual use, and to discour
age the raonopoly by individuals or corporations of large bodies.
6. The Chinese question is one of na,tional importance, demanding
the consideration of the national congress. Unrestricted Chinese
immigration imperils the best interests of our coast, and ultimately
that of the whole country. It raenaces the labor class with unequal
competition and is dangerous to our civilization. Not unmindful
ot its history and our own part therein, regarding the rights of pres
ent iraraigrants acquired, we demand of the general governraent
such legislation as shall restrict or control Chinese immigration in

406 POLITICAL . CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
the future, and the repeal or modification of so much of the Bur
lingame treaty as interferes with the accomplishment ot that object.
We will spare no effort within our own state to secure by legislative
enactraent a judicial enforceraent of the same results. Chinese im
migration must be restricted and controlled.
7. That it is a paramount duty and interest of the state to pro
vide ample educational opportunities for its youth, and to permit
none to be deprived of , their enjoyment, and that so far as' the pro
visions of the new organic law will perrait, legislation should
facilitate and encourage the adoption of a uniforra standard ot
quaUfications for teaching, courses of study, and text books forthe
public schools.
8. That the republican party — always the true friend of labor, in
all its varied forms — pledges itself to secure the passage of such
laws under the new constitution as will foster, protect and promote
the developraent and growth of all the industries of the state.
9. That the republican party, as a just arbiter of the people,
pledges itself to insist upon the passage of such laws as will pre
vent any conflict between the raining and certain portions ot the
agricultural districts and interests of the state — and we declare that
vested rights of all parties shall be scrupulously respected and pro
tected. 10. The republican party, claiming to represent the principles of
justice, honesty, and moral sentiment, declares its fidelity to the law
and its unalterable opposition to any atterapt on the part of any
class to disturb the ownership of property; and while it would dis
favor the accuraulation of great landed estates in the possession of
individuals or corporations, it would as firraly protect all the rights ot
all persons to all the wealth that they may legally and honestly
acquire. Whereas, The regulation of fares and freights upon all inter-state
railroad travel and traffic is subject to the action of the congress of
the United States, and the regulation of fares and freights within a
state is subject to local legislative jurisdiction and control, resolved,
11. As the opinion of this convention, that the railroad commis
sioners who shall be nominated by the district conventions should
make such reductions in the rates of fares and freights upon all local
travel and traffic carried over railroads which have received national
or state aid, operated within this state, as will reduce the same by a
certain specified percentage upon the rates declared, collected, or
charged by published rate bill in force upon any such road on the

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 407
first day of June, 1879, and that such commissioners shall hereafter
raake such further reductions as raay seera to thera just and demanded
by the interests of the people, but shall in no case authorize or per
mit any increase thereafter upon such rates so ordered.
Gorhara moved that the report be adopted except that portion
which related to railroad matters, and the raotion was carried. He
then read the rainority report of the comraittee, as follows :
Whereas, The railroad corapany has received $132,000,000 from
freight and passengers, and the transportation cost .158,000,000 upon
property derived through legislation, and valued by the president of
the company at $100,000,000 over all liabilities; whereas, notwith
standing the depressed condition of other business duringsix years, the
people have paid to the corapany over $15,000,000 per annura;
whereas, the expenses of the corapany were but $6,000,000; and,
whereas, the corapany has exacted in six years over $8,000,000 net
earnings; and, whereas, the producing and coraraercial interests^ will
be ruined unless relief is afforded ; and, whereas, the new constitu
tion was adopted raainly because of the railroad section; and,
whereas, tolls within the state can be reduced one-fourth ; therefore,
resolved, That a reraedy does not lie in any indefinite advocacy of reduced
rates, as the will of the people, expressed at the polls, has been
repeatedly defeated in the legislature by a systera of parliaraentary
legerderaain ; that relief lies in requiring candidates for governor,
lieutenant-governor, the legislature, and any railroad coraraissioner,
to take a pledge ; that the true and needed reform is to fix rates
between points in the state on railroads which have received national
or state aid, less than rates actually charged June 1, 1879; that for
each dollar usually and actually deraanded and received by the com
pany a reduction of twenty -five cents should be made ; that . th'e
question should be settled in advance of all other questions; that a
pledge after election cannot be broken without endangering the
peace of society, and revolution will probably follow; that all candi
dates for governor, lieutenant-governor, state senator, or assembly
man, or railroad coraraissioner, shall take the following pledge :
"Pledge for the railroad commissioner:
I do solemnly pledge my sacred honor' that I will, if elected a
railroad coraraissioner, faithfully support, without any raodification
or change, the following order : Ordered that the rates of fares and
freights on all railroads between all points within this state which

408 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN .CALIFORNIA.
have received national or state aid, shall, from and -after the 1st day
of February, 1880, be fixed at three-fourths the usual rates demanded
and received on the 1st day of June, 1879, or at any time during the
six months prior thereto ; and the words 'usual rates,' above used,
shall be deemed to mean the rates actually and usually charged in
each case, whether the same be nominally fixed or special rates ; and
it is further ordered that no change shall be made in the mode of
computing charges, or in the weight or measurement of freight, or
in the classification of service which shall affect the substantial
rights of parties under this order — the true, object being to reduce
all charges for services rendered by railroads between points within
the state over roads which have received national or state aid, one-
fourth below the present rates ; and I further solemnly pledge my
self that, during my term of office, I will never vote for any increased
rate of charge for any railroad service, but that any charge voted for
by me after February 1st, 1880, shall be a reduction.
" Pledges for governor, lieutenant-governor, assemblymen, and rail
road commissioners :
" I do solemnly pledge myself to the earnest and faithful support
of the new constitution, and that I will exert all the influence I pos
sess to aid in the election of the railroad commissioners pledged to a
reduction of one-fourth on all railroad fares and freights on roads
which have received national or state aid ; and if elected I pledge
myself, in the perforraance of my official duties, to act^ in accord
ance with this pledge."
S. O. Houghton offered the foUowing, as a substitute for both re
ports :
That in the opinion of this convention justice deraands that the
present rate of freights and fares upon all lines of railroads in this
state, that have received state or national aid, ought, to be reduced
at least 25 per cent.
After a lengthy debate the Houghton substitute was adopted.
The following norainations were raade on the 18th and 19th:
George C. Perkins, for governor, on the first ballot, by a vote of
215, to 53 for Horace Davis, 106 for George S. Evans, and 31 for
John F. Swift.
John Mansfield, for lieutenant-governor, without opposition.
Daniel M. Burns, for secretary of state, on the first ballot, by a
vote of 269, to 51 for Edward Martin, and 71 for Drury Melone.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTIONS. 409
D. M. Kenfield, for controller, without opposition.
John Weil, for treasurer, on the first ballot, by a vote of 221, to
J 22 for Adam Wasson, and 70 for W. E. McArthur.
Augustus L. Hart, for attorney-general, on the first ballot, by a
Tote of 217, to 190 for George W. Schell.
James W. Shanklin, for surveyor-general, on the first ballot, by a
Tote of 239, to 161 for W. H. Orane ; John A. Eagan withdrawing.
Frank W. Gross, for clerk of the supreme court, over Grant I.
'Taggart, Alexander CarapbeU, jr., and H. H. Russell.
F. M. Oampbell, for school superintendent, over J. H. 0. Bonte.
A. L. Rhodes, for chief justice, without opposition.
A. P. Catlin, Isaac S. Belcher, M. H. Myrick, James E. Hale, E.
D. Wheeler, and J. T. Richards, for associate justices, on the first
-ballot, which resulted as follows: John W. Dwinelle, 105; John W.
North, 63; Hale, 357; Catlin, 371; Wheeler, 251; Belcher, 362;
John Reynolds, 122; Myrick, 269; L. D. Latimer, 241; Robert
Harrison, 22; and Richards, 245. A state comraittee was selected
composed of Max Brooks, A. J. Rhoads, S. G. Hilborn, W. H-
Parks, G. G. Blanchard, E. F. Spence, M. D. Boruck, S. O. Hough
ton, H. W. Byington, P. B. Cornwall, and others.
The first district republican convention, for the noraination of a
candidate for railroad coraraissioner, met at Sacramento on June
19th, and nominated Joseph S. Cone, on the first ballot, by a vote of
121, to 21 for Christopher Green, and 32 forH. Cummings — Charles
F. Reed and Williara Jennings withdrawing.
The second district convention met at San Francisco on June
'24th. Gorham offered a series of resolutions sirailar to the minority
Teport of the comraittee of resolutions of the state convention. At
an adjourned raeeting of the district convention, held on July 1st,
the resolutions were tabled, by a vote of 52 to 27. T. G. Phelps
was norainated for commissioner, on the first ballot, by a vote of 50,
to 22 for George A. Fisher, 8 for D. W. Grant, and 3 for J. G.
Jackson ; John McComb and L. W. Walker withdrawing.
The third district convention raet at Sacramento, on June 19th,
and nominated 0. H. Phillips, on the first ballot, by a vote of 92,
to 22 for C. S. Abbott, 15 for H. K. W. Brent, 7 for H. J. Ostran
der, and 3 for L. U. Shippee ; George W. Tyler withdrawing.
The first district republican equalization convention met at San
Francisco on June 23d, and nominated James L. King for meraber

410 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
of the state board of equalization, without opposition, C. S. Capp
withdrawing. The second district convention met at Sacramento on June 19th,
and nominated M. M. Drew on the first ballot, by a vote ot 70, to
46 for L. 0. Morehouse.
The third district convention met at Sacramento on June 19th,
and nominated Warren Dutton, without opposition ; Charles F. Reed
declining. The fourth district convention raet at Sacraraento on the same
day, and nominated Jaraes A. Clayton, over John Baker and P. Y
Baker. The first district republican congressional convention raet at San
Francisco on June 23d, and norainated Horace Davis, without oppo
sition. The second district convention -met at Sacramento on June 17th,
and nominated Horace F. Page on the first ballot, by a vote of 85,
-to 25 for Stephen G. Nye.
The third district convention met at Sacraraento on .June 19th,
and norainated Joseph McKenna on the first ballot, by a vote of 92,
to 37 for Jerorae Banks.
The fourth district convention met at Sacramento on the same
day, and nominated Romualdo Pacheco, without opposition ; S. 0.
Houghton declining.
The executive coraraittee . of the new constitution party met at
San Francisco on May 22d, and called a state convention to meet at
Sacramento on June 25th. The convention was called to order by
Marion Biggs, the chairraan of the committee, and he was chosen
temporary chairman. The committee on resolutions consisted of
Cornelius Cole, H. P. Irving, L. HamUton, D. S. Terry, J. I. Cald
well, A. Campbell, Dr. A. W. Thorapson, E. Corastock, Volney E.
Howard, and others. On the 27th, a perraanent organization was
effected by the election of Biggs as president ; and Cornelius Cole,
Dr. 0. Grattan, J. W. Snowball, and D. 0. Reed, as vice-presidents.
The comraittee on platforra reported the following, which were
adopted :
Whereas, In the recent election on the adoption of the new con
stitution the voters of this state, without regard to party lines,
obtained a glorious victory over the corabined power of the moneyed
rings, banks, and corporations, and have thus shown to all the world

NEW CONSTITUTION CONVENTION. 411
that they have sufficient intelligence, honor, and patriotisra to preserve,
guard, and protect the liberty bequeathed to thera by the illustrious
fathers of the republic; and, whereas, the banded cohorts of capital are
now endeavoring by their usual corrupt raeans to wrest the fruits of
the recent victory of the people of this state frora thera, by electing to
office those who are inimical to the new constitution, for the purpose
of construing and_ administering the sarae in behalf of the raoneyed
power, and against the rights of the laboring and producing classes ;.
and, whereas, the opposition to the new la-w was unequalled in vio
lence, and the efforts to defeat it were characterized by bribery and
coercion theretofore unparalleled ; and, whereas, a constitution can
not execute itself, but raust be vitalized by appropriate legislation,
and be enforced by just interpretation and friendly construction;.
and, whereas, a single transportation company is collecting from the
people an annual revenue so enorraous as to cripple all the industries
of the state ; and, whereas, frora the coraraenceraent of its existence
that company has been operating upon capital furnished entirely
by the people of the state and nation ; and, -whereas, the deraocratic
and republican party organizations which, openly professing to ignore
the subject of the adoption of the new constitution, did in fact use
the machinery of those parties in the interests of the enemies of the
new constitution in order to defeat it ; and, whereas, the people
adopted the new constitution without the aid of either the derao
cratic or republican party organizations ; and, whereas, the presence
of the Chinese in California is an unmitigated evil and an intolerable
nuisance; therefore, be it resolved :
1. That the new constitution embodies principles just to all,.
oppressive to none, dear to ourselves, and of untold benefits to pos
terity. 2. That the people of California would prove recreant to their
own interests, false to their professions of friendship to the new
constitution, and deficient in a proper spirit of raanhood, if they
were to submit that instrument to the hands of its enemies, and thus
perrait it to be strangled in its infancy.
3. That the new constitution party, organized for the purpose of
relieasing the people frora the oppressions and thralldom of capital in
California, cannot have, and is not intended to have, any influence
whatever on the national politics of any individual.
4. That in a republic, where the people are the source of all polit
ical power, and where the ave"nues to proraotion and wealth are open.

412 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
and free to all alike, there is not and cannot be any roora for agra
rianisra, socialism, or communisra.
5. That the new constitution party will protect the liberty, labor,
and property of every citizen, and that therefore it coraraends itself to
the support of all.
6. That the first legislature elected under the new constitution
shall put into iramediate effect the stringent clauses of that instru
ment against the Chinese, and that everything ' that can be done
shall be done to make the Chinese cease coming, and to cause those
now here to speedily depart.
7. That, in accordance with a joint resolution passed by the last
legislature, the governor be urged to subrait to the people ot the
state, at the general election in Septeraber next, the question of
Chinese iraraigration to this state, and that whether such question
be subraitted officially or not, we hereby recoraraend that every
ticket of the new constitution party have printed immediately fol
lowing the names of the candidates, the words, "Against Chinese
immigration." 8. That our principles are embodied in the new constitution; that
while we believe in the doctrine that principles and not men should
be subserved by party action, we cannot safely subrait the execution
ot the instruraent that embodies our principles to raen who were but
y-esterday violently opposed to thera, and who have shown no better
evidence of conversion than a desire to hold office.
9. That the rates of freights and fares of those railroad companies
in California which have received government aid, should be reduced
at least one-third, and that each person receiving a noraination from
the new constitution party for an office, in the exercise of which
and whose duty it shall be to establish rates of charges for the
transportation of passengers and freights, shall be deeraed and held
to be pledged to carry out in good faith the policy enunciated in this
resolution, and as far as possible relieve the people of CaUfornia
from the extortion and oppression by those great corporations.
10. That laws shall be passed to carry into effect the provisions
of the new constitution, that all property shall be taxed according
to its value, once in each year ; strictly avoiding all species of double
taxation. 11. That it is the duty of the legislature to provide for the elec
tion by the people, of all state and county officers under the consti
tution, except in cases where their appointment is specially provided
ior in the new constitution.

NEW CONSTITUTION CONVENTION. 41 3:
The following additional resolution was adopted :
For many years atter Oalifornia became a state, mining for gold
was the leading industry — even now, it is the second; many of our
most enterprising citizens, as individuals and as associations under
incorporation laws, have invested millions of dollars in developing
placers and constructing ditches to enable the rainers to work the
sarae ; and with the foregoing facts in view, resolved :
That the new constitution party pledges itself that it will stand
firra as the rainers' friend, and in case any attempt shall be raade at-
any tirae to pass unfriendly legislation, the new constitution party
will openly and boldly oppose any and all atterapts to irapinge upon
the vested rights of the rainers and ditch owners.
The following nominations were raade :
Hugh J. Glenn, for governor, on the first ballot, by a vote of 128,
to 115 for J. V. Webster; Volney E. Howard, John G. Downey,
and Hugh M. LaRue declining.
John P. West, for lieutenant governor, without opposition ; J. V,
Webster, Thoraas McConnell, Marion Biggs, O. Wolcott, W. S.
Manlove, 0. Cole, and James A. Waymire declining. West declined
the nomination, and on the 27th D. 0. Reed was nominated in his
place, without opposition; Charles Kent, G. W. Hancock, 0. R.
Weller, and Milton Wasson declining.
Lauren E. Orane, for secretary of state, on the first ballot, over
George W. Wedekind, W. D. Lawton, and H. M. LaRue.
Hugh M. LaRue, for controller, without opposition.
Cyrus Jones, for treasurer, on the first ballot, over Charles Kent-
and H. Holraes.
Charles W. Cross, for attorney-general, without opposition. He
declined on August 19th, and David S. Terry was nominated by the
committee. F. J. Clark, for surveyor-general, without opposition.
Edwin F. Sraith, for clerk of the suprerae court, on the first bal
lot, over L. J. Mowry.
A. L. Mann, for school superintendent, on the first ballot, over J,
R. Kelso and L. D. Morse.
Nathaniel Bennett, for chief justice, without opposition ; O. 0.
Pratt and David S. Terry declining.
Alexander CarapbeU, jr., Calhoun Benhara, Charles A. Tuttie,
John H. McKune, Caleb Dorsey, and John 0. Burch, for associate
justices, on the first ballot, over E. W. McKinstry, E. B. Spencer,

414 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
A. 0. Freeman, J. R. Sharpstein, H. P. Irving, J. H. Budd, A. W.
Thorapson, George A. Johnson, 0. 0. Pratt, C. Cole, Jaraes E. Hale,
and John L. Love.
A state comraittee was selected, consisting of L. 0. Granger,
Charles F. Lott, M. Biggs, jr., Dr. Grattan, Charles Krug, Jonas
Spect, W. B. Norraan, J. I. CaldweU, D. 0. Reed, 0. L. Weller,
WiUiara Holden, J. L. Love, J. H. Burke, H. J. Dam, G. H. Rogers,
J. A. FUcher, J. V. Webster, 0. Younger, G. W. Hancock, J. W.
Snowball, B. Langford, Charles Kent, B. Shurtieff, M. Biggs, and
others. '
The first district new constitution convention, for the nomination
-of a candidate for railroad commissioner, met at Sacramento on
June 27th, and nominated Henry Larkin, on the seventh ballot,
over J. N. Blood, George W, Hancock, William Holden, and W. B.
Norman. The second district convention met on the same day, and nomi
nated Sarauel Soule, without opposition; W. H. Mills, 0. A. Stombs,
and George W. Thomas withdrawing.
The third district convention met at Sacraraento on June 26th
and norainated George Stoneraan on the first ballot, by a vote of
71, to 12 for George W. Sraith.
The first district equalization convention raet at Sacramento on
June 27th and nominated A. 0. Bradford, without opposition.
The second district convention met at the same time and place,
and norainated W. M. Crutcher on the first ballot, over L. Brusie,
Joel Russell, and W. B. G. Keller. Crutcher declined on July 22d,
and Keller was norainated by the coraraittee on August 19th.
The third district convention met at Sacramento on the 27th, and
nominated John M. Kelley on the first ballot, over J. M. Charles.
The fourth district convention met at the same place and nomi
nated T. D. Heiskell on the first ballot, over 0. Younger.
The deraocratic state comraittee held a raeeting at San Francisco,
at which raany of the leading raembers of the party were caUed in
to consider the matter of the advisability of calling a state conven
tion. W. J. "Tinnin moved that a state convention be called to meet
at Sacraraento on May 27th, to nominate a state ticket. J. D.
Spencer moved to substitute San Francisco as the place for holding ,
the convention. The amendment was rejected, and the original
resolution carried. It was resolved as a sense of the confer
ence that the state committee should issue an address to the

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 415
members of the party. The coramittee raet immediately afterward,
and endorsed the action of the conference in reference to calling the
convention, but after a long discussion, failed to endorse the reso
lution to issue the address. On May 14th, the executive comraittee
of the state comraittee held a meeting at San Francisco, at the sug
gestion of leading democrats who were in favor of postponing the
state convention, and a call was issued for a meeting of the state
comraittee on the 20th. At that raeeting, the state convention was
postponed to July 1st. On the last named day, the convention met
at Sacramento, and was called to order by J. 0. Maynard, the
secretary of the state coraraittee. J. 0. Shorb was elected terapo
rary chairman without opposition. The committee on resolutions
consisted of Jaraes O'Meara, S. M. Taylor, A. J. Bryant, Thoraas J.
Clunie, W. A. Selkirk, A. B. Dibble, Jo Hamilton, W. J. Tinnin,
G. H. Crossette, J. W. Satterwhite, L. Archer, J. D. Spencer, and
J. 0, Shorb. On permanent organization, Shorb was president, and
S. M. Taylor, John 0. Hays, G. H. Crossette, and 0. T. Ryland,
vice-presidents. The committee reported the following resolutions :
1. That the democratic party is the only party which has always
observed, obeyed, and maintained the federal constitution, and is,
therefore, the only political party which the people can safely trust
to administer the organic law of the state.
2. The democratic sentiment is an indissoluble union of inde
structible states, under the pararaount authority of the federal
constitution, in all powers which have not been reserved by the
states. 3. That as suffrage is a privilege conferred exclusively by the
states, eaoh state for itself, agreeably to the constitutionally expressed
will of the people thereof, any attempt of the general governraent
to interfere with the elections in the states, or in any of thera, is
dangerous to the liberties of the people and destructive of the sacred
ness of the elective franchise; and therefore we conderan as uncon
stitutional and subversive of the freedom of the ballot the odious
laws, ot republican origin and adoption, by which federal super-visors
ot elections and deputy marshals are erapowered to interfere with
the registration of voters at the polls, and United States troops are
stationed at polling places to intiraidate or disfranchise citizens, na
tive or naturalized.
4. That in unison with their party brethren throughout the re
public, the democrats of California denounce the repeated abuses of

416 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
the vetoes by Rutherford B. Hayes, sitting as the executive officer
of the government, in defeating the will of the people as expressed
by congress, in his rejection of the bills passed by that body to
repeal obnoxious and unconstitutional laws during the present spec
ial session.
5; That the democracy of California earnestly approve the conduct
of the democrats in both houses of congress for their firm adherence-
to the just deterraination to repeal the laws by which the rights of
voters are interfered with, at the instance and under the authority
of the republican adrainistration, to the extremity of depriving citi
zens of suffrage for the purpose of carrying elections by force and
fraud. 6. That the deraocracy of California are united and devoted ia
support of, and obedience to the new constitution, and raaintain it
as a sacred duty to administer the state governraent in strict and
unqualified accordance with the spirit and letter of that instrument.
7. That the deraocratic party is pledged by its principles and
irameraorial usages to reforra, retrenchraent, and the utraost economy
corapatible with good governraent, in the adrainistration of public-
affairs ; that it adheres to the cardinal doctrines of its founders, that
taxation and representation should go together ; that the lowest-
practicable tax-rate coraraensurate with the expenses of state,
should be levied, and taxation should be equally and justly imposed
on all property, to the end that one class shall not be burdened with
the taxes fairly due frora another, and that no exemption of tar
should be allowed to capital which is withheld from other species of '
property. 8. That the deraocrats of California were the first in the early
establishraent of the state governraent to proclaira antagonism to
Chinese immigration and coolie cheap labor ; that it was under a.
republican administration the Burlingame treaty was raade, by
which Chinese were adraitted to the rights and privileges accorded
to iraraigrants from Europe ; that it was a republican occupant ot
the presidential chair who vetoed the bill passed by a democratic-
congress to prohibit the further iraraigration of Mongolians, and
that the republican rainority in congress prevented the passage of
the bill over the veto ; and that, therefore, it is only to the demo
cratic party the people can confidently look to secure legislation that
shall abate and abolish the evil and curse of coolie importation,.
which cripples trade and palsies the arm of white labor.

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 417
9. That the democrats of Oalifornia approve the action of the
democrats in congress who secured the passage of the Thurman bUl,
by which the Pacific railroads are compelled to pay to the governraent
the just share of interest annually due from them upon the bonds,
agreeably to the terras of the charters granted to the respective cora
panies. 10. That the railroad and other transportation corporations in
California should be subject to state regulation of rates for passen
gers and freight in order that a raaterial reduction should be made ;
that unjust and discriminating rates shall not be iraposed or
extorted, and that the enforceraent of the reduction should partic
ularly apply to the railroads which have been subsidized.
11. That raining, as the original and still a very important in
terest of California, is entitled to the fostering care, and should be
fostered and receive the fullest protection trom the state govern
ment, and the property and possessions of all engaged in mining en
terprises should be guarded by the legislative, j-udicial and executive
departraents of the state and federal governraents.
l2. That the large reduction of expenditures in the public ser-
-vice in the adrainistration of the state governraent during the past
four years under deraocratic management, at this tirae of general
depression in trade and labor, especially commend to the people of
this comraonwealth the election of the candidates of the democratic
party at the coming election to adrainister the state government for
the ensuing constitutional term.
The resolutions were adopted without opposition. On the 2d, a
motion was raade by W. M. Cutter to reconsider the vote by which
the platforra had been adopted, in order to strike out the eleventh
resolution, but it was lost. Mr. Pearce offered the following :
That no candidate shall be deemed eligible to the nomination of
this convention who is now affiliating with any political organization
in opposition or antagonistic to the democratic party.
This resolution created considerable excitement, and was finally
lost by a vote of 290 to 67. A state coraraittee was selected, con
sisting of W. D. EngUsh, John H. Wise, Frank P. Baldwin, R. D.
Stephens, C. W. Taylor, W. S. Green, A. B. Dibble, Warren B.
English, Christopher Buckley, T. L. Thorapson, Philip A. Roach, A.
J. Bryant, J. P. Hoge, W. T. Coleman and others.
27

418 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The coramittee on resolutions reported the following as a substi
tute for the eleventh resolution, and it was adopted :
That mining and agriculture, as the foreshadowing ititerests of
California, should equally receive the fullest protection from the
state governraent, and the property and possessions of all engaged in
either pursuit should be carefully guarded by the legislative, judicial
and executive departments of both the state and federal govern
ments. The following nominations were made :
Hugh J. Glenn for govemor, without opposition.
Levi Chase for lieutenant-governor, on the first ballot, by a vote
of 181 to 173 for J. D. Lynch ; A. B. Dibble and J. W. Satter
white declining. k
W. J. Tinnin for secretary ofi state, without opposition; Thomas
Beck and W. B. 0. Brown withdrawing.
G. T. Pauli tor treasurer, without opposition ; J. G. Estudillo,
George Pearce and Thomas Fowler withdrawing. Pauli afterward
declined, and on August 13th the state coraraittee norainated A. G.
Escandon. W. B. C. Brown for controller, without opposition,
Williara Minis tor surveyor-general, without opposition.
Jo Hamilton for attorney-general, without opposition.
H. 0. Gesford for school superintendent, without opposition; W.
M. Cutter and A. L. Mann withdrawing.
D. B. Woolf for clerk of the suprerae court, without opposition.
Robert F. Morrison for chief justice, without opposition.
S. B. McKee, E. M. Ross, E. W. McKinstry, T. B. Reardan,
Thoraas P. Stoney and J. D. Thornton for justices of the supreme
court, on the first ballot, over Joseph A. Moultrie, S. Heydenfeldt,
Jr., J. B. Campbell and J. R. Sharpstein. Reardan afterward de
clined, and on August 13th the state committee nominated Sharp
stein in his place.
Iraraediately after the noraination of Glenn, Cutter offered the
foUowing, which created a wild excitement, but was finally adopted
by a vote of 198 to 148 :
That no candidate, except for a judicial office, shall hereafter re
ceive a nomination at the hands of this convention who has accepted
a nomination from anv other state convention.

DISTRICT DEMOCRATIC CONVENTIONS. 419
The first district deraocratic convention raet at Sacraraento on
July 3d, and norainated G. J. Carpenter for raUroad commissioner,
on the first ballot, over Henry Wilson, John T. Dare, and A. L. Nott.
The second district convention met at San Francisco on July 14th,
and norainated George W. Thoraas, on the first ballot, over Frank
G. Edwards and Williara Corcoran.
The third district convention met at Sacraraento on July 2d, and
nominated George Stoneman, without opposition.
The first district democratic convention met at San Francisco on
August Sth, and norainated A. 0. Bradford for member of the board
of equalization, without opposition.
The second district convention met at Sacraraento on July 2d, and
nominated Charles H. Randall, without opposition.
The third district convention met at Sacramento on July 2d, arid
nominated C. E. Wilcoxen, without opposition; T. B. Bond and
W. H. DeJamett withdrawing.
The fourth district convention met on the sarae day, and norai
nated T. D. Heiskell, on the first ballot, over Brice Griraes and
T. D. Harp.
The first district democratic congressional convention met at San
Francisco on August 5th, and norainated Robert Ferral, without
opposition. He declined, and on the 19 th the convention again raet
and in like manner nominated Charles A. Sumner.
The second district convention raet at Sacraraento on July 2d, and
nominated Thomas J. Clunie, on the first ballot, by a vote of 45, to
31 tor Charles H. Randall.
The third district convention met on thesame day, and on the first
ballot, nominated 0. P. Berry, by a vote of 52, to 37 for Barclay
Henley, and 14 for J. K. Luttrell.
The fourth district convention raet on the sarae day, and norai
nated Wallace Leach, without opposition.
On May 28th, a raeeting was held at Sacraraento, and a call was
issued for a prohibition convention to raeet at San Francisco on
July 16th. The convention was called to order by M. 0. Win
chester, who was elected president.
The following norainations were made :
A. G. Clark, for governor.
George Bramall, for lieutenant-governor.

420 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
A. A. Sraith, for secretary of state.
M. 0. Winchester, for controller.
W. 0. Clark, for treasurer.
Charles W. Cross, for attorney-general.
J. W. Shanklin, for surveyor-general.
S. N. Burch, for school superintendent.
D. B. Woolf, for clerk of the suprerae court.
A. L. Rhodes, for chief justice.
J. D. Thornton, S, B. McKee, M. H. Myrick, J. H. McKune,
Thomas P. Stoney, and Charles A. Tuttie, for associate justices.
Afterward, McKune declined, and Jaraes E. Hale was nominated
in his stead.
For members of the board of equalization, A. 0. Bradford was
norainated in the first district; W. M. Crutcher, in the second;
John M. Kelley, in the third ; and James A. Clayton, in the fourth.
For railroad coraraissioners, G. J. Carpenter, in the first ; T. G.
Phelps, in the second ; and George Stoneraan, in the third.
On August 30th, the central coraraittee of the prohibition party
withdrew the ticket frora the field.
In July, raeetings were held in San Francisco ot the state central
coraraittees of the new constitution and democratio parties with a
view of attempting to consolidate their state tickets, and on the
15th, the denhocratic comraittee deterrained to raake no change.
About that tirae, the new constitution comraittee considered the
question ot the advisability of taking Glenn frora their ticket, but
they decided to let him remain. The next day the democratic com
mittee considered the same proposition, and Glenn was called betore
them. He stated that he had been nominated by the new constitu
tion party first, and that in justice he was corapelled to support that
ticket and the platforra of that party. The democratic' committee, by
a vote of 16 to 10, deterrained not to take his name frora the ticket.
On June 18th, Rev. I. S. Kallock was norainated by the working
raen for the office of raayor of San Francisco. During the campaign,
he was attacked by the San Francisco Chronicle, and the affair grew
into a personal discussion of the characters of himself and the pro
prietors of the paper. On August 23d, Charles De Young, one of the
owners ot the paper, shot and seriously wounded Kallock in front of
the Metropolitan Temple. The assault created intense excitement,
and it was feared that mob action would be taken by the working-

RESULT OF ELECTION. 421
men. Kallock was elected by a large majority. The feeling between
the parties, remained, however, and on April 23, 1880, Charles De
Young was shot and killed in his own office by I. M. Kallock, the
son of the raayor. Young Kallock was afterward tried for raurder
and acquitted. •
The election was held in Septeraber, 1879, and the official canvass
developed the following result : For governor, Perkins received 67,-
965 votes; Glenn, 47,647; White, 44482; Clark, 119. For lieu
tenant-governor, Mansfield, 67,284; Andrus, 42,405; Chase, 31,226 ;
Reed, 19,933 ; Braraall, 78. For secretary of state, Bums, 67,666;
Smith, 41,045; Tinnin, 32.128; Crane, 19,926. For controller,
Kenfield, 67,390; Jones, 40,837; Brown, 32,193; LaRue, 21,030;
Winchester, 86. For treasurer, Weil, 67,791 ; L. B. Clark, 40,905;
Escandon, 30,193; Jones, 20,034; Pauli, 1,009; W. 0. Clark, 66;
E. W. Maslin, 23. For attorney-general, Hart, 66,937 ; Cross, 40,-
628; Hamilton, 28,904; Terry, 23,079. For surveyor-general,
Shanklin, 67,166; Stevenson, 41,226; Minis, 32,291; Clark, 20,-
080. For school superintendent, Campbell, 67,293 ; Burch, 40,798 ;
Gesford, 31,627 ; Mann, 20,997. For suprerae court clerk, Gross,
64,632; Thomton, 40,744; Woolf, 35,221; Smith, 20,363. For
chief justice, Morrison, 72,588; Rhodes, 68,226; Bennett, 19,906.
For associate justices, McKinstry, 79,987 ; Thornton, 78,229 ; Mc
Kee, 75,879; Ross, 72,372; Sharpstein, 70,115; Myrick, 68,234
Belcher 67,592; Catlin, 66,397; Hale, 66,210; Wheeler, 65,367
Richards, 60,556; Buck', 41,894; Stoney, 31,660; Dorsey, 20,888
Campbell, 2.0,784; Tuttie, 20,216; Benham, 20,192; McKune, 20,-
114; Burch, 20,076; 0. Williaras, 1,191. For merabers of the
board of equalization — First district. King, 18,996; Hoagland, 18,-
442 ; Bradford, 3,947. Second district, Drew, 18,343 ; Keller, 13,-
843; Randall, 6,290. Third district, Dutton, 16,023; WUcoxson,
12,318; Kelley, 7,369; Cavanaugh, 5,370. Fourth district, Heis
kell, 16,716; Clayton, 13,507; Chubb, 8,485. For railroad cora
raissioners— First district, Cone, 22,829; Larkin, 22,374; Carpenter,
14526. Second district, Beerstecher, 20,207; Phelps, 18,033;
Soule, 3,519; Thoraas, 2,523. Third district, Stoneraan, 35,518;
Phillips, 19,410. For congressraen — First district, Davis, 20,074 ;
Barbour, 18,449; Sumner, 2,940. Second district, Page, 19,386;
Clunie, 12,847; Williams, 5,139. Third district. Berry, 20,019;
McKenna, 19,830; Elliott, 121. Fourth district, Pacheco, 15,385;
Leach, 12,109 ; Ayers, 10,528.

422 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
CHAPTER XXX.
1380 — Democratic Convention — ^'Workingmen's Convention — Republi
can Convention, April 29th — Prohibition Convention — Greenback
Convention — Republican Convention, August uth.
The deraocratic state coraraittee raet at San Francisco, on April
14th, and called a state convention, to raeet in Oakland, on May
19 th, to select twelve delegates to the national convention to meet
at Cincinnati on June 22d. When the convention met it was called
to order by A. J. Bryant, chairman of the state coraraittee. Samuel
M. Wilson and W. J. Tinnin were norainated for temporary chair
man, and Wilson was elected by a vote of 2 12 J to 123| for Tinnin.
On permanent organization, Wilson was president, and Tinnin vice-
president. The coraraittee on resolutions consisted of Geo. Pearce,
J. A. Filcher, James O'Meara, J. W. Gaily, S. M. White, WaUace
Leach, F. T. Baldwin, and others. On the 20th, a state central
committee was selected, consisting of John H. Wise, Robt. Tobin,
F. G. Newlands, Gus Reis, Peter Hopkins. Niles Searls, Paul Shir
ley, W. A. Selkirk, W. D, English, Clay W. Taylor, J. K. DoUison,
Dennis Spencer, J. D. Spencer, Philip A. Roach, Stuart M, Taylor,
William Blanding, J. 0. WolfskiU, and others. The roll was called
to ascertain the preference of the convention tor the presidential
candidate, and Thurman received 133 votes; Tilden, 97; Seymour,
95 ; Field, 2 ; Hancock, 2 ; and Hendricks, 1. Thurraan was there
fore declared to be the choice of the convention. On the 2 1st, the
following were selected as delegates to the national convention :
First district, W. P. Frost, John Foley, and J. B. Metcalfe. Sec
ond district, J. E. McElrath, G. H. Cassell, and R. D. Stephens.
Third district, Thoraas L. Thorapson, Andrew Stevenson, and W. 0.
Hendricks. Fourth district, 0. H. Maddox, Jesse D. Carr, and
WaUace Woodworth. For presidential electors at large, William T.
Wallace and David S. Terry were 'nominated without opposition;,
and J. Campbell Shorb frora the first district, W. B. 0. Brown from
tjie second district, Barclay Henley from the third district, and E.
F. Del Valle from the fourth district, were also nominated without
opposition. For alternate electors at large Thomas B. Bishop and P.
F. Walsh were nominated without opposition, Charles A. Suraner and
S. M. White declining. Caraeron H. King frora the first district, A.
Carainetti frora the second district, J. H. Seawell from the third
district and R. H. Ward frora the fourth district' were also nomi-

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 423
nated without opposition. The coraraittee on resolutions reported
the following, which were adopted :
1. We affirra our fidelity to the principles enunciated by the
democratic convention of St. Louis in 1876,
2. We denounce the fraud by which R. B. Hayes and W. A.
Wheeler were declared president and vice-president ot the United
States, and the fairly elected candidates, Samuel J. Tilden and
Thomas A. Hendricks counted out.
3. We declare that among tlje leading issues of the carapaign are
the vindication of the right ot the people to self-government; the
condemnation of the crirae against the ballot coraraitted four years
ago; resistance to iraperialism, the raaintaining of the reserved
rights of the states, and opposition to Chinese immigration.
4. That the drift of the republican party toward empire, through
the oppressive concentration of capital, is a fraud upon the voting
masses and an insult to the men who carry the guns in defense of
our liberties.
5. We affirm our devotion to the union, deprecate all sectionalism,
hold the republican party responsible for the agitation of dead issues,
and regard the preservation of local self-government as necessary to
the perpetuation of the republic.
6. That we favor continual lawful agitation of the subject of
Mongolian iramigration to this country until the federal government
is moved to so raodify our treaties with the Chinese empire as to pro
hibit it, and thus save those of our fellow-citizens who depend upon
labor for support frora unjust and degrading corapetition. We con
demn and denounce the veto of R. B. Hayes of the bill limiting
Chinese immigration to the United States, and declare that there is
no relief frora the scourge except through a democratic adrainistra
tion. 7. That we regard with alarra the doctrine of centralization
recently announced by the republican raajority of the supreme
court of the United States as having been raade in the interest of
party and intended to blot out the last vestige of state rights and
change the federal union to an empire.
8. That the labor of the country is its capital, and deserves
the protection and guardianship of our governments — state and
federal. 9. We irapose no instructions upon our delegates to the conven
tion to raeet at Cincinnati, save and except to vote for the retention

424 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
of the so-called " two-thirds rule" in norainating candidates for presi
dent and vice-president, and to vote as a unit in accordance with
the will of the majority of the delegation frora this state ; and con
fident in the collective wisdora of the deraocratic national conven
tion, we pledge in advance to their norainees the electoral vote ot
California in Noveraber, 1880.
The first district convention raet at San Francisco on Septeraber
20th. Wm. S. Rosecrans, Charles A. Sumner, Robt. Ferral and John
S. Enos were naraed for congressraan. Fifteen ballots were taken
without result, and an adjournraent was had to the 27th, when
Rosecrans was nominated on the first ballot.
The second district convention raet at Sacraraento on August
21st, and norainated John R. Glascock, on the first ballot, over
Charles W. Cross; Thos. J. Clunie withdrawing.
The third district convention raet at Sacraraento on May 20th,
and norainated 0. P. Berry, without opposition.
The fourth district convention raet at Los Angeles on August 4th,
and norainated Wallace Leach, on the first ballot, over L. J. Rose,
J. W. Satterwhite, and P. B. Tully.
On May 2d, the ward presidents of the workingraen's party met
at San Francisco and called a state convention, to meet in that city
on the 17th, to choose delegates to attend the national greenback con
vention, which was to meet in Chicago on June 9th. The convention
was called to order by H. W. Sraith, the vice-president of the party^
and 143 delegates were present. B. Pilkington was elected chair
man. On the 18th, the coramittee on platform submitted a lengthy
report of resolutions sirailar to those which had been adopted by
prior state conventions of the party. A resolution was carried by a
vote of 60 to 41 in favor of Thurraan as the presidential candidate.
On the 19th, the convention split, and each branch selected a set
of delegates to attend the national convention.
The first republican state convention met at Sacraraento on April
29th, and was called to order by W. W. Morrow, the chairman ot
the state committee. George F. Baker was elected temporary chair
raan, without opposition, and was afterward chosen president. The
coraraittee on resolutions consisted of Grove L. Johnson, John W.
Cherry, George Barstow, W. A. Stuart, B. J. Watson, John A.
Eagon, Wra. Sharkey, 0. W. Craig, W. A. Cheney, 0. RoweU,
B. C. Whiting, and others. They reported the following:

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 425
The republicans of California, in state convention assembled, as
expressive of their views, do hereby resolve ;
1. That they reaffirm their adherence to the republican national
platform of 1876, and the Oalifornia republican state platform of
1879. 2. That the policy of resuraption which has made the greenback
of war days equal to gold in days of peace should be maintained.
3. That the amendments to the federal constitution, and all laws
passed in pursuance thereof, should be sacredly and jealously raain
tained and enforced, so that every citizen of the United States, re
gardless of color or condition, shall be protected in all his rights,
and a full, free, and fair election be held in all the states of the
union. 4. That the free public schools should be guarded and fostered by
all the appliances within reach of the state and national govern
ments, to the end that the children of all may be educated to know,
and thereby to enjoy and perforra, their full duties and privileges as
Araerican citizens.
5. That all peaceful raeasures should be used to prevent the fur
ther iramigration ot Chinese into the United States, and to rid the
country of those now here.
6. That we will cordially support the norainees of the republican
national convention, whoever they raay be; but we know that the
¦six electoral votes of our state are certain to be given for the repub
lican ticket it Jaraes G. Blaine be norainated, wherefore we do
hereby instruct our delegates to the republican national convention
to vote as a unit — first, last, and all the time — tor James G. Blaine,
and to use all honorable means to secure his noraination for presi
dent of the United States.
A raotion was made to amend the sixth resolution by adding,
¦"until his narae is withdrawn from the convention, when the dele
gates from California shall vote as a unit for the candidate of the
majority of the delegation." The amendment was lost, by a vote of
122 to 124, and the resolutions as reported were adopted. Resolu-
lutions were also adopted that all candidates for delegates or alter
nates be pledged to carry out the sixth resolution ; instructing the
delegates to urge the insertion of a plank in the national platform
pledging the party to opposition to Chinese imraigration; and that
no proxies frora the state be allowed in the national convention, and
that the delegation cast the vote of any absentee.

426 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The following were selected as delegates to attend the national
convention : First district — J. 0. Wilraerding, Samuel Mosgrove,and
Alexander D. Sharon. Second district — Creed Haymond, S. Huff,
and J. K. Doak. Third district — H. T. Fairbanks, Joseph Russ,:
and E. A. Davis. Fourth district—John Mansfield, D. S. Payne,
and F. M. Pixley. The following were selected as alternate delegates :
First district — C. Mason Kinne, George A. Fisher, and F. J. French.
Second district — J. R. Johns, James Foster, and J. A. Benton.
Third district — John V. Scott, Frank A. Leach, and S. G. Hilborn.
Fourth district — Williara M. Sraith, Charles Sherraan, and J. P.
Stearns. A resolution was adopted favoring Newton Booth as the
nominee for vice-president.
The state central comraittee ot the prohibition party met at Oak
land on July 17th, and nominated for presidential electors : J. W.
Webb and George Bramall at-large, G. W. Coldwell from the
first district, W. O. Clark frora the second, M. 0. Winchester
from the third, and Jesse Yarnell from the fourth. Yarnell
afterward withdrew, and John Woods was norainated in his
place. For congressraen, F. A. Sawyer was nominated for the
second district, A. G. Clark for the third, and W. H. Wheeler tor
the fourth.
The state convention of the national greenback labor party met at
San Francisco July 21st, to nominate electors and congressmen, and
to perfect the organization of the party. As a precaution against
the adraission ot obnoxious characters, cards of adraission were issued
to the delegates, two of whora were women. Silas Selleck called the
convention to order, and L. M. Manzer was chosen president. The
following platform was adopted :
1. That this convention cordially indorses the platform and reso
lutions of the Chicago convention, and the noraination of James B.
Weaver, of Iowa, as president, and Benjarain J. Charabers, of Texas,
as vice-president.
2. That congress has no constitutional right to grant the public
lands to corporations.
3. We declare that land, light, air, and water are the free gifts of
nature to all raankind ; and any law or custora of society that allows
any person to raonopolize more of these gifts than he has a right to,
to the detriment of the rights of others, we earnestly condemn and
seek to abolish.

NATIONAL GREENBACK PARTY. 427
4. In all cases where either the congress of the United States or
the legislatures of the several states have made grants to corpor
ations or private persons, predicated on contingences to happen, by
reason of something to be done by the beneficiary under the grant,
and the beneficiary has neglected to coraply with the conditions thus-
imposed, the grants themselves should be declared forfeited by the
powers raaking them.
In the opinion of this convention, the grants made to the South
ern Pacific railroad, and the Atlantic Pacific railroad have been
disregarded by the beneficiaries thereunder, and should be declared
forfeited at the next congress, and the land thrown open for pre
emption and actual settlement.
5. That in our legislative bodies all political opinions should be
represented in proportion to the nuraber ot those who hold them,.
regardless ot district or ward lines, thus avoiding party mechanisms,
which not only do not express, but in effect nullity the will of the
people. That as our law-making bodies do not in fact represent any
considerable nuraber of their norainal constituents, but merely a few
politicians and their monopolistic ring raasters, the laws which they
enact, when unjust, are not raorally binding, because, "governments
derive all their just power from the consent of the governed" and
not from their raere acquiescence.
6. That suffrage is a right inherent in citizenship and not a raere
privilege to be granted or withheld at the pleasure of the party in
power. 7. That the possession and control of the public highways by private
individuals or corporations is contrary to democratic principles, and
inimical to national prosperity.
8. That the state has a right to so control its educational system
as to insure and compel the efficient education of all children in the
branches of learning and industrial pursuits. AU children must be
educated alike, and all the expense must be borne by the state.
9. We deraand a national paper raoney, a full legal tender for all
money payraents.
10. The prohibition of banks of issue, and the abolishment of the
,national banking system.
11. The payment of the bonded debt of the United States, and
that no further refunding of the same be authorized or permitted.
12. That no discrimination be made between gold and silver in
the freedora and facilities afforded for coinage.

428 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
13. That Chinese iramigration be prohibited by law, and that
those who are already here shall not be admitted to citizenship.
That if any commercial treaty is maintained wjth China, it shall
provide that the nuraber of Chinese, of any given occupation resid
ing in the United States, shall at no tirae exceed the nuraber of our
citizens of the sarae occupation residing in China. That in the
absence of such enactments, the laws and courts of and in this state
should not be used to force Asiatic barbarism, with all its attending
horrors, on the people of this state, in defiance of their nearly unani
mous vote.
14. That the "specific contract laws" of this state be repealed,
and that all contracts or obligations for the payment of "dollars" be
solvable in any lawful money of. the United States.
15. That the federal government issue a loan, by way of direct
loans on landed surety, a volurae of money at three per cent, per
annum, one per cent, of which shall be paid into the county treasury
of the county where the land is situated, one per cent, into the sink
ing fund of the state, and one per ,cent. into the sinking fund of the
federal government.
1 6. That the governraent shall issue raoney to the people, on good
security, at a rate of interest that shall not exceed the cost of the
issuance thereof.
17, That the governraent furnish the means for indigent families
to go upon the public lands and build houses and stock and culti
vate their farms, and also furnish the means to laboring operatives ,
to establish co-operative industrial enterprises.
For presidential electors, F. P. Dann and J. E. Clark were nomi
nated at large. L. M. Manzer from the first district, J. H. Red
stone frora the second, George T. Elliott frora the third, and T. J.
McQuiddy frora the fourth. Jaraes Kidney was norainated for
alternate frora the first district, B.' K. Low frora the second, W.
Ayres frora the third, and W. Jackson from the fourth.
For congressmen, Stephen Maybell was nominated from the first
district, Benjarain Todd frora the second, A. Mussleman from the
third, and J. F. Godfrey from the fourth. Todd died October 29,
1580. »
The second republican state convention met at Sacramento on
August 11th, and was called to order by W. W. Morrow. Charles
N. Fox was elected president, without opposition. The comraittee

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 429
on resolutions consisted of T. B. McFarland, L. B. Mizner, George F.
Baker, John H. Dickinson, M. D. Boruck, H. T. Dorrance, E. W.
Roberts, A. P. Whitney, F. M. Pixley, Calvin Edgerton, G. G.
Blanchard, G. W. Tyler, O. W. HoUenbeck, and David McClure.
They submitted the following, which were adopted :
1. That we adopt and affirm the principles so clearly set forth in
the platforra adopted by the national republican convention recently
assembled at Chicago.
2. That we recognize in James A. Garfield and Chester A.
Arthur honest and representative citizens of our nation, able and
intelligent exponents of the principles of the republican party, and
that their election will be a triumph of those principles upon whicb
our national existence and industrial prosperity depends.
3. That in the most eraphatic raanner we declare that the pres
ence of Chinese laborers upon this continent is detrimental to the
best interests of the American people. That their imraigration
should be prohibited, and to that end that the Burlingarae treaty
should be abrogated, and that congress should pass such laws as will
prevent the further imraigration of Chinese to this coast. We in
dorse and approve the act of President Hayes in the appointraent of
a commission to the governraent ot China tor the purpose of raodify-
ing the Burlingarae treaty. We especially indorse and approve
that part of the national republican platforra that opposes Chinese
immigration, and thus declares the question to be one of national ira
portance. That we indorse and approve the declarations of General
Garfield in his letter of acceptance, in which he says: " We cannot
consent to allow any form of servile labor to be introduced among us
under the guise of immigration," and that "it will be the duty of
congress to mitigate the evils already felt, and prevent their increase
by such restriction as without violence or injustice will place upon a
sure foundation the peace of our communities and the freedom and
dignity of labor." We call attention to th§ significance of General
Hancock's silence upon this Chinese question in his letter of accept
ance, and accept it as proof conclusive that the democratic party
under the influence of a solid south, cannot be trusted to legislate
upon this question of Chinese immigration.
4. That we recognize as a fundamental principle of American
liberty " that it is only by a full vote, a free ballot and a fair count
that the people can rule," but that throughout the solid south, as
ruled by the democratic party, neither a full vote, nor a free ballot

430 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
now exist, nor can a fair count be had except through the complete
-victory of the republican party and thc triumph of its principles.
The following were nominated for presidential electors : John F. '
Miller and Henry Edgerton, at large; Olaus Spreckles from the first
¦district, Charles N. Fox from the second district, W. W. McKaig
from the third district, and T. R. Bard frora the fourth district.
Early in September Spreckles declined to run, and the state central
coramittee nominated John A. Bauer in his stead. The following
-were norainated for alternate electors : Henry Cowell and W. T.
Garratt, at large ; Charles Kohler trom the first district, James A.
Louttit from- the second district, Samuel Cassidy from the third dis
trict, and Walter S. Moore from the fourth district.
A state committee was selected, consisting of William Jennings,
J. B. Reddick, George Hagar, W. H. Brown, A. R. Conklin, W. H.
Sears, H. J. Ostrander, Joseph Wasson, Paris Kilburn, E. W. Rob
erts, O. W. HoUenbeck, A. J. Rhoads, Obed Harvey, J. K. Doak,
-S. O. Houghton J. 0. Zuck, H. W. WaUis, George W. Schell, 0. A.
Garter, 0. W. Craig, 0. H. Garoutte, J. H. Jewett, M. 0. Conroy,
-J. W. Shaffer, J. P. H. Wentworth, W. B. May, David McClure,
-J. J. Green, P. B. OornwaU, S. G. Hilborn, H. W. Byington, W.
W. Morrow, D. B. Jackson, M. D. Boruck, W. F. Whittier, David
Bush, A. P. Williams, Richard Chute, W. M. Bunker, J. R. Har-
¦denbergh, J. P. Ames, and others.
The first congressional district republican convention nominated
Horace Davis, without opposition.
The second district convention nominated H. F. Page, without
¦opposition ; John A. Eagon withdrawing.
The third district convention nominated George A. Knight, with
out opposition ; W. A. Cheney withdrawing.
The fourth district convention nominated R. Pacheco, on the first
ballot, by a vote of 70, to 27 for F. Adaras, and 1 for George F.
Baker. The election was held on Noveraber 2d, and resulted as follows :
For presidential electors — RepubUcans, Miller, 80,282 ; Edgerton,
80,348; Bauer, 80,281; Fox, 80,229; McKaig, 80,242; Bard, 80,-
253. Deraocrats, Wallace, 80,426; Terry, 79,858 ; Shorb, 80,430;
Brown, 80,413; Henley, 80,428; Del Valle, 80,442. Greenback,
Dann, 3,381 ; Clark, 8,394; Jaraes Kidney, 3,378 ; Redstone, 2,531;
EUiott, 3,369 ; McQuiddy, 3,365 ; B. K. Low, 830. Prohibition,

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 43I
Bramall, 54; Webb, 49; ColdweU, 56; Clark, 56; Winchester,
61 ; Woods, 56. About six votes were cast for electors on the anti-
masonic ticket. For congressraen — First district, Davis, 19,496 ;
Rosecrans, 21,005 ; Maybell and others, 688. Second district. Page,
22,036 ; Glascock, 18,859 ; Todd and others, 296. Third district,
Knight, 20,494 ; Berry, 21,743; Musselraan and others, 274. Fourth
district, Pacheco, 17,768; Leach, 17,577; Godfrey and others, 3,461.
All of the deraocratic electors except Terry were elected, he being
beaten by Edgerton. Rosecrans, Page, Berry, and Pacheco were
elected congressraen.
On December 1st the presidential electors met in the governor's
office. All were present except Shorb, and L. 0. Branch was elected
to fill the vacancy. Five votes were cast tor Hancock and English,
and one vote — that of Edgerton — for Garfield and Arthur. Stephen
Cooper was selected messenger to convey the returns to Washington.

CHAPTER XXXI.

1882 — Democratic Convention — Republican Convention — Prohibition
Convention — Greenback Convention — Grangers' Convention.
On March 15th, the deraocratic state coraraittee met at San Fran
cisco, and called a state convention to raeet at San' Jose, on June
20th, and to consist of 457 delegates. The test prescribed for the
priraaries was "that the person offering to vote shall have voted
for Hancock and English electors in 1880, or would have so voted
had he been present and qualified.'' The convention met in the
theater in San Jose, and was called to order by W. D. English,
chairman of the state coraraittee. John Boggs was elected terapo
rary chairraan, on the first ballot, by a vote of 264, to 193 for J. 0.
Martin. The coraraittee on resolutions consisted of George Flournoy,
Joseph Naphtaly, A. B. Dibble, J. 0. Martin, George Ohleyer,
Robert McGarvey, J. T. White, Thoraas Harding, and David S.
Terry. On the 21st, on perraanent organization, Boggs was elected
president, and J. 0. Martin, Niles Searls, J. H. Budd, J. DeBarth
Shorb, and T. B. Bishop, vice-presidents. The following resolutions
were reported by the comraittee :
The democracy of the State of Oalifornia, as represented in con-

432 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
vention, hereby declare that with unshaken faith in the soundness
of the constitutional principles and traditions ot the democratic
party, as Ulustrated by the teachings and examples of a long Une of
deraocratic statesraen and patriots, and expressed in the platform of
the last presidential convention of the party, we pledge ourselves to-
raaintain these principles, and to labor to make thera pararaount in
the administration of the state and the general govemments :
1. Thatthe democratic party of California tender its thanks to^
the deraocracy of the union for a long, earnest and partially success
ful struggle, through the deraocratic congressmen, with a hostile
republican administration, against Chinese iramigration, and in be
half of the highest interests of the people of this coast. Such action
again illustrates the fidelity of the party to its pledges given to the
people in the platforms of successive presidential conventions; again
recognizes that the people of each locality are the best judges of
their own wants and necessities, and again declares the great doc
trine that it is the duty of the general governraent to heed their
complaints and to extend its strong arm for their protection.
2. That the democratic party of Oalifornia recognizes with the
highest appreciation the prompt and determined moveraent in their
behalf raade by the workingraen of the eastern states, and notably
ot Pennsylvania, in presenting the menace of a free people as an ir
resistible po-yver against the combined efforts of vast raoneyed cor
porations and the monopolists of the Chinese trade, who, in the
narae of the brotherhood of man, and under the cloak of universal
charity, were endeavoring to thwart every effort raade in behalf of
the perraanent existeiice of the white man in California; and we rec
ognize the interests of white labor everywhere as in full alignment
with the advancing movement of the democracy of the union in its
purpose to preserve the heritage we have a right to enjoy from the
merciless ravages of the Asiatic hosts, who have already captured,
many of our best ipdustries, impoverished thousands of our people,.
driven large nurabers into debauchery and crirae, and almost ex
cluded eastern and European immigration.
3. That the Chinese now in California are an unmixed curse te
this people, their presence an ever-increasing evil, reaching out to
blast every avenue of labor and every branch of trade; that they are,
and so long as they reraain will continue to be, an unsurraountable
barrier in the pathway of California toward the high destiny for
which nature has so amply equipped her; that in view of this con
dition we confidently appeal to the deraocrats of the union for our

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 433
deliverance, and claira, as one of the first duties of the party,
that the next presidential convention of the deraocracy shall declare
the doctrine of self-preservation as the highest law of nature and of
nations upon this subject, as upon all others, and the government of
the United States, when placed under a democratic administration,
will indicate its just apprecia'cion of the iraperative necessities of the
people of California by providing such certain and speedy means as
raay be deemed raost just and proper for the removal of every Mon
golian frora this country; and to the accorapUshraent of this end we
hereby pledge to the people our earnest and persistent efforts, invit
ing every citizen of this state, who has the common weal at heart,
whatever his present or previous political affiliation, to lend us the
aid of his personal support, as a freeraan, toward strengthening the
right arm of the democratic party of the union, whose fidelity has
been proven, tor the early and perfect accoraplishment of this great
work. 4. That the constant pretense of the republican party organs, and
of the republican leaders in Oalifornia and in the eastern states, that
the ten-year law has taken the Chinese question from the arena of
politics, and that it is no longer a political issue, is deceptive iri
purpose, arid will ever be false in fact, so long as the Chinese re
main in this country.
5. That the democratio party, inheriting the doctrines of Jeffer
son and Jackson, hereby declares its unqualified enmity to all sumpt
uary legislation, regarding all such exercise of the law-making
power as against the just objects of free government, and that all
laws intended to restrain or direct a free and full exercise by any
citizen of his own religious and political opinion, so long as he leaves
others to enjoy their rights unraolested, are anti-deraocratic and
hostile to the principles and traditions of the party, create unneces
sary antagonisra, cannot be enforced, and are a violation of the
spirit of republican governraent ; and we will oppose the enactraent
of all such laws, and demand the repeal of all those now existing.
6. That railroad fares and freights should be raateriaUy reduced ;
discriminations in favor ot localities or persons should be prohibited,
and we conderan the raajority of the railroad coraraissioners of this
state for their faithlessness in the discharge of their official duties.
The norainees of the democratic party will, if elected, carry out, in
letter and spirit, the declarations of this resolution, and relieve the
28

434 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
people to the extent of their jurisdiction frora the exactions and in
justice now practiced with impunity by the railroad corporations.
7. That raost speedy and effective measures should be taken to
compel the railroad corporations of Oalifornia to pay their taxes.
No compromises should be made. The property of every corpora
tion, as well as of every individual, should be assessed at its true
value, and the payment of the resulting tax strictly and impartiaUy
enforced. 8. That all railroad land grants, forfeited by reason of the non
fulfillment of contracts, should be iraraediately revoked by the gov
ernment, and that hereafter the domain should be reserved exclu
sively as horaes for actual settlers.
9. That the rivers and harbors of this state belong to all the peo
ple, and that it is the duty of the federal governraent to protect
thera from destruction, and so improve thera frora tirae to time as
to keep them forever open as channels of coraraerce.
10. That the democratic party declares its unalterable purpose to
restrain all private and public corporations within the exact letter
of their lawful powers, and to prevent any and all imposition upon
individuals or the public, whether attempted under the pretense of
lawful right or in the arrogance of accuraulated raoney power, and
favors the offering and enactment of all needed legislation toward
this end.
11. Recognizing the fact that rauch of the corruption in politics
results from the enormous patronage in the hands of the president
of the United States, and its unscrupulous use in carrying elections
and maintaining the party in power, and that so long as the tempta
tion exists this patronage will be so used, thereby degrading party
contests to the debasing level of a mere scramble for the petty
offices in the gift of the executive departraent, the deraocratic party
of California announces itself as in favor of a reform of the civil
service of the country, upon principles similar to those proposed in
the bill introduced in the senate of the United States by Senator
Pendleton, of Ohio.
12. That the democratic party of Oalifornia denounces the efforts
made by the republican state executive, contrary to the constitution
and laws of this state, to manage the state university of California
in the interests ot the republican party.
Martin and White, the minority of the committee submitted the
following resolution as an addition to the raajority report :
That the present schedule rates of railroad fares and freights, as

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 435
fixed by the raUroad coraraissioners within the state of Oalifornia,
are excessive and oppressive, and that a reduction of at least fifteen
per cent, upon all rates of corapanies operating raore than one hun
dred miles of road, should be at once raade, and that the several
district conventions of the democratic party, whose duty it is to
nominate railroad commissioners, be requested to require each
candidate nominated for the office of railroad coraraissioner to pledge
hiraself that if elected he will, within sixty days after the organiza
tion of the board of railroad coraraissioners, vote to reduce such
rates at least fifteen per cent., and place the sarae in iramediate
operation. Thomas Fowler offered the following as a substitute for the resolu
tion reported by the minority of the coraraittee, but it was rejected
by a vote of 195 to 221, and the rainority resolution was adopted :
Whereas, The Central and Southern Pacific railroads were granted
by the federal governraent a subsidy of money, bonds and lands in
sufficient value to build and equip three or four lines of railroad ;
and, whereas, the official returns of the gross and net receipts of those
corporations show that their clear income exceeds $10,000,000 ^er
year, an amount grossly beyond that of all enterprises carried on by
those owning in their own right the money invested ; therefore, be
it Resolved by the state convention ot the deraocratic party. That
the nominees put forward by our party for the office of railroad com
missioners be, and they are hereby instructed and directed, as their
first official act, to reduce the present schedule of fares and freights
of those corporations, so that their receipts shall be reduced at least
twenty per cent., and that this reduction shall not be rescinded
during their term of office, and to make such other and further
reductions as careful investigation show to be just to the people and
not unjust to the railroads.
The resolutions were considered seriatim, and sections 1, 2, 3, and
4 were adopted, without opposition. A motion to strike out the
latter part of the fifth section, which demanded a repeal of the then
existing Sunday law, was lost — 166 to 280 — and the original resolu
tion was adopted. The remainder of the majority report, together
with the resolution of the minority, were then adopted. A state
coraraittee was selected, coraposed of W. H. Conklin, J. D. Spencer,
M. 0. Haley, H. T. Hammond, WUliam P. Frost, P. Connolly,
Lewis McLane, R. 0. Cravens, J. 0. Ball, 0. P. Richardson, 0. H.

436 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Mitchell, B. W. Howser, John McMurray, Peter Hopkins, John H.
Wise, W. D. English, John Foley, J. 0. WolfskiU, WaUace Leach,
and others.
For governor — Clay W. Taylor, CarapbeU P. Berry, Jaraes A.
Johnson, George Hearst, George Stoneman, and Lawrence Archer
were placed in noraination. Seven ballots were taken on the 22d
and seven raore on the 23d, with the following result :

BALLOTS.

First BaUot 
Second Ballot 
Third Ballot ....
Fourth Ballot 
Fifth Ballot 
Sixth Ballot 
Seventh Ballot . . .
Eighth Ballot ....
Ninth Ballot 
Tenth Ballot 
Eleventh Ballot . .
Twelfth Ballot . . .
Thirteenth Ballot .
Fourteenth Ballot

w

126128129134 143
146
151 159
166169170174170170

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12(1122130136
132133 147166
189
204243

60
6162729196
92849193927565
32

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67
65 63
6255
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3223 13'
16 1

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656666 15
37 23 17
25 1911 1

201712 898
4 111
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IIII

Stoneraan was declared the nominee on the fourteenth ballot.
On the 2 2d, the following resolution was read while the balloting
was in progress, and it was referred to the coraraittee :
That the correct principle which should govern the railroad com
missioners elected under the constitution of this state, in fixing the
rates of fares and freights to be collected by the railroads of this
state, is, first, to ascertain the value in cash of the franchise, rolling
stock and road bed and appurtenances, and upon such valuation to
fix the rate of fares and freights so as, after paying the running ex
penses of the road, to pay to the shareholders 6 per cent, per annum
on the valuation made as aforesaid.
The closing paragraph pledged the norainees for railroad commis
sioners to this plan. On the 24th, the following additional nomina
tions were raade :

John Daggett for lieutenant-governor, without opposition.

DISTRICT DEMOCRATIC CONVENTIONS. 437
Erskine M. Ross for associate justice, on the third ballot, by a
vote of 233, to 211 for Jaraes R Sharpstein, 124 for Jackson
Temple, 104 for I. Sepulveda, 98 for John W. Arrastrong, and 88
for 0. P. Evans. The first ballot stood — Sharpstein, 154; Ross,
154; Arrastrong, 114; Sepulveda, 125; Teraple, 114; Evans, 113;
Philip W. Keyser, 53; W. 0. Wallace, 65; T. J. Bowers, 13.
J. R. Sharpstein for associate justice, on the first ballot, by a vote
of 247, to 73 for Temple, 49 for Armstrong, 35 for Evans, and 29 for
Sepulveda.- John R. Glascock and Charles A. Sumner for congressmen at large,
on the first ballot. Glascock received 318 votes; Suraner, 231;
J. E. Murphy, 20; and W. T. Wallace, 155.
Thos. L. Thompson for secretary of state, on the second ballot, by
a vote of 229, to 68 for W. J. Tinnin, 125 for Thomas Beck, and 20
for Wm. H. Ooorabs. The first ballot stood — Thompson, 154; Beck,
120; Tinnin, 75; Coombs, 41; Thomas H. Carr, 28; W. W. Kellogg,
19; W. M. Donahue, 16.
John P. Dunn for controller, on the first ballot, by a vote of 209,
to 154 for E. W. Maslin, and 93 for Russell D. Stephens.
Wm. A. January for treasurer, on the third ballot, by a vote of
228, to 223 for Paul Shirley, and 3 for Otto Kloppenberg. On the
first ballot, Shirley had 161; January, 158; David L. Poole, 90;
Kloppenberg, 37; and A. 0. Busch, 4.
Edward 0. Marshall for attorney general, on the second ballot, by a
vote of 242, to 203 for Fred Baldwin. On the first ballot, Baldwin
had 175; Marshall, 144; John 0. Burch, 65, and E. J. Edwards, 54.
W. D. Grady withdrew during the first ballot.
H. I. -Willey for surveyor-general, without opposition ; E. Rosseau,
Wra. Minis, and Alexander Dunn withdrawing.
Wra. T. Welcker for school superintendent, on the first ballot,
by a vote of 293, to 76 for J. H. Kennedy, 51 for Jesse Wood, and
28 for J. W. Johnson.
John W. McCarthy for clerk of the suprerae court, on the first
ballot, by a vote of 250, to 95 for J. B. Stevenson, and 110 for
Cameron ; D. B. Woolf withdrawing.
The first district democratic congressional convention met at San
Jose on June 24th, and norainated Wra. S. Rosecrans, on the first
ballot, by a vote of 75, to 28 for Wra. P. Frost ; Robert Ferral with
drew. The second district convention raet at the sarae place on the 23d,

438 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
and norainated Jaraes H. Budd, without opposition.
The third district convention raet at the sarae place on the 23d,
and norainated Barclay Henley, on the first ballot, by a vote of 86,
to 40 for L. D. Freer.
The fourth district convention raet at the sarae place on the 23d,
and norainated P. B. Tully, without opposition.
The first district deraocratic convention for the nomination of
railroad coraraissioner met at San Jose on June 22d. The candidates
were G. J; Carpenter; W. S. Green, Wm. M. Crutcher, and H. M.
LaRue. The convention adjourned without choice, the last ballot
standing — Carpenter, 66; Green, 30; LaRue, 70. Crutcher with
drew after the fourth ballot. On the 23d, on the seventh ballot,
Carpenter was nominated, by a vote of 91|, to 61^ for Green, and
21 for LaRue.
The second district convention met at the same place on the 24th,
and norainated Williara P. Humphreys, on the first ballot, by a
vote of 69, to 39 for Philip A. Roach.
The third district convention raet at the sarae place on the 23d,
and norainated W. W. Foote, by a vote of 81, to 61 for John H.
Moore, and 7 for Thomas Fowler.
On the 24th, Charles Gildea was norainated for raember ot the
state board of equalization, from the first district, Wra. M. Crutcher
frora the second district, 0. E. Wilcoxen from the third district,
and John Markley frora the fourth district.
A meeting of the republican state central coramittee was held at
San Francisco in April, and the state convention was called to meet
at Sacraraento on August 30th. On June 29th another meeting
was held, and the proposition to have the convention meet on
August 15th was voted down. The convention therefore met at the
tirae originally set, and was called to order by W. W. Morrow,
chairman of the state committee. Newton Booth was chosen tem
porary chairman, without opposition.' The coraraittee on resolu
tions consisted of L. D. Latimer, S. B. Lieb, J. H. Neflf, John F.
Swift, Horace Davis, John H. Jewett, E. W. Roberts, S. Meyers,
B. G. Hurlburt, John Yule, F. Adaras, J. W. North, and others. A
delegation from the prohibition party waited on' the comraittee on
resolutions and asked thera to embody in the platform a local option
plank in the following form, and stated that nothing else would be
acceptable :

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 439
That the legal control, regulation and restriction of the sale of
intoxicating liquors should be fostered by such legislation as will
carry into effect the provisions of section 11, of article XI, of the
state constitution, which declares that any county, city, town, or
township, raay make and enforce within its liraits all such local,
police, sanitary, and other regulations, as are not in conflict with
general laws.
On the 31st, Booth was elected president ; Horace Davis, J. R.
Hardenbergh, Wm. H. Sears, and A. E. Wagstaff, vice-presidents.
The comraittee on resolutions reported the following :
The republicans of Oalifornia, in state convention asserabled, do
announce and declare :
1. We reaffirra our adherence to the principles of the republican
party as erabodied in its history.
2. We laraent the death of our late president, Jaraes A. Garfield.
His lofty patriotisra and heroic character endeared him to the peo
ple. His memory will be fondly and forever cherished by his coun
trymen. 3. We reaffirm the platforra of the national republican party as
declared in Chicago in 1880. We have faith in the wisdora ot the
present adrainistration, and confidence that it will result in honor
and additional laurels to our party and its cause.
4. We point with pride to the financial policy ot republican ad
ministrations, which has with unexampled rapidity reduced the
national debt while improving the national credit, lessened taxes
while increasing revenues, and lowered the rate of interest on the
national bonds while adding to their value in the raarkets of the
world. 5. History and experience unite to prove the necessity of pre
serving one day in seven as a day ot rest from labor. Without leg
islation on this subject, the laboring classes might be corapelled to
continue in unceasing toil. Therefore, we are in favor of observing
Sunday as a day of rest and recreation; and while we expressly
disavow the right or the wish to force any class of our citizens to
spend that day in any particular manner, we do favor the mainten
ance of the present Sunday laws, or similar laws, providing for
the suspension of all unnecessary business on that day.
6. Corporations are creatures of law and subject to law, and all
legal raeans should be taken to render it irapossible for aggregations
of capital to becorae oppressive.

440 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
7. While we recognize the fact that the building of railroads has
proved one ot the raost potent agencies in the developraent and pro
gress of the country, we at the same time remeraber that the great
power which authorized such roads to be built, including the sover
eign right of erainent domain, was granted to the railroad corapanies
by the people, for the people, and on the sole ground that the buUd
ing of railroads is a public use and such roads public highways. [The
convention changed the last portion of this paragraph to read: 'And
on the sole ground that the construction and working of railroads
constitute a public use," etc.] We declare that railroad corapanies,
the sarae as individuals, should be dealt with in fairness and with
out injustice ; but, by reason of their relation to the people, they
raust be kept subordinate to the interests of the people, and within
govemraental control. The people should be protected by law from
any abuse or unjust exactions. Unjust discrirainations against indi
viduals or localities should be prohibited. Equal service upon equal
terms to all persons should be enforced. Charges for transporting
persons and property should be limited to what is required to pay
the legitimate expenses of operating such railroads, their maintenance
in good repair, and a fair interest on their actual value. Such value
shall bear the same relation to its assessed value that the value of
other property does to its assessed value. Charges in excess of this
are in violation of the fundamental law of public use which allows
railroads to be built ; and we hereby pledge our norainees for rail
road coraraissioners to the enforceraent of these principles by such a
material and substantial reduction of the rates of fares and freights
as will secure that result — the basis being cost of service, with rea
sonable allowance for interest and repairs, as above indicated, instead
of the mercenary exaction of "all the traffic will bear.''
8. That the proper public authorities should not refuse to act in
regulating freights and fares by reason of lack of exact inforraation
in any particular, if such inforraation could be given but is refused
by the railroad corporation ; but in such cases these authorities
should aot as near correctly as possible, taking care however that
the public interest should not suffer, and holding themselves in read
iness to correct any error, if error there should be, upon the corpor
ation giving the necessary inforraation to enable such error to be
corrected. 9. We denounce the railroad contract systera as a deliberate at
terapt to enslave the commerce and trade of the whole Pacific coast,
and subjugate them to the control and caprice of the railroad com.

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 441
panics. It is against public policy, because it seeks to raake use of
the national bounty to break down that healthful competition which
it is the policy of the nation to encourage. It is unjust and oppress
ive, because it discriminates in favor of the strong at the expense
of the weak, and offers bribes to the rich which it coUects back from
iihe poor. It is arbitrary and tyrannical, because it arrogantly inter
feres with the freedora of trade, and proposes to prohibit those who
make use of its transportation facilities from doing business with
any one who refuses to subrait to its dictation. Its existence is a
threat and its abolition a necessity. The republican party pledges
itself to prohibit the raaking of such contracts by proper legislation,
to the extent, if necessary, of raaking the same a public offense.
10. We demand of congress legislation governing the carrying
¦trade between the states, or states and territories. The rates of
freights and fares of all railroads engaged in such trade should be
justly regulated and restricted, and any unjust discrimination be-
-tween persons or places should be absolutely prohibited.
11. That we are opposed to granting any further subsidies tb
companies or corporations, and are in favor of the imraediate revoca-
tiion of all land grants and subsidies forfeited by non-fulfiUraent of
the conditions of such grants, and the restoration of such lands to
¦the public doraain, to be held exclusively for actual settlers.
12. All property should pay its just share of taxation. The prop
erty of corporations, like other property, should be assessed at its
actual cash value, and the corporations and individuals alike should
be compelled to pay their just taxes without abatement, diminution,
or coraproraise.
13. The republican party has always advocated liberal appropria
tions for the iraprovement of rivers and harbors ; and we declare it
to be the duty of the federal governraent to raaintain the natural
-channels of internal coramerce in their highest standard of useful
ness, as a trust committed to it by the constitution of the United
States, and as a constant check upon the exorbitant exactions of
:artificial highways.
14. We believe in exact justice being done on the merits of the
¦contest between the conflicting mining and agricultural interests,
and to that end we resolve that in all cases where it is claimed that
¦a nuisance is being threatened or committed, and that raore than one
person or corporation is raaking such threat or contributing to raain-
ttain such nuisance, a joint action should be allowed against such

442 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
persons or corporations to obtain redress, and the laws of this state
should be speedUy araended to that end.
15. That the republican party, ever alive to the interest of the
laboring classes, is in favor of the establishraent of a bureau of sta
tistics of labor, for the purpose of inquiring into the condition of
the laboring classes, their wages, lack of eraployraent, and chances
of obtaining the same.
16. The republican party is unalterably opposed to Chinese immi
gration. It is a cause for congratulation that this question, which
has heretofore engaged the earnest attention of both political parties,
has at length been settled by prohibiting further iraraigration, the
treaty having been framed by republican commissioners and ratified
and approved by a republican administration. We offer our thanks
to our senators and representatives in congress for the legislation
procured by them on this subject.
17. The same principles which guide the administration of well-
ordered private affairs should prevail in the selection of public
officers. Honesty, efficiency, aud fidelity should be the essential
qualifications for publio position, and such rules should be established
to regulate appointments to the public service as will insure fitness,
to be ascertained by practical tests, and promotion should follow
faithful service. The republican party of California demands a
thorough, radical, and complete reform in the modes of appointment
to subordinate executive offices, founded upon the principle that
public office is a public trust, admission to which should depend
upon proved fitness, to be ascertained by raethods open to all appli
cants and regulated by law.
18. Finally, we insist upon econoray in the administration of the
government, integrity in office, and honesty and efficiency in every
branch of the public service.
W. H. L. Barnes offered the following additional resolution,
which was adopted:
The republican party demands that the public schools shall re
ceive generous support, as the policy of free government; that educa
tion frora the primary school to the state university shall be free and
within the reach of the children of every citizen; that in furtherance
of this pririciple we recommend to the legislature the establishment
of some systera by which the state shall print and pro-vide the prin
cipal reading and other text-books used in the public Schools, sup
plying the same to pupils at actual cost.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 443
The report of the coraraittee was then considered seriatira. A
motion to strike out the fifth resolution was lost; and a raotion to
strike out the sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth and tenth was lost by
nearly a unanimous vote. J. M. WaUing offered the following as a
substitute for the fourteenth resolution :
That all questions of injury arising between the agriculturist and
the rainer should be left to the adjudication of the courts.
Atter a discussion, a motion to strike out all reference to the sub
ject was carried by a vote of 333 to 116. The word "suspending"
was substituted for "prohibiting" in the sixteenth resolution. The
following additional resolution was adopted :
That the republican party points to the conduct of the affairs of
the state under its present faithful executive with genuine pride, and
as the best hostage it can give the people for the future. While it
came into power under the burden of a deficiency exceeding $220,000,
and by legislative acts extraordinary expenditures have been neces-
saril-y made for the improvement of the labor resources ot the state
prison, for the rebuilding of the state normal school and the deaf and
dumb asylum, exceeding in all $750,000, it nevertheless retires from
its post of duty leaving behind it no deficiency to be provided for,
and the taxes imposed for all state purposes have been reduced not-
less than ten per cent.
With the changes indicated, the platform was adopted as a whole.
The following nominations were then raade :
Morris M. Estee for governor, on the first ballot, by a vote of 238-
to 202 for M. C. Blake, 11 for J. McM. Shafter, and 2 for Joseph
Russ. Before the changes, the roll had stood, Estee 218, Blake 203,
Russ 18, and Shafter 17. The candidates had been named in the
evening, and the ballot was taken on the morning after, Septem
ber 1st.
Alvah R. Conklin for lieutenant-governor, on the first ballot, by
a vote of 225, to 132 for J. 0. Tucker, and 89 for Jolin P. Stearns.
John Hunt and Samuel 0. Denson for justices of the suprerae
court, on the third ballot, over Anson Brunson, Theodore H. Hittell,
John Reynolds, A. P. OatUn, Walter Van Dyke, 0. W. C. Rowell,
and I. S. Belcher.
Henry Edgerton and Wra. W. Morrow for congressraen at large,
without opposition.
Frank A. Pedlar for secretary of state, on the first ballot, by a

444 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
vote of 254, to 174 for Chas. A. Sherman, and 26 for George W.
Gallagher. Wm. A. Davies for controUer, on the first ballot, over D. M.
Kenfield and E. F. White.
On the 2d, the committee on resolutions reported the following
substitute for the fifteenth resolution, and it was adopted :
We are in favor of establishing a bureau of statistics of labor, for
the purpose of collecting and publishing such statistics and other
information in regard to labor and wages as may be useful to the
laboring classes.
Frank M. Pixley offered a resolution with a preamble, which re
cited the evils of undesirable iraraigration of objectionable classes,
and resolving that the national legislators be advised to so amend
the immigration laws, that such undesirable imraigrants shall be de
nied tbe privilege of the elective franchise. The resolution also
recited ;
The temperance raovement now inaugurated and active in all ot
our eastern states is entitled to the moral recognition of the raembers
of this convention. The triumph of temperance principles, so decis
ive in the states of Kansas and Iowa as to have becorae a part of
their organic law, indicates that the temperance question has become
a national one, worthy of consideration by this convention, and
demanding the attention of all tax-payers as one of political economy,
and of all good citizens as one involving the highest interest of social
order, good morals, and good governraent. That as a first step in the
direction of teraperance and reforra, our legislature should be asked
to consider how far local option can be enforced to regulate or pro
hibit the traffic in alcoholic drinks.
The resolution was ruled out of order.
The following additional norainations were then made :
John Weil for treasurer, on the first ballot, over H. D. Fairbanks.
Augustus L. Hart for attorney-general, without opposition; Hugh
K. McJunkin withdrawing.
Wra. Minto for surveyor-general, on the first ballot, over J. W,
Shanklin-. 8. D. Waterraan for school superintendent, on the first ballot,
over Fred. M. CarapbeU.
Frank W. Gross for clerk of the suprerae court, without opposi
tion.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTIONS. " 445
A state coraraittee was selected, consisting of Wra. Jennings,
George Hagar, W. H. Brown, J. F. Crank, W. H. Sears, T. L.
Carothers, J. H. Neff, J. A. Orr, A. J. Rhoads, 0. Green, M. 0.
Briggs, Horace Davis, P. B. Cornwall, J. T. Dare, S. K. Thornton,
S. G. Hilborn, G. W. Schell, P. Y. Baker, Jerorae Banks, 0. E.
Street, C. H. Garoutte, W. H. Parks, and others.
The first congressional district republican convention raet at Sac
raraento on Septeraber 2d, and norainated Paul Neuman, without
opposition. The second district convention raet at the same place on the 1st,
and nominated H. F. Page, without opposition.
The third district convention raet at' the sarae tirae and place, and
nominated J. J. DeHaven, without opposition.
The fourth district convention raet at the same place on the 2d,
and nominated George L. Woods, on the second ballot, over W. J.
Hill and Oregon Sanders.
The first district republican convention for the nomination ot rail
road coraraissioner raet at Sacraraento on Septeraber 2d, ahd nomi
nated Chas. F. Reed, on the first ballot, by a vote of 125 to 48 for
F. S. Freeman, and 8 for S. B. Burt.
The second district convention met at the sarae time and place,
and nominated Chas. Clayton, without opposition ; E. D. Sawyer,
Geo. A. Fisher, and Samuel Mosgrove withdrawing.
The third district convention raet at the same time and place,
and nominated E. M. Gibson, on the fourth ballot, over John Mans
field, Chester A. Rowell, J. G. McCallum, and Edward Martin.
The first equalization district republican convention, met at Sacra
mento on Septeraber 2d, and adjourned to San Francisco, where, on
the fith, R. P. Johnson was nominated, on the first ballot, over E.
Burke and F. 0. Mossback.
The second district convention met at Sacraraento on the 1st, and
nominated L. 0. Morehouse on the first ballot, over William John
ston and James Foster.
The third district convention raet at the sarae tirae and place, and
nominated G. G. Kiraball on the first ballot, over Warren Dutton
and P. R. Klein.
The fourth district convention met on the 2d, and norainated 0.
W. Dana, without opposition.

446 -POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
A state convention ot the prohibition reform party was held in
:San Francisco on July 11th, which was attended by about 150 dele
gates. M. 0. Winchester was president, John Woods vice-presi
dent, and Rev. George Morris secretary. A comraittee on resolu
tions was selected, consisting of Rev. M. 0. Briggs, A. D. Wood, and
others. They presented the following report, which was adopted :
1. That no exigencies of the political campaign can release a
citizen from the obligations of truth, honor, loyalty, and publio
decency. 2. That we hold the supremacy of law and the preservation of the
laborers' rest day as paramount to party fealty and the hope ot
political victory or the fear of defeat; and no partisan consideration
whatever shall induce us to cast our ballots for a party or a platform
which ignores religious rights, fawns on conspirators, or proposes to
rob laboring raen of a law which protects them, one day in seven,
against the oppressions of power and the exactions of greed ; nor
will we support any nominee of any party who is disqualified by a
debasing appetite for alcoholic drinks.
3. That we will vigilantly await the platforms and nominations
of existing parties, in the hope that we raay find ourselves able to
vote like horiest arid loyal raeri, without the riecessity of separating
ourselves from the parties that now divide the state ; but should no
party take the proper steps to protect an efficient Sunday law, and
favor the plan of enforcing the question of license to sell intoxicants
to the people, then we will meet and take such steps as shall give
the voters of our state an opportunity to express their views on these
two important questions.
4 That we hail with gratitude the triumph of local option in
Arkansas, and of constitutional prohibition in Kansas, and more
recently and gloriously in Iowa, as a presage and prophecy ot vic
tory over the impoverishing and demoralizing liquor business, des
tined ere long to be achieved in every state in the union, the actual
results of these beneficent raeasures having refuted the calumnies ot
their adversaries and reassured the faith of their friends, all of which
encourages us to believe that public sentiraent is now ready for pro
hibitory legislation in this state; and we shall consider that no party
¦or candidate on any ticket that is opposed to prohibiting people to
vote upon the question of the discontinuance of this traffic is entitled
to our support.

PROHIBITION CONVENTION. 447
The debate on the resolutions took a wide range, and considerable
disgust was manifested at the action of the democratic convention in
relation to the repeal of the Sunday law. The convention then ad
journed to await the action of the republican convention.
On September 28th, another session of the prohibition reform con
vention was held at San Francisco. It was called by the executive
committee appointed by the July convention, and was largely at
tended. It was called to order by Winchester and was opened with
prayer. On the 30th, the following resolutions were adopted :
The prohibition home protection party of California, now in state
convention assembled, declares itself in alliance with the great na
tional organization, having temperance for its . first organic law and
governing motive, and is in sympathetic co-operation with all reforms
calculated to advance the raoral and material welfare of the whole
American people:
1. We declare that our object, aim, and purpose is to build up a
political organization that may safely be intrusted with the conduct
of national affairs, and to which may be confided, in all the states
and territories of the Araerican union, the political control of
all questions involving the raoral and material interests of the
people. 2. We invite to this work the intelligent, law-respecting, and
order-loving men and women of this state; those who own its prop
erty, pay its taxes, are interested in the protection and education of
its youth, in elevating its raoral standards, preserving the union of
states, and in developing and perpetuating Christian civilization
throughout the world.
3. We declare that the manufacture, sale, and use of alcoholic
drinks is the greatest evil of the country and the age. That the
traffic enslaves women and degrades children ; debases youth and
wrecks raanhood; corrupts ballots and injures public service; peo
ples prisons and fills irisarie asylums; breeds paupers aud criminals;
imposes enorraous burdens of taxation; destroys capital arid ruius
labor; degrades, irapoverishes, and destroys our horaes, and now
threatens, through organized and crirainal conspiracies, to subvert-
law and order. So believing, we declare the cardinal principles of
our party to be prohibition, by constitutional araendraent, of the
manufacture of all alcoholic liquors not deraarided for medicinal,
mechanical, or scientific use, and the regulation by law, under severe

448 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
penalities, of the sale of alcoholic liquors for such use, and the abso
lute and total prohibition of the sale for any other purpose.
4. The defiant resistance to law by the liquor dealers of this state
and their associates ; their atterapted aggressions for the destruction
of our raost sacred laws and highest interests, together with the sub
serviency of the deraocratic and republican parties to these law
breakers and law-defiers, have forced upon us an issue of the greatest,
iraportance to the state, which should and must be met with deter
mined courage and intense devotion to the best and highest interests
of the people. This we are now deterrained fully and energetically
to do. In this we most earnestly invite the co-operation an.d assist
ance of every one who desires the best interests of this state and'
people. 5. We declare that Sunday is an institution so interwoven into-
our laws, our customs, our civilization, and the very structure ot our
government; so intricately and beneficently connected with our-
social, business, and moral life, that we cannot dispense with it
without sacrificing the very best interests of the country and the
highest welfare of the whole people. And so believing, we demand
the enactment and enforceraent of an intelligent and rational Sunday
law, and especially do we demand that all saloons or places of busi
ness where intoxicating drinks are now licensed to be sold or per
raitted to be sold on secular days, shall be absolutely closed on
Sunday. 6. We erapbatically protest against all state subsidies or other
countenance to encourage the business of making intoxicating
drinks frora grapes, and against appropriating public funds for horse-
racing at our state and district fairs.
7. We are in favor of the universal and enforced education of the
youth of our state, including instruction in regard to the effects of
alcohol upon the huraan systera, with araple provision for the sup-,
port of an adequate and efficient systera ot free public schools, and
that the state shall furnish pupils in our public schools text-books,
free of price to such as are unable to buy thera, and to all others at '
the cost price of their production; and that we are opposed to sec
tarian education iri our free schools, and the appropriation to^
denominational schools of the public school moneys.
8. We believe that railroad corporations and corapanies are
subject to the control of general laws, and to such enactraents and
regulations as raay be rightfully deraanded by reason of their pecul
iar relations to the general public. We would corapel it and its .

PROHIBITION RESOLUTIONS. 449
owners to bear its and their just proportion of the burdens of gov
ernraent. We would compel them to pay taxes upon their property
at the same relative valuation that is placed upon all other property,
arid, iri all respects, we would treat railroad owners and railroads
with impartiality and justice. We are opposed to all unjust dis
crimination in fares and freights.
9. The hydraulic miner has no right, in the pursuit of his impor
tant and legitiraate industry, to injure the property of his agricul
tural neighbor, or to deposit his detritus in such places that by
operation of natural causes it may then, or at some future tirae, be
carried where it will injure land, fill navigable strearas, or interfere
with the bays and harbors of our coast. It is the duty of the rainer
engaged in gravel sluicing to so irapound his debris — hold it in
arrest — that such injuries raay not occur, and to this end we insist
that proper legislation should be had and the decisions of our courts
' eriforced. 10. We believe that the state should assume control of the water
supply for irrigating purposes, and provide at once by suitable
legislation for the equitable distribution of the same.
11. We recognize the noble services of woraan in the teraperance
reforra, and in every elevating, purifying, beneficent work affecting
the interest of our race; and we believe that enlightened patriotism
and manly courage deraand the assertion at this tirae that woraan
is entitled of right to the privileges ot the elective franchise; and
so believing, in the interest of the teraperance cause, in the interest
of our coramon humanity, for the safety of our horaes, and the pro
tection ot our tree institutions now threatened, we shall insist upon
such araendraents to existing laws as shall fully and forever enfran
chise the woraen of our country.
The following resolution, which was adopted, brought on a warra
debate :
We hail with pleasure the cultivation of the grape in this state,
as offering our people a most pleasant, healthful, and remunerative
occupation, and an incalculable and inexhaustible mine of wealth for
many centuries to come. An unliraited raarket will always be
found for all the raisins, syrups, canned fruit, and fresh grapes that
the state can produce. We are assured from our own experience so
far, and frora the past history and the present condition of the
people who have prostituted the luscious grape to the vile use of
29

450 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
drunkenness, that the wine and brandy manufacture is the most
degrading, deraoralizing, depraving, and pauperizing business which
has ever cursed the world. We point for the truth of this to the
utter ignorance, poverty, drunkenness, and moral ruin which has
enshrouded Spain, Portugal, Italy, Sicily, Greece, Hungary, and the
wine districts of Switzerland ; to the vice, turbulence, drunkenness,
insanity, and suicides of France, and to the rapid degeneration of
its people. We point to the fact that only one half of the young
raen of France are physically fit for railitary duty when they arrive
at the legal age. We denounce the proraises of wealth from the
production of wine as entirely baseless and false.
The following were also adopted :
That while by the enactraent of a prohibitory law we will deprive
the state of the revenue derived from the production and sale ot
liquors, we guarantee the dirainution of expense for punishment ot ¦
crime arising frora the production and sale of liquor will more than
compensate for the loss ot revenue and licenses.
That the prohibition home protection party of this state, pledges ,
itself and its candidates to an imraediate and material reduction in
the rates and amounts annually levied for state taxation ; that we
favor the abolishraent of the numerous sinecure offices now drawing
large amounts from the state treasury for salaries, and which have
been maintained by both the democratic and republican state
adrainistrations ; that we believe the high valuation of property and
the excessive rates so levied have tended and continue to tend to
retard the development, growth, and prosperity of the state. We
regard it as disgraceful that it should cost annually over three
millions ot dollars, wrung by taxation frora 160,000 voters of the
state, to maintain the state governraent.
That the state central comraittee urgently recommend the holding
of prohibitory conventions, wherever practicable, in aU the counties
of this state, for the purpose of a thorough organization, to carry
into effect the objects of this convention, to also secure the elec
tion of merabers to both houses of the legislature, and to fiU their
various county offices.
That the state central committee of the prohibition horae protec
tion party shall have no power to fill any vacancy occurring in the
ticket presented and nominated by this convention, by reason of the
declination of the proposed candidate or otherwise, by selecting or

GREENBACK LABOR CONVENTION. 451
substituting the name of any person now a candidate for office on
the ticket of either the republican, democratic, or any other party.
The following ticket was norainated, without opposition :
For governor, Dr. R. H. McDonald, ot San Francisco.
For lieutenant-governor, Williara Siras, of Yolo county.
For secretary of state, M. 0. Winchester, of Sutter county.
For state controller. Rev. 0. A. Bateraan.
For state treasurer, Adara Bayne.
For attorney-general, Will D. Gould, of Los Angeles.
For surveyor-general, E. K. Hill, of Marysville.
For superintendent of public instruction, R. A. Grant, of Wood
land. For clerk of suprerae court, Williara Crowhurst, of San Francisco.
For justices of the suprerae court, H. A. Mayhew and Robert
Thorapson. For members of congress — At large, A. J. Gregg, Jesse Yarnell.
First district, James McM. Shafter ; second district, J. L. Coles;
third district, H. S. Graves; fourth district, A. B. Hotchkiss.
For merabers of state board of equalization, H. H. Luse, F.
McD. Green, Charles E. Green, D. M. Pyle.
For railroad commissioners, Howard Andrews, Hiram Cummings,
A. D. Boren.
Bateman declined the noraination for controller, and the conven
tion norainated John M. Rhodes, of Woodland. He also declined,
and the convention named D. K. Zumwalt. He afterward declined,
and the state coraraittee named Harvey W. Rice. Bayne declined
the noraination for treasurer, and J. B. Mullen wag nominated.
Mayhew and Thompson declined, and afterward Anson Brunson and
Jackson Temple were nominated for suprerae justices. Gregg de
clined, and A. B. Hotchkiss was norainated for congressman at large,
and M. V. Wright was nominated for congress from the fourth dis
trict. On October 3d, Pyle declined, and the vacancy was not filled.
The greenback labor convention raet at San Francisco on Septera-
- ber fith. E. J. Shellhouse was elected temporary president. The
proceedings were very stormy throughout. The committee on plat
form consisted of F. Woodward, Mrs. T. J. McQuiddy, Mrs. Marian
Todd, and others. Their report adopted and incorporated the plat
form of the national greenback party, and contained in addition the
foUowirig :

452 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
1. We demand, as due to the laws of nature, that the present
Sunday law be sustained, and so amended as to make it effective
and equal and just to all persons.
2. We deraand the prohibition of the manufacture, iraportation
and sale of all intoxicating liquors, except for medicinal and scien
tific purposes, and deraand legislative provision fbr the submission
of this and all other important questions upon which there is or
may become any considerable difference of opinion, to a direct vote
of the people.
Another resolution called for a reduction of 25 per cent, on the
rates of freights and fares ; another insisted that the lands granted
to railroads under conditions which had not been complied with,
and not taken up by actual settlers, should revert to the public do
main. The platforra was adopted after a warra debate.
The foUowirig nominations were made : Thomas J. McQuiddy,
for governor ; W. J. Sweasy, for lieutenant-governor ; Mrs. Marian
Todd, for attorney-general ; Stephen Maybell and Warren Chase,
tor congressraen at large ; Robert Summers, for secretary of state ;
M. E. Morse, for controller ; L. Keating, for treasurer ; W. J. Cuth-
bertson, for surveyor-general ; E. J. Shellhouse, for school superin
tendent; W. 0. Stratton and John Clark, for justices of the supreme
court; J. F. O'Toole, for clerk of the supreme court; G. T. Elliott,
J. H. Redstone, and J. H. Holloway, for railroad commissioners;
H. S. Fitch, congressman frora the first district; F. Woodward,
from the second ; W. 0. Howe, from the third, and Isaac Kinley,
from the fourth ; L. W. Kidd, for mepober of the state board of
equalization from trie first district ; Thoraas McConnell, frora the
second ; T. J. Goin, from the third ; and J. S. Loveland, from the
fourth. A grangers' state convention met at Stockton on October Tth,
and was presided over by J. V. Webster. A lengthy platform was
adopted, and the following nominations were raade :
For railroad coraraissioners, Charles F. Reed from the first dis
trict, John T. Doyle from the second district, and W. W. Foote
from the third district.
For raerabers of the board of equalization, Jaraes A. Withington
from the first district, L. 0. Morehouse from the second, 0. E. Wil
coxon from the third, and 0. W. Dana from the fourth.
For state controller, John P. Dunn.
It was decided to make no nominations for the other state offices.

RESULT OF ELECTION. 453
The election was held on Noveraber 7th, and the official returns
developed the following result : For governor, Estee, 67,175; Stone
raan, 90,694 ; McDonald, 5,772 ; McQuiddy, 1,020. For lieutenant-
governor, Conklin, 71,640; Daggett, 87,944; Siras, 3,783; Sweasy,
1,138. For justices of the supreme court Hunt, 73,259 ; Denson,
69,769 ; Sharpstein, 88,527; Ross, 89,363 ; Brunson, 2,860 ; Temple,
2,402 ; Stratton, 1,096 ; Clark, 718. For secretary of state. Pedlar,
73,471; Thompson, 87,170; Winchester, 2,893; Sumraers, 1,176.
For controller, Davies, 74,152 ; Dunn, 86,031 ; Rice, 2,435 ; Morse,
1,085; D. K. Zumwalt, 183. For treasurer, Weil, 74,096; Janu
ary, 86,591 ; MuUen, 2,971 ; Keating, 1,052. For attorney-general,
Hart, 72,955; MarshaU, 87,174; Gould, 2,897; Todd, 1,109. For
surveyor-general, Minto, 73,599; WUley, 86,836; Hill, 3,116;
Cuthbertson, 1,111. For clerk of the suprerae court, Gross, 74,351 ;
McCarthy, 86,158 ; Crowhurst,, 3, 176 ; O'Toole, 1,104. For superin
tendent of public instruction, Waterraan, 73,906 ; Welcker, 86,896;
Grant, 2,854; Shellhouse, 1,101. For railroad coraraissioners: First
district— Reed, 29,125 ; Carpenter, 31,481 ; Andrews, 1,370; Elliott,
705. Second district— Clayton, 14,219; Huraphreys, 21,601 ; Cura
raings, 226 ; Redstone, 71 ; Doyle, 5,455. Third district— Gibson,
26,815; Foote, 31,694; Boren, 955; Holloway, 163. For state
board of equalization: First district — Johnson, 16,226; GUdea, 22,-
192; Luse, 270; Kidd, 95. Second district— Morehouse, 20,326;
Crutcher, 19,832 ; Green, 605 ; McConneU, 103. Third district—
'Kimball, 17,731; Wilcoxon, 22,291; Green, 130; Goin, 912.
Fourth district— Dana, 19,184; Markley, 22,602; Loveland, 336.
For congressmen at large, Morrow, 73,747; Edgerton, 73,454 ; Sum
ner, 87,233; Glascock, 87,259; Hotchkiss, 2,786; Yarnell, 2,722;
Ohase, 1,139; Maybell, 1,090. First district— Neuman, 14,847;
Rosecrans, 22,733; Shatter, 580; Fitch, 67. Second district-
Page, 19,246 ; Budd, 20,229; Coles, 478 ; Woodward, 78. Third
district— DeHaven, 19,473; Henley, 21,807; Graves, 862; Howe,
404 Fourth district— Woods, 18,387; Tully, 23,105; Wright,
650 ; Kinley, 355.

454 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
CHAPTER XXXIL
1884. Republican Convention, April 30th — Democratic Convention-
Prohibition Convention — People's Convention— Republican Conven
tion, July 23d— Irrigation Convention, May 14th — Irrigation Conven
tion, December 3d.
The republican state committee met at San Francisco on March
4th and called a state convention to raeet at Oakland on April 30th,
to select 1 6 delegates to attend the national convention to be held
in Chicago on June Bd. The state convention selected E. A. Davis
for chairman, and the committee on resolutions consisted of G. G.
Blanchard, M. M. Estee, S. 0. Denson, 0. 0. Bush, Charles F. Reed,
J. K. Doak, WiUiam H. Parks, D. , McPherson, Walter Van Dyke,
W. G. Long, W. H. Cheney, and others. The coraraittee reported
the following, which were unaniraously adopted :
1. That the republicans of Califomia endorse the national admin
istration, and hereby renew their allegiance to the principles of the
party as illustrated and raade conspicuous in the twenty-eight years
of its existence.
2. That we are in favor of protecting horae industry and enter
prise, and such legislation as will tend to raaintain and support our
own people. We are, therefore, in favor of a tariff for protection,
adjusted by a wise discriraination to the wants of the govemraent in
the matter of revenue, so as to secure the best results for the greatest
number. 3. That we are in favor of such amendments to the Chinese exclu
sion act as will effectively prevent any evasion of its letter or spirit,
and will secure to our people absolute protection against any and
all forras of Chinese iraraigration ; and we further declare that the
act so araended should be raade perpetual.
4 That it is to the republican party that the nation raust look to
repel the spirit of communisra and agrarianisra, and for the establish
ment and protection of the freedmen and rights of the citizen.
5. That the delegates elected to the national republican conven
tion be and they are hereby instructed to vote for and use all honor
able means for the nominatiori of James G. Blairie for president ot
the United States so long as he reraains a candidate before said con
vention. 6. That the commissioner of agriculture should be made a cabinet
officer, and our delegates are instructed to urge a plank in the
natiorial platform favoring this idea.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTIONS. 455
7. That the corisideration of all raatters affectirig state policy be
deferred until the raeeting of our next state convention.
8. That the services of Senator John F. Miller are deserving of
public approbation. His appointraent to the chairmanship of the
committee on foreign relations in the senate was a just recognition
of eminent ability. His able advocacy of the prohibition of servile
Chinese iraraigration has met with a responsive favor frora all classes
of citizens and has materially strengthened the cause of the republi
can party.
Wm. W. Morrow, George A. Knight, Thoraas R. Bard, and
Horace Davis were elected delegates at large, over Horace F. Page,
R. W. Sirapson, Creed Haymond, Frank M. Pixley, James McM.
Shatter, and R. 0. Gaskill. Page, Pixley, Gaskill, and Shafter
were selected alternates at large. The following were selected trom
the districts :
First district — 0. 0. Bush and Byron 0. Carr for delegates, over
R. K. Nichols, H. W. Byington, and J. D. Byers. Byington and
Byers were elected alternates.
Second district — Wm. H. Parks and George W. Schell for dele
gates, over S. W. Sperry. David E. Knight and Timothy H. Bar
nard were selected as alternates.
Third district — Wra. Johnston and Eli S. Denison for delegates,
over T. H. Thorapson, Wallace R. Pond, and Henry P. Wood.
Thorapson and Pond were selected alternates.
Fourth district — David McClure and Charles F. Crocker for
delegates, and Frank French and Wra. B. May for alternates.
Fifth district — Adolph B. Spreckles and Maurice 0. Blake for
delegates, over J. W. Rea and Sargent S. Morton. Rea and Morton
were elected alternates.
Sixth district — David 0. Reed and Oregon Sanders for dele
gates, over W. S. Beebe, W. H. Norway, and Thomas Flint. Edwin
W. Crooks and Thomas Flint were elected alternates.
The democratic state comraittee raet at San Francisco on March
11th and called a state convention to raeet at Stockton on June 10th,
to nominate delegates to the national convention to be held in Chi
cago on July 8th, and also the presidential electors. The state con
vention was called to order by John H. Wise, the chairman of the
state comraittee. Stephen M. White was chosen teraporary chair
man, without opposition ; H. M. LaRue declining. The committee

456 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
on resolutions consisted of D. M. Delraas, Fisher Araes, W. J.
Tinnin, M. E. 0. Munday, Marion Biggs, Niles Searls^ M. F. Tarpey,
E. E. Leake, 0. P. Berry, Byron Waters, and others. On the 11th,
a perraanent organization was effected by the selection of White as
president; and W. J. Tinnin, Jo Harailton, Peter Hopkins, and
others, vice-presidents. The coraraittee on resolutions reported the
following :
The democracy of California, in convention assembled, hereby
announce the following principles :
1. That we do now reaffirm our unwavering fealty and adherence
to the anti-raonopoly principles which have ever been the doctrine
of democrats, not only in this state, but throughout the union, and
proclaim our unshaken faith in the principles set forth in the San
Jose platform of 1882.
2. That we hold the calling ot the extra session of the legislature
to have been a wise, politic and patriotic act on the part of Governor
Stoneman, warranted by the embarrassment of the finances of the
state, caused by the contumacious refusal of the railroad corpora
tions to pay their taxes, and the condition of . public affairs engen
dered by their open defiance of the laws, and their pernicious influ
ence in preventing the regulation of freights and fares and the
suppression of abuses in transportation.
3. That the late extra session of the legislature marks an epoch
in the contest between the people and the monopolies, and is an
event which sets forth in a clear and unmistakable light before the
people the baneful arts and corrupt practices by which the railroad
raonopoly, in furtherance of its own selfish and grasping policy, either
controls legislation or defeats raeasures calculated for the public
good. 4 That, as all legislation at the late extra session calculated to
relieve the people of the state frora the insolent and oppressive rule
of railroad corporations was frustrated by the republican party —
seven-eighths of whose raerabers in the senate, and three-fourths of
whose assemblymen in the house voted solidly and persistently
against such legislation; and as the conduct of these republican
representatives not only was not rebuked, but was tacitly approved
by the late republican convention in Oakland, and as that conven
tion openly condemned as agrarian and comraunistic all attempts at
anti- monopoly legislation, and emphasized its hostile attitude by
sending as its chosen delegates to Chicago men who were openly

THE "STOCKTON" CONVENTION. 457
interested in railroad and other monopolies, or who were notoriously
arid avowedly the pliant tools of such monopolists ; therefore, we
denounce the republican party of California as untrue to the people,
leagued with the enemies of the state, and subservient to the dicta
tion of wealth and power, against the interest of the people.
5. That we are not unmindful of the conduct of certain demo
cratic officers and legislators, who co-operated with the republicans
at the late extra session in frustrating the will of the people and
antagonizing the true interests of the state. That while no amount
of care can at all tinies prevent the intrusion into parties of faith
less men, who enter with a false pledge upon their lips raerely to
ruin and betray — yet the party becoraes responsible for the conduct
of such recreant raerabers only when, having discovered thera, it
fails to condemn their course ; that it is the duty of a party, it it
is true to itself and to the people, to expel frora its ranks
and denounce as unworthy of public trust and lost to all sense
•ot honor, traitors and pledge-breakers. Therefore, we do now
denounce railroad commissioners Carpenter and Humphreys, who
have broken their pledges with reference to freight and fare reduc
tions ; Lieutenant-govemor John Daggett, whose casting vote was
ever thrown into the scale to turn the balance against the people ;
Attorney-general Marshall, who violated his solemn pledge, taken
at San Jose, that in the collection of revenues from railroads there
:should be no coraproraises ; and those deraocratic senators and
assemblymen who at the late session of the legislature proved faith
less to their pledges and betrayed the cause of the people — men
whose recreant conduct has since met with such eraphatic denuricia-
tiori arid rebuke at the bauds of their own local constituencies.
6. That under the great law of equality of rights aud equality of
iburdens, which is the fundaraental principle of all free republics,
•and the comer-stone of democracy, we favor the passage of revenue
laws which shall corapel corporations to pay their taxes as individuals
pay theirs.
7. That we proclaim our unshaken confidence in the ability of the
people to govern ¦ themselves and to enforce obedience to their laws,
•even frora overgrown corporations and gigantic raonopolies. We
denounce as degrading to the dignity of the state and fatal to its
sovereignty all coraproraises in the enforceraent of laws, and raain
tain that the people owe it to theraselves not to remit to rich and
powerful corporations penalties for violated laws which, under
.•similar circumstances, they exact from individuals.

458 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
8. That we reaffirm our adherence to the doctrine laid down in.
the San Jose platforra of 1882, that the deraocratic party is opposed
to all legislation of a suraptuary character and all laws intended to-
restrain a free and full exercise by any citizen of his own religious,
and political opinions, so long as he leaves others to enjoy their rights
unmolested. That the present system of iraposing an excessive
license tax upon certain classes of business is contrary to the spirit
of deiriocraoy.
9. That the iriterference of the federal judiciary under existing
laws in restraining the collection of our state taxes on the property
of railroad corporations and in interfering with the enforceraent of
our state revenue laws has greatly embarrassed the administration of
our state governraent and justly raeets with general condemnation;,
therefore, we invoke congress for such remedial legislation as may
protect us in the exercise of this important incident of sovereignty.
10. That while we recognize the importance of encouraging the
building and operation of railroads in this state and the advantages-
which ought to accrue to the people from the facilities which rail
road transportation would afford, if fully and impartially given to
all, we view with alarm the power of the railroad monopoly as mani
fested in its pernicious and corrupting interference iri politics and in
its control of officials elected by the people.
11. That we are opposed to all prohibitory tariffs intended te
create or foster raonopolies or exclusive privileges. We favor the
raising of sufficient revenues for the necessary support of the govern
raent and the gradual discharge of all its obligations, and for this-
purpose we are in favor of a tariff so adjusted as to give incidental
protection to horae labor and horae industries, placing the burdens,
as far as possible, on the luxuries and exerapting the necessaries of
life. The details of this adjustraent we subrait to the judgment of
a democratic congress.
12. That the ownership of large tracts of land by non-resident
aliens is an evil not to be tolerated in the United States.
13. That we deraand that all grants of public lands heretofore
made for the benefit ot corporations which have not complied with
the conditions of the grant be imraediately declared forfeited and
the lands restored to the public doraain, to be disposed of as all other
public lands are now disposed of, in reasonable quantities, and to-
none but citizens of the United States, or persons who have declared
their intention to become such, who are actual settlers thereon.
14. That our delegates to the convention in Chicago be instructed

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 459^
to use their best efforts to have a plank inserted in the national
platform declaring against national banks, believing that all paper
money necessary to be used as currency should be issued directly by
the national government and not through the instrumentality of
national banks — collecting, as they do, a preraiura on the issuance
of public money resting upon a public debt and with no real responsi
bility on the part of stockholders to their depositors.
15. That we condemn the employment of Chinese or convict labor
in competition with the laboring classes of this state ; and that the
interests ot Araerican civilization demand that the gates shall be
sealed forever against the immigration or iraportation of Asiatic
coolies under any pretense whatever.
16. That we conderan the practice of selection by county com
mittees of delegates to conventions, as contrary to the principles of
democracy. . ¦
17. That we demand of the state board of railroad coraraissioners
the early formulation and passage of a schedule ot freights from the
interior to tide-water which will secure to the farmers a material
reduction on the transportation of the crop ot 1884.
18. That, recognizing the transcendent importance of agriculture
and the fact that its success is indispensable to the prosperity of our
country, we believe it should have a voice in the cabinet councils ot
the natiori; and that our delegates to the Chicago convention be and
they are hereby instructed to use their best efforts to procure the
insertion of a clause in the platforra pledging the party to create
the office of secretary of agriculture, the incurabent of which shall
be a practical agriculturist and a meraber of the president's cabinet.
19. That we favor the adoption of the proposed araendraent tO'
the state constitution, providing for the publication of text-books
tor the public schools of the state.
20. That we adhere to the deraocratic doctrine that it is the ira
perative duty of the government of the United States to protect
alike the native-born and the naturalized citizens, and that the
whole force ot the government should be exerted in behalf of a nat
uralized citizen should he be conscripted in a foreign army.
21. That the choice of the democracy ot Oalifornia for president
and vice-president is Sarauel J. Tilden and Thoraas A. Hendricks,
not only because they are living representatives of the traditional
principles of the democratic party, but also because their noraination
and election is a necessity of retributive justice.
22. That in case any unforeseen cause should prevent the accept-

460 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
ance of the presidential nomination by Samuel J. Tilden, our second
-choice is Allen G. Thurraan.
28. That the deraocracy of California unanimously repudiates the
presidential aspirations of Stephen J. Field, and that we hereby
pledge ourselves to vote for no man as delegate to the national con
vention of July 8, 1884, who will not before this convention pledge
himself to use his earnest endeavors to defeat these aspirations.
A motion to strike out the 23d resolution was lengthily debated,
and lost by a vote of 19 to 453. A raotion to strike out the cen
sure of Attorney-general Marshall was also lost by a vote of 229 to
242. The resolutions as reported by the coraraittee were then
adopted. The following resolution was also adopted :
That it is the sense of this convention that a constitutional araend-
merit, proposing the election of three railroad coraraissioners, should
be presented by the next legislature to the people, to be voted on
within 90 days, the election to be at large, and at the same time as
the general election of 1886, and the terra to be four years. On
the adoption of the amendment by the people, the governor to ap
point three commissioners, to take the place of the three removed
by the adoption of the araendraent.
A state central coraraittee was selected, consisting of W. D. Eng
lish, Robt. Tobin, Archibald YeU, Thoraas F. Barry, W. A. Selkirk,
R. 0. Cravens, George T. Marye, Patrick Reddy, J. D. Goodwin,
J. T. Harrington, D. N. Hershey, J. W. Oates, J. G. WolfskiU, D.
A. Ostrom, E. G. Blessing, John Foley, A. M. Burns, J. J. Flynn,
Peter Hopkins, D. J. Oullahan, J. D. Spencer, Wallace Leach, and
others. The following were elected delegates to the national converition;
At large — Williara Dunphy, of San Francisco; 0. F. Foster, of
Tehama; Thomas J. Clunie; Hugh M. La Rue, of Sacramento.
T. H. WiUiams, T. G. Hill, W. W. Lyman, Hugh J. Mohan,
-alternates. First district — H. 0. Wilson, of Teharaa; Dennis Spencer, of
Napa. W. E. McConnell, of Sonoraa ; Archibald YeU, of Mendo-
•cino, alternates.
Second district — J. W. Breckinridge, of Merced ; Niles Searls, ot
Nevada. W. E. Eichelroth, R. B. Hugg, alternates.
Third district— W. B. English, of Contra Oosta ; M. F- Tarpey,
of Alameda. Dr. Dobbins, of Vacaville ; H. H. Reid, of Alameda,
alterriates.

DEMOCRATIC NOMINATIONS. 461
Fourth district — J. A. Wright, of San Francisco ; Louis Holtz, of
San Francisco. Abe Neuraan, A. M. Burns, alternates.
Fifth district — Maurice Schraidt, of San Francisco; Lawrence
Archer, ot Santa Clara. J. W, McDonald, Jesse Oook, alternates.
Sixth district — L. J. Rose, of Los Angeles; A. B. Butler, of
Fresno. T. J. Arnold, ot San Diego; J. W. Ferguson, ot Fresno,
alternates. The following were nominated for presidential electors and alter
nates: At large — Charles Kohler, ot San Francisco ; 0. P. Berry, of Sut
ter. J." 0. Shorb, of San Francisco ; J. T. Harrington, of Colusa,
alternates. First district — W. J. Tinnin, of Trinity. Richard Bayne, of
Colusa, alternate.
Second district — G. G. GOucher, of Mariposa. F. D. Nicol, of
Tuolumne, alternate.
Third district — .1. 0. Martin, of Alaraeda. Nathaniel Jones, of
Contra Oosta, alternate.
Fourth district — George T. Marye. J. M. Eaton, alternate.
Fifth district — James T. Murphy, of Santa Clara. Edward
White, of Santa Cruz, alternate.
Sixth district— W. H. Webb, of Monterey. A. J. Atwell, of
Tulare, alternate.
On June 17th, Shorb, a nominee for alternate elector at large,
published the following declination:
Anticipating a speedy and entire restoration to health, and desir
ing, in the coraing presidential carapaign, to speak, and with
authority, in behalf of those principles which the deraocratic party
has always illustrated and raaintained as vital and essential to the
perpetuity of our forra of government, and indispensable to the
preservation of the liberty, prosperity, and happiness of the people,
I allowed my narae to be presented as an alternate elector before
the Stockton convention. To this position I was elected, I believe,
by acclaraation. I wish now to resign this positiou.
The convention at Stockton was called for the purpose of select
ing delegates to the national convention, and electors on the national
ticket. It was not called to pass resolutions of eulogy on the wis
dom of calling the extra session of the legislature, or to relate the
reasons of its ignominious — indeed, its absolute failure. It was not

462 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
•called to pass resolutions of repudiation of any aspirant to the
presidency, here or elsewhere, or to rehearse the alleged or suspected
infamy and treason of certain deraocratic officers of the state gov
ernraent, or members of the legislature in the upper and lower
house. It was not called to signalize the ambition of sorae men, or
to vent the spite and disappointment of others. Finally, it was not
-called to invade, even by resolution, vested rights, to terrorize cor
porations, or put on exhibition the purity of one newspaper, and its
devotion to the interests of the people, or crystalUze the claims of
-certain men for future preferment in the party.
Reading over the platforra of th'is convention, an outsider would
be led to regard the selection of national delegates and presidential
-electors as entirely secondary to the raanifestations of demagogism,
communisra, persecution, injustice, spite, and tyranny that pervade
the platform and resolutions frora beginning to end. If I went be
fore the people they would understand I indorsed the spirit and
letter of this platform. This, I cannot in conscience do, for I am a
democrat, and democracy means freedora in. its largest and holiest
aspect. It raeans equal rights to all; the right to worship God ac
cording to our own light; the right to act and vote in harmony with
our own ideas and convictions of principle and utility. The attempt,
unparalleled in the history of all conventions, deraocratic and repub
lican, to force raen to think and act with us under any and all cir
cumstances, and meeting disaster and failure as it ought; the attempt,
I repeat, by resolution, to expel them from the party for such reason,
is tyranny and irisolence, and not democracy. Finally, it is a move
ment which, I believe, will not be indorsed by raen of intelligence,
honesty and patriotism in the deraocratic party throughout the
state of Oalifornia, for it is in deadly antagonisra to the spirit and
perforraance of those pure civic virtues which should fill and ani
mate the breast of every good citizen — virtues without whose cohe
sive force parties theraselves must fall into decay and ruin at last.
On the 19th, Charles Kohler, a nominee for elector at large, ad
dressed the following to the state coraraittee :
The deraocratic convention that recently met at Stockton adopted
a platform, condemned several gentlemeri for their official conduct,
arid gratuitously assailed a distinguished citizen of Oalifornia, whose
name will be presented to the democratic national convention for
the highest office in the gift of the Araerican people.
The state convention placed ray name on the electoral ticket, and

PROHIBITION CONVENTION. 468
if I reraain silent I shall be regarded as approving all the doctrines
enunciated in the Stockton platforra. There are principles embodied
in that declaration which I do not approve; and I most emphati-
¦cally disserit from each and every expression condemnatory of Judge
Field. Entertaining such views, I deem it ray duty to the derao
cratic party to state thera thus publicly.
It is ray purpose to give ray cordial support to the ticket that
shall be norainated at Chicago in July, and notwithstanding what
was said and done at Stockton, I sincerely hope that Judge Field
will be norainated at Chicago. If the coramittee over which you
preside is not satisfied with my attitude as hereiu stated, it is at
liberty to substitute another name for raine as an elector.
Kohler afterward withdrew his resignation. On July 26th, the
•state committee met at San Francisco for the purpose of filling the
vacancies caused by resignations. Thomas H. Laine was nominated
for alternate elector at large in place of Shorb; Edwin Swinford
was substituted in place of Bayne, as alternate from the first dis
trict, and John A. Stanly for elector frora the third district in place
-of Martin. Afterward Goucher declined, and on August 26th, the
second district convention norainated Marion Biggs for elector.
The various district conventions met at Stockton on June 10th,
and nominated the following for congressraen.
Barclay Henley frora the first district, without opposition.
Jaraes H. Budd frora the second district, without opposition.
John R. Glascock frora the third district, without opposition.
R. P. Hastings frora the fourth district, on the first ballot, by a
vote ot 56, to 9 tor Charles A. Suraner; W. S. Rosecrans declining.
Frank J. Sullivan frora the fitth district, without opposition.
R. F. Del Valle frora the sixth district, without opposition.
Budd afterward declined to be a candidate, and on August 26th,
the second district convention again raet at Stockton and nominated
Charles A. Suraner, without opposition.
The prohibition state convention raet at San Francisco on June
17th, and was called to order by George Babcock, the chairraan of
the state coramittee. About 200 delegates were present. Babcock
was elected teraporary chairman, and on permanent organization,
Joel Russell was president.
R. H. McDonald, J. L. Coles, J. A. Fairbanks, and T. M. Wills
were elected delegates at large to attend the national convention to

464 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
be held at Pittsburg on July 23d, and the following were chosea
from the districts.
First district — H. A. Mayhew, W. G. Swan, and J. N. Lining.
Second district— W. M. Tharp, 0. A. Bateraan, and F. McD..
Green. Third district — H. J. Becker, 0. N. Goulding, and H. L. Ross,
Fourth district — Captain A. D. Wood, Colonel George Babcock,
and S. F. Dutton.
Fifth district— Mrs. E. P. Stevens, E. B. Fowler, and Mrs. A. P.
Ellis. Sixth district — Judge George Steele, Will D. Gould, and Samuel
Fowler. The committee pn platform and resolutions subraitted the follow
ing report, which was adopted :
The prohibition home protection party, now in state convention
assembled, reaffirms and pledges itself anew to the following declara
tions :
1. We declare that our object, aira and purpose is to build up a
political organization that raay be safely intrusted with the conduct
of national affairs, and to which may be confided, in all the states
and territories of the Araerican union, the political control of aU
such questions, involving the moral and material interests of the
people, as are proper subjects of legislation.
2. We invite to this work the intelligent, law-respecting, and
order-loving men and women of this state; those who own its prop
erty, pay its taxes, are interested in the protection and education of
its youth, in elevatirig its moral standards, preserving the union of
states, and developing and perpetuating Christiari civilization
throughout the land.
3. We declare that the manufacture, sale and use of alcoholic
drinks is the greatest evil of the country and the age. That the-
traffic enslaves woraen and degrades children ; debases youth and
wrecks manhood ; corrupts the ballot and injures the public service ;
peoples prisons and fills insane asylums; breeds paupers and crimi
nals, and thereby iraposes enorraous burdens of taxation; destroys
capital and ruins labor; degrades, irapoverishes, and destroys our
horaes, and threatens, through organized and criminal conspiracies,
to subvert law and order. So believing, we declare the cardinal
principles of our party to be the prohibition, by national and state
constitutional amendments, of the manufacture and importation of

PROHIBITION RESOLUTIONS. 465
all alcoholic, vinous, and malt liquors not demanded for medicinal, me
chanical, or scientific use, and the regulation by law, under severe
penalties, of the sale of such liquors for such use, and the absolute
and total prohibition of the sale for any other purpose.
4. We deprecate all atterapts to substitute any systera of high-
license, so-called, in place ot prohibition of the liquor traffic ; and
while the traffic continues, we also oppose any reduction of the bur
dens or restrictions now iraposed upon it. We are in favor of the
rigid and irapartial enforcement of all laws tending to restrict the
sale of intoxicating liquors, and demand of our executive authorities
the arrest and punishment of all persons engaged in criminal com-
biriation to obstruct or prevent the enforcement oi laws intended for
the protection of society against the wrongs, injuries and criraes
growing out of the saloon business.
5. That while we regard prohibition of the liquor traffic as the
most important, political question before the Araerican people, we
are not unmindful that there are other issues seriously, it not vitally,
affecting the general welfare ; but these issues we refer to the action
of the national prohibition convention to meet July 22d, assured
that it will properly represent the sentiment of our state and the
nation. ,
On raotion of Colonel Babcock, it was ordered that the delegates
to the national convention be authorized to cast the twenty-three
votes to which the state is entitled, and also that the delegates be
instructed to present and urge the narae of Dr. R. H McDonald
upon the convention for the noraination for president of the United
States. The following congressional norainations, raade by the district
delegations during the recess, were reported and ratified by the con
vention: First district, Rev. 0. 0. Bateman, of Tehama ; second dis
trict, Joshua V. Web,ster, of Stockton ; third district, Josiah B.
Wills, of Contra Oosta ; fourth district, Colonel George Babcock, of
San Francisco ; fifth district. Rev. A. P. Morrison, of San Jose ;
sixth district. Will D. Gould, of Los Angeles.
For electors, the foUowing were chosen : First district, J. W.
Tharp, of Sonoma ; second district, H. S. Graves, of Sutter ; third
district, Joel Russell, of Alameda ; fourth district, Stephen H.
Varney, of San Francisco ; fifth district, J. D. Wood, of Santa
Clara ; sixth district, George Steele, of San Luis Obispo ; at large,
M. 0. Winchester, of Sutter, and Dr. A. B. Nixon, of Sacramento.
30

466 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Afterward, Jesse Yarnell was substituted for Nixon, as candidate
for elector at large; D. E. Bushnell for Wood, as candidate for elec
tor iri the fifth district; A. D. Boreri for Steele, as candidate for
elector in the sixth district, and Williara Crowhurst for Morrison, as
candidate for congressraan in the fifth district.
Pursuant to a call issued on May 23d, by the executive coramittee
of the California branch of the national anti-monopoly party, a state
convention to nominate presidential electors, convened at San Fran
cisco on July 16th, the delegates to which were chosen from the
national anti-raonopoly greenback, labor, and national union parties.
Dr. George Hewston called the converition to order, and was chosen
teraporary chairraan. The comraittee on resolutions consisted of P.
J. Merwin, J. M. Kinley, George T. Elliott, L. F. Moulton, and
others. On perraanent organization, A. E. Redstone, was president.
The following resolutions were adopted :
Whereas, Through the neglect of governraent to enforce the con-
s^titution and laws in the spirit of republican equality, corporate,
moneyed, and property interests have become pararaount to the in
terests of humanity. Home and foreign capital, through corrupt
legislation, have monopolized the land of the nation and fastened its
grasp on all industries, thereby forcing land and labor to pay tribute
to corporate and individual rapacity. The improved materials and
forces of modern civilization, which are essential to the uses of life,
liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, are so raonopolized that the
iridustrial classes are forced iuto destructive competitiori, Orie with
ariother ; and through this raeans, and by parly intrigue, their polit
ical liberties have been rendered little better than a dead letter. The
governraent, by delegating the exercise of its functions to others.
through subsidy grants and united action with corporations and
favored individuals, has placed itself in a position to be fairly charged
-with collusion with capital and corispiracy agairist labor. Arid the
coritinuance of conditions such as are in operation at present raust
eventually lead to the extinction of republican institutions, to be
followed by a state of anarchy or despotisra. Resolved,
That we, the national anti-raonopoly, the national greenback, and
the national uriiori parties, iri joint convention assembled, in the
name of the national party, declare as our platform of principles' the
following :
1. We hold that the late decision of the supreme court on the

ANTI-MONOPOLY RESOLUTIONS. 467
legal tender question, to be. a full vindication of the right and
authority of congress over the issue of legal-tender notes, and we
hereby pledge ourselves to uphold said decision, and defend the con
stitution and laws against alterations and amendraent thereof.
2. We deraand the payment of the public debt as it falls due, in
the spirit of its original contraction ; the free coinage of gold and
silver, and the issuance of sufficient treasury and fractional currency
to meet the requirements of our industrial and coramercial interests,
to be kept in circulation under a unifOrra systera.
3. We condemn the granting of special privileges, or the use of
the public domain by a few persons or corporations to the detriment
of the individual rights of any and every citizen.
4. We declare directors of corporations and individuals who refuse
to pay their taxes, or otherwise refuse to contribute to the support
of the government which protects them, in open rebellion, and they
should be dealt with as other criminals who defy the law.
5. The public lands being the natural inheritance of the people,
we denounce that policy which has granted to corporations vast
tracts of land ; and we demand that iraraediate and vigorous meas
ures be taken to reclaim trom such corporations all such land grants
as have been forfeited by reason of non-fulfillment of contract, or
that may have been wrongfully acquired by corrupt legislation ; and
that such reclaimed lands and other public domain be henceforth
held as a sacred trust, to be used only by actual settlers in limited
quantities ; and that any citizen of the United States raay initiate
legal proceedings in any court to invalidate such grants, in the name
of the United States when public lands, and the state when state
lands, without the consent of the United States attorney-general or
attorney-general of the state, on defraying the expenses thereof We
demand that alien ownership of land, individual or corporate, shall
be prohibited.
6. We demand an araelioration of the condition of labor by en
forcing sanitary laws in industrial establishraents, by abolition of the
contract convict-labor system, by rigid inspection of mines and fac
tories, by fostering non-sectarian educational institutions, and by
abolishing child labor.
7. We advocate reduction of the hours of labor, and demand that
importation of Chinese, servile, pauper, and contract labor shall cease.
8. We demand congressional regulation of inter-state commerce;
we denounce "pooling," stock-watering, and discriraination in rates
and charges, and deraand that congressional and state legislation

468 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
shall correct these abuses, even, if necessary, by the construction of
national railroads ; and that a postal telegraph system shall be estab
lished by the government.
9. All private property, all forms of money, and obligations to pay
raoney, shall bear their just proportion of public taxes.
10. We deraand a protective tariff systera by which the iraporta
tion of luxuries shall be heavily taxed, and the necessaries of lite for
coraraon use, not competitive, be adraitted free ; and a graduated tax
of other iraports be adopted, whereby those most needed shall bear
the lowest duty, and those less needed the highest duty; and that all
competitive raw materials be excluded.
11. We deraand that the property either of corporations or pri
vate persons, whether consisting of franchises or other values, on a
just remuneration, be subject to appropriation for public use under
the law governing eminent doraain.
1 2. We deraand the submission to the people of the United State^
of araendraents to the constitution, granting the right to legislate in
favor of female suffrage and prohibition of the liquor traffic.
13. We demand a change in our Indian policy, whereby each
reservation, or so much thereof as may be required, be appropriated
and used as agricultural farms, and the Indians kept thereon and
disciplined by being compelled to perform manual labor enough for
their own support.
14. We demand the abrogation of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty.
15. We endorse the noraination of Benjarain F. Butler, of Massa
chusetts, and A. M. West, of Mississippi, respectively, for president
and vice-president of the United States.
The following were norainated for presidential electors : P. J.
Merwin, W. J. Sweasy, L. F. Moulton, George H. Stebbins, R. But
terfield, H. D. Barbour, H. M. Couch, and S. A. Waldron. After
ward Sweasy, Stebbins, and Barbour declined, and N. Curry, A. D.
Nelson, and A. T. Dewey were norainated in their stead.
The following were norainated for alternate electors : T. J. Mc
Quiddy, W. H. Moody, W. J. Sweasy, H. D. Barbour, Thomas.
Graham, and E. J. Shellhouse.
The nomination of congressmen was left to the state coramittee,
and on the 17th the following nominations were announced :
First district, L. F. Moulton; second district, E. J. Mcintosh;.
third district, A. B. Burns; fourth district, Henry S. Fitch; fifth.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 469
district, J. M. Kinley; sixth district, Isaac Kinley. Afterward
W. 0. Howe was substituted for Moulton, Charles A. Sumner for
Mcintosh, and Frank J. Sullivan for J. M. Kinley.
The republican state coramittee raet at San Francisco on June
23d, and called a state convention, to meet at Sacraraento on July 23d,
to nominate presidential electors and alternates. At the tirae and
place naraed the convention raet, and was called to order by P. B.
Cornwall, the chairraan of the state coraraittee. M. M. Estee was
chosen temporary chairman and afterward president, without op
position. The coraraittee on resolutions consisted of F. Adaras, W.
H. Brown, Chester Rowell, David McClure, A. L. Chandler, J. H.
Neff, W. H. Parks, D. McPherson, W. A. Cheney, D. N. Sher-
bourne, W. E. Dargie, and others.
The following norainations were made for presidential electors :
At large, A. R. Conklin, Henry Edgerton ; first district, Benjamin
Shurtieff; second district, J. B. Reddick ; third district, Henry
Vrooman ; fourth district, Jaraes Simpson ; fifth district, Marcus H.
Hecht; sixth district, Chester Rowell ; Simpson resigned and Horace
Davis was nominated in his stead. Shurtieff afterward declined, and
J. D. Byers was nominated in his stead. On September 1st Vrooman
resigned his place on the ticket, for the reason that the question had
been raised that he was not eligible to serve as an elector, from the
fact that he was holding the office of state senator, and Charles F.
Reed was nominated in his place.
The convention norainated the foUowing for alternate electors :
At large, Ira P. Rankin and R. W. Waterman; first district, J. D.
Byers ; second district, L. T. Crane; third district, Charles F. Reed ;
fourth district, A. G. Booth; fifth district, Robert Effey; sixth dis
trict, Paris Kilburn.
The coraraittee on resolutions reported the following, which were
unanimously adopted :
1. That the republicans of California, in convention assembled,
endorse and reaffirm the national platforra of the republican party,
adopted at its convention, recently held in Chicago, and we con
gratulate the country upon the noraination of Blaine and Logan, the
true representatives of the American policy ot progress and unity.
2. That we declare that the welfare of California demaiids, and
that the property of labor and the interests of capital require, the

470 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS In CALIFORNIA
maintenance by the national government of the Araerican system of
tariff for protection. Under this policy which has been consistently
supported by the republican party since its foundation, our varied
industries have been fostered and extended, our laboring classes
have enjoyed better wages than in any other part of the world, and
the whole country has achieved unparalleled prosperity. We
denounce the free trade policy, which the democratic party has
advocated since 1840, as dangerous to the material interests of the
country and to the well-being of Araerican labor: We arraign the
democratic party of California for supporting the national demo
cratic party, which stands upon a platform that declares, in effect,
for the tree-trade doctrine of tariff for revenue only, as admitted by
prominent merabers of the comraittee that fraraed the plank. We
insist that the success of the British policy would destroy the grow
ing industries of our coraraonwealth, especially the grape, raisin,
wool, and raanufacturing interests, and would reduce the wages ot
our workingraen to the starvation point.
3. That we ask and deraand that the industry of the raanufacture
of the raisin shall be protected by a protective duty, and resolved,
that we demand the restoration of the tariff on wool as fixed by the
law ot 1867.
4. That we are in favor of the adoption of the proposed araend
raent to section seven of article nine of the constitution of this state,
authorizing the furnishing of free text-books for use in the common
schools throughout the state.
5. That the republican party of California has a consistent record
in its unswerving devotion to the interests of the people in opposi
tion to all monopolies. First — We declare that railroad corpora
tions, being organized for a public use, all unjust discrimination
as between persons and places is in direct violation of the constitu
tion of this state, and should be prohibited. Second — We declare
that charges for freight by all transportation corapanies should only be
what the service is reasonably worth. Third — It is the duty of the rail
road comraission to regulate freights and fares justly inthe interest of
the people. We call attention to the section of the platforra of the
national republican party which favors congressional legislation to carry
outthe constitutional powerof congress to regulate interstate comraerce,
and especially to the language declaring that "the principle of the
public regulation of railroad corporations is a wise and salutary one
for the protection of all classes of the people, and we favor legisla
tion that shall prevent unjust discriraination and excessive charges

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 471
for transportation, and that shall secure to the people and to the
railways alike fair and equal protection of the laws." We endorse
this declaration. We charge that the platform of the national
democratic party evades this great issue. We arraign the derao
cratic party ot California for supporting a candidate tor president
whose publio record identifies him as as a friend of monopoly and
an eneray to the rights and the interests of the people. We par
ticularly denounce the doctrine advanced by the nominee of the
democratic party for president in his veto in the New York legisla
ture of the bill reducing fares on the elevated railroads, in which he
declared that there was no constitutional power in our legislature to
regulate and abridge privileges granted by a former legislature to a
public agency. This extreme monopolistic view had been condemned
by the higher courts of the land, is wrong and dangerous, and marks
him as unfit to hold the high office of chief raagistrate of the
republic. 6. That the coraraissioner of agriculture be constituted a cabi
net officer of the nation as and under the title of " Secretary of
Agriculture." 7. That, recognizing the clairas of our soldiers, and the especial
obligations of California to those through whose faithful services our
territory was acquired, we favor the payraent of pensions to all sur
viving veterans ot the Mexican war.
8. That all property should bear its equal share of taxation. That
all property, whether owned by individuals or corporations, should
be assessed at its actual cash value, and be compelled to pay its just
taxes. ' 1
9. That we commend our representatives in congress for their
efforts in behalf of restrictive Chinese legislation, thus redeeming
the pledges of the party raade for thera, and renew our deterraina
tion to make such restriction effective, and in every way prevent the
competition of Chinese with Araerican labor. We thank the
republican national convention for its emphatic declaration upon
this subject; refer with pride to the attitude of James G. Blaine in
congress wheri the subject first became a national one, and have
implicit faith that the republican party of the nation will protect us
in all our interests as against Chinese.
10. That we invite and welcome to our state the people of all
countries which belong to our division ot the huraan family, whose
moral, physical and intellectual qualifications entitle them to the
rights and privileges of Araerican citizenship.

472 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
A state comraittee was selected, consisting of Aaron Bell, James
A. Orr, H. W. Byington, W. H. Parks, E. W. Roberts, J. H. Neff,
W. H. Brown, Richard Chute, C. H. Garoutte, A. J. Rhoads,
Christopher Green, Obed Harvey, S. G. Hilborn, Eli S. Denison,
W. W. Camron, F. K. Shuttuck, Henry Vrooman, E. D. Wheeler,
J. P. H. Wentworth, M. 0. Briggs, A. W. Poole, A. R. Conklin,
J. F. Crank, and others, and the executive committee was appointed
afterward by the chairraan.
The first congressional district convention raet at Sacraraento on
July 23d, arid riorainated Thomas L. Carothers for congressman, with
out opposition.
The second district convention met at Sacraraento on July 24th,
and norainated Jaraes A. Louttit for congressraan, on the second
ballot, over Charles A. Tuttie and John A. Eagon.
The third district convention met at Benicia on July 14th, and
nominated Joseph McKenna for congressman, on the twelfth ballot,
over W. W. Camron, Carroll Cook, George W. Tyler, and Henry
Edgerton. The fourth district convention met at Sacraraento on July 23d,
and nominated Wm. W. Morrow for congressman, without opposi
tion. The fifth district convention raet at Sacramento on July 23d, and
nominated Charles N. Felton for congressman, without opposition.
The sixth district convention met at Sacraraento on July 23d,
and nominated H. H. Markhara for congressraan, without opposi
tion. The election was held on Noveraber 4th, and the official canvass
developed this result : Blaine electors — Edgerton, 102,369; Byers,
102,897; Reed, 102,411; Hecht, 102,223; Conklin, 102,378; Red
dick, 102,416; Davis, 102,306; RoweU, 102,391. Cleveland elec-
tors— Kohler, 89,288; Tinnin, 89,200; Stanly, 89,221; Murphy,
89,235; Berry, 89,214; Biggs, 89,204; Marye, 89,229; Webb, 89,-
201. Butler electors— Curry, 2,037; Merwin, 1,722; Moulton,
2,019; Nelson, 2,021; Butterfield, 2,012; Dewey, 2,009; Couch,
2,005 ; Waldron, 1,974. St. John electors— Winchester, 2,963 ;
Boren, 2,845 ; Yarnell, 2,501 ; Tharp, 2,932; Graves, 2,961 ; Rus
sell, 2,962; Varney, 2,952; Bushnell, 2,360. For congressmen:
First district— Carothers, 16,316; Henley, 16,461; Bateman, 321.
Second district— Louttit, 18,327, Sumner, 18,208; Webster, 558.

IRRIGATION CONVENTION. 473
Third district— McKenna, 17,435; Glascock, 13,197; Burns, 273;
WeUs, 322. Fourth district— Morrow, 15,083 ; Hastings, 10,422 ;
Babcock, 6; Fitch, 123. Fifth district— Felton, 17,014; SuUivan,
15,676; Crowhurst, 232. Sixth district— Markham, 17,397; Del
Valle, 16,990; Gould, 821; Kinley, 237.
The republican electors met at the state capitol in Sacraraeiito, on
Deceraber 3d. All were present except Reddick and Byers. Those
present chose A. P. Catlin to act for Reddick, and Robert T. Devlin
to serve for Byers. The eight votes of the state were recorded for
Blaine and Logan, and Henry Edgerton was chosen raessenger to
-convey the returns to Washington.
The state irrigation convention asserabled at Riverside, May 14th,
and was called to order by A P. Johnson, teraporary chairman
elected at the original convention that assembled March 12th, and
adjourned on account of the storm. By the adoption of the report
-of the comraittee on perraanent organization, J. W. North was raade
president and L. M. Holt, secretary of the convention. The session
continued for three days, most of the time being consumed in dis
cussion of the subject of the use of water for irrigation, and cognate
topics. A coraraittee on resolutions was appointed, consisting of
George Rice, L. M, Holt, and 0. H. Congar. The following were
adopted :
1. That a cordial invitation is hereby extended to all parties
interested — those interested in existing canal corapanies, and those
owning lands under the sarae, and all land owners requiring irriga
tion — to be present by representation at the next irrigation conven
tion. 2i The California state irrigation convention recoraraend to the
irrigators of the Pacific states and to all persons interested in the
raeasureraent of water, the cubic foot of water per second as the
•unit of raeasure of water, fifty inches of water under a four-inch
pressure being equal to one cubic foot of water per second.
3. That it is the duty of the legislature of this state to repeal sec
tion fourteen hundred and twenty-two of our civil code in order that
there may be upon our statute books no seeraing recognition of the
English coraraon law of riparian rights, which has not, and never
had, an existence in this state. That the present law giving the
absolute power to fix water rates to supervisors and governing

474 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
bodies of raunicipal corporations, is in the interest of justice, is the
only protection of water buyers against extortionate deraands, and
that any araendraent of it would be a calamity to irrigators. That
the state owes it to the irrigators to interfere promptly and to-
adjust speedily differences arising between them and water corpora
tions, and that it should be within the power of irrigators to corapel
the bi-inging of suits, in the narae ot the state, to settle such differ
ences. 4. That the political parties of the state, during the coming-
campaign, should, in the construction of their platforms and
the selection of candidates for the legislature, keep in view
the interests of the irrigators of this state, as expressed in this-
convention. 5. That the thanks of this convention are due Hon. Wm. Ham.
Hall, state engineer, for his attendance at this convention, and his-
able paper presented on the irrigation question ; that we recognize-
in Mr. Hall an able head to the irrigation system of this state, and
we trust the state legislature will give hira the necessary assistance
and endorsement to enable hira to carry to corapletion the work he
has so efficiently coraraenced.
6. That the thanks of the delegates to this convention from abroad
are due, and they are hereby tendered, to the citizens ot Riverside
for the cordial raanner in which they have been received and enter
tained. 7. That it is the sense of this converitiori that thanks are due te
Judge J. W. North for the able raanner in which he has presided
over the deliberations of this convention, also to those gentlemen
who have favored us with able papers on subjects ot such vital in
terest to the irrigators of the state, and especially to our secretary,
L. M. Holt, who originated the call for this convention, and who-
has labored so earnestly and successfully to raake this convention
the success that it is.
8. That the thanks of this convention are due to Dr. S. F. Chapin,
of San Jose, state inspector of fruit pests, for the interest he has-
taken in promoting the interests of this convention.
The following resolutions were also reported by the comraittee on-
resolutions, and referred to the coraraittee on legislation :
1. That it is the judgment of this convention, in order to facili
tate the development of California, that the water and land should
be sold and held together; that by or under laws to be procured,-
there be formed irrigation districts with power, where raore thatt

IRRIGATION CONVENTION. 475
half the owners in riuraber arid value desire it, to borid the whole
land to improve the wholei property, with proper safeguards as to
amount or proportion of value to be raised, time of payment, etc.,
and that a committee be made to take charge of and cohduct the
passage of such a law, or laws, through the legislature.
2. That congress is hereby memorialized to withdraw from sale all
timber lands located on the head of irrigating streams, or mountain
timber lands, as the reraoval of such forests by fire and the ax are
having a seriously detrimental effect on our water sources, and that
if longer continued, such denudation of forests will seriously affect-
the agricultural and horticultural interests of the state.
3. That congress be meraorialized to raake sufficient appropriation
of money at its next session to project a system of deep artesian
wells in those sections of the state not otherwise sufficiently sup
plied with irrigable water
4. That in the sense ot this convention the English comraon law
rule of riparian rights does not exist, nor has it, practically, ever
existed in this -state.
5. That this convention endorse a certain declaratory act and
preamble reported by the raajority ot the asserably committee on ir
rigation, at the session of 1883, which said prearable and act ran a&
follows: "Whereas, the state of Oalifornia was acquired from the
republic of Mexico, and prior to such acquisition, and from its first
settlement, the laws of that republic, and the usages and customs of
the people, recognized no right upon the owners of the land border
ing upon strearas to the water flowing in such strearas, superior to
the right of any other person, who, by enterprise and diligence, di
verted such water and applied it to useful purposes, and especially
to the purposes of irrigation; and, whereas, frora the acquisition- of
this state by the governraent of the United States, down to a very
recent period, the aforesaid usages and custoras have prevailed in
and been recognized in said state, without question; arid, whereas,
it is now asserted that such usages and customs are violative ot the
common law of England, and riparian owners have the right to the
full flow of such water, undiminished in quantity, and unimpaired
in quality; and, whereas, none of the conditions exist in this state
which admit of the application of the rule clairaed,, but, on the con
trary, the enforcement ot such a rule in a country like this, which
can Orily be peopled and cultivated by a system of irrigation, and
without which system a great portion of this state raust ever remain
a desert, would be destructive; and, whereas, it is claimed and as"

476 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
serted that section 1422 of the civil code is a recognition of the
unwholesorae rule; and, whereas, it never was the intention of the
fraraers of the code, nor of the legislature which adopted it, that
such a construction should be placed upon it, now, therefore,
"The people ot the state of California, represented in senate and
asserably, do enact as follows:
"Sec. 1. That section 1422 of the civil code of California is here
by repealed.
"Sec. 2. That in all actions relative to water rights, the courts
shall take judicial notice of the usages and customs in the preamble
to this act set out, and of the condition and nature of the country
which do not, and never did, admit of the application of the rule of
the English coraraon law relative to riparian rights."
6. That it is not the sense of this convention that the doctrine ot
appropriation be carried so far as to deprive the riparian owner of
sufficient water for such doraestic, or other purposes for which he
raay have actually utilized it, nor to such an extent as to interfere
with the use for coramercial purposes of any of the navigable waters
of this state.
7. That in the opinion of this convention the legislature of this
state properly may and should pass a law relative to the adrainistra
tion and settleraent of irrigation clairas, sirailar to that now in suc
cessful operation in the state of Colorado.
8. That this whole raatter be subraitted, for their earnest consid
eration, to the coraraittee on legislation appointed by this conven
tion, with the hope that their deliberations may result in the proposal
of practical and wholesome raeasures that, approved by the people
and legislature of this state, will result in the increased prosperity
of the forraer.
9. That we earnestly coramend the consideration of these ques
tions to the irrigators and rainers of this state, and urge upon them
the iraportance of electing as their norainees for legislative and judi
cial positions, such men as raay be depended upon to give their in
terests due study and justice.
The committee on legislation, above referred to, was coraposed of
J. DeBarth Shorb, John G. North, J. A. Wilcox, Will S. Green, J.
W. North, and P. H. Wales. On May 16th, the convention ad
journed to raeet at Fresno, Deceraber 8, 1 884. At the Fresno con
vention, in December, to these were added the names of L. M. Holt,
J. F. Wharton, and L. B. Ruggles.

IRRIGATION CONVENTION. 477
The convention assembled at Fresno, December 3d. It was called
to order by J. W. North. J. DeBarth Shorb was elected perraanent
chairman, and J. F. Wharton, Secretary. The membership was not
confined to delegations frora counties, but included interested per
sons who subscribed their naraes on the roll of the convention. The
sessions continued until December fith, on which date it adjourned
sine die. Much of the time was consumed in hearing addresses on
the subject of irrigation. The committee on legislation submitted a
report, but the preparation of raatter for legislative action was
placed in the hands of an executive coramittee, which met after the
adjournment of the convention. The following resolutions were
adopted :
1. That Dewey & Co. be eraployed to print 1,000 copies of the
proceedings of this convention, in paraphlet forra, for the sura of
$100, to be delivered in two weeks.
2. That a finance coraraittee of seven be appointed to raise funds
to meet expenses incident to this convention, and for all other neces
sary expenses.
3. That Will S. Green be appointed a comtnittee of one, with
authority to expend a sura not to exceed $150 for the printing
and circulation of a newspaper suppleraent containing the address
of George E. Church and the reports of the joint coraraittee as
adopted by this convention.
4. That the sincere thanks of the raembers of this convention,
who have come frora a distance, are due and are raost cordially ten
dered to the citizens of Fresno for many courtesies extended and
the attention shown to visiting raembers.
5. That the secretary of this convention prepare a petition to the
state legislature, setting forth the principles adopted by this con
vention, in guiding its legislative comraittee in the drafting of pro
posed legislative enactments, and asking the legislature to favorably
consider the same, and that these be circulated through the state
with a view to securing the largest possible number of names to the
same. 6. That this comraittee would earnestly request that all friends of
irrigation, now raembers of this convention, will in their individual
capacity visit Sacramento during the session of the legislature, to aid
and assist the executive legislative comraittee to secure such legisla
tion now demanded by not only every irrigator, but also by every
true citizen and lover of his state.

478 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
7. That any raeraber of the executive coramittee who may not be
able to attend the meetings of such executive coraraittee raay appoint
another member of the comraittee on legislation to represent him at
such raeetings.
8. That the members of this comraittee are authorized and re-
¦quested to use all proper influence in obtaining the indorseraent ot
all public bodies in this state on the action of this convention.
9. That the chair appoint a coramittee of three to proceed to San
Francisco and attend the meeting soon to occur of the board ot trade
and board of irrigation of that city, there to represent our interests
and to obtain their aid and indorseraent, and that the chairman of
"the convention be made the chairman of the coramittee.
10. That it is the sense of this coramittee that an effort should be
made to have repealed section 1422 of the civil code, and that a law
he passed to the effect that the common law of Eriglarid relative to
riparian right to water shall not apply to this state.
11. That we recommend that the office of state engineer be con
tinued, and that the necessary appropriations be raade by the next
legislature to coraplete the work already laid out, and such further
-work as may be necessary in connection with the duties ot said
•office. 12. That the thanks of the convention, and we believe we hazard
nothing in saying the thanks of every one connected with the subject
of irrigation, are raost heartily tendered to the present incumbents,
for the very able effort and thorough manner in which the work has
-been conducted so far, and we believe it was a wise and fortunate
selection when the duties of the office were coraraitted to the care ot
that very efficient officer, Williara Hara. Hall.
1 3. That the chairman of this convention appoint a coraraittee of
three, who shall examine the reporter's transcript, arrange the pro
ceedings of this body in proper order, raake all necessary corrections,
and turn same over to the publisher.
1 4. That whereas the supreme court has ordered a rehearing ot
the water case recently decided, in order to give an opportunity tor
others than the parties to the suit to intervene and be heard before a
final decision ot the case; and whereas, other appropriators are pre
paring to represent their interests before that court; and, whereas,
the number of irrigators is as a hundred to one when compared with
the appropriators :
15. That this coriverition recommends to the small irrigators of
the state, whose places, must become desolate if riparian rights pre

ANTI-CHINESE CONVENTION. 479
Tail, to take measures to be properly represented before that court,
that they make a final appeal for a fair consideration of their rights
before their ruin becomes final.

CHAPTER XXXIII.
1886. Anti-Chinese Conventions — Memorial to Congress — Prohibition
Convention — Irrigation Convention — Republican Convention —
Democratic Convention — Farmers' Convention — United Labor Party
— Organization of the American Party.
A convention of anti-Chinese leagues met in San Jose on Febru-
:ary 4th, and remained in session for two days. One hundred dele
gates, representing nine counties were in attendance. Robert Sum
mers was elected temporary chairraan. On perraariently organizing,
C. F. McGlashan was elected president ; Robert Suraraers and A. M.
Church, vice-presidents, and W. H. Holmes, secretary. It was
resolved that the name of the organization be the non-partisan anti-
Chinese association. Other resolutions were adopted, and a state
•central coramittee appointed. The convention adjourned to meet at
-Sacraraento on the 10th of March, following. On this date, the
¦convention asserabled pursuant to adjournraent, with 0. F. Mc
Glashan in the chair. After appointing a coramittee to confer with
the citizens' anti-Chinese convention then in session in the assembly
chamber with regard to coalition, and adopting the following resolu
tions reported by the coraraittee, the convention was raerged with
that of the eitiaens. The coalition resolutions were :
1. That we favor the passage of a bill introduced into congress by
United States Senator Mitchell, having for its object the abrogation
' of all treaties with China perraitting the iraraigration into the United
-States of any Chinese.
2. That if the passage of the bill cannot at present be secured,
then we favor the passage of either of the bills introduced into con
gress by Morrow, Felton or Henley, restricting Chinese iraraigra-
•tion. 3. That we favor the adoption and use of all peaceable and legal
means needed to rid the state of the Chinese now here and to pre
vent the coming into the state of any raore Chinese, but we are op-^
posed to any unlawful raeatis fco that end.

480 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
4. That the two conventions meet in joint session, every member-
of each convention being entitled to a seat in the joint convention,
and that the joint convention proceed to elect officers and to forraulate
a platforra and to adopt raeasures best calculated to carry into effect
the above resolution.
5. That C. F. McGlashan and George B. Katzenstein act jointly as
chairmen of this joint convention until it is perraanently organized,.
and that said joint convention raeet in the asserably charaber.
The citizens' anti-Chinese state convention asserabled in Sacra
mento, March 10th, under a call issued by the citizens' anti-Chinese-
association of Sacramento. This call said : The convention shall
be composed ot the officers and raembers of the executive committee
and various sub-comraittees of the citizens' anti-Chinese association
of Sacraraento, and delegates frora all the counties in the state, to be
selected by the supervisors thereof. The supervisors of each county
are requested to appoint the nuraber of delegates hereafter appor
tioned to ea.ch county, to furnish thera with proper credentials, and
to notify Robert T. Devlin, of Sacraraento, secretary of the com
raittee on branch organization, of the naraes of the delegates immed
iately after their appointraent. This convention will represent all
branches of business and labor, and must result in great good.
The convention was called to order by George B. Katzenstein..
Before proceeding to perraanently organize, a coraraittee was ap
pointed to confer with the San Jose convention. This committee
made a raajority report of the coalition resolutions above quoted,
which was adopted. The two conventions then united. The num
ber of delegates to the Sacramento convention was reported to be
415, and to the San Jose convention 198, or 613 in the joint con
vention. The committee on permanent organization recoraraended Leon D..
Freer, for president ; 0. F. McGlashan and George B. Katzenstein,
for vice-presidents ; and G. W. Peckhara, for secretary. A motion-
was raade to substitute the name of McGlashan for that of Freer,
but was lost by a vote of 261 to 259.
On the following day, March 11th, a coraraittee on resolutions
was appointed, coraposed of three merabers from each of the six
congressional districts. It consisted of E. F. Dinsmore, A. M. Mc
Coy, P. E. Davis, C. F. McGlashan, U. S. Gregory, G. H. Crossette,
E. Frisbie, Joseph Steffens, J. E. McElrath, W. B. May, N. G

ANTI-CHINESE MEMORIAL. 481
Cornwall, P. J. Mervin, M. D. Boruck, D. McPherson, Horace
Davis, M. R. Merritt, J. M. Garretson, and S. E. Crowe.
John F. Swift, A. A. Sargent, H. V. Morehouse, E. A. Davis,
and Elihu Anthony were appointed a coramittee to prepare a raerao
rial to congress. They presented the following report, which was
adopted :
To the president and the senate and house of representatives of
the United States : The anti-Chinese convention of the state of Cal
ifornia, asserabled at Sacraraento, called for the purpose of propos
ing relief for the Pacific coast frora the Chinese evil, subrait the
following raeraorial:
Speaking for the entire people of this state, your meraorialists
represent that for thirty-six years we have been settled upon the
shores of the Pacific, and thus brought face to face with the great
Mongolian hive, with its 450,000,000 of hungry and adventurous
inhabitants; that for thirty-six years we have watched the operation
of the industrial and social systera that has resulted from it, and
weighed the advantages and disadvantages as they have developed.
Under these circumstances we feel that we understand better than
any others can, the necessity of resisting the tide of emigration
setting out frora China, which has already done so rauch raischief to
nations bordering upon that country, and which threatens so much
more. We feel that our fellow-countrymen east of the mountains
have been too much in the habit of forming their judgment upon
the Chinese question from its material aspect, and as a mere ques
tion of industrial development and progress and the creation of
wealth, wholly overlooking and ignoring its social, moral and polit
ical sides.
We do not deny that the people of the Pacific coast are infiu
enced by raaterial considerations, and that each of us is trying, by
all legitiraate means, to better his condition.
But we say that, regarded from the standpoint of immediate ma
terial results, and considered as the coldest question of dollars and
cents, and putting aside all considerations of governraent, social and
moral order, and even patriotisra, there is no advantage or profit in
the mixed race systera now being forced upon this coast, or in any
mixed race system whatever.
That there is more mere raoney profit in dollars in a homogeneous
population than in one of mixed races, while the raoral and political
objections are unanswerable.
31

482 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
For while the Chinaman works industriously enough, he consumes
very little, either of his owri production or of ours.
That he iraports frora China rauch that he eats, and much that he
wears, while a vast catalogue of articles consuraed by our own peo
ple, the production and sale of which makes our commerce and our
life what it is, the Chinaman does not use at all.
Indeed, so far as he is concerned, hundreds of useful occupations
essential to our systera of civilization might as well, and if they
depended on him would have to be, abandoned altogether.
That he underbids all white labor and ruthlessly takes its place,
and will go Ori doing so till the white laborer coraes down to the
scanty food and half-civilized habits of the Chinaraan, while the net
results of his earnings are sent regularly out of the country and lost
tb the coraraunity where they are created.
And while this depleting process is going on the laboring white
raan, to whora the nation must in the long run look for the repro
duction of the race, and the bringing up and educating of citizens
to take the place of the current generation as it passes away, and
above all to defend the country in time of war, is injured in his
corafort, reduced in his scale and standard of life, necessarily carry
ing down with it his moral and physical tone and stamina.
But what is even more iraraediately daraaging to the state, is the
fact that he is kept in perpetual state of anger, exasperation, and
discontent, always bordering on sedition, thus jeopardizing the gen
eral peace, and creating a state of chronic uneasiness, distrust, and
apprehension throughout the entire coraraunity.
That this alarras capital, and forces it into coricealraerit or out ot
the state iu search of better security, checks enterprises, increases
the cost ot governraent, especially for police purposes, whUe de
creasing the sources of revenue frora which taxes can be raised.
And that whether the producing classes are right or wrong in
their opinions, is practically iraraaterial, for experience has shown
that the opinioris arid the results from them are perraanerit and ine
radicable. If there were no other and higher reasons for getting rid of the
Chinese, these facts alone would be sufficient to convince the prac
tical statesraan of the necessity of doing so as speedily as possible
to do it lawfully.
Any other notion, it would seera, can exist only in the raind of
the raerest doctrinaire, who, without experience or the capacity of

ANTI-CHINESE MEMORIAL. 483
profiting by experience, imagines that the world can be governed by
some fixed rule of thurab contained in his own narrow brain.
But there are other aiid higher considerations involved in the
Chinese question than that of mere industrial progress or material
developraent, and to these we invite the attention of every Araerican
citizen who places his country and its perraanent good above imme
diate money profit.
We assure our fellow countrymen east, that the dominance, if not
the existence, ot the European race in this part of the world is in
jeopardy. We call their attention to the fact that the Malayan peninsula, as
well as other countries bordering upon China and the China seas,
have already been overrun by the Chinese, and that the Malayan,
one of the great races or types of the human species, is being rapidly
annihilated to raake place for thera.
That the islands of the Pacific are undergoing the same process,
and that this coast is now attacked, and in the end must inevitably
succumb unless speedily relieved by rescue. That on the entire
Pacific coast there are at this tirae less than 1,000,000 people, ot
all races, inhabiting a territorial area designed by nature to accora
modate a population ot at least 50,000,000, of which 80,000,000 wiU
be here in a period of time so brief that it is but a passing raoment
in the lifetime of a nation.
Now, and while this territory is still practically unoccupied, and
within the lifetime of the present generation, the type of huraan
species that is to occupy this side of the Araerican continent is to be
deterrained for all time.
Whether the Pacific states are to be the home of 80,000,000 free
citizens of the race that produced Columbus and Washington, La
fayette and Montgomery, Von Steuben and Andrew Jackson, or of
30,000,000 of Mongolians from eastern Asia, or, perhaps, even
worse, of 30,000,000 mixed and mongrel half-breeds, possessing none
ot the virtues of either and all the vices of both, is to be settled
finally and irrevocably.
That in the life and death struggle now going on tor the posses
sion of the western shores of the Araerican continent the Chinese
have advantages that raust secure to thera, if not a complete victory,
at least a drawn battle in a division ot occupancy with us.
To begin with, they have a hive of 450,000,000 to draw from,
with only one ocean to cross, which dividing water modern science
and Caucasian ingenuity has reduced to the dimensions ot the

484 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
merest ferry, and they have behind them an irapulsive force ot
hunger unknown to any European people.
But this is by no raeans the raost iraportant advantage they have.
They have an iraportant aUy in the cupidity of our own people,
who too often think that cheap labor and the raoney profit to be
gained by it is of raore value than the happiness and perraanence
of their own country and kindred.
For, let raen say what they please about the " inherent and in
alienable right of expatriation and iramigration,'' about "America
being the refuge of the oppressed of all nations," at the bottora of it
all will be found "old Mara mon" anxious to sell a nation's birth
right for money profit in some form.
The people of the Pacific make no pretense to an exceptionally
high standard of public virtue; but they are not willing to admit
that the accuraulation of wealth, public or private, is the chief end
and purpose of organized society. The leading purpose of the first
colonists frora Europe was not the acquisition of wealth, and if we
cannot equal them in unselfishness we can at least honor their
memory by raaking an effort to preserve that which we have received
from thera.
Among our other duties as American citizens we hold ourselves
to be the trustees of posterity. We are keeping the soil ot this fair
land for the 30,000,000 Americans of our own race and kindred
who are to corae after us. To barter away their places while they
are yet unborn is a gross violation of duty. To do so under the pre
tense of huraanity, raorality, or national generosity, is to add the sin
of hypocrisy to that which, without it, would be a great public
crirae. ,
Our coraraon ancestors carae to the Araerican continent to found
a state. The greatness of a nation does not lie in its raoney or in
its material prosperity, but in its men and women; and not in their
number, but in their quality, in their virtbe, honor, integrity, truth,
and, above all things, in their courage and raanhood.
To a nation that is to remain free the capacity to fight is indispen
sable. It is not enough that it be able to trade and barter, or
to work and produce ; it must be able to fight and defend what it
has. The nation that cannot defend itself against aU comers will find
that its days are numbered; and this is as true in the nineteenth cen
tury as in any other age of the world.
The strorig nations of the earth are now, as they always have

ANTI-CHINESE MEMORIAL. 485
been, the raost thoroughly homogeneous nations, that is to say, the
most nearly ot one race, language and raanners.
And when they are of one race, it is not so raaterial what race, as
that they be of a pure race. The purest-blooded raan ot any race is
the strongest raan of that race.
The largest body of raen of a single pure race on the earth to-day,
is in China. There are 450,000,000 of thera, as like as one barley
corn is like another. All the white men on the globe, whenever so
carefully counted, scarcely araount to so rauch, and they are divided
into a score or raore of independent sovereignties, ten tiraes as raany
languages, and as for religious sects, the boldest statistician has not
the courage to atterapt their enumeration.
While we of the European race are divided into fifty hostile caraps,
and fight each other like so raany savage Apaches, China is one and
indivisible. They are as united and homogeneous as France.
And though the Chinese are as timid as a flock ot sheep, know
nothing ot physical science and its resources, and have none of the
arts of attack and defense, yet the very inertia of that huge raass of
crystallized homogeneity has thus far withstood the plundering in
stincts of the western powers, and China reraains unconquered.
There they stand, one full third of the huraan race, a great, invin
cible, concrete, ethnological fact, coraraanding respect, and requiring
mankind to pause and consider whether the Chinese raay not yet,
without discharging a gun or drawing a sword, gently elbow the
rest of the huraan family off the planet.
And if they have such force unarmed, what will they do when
they learn, as they will sometime, the art of war?
There is no such complete and unanswerable demonstration of the
power of race homogeneity on the globe, as the example of China.
All political history shows homogeneity to be a vast power in a
state, and that heterogeneity is a corresponding source of weakness.
The great states ot Europe — England. France, Germany and
Russia — ^those powers that dorainate the world, are so entirely of
one race, that the presence of a black, or red, or yellow raan, in any
of those countries outside the great cities; is a subject of wonder and
astonishment. And race prejudice or antagonisra, that unfailing concoraitant of
race contact and friction, is scarcely known there.
No state where the great distinct types of the huraan species
have been mixed together on the sarae territory, has ever held power

486 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
for any considerable time. And no race of mongrels, if such a thing
is possible, has ever held empire, or even kept its own independence.
In the very dawn of history, the Carthaginians — the dominant
class of which were white men from Syria, while the raasses were
Africans of various types — encountered the pure blooded natives of
Italy, and went down before thera.
It is said they succurabed to the Roman sword. They were con
quered by pure Roraan courage and Roman muscle, cemented into
singleness of purpose by race homogeneity.
When later on, through conquest, the Roman erapire had come to
consist of the raixed races of western Asia, she transferred her capi
tal to the shores of the Bosphorus, and was in turn overthrown by
the Turks, a race ot pure, flat-faced Mongolians frora east of the
Caspian sea.
The once raaster race of Turks, having become raixed and hybrid
ized with all the mongrels of Africa and the east, now in the nine
teenth century find themselves about to be expeUed frora Europe,
lacking strength to hold the place their pure-blooded ancestors con
quered for them.
The inhabitants ot Egypt have always been a mixed and parti
colored people, and have always been in slavery to some pure-blooded
power. Alexander, at the, head of his Macedonian Greeks, seized
them and founded a dynasty, which settled down and hybridized
with the natives, with a similar result. Their next masters were
the Turks, and the English now hold thera in subjection.
By the last census, 266,000,000 of human beiugs inhabit the
peninsula ot Hindoostan, the most productive spot on the globe.
The soil produces three good crops a year. They possess everything
to make a happy people, if soil and climate would do it. In the
words of Bishop Heber, "Every prospect pleases, and only man is
vile." For they are cursed with the evil of heterogeneity in every
thing. In the Indian village, the inhabitants are often of several differ
ent races, or subdivisions of three or four races, differing both in
color and physical type, while their antagonisra is so intense that,
though born in the same village, they cannot sleep in the same
camp, or eat of the sarae food, or drink at the same fountain, lest
they be defiled and cast out as unclean by their own people.
As a consequence of these facts, and as a direct and natural result
of them, this fair land of India, with its 266,000,000 of raixed and

ANTI-CHINESE MEMORIAL. 487
mingled races, its mongrels and half-breeds, is a great slave pen to
Great Britain.
One hundred thousand blue-eyed, pure-blooded, Anglo-Saxons tell
this raighty throng of parti-colored huraanity to go, and they go, to
come, and they corae. The English take advantage of Indian hetero
geneity to subjugate the land.
They arra and drill the Mahrattas and set them over the Ben-
galese. The Rohillas are held in check by the Seikhs, while the
flat-faced, almond-eyed Ghoorkas, of Nepaul, terrorize both Mussul
man and Hindoo, with knife at throat.
Each one ot these sees iri the other a born enemy, more hateful if
possible, than the Englishraari, arid at the word of coramand kills
him with unmixed delight.
This could not be done with any homogeneous nation. China
would be a richer prize to England than two Indias. And what
England wants she takes, if force will take it. But the Chinamen
are all of one kind, one family, one race, one language and litera
ture,- and one religion, and can no more be set to kill each other
than could the same number of white sheep. The Englishman may
kill the Chinaman, but he can't give him a gun and make hira kill
his brother, nor his neighbor, nor his countryraan, and so China re
mains free.
The Chinese, weak and timid as they are, are still the strong
people of Asia. No intelligent man can visit the far east without
being irapressed strongly with respect for that nation, both in its
collective character as a state, and its individual people, when com
pared with the other Asiatics.
It is one ot the great strong powers ot the earth, and it is on the
earth to stay.
It is true St. Paul said in his serraon at Athens : "God hath raade
of one blood all nations of raen," but he added in the sarae sentence
"He hath fixed the bounds of their habitations."
The Chinaman has his habitation ; let him stay in it, as God has
' fixed it.
But our eastern fellow-citizens ask us : "What are we going to do
with our grand American principles ot the sacred rights of expatria
tion and of free iramigration V Has not a man in the pursuit of
happiness the right to go anywhere he raay choose to go % Is riot
expatriation a natural and inalienable human right % We say no.
There is no such thing as an absolute right, either of expatriation or
emigration.

488 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
A man has the right to enter and inhabit any country that wiU
consent to it ; in a word, that will allow hira to corae, and there his
right as a right ceases, and passes into the domain of necessity and
force. '
In one sense, any man or body of men, driven frora their own
country by necessity, have the right as a matter of self-preservation
to enter another country by force, but it is justified as the struggle
for existence is justified, and comes to be the right of the strongest,
like the struggle over a plank in a shipwreck.
The children ot Israel emigrated from Egypt because they were
badly situated. When they carae to the land of proraise, after hav
ing satisfied themselves that it was a land to their raindS and flow
ing with milk and honey, they drew their swords, entered and took
it. It is trup the Lord had given it to thera, but it was their
swords and spears that availed to put thera in possession.
We do not hear that either party talked about the sacred right
of eraigration or expatriation.
No law-writer of any reputation has ever raaintained to the con
trary. M. Vattel is a high authority upon public and international law.
This is what he says :
"The country which a nation inhabits, whether that nation has
emigrated thither in a body or the different families of which it con
sists were scattered over the country, and then uniting formed them
selves into a political society, that country I say, is the settlement
of the nation, and it has a peculiar and exclusive right to it."
Vattel, book 1, chap, xviii., sec. 203.
"The whole of the country possessed by a nation and subject to its
laws forms its territory, and is the comraon country of all the individ
uals of the nation." Ibid.
He goes on : "As the society cannot exist and perpetuate itself
otherwise than by the children of the citizens, these children natur
ally follow the conditions of their fathers and succeed to all their
rights." Vattel, book 1, chap, xix., sec. 212.
"The sovereign raay forbid the entrance to his territory either to
foreigners in general or in particular cases, or to certain persons or
for particular purposes, according as he may think it advantageous
to his state."
"Formerly the Chinese fearing least the intercourse with strangers
should corrupt the raanners of the nation and irapair the maxiras of
a wise but singular govemment, forbid all people entering the

ANTI-CHINESE MEMORIAL. 489
•empire — a prohibition that wa6(^ not at all inconsistent with justice.
It was salutary to the nation without violating the rights ot any
individual, or even the duties of huraanity, which perraits us in case
of competition to prefer ourselves to others." — Ibid, book 2, chap.
vii., sec. 94.
Many rulers have in the world's history invited immigration to
to their country. Soraetimes ithas been beneficial; sometimes the
reverse. The Emperors Probus and Valeus, being too weak or cow
ardly to resist, permitted the Gepidae, as well as the Goths and Van
dals, to cross the frontier and settle in the erapire, greatly to the
public injury, for they contributed raaterally to the final destruction
of the Roman power. -
Bands of armed emigrants trom Denmark and north Gerraany
poured in upon the British islands in the early centuries of the
•Christian era, and the Norraans overran "central and southern
Europe. In both instances, they were resisted in the sarae way
they came, with force and arras. There was then no thought ot the
rights of raen to emigrate in pursuit of happiness.
The emperors of Russia at various periods in the history of that
•country, and especially toward the close of the last century, invited
•German imraigration, and there is no doubt that the result in that
case proved the wisdora of the policy; but it was a people of her
•own race and religion, and who assirailated with the natives of the
¦country in a single generation.
Our country has without doubt been benefited by the coraing
ihither of eraigrants from Europe of our own race and religion, sorae
speaking our own language and all speaking closely allied languages,
^nd with sirailar raanners and custoras — people who have becorae
identical with ourselves in a short tirae.
How long now this character of iraraigration will continue to be
'beneficial is probleraatical,
It therefore appears that iramigration, even of people of .the sarae
race and general type of the huraan faraily, ot people capable of
rapid assimilation with the possessors of the country, is soraetiraes
beneficial and sometiraes mischievous, depending upon circumstances
that are liable to change.
But we assert that the iramigration, whether voluntary or forced,
into a country of non-assirailative races, is always an unraixed evil
:and a public calaraity.
The sarae spirit of greed and avarice which is at the bottora of the
•coolie iraraigration of this age, lay at the bottom, and was the im-

490 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA. ^
polling raotive, for the forced iraraigration of African slaves into the-
country all through the eighteenth century.
No doubt the slave-traders and slave-purchasers of that day tried
to raake the world believe that they were doing good, and that their
motives were noble and patriotic. Men are fond of giving them
selves credit for lofty motives in all they do.
No doubt they talked loudly about developing the resources of the
country, and about christianizing the poor African. But at tbe
bottom was the old Mammon of cheap labor, and the money to be
gotten out of it. The world has not changed much.
The selfishness of those men has already borne much bitter fruit ;
through it the curse of race heterogeneity has taken deep root in the
soil ot our comraon country. Out of that evil we have had one
bloody war for which the nation ftas not yet thrown off its raourning.
But the war was nothing to what it left behind. It is true that it
has settled the slave question. But the negro question, the question
ot the relations between the white raan and the black man, and the
relations of each to the state, has only just begun. Twenty genera
tions of men will not see it ended.
And our fellow-countrymen at. the south, who are corapelled to
carry on a government under such conditions, to preserve order and'
maintain law and civilized society, are entitled to the sympathy of
all thoughtful people ; they have a task the difficulties of which are*
not appreciated. ¦
But for the effort to get cheap labor a hundred years ago all the
states of the union, from the lakes to the gulf, would to-day have
the same people, the same prosperity, and the sarae political system,
the same schools and acaderaies, that riow exist in Perinsylvania,.
Ohio, and Illinois.
The only difference, if any, would be that the territory south of
the Ohio, having the raildest cUmate and the richest soil, would now
have the densest population and most rapid progress and develop
ment, and the greatest accumulation of wealth and enlightenment.
Is there any man, east or west, north or south, white or colored,
who, after reflection, will not admit that it would be better if the-
colored man had been left in Africa, and the southern states were
without race friction and race antagonism?
But for the mixed population of the south those states would
never have gone to war ; there would have been no rebellion. And
had they gone to war, having 12,000,000 white men united in senti
raent, as the white men were, instead ot 8,000,000 white and'

ANTI-CHINESE MEMORIAL. 491
4,000,000 colored, and fighting as they did a defensive war on in
terior lines, they could not have been conquered.
Their weakness, which, like blind Sampson, they saw not, lay in
the 4,000,000 men of another race planted there in the heart of
their country, carrying inforraation, aid, and corafort to the eneray,
always requiring to be watched, and whom, they did not dare to
trust with arms. ,
It will be said that this was because they were slaves. It is
doubtful if they would be more dangerous and a greater source of
weakness free than as slaves. If the south should have another war,
they would find this to be the case.
And if ever this country is invaded by a foreign foe, it is in South
Carolina, and in Louisiana and in Florida the enemy will attempt a-
lodgraent. Not because of the disloyalty of the white population,
but the indifference, the discontent, the disaffection of the colored.
And as for the difficulties of governing such a society, even in time
of peace, it is only infatuation or ignorance that does not see it now,
from day to day. As it now is, it will always be, while race hetero
geneity exists there.
We doubt if a genuine republican government — as we Americans
understand the term, meaning a government in which all the people
govern, participate equally — under the conditions existing in the
south, namely, with one-third of the population of one race and two-
thirds of another, is a practical possibility. One race will always
dominate the other, and no power can prevent it, except by destroy
ing the liberties of both. They can only be equal in a common
servitude, that overwhelms both.
We do riot uridertake to say which race will rule the other ; that
will vary with circumstances depending upon their relative numbers-
and strength. In the south, just now, it is the white race that
dorainates ; in San Domingo, it is the black.
We do not put these race antagonisms and the fruit of them upon.
supposed superiority of one race over the other. These are terms
the thoughtful man will be very cautious about employing.
One race may be the superior for one place, and not for another.
We only say they cannot live well or happily together, and ought
not to be made to do it.
The statesmen who look for a change that is to harmonize the
south, so that both races shall stand equal and be equal, have never
lived in any mixed community, and know nothing about it. They
know nothing of the hereditary and instinctive race antagonism.

492 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
always latent in every individual human breast, and always spring.
ing into active vitality on bringing together two different races
or types of men into the occupancy of the same territorial habi
tation. Such statesmen overlook an unfailing human quality or instinct,
and one too uuiversal not to have a profound purpose in the general
economy of nature.
The efforts that have been raade in the past by nations to rid
theraselves of the evils of raixed races, and even of raixed tribes,
tongues, and religions, and to reach horaogeneity, and the repose,
strength, and security it affords, are well worthy of consideration in
-exaraining the Chinese problera in this country.
It is much the fashion of history to conderan such policy, but the
thoughtful raan will be slow in putting his own judgraent against
that of the statesmen and people living at the tirae on the spot, and
•who necessarily understood every side of the question.
For eight hundred years the Moors carried on a struggle tor
possession of the Spanish peninsula. It was eight centuries of per
petual warfare, in which the soil was drenched with huraan gore.
At last Ferdinand and Isabella, of Castile and Aragon, gained a
decisive victory, and without waiting for the enemy to recuperate
and renew the struggle, deported the entire raass of the Moorish
people. It was for a time money out of pocket, for the Moors were skUl-
iul artisans, and very industrious.
The cheap labor and raaterial prosperity advocates think it was a
-raistake, and books have been written to show the unwisdom of it.
But was that a mistake which made Spain horaogeneous; which
gave her that which she had not had for eight hundred years — peace
at horae, and security abroad? ,
Was that a raistake which saved Spain frora being to-day what
Bulgaria and Roumelia are, and what all European Turkey is? We
¦cannot think it was.
And in support of this theory, within a century of the expulsion
of the Moors, there rose up the Spanish erapire of Charles V. and
Phillip II., trie first powers of the globe, and which dorainated both
heraispheres. We admit that historians conderaned the policy ot
sending away the Moors, putting it chiefly on industrial grounds
«nd the loss of wealth.
They may have lost with the Moors the art of raaking Cordovan
leather, but they retained that ot making good steel. Within fifty

ANTI-CHINESE MEMORIAL, 493
years after the Moors had gone, the Toledo sword had carried the
name and power of Spain from Seville to Sacramento, where we now'
stand. But for the expulsion of the Moors, it is possible that Cortez, in
stead of carrying the Spanish banner to the Gulf ot California, might
have spent his valor and his life fighting that people for his own
home in Andalusia, as his own people had been doing for eight
centuries. Toward the end of the seventeenth century there occurred what
has been called the expulsion of the Huguenots frora France, by Louis
XIV.
That people, from religious persecution, or what goes in our his
tories by that name, took refuge in England. But it should not
be forgotten that where church and state are one, and especially in a
religious age, politics and religion are so merged as to be practically
identical. In the case of the Huguenots, like that of the Moors, historians
generally agree in condemning the injustice and folly of the act
which led to that emigration.
As to the injustice of forcing the consciences ot men in matters
of faith, it will not, in this day and age, be questioned. But as to
the supposed folly of France losing the Huguenot, there are plainly
two sides to the question.
The Huguenots, while in many respects excellent people, and in all
respects as good as the rest of the people of their time, were re
ligious fanatics of the raost exasperating type, in an age of extreme
religious fanaticism. They were always ready to persecute or be
persecuted, to suffer or inflict raartyrdom, as the wheel of fortune
should gj,ve to or take frora thera the power.
They were disaffected and seditious to a degree that made thera
always an eleraent of danger to the general peace and safety. They
were constantly corresponding, and intriguing, and plotting with
every public eneray, and especially with England, the raost dangerous
of them all. ''
The position of France, then as now surrounded by powerful and
aggressive states, was one ot great peril, and the Huguenots con
tributed at all times to materially increase this danger, by their dis
affection and disloyal machinations; in this respect, at least, their
departure was a distinct beneflt to France.
No doubt they were a considerable advantage to England, and
that she was the gainer in every respect by their coming. They

494 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
were in accord with the English on the very point of their disagree
ment with the French people — that of religion — arid they carried
over with them well-established habits of industry and thrift, con
siderable skill in the arts, and more or less money.
But France was not the loser, nor in the long run were the Hugue
nots. They found a country where the people agreed with them,
while France obtained horaogeneity and peace, which she sorely
needed; and as for the arts, she has ever since held and still holds
the flrst place.
One hundred years after the departure of the Huguenots, when
France was raaking that supreme effort against despotism that has
-made the age memorable, and when the allied monarchs of Europe,
with great armies, were at her frontiers, France, now become the
most homogeneous people on the globe — as horaogeneous as China —
rose up as one man, confronted coalesced tyranny, erect and defiant,
and "hurled at its feet, as gage of battle, the head ot a king," and
drove thera back.
No heterogerieous population, no nation ot raongrels that ever
existed, could have stood in the place of France in 1792, and sur
vived as an independent power.
Had the Huguenots reraained in France without raateriaUy
changing their raanners, they raust have been an eleraent of weak
ness and raight have ruined the country.
One of the first living statesmen of our tira^ Prince Bismarck, is
just at this time favoring for Gerraany soraething of the same kind
which the statesmeri ot this couutry are very ready to condemn, but
which European thinkers are at least willing to admit that he on the
spot may possibly understand better than they do, and so are silent.
Bisraarck supports a raeasure for expelling frora Germany a dis
affected and discontented colony of Poles — a most excellent and
intelligent people, a people of the sarae general ethnological type as
the Germans and with what ought to be considered the same
religion; in short, a case where in variance and heterogeneity is
alraost a rainiraura; and he is» doing it on the sole ground that their
presence in Germany is a constant peril to the public safety. " We
raust show," says the Gerraan chancellor, " that we stand not upon
feet of clay, but ot iron."
The abstract justice of this proceeding we do not discuss ; and as
for the policy, we do not understand enough of the facts to have an
opinion, but, considering the dangers that beset the Gerraan nation
on every side, it is a question that raust be left to the German

ANTI-CHINESE MEMORIAL. 495
people alone. It is not for us to decide it for them. If it is neces
sary for the safety of the state, it is just. On that ground, the
Gerraans can safely take their stand.
We do not refer to the efforts of these people for homogenity and
that rest and peace which at times it alone can bring, either to
justify or conderan the act in any particular instance.
Nor are we by any means willing to place the desire of our people
to rid themselves of a class of adult raale Chinese, living among us
in the abnormal and corrupting condition of separation frora their
farailies, in the same category with the Huguenots in their native
land, or with the Moors, who with their wives and children were
living in what raight after eight hundred years be fairly considered
their native land, or with the Poles, raen, woraen, and children, in
east Germany.
To even send away these Chinese by act of law, if such a law
could be obtained from congress, would be only to send thera back to
their wives and homes and children, where in the iriterest of raorality
and decency they ought to be.
The weakness of states with raixed and horaogeneous populations,
iias had a striking illustration in our tirae and at our very door.
Mexico, a country with 10,000,000 people, part European, part
Indian, part African, with a considerable part mongrel, was seized
by an expedition from France so contemptible in numbers that had
it been Sent against a country with 10,000,000 Caucasians ot
Europe or Araerica, it would have run great risk of being expelled
-by the women with their brooms.
But being Mexico and Mexican people, such as they are, it
marched in triumph to the capital, set up an iraperial state with an
Austrian prince on the throne, which for anything the Mexicans
could have done to prevent, would have been as perraanent as the
holy Roraan empire.
But in a twelve month frora the fall of Richraond, the Mexican
throne was in the dust, and the eraperor shot to death at Queretaro.
But will any raan say that result was produced by the power of
the mongrels and half-breeds called the Mexican people ? No, for
history tells a different story.
The forces of France were ordered out ot Mexico by the diplomatic
^representative of a nation that itself had an organized army of 250,-
000 homogeneous white soldiers, with a pure blooded white general,
¦without a cross in his Caucasian pedigree in a hundred generations.
-His narae was Grant.

496 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Arid we warn our countryraen on both sides of the continent, that
if we go on raixing and raongrelizing the people of this nation, as we
have been doing, and as sentimentalists would have us continue te
do, a time will come when a foreign expeditionary force will put a
European emperor in the white house and keep him there. We are
willing to pass into history with that prediction charged to our
account. We do not believe in the cessation of wars, or the final triumph
ot peace congresses and arbitratiori of international disputes.
Man is a fighting animal, and wars will not cease while he is what-
he is. Let it once be seen that we are unable to defend ourselves,
and England will have an army in the country within a year, fight
ing for a market of English goods.
Our Chauvinists are fond of boasting of our population and its
wonderful increase, of our fifty or sixty raillions of people^ — words
which we keep rolling off our tongue as if in love with the sound.
But what avail all our raillions of people for defense if they are
not of the right quality and staraina ? And even they have courage
and can fight, what avails it if they are inharmonious, burning with
race antagonism, so that the cunning enemy can set one race cutting
the throats of the other? The people of India are numerous enough
if numbers go for anything.
We can hardly expect to outnumber them with their 266,000,000_
But England dresses one-half of thera in uniforras, with feathers
in their hats, and red stripes down their legs, and sets thera to shoot
ing the other half.'
For the last two years Great Britain has been carrying on a war
in the Soudan and upper Egypt, as usual for the extension of trade-
and a raarket. The population of the country consists of Arabs-
mixed with various types of blacks from the Guinea negro down.
In a late nuraber of the London Times is the following news dis
patch which will show how England conquers such populations and
brings them to comraercial relations with her. The incident occur
red only three weeks ago, in fact, since this convention was called.
The article in the Times reads as follows :
Cairo, February 14, 1886.
"Osraan Digna, tor the past three days, has been harrassing our
patrol. Sir Charles Warren yesterday arraed 200 'friendlies' and
started thera off on their own account. In the afternoon they re
turned with 306 caraels and 31 cattle. Sir Charles Warren gave
thera this spoil as a present.''

ANTI-CHINESE MEMORIAL. 497
That telegram tells its own story, and requires no comment. No
'.'friendlies" could be found in France to aid an invading foe, nor in
Germany, nor in Old England, nor in New England, nor in New
Jersey. They could not be found in China. Are you quite certain
there could not be found in South Carolina, or in Florida, or in west
em Texas, about the mouth of the Rio Grande — friendlies to go off
on their own account to drive in stock, if they knew it would be
given to them as a present on their return ?
Such a thing is only possible where there exists some prejudice or
antagonism that divides the people of the country against each
other, to a degree that will cause them to prefer the rule of the
stranger and the foreigner to that of their countryraen, against
whom the prejudice is held. There are various causes of antago
nisra that will produce this effect, but race friction is the most
unfailing. It always disintegrates and destroys the very bond and
fiber of a nation.
To give another example of the strength of homogeneity, we point
to Chile, which country within the last two or three years has con
quered both Boli-via and Peru. Any one raight have foretold in
advance what would have been the outcome of a war between those
countries. Chile is the nearest to a pure-blooded people of all the
nations of South Araerica. Peru is another Mexico, if not even
more mixed and raongrelized than Mexico. What possible syrapa
thy could the Indians and half-breeds of Peru have with the pure
Spaniards of that country, to give thera any heart in a war of de
fense ? What do they care who shall be their raasters %
While that war was going on, we here on the Pacific had reason
to fear a coraplication raight arise in which we would be attacked
by Chile, and we were not free frora uneasiness. We telegraphed
east for raore cannon for our forts. But what good are cannon with
no men behind them ? Fifty per cent, of the able-bodied raales on
this coast of the age for bearing arras are alien Chinese. Do you
imagine they would care very rauch whether the Chileans or the
Araericans are raasters of California, or would bum much gunpow
der to prevent a change of rulers ! Is that a condition of things
for a true Araerican to be proud of ?
The growth and development of the sham sentimentality about
the right of free immigration to this country has always had Mammon
as its chief underlying motive. The money-seeking sentimentalist
has recognized the obvious fact that the increase of population has

498 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
increased the value of property, and made business lively, and there
he has seen his profit.
If it were once deraonstrated that the coming hither of any rium
ber of the best people iri the world — English, Irish, Scotch, or Ger
man — reduced the raarket value of property 10 per centum, or
regularly made business dull, that very day the last whisper about
the inherent and inalienable right of imraigration, and about this
country being the horae of liberty and the refuge of the oppressed
of all nations, would be hushed forever, and in a week the country
would be in arms to keep the intruders out.
Mararaon, raasquerading in the disguise of huraanity, patriotism,
and national generosity, worked its way into our diploraatic service
and gave us the Burlingarae treaty.
' We charge that Anson Burlingarae deliberately sold his country's
birthright for Chinese money; and it ever the true history of that
document is written, the facts will be found as we have stated them.
We will give you our understanding of how it was brought about :
Burlingame was Araerican rainister at Peking. While there he
found out what is well known to everybody farailiar with China,
that the Chinese have always been angry and dissatisfied with the
concessions extorted from them by England, and particularly by the
opium traffic and the extra territorial rights, by which foreigners are
exempt frora the jurisdiction of the Chinese courts, and other con
cessions, all odious and rasping alraost beyond endurance to the Chi
nese. With the instinct of the pettifogger Burlingame saw here a
chance to make some money, and he seized it. He convinced Tsung-
li-Yamen that if they would make him Chinese embassador, with a
general roving comraission, he could get the United States to back
him up with moral, and, if necessary, with physical force, and that
thus he could frighten and bully Great Britain into surrendering
those concessions so galling to China.
He got a contract to get rid of the opium traffic, and the extra
territorialities, by a diplomatic negotiation with England. For this
service he was to have a large sum of money — report says a hun
dred thousand taels cash in hand, and a large additional sum, con
tingent upon success. It is a sharaeful and hurailiating fact to
confess that the minister of no other power on the globe would have
dared to cast off his connection with his own country, and thus
taken foreign service. Any European power would have treated
him as a disgraced raan for doing it. China would have cut off his
head. With a nuraerous suite of Chinese officials Mr. Burlingame

ANTI-CHINESE MEMORIAL. 499
started for Europe in 1868, by the way of Washington. London,
the real objective point of his diplomatic expedition, was purposely
and cunningly left till the last. He knew well enough that the
English foreign office would detect the Yankee renegade under the
disguise of the Chinese mandarin, and that he might have difficulty
in getting in at the front door, much less to be received as repre
senting China in any diplomatic capacity.
He went to Washington, not because it was necessary to make a
treaty with the United States, for there was not the slightest neces
sity either for China or for us that such a thing should be done. We
were not forcing opium upon China. We had not extorted the extra
territorial rights trom her. We had never sorauch as pointed a gun
at her. It was not necessary, so far as immigration was concerned,
for the law permitted them to come at will. Burlingame went
to Washington to get recognition and prestige for European uses.
He felt it would be a great card if he could show in Europe that
he had been received as Chinese embassador by the government of
the United States.
To have negotiated and signed a treaty with them, would seem to
make him solid everywhere. So he set about that at once. He
began, as might be expected from a man capable of such a career,
with a misstatement. He assured the state departraent that he had
been sent on a special raission connected with the opening up of
China to railroad building, of which he hoped in tirae to give our
people a raonopoly. He knew us to be the children of Mararaon,
and took advantage of his knowledge.
Just who suggested those clauses of the Burlingame treaty about
the inherent right of imraigration, we do not know, but considering
the state of mind prevailing about the state department at that tirae
it is probable it carae frora our side.
But it did not raake any difference to Burlingarae what the treaty
contained so long as it did not disgrace hira with China. What he
wanted was a treaty. So he lobbied at Washington waiting to get
the prestige of Araerican recognition to take with hira to England.
At last he worked the instrument through, which goes into history
with his name. Then he went away to Europe, but never got across
the threshold of any court or foreign office to say good morning
For the purpose of obtaining prestige, with which he might work
upon Great Britain in the interest of China and earn his fee, Mr.
Burlingarae induced his own country to yield up a sovereign attri
bute, never before surrendered by any free people, a right infinitely

500 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
more valuable than all the opium privileges and extra territorialities
and trading concessions extorted from China by English arms in a
hundred years' war.
Araong thera they bartered away, as far as it can be bartered
away, the right to deterraine who shall corae and who shall not
come to this new and growing country of ours, live on its soil, enjoy
its privileges, and mingle freely with its people.
All that the early colonists had earned by their toil and suffering,
all our revolutionary heroes had purchased with their blood, the
land that has been wrested from savage nature and savage men by
the courage of our race, was thrown open to four hundred and fifty
raillion Chinese to run over it, to take it, to enjoy it as freely as we,
in order that Mr. Burlingarae could earn a hundred thousand taels
in Chinese silver.
He did not even reserve the right for the cheated Araericans,
when squeezed out of their own country, to seek refuge iu China,
for our residence there remains strictly liraited to sorae fifteen or
twenty seaports, named long before in older treaties. In' the history
of the world no such fraud was ever perpetrated upon a free and
sovereign people.
For all this the only equivalent we are supposed to get back
occurs in article eight in the treaty. It provides in substance
that whenever China shall build railroads the United States shall
furnish the engineers and China will pay them their salaries.
Whether these engineers are to drive the locomotives or do the
surveying does not seem absolutely clear. But let -it be what it
raay, China has within the last year deliberately violated and broken
this treaty by raaking a new one with France, in which it is agreed
that not Americans, but Frenchraen, are to not only engineer the
railroads in China, but to construct and operate thera as well.
That treaty, cheating us out of the mess of pottage we were to
have for our birthright, was concluded in Peking sorae tirae in May,
and ratified iri Paris on the 28th of November, 1885; and now all
that is left to us under the treaty is an unliraited and inexhaustible
supply of coolies.
This is the true history and inwardness of the Burlingarae treaty.
It was conceived in fraud and chicane. It was negotiated at a time
when no treaty was wanted by, either country, and not for the pur
pose named in the treaty. It lays that down to be a public and
natural law which never was, and never in the nature of things can
be such.

ANTI-CHINESE MEMORIAL. 501
It is an international lie, patent on its face. It never ought to
have been entered into. It has been deliberately and solemnly
abrogated in its spirit, if not in the letter, by the Chinese, in giving
away to the French the railroad privileges guaranteed to us. For
these reasons it ought to be abrogated and got out of the way by our
own governraent. We do not believe it is kept in force by the wish
of China, or that they would make any serious objections to our bring
ing it to an end. The objection to terminating the Burlingarae treaty
has its stronghold in Araerica, with the cheap labor interests alone.
The people of this coast are willing to accept cheap labor when it
coraes naturally by excessive population, as in the growth and
developraent it will corae in time. We object to nothing that is
natural and inevitable. Labor will be cheap when the country is
full of people, and the conditions of life hard. Doubling in popula
tion as we do once in twenty-five years, God knows it will come soon
enough. But we are against hastening it at the expense ot the
quality, fiber and staraina of the nation.
Again we say what we said in tbe beginning, a nation's wealth is
not in its raoney, but in its raen and women. Wheri they deterio
rate the country sinks down with them.
The people of the Pacific states are holding the gates against a
system that will, if persisted in, bring the country of Washington to
the condition of Mexico, if not to that of Panama or Jaraaica.
This raay not be true of every part of the country, but it is certainly
true of portions of it, and those portions having the richest soil and
the mildest and most agreeable climate.
I We would only be following the common instincts of huraan
nature in preferring our own race to that of the alien Chinaraan,
even were it less worthy than his, and for no higher reason than
because it is our own. But when we remeraber that ours was the
race which was first to seize upon nature's forces and harness them
to the car of progress that has sraoothed the earth's surface and
made it more fit for raan's habitation, we think he has earned the
right, even if he had it not before, to hold any place he has once
secured, to the exclusion of all coraers; and we will make an effort
to hold this place as our home and settlement. The noblest irapulse
of huraan nature is that which prorapts men to secure a habitation
and place of abode for their farailies and those who are to corae after
them, and by all lawful raeans we will try to raaintain this land on
the shores of the Pacific ocean for ourselves.
The people of Califomia are a loyal people to the Araerican

502 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
nation, of which they are proud to be an integral part. As such
they appeal to the legislature of the union to grant them speedy
relief from a situation that has become practically insupportable.
The coraraittee on resolutions, of which Horace Davis was chair
raan, reported the following:
Whereas, The people of the State of California are, with an
unanimity of sentiraent unparalleled in history, opposed to the pres
ence of Chinese in their midst, and are likewise opposed to the
further iraraigration of that race into the United States: and
whereas, this opposition is not of sudden growth, but is the result ot
more than thirty years' experience; and whereas, the history of all
countries where the Chinese have been permitted to reside among
other races, is a precise counterpart of our own; and whereas,
the evils arising frora the presence of the Chinese are:
1. Their coming is an invasion, not an immigration.
2. They have no farailies or homes among us.
3. Their doraestic relations and mode of life are such as forever
preclude their assimilation with our people.
4. By education and customs they are antagonistic to a republican
forra of government.
5. They maintain in our midst secret tribunals in defiance of our
laws. 6. The presence of so many adult males owing allegiance to a
foreign govemment is dangerous.
7. They deter laboring men from coming to California.
8. The contract system by which they corae to this country is
virtually a system of peonage, hostile to American institutions.
9. Their presence deters the growth of a reliable labor element
among our boys and girls.
10. After subsisting on the lowest possible portion of their earn
ings they remit the residue, amounting to many millions annually,
to China, while the substitution of American labor would retain
this vast sum of money in our own country.
For these and other reasons they are a constant and growing
source of irritation and danger to our State, and it is necessary that
their imraigration be immediately stopped, and every lawful measure
be adopted to remove those now among us. Therefore, be it
resolved, 1. That we demand that the governraent of the United States
take imraediate steps to prohibit absolutely this Chinese invasion.

ANTI-CHINESE RESOLUTIONS. 503
2. That to encourage the early removal of the Chinese we accept
the suggestion of the constitution of Oalifornia, which says that no
Chinese shall ever be employed upon any public work ot the state,
except in punishment for crime.
3. That the interests of the people of the state of Oalifornia
demand, in harraony with the organic law of the State, that the
presence of Chinese should be discouraged in every particular, and
that in every instance preference should be given to white labor ; and
we earnestly appeal to the people to do their utmost to supplant the
Chinese with such labor. We are not in favor of any unlawful
methods, but so firmly are we impressed with the great importance
of discouraging the eraployraent of the Chinese, that we recoraraend
that they be not patronized in any way, and we are in favor at the
earliest raoraent of boycotting any person who eraploys Chinamen
directly or indirectly, or who purchases the products of Chinese
labor. The date at which the boycott coraraences in different locali
ties shall in all cases be left to the local leagues.
4. That a perraanent siate organization be perfected by this state
convention, to be known as the '-California Anti-Chinese Nonpartisan
Association.'' 5. That an executive coraraittee be selected by the chairraan of
the convention, consisting of three frora San Francisco, and one from
each other county of the state, who shall be fully empowered to have
control of the state work, fill vacancies in their own body, call state
conventions at such tiraes and places as they may deera proper, and
devise ways and means for advancing the cause.
6. That we recoraraend that a state organizer be selected by the
convention, whose corapensation shall be fixed by the executive
coraraittee. 7. That the state executive coraraittee be requested to solicit sub
scriptions, in order that the work of excluding the Chinese raay not be
crippled frora lack of funds, and we recoraraend that printed copies
of all subscriptions received, and of all expenditures raade by the
coramittee, be sent to every newspaper in the state, with a request
for publication.
8. That these resolutions be printed, and that copies thereof be
mailed to the president of the United States, the justices of the
supreme court of the United States, to the members of the cabinet,
to the California delegates in congress, to the raerabers of the senate
and house of representatives from the other states and territories,

504 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
to the governors of the several states and territories, and to each
newspaper in Oalifornia.
On motion of John Bidwell, the resolutions were considered
seriatim. They were unaniraously concurred in until the third,
relative to boycotting, was reached. The adoption of this resolu
tion was opposed by John Bidwell, F. M. Pixley, F. G. Newlands,
A. A. Sargent, and M. H. Hecht, while speeches in favor of it were
raade by F. W. Hunt, Henry Wilson, A. Sbarboro, N. F. Rawiin,
James H. Barry, Patrick Reddy, W. H. Sears, M. M. Estee, and
H. Weinstock. The previous question was moved by 0. F. Mc
Glashan. The motion was put and declared carried by a vive voce
vote. A deraand for a call of the roll frora Sargent and others was
denied on the ground that it carae after the result had been declared.
Sargent and Bidwell retired from the convention.
The reraaining resolutions were adopted as reported, with the
exception ot the fifth, which was araerided by striking out the words
"fill vacancies in their own bodies," and adding the provision ".that
all vacancies in said executive coramittee shall be filled by election
of the clubs and leagues of the county in which the vacancy occurs,
and that in case any county is not represented in this convention,
then that the comraitteeraan frora that county be filled by the elec
tion of clubs and leagues of that county."
The question of the adoption of the resolutions as a whole was put,
and carried with only two or three dissenting votes.
N. F. Rawiin was elected state organizer, by acclaraation.
On Friday afternoon, March 12th, the convention adjourned

The state executive coraraittee of the prohibition party raet at San
Francisco, March 8th, and issued a call for a state convention to
raeet at Sacraraento, May 12th. The convention met on the latter
date. It was called to order by J. A. Fairbanks, chairraan of the
executive coramittee. George B. Katzenstein was elected teraporary
chairraan, and sulteequently was raade perraanent chairraan. Two
hundred and forty-five delegates, representing thirty counties, were
reported by the comraittee on credentials as being entitled to seats.
The committee on platforra and resolutions, coraposed of M. 0.
Winchester, W. H. Martin, and 0. Henderson, reported the follow
ing :

PROHIBITION CONVENTION. 505
Relying upon the favor of Almighty God and the justice of our
-cause, we, the prohibition party of Oalifornia, through the repre
sentatives thereof in convention asserabled, do announce the toUow-
•ing as our political faith :
1. While we are unalterably opposed to the enactment 'of all
-sumptuary laws, properly so named, we believe it not only a con
stitutional right, but the bounden duty of the state, to prohibit the
imanufacture, sale, and importation of all alcoholic beverages.
2. The combined testimony of philanthropists, statesmen, and
jurists for the past two hundred and fifty years declares that the use
of intoxicating drinks tends directly and inevitably to the propaga
tion of disease, the suppression of industry, the proraotion of vice
and crime, and the destruction of mankind; and believing that so
far-reaching an evil can only be remedied by legal means, we deraand
,the enactment of constitutional and statutory laws for the state and
ination that shall forever prohibit the manufacture, sale, and iraporta-
'tion of alcoholic beverages, and we solemnly pledge ourselves to vote
ifor no one for office who will not pledge himself to use his influence
.and vote to secure the enactraent of such laws.
3. That the old parties are the servile supporters of the liquor
fpower is evidenced by the open and shameless espousals of the
•saloons by the one and the contemptuous refusal of the other to
^legislate to protect the horae from the giant curse of intemperance,
though repeatedly petitioned to do so. Therefore, we declare that
those parties who thus pander to the vicious elements of society to
maintain political power, raerit and should receive the condemnation
•of all good citizens, and are unworthy the countenance and support ot
•christians and patriots, and are totally unfit to govern a free people.
4. Inasmuch as a day of rest is absolutely necessary to the physi-
•cal and mental well-being of raan, especially that of the laboring
¦classes, as well as for the purpose of raoral and spiritual culture,
•therefore, we deraand the enactment of a Sunday law, whereby all
places ot business, whose keeping open that day is not absolutely
necessary to the public welfare, shall be closed on the first day of
-the week.
5. We are in favor of the largest personal liberty consistent with
-orderly civil governraent, and would gladly welcorae to our free
¦country all those who corae with the intention of enjoying our
institutions as they find them, but we deraand the exclusion of those
whose purpose in coraing here is to overthrow our governraent and
•destroy our liberties. We deraand further that the right of frari-

506 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
chise be withheld from all foreigners till they shall have lived in this>
country for a period sufficiently long to enable them to become
familiar with our institutions and politics, and to demonstrate their
disposition to live in conformity therewith.
A motion to insert a resolution in favor of woman suffrage was-
lost, and the platform was adopted as reported. The vote by whicb
it was adopted was subsequently reconsidered and the fourth and*
fifth resolutions, relative to the Sunday law and foreign voters were-
stricken out.
The following nominations were made :
For governor, Joel Russell, by acclaraation.
For justices of supreme court, Williara G. Murphy and Robert--
Thompson (resigned).
For secretary of state, Frank E. Kellogg.
For controller, J. A. Fairbanks.
For treasurer, H. S. Graves.
For attorney general, George Babcock.
For surveyor-general, George B. Tolman.
For superintendent of public instruction, D. A. Mobley.
For clerk of suprerae court, Julius Lyons.
For merabers of state board of equalization, J. S. Reynolds, A. J^.
Gregg, Charles E. Green (J. L. Mansfield afterward substituted),,
and L. B. Hogue.
For railroad coraraissioners, W. 0. Damon, E. O. Tade, and S. M^
McLean. For raerabers of congress, first district, L. W. Simraons; second
district, W. O. Clark ; third district, W. W. Smith ; fourth district^
R. Thorapson ; fifth district, 0. Henderson ; sixth district. Will A.
Harris. The following resolution, introduced by George Babcock, was,
adopted, without opposition :
Whereas, This convention has excluded frora its platforra a
declaration in favor of woman suffrage, and it appearing that such-
exclusion may lead to misapprehension in regard to the opinions of
the raembers of the convention ; therefore, be it resolved.
That we raost erapbatically declare it to be our opinion that the-
iraraediate and unconditional enfranchiseraent of woraan would
surely tend to the highest interest of the whole people, and forever
put an end to the traffic in intoxicating liquors; and that for these-
reasons, as individuals, we will at all tiraes use every lawful andi

IRRIGATION CONVENTION: 507
proper means to secure an araendraent to the constitution of the
state conferring upon woraen the right to vote.
The officers of the state central committee were announced to be
as follows: J. A. Fairbanks, president; Joel Russell, vice-president;
George Morris, secretary; R. H. McDonald, treasurer. These, with
M. F. Clayton, E. B. Fowler, and 0. Henderson, were to compose
the executive coramittee. The convention adjourned sine die at 12:
M. on May 13th. »
The state irrigation convention met at the Grand Opera House,
San Francisco, May 20th. It was composed of delegates from some
fifty irrigation clubs, and other persons who became entitled to seats
by signing the following :
Articles ot Association of the Anti-riparian Irrigation Organiza
tion of the State of California :
Whereas, The necessities of the people of this state, growing out
of our peculiar climatic and physical conditions, require that all the
waters of the state should be applied to beneficial uses, and espec
ially to irrigation ; and whereas, it has been the well-established
custom and usage of the inhabitants of the state ever since the ter
ritory was acquired frora Mexico, and long prior thereto, to enjoy and
perrait the free appropriation and diversion of water to all who
would apply it to a beneficial use ; and whereas, by virtue of such
usage and custom, capital and labor have created out of deserts and
rivers enormous wealth to the state, and the irrigation interests
have assuraed gigantic proportions; and whereas, several hundred
thousand people are now dependent upon and directly or indirectly
supported by means of irrigation ; and whereas, attempts are now
being made to resurrect the English coraraon law doctrine ot riparian
rights frora the grave to which the will of the people long since con
signed it, and to impress it upon the jurisprudence ot the state ; and
whereas, such atterapt, it successful, raeans the desolation of thousands
ot horaes ; raeans that the desert shall invade vineyard, orchard, and
field ; that the grape shall parch upon the vine, the fruit wither on the
tree, and the meadow be cursed with drought ; means that silence shall
fall upon our busy colonies, and their people shall flee frora the thirsty
and unwatered lands ; means that the cities built upon the coraraerce
irrigation has created shall decay, and that in all this region the
pillars of civilization shall fall, and unprofitable flocks and herds
shall graze the scant herbage where once there was a land of corn

508 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
and wine, flowing with railk and honey; and whereas, if this attempt
to forbid the useful appropriation of water is defeated by a righteous
public opinion crystallized into law, the horaes now planted in the
midst of fruitful acres will reraain the shelter of a happy people,
enriched by the productive soil, and irrigation will advance the
frontier of verdure and flowers and fruit, until the desert is con
quered and has exchanged its hot sands for happy garlands, its va
grant herds for valiant people, and the bleak plains grow purple
with the vintage and golden with the harvest, and the pleasures and
profits, the peace and plenty that corae out of the useful rivers will
make this land the promised land to millions ot free people; and
whereas, we have, then, on the one hand the certainties of agricul
ture and horticuiture, ot profitable imraigration, of surplus produc
tion for export ot articles universally desirable and necessary, and
always in deraand ; the growth of our cities and the greatness of our
state ; on the other hand are thirst and famine, ruin and decay,
farras dismantled, colonies abandoned, cities subjected to dry rot, and
the state denied her career by denying to her people their birth
right; and whereas, the court of highest resort of the state, whose
final determination is conclusive of law, is divided upon the question,
and the right of appropriation and irrigation now stands upon uncer
tain ground ; and whereas, the legislature has failed to take meas
ures for the protection of irrigation ; and -whereas, there are 40,000
voters in this state ready and anxious to fight and vote as a unit for
irrigation ; and whereas, the safe and sure road to a successful issue
in the courts and in the legislature is to organize, and by united and
harmonious action control the result of the coming election; resolved,
That we, the undersigned, associate ourselves together under the
name of the 'Anti-riparian Irrigation Organization of the State of
California," and pledge ourselves to use all honorable raeans to carry
out the purposes of our organization, as follows;
1. To raaintain that the right of appropriation of water for benefi
cial purposes, is and always has been pararaount to any alleged
rights of riparian owners, in this state.
2. To secure the adoption of an araendraent to the state constitu
tion, and araendraents to the laws declaring that the common law ot
England is not and should not be tho rule of property, or the rule of
decision in the courts of this state, in controversies concerning the
right to appropriate, divert and use water, nor in actions by or
against actual appropriators of -water for beneficial purposes; and

IRRIGATION CONVENTION. 509
that priority of appropriation for a beneficial purpose deterraines
the right without regard to the ownership ot the banks of a water
course. 3. To raaintain both as a physical and legal proposition that the
conditions and necessities of the people of this state, and the cUraatic
and physical characteristics of the state are, and ever have been,
such as to render the coramon law doctrine of riparian rights in
applicable here.
4. To secure the passage of any and all other araendraents to the
constitution or laws which will contribute to establish the rights of
irrigation against the riparian doctrine.
5. To procure the election of raembers of the legislature who
openly and without qualification favor and will act upon the tore-
going principles, regardless of political affiliations.
6. To oppose through the ballot box and by every other legitimate
means the election of any person to office, executive, legislative or
judicial, who is not known to be in full and active accord with every
proposition contained in these articles of association.
7. To obtain confirmation by the courts and the legislature as the
law and the fact, that the use of the waters of streams for the pur
pose of irrigation, is a natural want in this state, and to be preferred
to all other uses.
The convention was called to order by J. De Barth Shorb, chair
man of the executive coraraittee. A committee on credentials, with
L. M. Holt as chairman, and a committee on organization, with J.
F. Wharton as chairman, were appointed, as was also a committee
on resolutions, composed of W. S. Green, John P. Irish, Charles
MulhoUand, S. Jewett, and M. E. 0. Munday.
On perraanently organizing, J. De Barth Shorb was elected presi
dent, and J. F. Wharton, W. S. Green, R. Hudnut, L. B. Ruggles,
E. H. Tucker, D. K. Zurawalfc, L. M. Holt, WiUiara T. Coleraan,
N. D. Rideout, John P. Irish, and William B. Carr, vice-presidents.
The following platform was reported by the committee on resolu
tions, and finally adopted :
1. That the cubic foot per second be adopted as the unit of meas
urement throughout the state.
2. A declaration by the legislature that all the unnavigable waters
of the state, in natural strearas and lakes not rising or wholly in
cluded in lands under private ownership, belong to the people
thereof, and are subject to appropriation by the people for irriga-

510 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
tion, mining, manufacturing, and other useful purposes, and that the
custoraary law of appropriation of water for these purposes, as it
has grown up in this state, should receive the forraal sanction of that
¦body, as follows :
3. That there is no individual or corporate ownership of water,
except that which rises upon land under such individual or corporate
ownership, this ownership continuing so long only as it remains upon
the premises, or so long after it leaves them, as they may control it
in pipes, ditches, or any other means of conveyance, and apply it to
useful, beneficial, and necessary purposes.
4. That the appropriation of water from all public sources does
not imply individual or corporate ownership, but that it is taken for
the tirae and to the extent only that it is applied to a useful and
necessary purpose, after which it is free to other or subsequent
appropriatorsi under the same conditions.
5. That the appropriation of water and its c,')nveyance through
canals and ditches for sale, rental, or distribution is a useful, neces
sary, and beneficial purpose, sale or rental not implying ownership
of the eleraent, but just rerauneration for the use of the franchise
and the plant employed in its conveyance.
6. That a system ot law should be adopted providing for the
control, management, and just distribution of the waters of the state,
in accordance with the foregoing principles.
7. To so extend the law ot erainent doraain as to allow an irriga
tion district, when forraed, corporation or individual, to condemn
and pay for rights of way, lands, canals, ditches and water claims,
and rigbts of whatever nature held by any person or corporation, or
any other private rights of property, however existing or acquired,
or by whatever name designated, which may be necessary for the
appropriation or use of water ; provided, that in condemning water
used at the tirae of the coraraencement ot an action for the same a
manifestly greater public advantage and use can be shown.
8. That section 4468 of the political code should be amended to
read as follows : " The common law of England, in so far as not re
pugnant to or inconsistent with the constitution of the United States
or the constitution and laws ot this state, except as it applies to
strearas and watercourses, is the rule of decision in all the courts of
this state."
9. That section 1422 of the civil code, which declares that the
rights of riparian proprietors are not affected by the preceding sec-

IRRIGATION CONVENTION. 511
tions of the code providing for rights to water by appropriation,
•should be repealed.
The coraraittee on resolutions made a further report, which was
rfllso adopted. It was as follows :
We respectfully submit the accompanying raeasures, which are
iproposed for adoption by the legislature and as a pledge to be re-
.quired of candidates, as hereinafter set forth. These measures con-
;sist, first, in a proposed constitutional araendment to fix and deter-
•mine the nature of water rights; second, a proposed constitutional
amendment to regulate the use of water appropriated for irrigation;
third, a proposed act of the legislature concerning the right to ao-
, quire the use of water by appropriation; fourth, the repeal of sec.
tion 1422 of the civil code. These proposed raeasures were prepared
by the state executive coraraittee after careful consideration, and
after taking the best advice in the state we believe that these meas-
lures are absolutely necessary to secure a permanent irrigation policy.
We therefore propose the following resolutions :
1. That the accompanying bills and amendments be adopted as
•expressing in part the legislative policy of this convention.
2. That the friends of irrigation should exact a full and unquali
fied indorsement of these raeasures frora all candidates who can
proraote or affect the interests of irrigation.
3. That* we ask the irrigation clubs to reraain organized and con
tinue organizing frora now until irrigation shall becorae the perma
nent law and practice of the state, and that the raembers of such
clubs and all in agreeraent and alliance with us so use their votes as
to proraote the political success of such candidates only as accept
these raeasures without amendraent. W. S. GREEN, Chairman.
An act to amend the constitution of the state of California :
The legislature of the state ot California, at its session commenc
ing on the  day of  , 188- two thirds of all the merabers
-elected to each of the two houses of the said legislature voting in favor
thereof, hereby propose that article XIV ot the constitution of the
state ot California be amended by adding the foUowing new sections
at the end thereof :
Sec. 3. The water of every natural stream, not heretofore appro
priated, within the state of California, is hereby declared to be the
property of the public, and the same is dedicated to the use of the

512 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
people of the state, subject to appropriation as hereinafter provided'.-
Sec. 4. The right to divert unappropriated waters of any natural'
stream to beneficial uses shall never be denied. Prior appropriation
to any such use, whether heretofore or hereafter made, shall give
the better right, and the right of appropriation shall be ever exer
cised under such regulations as the legislature has heretofore pre
scribed or may hereafter prescribe, and the English common law of
ripariari rights, so far as it coriflicts with this or the precedirig sec-
tiori, shall riot be recognized as a rule of decision or rule of property
in any of the courts of this state.
Nuraber two is a proposed constitutional amendment :
Section 1. The use of all water now appropriated or that may-
hereafter be appropriated for irrigation, sale, rental, or distribution,
is hereby declared to be a public use, and subject to the control and
regulation of the state, in a raanner to be prescribed by law, pro
vided that the rates of compensation to be collected by any person,
company, corporation, or irrigation district in this state for the use
of water supplied to any city and county, or city, town, or irriga
tion district, or the inhabitants thereof, shall be fixed every three
years by the supervisors, or city and county, or city, or town coun
cil, or other governing body of such city and county, or city, or
town, or irrigation district, and shall continue in force for three
years, and until new rates are established ; but in estabUshing such-
rates they shall take in consideration the cost of construction and-
maintenance of the works by which the water is supplied, and the
rates so established shall be such as will yield to the person, com
pany, or corporation so supplying water a net return of at least 7
per cent per annum upon the araount invested in the construction
and raaintenance of such works. Such rates shall be fixed in the-
raonth ot February and take effect on the first day of July there
after. Any board or body failing to fix the water rates where nec
essary within such time, shall be subject to peremptory process to
compel action at the suit of any party interested, and shall be liable
to such further process and penalties as the legislature raay pre
scribe. Any person, corapany, or corporation collecting water rates
otherwise than as so established shall forfeit the franchise of such
person, corapany, or corporation, to the city and county, or city^
town, or irrigation district frora which the sarae are collected, for
the public use.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 513
An act concerning the ownership of water in natural streams and
providing for the acquisition thereof hy appropriation :
Section 1. The water of every natural stream, not heretofore ap
propriated, within the state of California, is hereby declared to be
the property of the public, and the sarae is dedicated to the use of
the people of the state, subject to appropriation as hereinafter pro
vided. Sec. 2. The right to divert unappropriated waters of any natural
stream to beneficial uses shall never be denied. Prior appropria
tion, whether heretofore or hereafter raade, to any such use shall give
the better right, and the right of appropriation shall be exercised
under such regulations as the legislature has heretofore provided or
may hereafter prescribe, and the English common law of riparian
rights, so tar as it conflicts with this or the preceding section, shall
not be recognized as a rule of decision or rule of property in any
court of this state.
Sec. 3. All acts and parts of acts which conflict in any way with
the provisions of this act are hereby repealed.
The convention adjourned sine die, on the conclusion of its busi
ness. May 22d.
The republican state coraraittee raet in San Francisco, April 27th,
and issued a call for the state convention to raeet at Los Angeles,
August 25th, to consist of 458 delegates, the test of voters at pri
maries being : " Did you vote for Jaraes G. Blaine, or would you
have done so if you had the chance? Will you vote the republican
ticket at the next election ?" On the appointed day, the convention
asserabled at Arraory Hall, Los Angeles. It was called to order by
A. P. Williaras, chairraan of the state central coramittee. W. H. L.
Barnes was unaniraously elected temporary chairman, and was made
perraanent chairman on final organization.
The coraraittee on platform and resolutions consisted of G. G.
Blanchard, J. H. G. Weaver, E. A. Davis, Obed Harvey, R. 0.
Gaskill, L. B. Mizner, J. H. Dickinson, Henry Edgerton, J. H.
Barber, Robert Effey, H. V. Morehouse, H. A. Barclay, A. Bell,
J. E. Hale, and 0. F. McGlashan. The following platform, reported
by the coramittee on the 26th, was unanimously adopted :
The republican party of California, in convention asserabled, re
affirms its devotion to the great purposes for which it was organized
33

514 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
and for which it has been maintained. It has preserved free govern
ment and secured to all the inhabitarits of these United States the
great rights which lie at the foundation of all just government — the
right to life, property, and the pursuit of happiness — and its missiori
will riot be fully accoraplished uutil the laws are so coristrued and
administered that an invasion of these inalienable rights, even
against the humblest person, shall become irapossible. It points
with pride to the fact that it has engrafted these principles upon
the national constitution, thereby giving to every one the protection
-which the power of 60,000,000 of freeraen affords. Guided by a
firm faith in these great principles, it has during its long and event-
¦ful history, done nothing for which it has to apologize. When it
took the government from the democratic party it found a country
disturbed by dissensions; states seceding and threatening secession;
the treasury erapty and the public credit impaired ; the arsenals
plundered and fortresses invested ; a hostile governraent, whose
foundation was huraan slavery fully armed in our midst ; with open
foes at the south and secret enemies at the north. When called
upon to surrender its great trust, it delivered to its successors a
united country, a free people, an overflowing treasury, public credit
higher than that of any other nation on earth, arsenals and the gov
ernraent works intact, the flag of the union floating in peace over a
great, prosperous, happy nation, commanding the admiration and
respect of mankind. Reaffirming the principles enunciated in the
national platform adopted at Chicago in 1884, and the state platform
adopted at Sacramento in the same year, in so far as now applicable,
the republican party of Califomia makes the following additional
declaration of principles :
1. Labor is honorable, and the labor in every walk of life should
be honored. Upon free, intelligent labor and its wise direction
depends the prosperity of the nation. Everything which is useful
and valuable to man is the result of labor iri sorae form, arid its
careful protectiou should be the first corisideration of the statesman.
The value of labor raust deperid on its producing capacity, and this
raust be raeasured by the intelligence of the laborer. The Uberal
education of the laborer, therefore, is the first step toward the
greatest, the wisest and the raost profitable development of the
resources of the country and the elevation of its workmen. To ac
complish this the public school systera should be preserved, protected
and extended, until its ennobling influence penetrates to every
hearthstone and increases the usefulness of every person. The

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 515
republican party declai-es its firm belief that co-operation araong
laborers is for the best interest of society; that while capital is
entitled to all safeguards necessary to induce its generous investment,
and while assaults upon social order proceeding from persons falsely
representing themselves as friends of labor must be sternly re
pressed, the republican party will never sanction any legislation
which will restrict wage-earners from co-operating and organizing for
their general protection and advancement, but, on the contrary, will
enact liberal laws fostering and encouraging co-operation.
2. Mining is one of the material iriterests of this state and coast,
and one of the most valuable productions is silver. This industry,
not alone because of the worth of its production, but also because of
the fact that it affords employment to many thousands of people,
and because of the fact that over sixty per cent of the value of the
product, represents the wages of labor, should be protected and
encouraged. To this end we are in favor of free coinage of silver,
the product of our raines, and of the issuauce by the goverriment of
silver certificates. We denounce the policy of the democratic
natiorial admiriistratiori, which, iri the iriterest of the few, would
deprive the people of silver as a circulating mediura.
3. The Chinese cannot and will not assirailate with our own race.
Their peculiar characteristics are utterly incorapatible with those of
our own people. So long as they are here they raust be among us,
yet apart from us. Such a population is most undesirable. The
republican party therefore declares that their coming here raust be
stopped, while those who are here under, treaty stipulation must be
treated humanely and receive the protection of law. It points with
just pride to the fact that the republican senate of the United
States, by unaniraous vote, has passed a bill for the restriction of
Chinese iraraigration, and denounces the action of the democratic
house of representatives for refusing its concurrence in a raeasure
universally deraanded by the people of this coast, and which is nec
essary for the protection and elevation of free labor.
4. The suprerae court of the United States having failed to deter
mine whether or not the method of taxing railroad corporations as
declared by our state constitution is in conflict with the constitution
of the United States, we are withdut an authoritative rule which
might otherwise relieve the question of its present embarrassing
complications, and this subject requires of our legislature and execu
tive most careful and deliberate action. There is to be submitted to
the people at the ensuing election the "Heath araendment," so-called,

516 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
relating to railroad taxation. Without making this a party ques
tion, or assuming a position for or against this araendment, yet some
reraedy for existing defects in the law raust be provided at the ear
liest raoment possible. The gravity of this matter puts it on a
plane above the range of party politics, and demands the serious
attention of the best thinking people of the state. In this respect,
and in all others, we favor equal and just taxation for the maintenance
of the government, and affirm that all should pay a full share of the
public taxes fairly due and in accordance with the broad principles
of equity.
5. One of the raost iraportant questions soon to be considered by the
people ot California is the proper utilization of its water courses tor
the purpose ot irrigatiou, arid wheri this great work is accomplished
our state will support per acre a greater populatiou than any other
state in the union, and fertilize and flU with prosperity vast doraains
otherwise dedicated to perpetual barrenness. The republican party
approaches this great question with a careful deliberation, not less
grave than that with which it has debated and happily determined
other raoraentous subjects, in the confident expectation that, if en
trusted with the power so to do, it will enact such laws as will secure
and receive the approval of the people ; and it here affirras as fol
lows : First — It is in favor ot the iramediate passage of a law
declaring that henceforth no rights to water shall be acquired by
appropriation which will in any raanner obstruct the state in the
control thereof, whenever it shall see proper to exercise such control.
Second — It is in favor of the passage of laws which will prevent the
monopolizing of the waters of the state and proraote the utilization
to the greatest extent possible. Third — In the passage of any laws
upon this subject individual rights raust be protected ; but it those
rights are found to interfere with effectuating a just distribution ot
water and its utilization by the people upon equal terms, then such
rights should be conderaned and taken for public use, under the same
principles upon which all private property is condemned and taken
for public use, upon compensation being raade therefor.
6. We denounce the present state adrainistration as most wasteful
and incompetent. Its weakness, extravagance, and vacillating policy
has brought reproach upon the fair fame of California.
7. We recognize the great truth that no governraent can be repub
lican in forra unless the three departments — legislative, judicial, and
executive — are separate and independent, the one frora the other.
We declare that the calling of an extra session of the legislature for

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 517
the purpose of reversing a decision of the supreme court of the state
has no paraUel in the history of this country; that the policy which
dictated it was un-American and revolutionary, and that no words
of censure can adequately characterize this attempt to destroy the
independence of a co-ordinate branch of the governraent.
8. The republican party submits its platform and its candidates
to the intelligence and the patriotism of the people, and invokes to
their support all, -yyithout regard to past affiliation, who desire just
laws, good government, peace, and security. True to its mission, it
will bring to the solution of the important subjects involved, broad,
statesraarilike, and equitable raethods. Born to protect huraan rights,
it never can be brought, by any arguraent or by any pressure, to
deprive anyone of a right, however sraall, without awarding just
corapensation. Upon this platforra ot principles and upon its past
record it appeals with contidence to the candid judgment of an intel
ligent people, and as to the consequences, is willing to take its
chances and abide its destiny.
On the 26th the making of nominations was coramenced. For
justices of the supreme court, long terra, A. Van R. Paterson,
Anson Brunson, L. D. Latiraer, T. B. McFarland and Noble Harail
ton were placed in noraination. Paterson was nominated ori the
first ballot, receiving 318 votes; McFarland, 227; Brunson, 194;
Harailton, 167 ; Latiraer, 8. On the second ballot McFarland was
chosen the other nominee by 286 votes to 102 for Brunson and 65
for Hamilton. For justice for the short terra. Noble Harailton,
Anson Brunson, George A. Nourse and J. B. Southard were placed in
noraination. Harailton was norainated on the first ballot, receiving
249 votes to 172 for Brunson, 24 for Nourse, and 11 for Southard.
For governor, John F. Swift, Chancellor Hartson, Williara H.
Dimond, and Charles F. Reed were placed in nomination. On the
first ballot Swift received 108 ; Dimond, 153; Reed, 84, and Hart
son, 108; necessary to a choice, 229. After taking six ballots
without raaking a choice, the convention adjourned until the next
day. The balloting was continued on the 27th, and on the eighth
ballot Swift was nominated. The vote stood : Swift, 325 ; Dimond,
74; Reed, 20; Hartson, 36. The other norainations were :
R. W. Waterraan, for lieutenant governor, by 239^ votes to 131 J
for Williara Johnston, 84 for John P. Stearns, and 1 for George E.
Whitney.

518 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Walter S. Moore, for secretary of state, by 239 votes to 91 for
James A. Orr, and 126 for 0. W. Craig.
J. E. Denny, for controller, by 268 votes to 181 for H. L.
Weston. Jacob H. Neff, for treasurer, by 304 votes to 80 for John Weil,
38 for Williara Jackson and 33 for Charles M. Levy.
W. H. H. Hart, for attorney-general, by acclamation, the other can
didates withdrawing before the corapletion of the roll call on the
first ballot.
Theodore Reichert, for surveyor-general, by 252 votes to 90 for
Williara Minto, 35 for Robert Gardner, and 52 for 0. E. Grunsky.
Ira G. Hoitt, for superintendent ot public instruction, by 263
votes to 187 for S. D. Waterraan.
Jaraes A. Orr, tor clerk ot the supreme court, by acclaraation.
The convention adjourned sine die at raidnight on the 27th.
The following norainations were raade by the district conventions :
For representative in congress, first district, Charles A. Garter ;
second district, J. 0. CarapbeU ; third district, Joseph McKenna ;
fourth district, W. W. Morrow ; fifth district, Charles N. Felton ;
sixth district, W. Vandever.
For raember of state board of equalization, first district, A, 0.
Dithraar ; second district, L. 0. Morehouse ; third district, John
Beattie, Jr. ; fourth district, Mark D. Harailtou.
For railroad coraraissiorier, first district, A. Abbott; secorid dis
trict, J. M. Litchfield; third district, Jaraes W. Rea.
The democratic state central committee met May 11th and issued
the call for the convention to raeet in San Francisco, August 31st.
The convention raet at the appointed tirae in Odd Fellows' hall. It
was called to order by W. D. English, chairman of the state central
comraittee. N. Greene Curtis and Stephen M. White were nomi
nated for the position of teraporary chairraan. White was elected
on the first ballot by 260 votes to 224 for Curtis.
The following were appointed on the coraraittee on platforra and
resolutions : Barclay Henley, Dennis Spencer, R. F. Del Valle, N.
Greene Curtis, M. E. 0. Munday, A. H. Rose, Henry Mahler, N.
Martin, J. E. McElrath, E. McGettigan, A. T. Spotts, Frank Mc
Coppin, Thomas J. Clunie, N. Bowden, A. Kearney, and B. Grimes.
On perraarieritly organizing, White was elected chairman. The
oUowing platform was adopted September 2d :

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 51 9
1. That with becoming pride we cordially endorse the adrainistra
tion of President Grover Cleveland for the honesty, frugality, and
success with which it is conducting the affairs ot govemment, carry
ing out the principles of democracy in administering public trusts
and keeping faith with the people. A respect for constitutional law,
the protection of the rights of our fellow citizens at home and abroad,
a desire to reform the unjust inequalities of custoras, to reduce tax
ation to lirait the expenditures, to actual necessities, the revival of
trade, the increase of commerce, the restoration of the unearned
public lands to the people's heritage, the peace that happily ex
tends throughout our whole land, and the extinction of sectional
animosities, are the salient raarks which signalize the restoration of
the deraocratic party to power and the response it has given to the
trust reposed in it. We coraraend the discrimination which the
president has raade in favor of the honest soldier, and call attention
to the fact, that while he has vetoed spurious and unworthy clairas,
he has signed raore pension bills than any of his predecessors.
2. This convention proudly invites attention to the fact that the
last deraocratic house of representatives passed bills forfeiting and
restoring to the public doraain railway land grants araounting to
over 75,000,000 of acres, and also the further fact that in the forty-
eighth congress the deraocratic lower house passed the Regan inter
state coramerce bill, which failed of passage in the republican senate;
also, that in the last session of congress the Regan bill was again
passed by the democratic lower house.
3. That this convention recomraends the passage of an act of con
gress providing for the free coinage of both gold and silver, by the
terras of which act all gold and silver bullion offered at the several
mints of the United States sball be received in exchange for money
on gold or silver certificates at the rate now fixed by law for stand
ard doUars of gold or silver, which certificates shall be receivable for
all public purposes and interchangeable for gold or silver, as the case
may be.
4 That the present tariff on wool, prepared by a repubUcan cora
raission, appointed by a republican president, is an unjust disorimi-
riatiori against a great industry, and we denounce the same and
deraand the restoration of the tariff of 1867. That in view of the
brUUant future that awaits CaUfornia in the developraent of its wine
interests, we raost heartily favor the bUls now pending in congress
for the release frora taxation of spirits used in the fortification of
sweet wines and the protection of our wine industries from the in-

520 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
jurious effects of fraud and the unrestricted sale of spurious wines.
And we also favor legislation providing for the protection of the
raisin industry.
5. We are in favor of liberal wages and free labor. All associa
tions forraed for the purpose of developing intelligence, proraoting
the welfare and protecting the interests of the laborer and mechanic,
and to enable them successfully to contend for and raaintain their
rights by peaceful and efficient raeans against powerful and oppres
sive corabinations, should be encouraged and expressly sanctioned
by law. We regard the contract convict labor systera as detrimen
tal to' the interests of free labor and ruinous to certain lines ot
legitiraate business with which it comes in conflict. We coraraend
the present state administration for its late efforts to abolish this
system, and pledge our candidates, if elected, to do all within their
power to carry out the spirit of the constitution upon this question.
But iri rio way shall this be coristrued to prohibit the manufacture
ot grain bags and jute goods within the walls of the state prison.
6. We are unalterably opposed to Chinese immigration, and de
mand the abrogation of the Burlingarae-Swift treaty — a treaty
through whose loopholes slave labor creeps upon our shores. We
pledge the best efforts of the democratic party of this state to the
enforcement of laws which shall permanently prohibit and prevent
such imraigration. We regard Chinese labor as an unraixed evil.
Therefore, we favor legislation providing for the deportation of the
Chinese frora this country, and their exclusion forever. In the
meantirae, and pending proper legislation upon this subject, the
deraocratic party of this state, as a friend of free labor, and in the
interest of the people, recognizes the legal right of any citizen to
eraploy whora he pleases, yet we hold that it is the right and duty
of the people of this state to withhold their patronage from the
Chiriese, arid that such labor should not be resorted to when any
other character of labor is available.
7. That we reaffirm the principle contained in the national demo
cratic platform, declaring that the democratic party is urialterably
opposed to all suraptuary legislation.
8. We conderan the great raUroad companies of this state tor
their defiance of the state power, their corrupt practices and their
persistent refusal to contribute their just and lawful proportion of
the revenue. The contempt and disgrace they thus throw upon free
governraent is a first and long step to encourage comraunism and
anarchy. If the rich may with irapunity defy the law, upon what

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 521
iprinciple, in a government which is based upon the corner stone of
¦equality, shall the poor be corapelled to yield obedience ? All law
abiding citizens should unite with the democracy in their efforts to
-exact from these powerful corporations observance of the law and
an honest and faithful discharge of their obligations to the state and
•its inhabitants.
9. We are opposed to tbe adoption of the proposed amendraent to
the constitution of this state coramonly known as the "Heath araend
raent." Its approval by the people would be in accord with the
-wishes of the non-taxpaying raonopolists of California. Our pres
ent systera of railroad taxation should not be abandoned unless the
¦suprerae court of the United States should hold ifc to be invalid. It
-¦the " Heath araendment " is adopted, the railroad corporations will
be theirown assessors, and will contribute toward the support of
igovernraent such suras only as, according to their own chosen phrase,
•"they are minded to pay," An examination and comparison of the
-official returns made for the year 1885, by the railroad corporations
to the state board of equalization, demonstrate the fact that under the
-operation of the " Heath amendment " the state and counties would
lose yearly the sura of $478,067.32. The county coraraittees of the
¦counties of this state are requested to print their tickets against
:said araendment.
10. No free people, who are unable to defend, can long maintain
their freedora. We therefore advocate the proper protection of our
coasts against invasion, and the creation of a navy and forts to re
place decayed and worthless reranants of forts and ships left to the
country by the republican adrainistration. We deera a good national
guard necessary to the safety of our country and institutions. We
'therefore favor a liberal treatraent ot our citizen soldiers and advo-
-cate raeasures to increase the efficiency of their organization.
11. We extend our syrapathy to all people struggling to engraft
"Upon their political systera the principles of individual liberty and
self governraent, and with special eraphasis do we extend that sym-
]pathy to the present heroic efforts of tbe Irish people.
12. That the democratic party recognizes the importance of the
water question and the absolute necessity for its speedy settlement,
¦and the party can and will settle it on a basis of equal and exact
justice to all interests involved. Navigation shall not be impaired
under any pretext: No class ot individuals shall take, injure, or
¦destroy the property or rights of any other class except under the
-operations of the law of eminent domain. These rights being

522 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALTFOKNTA..
guarded and protected, the waters of the state are the property of
the people of the state, to be used for irrigation, mining, manufac
turing, and other useful purposes. Appropriation of water, whether
heretofore or hereafter made, should give no right to raore water
than is absolutely used in an econoraical manner for a beneficial puiv
pose. To guard against a monopoly of water for irrigation, irriga
tion districts should have the right to acquire by purchase or con
demnation the means necessary in conducting the water to the lands-
coraprising such irrigation districts. The English law of riparian'
rights is inapplicable to the circumstances and conditions of Oali
fornia. The state may at any tirae assurae control of the diversion,,
use and distribution of water under general laws enacted for that
purpose ; provided, the state shall in no event be called upon by-
taxation, or otherwise, to construct irrigation works.
18. Believing in the fullest representation by the people in all
political -assemblies, we ask this convention to declare for the pri
raary systera of selecting delegates to all conventions of the demo
cratic party in this state, and against the practice of, county com
mittees naming representatives thereto; and, further, that it is the-
duty of every county coraraittee to carry out the work and policy of
the convention which creates it ; that the functions of every such'
committee should, therefore, be liniited to such work, and that its-
tenure of office should expire at the moment every riew couuty cori-
vention assembles.
14. That our public schools will always have the fostering care of
the democratic party of California. We deraand for them the
utmost efficiency, and a liberal expenditure, with no lirait so long as-
honesty, economy, and business method cover all their works. The
education of the children is the best guarantee of republican liberty.
15. That raining is one of the great and beneficial industries of
this state; therefore, it is the duty of the governraent to devise-
some way for raining to be continued without injury to any other-
industry. The fifth resolution in its original form occasioned considerable-
discussion, and it was amended by adding the words "But in no way
shall this be construed to prohibit the manufacture of grain bags-
and jute goods within the walls of the state prison." The platform
adopted was as reported by the committee, with the exception of the-
preceding sentences, and the fourteenth and fifteenth resolutions,.
which were added in convention.

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 523
The following resolution was offered by D. S. Terry, on Septeraber
4th, and adopted :
That we deraand the enactraent of a law whereby supplies fur
nished to all asyluras, prisons, hospitals, alrashouses, and other
institutions under the control of the state, or of counties, cities, and
towns of the state, shall be the product of white labor only; and we
pledge that the sarae shall be made the law of the state when the
, democracy shall have control of the legislature.
The following, offered by G. W. Jeffries, was also adopted :
That the democratic party of the state of Oalifornia demands the
reraoval ot every republican now in office by appointraent, except
those holding under civil service rules, and that deraocrats be ap
pointed to their placea.
On September 1st, norainations were raade for the office of jus
tice of the suprerae court. Jackson Teraple was norainated by ac
clamation for the short term, to succeed Judge Ross. For the long
term, J. F. SulUvan, Byron Waters, NUes Searls, J.M.Corcoran,
and J. W. Armstrong were placed in nomination. Before* votes
were changed, the roll-call on the first ballot showed 250 for Sulli
van, 50 for Waters, 53 for Searls, 28 for Corcoran and 100 for Arm
strong. Sullivan was therefore declared nominated. S. B. McKee
was then also placed in nomination and a ballot taken for the second
norainee for the long terra. On this second ballot McKee received
116 votes, Searls 100, Arrastrong 105, Waters 127, and Corcoran
34. There was no choice and an adjournraent was taken until the
following day. On the first ballot taken Septeraber 2nd, Waters
was norainated by 279 votes, to 107 for McKee and 106 for Searls,
Armstrong and Corcoran having been withdrawn.
For governor, A. J. Bryant, Patrick Reddy, Washington Bartlett,
0. P. Berry, and M. F. Tarpey were placed in nomination. Bryant
and Reddy were withdrawn after the first ballot, and on the second
ballot Bartlett was norainated, receiving 315 votes, to 135 for
Berry and 46 for Tarpey.
The other nominations were:
M. JF. Tarpey, for lieutenant governor, without opposition, his
opponent, 0. P. Berry withdrawing before the corapletion of the first
roll-call. Adam Herold for treasurer, over D. J. OuUahan and Jefferson G.
James.

524 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
W. 0. Hendricks for secretary of state, by acclaraation, his oppon
ent, G. W. Peckham, being withdrawn.
John P. Dunn for controller, without opposition.
G. A. Johnson for attorney-general, over John T. Carey, W. D.
¦Grady, and Edward Swinford. »
A. J. Moulder for superintendent of public instruction, by acclama
tion. E. 0. Miller for surveyor-general, over Franklin P. McCray.
J. D. Spencer for clerk of the suprerae court, by acclamation.
The following nominations were raade by the district conventions;
Merabers of board of equalization: First district, Gordon E.
Sloss; second district, 0. H. Randall; third district, 0. E. Wil
coxon; fourth district, John T. Gaffey.
Railroad coraraissioners: First district, Joseph A. Filcher; second
district, Patrick J. White ; third district, William W. Foote.
For congress: First district, Thoraas L. Thompson; second dis.
trict, Marion Biggs; third district, Henry 0. McPike; fourth dis
trict; Frank McCoppin; fifth district, Frank J. Sullivan; sixth dis
trict, Joseph D. Lynch.
After selecting a state central committee, the convention adjourned
sine die, Saturday, Septeraber 4th.
A call for a conference of farmers was issued by Eden Grange,
March 27th. It was proposed to consider the best means to remedy
the grievances of agricultural and other industrial classes, and
to arrange for placing a ticket before the people for congressional,
legislative, and county officers. The conference was held in Gran
ger's hall, Sacramento, April 8th and 9th. Fifty-one delegates,
frora sorae eleven counties were reported entitled to seats. W. 0,
Blackwood was elected teraporary, and later, permanent chairman,
It was resolved to organize, if necessary, an independent farmers'
and producers' political party. A committee was appointed to pre
pare an address to the farmers and manufacturers of the state. The
address which was reported and adopted urged the taxpayers to take
an active part in the precinct primaries in order to secure the
nomination of candidates who would use their best endeavors to re
duce public expenditures, and thereby reduce taxation. The follow
ing resolution, offered by 0. A. Hull, was adopted:
That it is the desire of this conference that the different granges
ot the state of Califomia invite the farraers of their respective
localities to asserable in raass meeting at their different halls, on the

FARMERS' CONFERENCE. 525
last Saturday in June, to then and there determine if they shall in
struct the coraraittee here appointed by this conference to call a
convention; and it is further the sense of this conference that if
they determine to call a convention, that it be called before any of
the party conventions.
The conference adjourned April 9th. On September 15th, in re
sponse to a call frora Eden and Teraescal granges some seventy-five
delegates, representing sixteen granges assembled at Granger's hall,
Sacramento, raany of the delegates being the sarae that were in at
tendance at the conference held in April. W. 0. Blackwood was
elected chairman. A committee on resolutions was appointed and it
submitted the following, which were adopted:
1. We favor an amendment of the constitution providing for the
election of United States senators by a direct vote of the people.
2. We favor the free coinage of gold and silvei-, the abolition of
national banks, the issuance by the government of its own raoney,
which shall be legal tender for all debts. That the bonds of the
governraent be paid as fast as under the law may be possible, and
that the government issue no more bonds.
3. We recognize the vast importance of a system of irrigation
for the state of Califomia, and that the ownership of water shall be
inalienably vested in the state, and shall be adrainistered and distrib
uted by the state, dividing the state into districts by natural water
sheds or catchraents, the expense to be borne by' the districts
irrigated. 4. We are in favor of a stringent law to punish adulterations of
food, drinks, and raedicines, and the use of short weights and
measures. 5. We are opposed to the "Heath amendment," which will appear
on our ballots as "against constitutional amendment No. 1."
6. We are opposed to any increase of our standing army in time
ot peace.
7. We denounce any moveraent looking toward any increase of
appropriation of state raoney for raaintaining a state militia.
8. We favor the abrogation of th'e Burlingame treaty and the ex
clusion of Chinese by all lawful means.
9. In furtherance of these ends, we ask the co-operation of all
fair-minded people. We wage no war against classes, but only
against vicious institutions. We are not content to endure
further discipline of our present rulers, who, having dominion over
money, over transportation, over the press and the machinery of the

526 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
government, wield unwarranted power over our free institutions,
and our lives, liberty, and property. ,
10. The transportation question being of the greatest importance
to the farmers and manufacturers, and especially in our low-priced
staple, wheat, we are in favor of the Eads ship railway.
11. That the fees, salaries, and emoluraents of county officers
should be reduced commensurately with the salaries paid for like
services in private business.
12. That woraan shall be placed on an equality with man in cleri
cal eraployraent in official positions.
Joel Russell was nominated for governor; J. V. Webster for
lieutenant-governor; A. L. Hart for attorney -general ; Jackson
Temple and Jereraiah F. Sullivan for justices of the suprerae court ;
H. S. Graves for state treasurer ; Ira G. Hoitt for superintendent of
public instruction ; John P. Dunn for controller ; J. D. Spencer for
clerk of the supreme court. For congress, George Ohleyer was nomi
nated frora the second district, and W. W. Smith frora the third.
0. E. Wilcoxon was nominated for meraber of the state board of
oqualization ; and W. W. Foote and J. A. Filcher for railroad
coraraissioners. The reraaining positions on the state ticket were to be filled by
the state central coraraittee, which was then appointed. This com
mittee organized by electing W. 0. Blackwood, chairraan ; S. T.
Sanders, secretary; and A. T. Dewey, treasurer. It was decided to
call the raeeting the "farmers' convention." It adjourned sine die,
September 16th.
The united labor party convention met in San Francisco, Septem
ber 24-28th. A. E. Redstone presided, and John O. Green acted
as secretary. A platform was adopted urging united action on the
part of the knights of labor, farmers, trades' unions, greenbackers,
and all friends of united labor ; recomraending governraent owner
ship of railway, telegraph, and telephone lines ; Iiraitation by taxa
tion on the accuraulation of wealth ; election of United States sena
tors by the people ; free coinage of gold and silver ; abolition of
national banks, etc. A state ticket was nominated, headed by 0. F.
McGlashan for governor, and Horace Bell for lieutenant-governor.
The state convention of the American party raet at Fresno, Sep
tember 28th, iri resporise to the following call :

CONVENTION OF AMERICAN PARTY. 527
Believing that the time has come when it is necessary that the
¦people of these United States of America should take full charge
•and control of their governraent, to the exclusion of the restless
revolutionary horde of foreigners who are now seeking our shores
from every part of the world ; and recognizing that the first and
most important duty of an Araerican is to perpetuate this govern
ment in all attainable purity and strength ; we, citizens of these
United States, do make the following declaration :
1. That all law-abiding citizens of these United States, be they
native or foreign born, are political equals, and all citizens are
-equally entitled to the protection of our laws.
2. That the- naturalization laws of the United States should be
unconditionally repealed.
3. That the soil of Araerica should belong to Araericans, and that
mOialien, resident or nori-residerit, should ever be perraitted to owu
real estate.
4. That no person, not in sympathy with our government and the
•principles upon which it is founded, should ever be permitted to im
migrate to these United States.
Whereas, The above declaration of principles was adopted by the
mass of citizens assembled at a meeting called for that purpose, and
held at Fresno city, Cal., May 27th ; and whereas, at that meeting
the two great parties ot the country were urged and requested to
incorporate said principles and doctrines into their respective plat
forras ; and whereas, said parties have, in convention assembled,
ignored said principles and doctrines, and have refused to incorporate
them into their, or either of their platforras, thereby repudiating
the best interests, wishes and rights of the Araerican voter and
property-owner ; now, then, be it resolved,
1. That a state convention of the American party asserable at
Fresno city, on Tuesday, Septeraber 2 Sth, at two o'clock p. m., for
the purpose of adopting a platform and nominating a full ticket to
contest the right, at the coraing election, of holding the various state
and federal offices for the next ensuing term.
2. All persons from all parts of the state who endorse the above
principles and doctriries are cordially arid earriestly requested to
attend said convention and participate in its labors.
By order of the executive coraraittee.
THOMAS E. HUGHES, President.
E. F. Sbllbeck, Secretary.

528 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Delegates representing eight counties were present. The follow
ing resolutions were adopted, which later were embodied in a plat
form adopted by the state central coramittee :
1. We reiterate the doctrine promulgated by the executive com
raittee of the Araerican party.
2. BeUeving that Americans should rule America, we favor the-
education of American youths, boys and girls, as artisans and
raechanics, to fill the places of foreigners, who now have nearly the
exclusive control of all the great industries of our country, save-
agriculture alone.
3. Bossisra in politics is the outgrowth of foreign influence. We
condemn ifc and declare that the American party has not and shaU
not have bosses.
4. The watfers ot the state belong to the lands they will irrigate,
and we favor a broad and comprehensive system of irrigation that-
looks to the benefit of the irrigator to the exclusion of so-called
rights of riparian and appropriator; a systera controlled by the
government, tree to all, under the control ot no class of persons, and
established and maintained by a revenue derived from those onljr
whom the system will benefit.
5. We believe in equal taxation, and to accomplish that desirable-
reform we favor the reduction of taxes on the real estate of the culti
vator of the soil and the laying of additional burdens on the-
luxuries. 6. We would foster and encourage American industries and to that
end would protect home productions and manufactures and inaugur
ate and maintain a systera that would not only exclude the cheap-
labor productions of other countries but would also exclude the cheap
laborers of all other countries and prevent their coraing here to-
corapete with Americans.
7. We believe that American free schools are indispensable sup
ports to liberty; that reason and experience both teach us that
national existence depends on the influence of liberal and refined
education. The platforra as adopted by the state central coramittee was as-
follows: Believing that the time has arrived when a due regard for the pres
ent and future prosperity of our country raakes it iraperative that
the people of the United States of Araerica should take full and
entire qontrol of their government, to the exclusion of the revolu-

CONVENTION OF AMERICAN PARTY. 529
tionary and incendiary horde of foreigners now seeking our shores
from every quarter of the world ; and recognizing that the first and
most iraportant duty of an Araerican citizen is to raaintain this
governraent in all attainable purity and strength, we, as such citi
zens, do raake the following declaration of principles:
1. That all law-abiding citizens of these United States, whether
native or foreign-born, are political equals, and all citizens are enti
tled to and should receive the full protection of the laws.
2. That the naturalization laws of the United States should be
unconditionally repealed.
3. That the soil ot Araerica should belong to Americans; that
no alien non-resident should be permitted to own real estate in the
United States, and that the real estate possessions of the resident
alien shall be limited in value and area.
4. That all persons not in sympathy with our govemment should
be prohibited from immigrating to these United States.
5. That we unqualifiedly favor, and we ask all who believe that
Araericans should rule Araerica to assist in educating the boys and
girls of American citizens as raechanics and artisaris, thus fittiug
thera to fill the places now filled by foreigners, who supply the
skilled labor and thereby alraost entiirely control all the great indus
tries of our country, save, perhaps, that of agriculture alone.
6. That we believe bossism in politics to be an outgrowth of
foreign influence. We condemn it as un-American and tending to a
corruptiofi of the ballot-box. We declare that the American party
has not and shall not have bosses.
7. That the waters of the state belong to the lands they will irri
gate, and we favor and will aid in raaintaining a broad and corapre-
hensive system of irrigation that looks to the benefit of the irrigator
as primary to the assumed rights of the riparian and the appropria
tor ; a system controlled by the governraent, free to all, under the
control of no class of persons, arid established and maintained by a
revenue derived from those whora the systera will benefit. We be
lieve the water is the property of the people, and that it should be
so used as to secure the greatest good to the greatest number.
8. That we believe in equal and just taxation, and to accomplish
this necessary reforra we favor a uniform reduction of taxes on the
real estate of the cultivator of the soil, and the imposing of
advanced rates on property coming under the head of luxuries.
9. That we are in favor of fostering and encouraging American
34

530 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
industries of every class and kind, and to that end would protect our
horae productions and raanufactures, and inaugurate and raaintain
a system that will not only exclude the cheap labor productions of
other countries, but will also exclude the cheap laborers of all other
countries, and prevent their coming here to compete with American
workingraen. 10. That we believe the Araerican free school systera the guaran
tee of huraan liberty, and that the teachings of reason and the les
sons of experience lead to the conviction that national existence
depends on the influence of universal education.
The convention norainated an incoraplete ticket and appointed a
coraraittee of seven, with authority to increase its raembers to
twenty-five, to manage the affairs of the party.
John F. Swift, the republican candidate, was norainated for gov
ernor, but he declined the noraination in the following letter :
Feank M. Pixley, Esq., Editor Argonaut:
Dear Sir : I observed in this morning's issue of the Argonaut that
twelve gentleraen, whose naraes are not given, have done me the
honor to nominate rae for governor upon what is printed in the paper
as an 'Araerican ticket," with my name at the head. The supposed
views of the twelve gentlemen are set forth in the same issue of your
journal, and coincide substantiaUy with the opinions which have been
urged by the Argonaut for sorae years past. I do not agree with
those views. I can easily understand how you, in your kind feeling
toward rae personally, based upon our long-standing friendly rela
tions, should be willing to vote for me, even though conscious, as I
know you to be, that I do not agree with the Argonaut in its atti
tude toward Roman Catholics and foreign-born citizens.
But I can not so easily understand why the twelve gentlemen you
refer to should also desire to confer this unsolicited and undesired
honor upon me. But I am not sorry they have done so, for it gives '
me an opportunity of expressing my opinions upon the questions
raised by your article.
I have never in my life, either in public or private, expressed or
entertained any such views as are contained in the article- suggesting
my name, and which the twelve gentlemen are understood to agree
with. I have never made or felt any distinction between men of our
race, citizens or not citizens, on account of their nationality or re
ligion, and I never shall.

CONVENTION OF AMERICAN PARTY. 53I
I believe that the policy adopted in the early days of the republic,
of extending the right of citizenship to all Europeans, in order to
encourage their coraing hither, was a wise policy, and I would not
change it if I had the power. And I think, further, that even if
the policy as an original question was ot doubtful advantage, it is in
my opinion in the highest degree unjust, and unwise because unjust,
to agitate the matter over again atter millions ot good men and excel
lent citizens have accepted the invitation and acted upon it.
I believe that Roraan Catholics are as loyal to republican institu
tions and to the United States as protestant christians or people of
any other faith. And I believe that they, whether born in the
United States or in foreign lands, if citizens, ought to enjoy pre
cisely the sarae right as to holding office, and all other rights of
citizeriship under the constitution and laws, with rayself or any
other native-born citizen.
Such being my views, as you know — I may say almost better than
anybody, for I have so often told you so — I take it for granted the
twelve gentlemen will not want me longer at the head of their ticket,
but will proraptly take rae down.
But whatever raay be their wishes on that subject, I beg that you
will see that ray narae is taken down, and not again printed in that
connection. I ara, dear sir, very truly arid sincerely, your friend,
John F. Swift.
824 Valencia street, San Francisco, September 18, 1886.
The name of Swift was accordingly withdrawn, and the nomination
given to P. D. Wigginton.
' The other nominations were as follows : Frank M. Pixley for
lieutenant-governor; 0. N. Wilson for. secretary ot state; J. E.
Denny for controller; George T. White for treasurer; Alfred A.
Daggett for attorney-general ; Ira G. Hoitt for superintendent of
public instruction; Theodore Reichert for surveyor-general ; Samuel
Frew for clerk of suprerae court. F. M. Pixley declined, and R. W.
Waterraan was substituted as the norainee for lieutenant-governor.
The completed ticket as prepared by the state central coraraittee, in
cluded the foregoing and Jackson Teraple, A. Van R. Paterson, and
Thomas B. McFarland for justices of the supreme court; for railroad
commissioners, Henry Wilson frora flrst district, J. M. Litchfleld
frora secorid district, and James W. Rea frora third district; for
congress, Charles A. Garter frora flrst district, W. 0. Clark from

532 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
second district, H. 0. McPike frora third district, W. W. Morrow from
fourth district, Charles N. Felton from fifth district, and William
Vandever frora sixth district ; for merabers ot the stafce board of
equalizafcion, J. S. Reynolds frora first district,. 0. H. Randall from
second district, Thoraas Bair, frora third district and John T. Gaffey
frora fourth district.
The state central coraraittee was coraposed of F. G. Berry, W. L.
Dickinson, S. Hannon, George M. McLane, J. R. White, E. B.
Churchill, N. M. Orr, W. J. Hunt, P. E. Platt, Jaraes McNeal, John
F. Taylor, J. M. Bassett, Jubal Clark, W. A. Caswell, Moses Rogers,
F. M. Pixley, George W. Grayson, E. M. Freeman, Wm. Irelan, Sr.,
Robert Ash, J. F. Chapraan, 0. W. Weston, 0. B. Culver, P.
Veasey, W. B. Collier, J. B. Whitney, Jaraes Durhara, W. M.
Hanks, and James B. Havner.
The state election was held November 2d, and resulted in the
election ot the deraocratic candidates for governor, secretary of state,
controller, treasurer, attorney -general, clerk ot the suprerae court,
associate justice for the unexpired term, a railroad commissioner,
three raerabers of the state board of equalization, and two congress
raen; while on the republican ticket were elected the candidates for
lieutenant-governor, surveyor-general, superintendent of public in
struction, two associate justices, two railroad coraraissioners, one
raember ot the state board of equalization and four congressmen.
By the death of Bartlett, September 12th, 1887, Lieutenant-governor
Waterman becarae governor. The official returns were as follows:
For governor— Washington Bartlett, 84,970 ; John F. Swift, 84,-
816; Joel RusseU, 6,432; P. D. Wigginton, 7,347; 0. C. O'Don
nell, 12,227.
For lieutenant-governor — R. W. Waterman, 94,969; M. F. Tar
pey, 92,476; A. D. Boren, 5,836; Horace BeU, 1,658.
For secretary of state — William 0. Hendricks, 93,481; Walter
S. Moore, 87,647; Frank E. Kellogg, 4498; 0. N. Wilson, 5,940. '
For controller— John P. Dunn, 95,469; J. E. Denny, 94,833;
J. A. Fairbanks, 4921.
For treasurer— Adam Herold, 91,572; J. H. Neff, 90,963; H. S.
Graves, 5,822; George T. White, 5,717.
For attorney-general — George A. Johnson, 98,102; W. H. H.
Hart, 91,716; George Babcock, 5,146; Alfred Daggett, 5,533.
For surveyor-general — Theodore Reichert, 98,240; E. 0. Miller,
91,398; George B. Tolman, 5,976.

RESULT OF ELECTION. 533
For clerk of the suprerae court— J. D. Spencer, 92,589; James A.
Orr, 90,705; JuUus Lyons, 5,258; Sarauel Frew, 3,554; Sarauel True
(wrongly printed), 1,594.
For superintendent of public instruction — Ira G. Hoitt, 94,448;
Andrew J. Moulder, 94,250; D. A. Mobley, 3,868.
.For associate justices of supreme court, full term — A. Van R.
Paterson, 101,685; T. B. McFarland, 96,884; Jeremiah F. Sullivan,
92,741; Byron Waters, 90,853; Wra. 0. Murphy, 5,292. Unexpired
terra— Jackson Temple, 108^645; Noble Harailton, 83,837.
For railroad commissioner, first district — A. Abbott, 35,069; J. A.
Filcher, 33,804; Henry Wilson, 520; W. C. Damon, 155; 0. Bate
man, 588. Second district— P. J. White, 23,120; J. M. Litchfield,
22,858; John 0. Green, 2,496. Third district— James W. Rea,
36,466; W. W. Foote, 36,283; S. M. McLean, 8,174.
Meraber of state board of equalization, first district — Gordon E.
Sloss, 22,161; A. 0. Dithraar, 20,663; Waldron Shear, 2,207; J. S.
Reynolds, 283. Second district — L. 0. Morehouse, 22,760; Charles
H. RandaU, 20,688; A. J. Gregg, 1,048. Third district— 0. E.
Wilcoxon, 24,338; John Beattie, Jr., 23,627; J. L. Mansfield, -9 19;
Thoraas Bair, 600. Fourth district— John T. Gaffey, 27,222; M.
D. HaraUton, 24,458; L. B. Hogue, 2,587.
For representatives in congress, first district — Thoraas L, Thomp
son, 16,499; Charles A. Garter, 15,526; L. W. Simmons, 849. Sec
ond district— Marion Biggs, 17,667; J. 0. Oampbell, 16,594; W. 0.
Clark, 1,076. Third district— H. 0. McPike, 13,277; Joseph Mc
Kenna, 15,801; W. W. Sraith, 707. Fourth district— W. W. Mor
row, 11,418: Frank McCoppin, 9,854; Chas. A. Suraner, 2,104;
Robert Thompson, 84 Fifth district — Charles N. Felton, 16,328;
F. J. SuUivan, 16,209; A. E. Redstone, 470; 0. Henderson, 460.
Sixth district— W. Vandever, 18,259; Joseph D. Lynch, 18,204;
W. A. Harris, 2,159.

CHAPTER XXXIV.
1888. Prohibition Convention. — Republican Convention, May rst. —
Democratic Convention. — American Party Convention. — Republi
can Convention, July 31st.
The executive coraraittee of the prohibition party raet at San
Francisco, January 24th, and arranged for the holding of a

534 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
convention in the sarae city on the fourth ot April following. On
that date the convention assembled at Metropolitan haU. John Bid-
well was elected teraporary chairraan, and permanent chairman on
the subsequent organization of the convention. The coraraittee on
credentials reported two hundred and seventy-seven delegates enti
tled to seats.
The following platforra was adopted :
1. The prohibition party of California declares itself in alliance
with the great national organization, having prohibition for its first
organic law and governing motive, and is in sympathetic co-operation
with all reforms calculated to advance the moral and material wel
fare of the whole American people. Whereas, the legalized and
tolerated liquor traffic is a legalized infamous crime which is visited
with a corresponding curse upon our country and people, and is a
war against Araerican civilization and liberty, and is subversive of
all things which good men and women love and value, we earn
estly invite all good citizens, without distinction of sex, race, sect, or
party, to unite with us fco stamp out this death-dealing plague. We
demand the extinction of the raanufacture, import, export, transport
and sale of all intoxicating beverages by law enforced by effective
preventive penalties. And we pledge ourselves to give our vote and
influence only for persons or parfcies comraitted and pledged to use all
proper means to this end, — fldelity to this plank being our only test
of party fealty.
2. We invite to this work the inteUigent, law-respecting, and order-
loving men and woraen of this state; those who are interested inthe
protection and education of its youth, in elevating its raoral stand
ards, preserving the union of states, and in developing and perpetuat
ing christian civilization throughout the world.
3. We declare that the manufacture, sale, and use of alcoholic
drinks is the greatest evil of the country and the age ; that the
traffic enslaves women and degrades children, debases youth and
wrecks manhood, corrupts ballots and injures public service, peoples
prisons and tills insane asylums, breeds paupers and criminals, im
poses enormous burdens of taxation, destroys capital and ruins
labor; degrades, irapoverishes, and destroys our horaes, and, through
organized and crirainal conspiracies, subverts law and order. So be
lieving, we declare the cardinal principles of our party to be prohi
bition, by constitutional amendraent, ot the manufacture of all
alcoholic liquors not demanded for medicinal, mechanical, or scientific
use; and the regulation by law, under severe penalties, of the sale of

PROHIBITION CONVENTION. 535
alcoholic liquors for such use, and the absolute and total prohibition
of the sale for any other purpose.
4. We believe that voting for raen or parties that license the
drarashop is an active participation in all the guilt of the dramseller
and his license.
5. We hail with pleasure the cultivation of the grape in this
state, as offering our people a most pleasant, healthful, and reraunora
tive occupation, and an incalculable and inexhaustible mine of
wealth for many centuries to come. An unliraited raarket will
always be found for all the raisins, syrups, canned fruit, and fresh
grapes that the state can produce. We denounce the prostitution of
the grape industry to the raanufacture of wine, brandy or other in
toxicating liquors.
6. We emphatically protest against all state aid for the encourage
ment of the business of making intoxicating drinks.
7. We declare that Sunday is an institution so interwoven into
our laws, our custoras, our civilization, and the very structure of our
government, so intricately and beneficently connected with our
social, business, and raoral life, that we cannot dispense with it
without sacrificing the very best interests of the country and the
highest welfare of the whole people. And so believing, we demand
the enactraent and enforcement of an inteUigent and rational Sun
day law.
8. We are in favor of the universal and enforced education of the
youth of our state, including instruction in regard to the effects of
alcohol upon the human systera, with araple provision for the sup
port of an adequate systera ot free public schools.
9. We recognize the noble services of woraan in the teraperarice
reforra, and in every elevating, purifying, beneficent work affecting
the interest of our race, and we believe that enlightened patriotisra
and raanly courage demand the assertion at this tirae that woman is
entitled of right to the privileges of the elective franchise.
10. We gratefully recognize the heroic and successful work of the
Woman's Christian Temperance Union — national, state, and local —
and welcorae our sisters as the strong right arm of the prohibition
reforra and of our party, and we laraent the injustice and raisfortune
that deprive our cause of the help of their ballots.
11. That we syrapathize with every proper effort to iraprove th
moral, social, and financial condition of the laborer and the wage-
earner, and urge this question as a proper subject of legislative
enactment. But we declare that total abstinence for the individua

536 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
and the prohibition ot the liquor traffic by the state lie at the thresh-
hold of labor reform.
1 2. That the sectional feeling between the north and south should
be obliterated. Let us therefore know no north, south, east or
west, but combine in a fraternal union to free the nation from the
blighting curse of rum.
13. We demand that the inheritance of the children ot Araerica
in this country shall be preserved, and that the iramigration of
criminal and dangerous classes be positively prohibited; and to that
end we demand a reformation of our naturalization laws.
14. We favor the governraent ownership and control of railroads
and telegraphs, seeing that otherwise they will soon own and control
the governraent.
15. We commend a complete reform in the civil service, and
the application of sound business principles to the selection ot
officers for the public service.
16. We favor the election ot United States senators by a direct
vote of the people.
Delegates to the national convention were elected as follows :
At large — Mrs. Joel Russell, Samuel Fowler, John H. Hector,
Jesse YarneU, John BidweU, and R. H. McDonald. ,
Provisional delegates — W. W. Smith, 0. J. Oovillaud, L. J.
Becket, Mrs. Whitmore, John Dewey, and W. H. Somers.
First district — L. Ewing, J. Robinson. Alternates — L. B. Scran
ton, Mrs. F. A. Lake.
Second district— W. O. Clark, S. M. McLean. Alternate— L.
W. Elliott.
Third district— 0. H. Dunn, J. WeUs. Alternates— W, W-
Smith, S. P. Meads.
Fourth district — R. H. McDonald, Mrs. Skelton.
Fifth district— L. W. Kiraball, T. B. Stewart. Alternate— L. J.
Becket. Sixth district— H. C. Witner, W. R. Goodwin.
The following were chosen presidential electors: Jesse F. Wilson,
W. H. Briggs, A. J. Gregg, H. H. Luse, Charies W. Pedlar, A. D.
Boren. Robert Thorapson was norainated for chief justice of the supreme
court.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 537
The republican state central coraraittee raet at San Francisco,
March 14th, and issued a call for a conventiori to raeet at Sacra
mento on May 1st following, to elect delegates to the national repub
lican convention. The convention raet in the asserably charaber,
and was called to order by A. P. Williams, chairraan of the state cen
tral committee. M. M. Estee was elected temporary, and later, per
manent chairman. The committee on platform and resolutions was
composed ot Grove L. Johnson, J. A. Barbara, S. D. Woods, John
A. Eagon, L. B. Mizner, W. H. Dimond, A. P. Williams, John F.
Swift, T. G. Phelps, H. V. Morehouse, R. B. Carpenter, R. 0. Gas-
kUl, F. S. Sprague, W. S. Woods, George A. Knight, and N. P.
Chipman. The following was submitted as a raajority report:
1. We heartily indorse the administration of Governor Water
man as able, honest, and economical, giving good promise for the
future, and as demonstrating raost conclusively that the affairs of
ithe state of California can be conducted upon business principles,
with honor to the officer, satisfaction to the people and credit to the
: state. 2. We commend the republican merabers of the house' of repre-
:sentatives from California, Messrs. McKenna, Felton, Morrow and
Vandever, for their fidelity to the interests of their constituents, and
for the ability with which they have discharged the duties of their
high and responsible positions. One and all they deserve well of
•the people.
3. For raore than the third of a century the senior senator frora
California has lived amongst us. He was our war governor, and in
the hour of the nation's suprerae peril he rendered most important
and illustrious services to his country. The executive skill displayed
-by him in private and in public life, his commanding business
ability, his intimate and thorough acquaintance with public affairs,
the clean record made by' him in all official positions, as well as in the
•business world, his loyalty ever raanifested to Califomia, his broad
and unparalleled philanthropy, which has dedicated a princely for
tune to the erection and raaintenance of an institution where the
-advantages of the highest education will be open, without cost, to
the child of the poorest laborer, as well as the scion of the raillion-
aire, his entire freedom from factional feeling or strife in the party,
added to his purity of character and lifelong devotion to the princi-
j)les of the republican party, justly entitle Leland Stanford to the
-confidence of the people of California.

588 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
4. We hail with pleasure the action of the republican United-
States senate in its araendment to the so-called bond purchase bill,,
made in the iriterest of silver coinage; and we denounce the con
duct of the deraocratic house of representatives in smothering the-
bill and amendment in committee, at the reprehensible dictation of
the president, as bad policy, conducive only to the benefit of the-
speoulators in gold. We demand the remonetization of silver and its
free coinage, believing that its rehabilitation as lawful money equal
to gold will be of great advantage to the people, particularly the-
poorer classes of our citizens. We favor the issue by the national
government of certificates for every dollar of silver bullion deposited.
in its vaults, for by so doing the country will be furnished with a
safe /currency adapted to the wants of the people and increasing in
amount with the wealth and population of our nation.
5 We view with alarm the increase of imraigration into the^
United States of anarchists, nihilists, and socialists and other unde
sirable persons who have no just appreciation of political liberty or
understanding of the duties or dignities of Araerican citizens ; and i
we favor such legislation as will prevent the coming of such persons -
into our country. We demand the rigid enforcement of the law
whicii provides for the exclusion of European or other laborers-
under contract from our shores. We deraand the strictest and most
rigid enforcement, in their true spirit as well as their letter, ot the
naturalization laws by the various courts of the state.
6. The republican party, from its birth, has always been the
special friend of the free public schools of the country. We are
now, as ever, in favor of the most watchful care over such schools, to
the end that they may be kept forever free from sectarian or politi
cal influences. The education of the children of the land is the-
sacred duty ot the citizens thereof. That duty can only be properly
perforraed by strict attention to the details of their manageraent, as-
well as to the funds so lavishly provided by the people for their sup
port. • The end of popular governraent in America will quickly and'
surely follow the disintegration of the schools or the school fund,
hence all attacks made thereon, whether open or covert, in the name
of politics or religion, must be sternly discountenanced and promptly
defeated. The republican party calls attention with pardonable
pride to its labors in the past for our free public schools as a bound
less guaranty for its conduct in the future.
7. We arraign the present deraocratic adrainistration of the coun-

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 539
try as having been false at once to its pledges and the interests of
the nation confided to its care. Its foreign polioy has been charac
terized by cowardly stupidity and the absence of any true Araerican
spirit. The dorainion of Canada, not even an independent power,
destroys our fishing fleet, raaltreats its owners, and ruins our fisher
men, without any effort at redress being made by the government.
Weak and distracted Mexico, that exists as a nation merely by suf
ferance, iraprisons and judicially raurders our citizens, without even
a protest frora Washirigton authorities. The barbarians of Morocco,
once soundly whipped by Araerican sailors, now insult the United
States consul, while confiscating the property and scourging the
bodies ot United States citizens, with no reproof or punishment.
The erapire ot Gerraany forces naturalized citizens into its army,
despite their pleas as Araericans for protection arid exeraption, and
no deraand for their release is made or insisted upon. Its home
policy has been one unbroken series of assaults upon the faith of the
nation and abject subserviency to the south and its sectional
deraands. Mairaed veterans of the war that saved the union are
displaced from office to raake roora for unrepentant rebels. The
civil service rules are fiagrantly disregarded in all the large cities
of the nation, that the thugs of Baltiraore, the heelers of Phila
delphia and the "b'hoys" of NewYork may receive reward for their
fraudulent election services. The cry for aid from. the suffering and
dependent poor of that grand array of soldiers and sailors who fol
lowed Grant and Porter, Sherraan and Farragut, to victory, is
contemptuously disregarded and the pension law bill for them is
vetoed, while every bill for the payment of clairas from southern
brigadiers for losses in the war is promptly signed.
8. The interests of the navy have been shamefully neglected and our
flag perraitted to be discredited by reason of the inability of our ships ,
of war to sail the ocean, or to resist a collision in peaceful waters with an
ordinary yacht. The whole seaboard coast of the country has been left
unprotected, and not a dollar has been expended in its defense, until to
day our great cities are at the raerey of the ironclads of blustering
tenth-rate powers, while our forts in Sari Frarioisco harbor are destitute
of powder enough even to fire a salute of welcorae to visiting men-
of-war of friendly nations ; and at the same time the vast surplus
accuraulated by econoraical republican adrainistrations has been
allowed to reraain unused in the treasury vaults, a^ standing invita
tion to corrupt schemes ot bounty legislation.
9. And, flnaUy, the raagnificent raanufacturing and industrial

540 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
interests of the whole people, so long the boast ot every true citizen,
have been and are now threatened with total destruction by the
free-trade fallacies, born of a belief in the principles of the beaten
southern confederacy, and given power in the halls of congress by a
solid south, led by the sarae forces and filled with the sarae spirit
that raade secession possible and the civil war a necessity.
10. We regard the presence of the Chinese in our raidst as an evil
fraught with the most dangerous consequences to the people and
country alike. We rejoice that our eastern brethren have at last
awakened to the curses inevitably attendant upon the admixture ot
Chinese with Anglo-Saxon or English-speaking population, and we
beg them to heed our warning, ere it becomes too late to save the
republic from the myriad hordes of Asiatic barbarians that threaten
to overwhelm us with their nurabers and custoras. We demand the
unconditional repeal and abrogation of all laws or treaties that per
mit these Mongolian locusts to land upon our shores, and the enaot-
merit of such laws as will speedily rid us of those now here. We
denounce the treaties suggested by the president and his secretary of
¦state as mere trifling with a great question and unworthy the sup
port ot any good citizen.
11. The theory upon which this nation was founded is that the
majority shall govern. To ascertain the will of that majority elec
tions are held, at which, in theory, the people express their senti
ments, and their ballots when counted decide the results. Practically,
however, such is not the case in some of the states of this union
dominated by the' democratic party and officered by the chiefs ot the
late southern confederacy. The perpetuity of our free government
depends upon the fact that there shall be a fair ballot and an honest
count in every precinct of every county ot every state in the federal
union. Up to the present time, such is not the case in a nuraber of
states of this uniori, but, on the contrary, the will of the majority
therein is stifled by fraud and violence, and the republican majori
ties which would be given in six of the southem states are sup
pressed by the bowie-knife and the shotgun. We demand of the
national adrainistration that it secure to republicans and deraocrats
alike this inestimable blessing ot a free citizen, that his vote shall
be freely given and honestly counted, whether it is cast in the state
of Louisiana or Massachusetts, in Mississippi or California; and until
the tirae coraes when every citizen of whatever color shall be per
mitted openly to express his sentiraents in all parts of the union,
and his vote shall be freely given and honestly counted, the day of

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 541
reconstruction, raade necessary by the blackness of an unholy rebel
lion, is not yet ended. We pledge the entire energies of the
republican party to securing the desired result of a free ballot and
an honest count in every state.
1 2. We proclaim anew our allegiance to the doctrine that protec
tion to our home industries is the fundamental law of our nation's
career. The republican party for a quarter of a century has been
the defender of that principle, and has raaintained it in full force in
national affairs, and to-day appeals to the people to support that
doctrine, because of the glorious results that have followed its en
forcement. Under its beneficent influence, the industrial, mechani
cal, and manufacturing industries of the United States have devel
oped with marvelous rapidity, filling the whole land with the
healthful rausic of loora and forge, of shop and factory, and enabling.
by their productive and enlarging capacity the country to absorb,
without financial or social disturbance, a raillion soldiers into peace
ful pursuits ; to bear with ease an unprecedented uatiorial debt,
frequently to reduce the interest, and regularly each month the
principal ot that debt ; to give remunerative eraployraent to the
labor and capital of Araerican citizens and to make the credit of our
country so good that its bonds sell at a preraiura equal to one-fourth
of their par value. We denounce the effort now being raade to alter
the Araerican protective systera as an attempt by foreign capitalists,
northern theorists, and southern scheraers to place the underpaid aud
poorly-fed labor of the old world into unfair corapetition with the
full-paid and full-fed labor of our country, and thus to degrade the
American -ivorkingman to a level with the paupers of Europe. We
believe in judicious and enlightened tariff reform, but deraand that
such reform be initiated by the friends, not the enemies of the
American protective systera, and that it be carefully timed, so as to
give all our varied industries an equal chance in the comraerce ot
the nation and the world.
13. The republicans of this state four years ago instructed their
delegates to the national republican convention to vote for Jaraes G.
Blaine, and we regret his refusal to allow his narae to be used as a
candidate at the coming national convention. The republicans of
the state of California, through this convention, now reiterate their
confidence in the integrity, patriotisra and erainent ability, as well
as their adrairation for the conspicuous public services of Jaraes G.
Blaine and we are proud of his career as an-Araerican statesraan.

542 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
George A. Knight presented the following as a minority report :
That while the republican party contains many men who, by their
recognized ability and devotion to the principles of the party, have
proved theraselves worthy of public support and confidence and capa
bility of filling honorably the highest gift of the people, the repub
lican party recognizes in the Hon. James G. Blaine an eminently
able and tried exponent of the principles of protection of home
indpstries, of large experience in public life, of the purest publio
and private character, and possessing in a marked degree those per
sonal qualities which would do honor to the office of president ot the
United States, but leave our delegates unpledged and unembarrassed
by instructions, and free to act for the best interests of the country.
The minority report was rejected, and the majority report
adopted. John F. Swift, Creed Haymond, Henry T. Gage, and M. M. Estee
were elected delegates at large to the national convention, with N.
W. Spaulding, E. P. Danforth, Richard Gird, and J. A. Clayton as
their respective alternates. Delegates from the congressional dis
tricts were elected as follows: First district, H. W. Byington and
J. F. Ellison; alternates, W. H. Pratt and M. 0. Been. Second
district, D. E. Knight and A. M. Sirapson; alternates, W. A. Long
and W. G. Long. Third district, R. D. Robbins and Eli S. Deni
son; alternates, M. P. Ivory and W. 0. Van Fleet. Fourth district,
W. H. Diraond and 0. F. Crocker; alternates, John T. Cutting and
David McClure. Fifth district, M. H. De Young and F. 0. Franck;
alternates, P. Beamish and Duncan McPherson. Sixth district,
H. L. Osborne and Paris Kilburn; alternates, J. M. Martin and F.
H. Heald.
The convention adjourned sine die on May 1st, having finished
its work in one day.
The democratio state central coraraittee raet at San Francisco,
April 2d, and issued a call tor a convention to be held at Los Ange
les, on May 15th. On that day the convention met and was caUed
to order by W, D. English, chairman of the state central committee.
R. F. Del Valle was elected teraporary chairraan, and permanent
chairraan on final organization. The coramittee on platform and
resolutions consisted of Stephen M. White, J. A. HiU, E. S. Lip
pitt, D. A. Ostrora, A. 0. Paulsell, W. S. Manlove, W. W. Foote,
P. J. Murphy, P. F. Dunne, N. Bowden, John Foley, W. H. Ham-

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 543
-mond, J. P. Haynes, E. W. Townsend, U. S. Gregory, Russell
Heath, and J. W. Levison.
The committee raade the following report, which was unani
mously adopted :
We indorse the administration of Grover Cleveland. His earnest
and intelligent efforts in the interests of the people have justly won
the plaudits of all patriotic citizens. When he was elected to per-
-forra the duties of the high office the functions ot which he has so
ably discharged, our political opponents confidently avowed that his
.incurabency would result in disaster and ruin. The prosperity whioh
has accompanied his adrainistration, the unflagging zeal which he
has manifested in promoting the welfare ot all, the unsullied char
acter of the public servants of his selection by whom he is sur
rounded have deraonstrated that the people were right in deraanding
• a change of adrainistration, and that the perraanency of our insti
tutions and the maintenance of our proud position as a people de
pend upon democratic ascendency. The democracy, under the
leadership of Grover Cleveland, seeks to deal at once with the issues
•of the day and to utilize governmental authority to improve the
-condition of the governed. The republican organization, controlled
as it is by persons whose transgressions have driven them frora place,
.seeks restoration to power by appealing to issues buried in the ob
livion of a quarter of a century. Its aspiration, as contained in
the declarations of its leaders, is to revive dissensions and discord,
which have long since been forgotten by all right-thinking men.
The deraocracy is pledged to an equitable revision of the tariff.
The republican party, while admitting the inequality and injustice
¦of the revenue laws enacted under the excitement and necessities
-of a great war, persistently fails to suggest any reform, and obsti
nately seeks to defeat all efforts directed at the adoption of a just
and comprehensive measure. We believe in fostering American
-industry, but we oppose the subsidizing of great monopolies and the
centralization of raoney in the hands of a few autocrats "whose airas
and wishes are wholly at variance with the welfare of the toilers of
the land. We heartily indorse that progressive measure, commen
surate with and raade necessary by the growth and needs of our
-country, the raessage of the president urging a reforra in our tariff
'which will lessen the exactions now practiced upon our people.
1. That this convention recoraraend the passage of an act of con
gress providing for the free coinage of both gold and silver, by the

544 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
terms of which act. all gold and silver bullion offered at the severat
mints of the United States shall be received in exchange for money,
or gold or silver certificates, at the rate now fixed by law for stand
ard dollars of gold and silver, which certificates shall be receivable
for public purposes and interchangeable for gold and silver, as the
case may be.
2. We are, as ever, absolutely opposed to Chinese iraraigration..
We congratulate the people upon the success which has attended
the efforts of the deraocratic administration in so araending our
treaty with, the Chinese empire as to practically exclude the Mongol
ian from our shores. Long years of republican control failed to
accoraplish this result, and it was left for the adrainistration of
Grover Cleveland to forraulate successfully a treaty which settles a
question with which republicans have been incorapetent to deal. By
this treaty all prior-residence pleas are rendered ineffectual, and all
return certificates now extant absolutely invalidated. We pledge-
our representatives in congress to procure the enactraent of such.
legislation as will render it irapossible for republican federal judges-
to defeat its purposes or nullify the provisions of a treaty which has
for the first tirae rendered absolute exclusion possible.
3. The public lands of the United States should be disposed of to-
actual settlers only. During republican dorainancy, immense bodies-
of the national doraain passed into the hands of corporate and for
eign syndicates forraed for the creation of individual fortunes. The
terras of these grants were persistently violated by the beneficiaries,.
and these violations passed unheeded until a democratic administra
tion, in obedience to the platforra of its principles and the last na
tional convention, declared thera forfeited, thus tendering to those-
seeking homes in good faith more than forty raillions of acres which,
had been withheld frora the people under republican rule for the-
benefit of the selfish few. We comraend the policy of Grover
Cleveland in this regard, and congratulate our chief executive upon
the success which has attended the administration of the affairs of
the United States land and survey offices within the state of Calir
fornia. 4 We are in favor of the election of United States senators by
direct vote of the people of the several states, anjd earnestly urge
the adoption of such an amendment to the constitution of the Unite(£
States as will accoraplish that result.
5. That the deraocracy of this state hereby proclaims itself in,
favor of the establishraent of a postal telegraph law, whereby the

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 545
general government shall combine with its present cheap postal
systera a systera of cheap postal telegraphy.
6. We endorse the action and policy of our deraocratic senator
and representatives in congress, and are confident that the welfare
of our state is safe in their keeping.
7. That we favor the enactment of such measures as shall place
our various industries on an equality before the law in the use and
distribution of the waters of the streams of this state for irrigation,
mining, mUling, and other beneficial purposes.
8. We coramend the action of our democratic state officials in
pressing the Califomia tax cases toward ultimate decisions, and hope
this most important issue will not be perraitted to rest without final
adjudication upon its raerits. We once more condemn the acts of
those corporations which have persistently refused to pay their law
ful portion of thepublic revenue. This failure to respond to a just
demand has seriously contracted the public school fund and must
render our educational systera less effective until collection is
enforced or the honest taxpayer is compelled to contribute beyond
his propo^-tionate share. The republican party, ever sincere in its
professions, has finally disavowed all intention to resist the deraands
of its corporate raasters. It refuses to stigmatize their encroach
ments or to question their misconduct, but on the contrary, as the
action of its late state convention deraonstrates, yields ready compli
ance to their dictation. , While tully appreciating the benefits of
organized capital, we declare that the protection of those privileges
which our constitution declares are the coramon heritage, is par
amount to the increase of individual wealth.
9. We believe that the public should be protected from the great
non-taxpaying trusts and corporations - which now challenge the
authority of the governraent. The deraocratic party was founded to
maintain the interests and liberties of the people ; it alone is cora
petent to resist those enoroachraents which imperil the safety of the
state. The republican party, while professing to be the friend of
labor, has demonstrated by its uniforra action that its tendencies are
toward the creation of monopolies and trusts through whose instru
mentality alone it hopes to perpetuate its existence. The demo
cratic party eraanated from the people. Its aim has always been to
care for the weak and to be just to the strong. While ifc is ever
ready to promote the industries and to stimulate enterprise, it will
never permit wealth to shirk its rightful obligations or to impose

546 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA:
upon poverty the expenses of a governraent formed for the benefit of
all. 10. That in the death of our late governor, Washington Bartlett,
the state of California lost an upright citizen and an honorable and
conscientious executive. As county clerk and raayor of San Fran
cisco, and as senator from that city, he gave unmistakable proof of
his capability and integrity. Elevated to the high office of govemor
ot the state, he had but just begun to give the people the benefits of his
great experience when he was suraraoned to his lasting rest. Appre
ciating the lofty qualities which made him the favorite of the people,
we join in the universal sorrow which has followed his untimely
demise. His life fumishes an example which may be well imitated.
His faithful discharge of public duties demonstrated the sincerity of
his democracy.
11. As Grover Cleveland possesses the great qualities essential to
a chief magistrate of this great republic, and satisfied that the most
sacred interests of the people have never been committed to purer
or abler keeping, we express the earnest hope that he will for a
second time be selected as the standard-bearer of the deraocratic
party. Norainations were raade as follows:
For electors-at-large: B. D. Murphy and 0. P. Berry, they receiv
ing 866 and 479 votes respectively, to 185 for John P. Irish. R.
B. Mitchell and H. J. Corcoran were elected alternates.
Niles Searls for chief justice, on the second ballot, by 284 votes to
179 for J. F. SuUivan, and 47 for J. W. Armstrong.
J. F. Sullivan for associate justice.
For representatives in congress: first district, Thomas L. Thorap
son; second district, Marion Biggs; third district, Ben Morgan;
Fourth district, Robert Ferral; fifth district, Thomas J, Clunie;
sixth district, R. B. Terry.
For presidential electors : First district, F. Beringer ; alternate,
E. S. Lippitt. Second district, A. Carainetti ; alternate, A. T.
Vogelsang. Third district, Charles A. Jenkins; alternate, E. K
Leake. Fourth district, P. J. Murphy; alternate, P. F. Dunne.,
Fifth district, N. Bowden ; alternate, Joseph Napthaly. Sixth dis
trict, Byron Waters ; alternate, B. S, Hayne.
For delegates to national deraocratic convention : At large, M. F.
Tarpey, Stephen M. White, Clay W. Taylor, arid W. D. English ;
alternates, R. M. Fitzgerald, Victor Montgomery, M. T. Dooling,

CONVENTION OF AMERICAN PARTY. 547
and E. H. Bryant; first district, Jaraes E. Murphy and Robert
Cosner; alternates, F. E. Johnston and W. P. Mathews; second dis
trict, J. A. Filcher and George H. Castle; alternates, J. D. Young
and L. BurweU; third district, J. J. White and E. G. Blessing ;
alternates, E. McGettigan and L. B. Adaras ; fourth district, Joseph
Clark and Edward Curtis; alternates, Samuel Newraan and S.
Braunhart; fifth district, 0. T. Ryland and Maurice Schmidt; alter
nates, J. S. Potts and 0. P. Stone; sixth district, WUUara Graves
and V. D. Knupp ; alternates, B. Cohn and W. D. Grady.
The convention adjourned sine die. May 17th.
Pursuant to a resolution adopted by the state central coraraittee
ot the Araerican party. May 16th, the convention assembled in Pio
neer hall, San Francisco, July 4th. Two hundred and seventeen
delegates were present, representing raore than halt the counties
of the State. L. A. Garnett was elected teraporary chairraan. P. D.
Wigginton, S. S. Holl, A. A. Daggett, B. 0. Cuvillier, V. J. Robert
son, W. L. Peet, Chapman, Norton, and Wilson were appointed
merabers of the coramittee on platform and resolutions. On per
manently organizing, P. D. Wigginton was elected chairman with
out opposition, and A. A. Daggett and S. S. Holl. vice-chairmen.
The following platforra was adopted :
Whereas, Believing that the tirae has arrived when a due regard
for the present and future prosperity of our country makes it im
perative that the people of the United States of America should
take full and entire control of their government to the exclusion of
the revolutionary and incendiary horde ot foreigners now seeking
our shores from every quarter of the world ; and recognizing that
the first and most important duty of an Araerican citizen is to raain
tain this governraent in all attainable purity and strength, we raake
the following declaration of principles : *
1. That all law-abiding citizens of the United States of America,
whether native or foreign borri, are political equals, arid all are enti
tled to and should receive the full protection of the laws.
Whereas, There are seventeen states in this union wherein per
sons are allowed to vote at all elections, without being citizens of the
United States ; and whereas, such a system tends to place the
manageraent of the government in the hands of those who owe no
aUegiance to our political institutions, therefore, be it resolved,
2. That the federal constitution should be so amended that the
federal and state governraents shall be forbidden and prevented frora

548 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
conferring upon ariy persori the right to vote, unless such person be
a citizen of the United States.
3. That the naturalization laws of the United States should be
unconditionally repealed.
4. That the soil of America should belong to Americans ; that no
alien non-resident should be permitted to> own real estate in the
United States, and that the real possessions of the resident alien
should be limited in valup and area.
5. That all persons not in syrapathy with our goverumerit should
be prohibited from iraraigratiug to the United States of Araerica
for the purpose of business or the intention of perraanent residence ;
6. That we favor educating the boys and girls of American citi
zens as mechanics and artisans, thus fitting them to fill the places
now filled by foreigners, who supply the greater part of our skilled
labor and thereby alraost entirely control all the great industries of
our country, save, perhaps, that of agriculture alone. And, in
order to accoraplish the object here stated, we deraand that the
states establish free technical schools, wherein Araerican boys and
girls raay be taught trades and thereby becorae skilled artisans and
mechanics. 7. That we believe "bossisra" in politics to 'be an outgrowth ot
foreign influence. We conderan it as un-American and tending to
a corruption of the ballot-box. We declare that the American party
shall not have bosses.
8. That we believe in equal and just taxation, and to accorapUsh
this necessary reform we favor a uniforra reduction of taxes on the
real estate of the cultivator of the soil, and the imposing of advanced
rates on property coming under the head of luxuries.
9. That we are in favor of fostering and encouraging American
industries of every class and kind, and to that end would protect
our home productions and manufactures, and inaugurate and raain
tain a systera that will not only exclude the corapetitive cheap labor
productions of other countries, but will also exclude the cheap
laborers of other countries and prevent them coming here to com
pete with American workingraen ; and.
Whereas, One of the greatest evils of unrestricted foreign irami
gration is the reduction of the wages of the American working-man
and woraan to the level of the underfed and underpaid labor of for
eign countries,
10. Therefore, we deraand that congress pass an immigration law
whereby a per capita tax shall be levied upon and collected from all

CONVENTION OF AMERICAN PARTY. 549
imraigrants coraing to the United States ; and that such tax be made
large enough to restrain further immigration from all foreign coun
tries. 11. That universal education is a necessity ot our government,
and that our American free-school system should be maintained and
preserved as fche safeguard of Araerican liberfcy ; that in our free
coramon schools there shall be no language taught except the
English language.
12. That under no circumstances should any ot the public funds
be diverted to or used tor the benefit of any sectarian or ecclesiast
ical school or institution whatever.
13. That in view of the neglected and defenseless condition of
our harbors and sea coast, a liberal expenditure of the surplus
which accumulates from our system of taxation should be devoted
to erecting fortifications for the defense of our harbors and sea
coast and for the creation and support of an efficient navy ; and
that such expenditures should be made in the eraployraent of
Araerican citizens only.
14. That the Araerican party recognizes in the saloon the great
agency by which corruption in politics is fostered and the power of
the bosses maintained ; and hereby pledges itself honestly and earn
estly to work for the restriction of the evil to the narrowest possi
ble limit.
The following were elected delegates to the national convention of
the American party, to be held at Washington : F. M. Pixley, V. J.
Robertson, P. D. Wigginton, and A. A. Daggett, delegates at large;
E. E. HaU and Wilfred Page, frora first corigressional district; N.
M. Orr arid J. F. McSwain, frora second ; J. M. Bassett and G. W.
Grayson, frora third ; N. S. Keith and L. A. Oarnett, frora fourth ;
N. P. Cole and N. F. Spear, frora fifth, and 0. N. Wilson and L. S.
Rogers, frora the sixth congressional district. This list of dele
gates was increased by the addition of the naraes of M. J. Donahoe,
Charles Riggs, N. George, and G. 0. Jennings.
Presidential electors were nominated as follows :
P. D. Wigginton, F. M. Pixley, A. A. Daggett, J. West Martin,
and Drury Melone were nominated for electors at large. On a
ballot being taken, Wigginton and Pixley receiving 81 and 70
votes respectively, were declared the nominees over Daggett 69,
Martin 7, and Melone 5. Alexander Duncan was naraed for elector
for the first congressional district, N. M. Orr for the second, J. West

550 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
Martin for the third, L. A. Garnett for the fourth, D. Larabert for
the fifth, and 0. N. Wilson for the sixth. J. West Martin after
ward resigned, and Daniel Inman was substituted by the state cen
tral coramittee. J L. Lyon was substituted for P. D. Wigginton,
who was afterward norainated for the office of vice-president
The nomination of a candidate for the office of chief justice was
referred to the state central coraraittee, as was also the selection of
alternates for the national delegates and presidential electors. The
convention adjourned sine die on July 5th.
The state central comraittee norainated W. H. Beatty for chief
justice and J. D. Works for associate justice. The following were
norainated for congress: W. D. Reynolds, frora first district; J. F.
McSwain, frora second district; S. Solon Holl, frora third district;
Frank M. Pixley, frora fourth district : Frank M. Stone, frora fifth
district, and A. A. Daggett from sixth district
The republican state central committee met at San Francisco,
May 4th, and issued a call for a convention to be held in San Fran
cisco, July 31st, Nominations were to be raade for the offices ot
presidential electors, congressmen, chief justice, and associate justice
of the suprerae court. The delegates assembled at the appointed
time and were called to order by W. H. Diraond, chairman of the
state central coraraittee. George G. Blanchard was elected tem
porary, and later, permanent chairman. The comraittee on plat^
forra and resolutions was appointed, to consist of David McClure,
Pratt of Humboldt; 0. A. Garter, J. 0. Campbell, J. M. Fulweiler,
0. T. Jones, J. P. Abbott; Bayless of San Francisco, John T,
Dare, Cooper of Santa Cruz, A. R. Conklin, J. G. North, W. H
Diraond, R. B. Carpenter, L. B. Mizner, G. W. Francis, and W. S,
Wood The committee made the following report, which was unani
mously adopted :
1. That the republicans of the state of California, in convention
assembled, indorse and re-affirm the national platform of the republi
can party adopted at its convention recently held in Chicago, and
we congratulate the. country upon the noraination of Harrison and
Morton, the true representatives of the American policy of protec
tion to Araericari iridustries and Araerican labor.
2. That we declare the welfare of California demands and the
dignity of labor and the interests of capital require the maintenance

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 551
by the national government of the American systera of a tariff pro
tection. Under this policy, which has been constantly supported by
the republican party since its foundation, our varied industries have
been fostered and extended, our laboring classes have enjoyed better
wages than in any other part of the world, and the whole country
has achieved unparalleled prosperity. We denounce the free-trade
polioy which the democratic party has advocated since 1840 as dan
gerous to the national interests of the country and to the welfare of
American labor. We arraign the deraocratic party of California
for supporting the national democratic party, which stands upon a
platform that declared for British free trade, as proraulgated by the
Mills bill, and view with alarm this assault upon our American
labor. We insist that the success of this British policy would destroy
the growing industries of our comraonwealth, especially the grape,
raisin, nut, wool, luraber, borax, lead, quicksilver, sugar-beet, and
cereal industries, and also our manufacturing industries, and would
reduce the wages of our workingraen.
3. That we pledge to the Araerican people, and especially the
people of Oalifornia, that our candidates for congress, if elected, will
sustain the protection policy of the republicau party and will oppose
the British and solid south policy of the deraocratic party; that our
American industries shall be protected for the benefit of the Ameri
can people, and that American labor shall be fostered and protected
as against the competition of foreign cheap labor. We denounce
as un-American and contrary to the best interests of the republic
the cheap-labor policy of the deraocratic solid south of to-day as -we
did the slave-policy of the democratic solid south of 1861, and we
declare that the one was and the other, if permitted to continue,
will be destructive of the best interests of the laboring classes of this
republic. 4. That the purity of the ballot is the pillar of the state, and the
denial of a free ballot to the humblest American citizen, whatever
his color or race, imperils the liberties of the people. We, therefore,
denounce as dangerous to our country the democratic policy of the
solid south in depriving the colored people living there of their right
to vote. A government based upon frauds coraraitted against the
elective franchise cannot long survive.
5. That a financial policy, whereby both gold and silver shall
forra the basis of circulation, whether the raoney used by the people
be coin, or certificates redeemable in coiri, or both, as converiience
may require, is iraperatively demanded.

552 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
6, That we coraraend the repubUcan raembers of congress from
California for their fidelity to the interests of their coristitue'rits, and
for the ability with which they have discharged the duties of their
high and responsible positions.
7. That we commend our representatives in congress for their
efforts iri behalf of restrictive Chinese legislation, thus redeeraing the
pledges of the party raade for them, and renew our determination to
make such restriction effective and in every way to prevent the
corapetition of Chinese with Araerican labor. We thank the
republican national convention for its eraphatic declaration on the
subject, and we have implicit faith that the republican party of the
nation -will protect us in all our industries against the Chinese.
Norainations were raade as follows :
Williara H. Beatty for chief justice, by 812 votes, to 123 for
W. E. Greene, and 23 for G. G. Clough.
J. D. Works for associate justice, by acclaraation.
W. H. L. Barnes and John F. Swift tor electors at large, by
acclamation, with G. G. Blanchard and 0. T. .Tones as alternates.
The following were nominated by the respective district conven
tions :
For representatives in congress : first district, J. J. DeHaven ;
second district, John A. Eagon ; third district, Joseph McKenna ;
fourth district, W. W. Morrow; fifth district, T. G. Phelps ; sixth
district, Williara Vandever.
For presidential electors : first district, T. L. Carothers ; alternate,
0. 0. Bush. Second district, G. W. ScheU; alternate, F. W. Street.
Third district, L. B. Mizner ; alternate, -J. P. Abbott. Fourth dis
trict, Sarauel M. Shortridge ; alternate, 0. Dunker. Fifth district,
George A. Knight ; alternate, Jaraes B. Lowe, Sixth district,
H. M. Streeter; alternate, H. V. Morehouse.
The convention adjourned sine die on the same day.
At the election held in Noveraber all ot tbe candidates on the re
publican ticket were elected, with the exception of two of the six
congressmen. The official returns were as follows:
For presidential electors: Republican — Swift, 124,754; Barnes,
124754; Schell, 124,751; Carothers, 124789; Knight, 124816;
Streeter, 124,809; Shortridge, 124,781; Mizner, 124,802. Demo
cratic—Berry, 117,698; B. D. Murphy, 117,676; Beringer, 117,697;
Carainetti, 117,729; Jenkins, 117,626; P. J. Murphy, 117,634;

RESULT OF ELECTION. 553
Bowden, 117,640; Waters, 117,675. Araerican— Lyon, 1,340; In
raan, 1,545; Garnett, 1,555; Wilson, 696; Duncan, 1,545; Pixley,
1,591; Larabert, 1,544; Orr, 1,539. Prohibition— Bidwell, 5,761;
McDonald, 5,760; Luse, 5,744; WUson, 5,748; Briggs, 5,745;
Gregg, 5,787; Pedlar, 5,746; Boren, 5,736.
For chief justice, unexpired term— W. H. Beatty, 124,617; Niles
Searls, 119,901; Robert Thompson, 6,261.
For associate justice, unexpired terra— J. D. Works, 123,477; J.
F. SuUivan, 122,974
For representatives in corigress: First district— J. J. De Haveri,
19,845; T. L. Thorapsori, 19,019; W. D. Reyriolds, 428. Second
district— Marion Biggs, 19,064; John A. Eagon, 17,541 ;-S. M.
McLean, 913; J. F. McSwain, 138. Third district— Joseph Mc
Kenna, 19,912; Ben Morgan, 14,633; W.W. Smith, 657; S. Solon
Holl, 338. Fourth district— W. W. Morrow, 14,217; Robert Ferral,
13,624; Frank M. Pixley, 173. Fifth district— T. J. Clunie, 20,276;
T. G. Phelps, 20,225. Sixth district— W. Vandever, 35,406; R. B.
Terry, 29,453; J. G. Miller, 2,375; A. Daggett, 150.
The presidential electors, Barnes, Mizner, Knight, Shortridge,
Streeter, Swift, Carothers, and Schell, met at Sacraraento, January
14th, 1889, and cast their votes for Benjarain Harrison and Levi
P. Morton for president and vice president, respectively, of the
United States. Mizner was selected to convey the returns to Wash
ington.

CHAPTER XXXV.
1890. Prohibition Convention. — American Party Convention. — Re
publican Convention. — Democratic Convention.
The state convention of the prohibition party convened afc Pioneer
hall, San Francisco, April 9th. It was called to order by George
Morris, chairman of the executive comraittee. John Bidwell was
elected teraporary chairraari. M. 0. Wirichester, George T. Elliott,
D. 0. Taylor, 0. H. Dunn, arid others were appointed a coraraittee
on platforra and resolutions. On perraanently organizing, L. W.
Elliot was raade chairraan.
The following platforra was reported by the coramittee, and after
much discussion was adopted :

554 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
1. That the national prohibition platform meets our unqualified
approval and endorseraent.
2. That the liquor traffic has become an evil of such vast magni
tude, boldly and insolently violating and defying the laws that have
been made to control ifc, endangering the sfcability and perpetuity of
free government, debauching and dominating the political parties
that foster and protect it, wasting the wealth of the state and nation,
driving out the sunshine of peace and happiness frora the homes ot
the people, making them wretched and desolate; breeding immoraUty,
vice, and crime; filling our jails, penitentiaries, and insane asylums
with its wretched and ruined victiras, the best interests of society
and good governraent demand the total suppression of the liquor
traffic by both state and national constitutional araendraents, and that
we will continue to make this the cardinal principle- of the prohibi-
tiori party.
3. That the attitude of the old political parties toward the tem
perance question is such as to destroy all confidence in their promises
to suppress or control the liquor traffic, aud that, therefore, the pro
hibition party, as a political organization, is an imperative necessity,
and will raake no compromise with those parties ori high license, or
other coraproraise raeasures, whose only object is to secure the liquor
vote. 4. That we enter our eraphatic protest against the appropriation
of raoney frora the state treasury to advance the wine interests, and
for other pernicious and iraraoral purposes, and denounce it as an
outrage upon the tax-payers of the state, and will not vote or give
our influence to any candidate for office who is not opposed to such
appropriations. 5. That we affirra the dignity of labor, and are in hearty sympa
thy with all just and enlightened. movements for the elevation ot the
laboring classes and the harmonious co-operation of labor and capital,
and to this end, we are in favor of the closing of our shops and fac
tories on Saturday aftemoon when practicable.
6. That we most kindly and cordially invite to our ranks the
fathers and mothers whose homes are endangered, the artisan in his
shop, the raechanic at his bench, the toiler in the field, every wage
earner of whatever profession or occupation, and every organization
that has for its purpose the betterment ot their fellow raan, for the
overthrow of this gigantic evil.
7. That the combination of trusts and monopolies to subsidize the
public press, corrupt legislation and courts of justice, increase the

PROHIBITION CONVENTION. 555
¦price of commodities, and oppress the wage-worker, is a gigantic
usurpation of the people's rights, and that we favor the entire over
throw of such raonopolies and trusts in the state and nation.
' 8. That we view with alarm the wholesale corruption, bribery,
and political bossisra that has obtained in the state elections, and
deraand such a revision of our laws in the systera of voting as shall
•secure to citizens of every class equal rights, and raost effectually
prevent the abuses now existing, and to that end we favor the Aus
tralian ballot systera.
9. That we recognize a coraraon bond of syrapathy between the
prohibition party of Oalifornia and the farraers' alliance, an organi-
.zation recently forraed by the union of the grangers and the knights
of labor, and inasrauch as the farmers' alliance has corae out squarely
for prohibition, we extend to them the right hand of feUowship, and
invite them to make common cause with us in the coming cam
paign. 10. That we favor the enactment and rigid enforcement of what
are known as civil service reforra laws, and their extension to all
-clerical positions and the postoffice systera.
11. That we favor the changing of the tax system ot the state so
as to secure the payment ot taxes in equal araounts half yearly.
12. That we are in favor of governraent ownership and control of
the railroads and telegraph lines, and the raanageraent of the same
-for the public good. And that we favor the establishraent of postal
-^savings banks.
13. That we favor the election of United States senators by the
-direct vote of the people.
14. That we favor a modification ot thenaturalization laws of the
United States so as to require a longer residence than now required,
•and so as to guard raore carefully against the naturalization of
ignorant, vicious, and crirainal persons.
15. That we favor a law requiring an educational test for the
right of suffrage, and that we favor extending the right of suffrage
to all 'persons otherwise qualified, without regard to sex.
16. That we recognize the Woraan's Christian Temperance Union
.as one of the most successful of aU the allies of the temperance cause,
;and especially of the prohibition work, and that we ask their con
tinued co-operation in our work.
17. That we favor the enactraent of a law requiring one day in
rseven as a day of rest as a civU institution, but providing that when
.any individual habituaUy rests from labor upon a certain day of the

556 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
week, such person shall not be required to rest upon any other day; and
providing further that in no case shall intoxicating liquors be sold
upon such rest day.
Norainations were made as follows :
For governor, John Bidwell ; for lieutenant-governor, A. M.
Hough ; for secretary of state, F. E. Kellogg ; for treasurer, Henry
French; for controller, M. 0. Winchester; for attorney-general,
Chauncey H. Dunn ; for superintendent of public instruction. Miss
S. M. Severance; for surveyor-general, E. M. Chase; for clerk of
suprerae court, J. T. Price ; for raerabers of congress, first district,
L. B. Scranton ; second district, J. S. Witherell ; third district, 0.
0. Felkner; fourth district, J. Rowell; fifth district, E. F. Howe;,
sixth district, O. R. Dougherty. For railroad commissioners : first
district, R. G. Hart ; second district, H. .E. Luse ; third district, J.
G. Miller. For raerabers of state board of equalization : first district,
H. B. Burlingarae; second district, D. 0. Taylor; third district, E..
0. Gilbert; fourth district, S. Fowler.
The convention adjourned sin^ die on April 10th.
By a resolution of the state central coramittee of the American
party the convention was called to meet in San Francisco, July 4th,
but at a subsequent meeting of the comraittee held June 12th, the-
date was changed to August 4th. On the latter date the conven
tion raet at Pioneer hall, San Francisco. It was called to order by
F. W. Eaton, chairraan of the state central coraraittee, and A. A.
Daggett was elected teraporary chairman. The coraraittee on plat
form and resolutions was coraposed of J. M. Bassett, Williara Win
nie, E. 0. WiUiaras, Clark Blethen, W. Mayerhofer, S. Solon HoU,
I. N. Wright, H. 0. Goodyear, and W. D. J. Harably. On per
raanently organizing, A. A. Daggett was continued as chairman.
The committee presented the following resolutions, which were
adopted :
Whereas, Believing that the time has arrived when a due regards
for the present and future prosperity of our country niakes it impera
tive that the people of the United States of Araerica should take-
full and entire control of their governraent to the exclusion of the
revolutionary and incendiary horde of foreigners now seeking our
shores frora every quarter of the world, and recognizing that the first
and raost important duty of an American citizen is to raaintain this
government in all attainable purity and strength, we make the
following declaration of principles :

CONVENTION OF AMERICAN PARTY. 557
1. That all law-abiding citizens of the United States of Araerica,
whether native or foreign born, are political equals aud are entitled
to and should receive the full protection of the laws.
Whereas, there are at least seventeen states, in this union wherein
persons are allowed to vote at all elections, without being citizens
of the United States ; and whereas such a systera tends to place the
raanageraent of the governraent in the hands ot those who owe no
allegiance to our political institutions; therefore, be it resolved,
2. That the federal constitution should be so araended that the
federal and state governraents shall be forbidden and prevented frora
conferring upon any person the right to vote, unless such person be
a citizen of the United States.
3. That the naturalization laws of the United States should be
unconditionally repealed.
4. That the soil of America should belong to Araericans ; that no
alien non-resident should hereafter be perraitted to acquire real
estate in the United States.
And whereas, tracts of raillions of acres of land have heretofore
been acquired and are now owned by subjects of foreign govern
ments, which under existing laws raay be transraitted, intact, from
generation to generation, thus enabling foreigners to build up and
maintain iraraense landed estates in this country ; therefore, re
solved, 5. That we favor an araendment to the constitution of the United
States prohibiting non-resident aliens frora transmitting real property
by will; and render for ever incompetent all persons whomsoever
from taking real property frora non-resident aliens by devise or
descent. And whereas, by reason of the lax condition ot the state and
national land laws, in reference to the disposition of the public land,
aliens, resident and non-resident, have been enabled to acquire and
have acquired vast tracts of the public lands, and have thereby
deprived Amerioan citizens of their birthright; now, therefore, in
order to prevent the continuance of this great evil, be it resolved,
6. That we demand that the national and state land laws be so
amended that no persons except native born citizens shall be. per
mitted to enter or purchase any public land frora the state or
national governments.
7. That the ownership of land by resident aliens should be liraited
in area and value.
8. That we favor educating the boys and girls of Araerican citi-

558 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
zens as mechanics and artisans, thus fitting them to fill the places
now filled by foreigners, who supply the greater part of our skilled
labor and thereby almost entirely control all the great industries of
our country, save, perhaps, that of agriculture alone, and, in order to
accoraplish the object here stated, we deraand that the state establish
free technical schools wherein Araerican boys and girls raay be
taught trades and thereby becorae skilled artisans and raechanics.
9. That we believe in equal and just taxation, and to accomplish
this necessary reform we favor a uniforra reduction of taxes on the
real estate of the cultivator of the soil, and the iraposing of advanced
rates on property coming under thehead of luxuries.
10. That we are in favor of fostering and encouraging American-
industries of every class and kind, and to that end would protect
our home productions and manufactures, and inaugurate and main
tain a systera that will not only exclude the corapetitive cheap labor
productions of other countries, but will also exclude the cheap,
laborers ot other countries and prevent them coming here to com
pete with Araerican workingraen ; but we denounce the so-called
issue ot protection versus free trade, as used by the deraocratic and
republican parties, as a fraud and a snare, and we charge that the
consideration which these parties manifest for the rights of American
labor is a shara and a pretense. The best "protection" is that
which protects the labor and life blood of the republic from the de
grading competition with and contamination by imported'foreigners ;!
and the raost dangerous "free trade" is that in paupers, criminals,.
comraunists, and anarchists, in which the balance has always been
against the United States.
Whereas, One of the greatest evils of unrestricted foreign immi
gration is the reduction of the wages of the American workingman
and woman to the level of the underfed and underpaid labor of for
eign countries,
11. Therefore, we demand that congress pass iraraigration laws
whereby a per capita tax shall be levied upon and collected from all
immigrants coming to the United States,' and that such tax be
made large enough to restrain further immigration frora all foreign
countries; and that all persons not in syrapathy with our govern-'
ment should be prohibited from iraraigrating to' these United
States. 12. We regard the American common school system as one of the
chief factors in the forraation and one of the principal powers for
tbe. perpetuation of our republican form of government. In a-

CONVENTION OF AMERICAN PARTY. 559"
government "of the people, by the people and for the people" in
telligence is one of the principal elements of safety, and a common
school education should be made compulsory by law. Education is
a sacred debt which the present generation owes to the future.
The comraon schools raust continue to be the nurseries ot citizenship,
where our youths shall be taught the comraon branches, the history,
the principles, and the spirit of American institutions, and where
the highest standard of excellence as regards moral, raental, and in
dustrial education shall be maintained, and from which shall be
rigidly excluded all sectarian and denominational teaching, in order
that children of all nationalities molded by them shall become
Americans. The common schools must be protected frora all as
saults, native or foreign, sectarian or ecclesiastical ; and all private
schools raust be under state inspection, and teach the English lan
guage as a preparation for intelligent citizenship. The Araerican
fiag ought to float over every school building in the land as an object
lesson in patriotisra for childhood, and as a syrabol to the world
that we consider these buildings thfe arsenals of our strength. As
an iraportant step in defense ot the coraraon school systera ot educa
tion arid the perpetuation of the separation of church and state we
join with other citizens in seeking to incorporate in the constitution
ot the United States a sixteenth araendraent erabodying the follow
ing prohibitions : "No state shall pass any law respecting an
establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or
use its property or credit, or any money raised by taxation, or
authorize either to be used for the purpose of founding, maintain
ing,. or aiding by appropriation, payment for services, expenses, or
otherwise, any church, religious denoraination, or religious society,
or any institution, society, or undertaking which is wholly or in part
under sectarian, or ecclesiastical control."
13. That after the year 1898, no person shall be allowed to exer
cise the right of suffrage unless he can speak, read, and write the
English. language intelligently.
14. That the Araerican party recognizes in the saloon the great
agency by which corruption in politics is fostered, and the power of
the bosses raaintained ; and hereby pledges itself to work honestly
and earnestly for the restriction of the evil to the narrowest possi
ble lirait.
15. That the American party believes in and will do its utraost
toward raaintaining a pure ballot-box, and to that end we are in

560 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
favor of an election law which embodies the features and principles
of the Australian ballot system.
16. That the American party believes in a free and full expres
sion of the people upon all questions of public interest, and for the
better attainment of this end we favor the enactraent of a law by
which any question of general iraport, upon the petition to the
governor of three per cent ot the total vote cast at the last previous
election, shall be subraitted to the electors at the next gerieral
election for their approval or rejection. Believing that the indus
tries ot Araerica deraand an increase of circulating medium, the
Araerican party hereby declares itself in favor of the free coinage
of silver. •
17. That we are heartily in favor of the bill introduced in the
senate of the United States by the Hon. Leland Stanford, providing
for loaning the raoney of the governraent to agriculturists at low
rates ot interest, taking as security therefor the land of the bor
rower ; and we earnestly urge upon congress the passage of this bill.
A motion to strike out the last resolution was lost by a vote of 24
to 72.
Nominations for state officers were made on Tuesday, August Sth.
For governor, John Bidwell received 71 votes on the first ballot,
against 53 for Ben Morgan, and 7 for N. P. Chipraan. The other
norainations raade were : For lieutenant-govemor, Ben Morgan ; for
secretary of state, Williara S. Lyon ; for state treasurer, Guy E.
Grosse; for controller, M. C. Winchester; for attorney general
Chauncey H. Dunn ; for surveyor-general, William L. Dixon ; for
superintendent ot public instruction, D. Larabert; for clerk of
supreme court, W. A. Beatty. Norainations for justice of supreme
court were referred to the state central committee, and for congress
men, railroad coraraissioners, and members of board of equalization,
to the delegates of the several districts. The name of J. D. Spencer
was afterwards substituted for that of W. A. Beatty as nominee for
clerk of supreme court The ticket as finally corapleted, comprised,
in addition to the foregoing, the names of W. H. Beatty for chief
justice of the supreme court ; Charles H. Garoutte, Ralph 0. Har
rison, and John J. De Haven, for associate justices; Thomas J.
Geary, John P. Irish, T. V. Cator, and 0. R. Dougherty, for con
gress from the first, third, fourth, and sixth districts, respectively;
J. 8. Swan, J. L. Lyon, R. H. Beamer, and H. A. Biodgett, for
members of the state board of equalization, and William Beekman,
J. M. Litchfield, and J. W. Rea, for railroad coraraisioners.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION 561
The republican state coramittee met in San Francisco, April 23d,
and issued a call for a convention to be coraposed of 677 delegates, to
meet at Sacraraento, August 12th, for the purpose of norainating state
officers, and by the delegates sitting in district conventions, to nomi
nate congressmen, raerabers of the state board of equalization, and
railroad commissioners. The convention met as appointed. It was
called to order by W. H. Diraond, chairman of the state central
committee. J. 0. CarapbeU was elected teraporary chairraan, and
continued as permanent chairman by the adoption of the report of
the committee on permanent organization.
The coraraittee on platform and resolutions was composed of G.
G. Blanchard, W. H. Dimond, Henry 0. Dibble, W. S. Wood, R. H.
Lloyd, Drury Melone, R. B. Carpenter, A. R. Conklin, John F. EUi-
son, A. L. Hart, F. P. Tuttie, 0. M. Shortridge, Frank McGowan,
F. H. Short, T. L. Carothers, D. E. Knight, E. 0. Voorhies, G. M.
Francis, V. H. Metcalf, and J. P. Abbott. The following report
was presented by the comraittee and adopted :
The republicans of California, by their delegates in convention
asserabled, appealing to the intelligence and patriotisra ot the people
confidently submit this their declaration of principles :
1. We believe that the paramount object of government should
be to secure to the individual the highest possible measure of
civil and political liberty. The republican party came into exist
ence thirty-four years ago, insisting that the primary object and
ulterior design of the federal government was to secure "the inaliena
ble rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness'' to all per
sons. It has always raaintained that as the constitution of the
United States was adopted "in order to forra a more perfect union,
establish justice, insure domestic tranquUlity, provide for the coraraon
defense, proraote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of
liberty to ourselves and our posterity,'' that constitution should be
liberally construed to accoraplish those ends. In pursuance of this
broad policy and these high airas, it has, in the face of the most per
sistent and unscrupulous opposition, successfully conducted the
government of the nation for nearly thirty years, perforraing deeds
of statesraanship and railitary achievement worthy to live forever
upon the brightest pages of history. It has contributed to our
country statesmen such as Lincoln, Seward, Chase, Sumner, Garfield,
Logan, Conkling, and Blaine; and such soldiers as Grant, Sherraan,
Sheridan, and Thomas — names whose fame will live in the world's
36

562 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
galaxy of heroes so long as the love of liberty survives in the human
heart. It has preserved the union of the states against the attack of
a million of men in armed rebellion. It found the nation without
credit at home or abroad, and it organized a financial systera under
which we have steadily advanced until our country has becorae the
most powerful of all the nations on earth. Better than all, it has
not only been true to its original purpose of preventing the establish
ment of slavery in any of the territories of the United States, but it
has also destroyed slavery in all the states of this union wherever it
existed, and by the force of example has led all other civUized
nations to abolish that curse so long cherished and maintained by
the democratic party of this country. Thus has the party demon
strated its ability to govern, its fidelity to the principles of huraan
liberty and equality, and its desire always to secure the greatest
good to the greatest nuraber.
2. "The right to the free ballot is the right preservative of all
rights; and must and shall be maintained in every part of the
United States." We cordially endorse this declaration of the demo
cratic national platforra of 1880, but we denounce the sharaeful
manner in which that party has violated this pledge in many of the
states of the union, and we insist that henceforth it shall be observed,
so far as it is within the power of the federal government to effect that
object. 3. We reaffirm the principles announced in the republican national
platform adopted in 1888.
4. As shown by its opposition to slavery and in the enactment of
the homestead and other sirailar laws, the republican party has
always been watchful of the interests of those who depend upon
their daily labor for their i support, and in pursuance of the same
policy we favor legislation by which some satisfactory plan may be
devised for the arbitration of disputes arid controversies relative to
wages and hours of labor between those who labor and those who
employ labor.
5. We renew our former declarations in favor of the most rigid
exclusion of Chiriese from ithe country, and we urge that such
restriction be made permaricrit.
6. The Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, which are navigable
for hundreds of miles through the raost fertile portions of the state,
are the natural and cheap highways for one-half the transportation
of the state. It is, therefore, the duty of the federal government, by

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 563
adequate appropriation, to straighten and deepen the channels of said
rivers so as to make thera and keep thera available for comraerce.
7. We approve the legislation already enacted for the reclamation
and irrigation of our arid and other lands, and recommend such
further legislation as may be necessary to fully accoraplish that pur
pose, and reaffirra the resolution contained in the republican plat
form of 1886 on the subject of irrigation, and coraraend the legisla
tion already adopted in accord therewith.
8. We declare an unchanging belief in free public schools as a
necessity to free government.
9. That we indorse the course pursued by Speaker Reed and the
members ot the republican party in the present session of congress,
whereby the rules of proceeding have been so amended that the
public business is now being conducted in the orderly way designed
for its conduct by the fraraers of this governraent. We wholly
repudiate the claira of the right of any number of the merabers of
congress to interrupt and delay its business by refusing to vote when
required, and we rejoice that the speaker and other raembers of the
republican side of the house have been able to destroy the pretense
that raerabers eari be present and absent at the sarae time.
10. That we affirra and comraend the administration of Presi
dent Harrison and the course pursued in the general legislation of
the country by the republican members of congress.
11. That we desire to especially coramend and mark with approval
the manner in which the administration ot President Harrison,
through Secretary Blaine, has managed the Bering sea difficulty
with England. And we have every confidence that the result will
be adjusted honorably to this country and in full recognition of its
rights. 12. That we are in favor of all the laws recognizing the clairas of
the soldiers of the late war and the war with Mexico, and recora
raend that they ever be considered the wards of the nation.
13. That the norainees of this convention are pledged to give their
support to the enforceraent of the law which provides that eight
hours shall constitute a legal day's work for all state and raunicipal
eraployes. 14. Whereas, the last legislature under the control of the demo
cratic party, appropriated $12,534,000— and for the purpose of
raising that sum the rate of taxation was increased to the unpre
cedented rate of 72 cents on each $100 of assessable property— there
fore, resolved, that we arraign the democratic party of this state for

564 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
the waste and extravagance shown by the last legislature in the ap
propriation ot public raoney, and we proraise the people that in the
hands of the republican party the state flnances shall be handled
with honest and rigid econoray, and with a view to adrainister the
affairs of the state in a business-like and economical manner ; and
we do further declare that in the judgraent of this convention, con
sidering the past experience of the state, an annual tax ot 50 cents
on each $100 of assessable property ought to, and will raise a revenue
sufficient for all the wants of the state. And we pledge the nomi
nees ot this convention to an observance of this rule. And we
declare to the people ot this state that the success of the republican
party means the establishment of a state limit of taxation as in this
resolution declared. And we call upon all republican county con
ventions to pledge their candidates for the senate and assembly to
the sarae Umit.
15. That in the interest of the agricultural and other industries
of the country we endorse the action of the republican raembers of
congress in the passage of what is known as the silver bill, and that
we favor a proper increase of the currency of the country to the
extent demanded by its business interests.
1 6. That we favor the enactraent of stringent laws against trusts,
pools, corabines, and raonopolies whereby legitiraate corapetition is
destroyed and the necessities, comforts, and luxuries of life are
enhanced in prices.
The following nominations were made : Henry H. Markhara, for
govemor. On the first ballot, the roll-call showed 299 votes for
Markhara, 281 for W. W. Morrow, 61 for N. P. Chipraan, and 30
for L, U. Shippee, but before the result was announced, many
votes were changed to Markhara, until finally a motion was carried
to raake his nomination unanimous.
John B. Reddick, for lieutenant-governor, by acclaraation, the
name of Williara H. Jordan, which was also betore the convention,
being withdrawn before the corapletion of the first ballot.
William H. Beatty, for chief justice of the supreme court, by
acclaraation. Ralph 0. Harrison and Charles H. Garoutte, for associate justices
of the suprerae court, by 381 and 546 votes, respectively, over
Charles N. Fox, who received 212, and 0. W. 0. Rowell, who re
ceived 215 votes.
John J. De Haven, for associate justice, unexpired term, by

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 565
aoclaraation, the narae of George A. Nourse being withdrawn before
the completion of the first ballot.
Edward G. Waite, for secretary of state, by acclamation.
Edward P. Colgan, for controller, by acclamation, the names ot
S. L. Hanscora and J. B. Fuller, being withdrawn during the second
ballot. James R. McDonald, for treasurer, by 343 votes, against 333 for
L. Rackliffe.
William H. H. Hart, for attorney-general, by 351 votes, against
264 tor E. 0. Hart, and 61 for George D. Collins.
Theodore Reichert, for surveyor-general, by acclaraation, the
name of Jaraes M. Gleaves being withdrawn before the completion
of the roll-call on the first ballot.
Lewis H. Brown, for clerk of the supreme court, over Charles B.
Overacker, A. J. Raisch, and E. J. Wolt.
James W. Anderson, for superintendent of public instruction, by
acclamafcion, the name of Ira G. Hoitt, also before the convention,
being withdrawn.
Anticipating an increase in the state's representation in congress
as a result of the increased population which would be shown by
the United States census of 1890, the state central committee had
called for the noraination of two congressraen at large. The con
vention accordingly nominated W. W. Morrow and J. 0. Campbell.
This action was premature, as the new congressional apportionment
was not made until after the election.
The convention corapleted its labors and adjourned sine die,
August 14, 1890.
The following were nominated by the district conventions : For
representatives in congress : First district, J. A. Barbara ; second
district, G. G. Blanchard ; third district, Joseph McKenna ; fourth
district, John T. Cutting ; fifth district, l!. F. Loud ; sixth district,
W. W. Bowers. For members ot state board of equalization : First
district, J S. Swan ; second district, L. 0. Morehouse ; third dis
trict, ,D. T. Cole; fourth district, J. R. Hebbron. For raUroad
commissioners : First district, WiUiam Beckraan ; second district
J. M. Litchfield ; third district, Jaraes W. Rea.
The democratic state central coramittee met at San Francisco,
May 20th, and issued a call for a convention, to meet at San Jose,
August 19 th. The convention met at the stated tirae and place, and
was called to, order by John Daggett, vice-chairman of the state cen-

566 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
tral coraraittee. Byron Waters was elected temporary chairman, and
was continued as the perraanent chairman on final organization. The
comraittee on platforra and resolutions was composed of R. .B.
Terry, A. B. Ware, H. J. Corcoran, M. H. Mead, W. J. Hancock,
John McGonigle, Russell J. Wilson, Joseph Napthaly, H. G. Platt,
D. A. Ostrom, Clay W. Taylor, J. F. Thorapson, J. De Barth Shorb,
J. H. Lawrence, and John Boggs. On the following day, the 20th,
the coraraittee subraitted the following report :
1. The democratic party of the state of California, in convention
asserabled, renews the pledges of its fidelity to the deraocratic faith,
and reaffirras the doctrines of the national platforra of 1888,
adopted at Sfc. Louis, Missouri. '
2. A depleted treasury, the iraposifcion of unequal and oppressive
taxes, the effort to enact coercive legislation, the arbitrary disregard
by the speaker of the house of representatives of all parliamentary
rules, and the shameless servility displayed by the raajority in the
house of representatives in yielding ready obedience to his tyranni
cal mandates, their refusal to join the democracy in its efforts to pro
cure the passage of a raeasure permitting the free coinage of silver,
the neglect of the present administration in a manner to raodify an
adraitted erroneous tariff, suggest with raore eraphasis than words
that the reins of govemment should be placed in safer hands.
3. We denounce and condemn the republican raajority in the
natiorial house ot representatives for the passage of the infamous
Lodge election bill, by which that majority seeks, masquerading
Urider the guise of "a free ballot and a fair count" to perpetuate
itself in power by insidiously destroying the liberties of Araerican
citizens, usurping the functions of state government, and bringing
the federal election machinery into interminable conflict and collis
ion with the statutory efforts of the people of the various common
wealths of our union to institute a genuine, practical, and perma
nent reforra. We hold that this species of federal interference with
the people in the registration of their sovereign will is despotic and
centralizing in its tendencies, dangerous to the liberty, peace, and
prosperity of the people, revolutionary in its nature and purpose,
and in direct contravention of the principles of free governraent as
bequeathed to us by the framers of our constitution.
4. We denounce the McKinley bill as being opposed to the best
interests of the producing and consuming classes of the country.
5. The deraccratic party is now, as it ias ever been, unalterably

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 567
opposed to Chinese immigration. The Chinese restriction act,
adopted as the result of deraocratic effort, is about to expire, and it
is the duty of congress to enact a law perpetuaUy excluding all
Chinese from the United States.
6. We favor the free coinage of silver, and demand that it be
raade an unliraited legal tender for all purposes, public and private.
7. We favor the enactraent of stringent laws against trusts, pools,
corabines, and monopolies, whereby legitimate corapetition is
destroyed and the necessities and comforts of life are enhanced in
price. 8. We are in favor of the election of United States senators by a
direct vote of the people, and earnestly urge the adoption ot such an
araendraent to the constitution of the United States as will accora
plish that result.
9. We indorse the course of the deraocratic senator and represen
tatives in congress, and coraraend thera for their vigorous defense of
the public interests and their zeal in behalf of the welfare of our
state. 10. We call attention to the hypocrisy of the late republican
state convention in atterapting to place upon the slender deraocratic
majority in the legislature the entire responsibility ot the appro
priations raade during the last session. The republican raerabers of
the legislature voted in favor of the appropriations which were
raade the subject of criticisra, and in every instance the appropria
tions so raade were approved by a republican executive who had
not the raanliness to indorse nor the courage to conderan.
11. We declare that a state rate of taxation not exceeding 45
cents on each $100 of assessable property (according to the assessed
valuation of 1889), being a reduction of 27 cents and 2 mills, is
sufficient to raise araple revenue to meet the annual expenses of the
state governraent ; and we pledge our norainees to a strict and
faithful adherence to the above, and we do demand that the different
county conventions pledge their legislative candidates to the same
lirait. 12. The deraocracy of California pledges its norainees to the
legislature to use all lawful raeans to secure the enactraent of a law
embodying the Australian ballot systera substantially as that now
existing in the state of Massachusetts.
13. We favor the election by the people of the superintendent
of state printing.
14. We pledge our senators and representatives in congress to use

568 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
all honorable means to secure liberal appropriations from the general
government for the purpose of making those great national com
raercial highways, the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and their
tributaries, and all other navigable waterways, freely navigable at
all seasons of the year.
15. The democratic party of Oalifornia reaffirras its resolution of
1886 on the water question, reiterating its assertion that "the En
glish law ot riparian rights is inapplicable to the circurastances and
conditions of Oalifornia"; reaffirming the doctrine that the waters
of the state belong to the people of the state, to be used for irriga
tion, raining, raanufacturing, and other useful purposes, and that
they should never be subject to private ownership or raoriopoly ; re
affirms the policy of the district system, and pledges itself to foster,
amend, and perfect the system inaugurated under and by virtue of
the resolution of 1886.
16. We believe in- a liberal support of our citizen soldiers and
national guard. It is an integral and necessary part of our state
government and should be fostered and encouraged.
17. We are opposed to all forms of sumptuary legislation and to
all unjust discriraination against any business or industry.
18. We believe that the wine-growing industry of this state
should be fostered, nourished, and encouraged by suitable legisla
tion, both state and national.
19. We believe that eight hours should constitute a legal day's
work, and that the present law to that end should be rigidly
enforced. 20. We conderan as extravagant, wasteful, and wrong, the
administration of the affairs of the state prison at San Quentin
under the republican raanagement.
21. The democratic party of California declares itself unalterably
opposed to all scheraes having for their object the division ot the
state of Califomia, and pledges itself to raaintain this great cora
raonwealth, brought into the Araerican union by democratic states
raanship, undivided in its greatness.
After sorae discussion on the fifteenth section, relative to water,
the report was adopted without araendraent.
On the 20th, the naraes of E. B. Pond, James Y. Coleraan, W.
D. English, and A. 0. Paulsell were placed in noraination for the
office of governor, and two ballots taken without making a choice.
On the fourth ballot, taken on the following day, E. B. Pond was

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 569
nominated, receiving 430 votes, to 138 for Coleman, 66 for English,
-and 5 for Paulsell.
The other nominees were as follows :
R. F. Del Valle, for lieutenant-governor, by acclamation.
John A. Stanly, for chief justice, by 339 votes, over William T.
"Wallace, who received 282. .
Jackson Hatch, for associate justice, unexpired term, over J. W.
Hughes and R. Y. Hayne. The nomination was made unanimous
'before the completion ot the secorid ballot.
Jaraes V. Coffey and George H. Smith, for associate justices, full
term, over John G. Presley, John D. Goodwin, J. W. Armstrong,
-James E. Murphy, and George A. Johnson.
W. 0. Hendricks, for secretary of state, by 341 votes, to 203 for
¦0. F. Singletary, ahd 86 for George W. Peckham.
John P. Dunn, for controller, by 365 votes, against 270 for R. D.
-Stephens, and I for F. A. Merriman.
Adara Herold, for treasurer, by acclamation.
Walker 0. Graves, for attorney-general, by 369 votes, to 265 for
-J. R. Kittrell.
Stanlev 0. Boom, for surveyor-general, by 362 votes, to 271 for
H. W. Patton, and 5 for Preston R. Davis.
H. 0. Hall, for superintendent of public instruction, by 440 votes,
on the second ballot, to 101 for W. T. Welcker, 47 for D. 0. Clark,
46 for 0. S. Srayth, and 34 for W. A. 0. Smith.
J. D. Spencer, for clerk of the supreme court, by 406 votes, to 228
for W. L. Ashe.
Nominations were raade by the respective district conventions as
follows :
For representatives in congress : First district, T. J. Geary, on
the twenty-first ballot, over T. W. H. Shanahan, A. P. Haines, and
Rodney Hudson ; second district, A. Carainetti, by acclamation; third
district, John P. Irish, by acclaraation ; fourth district, Robert Fer
ral ; fifth district, T. J. Clunie,' by acclamation ; sixth district, W.
J. Curtis.
For railroad commissioners : First district, Archibald Yell ; sec
ond district, 0. H. Haswell ; third district, L. Archer.
For merabers of the state board ot equalization : First district,
¦Gordon E. Sloss ; second district, Henry Dusterberry (substituted
for Jaraes Brady); third district, R. H. Bearaer; fourth district,
John T. Gaffey.

570 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The raaking of nominations was completed August 22d, when the
convention adjourned sine die.
The state election was held Noveraber 4th, 1890. All of the can
didates on the republican ticket were elected, with the exception of "^
one meraber of the board of equalization and two congressraen. The
results, according to the official returns, were as follows :
For governor, H. H. Markhara,, 125,129 ; E. B. Pond, 117,184;.
John Bidwell, 10,073.
For lieutenant-governor, J. B. Reddick, 126,244; R. F. Del
Valle, 115,783; A. M. Hough, 6,878; Ben Morgan, 3,342.
For secretary of state, E. G. Waite, 129,900; W. 0. Hendricks,
114,216; F. E. Kellogg, 6,466; W. S. Lyon, 1,948.
For surveyor-general, Theodore Reichert, 131,172 ; Stanley 0.
Boom, 112,765 ; E. M. Chase, 6,476; W. L. Dixon, 2,049.
, For clerk of the supreme court, L. H. Brown', 130,086; J. D,
Spencer, 115,719; J. T. Price, 6,455.
For superintendent of public instruction, J. W. Anderson,
130,594; H. C.Hall, 112,717; Miss S. M. Severance, 6,478.
For controller, E. P. Colgan, 128,042; J. P. Dunn, 116,036;,
M. 0. Winchester, 8,405.
For treasurer, J. R. McDonald, 128,926; Adam Herold, 115,041;,
Henry French, 6,563; G. E. Grosse, 1,997.
For attorney-general, W. H. H. Hart, 130,520; W. 0. Graves,
113,381 ; 0. H. Dunn, 8,603.
For chief justice, W. H. Beatty, 133,095; J. A. Stanly, 113,018 >
Robert Thompson, 5,645.
For associate justices: Full term, 0. H. Garoutte, 130,719; J. V..
Coffey, 111,361; R. 0. Harrison, 129,509; G. H. Sraith, 118,101.
Unexpired terra, J. J. DeHaven, 131,625; Jackson Hatch, 106,485;,
S. 0. Brown, 4011.
For raerabers of state board of equalization : First district, J. S.
Swan, 27,942 ; G. E. Sloss, 27,246 ; H. B. Burlingarae, 168. Second
disfcricfc, L., 0. Morehouse, 28,417; H. Dusterberry, 16,288 ; D. 0.
Taylor, 1,181; Jaraes Brady, 5,751 ; J. L. Lyon, 622. Third dis
trict, R. H. Bearaer, 28,329 ; D. T. Cole, 28,154 ; E. C. Gilbert,
1,096. Fourth disfcrict, J. R. Hebbron, 42,235 ; J. T. Gaffey, 40,-
791 ; S. Fowler, 3,654.
For railroad coraraissioners: Firsfc district, William Beckraan, 41,-
274; Archibald YeU, 37,327; R. G. Hart, 1,611. Second district.

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 571
J. M. Litchfield, 31,478; 0. H. HasweU, 27,619; H. H. Luse, 173.
Third district, J. W. Rea, 57,312 ; L. Archer, 50,508 ; J. G. Miller,
4416. For representatives in congress: First districfc, T. J. Geary, 19,-
834; J. A. Barbara, 19,153 ; L. B. Scranton, 759. Second district,
A. Carainetti, 18,644; G. G. Blanchard, 18,485; J. S. WithereU,
912. Third district, Joseph McKenna, 20,834; John P. Irish, 15,-
997; O. O. Felkner, 774 Fourth district John T. Cutting, 13,196;
Robert Ferral, 12,091; Thomas V. Cator, 1,492; Joseph Rowell,
50, Fifth district, E. F. Loud, 22,871 ; T. J. Clunie, 19,899; E. F.
Howe, 674 Sixth district, W. W. Bowers, 33,522 ; W. J. Curtis,
28,904; O. R. Dougherty, 3,130.

CHAPTER XXXVI.
1892. Republican Convention, May 3d — Democratic Convention —
Prohibition Convention — Organization of the People's Party —
People's Party Nominating Convention — Republican Convention,
July 26th.
The republican state committee met in San Francisco, March 14fch,
and issued a call for a convenfcion to be coraposed of 552 delegates,
to raeet at Stockton, May 3d, for tbe purpose ot electing delegates
and alternates to the republican national convention. The test
adopted for voters at priraaries was: "Will you pledge yourself to
support the norainees of the republican national convention at the
coming election V The convention met as called. J. H. Neff was
elected temporary chairraan by acclaraation, and was continued as-
perraanent chairraan by the adoption of the report of the coramittee
on permanent organization. The following were named as the com
raittee on platform and resolutions : Grove L. Johnson, T. M. Sel
vage, A. B. Leraon, A. L, Levinsky, John F. Davis, J. A. Wayraire,
H. A. McOraney, W. H. L. .Barnes, E. S. Pillsbury, M. Cooney,
H. V. Morehouse, E. H. Heacock, H. Z. Osborne, George Fuller,
and Richard Gird.
The coramittee made the following report, which was adopted :
1. The adrainistration of national affairs by a republican presi
dent has been such that to it we give our unqualified indorseraent.
The prudent business raanner in which the finances of the nation
have been managed, so that while no niggard hand has been shown.

572 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
in disbursements, yet the expenses have been kept within bounds
and the natiorial debt greatly reduced; the carrying into full prac
tical effect of the American doctrine of protection to Araerican
raanufactures under that wise and beneficent law known as the Mc
Kinley bill ; the courageous putting into operation of the reciprocity
¦clauses of that law against claraor without and concealed antagon
ism witliin the party ; the adjustment in a masterly and dignified
manner of the unforeseen and peculiar differences with our old friend
Italy, by which the friendship between the two countries has been
restored on terras satisfactory to each ; the firra and successful man
agement of the controversy with Chile, whereby the honor of the
nation was guarded, its flag made powerful to guard alike our sailors
and citizens, as well as political refugees seeking shelter, and yefc the
self-respect of Chile was observed with scrupulous care ; the care
fully prepared and deterrained stand taken in the Bering sea dis
pute with Great Britain, whereby the so-called raistress of the seas
was taught that the Araerican banner must be respected, whether it
-waved over land or ocean, over man or seal, and by which a glorious
diplomatic triumph was won; these and other achievements stamp
the adrainistration of President Harrison as wise, patriotic, and use
ful, and endear hira to the hearts of all true Araericans, while giving
just pride to every republican. We feel that the republican party
needs rio better leader iri the battle of 1892 thari the man who led us
to victory in 1888.
2. We indorse the administration of Governor Markhara as wise
and efficient, and raost heartily coraraerid the care with which he is
¦endeavoring to economize and iraprove the raanageraent of our state
institutions. 3. We reaffirra our belief in and adherence to the republican
national platforra of 1888. Upon the doctrine there enunciated of
protection to Araerican industries and Araerican labor we won the
•contest, and all subsequent experience has but strengthened our con
fidence in that systera of govemraerital policy of which our party is
the exponent, and we confldently ask the closest scrutiny of its work
ing under the present tariff as the strongest arguraent for its main-
teriance. 4. The policy of our government has always been to welcome to
•our shores all good people frora all parts of the world, but
we recognize the fact that our hospitality has been abused, that
thousands of undesirable imraigrants have been imposed upon us, or
have voluntarily corae to us, and we deem that the time has arrived

REPUBLICAN RESOLUTIONS. 573
for a reforra in our laws that shall protect the United States from
the socialist, the crirainal, the pauper, the anarchist, and the nihil
ist, and shall place stronger guards around the sacred privileges of
becoraing an Araerican citizen, so that no man shall be given that in
estimable right unless he be unmistakably entitled thereto.
5. We hail with glad hearts the cessation of legal warfare between
the miners and the agriculturists of California, and the blending
together of the two great interests of our commonwealth into one
harmonious effiart to advance the common good without injury to
either. We indorse the efforts that have been raade to bring farraer
and rainer into a union, and call upon congress to enact iramediately
into laws such measures as will enable the hydraulic miner again to
pour into the pathway of comraerce his millions of treasure from the
strearas of the Sierra Nevada without daraage to the valleys, or
waters, or agricultural interests ot the state, so that the busy hum of
labor and the music of the school shall be heard in the now deserted
mining camps of California as in the days of old.
6. The Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and their tributaries
are the natural highways of commerce within the state, and we are
in favor of so improving their channels and constructing navigable
canals through the valleys of said rivers, connecting thera with the
tide water, as to secure forever to the people of the state cheap
transportation for the products of our soil and our factories.
7. The Nicaragua canal, by means ot wbich the distance between
the Atlantic and Pacific seaports ot our country will be shortened by
10,000 miles, thus affording a highway for quick and cheap trans
portation without limit, is an enterprise which, if properly guarded,
can never be monopolized by any private interest. And because of
its vast importance tO the coraraercial world, especially to the states
and territories contiguous to our sea coast, we urge upou corigress to
. take such action as will insure the early corapletion of said canal, and
at the sarae time secure the control of the canal to the government
of the United States, and we heartily indorse the views expressed
on this subject by President Harrison in his message to congress
thereon. 8. We believe that the wool-growing interests of the country are
entitled to and should receive as full and adequate protection under
the tariff laws as that granted any other industry.
9. We believe silver, equaUy with gold, to be the raoney
of the people, and in behalf of the farraer, the laborer, and
the mechanic of the nation, for whora the republican party has

574 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
always labored, we deraand the passage of such laws as will provide
for the free and unliraited coinage of the silver product of the raines
ot the United States, as soon as the same can be done without in
jury to the business interests of the nation.
10. The republican party has ever been the friend and protector
of the laborer of the country, and in line with the legislation which
¦our party has given them we favor the passage ot such laws by cori
gress as will protect American labor against the importation of the
products of pauper labor, as well as against the importation of con
tract or pauper laborers, believing that by so doing only can we
adequately secure to the Araerican laborer the full reward of his
exertions; and we demand the rigid enforceraent ot the law Uraiting
the hours of labor on public works to eight hours per day ; and we
also deraand such legislation as shall utterly prohibit all Chinese
immigration into the United States.
11. We favor an amendment to the constitution of the United
States, providing for the election of United States senators by direct
vote of tbe people.
12. While we abate riothing ot our words of praise regarding the
chief magistrate of the nation, we must express our profound con
viction that in the whole foreign policy of the administration we see
the traces of a master hand so long and lovingly known by all our
party; we recognize again and again that man who stands in the
very foreraost rank of living statesraen, whose fame is world-wide,
whose name is a household word in every American home, and who
is the "favorite son" of every republican in every state of the Ameri
can union, James G. Blaine.
The following resolutions were also adopted :
13. That the principles of civil service reform inaugurated by
the late lamented, the Honorable Jaraes A. Garfield, would, if car
ried out in their strict and true sense, redound to the credit of the
administration and serve as a safeguard to the rank and file of the
republican party, therefore, be it further resolved,
1 4. That this convention indorse and recommend the carrying out
in their fullest extent the principles of civil service reform.
For delegates at large to the national convention, the names of W.
H. L. Barnes, M. M. Estee, E. F. Spence, N. D. Rideout, 0. N.
Felton, and M. H. DeYourig were placed in nomination. On the
first ballot Spence received 459; Rideout, 421; DeYoung, 369; Fel
ton, 347; Estee, 326, and Barnes, 281 votes. The four first named

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 575
-were declared elected. Isaac Trumbo, Philo G. Hersey, H. G.
Otis, and J. R. Oarrick were elected alternate delegates at large by
acclaraation. Delegates were elected by the district conventions as follows:
First district, D. T. Cole and E. V. Spencer; alternates, S. I.
Mathews and J. T. Matlock. Second district, J. F. Kidder, A. J.
Rhoads ; alternates, E. 0. Voorhies and N. Sposati. Third district,
Eli Denison and R. D. Robbins ; alternates, H. A. McOraney and
R. F. Crist Fourth district, E. S. Pillsbury and J. S. Spear ; alter-
¦oates, Reuben H. Lloyd and D. S. Dorn. Fifth district, O. A. Hale
and George A. Knight; alternates, John T. Dare and Mitchell
Phillips. Sixth district, E. P. Johnson and R. E. Jack ; alternates,
J. Frankenfield and J. T. Porter. Seventh district, P. Y. Baker and
R. W. Button ; alternates, W. H. Scribner and A. S. Eraery.
The convention adjourned sine die. May 4th, 1892.
The deraocratic state central comraittee raet at San Francisco,
April fith, and issued a call for a convention, to be coraposed of 643
delegates, and to be held at Fresno, May, 17, 1892. The test
adopted for priraaries was : " Did you support and vote for E. B.
Pond for governor in 1890, or would you have done so had you cast
a vote % Will you support the norainees of the national deraocratic
convention at Chicago, and the deraocratic ticket nominated in May,
1892, by the Fresno convention ? " The convention was to select
•delegates to the national convention, and by district conventions, to
nominate congressraen, and electors and alternates for president and
vice-president of the United States.
The convention raet at the appointed tirae and place, and was
called to order by R. P. Haramond, vice-chairman of the state cen
tral coramittee. B. D. Murphy was elected temporary chairraan by
343 votes, over D. A. Ostrora, who received 286. The committee
¦on platforra and resolutions was appointed to consist of R. F.
Del Valle, Henry Hogan, John Markley, George E. Williaras, D. A.
Ostrom, M. F. Tarpey, R. A. Long, J. F. Sullivan, S. Braunhart,
Jackson Hatch, Barry Baldwin, Stephen M. White, J. D. Harvey,
Oscar A. Trippit, and M. T. DooUng.
By the report of the comraittee on perraanent organization, which
was adopted, the temporary officers of the convention were made
perraanent, and Ostrom was made vice-chairman.
The majority of the committee on platform and resolutions sub
mitted the following report :

576 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
We pledge anew our fealty to tbe principles first declared by the
illustrious raen who founded our free institutions and established the-
democratic party to protect and preserve them.
1. That the paramount reform now deraanded of the federal legis
lature is the reforra of the tariff laws upon the basis of the derao
cratic platforra of 1888, to the end that no money shall be need
lessly exacted from the industries and necessities of the people, and
that our industrial interests shall not be prejudiced by excessive tax
ation-, false systems of finance or extravagant cost of production.
To this end the McKinley tariff bill should be repealed, the essential
raw material of Araerican manufactures should be put upon the free-
list and a revised tariff should be adopted, with due regard for the
rights of Araerican labor and the preservation of our raanufactures..
That consistently with that issue and with this demand the senti
ment of the California deraocracy is overwhelmingly tor the renomi
nation to the presidency of the raan who gave to his party intel
lectual and political leadership and to the country a pure and ele
vated .adrainistration. We declare our conviction that the best
interests of the party and of the country deraand the noraination of
Grover Cleveland for president. He is the choice of this convention
for that exalted station, and we are confident that under his leader
ship the principles of democracy will win a glorious victory; and te
the end that the vote and influence of California may be most effect
ively heard and felt the delegates this day chosen are directed to
act as a unit in all raatters intrusted to their charge, said action te
be deterrained by the vote of the raajority of the delegates.
2. That we congratulate the deraocratic party and the people Of
the state of Oalifornia upon the successful efforts of our two derao
cratic congressraen in behalf of the best interests of the state, and
we confidently contrast their earnest labors with the inactivity and
apathy of their republican colleagues in the house and senate. The
whole state owes a debt ot gratitude to Hon. A. Carainetti and Hon.
T. J . Geary ; to the one for salutary and wise legislation introduced
by hira for the relief of our suffering raining industries without in
terfering with agriculture, and the preservation of our waterways ;
to the other for the splendid anti-Chinese legislation wrung by his
tireless advocacy of California's welfare frora a reluctant republican
senate. 3. That the construction of the Nicaragua maritime canal is of
the greatest political and comraercial iraportance to our country.

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 577
and especially to the Pacific states, and that we respectfuUy urge
the democratic national convention to pronounce distinctly in favor
of congress taking such action as may facilitate its construction,
but we are opposed to a subsidy being granted to any corporation for
such purpose.
4. That we ask that the constitution of the United States be so
amended as to provide for the election of United States senators
directly by the people, avoiding so far as possible the scandals that
regularly attend the election to this iraportant office and bringing
its incumbent nearer to the people of the state whose representative
he is.
5. That we demand the rigid enforcement of the law limiting the
hours of labor on public works to eight hours per day. We reaffirm
our opposition to the iramigration of Chinese and other pauper labor.
6. That we denounce the acts of the republican party against
silver, particularly the act demonetizing it, and we believe that
there should be kept in constant circulation a full and sufficient
volume of money consisting of gold, silver, and legal-tender paper
currency at par with each other.
7. That we denounce the legislative and congressional apportion
ments made by the late republican legislature as unfair and partisan
in the extrerae. For the purpose of increasing republican represen
tation, districts were formed without reference to the just deraands
of localities aff'ected, and without reference to ptiblic convenience.
The provision of our constitution requiring that legislative dis-'
tricts shall be as nearly equal in population as raay be, was deliber
ately and sharaelessly violated.
8. That we deraand the enactraent of stringent laws which will
protect the people frora the adulteration of food products, which
results in the destruction of raany of our industries and is highly
injurious to the health of the people.
9. That the waterways of the state, being the natural distributing
arteries of coraraerce as well as the raeans of irrigating our arid lands
and increasing our productive capacities, are of the first importance to
the citizen ; and we deraand of congress a fulfiUraent of the obliga
tions to the state to maintain our navigable waters which come under
their direct control in the best navigable condition ; and of the state
the preservation of its waters for the use and benefit of our citizens.
10. That we heartily approve of the resuraption within our state
of hydraulic mining under such conditions as shall be just and equit-

578 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
able to both miner and farmer, and we pledge our best efforts to aid
in the adjustraent of that raost iraportant question. We most
respectfully petition congress for imraediate assistance and pledge
our congressional norainees to the hearty advocacy and support of
such raeasures as may be necessary to practically solve that problem.
The suppression of hydraulic raining in California has congested the
circulating medium not only at home, where the results are most
acutely and infamously felt, but throughout the commercial world,
and we look forward to an era of great prosperity upon its resump.
tion. 11. That we deem it the duty of congress to make ample appro
priations for the rectification and restoration of the navigable rivers
ot this state ; that such appropriations should be expended in the
iraprovement ot the channels and in the construction of restraining
and impounding dams ; that such dams should be erected at such
places and of such diraensions and capacity as will restrain the
debris now iri the chaririels aud also the araount that will hereafter
be deposited in the tributaries of said rivers by natural or mining
washings, thereby preserving the navigability of the rectified rivers,
and also restoring the great industry of hydraulic raining ; that we
deem the passage of the mining bill introduced in the house of
representatives of the United States by Hon. A. Carainetti to be of
vital importance to the people ot the state ; that in view of such
fact we urgently request the delegation in congress from this state
to co-operate in securing the passage of said act at this session, in
order that hydraulic raining raay be speedily resuraed.
12. That in 1890 congress restored to the public domain in this
state a vast territory covered by forfeited railroad land grants. The
interior department, acting in compliance with the wishes of the
corporations affected, has wilfully neglected to place this great
domain at the disposal of the people. The land thus withheld
should be iraraediately thrown open for actual settlement and occu
pancy. 13. We denounce the use of money in' elections as subversive of
good government, and we are in favor of the Australian ballot sys
tem, and all other legislation tending to prevent such evil.
14. That we are unalterably opposed to any extension of time for
fifty years, or for any other time, for the payraent of the indebted
ness of the Pacific railroads to the general govemment.
Whereas, The Central and Southeru Pacific railroad companies

DEMOCRATIC RESOLUTIONS. 579
and their branches owe to the state and several counties the sura of
$2,547,000 for taxes; therefore, be it resolved,
15. That we demand of the senatorial and assembly district con
ventions that they pledge their nominees to vote for a law providing
for the reassessment of the property of said corapanies for the years
they have escaped taxation.
16. That we believe that the public should be protected trom the
great non-taxpaying trusts and corporations which now challenge
the authority of the governraent. The democratic party was founded
to maintain the interests and liberties of the people. It alone is
competent to resist those encroachments which imperil the safety of
the state. The republican party, while professing to be the friend
of labor, has demonstrated by its uniforra action that its tendencies
are toward the creation of raonopolies and trusts, through whose
instrumentality alone it hopes to perpetuate its existence. The
democratic party emanates frora the people; its aira has always
been to care for the weak and to be just to the strong. While it is
ever ready to proraote industries and to stiraulate enterprises it will
never perrait wealth to shirk its rightful obligations or to irapose
upon poverty the expenses of a governraent forraed for the benefit of
all. 17. That we advocate the continuance of the democratic policy
inaugurated during the presidency of Grover Cleveland providing for
the construction of a thoroughly efficient navy, and we favor the
establishment of adequate coast and harbor defenses and the con
struction of a national gun foundry upon this coast.
18. That we deem a well equipped national guard promotive of
public safety; and we therefore favor liberal treatment of our citizen
soldiery. 1 9. That the democratic party of the state of California resents
the interference in the politics of this state of the Southern Pacific
Company of Kentucky; that we denounce the system of boss politics
largely created and fostered by that corporation which has corrupted
public men and public life, and under which few but those who find
favor in the eyes of the corporation and stand ready to do its bidding
have held office. Under this influence our youths have been taught
and trained to believe that political principle and political duty raay
be justly traded off for personal gain and preferraent at the hands of
the.boss to the almost entire destruction of that healthy public spirit
without which no government of the people can hope to continue in
existence.

580 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
20. That we heartily indorse the bill introduced by Congressraan
Carainetti to adrait jute bags free of duty, and we call upon our
congressional delegation to use their utmost endeavor to accoraplish
the passage of that measure. *
21. That we favor the strict enforcement of the civil service laws.
22. That we are opposed to the payment of any subsidy to any
corapany for carrying the United States mails when Such company is
directly or indirectly subsidized by any railroad or other private
corporation. 23. That the democratic party denounces the inaction of the
board of railroad commissioners of the state and eamesfcly sympa
thizes and coraraends the eflforfc of the Traffic Association of Califor
nia to corapel them to perform their constitutional duty and accom
plish a much needed reduction in railroad rates in California.
24. That it is absolutely essential to the proraotion of the com
raercial interests of California that a corapefcing railroad be introduced
within her borders.
25 That deraocratic ascendaricy is dependent upon the intelligence
and education of the people. We favor liberal appropriations for
the maintenance and perfection of our public school system, arid
pledge our legislative riomiriees to the exercise of a liberal discretion
in providing for its maintenance and thorough equipment
26. That the deraocratic party is now, as ever, unalterably opposed
to all suraptuary legislation.
27. That we denounce the billion-dollar congress and the legisla
ture of a thousand scandals.
28. That the success of the deraocratic party offers to a suffering
people the only escape from a recurrence of corrupt and extravagant
rule. 29. That it is the sense of this convention that the next legisla
ture ot this state submit to the people for adoption a constitutional
araendraent providing for a raaxiraura tariff and classification, and
abolishing the board of railroad coraraissioners; and the deraocratic
party deraands that all candidates for the assembly and senate atthe
coming election be pledged to said action.
White subraitted a minority report offering as substitutes for the
twenty-third and twenty-ninth sections, respectively, the following:
23. That the democratic party denounces the inaction of the
board of railroad coraraissioners of this state and earnestly syrapa-
thizes with and coraraends all efforts to compel thera to perforra their

DEMOCRATIC CONVENTION. 581
constitutional duty by accoraplishing a much needed reduction in
railroad rates in this state.
29. That it is the sense of this convention that the ne.J^t legisla
ture of this state provide for a maximum railroad freight and fare
tariff. A second minority report was submitted, signed by Har-vey,
White, Dooling, and Braunhart, oiJering the following substitute for'
the sixth section: '
6. That' this convention denounces the act of the republican: con
gress in demonetizing silver. We are in favor of the double stand
ard and of the enactment of such laws as will result in the free
coinage of silver.
White's report was rejected, by a vote of 355 to 255; the second
minority report was then withdrawn, and the raajority report adopted
without amendment.
The following resolution, introduced by I. Giitte, was adopted by
acclaraation :
That whereas, the prosperity of the state of California is, in a
great raeasure, dependent upon an increased population, we recora
raend such raeasures as will tend to encourage the immigration of.
orderly and decent people, to the exclusion, of the members of, the
criminal and pauper classes and refuse of other nations, and that in
heartily favoring the imraigration of decent and orderly members of
the Caucasian race, it should always be remembered that American
citizenship is a boon to be conferred only upon such persons as are
in accord with our systera of constitutional government.
W. W. Foote, Stephen M. White, A. B. Butier, and J, V. Cole
man were elected delegates at large to the national democratic con
vention by acclaraation, while as alternates; Lawrence Archer, John
Bryson, Sr., Louis Metzger, and R. H. Beamer were also elected by
acclaraation. For presidential electors at large, J. F. Thompson and
Joseph D. Lynch were chosen by acclamation, and in the same man
ner E. B. Price and P. H. Griffin were chosen alternates.
The convention adjourned sine die. May 18th. During intervals
in its sessions the delegates assembled in district conventions for the
purpose of nominating congressmen, presidential electors and dele
gates to the national convention.
First congressional district : The convention for - this district
norainated Thoraas J. Geary for representative in congress, by
acclaraation. Thoraas L. Thorapson and Clay W. Taylor were elected

582 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
delegates to the national convention, with John D. Goodwin and H.
H. Harris, as alternates. R. P. Hammond was chosen presidential
elector, and Henry Hogan, alternate. The following resolutions
were adopted :
Whereas, After many years passed in a rainority, and after the
experiraents with expediency which are coraraon to minorities, the
deraocratic party in 1876, under the leadership of Tilden, planted
itself firmly upon affirmative principles and won a victory; and
whereas, this affirraation was rendered, vitalized, and reasserted
by Grover Cleveland, with the result of so educating the country
that the republican party was nearly expelled frora representation in
the popular branch of congress ; therefore be it resolved by this first
district convention of the deraocracy of California,
That we charge our delegates to the national convention to keep in
issue the principles that will live forever in the masterly statement
made by Mr. Cleveland, and to recognize and obey the wish of the
party that the coming fight be raade under the leadership and can
didacy of Grover Cleveland, of whom it raay be truthfully said that
he never dodged an issue nor evaded a responsibility; who destroyed
sectionalism, defied the protected raonopolies, and brightened with
hope the face of the toiler and taxpayer; who sprung from the peo
ple hiraself, overcarae the disinheritance of fortune by his own
exertions, reaching the highest honors by deserving thera, and re
ceived the greatest earthly trust by reason of confidence that his
honor was equally great. Resolved,
That under his leadership we expect victory by deserving ifc,
and in the affections of the people which run to him in every state
we recognize a foundation for success which no artifice nor expendi
ture can displace. First araongst Araericans, foreraost in courage
and patriotisra, we hereby record our pride in hira as our country
raan, our contidence in hira as a statesman, and our perfect trust in
him as a party leader; and we comrait this estimate of him to our
national delegates, charging thera to faithfully reflect our irapression
in the national convention, and by vote and action to conform their
conduct thereto.
Second congressional disfcrict : This convention nominated A.
Carainetti for representative in congress ; J. A. Filcher for elector,
and Charles Mitchell for alternate; and elected R. D. Stephens
and W. J. McGee delegates- to the national convention, with A. F.

DISTRICT DEMOCRA TIC CONVENTIONS. 583
Jones and E. Arrastrong for alternates.. Tie following resolutions,
introduced by W. S. Leake, were adopted without opposition :
Whereas, We believe that Grover Cleveland is the first choice
and favorite of the democracy of California and ot the United
States, as a candidate for the presidency; therefore be it resolved.
That it is the wish of the delegates of this district, representing
the will of the people, that our delegates to the national convention
reflect this first choice and preference of the party in their action
and votes at Chicago. Resolved,
That the foregoing expression is our eraphatic counsel and cbarge
to our representatives, in whora we expect fidelity and force in this
expression ot our will. Resolved,
That we think it neither wise nor safe to change materially the
plan under wbich the battle of 1888 was fought. We are confident
we were right then, and the right is always the sarae. We have
implicit confidence in the mind that conceived and the hands that
executed the details of that noted contest. We also believe in the
wisdom, and honesty, and heroic courage of him who has led us in
that assault, and now, refreshed, revived, united, and fearless iri our
faith, we demand to be led against an enemy fortified by the spoils
of an oppressive tariff levied upon the suggestion of private greed to
promote monopoly and extortion, to build up the fortunes of a few
beneficiaries and favored classes at the expense of the general wel
fare, under the same great general, Grover Cleveland.
Third congressional district : The convention of this district
deferred the nomination of a congressraan until a later date. R.
A. Long was norainated for presidential elector and C. Y. Brown,
alternate. Frank J. Moffitt and L. W. Buck were elected delegates,
with Paul Shirley and M. J. Layraance as alternates. At an
adjourned meeting of the convention, held in Oakland, Septeniber
24th, Warren B. English received the nomination for congressraan,
by a vote of 51, to 17 for H. 0. McPike.
Fourth congressional district : By this convention James G. Ma
guire was nominated for representative in congress ; Marcus Rosen
thal for presidential elector and P. F. Dundon for alternate. Jere
miah F. Sullivan and Joseph Clark were elected delegates, and A..
Andrews and R. P. Doolan, alternates.
Fifth congressional district: J. W. Ryland was norainated for
representative in congress; Jackson Hatch for elector and J. 0.
Ruddock for alternate. L. A. Whitehurst and Thomas F. Barry

584 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA:
were elected delegates, with L. G. Flannigan and F. M. Mills as
alternates. A resolution was passed indorsing Cleveland and in
structing the delegates to support him while he remained a candi
date. Sixth congressional district : The nomination of a congressman
was postponed. Thomas Renison was nominated for elector and N.
A. Covarrubias for alternate. George S. Patton and Jesse D. Carr
were elected delegates and J. H. Russell and J. 0. Kays, alternates.
At an adjourned meeting of the convention, held at Los Angeles,
Septeraber 10th, Marion Cannftn, the nominee of the people's party
was nominated for congressman, and William Graves for elector,
vice Renison, resigned.
Seventh congressional district : W. L. Silraan was chosen for
presidential elector and Charles F. Hurae for alternate. Henry W.
Patton and W. W. Phillips were elected delegates to the national
convention, with M. T. Dooling and E. E. Young as alternates. A
resolution was unaniraously adopted instructing the delegates to use,
all honorable means to secure the noraination of Cleveland for
president. The noraination of congressraan was postponed until
August 30th when, at a convention asserabled afc Santa Ana, Olin
Wellborn was riorainated by acclaraation, John R. Kittrell -with
drawing. The prohibition convention raet at Fresno, May 25th, with raore
than 300 delegates in attendance. It was called to order by Henry
French of the stafce central committee. M. 0. Winchester was
elected teraporary chairman. The report of the committee on per-'
manent organization, which was adopted, naraed P. T. Durfy as
chairraan. The committee on platform and resolutions consisted of
0. H. Dunn, 0. E. Rich, A. J. Gregg, L. W. Elliott, Robert Thomp
son, Mrs. Ada Van Pelt, R. Sumraers, R. H. McDonald, George
Thresher, F. M. Porter, Jaraes Hopkins, Jr., H. 0. Waddell, Garri-.
son Turner, F. M. WUlis, 0. R. Dougherty, and Mrs. L. H.
Addington. The report of the coraraittee was considered seriatim
and amended in some particulars. As adopted it was as follows:
1. We hereby reaffirra our allegiance to the platform of the
national prohibition party of the United States.
2. We declare for the suppression of the raanufacture, importa
tion, transportation, exportation, and sale of all intoxicating liquors
by both state and nation, except for medicinal and mechanical pur
poses.

PROHIBITION RESOLUTIONS. 585
3. We declare in favor of a suffrage based upon an educational
•qualification without regard to sex; and in this connection we
declare on the question to be submitted to the voters of this state at
the next election, of requiring an educational qualification of
voters, that every voter be required to be able to write his own
name, and to read any section of the constitution in the English
language. 4. We are in favor ot the government ownership and control of
the railroads, the telegraph and the telephone lines, and the manage-
•ment of the same for the public good.
5. The corabination of trusts and monopolies to subsidize the
press, corrupt legislation, and courts of justice, increase the price of
-commodities, and oppress the wageworker is a usurpation of the
people's rights, and that we are opposed to such monopolies and
trusts in both state and nation.
6. We favor a currency, issued by the government alone, suffi-
•cient in araount to transact the business of the country, not exceed
ing $50 per capita, of gold and silver coin, and treasury notes, the
same to be a full legal tender for all debts.
7. Our immigration laws should be so revised and enforced, as fco
-exclude pauper, vicious, criminal, and other undesirable immigrants;
to extend the time of residence required before naturalization ; to
require that no iraraigrant be naturalized until able to read English,
nor be perraitted to vote until fully naturalized.
8. We favor the election of United States senators by a direct
.vote of the people.
9. In consideration of the great value of the proposed Nicaragua
•canal to the coramerce of the nation, we favor the construction of
the sarae, and that it be owned and controlled by the general gov
ernraent in the interest of the people.
10. We declare for the preservation of one day in seven, as a day
of rest as a civic institutiorl, without oppressing or interfering with
any who observe any other day of the week as such day of rest.
The following rainority report was read to the convention :
11. We syrapathize with those who toil for the support of them
selves and families, and we heartily agree to assist thera, through
their labor unions and otherwise, in all lawful raeans, to secure frora
corporations and other employers shorter hours of labor, and we
reaffirra our forraer resolutions to give to employes a Saturday half-
Jbioliday.

586 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
The norainations made by the convention were as follows ; For
presidential electors : At large, R. H. McDonald and F. M..
Porter ; first district, Archibald McArthur ; second district, William.
P. Miller ; third district, T. L. Hierlihy ; fourth district, H. H.
Luse; fifth district, F. E. Caton; sixth district, F. E. KeUogg >
severith district, Samuel Fowler,
For represeritatives in congress : First district, W. P. StaffiDrd ;.
second district, Chauncey H. Dunn ; third district, L. B. Scranton ;.
fourth district, Henry Collins; fifth district, William Kelly; sixth
district, O. R. Dougherty ; seventh district, M. B. Harris.
For delegates to national convention : At large, Mrs. E. P.
Stevens, B. H. Hoag, F. J. Tuttie, Robert Thompson, J. M. Hall,
Mrs. L. H. Mills, George B. Mcintosh, John Bidwell, M. 0. Win
chester, and S. N. Marsh. First district, J. R. Nichol and Charles-
T. Clark. Second district, J. E. Barnes and Jaraes A. Aridersori ;.
alterriates, W. H. Barron and M. A. Thompson. Third district,
M. D. Edholm and D, 0. Taylor. Fourth district, R. H.' McDonald
and Mrs. M. F. Gray; alternates, T. S.' Harrison and J. S. Clark.
Fitth district, T. B. Stewart and 0. B. WilUams. Sixth district,
L. B. Palmer and Daniel Tuttie, Seveuth district, J. N. Crawford*
arid A. H. Seccorabe ; alterriates, D. K. Zurawalt and J. S. Edwards.
The convention adjourned sine die, May 26th.
The orgariization of the people's party iri Califorriia was effected'
at Los Angeles, October 22, 1891, when delegates representing.
the farmers' .alliance, patrons of husbandry, and other agricultural,
labor, and reforra organizations, assembled for the purpose of form
ing a people's party in the state, to adopt a platform, to appoint a
state central committee, and to orgariize district arid couuty com
mittees. The coriveritiori iricluded about 600 delegates. It was,
called to order by M. Cauriori. H. F. Gardrier was urianimously
elected teraporary chairraau, arid afterward permarierit chairman..
The committee on platform and resolutions consisted of J. W. Hines,
H. 0. DUlon, Williara Ayers, William P. Rogers, Mrs. A. F.
Sraith, John S. Dore, 0. W. Pedlar, George Thresher, J. O.
Williams, Frank Kelsey, J. F. Greenough, A. P. Merritt, James
Morgan, David Reed, and J. M. Sharp. The platform, as adopted,
was as follows :
We, the representatives of the industrial and reform organizations-
of the state of California, in convention assembled at the city of Los>

RESOLUTIONS OF PEOPLE'S PARTY. 537
Angeles, October 22, 1891, firraly convinced that our cause is just,
and that the tirae has corae for independent political action, do
hereby subrait to the candid judgraent of all raen the following
declaration of our principles and purposes :
That we forever renounce and abjure all forraer allegiance held or
clairaed by us in either the republican, democratic, or other political
party, and severing our connection therewith, do hereby forra and
organize in the state of California the people's party of the United
States, and pledge to the support of its principles our lives, our for
tunes, and our sacred honor.
That wo approve the action of the convention ot the people's party
held at Cincinnati on the 19th of May last, and further deraand :
1. The right to make and issue raoney is a sovereign power to be
raaintained by the people for the coramon benefit ; hence, we demand
the abolition of the national banks as banks of issue, and as a sub
stitute for national bank notes, we deraand that legal tender treasury
notes to be issued in sufficient volume to transact the business of
the country on a cash basis without damage or especial advantage
to any class or calling, such notes to be a legal tender in payment of
all debts, public and private, and such notes, when deraanded by the
people, shall be loaned to thera at not raore than two per cent per
annum upon non-perishable products, as indicated in the sub-treasury
plan, and also upon real estate, with proper limitation upon the
quantity of land and amount of raoney.
2. We demand the free and unlimited coinage of silver.
8. We demand the passage of laws prohibiting alien ownership of
land, and that congress take prorapt action to devise sorae plan to
obtain all lands now owned by alien and foreign syndicates, and that
all lands held by railroads and other corporations, in excess of such
as is actually used and needed by thera, be reclairaed by the govern
ment and held for actual settlers only.
4. Believing in the doctrine of equal rights to all and special privi
leges to none, we demand that all taxation — national, state, and
municipal — shall not be used to build up one interest or class at the
expense of another.
5. We demand that revenues — national, state, or county — shall be
limited to the necessary expenses of the government, economically
and honestly administered.
6. We deraand the government ownership of all the raeans and
agencies of public transportation and communication, and that they
be operated in the interest of the people at actual cost.

.588 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
7. We demand the election of president, vice-president, and United
¦States senators by a direct vote of the people.
8. We are opposed to the saloon and liquor business in all its
forms. 9. We deraand'that all goverrimerit arid all pubUc work shall be
done by the day, under proper superintendents elected by the people;
that eight hours only should be a day's work on the sarae, and
strictly enforced ; that only Araerican citizens, or those who have
declared their intention to becorae citizens, should be eraployed on
any public work, and that all manufacturers should put their names
Ori all their goods.
10. We hold that rio citizen of the United States should be
deprived of the electoral franchise on account of sex.
11. Whereas, we believe the strong arm of the government,
through its railitary and police force, affords sufficient protection to
life and property; therefore, be it resolvedj that we deraand the aboli
tion of all private arraed bodies of men, such as the Pinkerton police
force, and that no person or persons shall act as militiaman, policeman,
or marshal unless duly appointed and coraraissioned by the govern
raent, state, or raunicipality in which they reside.
12. We deraand that the pay of the honorably discharged union
soldiers which was given to them in depreciated currency, worth
only fifty cents on the dollar, shall now be raade equal to the gold
paid the bondholder.
A state central coraraittee was appointed, coraposed of one repre
sentative frora each county and several from industrial organizations.
E. M. WardaU was elected chairman of the committee. The con
vention concluded its labors and adjourned October 22d.
The second convention of the people's party was held at Stockton,
June 1st, 1892. It was coraposed largely of representatives of the
farmers' alliance, although other labor organizations were repre
sented. More than 175 delegates were present frora thirty -three
counties. The convention was called to order by E. M. WardaU of
the state executive coraraittee of the party, and John G. Dawes was
elected teraporary chairman. The coraraittee on permanent organi
sation recommended William Boyne for chairman, and the report
was adopted. The comraittee on platforra and resolutions consisted ¦
of M. Cannon, J. A. Johnson, A. L. Warner, S. D. Wheeler, W, A.
Vann, J. B. McCorraick, D. 0. Feely, Stephen Bowers, and J. S.

CONVENTION. OF PEOPLE'S PARTY. 589
Dore. The committee reported the following, known as the "St.
Louis platform:"
1. We deraand a national currency, safe, sound and flexible,
issued by the general government only, a full legal tender for all
debts, public and private; and that without the use of banking cor
porations, a just, equitable and efficient means of distribution direct
to the people at a tax not to exceed two per cent be provided, as set
forth in the sub-treasury plan ot the farmers' alliance, or sorae bet
ter system ; also, by payraents in discharge of its obligations tor
public iraprovements. {a) We demand free and unlimited coinage
of silver. (6) We demand that the amount of circulating medium
be speedily increased to not less than fifty dollars per capita, (c)
We demand a graduated income tax. (rf) We believe that the
money of the country should be kept as much as possible in the
hands of the people, and hence we demand all national and state
revenue shall be liraited to the necessary expenses of the govern
raent ecorioraioally and honestly administered, (e) We deraand
that postal savings banks be established by the governraent for the
safe deposit of the earnings of the people and to facilitate exchange.
2. The land, including all the natural resources of wealth, is the
heritage of all the people and should not be raonopolized for specu
lative purposes, and alien ownership of land should be prohibited.
All land now held by railroads and other corporations in excess of
their actual needs, and all lands now held by aliens, should be re
clairaed by the government and held for actual settlers only.
3. Transportation being a means of exchange and a public neces
sity, the government should own and operate the railroads in the in
terest of the people. The telegraph and telephone, like the post-
office systera, being a necessity for the transmission of news, should
be owned and operated by the government in the interest of the
people. And also the following resolutions :
4. That the people's party denounce the present board of railroad
commissioners tor refusing to reduce the rates of fares and freights
on the railroads of this state, and that when traitors and boodlers
get into office the remedy is not the abolition of the office but that
of the officers.
5. That the Traffic Association has our syrapathy and support in
its efforts to compel the railroad coraraissioners to do their duty in
regulating the fares and freights upon the railroads of this state.

590 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
6. That we are in favor of the free and unlimited coinage of
silver, and we denounce the republican party for demonetizing it in
1873, and the democratic party for not remonetizing it in 189^; and
we also denounce the scheme of both old parties for calling a coun
cil of foreign aristocrats to sit in judgment upon the monetary affairs
-of this nation.
7. That we are in favOr of the speedy construction of the Nicar
agua canal, and to that end we demand treaty rights with the
government of Nicaragua before we invest $100,000,000 in the
enterprise, and that the government of the United States should
own and operate the canal when corapleted, in the interests of the
commerce of the United States and the world.
8. That we denounce the attempt now being made to transfer the
governraent lands known as arid lands to states and territories as a
measure iri the iriterest of capital and monopoly, which must result
in defrauding honest settlers frora acquiring and occupyiug such
lauds. 9. That we have read the resolutions adopted at the labor conven
tion held in San Francisco, May 24th, 1892, and we extend to the
organizations represented in said convention our cordial co-operation
in their efforts to secure the enactment of just laws for the protec
tion ot their rights and to secure justice to the toilers in the shops
and factories ot the cities, and we invite their hearty union with us
in the sarae great cause.
The report was adopted. The platforra adopted at Los Angeles,
•October, 1891, was reaffirraed.
The foUowirig were chosen as presidential electors : At large;
J. S. Dore and Stephen Bowers. First district, A. L. Warner ;
second district, J. N. Barton ; third district, L. F. Moulton ; fourth
district, Thoraas V. Cator ; fifth district, William McCormick ; sixth
•district, W. 0. Bowraari ; seventh district, D. T. Fowler.
The following were elected delegates to the ¦ national convention :
First district— H. J. Ring, L. Leighton, E. G. Furber, and Carl
Browne. Second district — 0. A. Jenkins, J. E. Carap, J. M. Ben
son, and J. W. Schofield. Third district — H. R. Shaw, J. L. Lyon,
, A. H. Rose, and J. R. Gamer. Fourth district — J. A. WiUiaras,
J. 0. Gore, 0. H. Johrison, and T. V. Cator. Fifth district— A. W.
Thorapson, E. M. Piercy, D. C. Vestal, and C. W. Pedlar. Sixth
district— J. S. Loveland, E. M. Hamilton, J. 0. Drew, and A. R.
Hathaway. Seventh district — 0. F. Bennett, G. Burns, W. Penn

REPUBLICAN CONVENTION. 591
Rogers, and B. F. Dixon. At large— Jesse Poundstone, J. S. Dore,
J. E. Manlove, G. B. Johnson, Marion Cannon, Mrs. Nettie B.
Snow, Mrs. T. V. Cator, and E. M. WardaU.
For representatives in congress, the following were norainated :
First district, 0. 0. Swafford in place of A. J. Bledsoe, declined;
eecond district, H. B. Riggins; third district, J. L. Lyon ; fourth
•district, Edgar P. Burraan ; fifth district, Jonas J. Morrison ; sixth
¦district, M. Cannon ; seventh district, Hirara Hamilton.
The convention adjourned sine die on June 2d.
The republican state central coramittee raet at San Francisco,
June 20th, and issued a call for a state convention to be held in
-Sacramento, July 26fch, for the purpose of nominating presidential
¦electors and alternates and representatives in congress. The con
vention was held in the asserably chamber of the capitol at the
appointed tirae and was coraposed of 552 delegates. It was called
to order by F. H. Meyers, chairman of the state comraittee. N. P
Chipraan was chosen' teraporary chairraan by acclaraation, and on
final organization was raade perraanerit chairraan. The coraraittee
on platform and resolutions was composed of R. B. Carpenter,
George Fuller, George H. Crafts, George A. Nourse, 0. M. Short
ridge, J. A. Louttit, Obed Harvey, Frank J. Murphy, 0. F. Roberts,
D. T. Cole, T. W. Harris, A. Hockheimer, W. H. Diraond, Drury
Melone, and F. S. Chadboume. The coramittee reported the follow
ing resolutions, which were unaniraously adopted :
1. We reaffirm the principles enunciated in the platforra and
resolutions of the republican state convention, adopted at Stockton,
May 4 1892.
2. We adopt the platform arid resolutioris of the national repub
lican convention at Minneapolis, June 9, 1892.
3. We hereby pledge the earnest, cordial, and united support of
the republican party to the nominees of the MinneapoUs convention,
Harrison and Reid.
4. That in the organization of the National League of the United
States and in the Araerican Republican College League, we recognize
able and efficient auxiliaries, and welcome them to the ranks of the
republican party and to active participation in the affairs of state.
5. That the republican party of California has always stood for
the material development of the state ; and, believing that increased
faciUties of transportation, both by water and rail, will conduce to

592 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
that end, it deraands frora the general government the early com
pletion, under government control, of the Nicaragua canal, and the
liberal expenditure of money to improve our harbors and internal.
waterways; and it invites capital to build into the state other and
competing transcontinental lines of railway, pledging protection and
support to all instrumentalities existing and to exist that may pro
raote the general welfare and give to the people the benefit of the
law of competition.
6. That the secretary of this convention be instructed to tele
graph our representatives in the senate of the United States, urg
ing the immediate passage of the mining bill, now pending in that
body. Thomas R. Bard and J. 0. Campbell were nominated for electors at
large by acclamation, and their alternates, George B. Oook and A..
S. HaUidie, were also nominated in the sarae raanner.
The delegates, sitting in district conventions, raade the following
nominations for electors frora their respective districts :
First district — William Carson, elector, and Henry W. Walbridge,
alternate ; both by acclamation.
Second district — George B. Sperry for elector, and M. L. Mery,.
alternate. Sperry afterwards resigned, and M. L. Mery was substi
tuted by the state coramittee.
Third districfc^Jaraes A. Wayraire for elector, and W. P. Har
rington for alternate.
Fourth district— I. Hecht for elector, and J. B. Stetson for
alternate. Fifth district — H. V. Morehouse for elector, and E. F. Donnelly
for alternate.
Sixth district — -John T. Porter for elector, and E. L. Williaras,
alternate. Porter resigned, arid J. R. Willoughby was substituted
by the state coraraittee.
Severith district — S. L. Hanscora tor elector, arid L. V. Olcese;.
alterriate. For represeritatives in congress the following were norainated by
the district conventions :
First district— E. W. Davis, over J. T. Matlock.
Second district— John F. Davis, over Grove L. Johnson.
Third district — S. G. Hilborn, by acclaraation. He was norai
nated also for the short term, occasioned by the resignation of Joseph'
McKenna.

SPECIAL ELECTION. 593
Fourth district — Charles 0. Alexander, by acclamafcion.
Fifth district — Eugene F. Loud, by acclaraation.
Sixth district — At an adjourned raeeting of this convention, held
at Santa Cruz, July 29th, Hervey Lindley was norainated by 66
votes, to 16 for H. W. Magee.
Seventh district — The delegates of this district assembled at
Merced, July 25th, and nominated W. W. Bowers, by acclaraation.
The state convention corapleted its work and adjourned, July 26th.
The election was held throughout the state on Noveraber 8th,
with the exception of one precirict in Inyo county, where none was
held, owing to the loss of the official ballots. Governor Markham
issued the following proclaraation for an election to be held in this
precinct on Deceraber 13th :
State of California, I
Executive Department. J
Whereas, a general election, as required by law, was held in the
state of Oalifornia on Tuesday, the 8th- day ot November, A. D.
1892 ; and whereas, the board of supervisors of the county of Inyo, by
order, duly established an election precinct within said Inyo county,
known and designated as Oerro Gordo Election Precinct, No. 13, and
appointed John Thomas inspector of elections tor said precinct ;
and whereas, John N. Yandell was duly nominated for the office of
county clerk, recorder and auditor of said Inyo county, in accord
ance with the provisions of sections 1186 and 1187 of the Political
Code ; and whereas, John Thomas, inspector as aforesaid, has raade
affidavit that an election was prevented in said Cerro Gordo Precinct,
No. 13, Inyo county, by the loss or destruction of the ballots in
tended for that precinct, arid has transraitted the sarae to rae, in
accordance with the provisions of section 1201 of the Political Code;
and whereas, the said John N. Yandell, candidate for county
clerk, recorder and auditor as aforesaid, in accordance with the pro
visions of said section 1201, has made applicatiori to me for an order
for a new election in said precinct ; and whereas, the requirements
of the statutes in such cases made and provided have in all respects
been coraplied with, and it being ray duty by law to order a new
election in said preciiict;
Now therefore, I, H. H. Markham, govemor of the state of Cali
fornia, do hereby give notice that an election will be held in said
Oerro Gordo Precinct, No. 13, Inyo county, state of California, on
38

694 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS IN CALIFORNIA.
the thirteenth day of Deceraber, A. D. 1892, for all the officers who
were to be voted for at said general election on said 8th day of No
veraber, A. D. 1892, in said Oerro Gordo Precinct, No. 13, Inyo
county, and whose names were printed upon the general ticket in
tended for said precinct at said general election.
And I do hereby offer a reward of one hundred dollars for the
arrest and conviction ot any and every person violating any of the
provisions of title 4, part 1 of the Penal Code, said rewards to be
paid until the total to be hereafter expended for the purpose reaches
the sum ot ten thousand dollars.
In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the
great seal of state to be affixed at Sacramento, this twenty-sixth day
of November, A. D. 1892.
H. H. MARKHAM.
Attest: E. G. Waite, Secretary ot State.
The returns showed that of the presidential electors chosen eight
were deraocratic and one' republican. Of the congressraen three
were republicans, three democrats and one people's party, indorsed
by the democrats. The official returns were as follows :
For presidential electors : Democratic — Filcher, 118,151; Graves,
118,109; Hararaond, 118,112; Hatch, 118,096; Long, 118,174;
Lynch, 118,029; Rosenthal, 118,008; Silraan, 117,962; Thompson,
117,840. Republican— Bard, 118,027; Campbell, 117,743; Carson,
117,747; Mery, 117,670; Waymire, 117,717; Hecht, 117,613;
Morehouse, 117,711; WUloughby, 117,605; Hanscora, 117,504
People's party— Bowers, 25,311; Dore, 25,254; Warner, 25,256;
Barton, 25,243; Moulton, 25,237; Cator, 25,229; McCormick,
25,217; Bowraan, 25,201; Fowler, 25,170. Prohibition— McDonald,
8,096 ; Porter, 8,028 ; McArthur, 8,007; Miller, 8,029 ; Hierlihy,
7,991; Luse, 7,972; Caton, 7,980 ; Kellogg, 7,995 ; Fowler, 7,921.
For Congressraen, first district — Geary, 19,308; Davis, 18,128;
Swafford, 1,546. Second district— Carainetti, 20,741; Davis, 16,781;
Dunn, 1,307; White, 122. Third district (unexpired terra)— Hil
born, 16,911; English, 14,493; Lyon, 4826 ; Scranton, 34 FuU
terra— Hilborn, 13,168; English, 13,138; Lyon, 3,495; Scranton,
671. Fourth district— Maguire, 14997; Alexander, 13,226; Bur
raan, 1,980; Collins, 296. Fifth district— Loud, 14,660; Ryland,
13,694; Morrison, 2,484; Kelly, 771. Sixth district— Cannon,
20,676 ; Lindley, 14,271 ; Dougherty, 1,805. Seventh district-
Bowers, 15,856 ; Wellborn, 14,869; Hamiltori, 5,578; Harris, 1,844.

BIOGR APHIGAL SKETQHES OF GOYBRNORS
AND
REGISTER OF
OFFICERS OF THE STATE OF 0ALIFORNIA.
1849—1892.

BIOGRAP.HI0AL SkBTGHES OF GOYBRNOES.

Peter H. Burnett.
Born in Nashville, Tennessee, November 15, 1807; removed with parents
to Howard county, Missouri, in the fall of 1817 ; removed again in 1822 to
Clay county ; at the age of eighteen accepted the position of clerk in a hotel
in Bolivar, Hardeman county, Tennessee, at a salary of $100 per annum ; in
the winter of 1827 took charge ofa store on Clear Creeic, some ten miles from
Bolivar, in the employ of Rev. 'SV. Blount Peck ; on the 20th of August, 1828,
married Miss Harriet Rogers ; continued in the mercantile business for sev
eral years, studying law meanwhile; in 1839 began the practice of law, and
edited a weekly newspaper, The Far West, pubUshed at Liberty, Missouri; in
the same year was appointed district attorney in a new judicial district, com
posed of the counties of Clinton, Andrew, Buchanan, Holt, and Platte; in
1843, left Missouri with his wife and six children for Oregon; was a mem
ber of the "Legislative Committee of Oregon," of 1844, which -was composed
of nine members and consisted of only one house ; on the 18th of August,
1845, was elected by the house of representatives judge of the supreme court
of Oregon ; in 1848, gold having been discovered in California, he left Oregon
with a wagon party for that territory; remained in the mines mitil December
19, 1848, when he started for Sutter's fort and arrived there on December 21;
was employed as attorney and agent for General John A. Sutter; removed
to San Francisco in 1849, became a member of the legislative assembly and
took an active part in its proceedings ; on the l-3th of November, 1849, was
elected governor of Califorma ; resigned on January 8th, 1851; resumed the
practice of law, in partnership -n'ith C. T. Ryland and "Williara T. "Wallace;
appointed a justice of the supreme court of California, January 18, 1857, by
Governor J. Neely Johnson; in June, 1868, was elected president ofthe "Pa
cific Accumulation Loan Society," afterward the Pacifio bank of San Fran
cisco ; resigned from the presidency of the bank in 1880, and is now living in
retirement. John McDougal.
Born in Russ county, Ohio, in 1818 ; was bred to mercantile pursuits ; re
moved to Indiana, and at the breaking out of the Mexican -n-ar was superin
tendent of the state prison of that state ; was a captain of volunteers during
the war ; came to California in 1848, and engaged in mining and the trans
portation of supplies to Sacramento ; represented Sacramento district in the
constitutional convention of 1849; elected lieutenant-governor November 13,
1849; became governor on the resignation of Governor Burnett, and was
inaugurated January 9, 1851 ; died at San Francisco March 80, 1866, of apo
plexy. .  John Bigler.
Born near Carlisle, Pennsylvania, January 8, 1806, of German antecedents;
educated at Dickinson college ; removed to Mercer county with his family ;
learned the printing business in Pittsburg; in 1827 took charge of the Center

598 BIOGRAPHIES OF GOVERNORS.
Connty Democrat, and edited and published it until 1882 ; admitted to the bar
in 184Q; practiced law for nine years in Pennsylvania and Illinois ; came to
California in 1849, arriving at Sacramento August 31st ; engaged himself as
an auctioneer, in wood-cutting, mattress-making, ete. ; represented Sacra
mento county in the assembly in 1850 and 1851 ; elected speaker February 5,
1850, and served in that capacity during the session of 1851 ; elected governor
September 8, 1851, and re-elected September 7, 1853; defeated for that office
in 1855; appointed United States minister to Chili by President Buchanan in
1857, which office he held until 1861; was a deraocratic nominee for congress
in 1863, but was defeated ; practiced law at Sacramento ; was a delegate to
the national democratic conventions of 1864 and 1868; appointed assessor of
internal revenue for Sacramento district by President Johnson in 1866, bnt
the appointment was not confirmed ; in 1867 was appointed by the President
one of the commissioners to pass upon the Central Pacific railroad -work;
established the State Capital Reporter in January, 1868, and was its editor
until his death ; died at Sacramento, November 29, 1871.

J. Neely Johnson.
Born in Johnson township, Gibson county, Indiana, August 2,1825; re
moved to Evansville in 1826 ; admitted to the bar at Keokuk, Iowa, before he
was twenty-one ; came to California in 1849, arriving at Sacramento in July;
engaged in teaming and mining ; opened a la-w oftioe in a tent at Sacramento ;
elected city attorney in the spring of 1850; was elected as the agent of the
state in the' autumn following to go to the aid of suffering immigrants ; ap
pointed by President Fillmore special territorial census agent; appointed
colonel on the staff of Governor McDo-ugal in the spring of 1851 and sent to
the seat of the Mariposa Indian troubles ; represented Sacramento county in
the assembly in 1853; elected governor Septeraber 5,1855; early in 1860 he
removed to Nevada ; represented Orrasby county in the constitutional con
vention of that state in 1863 ; was president of the second convention in 1864 ;
appointed a justice of the Nevada supreme court in 1867, and was elected to
that office at the succeeding general election ; resumed the practice of law iu
January, 1871 ; was appointed soon after bjr the president one of the visitors
and examiners of the 'West Point military academy ; died at Salt Lake city
August 81; 1872, from the eft'ects of sunstroke.

John B. Weller.

Born February 22, 1812, at Montgomery, Hamilton county, Ohio; re
moved with his parents to Oxford, Butler county, where he was educated at
the Miami university ; studied law in the office of Jesse Corwin, and was ad
mitted to the bar before he had attained his majority; elected prosecuting
attorney of Butler county ; elected to congress from the then second district
of Ohio in 1838, and was twice re-elected ; served in the Mexican war, and
rose from the rank of a private to be colonel ; ran for governor of Ohio in 1848
on the democratic ticket, but was defeated ; appointed by President Polk, in
January, 1849, a commissioner, under the treaty of Guadalup.e Hidalgo, to
run the boundary line between the United States and Mexico ; elected United
States senator from'California, January 30, 1852; elected governor, Septeraber
2, 1857; inaugurated January 8, 1858 ; appointed minister plenipotentiary to
Mexico by President Buchanan, but was recalled by President Lincoln;
located in New Orleans in 1867, where he died, August 17, 1875.

BIOGRAPHIES OF GOVERNORS. 599
Milton S. Latham.
Born in Columbus, Ohio, May 23, 1827; graduated at Jefferson college,
Pennsylvania, in 1845; removed to Alabama and studied law; appointed
clerk of the circuit court for RusseU county in 1848 ; removed to California in
the winter of 1849; appointed clerk of the recorder's court of San Francisco
in 1850; elected district attorney of Sacraraento and El Dorado counties;
elected a representative in congress November 2, 1852; appointed collector at
San Francisco by President Pierce in 1855, and held office until 1857; elected
governor September 7, 1859; resigned January 14, 1860; elected United
States senator, January 11, 1860; after the expiration of his term he engaged
in business in San Francisco ; died at New York, March 4, 1882.

John O. Downey.
Born at Castle Sampson, county of Roscommon, Ireland, June 24, 1827;
embarked for America at the age of 14; attended school in Charles county,
Maryland ; at the age of 16 beoame an apprentice to a druggist in "Washing
ton, D. C. ; in 1846, removed to Cincinnati, where he became a partner of
John Darling, a leading apothecary of that city ; came to California by way
of the Isthraus in 1849; obtained employment in the wholesale drug store of
Henry Johnson & Co., on Dupont street, San Francisco ; in 1850, opened a
drug store in Los Angeles in partnership with Dr. McFarland, of Tennessee;
elected to the legislature in 1856 ; elected lieutenant-governor of the state in
1859, and became governor four days after the inauguration, Milton S. La
tham resigning. Leland Stanford.
Born near Albany, New York, March 19, 1824; his father was a strong ad
vocate of the Erie canal, and among the first promoters of the railroad be
tween Albany and Schenectady — the first railroad built on the American
continent; studied law but never practiced; oame to California in 1852 and
engaged in mining and merchandising ; candidate for state treasurer on the
republican ticket in 1857 ; republican candidate for governor in 1859 ; elected
governor September 4, 1861 ; engaged in the work of constructing and was
president of the Central Paciflc railroad, the last spike of which was driven
May 8, 1869; was president of the Southern Pacific Company until April 9,
1890 ; elected United States senator, J anuary 28, 1885 ; re-elected January 14,
1891.

Frederick F. Low.

Born in Frankfort, Maine, January 30, 1828; received a thorough English
education there; arrived in San Francisco, June 14', 1849; mined a few
months; engaged in business in San Francisco; commenced business as a
banker at Marysville in 1855 ; elected to congress September, 1861 ; appointed
collector of the port of San Francisco; elected governor September 2, 1863;
appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to China, to
succeed J. Ross Browne, September 28, 1869; engaged in the banking busi
ness in San Francisco. 
Henry H. Haight.
Born in Rochester, New York, May 20, 1825; graduated from Yale college
in 1844 ; studied law in the office of his father at St. Louis ; admitted to the
bar in Missouri; practiced his profession there till late in 1849, when he emi-

600 BIOGRAPHIES OF GOVERNORS.
grated to California, arriving in San Francisco January 20, 1850; practiced
law in that city ; removed his residence to Alameda county in 1867 ; elected
governor September 4, 1867 ; defeated for that office in 1871 ; elected a mem
ber of constitutional convention June 19, 1878 ; died at San Francisco, Sep
tember 2, 1878. 
Newton Booth.
Born in Washington county, Indiana, December 30, 1825; in 1841 his family
removed to Terre Haute; was educated at the Asbury (now De Pauw) uni
versity, and graduated in 1846; admitted to the bar in 1849; arrived in Cali
fornia October 18, 1850; resided for a time in Amador county, and located in
Sacraraento in February, 1851 and engaged in mercantile business; elected
senator from Sacramento county in 1862; elected governor Septeraber 6, 1S71;
inaugurated December 8, 1871; resigned February 27, 1875; elected United
States senator December 20, 1873, for a term to commence March 4, 1875; died
at Sacramento July 14, 1892. Romualdo Pacheco.
Born at Santa Barbara, California, October 81, 1831; was educated by pri
vate tutors; engaged in nautical pursuits, and subsequently in agriculture;
was a member ofthe state house of representatives in 1853; was elected
county judge in 1854, serving four years ; was a member of the state senate
in 1858, and again in 1861; was elected state treasurer in 1863 ; was elected
lieutenant-governor in 1871, and becarae governor ofthe state when Governor
Booth resigned to become United States senator; was nominated on the
republican state ticket for the house of representatives of the forty-flfth
congress; fae was elected to the forty-sixth, and also to the forty-seventh
congress, as a republican ; during the war he commanded the flfth brigade of
state militia ; was appointed minister of the United States for the Central
American republics in December, 1890.

William Irwin.

Born in Butler county, Ohio, in 1827 ; was graduated at Marietta college in
1848, and went to Port Gibson, Mississippi, where he taught school for one
year, and then returned to Marietta college where he taught until the fall of
1851; in the spring of 1852 he sailed from NewYork in the ship "Pioneer" for
California ; upon arriving here he took a trip to Oregon, returning to San
Francisco in 1853, where he established a lumber yard on the corner of
Market and Steuart streets; in the fall of 1854 he removed to Siskiyou
county, and for a few years engaged in merchandising; later he purchased
the Yreka Union, which he owned and edited until the spring of 1875 ; he
was elected to the assembly in 1861, and re-elected in 1862 ; was senator at
the sessions of 1869-70 and 1871-2, and was re-elected in 1873; and at the ses
sion of 1873-74 was elected president pro tem. of the senate; in 1875, New
ton Booth having resigned the offlce of governor, and Lieutenant-Governor
Pacheco assuming the oflBce of governor, by virtue of his office of president
pro tem. Irwin became lieutenant-governor and resident director ofthe state
prison at San Quentin ; was elected in 1875 upon the democratic ticket as
governor, and held office until January, 1880; on March 12, 1883, was com
missioned by Governor Stoneman one of the harbor commissioners for the
port of San Francisco. Died while commissioner, at San Francisco, on
March 15, 1886, and his remains were buried in the state plot at Sacramento
city.

BIOGRAPHIES OF GOVERNORS 601
George Clement Perkins.
Born in Kennebunkport, Maine, August 23, 1839; at the age of 12 years
-secreted himself on the vessel "Golden Eagle" about to sail for New Orleans,
and after leaving port was accepted by the captain as one ofthe crew ; passed
J>he next four years of his life at sea; worked for several months at placer
mining in the northern counties of California; obtained employinent as
porter in a store at Oroville; was proraoted to a clerkship and finally became
¦owner of the establishraent; in connection with N. D. Rideout and others
established the Bank of Butte County, of which he became a director; elected
to the state senate for the senatorial district of Butte county in 1869, and
¦again in 1878 to fill the unexpired term of Senator Boucher, deceased ; in 1872
.became a partner in the firra of Goodall & Nelson, which was later incorpor-
..ated as the Pacific Coast Steamship Company; appointed trustee of the
Napa state insane asylum by Governor Irwin, in 1876 ; in 1879 was president
-of the San Francisco Chan-iber of Con-imerce; elected governor September 3,
1879; inaugurated January 8, 1880; appointed in 1888 by Governor 'Water
man, trustee of the asylum at Berkeley for the deaf, dumb, and blind, and
-again in 1891 by Governor Markham ; appointed trustee of the State Mining
-Bureau in.l889, by Governor Waterman.

George Stoneman.
Born in Busti, Chautauqua county, New York, August 8, 1822; attended
-the Jamestown aoadei-.iy, and at the age of 20 was named by Hon. Staley N.
Clarke, congressman from that district, to go to AVest Point ; graduated with
high honors on July 1, 1846, in company with Generals Geo. B. McCleUan,
I. N. Palmer aud others ; upon leaving school was proraoted in the army to
brevet second lieutenant, first dragoons, stationed at Fort Leavenworth,
Kansas; during the war with Mexico -was ordered to San Diego, California,
: and was engaged as acting assistant quartermaster of the Mormon battalion ;
.arrived at San Diego mission January 30, 1847, after a long and arduous
march -which brought the first overland wagon train to this state; in 1848-49
was placed in command ofthe San Francisco Presidio; served on the Pacifio
coast until March 3, 1855; appointed captain of the second cavalry and re
ported at Jefferson Barracks, Missouri, to join his company; thence went to
Camp Cooper, Texas, doing ordinary frontier duty for several months; was
granted a leave of absence for eighteen months; returned in 1859 and went
again into active service, commanding the Pesos expedition along the Mexi-
xan frontier; at the beginning of the war ofthe rebellion figured in the defense
of the capital, and was made major of the first cavalry ; was afterward chosen
.a raember of General McClellan's staff'; on August 13, 1861, was made
brigadier-general of the United States volunteers and chief of cavalrj' ofthe
-¦army of the Potomac ; from March to August, 1862, was in the Virginia
peninsular campaign aud laid siege to Yorktown on April 5th; on November
29, 1862, was raade major-general ofthe volunteer army; from December,
1862, to June, 1868, was occupied with the army of the Potomac in the Rap-
-pahannock campaign ; during the engagement before Fredericksburg, partici
pated as comraander of the third corps ; at the conclusion of that contest,
was made a brevet colonel of the regular array, his promotion specially
:.stating "for gallantand raeritorious service at the battle of Fredericksburg;"
from January 28 to April 4, 1864, was in coraraand of the twenty-third in-
Jfantry corps in east Tennessee, being promoted on March SOth to lieutenant-
•colonel, third cavalry; on July 81, 1864, was taken prisonerof war at Clinton,
•while in command on a raid to Macon and Andersonville to release union

602 BIOGRAPHIES OF GOVERNORS.
troops confined there ; was released on October 27, 1864, and transferred to
the temporary command of the departraent of Ohio, at Louisville, Kentucky ;.
during the month of December, 1864, coramanded a raid into southwest
Virginia, successfully engaging in affairs at Kingport, Bristol and Marion
within four days, and on the 21st capturing Saltville;. from February 14 to
March 20, 1865, commanded the district of East Tennessee, after which he-
had charge of an expedition from Knoxville, Tennessee, to Asheville, North
Carolina, and southwest Virginia; on this march captured "Wytheville andL
Charlottesville; was promoted tj brevet brigadier-general of the United
States array "for gallant and meritorious conduct at the capture of Charlottes
ville;" was farther promoted on the same day to brevet major-general "for
gallant and meritorious service in the field during the war of the rebellion;".'
on April 7, 1865, destroyed the Bristol and Lynchburg railroad to prevent the
withdrawal of the eneray over that route; on April 15th, comraanded a
brigade of cavalry at the capture of Talisbury, North Carolina ; on April 20th
captured the garrison at Asheville, North Carolina; from June 7, 1865, to
June 5, 1866, was stationed in command of the department of the Tennessee, .
engaged in mustering out troops; from June 9 to August 13, 1866, com
manded the department of the Cumberland, and from August 13th to the
81st, .the district ofthe Curaberland; on July 28, 1866, was appointed by
President Johnson colonel ofthe tw-enty-first infantry; was mustered out of
the volunteer service September 1, 1866, being one of the last to go ; on De
cember 17, 1866, was placed in command of the district of Petersburg,
Virginia; ou June 2, 1868, was appointed to the comniand of the first mili
tary district of Virginia, as, organized under the reconstruction laws of
congress; was recalled from Virginia by President Grant and sent to
Arizona, being placed in comraand of the district there; from May 3, 1870,
to June 4, 1871, was in command of the department of Arizona; on August
16, 1871, retired from active service for "disability contracted in the line of"
duty;" moved with his family to the San Gabriel valley, Los Angeles
connty; appointed by President Hayes a member ofthe Indian commission ;„
in 1876, was appointed railroad commissioner by Governor Irwin, serving -
until 1879, when he was elected by the people to the same position ; elected..
governor of California Noveraber 7, 1882; inaugurated January 10, 1883.

[Washington Bartlett.
Born in Savannah, Georgia, February 29, 1S24, being the eldest son of "
Cosane Emir and Sarah E. (Melhado) Bartlett; he was of English puri
tan ancestry ou the father's side, long domiciled in America; educated
in private schools in Georgia and Florida; he learned the printer's trade
in his father's office in Florida; was elected state printer of Florida in 1846,
and served one term of two years. Arrived in San Francisco, California,
November 17, 1849, having come around Cape Horn in a sailing vessel; im
raediately opened a job printing office, having shipped frora Charleston, S.
C, printing raaterial, which arrived in advance of him; in January, 1850,
issued the Daily Journal of Commerce, w-hich made its appearance simul- -
taneously with the Dailij Alia CaUfornia, the first dailj' newspapers published
in California ; in 1850, published the first book printed in California; lost
heavily by the destructive fires which visited Sau Francisco during the years
1850, 1851, and 1853; continued in the printing and newspaper business until
1857, being interested in the publication of the Evening Ne-ws and True Cali
fornian; appointed deputy county clerk of San Francisco in 1857; elected
couuty clerk in 1859, and re-elected in 1861 ; admitted to the bar, aud prac
ticed law in partnership with his brother, Columbus Bartlett, from 1864 to-

BIOGRAPHIES OF GOVERNORS. eOS
1867, when he was again elected county clerk of San Francisco county and
served his term ; iu 1870 was appointed by Governor Haight, state harbor
commissioner, to fill vacancy occasioned by the death of J. H. Cutter; elected
state senator in 1873, and served term of four years ; went to Europe in 1878,
and spent a couple of years abroad and in the Atlantic states ; elected mayor
of San Francisco in 1882, and re-elected in 1884, serving two full terras ;
nominated in August, 1886, by the deraocratic party, for governor, and was
elected by a close vote over Hon. John F. Swift, republican, although the
repubUcan candidate for Ueutenant-governor (R. "W. Waterman) and the
greater part of the repubUcan ticket were successful; inaugurated governor
of California, .January 8, 1887, and served until his death, Septeraber 12, 1887 ;
in addition to these public stations, Governor Bartlett held many positions
of trust and honor, such as president of the Society of California Pioneers,
vice-president of the San Francisco Savings Union bank, secretary ofthe-
Chamber of Commerce, etc. ; Governor Bartlett was never married.

Robert W. Waterman.
Born in Fairfield, Herkiraer county, New York, December 15, 1826; when-
very young moved to Sycamore, Illinois; was clerk in a store until he was 20-
years of age, when he engaged in the mercantile business on his own respon
sibiUty at Belvidere, Illinois; came to CaUfornia with a party of immigrants
in 1850; returned to Illinois in 1852 and. published the Wilmington Independ
ent; came again to California in 1873; established a horae in San Bernardino
county, where he resided uutil 1890, when he moved to San Diego ; elected
lieutenant-governor, Noveraber 2, 1886; became governor on the death of
Washington Bartlett, and was inaugurated September 13, 1887; died at San.
Diego, April 12, 1891.

Henry Harrison Markham.
Born in "Wilmington, Essex county, New York on the 16th day of Novem
ber, 1840, and received his edj.ication at the public and private schools of his-
native town, and at "Wheeler's academy, "Vermont. ; he performed all the
manual labor incident to a farra hand of that day, and became proficient in
every branch of farming as it was then conducted; he removed to the state
of 'Wisconsin in 1861, and -entered the army from that state ; was with Gen
eral Sherman on his famous march to the sea, and was severely wounded at
the battle of Whippy Swamp,, in South Carolina, on the 3d day of Peb
ruary, 1865, from -which wound he never fully recovered ; at the close of the
war he returned to Wisconsin and studied law with the noted firm of Waldo,.
Ody & Van, of Milwaukee ; he was admitted to the circuit and supreme-
courts of that state, to the United States district and circuit courts for the
district of Wisconsin, and afterward to the suprerae court of the United
States ; he pursued the practice of his profession in the city of Milwaukee-
until the fall of 1878, when, owing to the loss of health and continued suff'er
ing from his wound, he was corapelled to give up his practice; he reraoved
with his faraily to Pasadena, Los Angeles county, in this state, where he has
since continued to reside ; he was successfuUy engaged in quartz mining, of
both gold and silver, in CaUfornia, until the summer of 1884, when he was
nominated by the republican party for congress in the sixth congressional
district, and elected ; he served during the forty-ninth congress, securing the-
passage of many important measures for the benefit of his district, and espe
cially for Los Angeles county ; his health not permitting, he was compelled
to refuse a renomination so flatteringly tendered him by his entire constit-

!604

BIOGRAPHIES OF GOVERNORS.

uency, and at the end of his term in congress he retired to private Ufe ; he
-was not permitted, however, to remain in retirement long, as the con
gress of the United States soon elected him one of the managers of the na
tional soldiers' homes of the United States ; in this position he devoted a
very large amount of his tirae to all the homes, but especially to the one at
Santa Monica, and althongh this service was performed without compensa
tion it was a work in which he took a deep and active interest ; as a busi
ness man he has been successful in all his undertakings, and is now inter
ested in several important business enterprises; he was nominated by his
party and elected governor of this State in 1890, which position he now
¦occupies.

*Registei^ of State Offigers.

Abbott, Augustus, Railroad Commissioner, First District, 1887-90.
Abbott, C. 8., Assemblyman, Monterey, 1875-76, 1877-78.
Abbott, J. P., Senator, Marin and Contra Costa, 1887.
Abell, Alex. G., Senator, San Francisco, 1863. - Died, San Francisco, December
^8, 1890.
Abies, T. J., Assemblyman, Marin, 1867-68, 1873-74.
Adams, A. C, Judge Eleventh Judicial District, appointed 1869, elected
1869.
Adams, Alonzo W., Senator, Butte, Shasta, etc., 1851.
Adams, Amos, Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1861, 1863.
Adams, James, Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1880.
Adams, L. B., Assemblyman, Yolo, 1887, 1889.
Adams, P. R., Assemblyman, Santa Cruz, 1893.
Adams, W. S., Assemblyman, Tulare and Kern, 1877-78.
Adkison, D. O., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1855, 1863. Died, San Francisco, JVo-
ve-mber 3, 1887.
Aitkin, John R., Superior Judge, San Diego County, elected 1888.
Aidrich, Lewis, Judge Sixth Judicial District, elected 1851. Died, San.
Francisco, Ma-ij 19, 1885.
Aidrich, W. A., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1871-72, 187.3-74.
Alexander, Charles 0., Assemblyman, Alameda, 1887, 1889; Harbor Com
missioner, 1889-
Alexander, J. K., Superior Judge, Monterey County, elected 1879, 1884.
Alexander, J. S., Assemblyman. Stanislaus, 1891.
Alford, W. H., Assemblyman, Tulare, 1893.
Allen, Charles C, Adjutant-General, 1891-
AUen, Charles D., Assemblyman, Mariii, 1877-78.
Allen, E. H., Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1863-64.
Allen, Isaac, Senator, Yuba, 1858, 1859.
Allen, J. M., Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1879.
Allen, Jaraes, State Printer, 1856-58. Died, Washoe, Nevada, October 31, 1863.
Allen, James M., Adjutant-General, 1868-70.
Allen, R. G., Asserablyraan, San Bernardino, 1863.
Allen, Sarauel I., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1885.
Alley, S. H., Assemblyman, Sierra, 1863- 64.
Almy, Joseph, Assemblyman, Marin, 1885.
Alvarado, Juan B., Governor under Mexican rule, 1836-42. Died, San
Pablo, July 13, 1S82.
Alviso, Valentine, Asserablyraan, Alameda, 1881.
Amerige, George, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1862.
Amernian, I. A., Assemblyman, Alameda, 1873-74. Died, San Leandro,
February 14, 1877.
Ames, A., Assemblyman, Alameda, 1891.
Ames, J. P., Assemblyman, San Mateo, 1877-78; Warden of State Prison-
at San Quentin, 1880-83.
Ames, T. M., Assemblyman, Mendocino, 1862, 1863.
Amyx, Fleming, Asserablyraan, Tuolumne, 1855, 1861. Died, Stockton, No
vember 4, 1861.
Anderson, Alexander, Senator, Tuolumne, 1852; Supreme Justice, 1852.
Anderson, Francis, Assemblyman, Sierra, 1854; Senator, Sierra, 1863.
Anderson, J. W., Superintendent of PubUc Instruction, 1891-
Anderson, James, Senator, Placer, 1858, 1859, 1860. Died, Avium, October
n, 1866.
Anderson, R. M., Lieutenant-Governor, 1856-58. Died, Swan Lake, Arkan
sas, March ^4, 187^.
Anderson, T. H., Assemblyman, Napa, 1857, 1858.
Anderson, W. A., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1898.
* OflScials holding by appomtment, such as trustees of institutions, commissioners,
etc., with few exceptions, are not included in this list.

-606 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Anderson, W. F., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1877-78. D'led, Idaho, July
7, 1S83. ¦
Anderson, W. L., Senator, Napa, Lake, and Sonoma, 1880, 1881.
Andrews, A. B., Assemblvman, Amador, 1863. Dea.d.
Andrews, A. R., Assemblyman, Shasta, 1856, 1869-70, 1871-72; Member
Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Trinity and Shasta District.
Andrews, Moses, Assemblj^man, Placer, 1855. Died, Auburn, December 9,
1883.
Andross, Moses C, Senator, Tuolumne, 1871-72, 1873-74. Died, San Fran
cisco, June IS, 1881.
Androus, S. N., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1893.
Angelotti, Frank M., Superior Judge, Marin County, elected 1890.
-Angney, 'W. Z., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1867-6''8; Senator, Santa Clara,
1875-76, 1877-78. Died, Gilroy, January ^8, 1878.
.Anthony, Elihu, Assemblyman, Santa Cruz, 1880.
.Anthony, WilUam, Assemblyman, Santa Cruz, 1865-66. Died, Livermore,
Jamiary, 1890.
Appling, P'. C, Assemblyman, Fresno, 1869-70.
Aram, Joseph, Assemblyman, San .lose District, 1849-50; Member First
Constitutional Convention, 1849, San Jose District.
Archer, Lawrence, Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1875-76.
Arguello, Jose Dario, Governor uuder Spanish rule, 1814-15. Died, Guada
lajara, 1828.
Arguello, Louis, Governor under Mexican rule, 1823-25. Died, San Fran
cisco, March W7, 1830.
Arick, Rufus E., Assemblyman, Tulare and Kern, 1881; Superior Judge,
Kern County, elected 1884, 1890. Died, Bakersfield, December 31, 1890.
Arms, Charles S., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1891; Senator, 1893-
Armstrong, C. B., Superior Judge, Amador County, appointed 1886,
elected, 1886, 1890. Died, Jackson, Amador County, November 9^ 189$.
Armstrong, John W., Trustee of State Library, 1870-82; Superior Judge,
Sacraraento County, appointed 1883, 1886, elected 1888.
Arrastrong, Williara R., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1859.
Arnot, N. D., Superior Judge, Alpine County, elected 1879, 1884, 1890.
ArriUaga, Jose Joaquin, Governor under Spanish rule, 1792-94, 1800-14.
- Died, Soledad, 1857.
Arrington, J. J., Assemblyman, Klamath, 1855.
Ashe, R. I., Asserablyraan, Kern and Ventura, 1885.
Ashley, D..R., Asserablyraan, Monterey, 1854, 1855; Senator, Monterey and
Santa Cruz, 1856, 1857; President pro tem., 1856; State Treasurer, 1862-68.
Died, San Francisco, July 18, 1873.
Asmussen, A., Assemblvman, San Francisco, 1877-78. '
Atherton, J. "W., Asserablyraan, Marin, 1887, 1889.
Atwell, A. J., Assemblyman, Tulare and Kern, 1888.
Aud, Francis L., Asserablyraan, Yuba, 1858, 1859.
AuU, T. M., Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1857.
Avery, Benjamin P., State Printer, 1862-63. Died, Peking, China, November,-
8, 1876.
Avery, John M., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1861, 1862.
Axtell, Samuel B., Representative to Congress, 1867-70. Died, New Jersey,
August 6, 1891.
Ayer, Isaac, Asserablyraan, Calaveras, 1865-66, 1867-68.
Ayers, James J., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Fourth Congressional District; State Printer, 1883-86; Trustee State
Library, 1885-86.
Aylett, W. D., Assemblyman, Siskiyou, 1854.
JBabcock, Jasper, Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1860.
Backus, Samuel W., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1877-78; Adjutant-
General, 1880-82.
Bacon, P. B., Assemblyman, Tuolumne, 1871-72.
Badgley, William H., Judge Sixteenth Judicial District, appointed 1862,
elected, 1862.
Badlam, Alex., Jr., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1863-64.
Baechtel, Martin, Assemblyman, Mendocino, 1861.
Baehr, Ferdinand, State Treasurer, 1871-75.
Bagge, T. F., Assemblyman, Alameda, 1875-76. Died, Oakland, March $6,
1886.
JBagley, John W., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1854. Dead.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 607
:Bailey, D. B., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1860. Died, Mountain View,
September 9, 1888. ,
Bailey, G. W., Assemblyman, Tuolurane, 1860. '
Bailey, Hirara, Assemblvnian, Alaraeda, 1887.
Bailey, W. C, Senator, Santa Clara, 1891, 1893.
'Baird, Curtis, Asserablyraan. San Mateo, 1871-72.
Baird, J. H., Senator, San Francisco, 1853.
Baker, F. E., Asserablyraan, Yolo, 1881.
Baker, George F., Senator, Santa Clara, 1880, 1881; President pro tera
1880. Died, San Francisco, March 11, 1882. ''
"Baker, Janies H., Senator, Placer, 1858, 1859.
Baker, John E., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1881. Died, Sacramento, May %,
1881.
.Baker, Thomas, Assemblyman, Tulare, 1855; Senator, Tuolumne and
Fresno, 1862, 1863. Died, Bakersfield, November 24, 1872.
Baldwin, D. P.., Asserablyraan, San Joaquin District, 1849-50; Tuolurane,
1851. Dead.
Baldwin, F. T., Senator, San Joaquin, 1883, 1885; Superior Judge, San Joa
quin County, appointed 1886.
Baldwin, Joseph G., Supreme Justice, 1858. Died, San Francisco, Sevtember
29, I864.
.BaUou, S. A., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1854, 1858; Senator, Plumas
and Butte, 1859, 1860.
Banbury, J., Asserablyraan, Los Angeles. 1885.
Bangs, V. E., Assemblyman, Stanislaus, 1889.
Banks, Janies A., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1858, 1859, 1861, 1863;
Senator, San Francisco, 1862. KUled by Indians m Nevada, August 1, IS67'
.Banks, W. 0., Senator, San Francisco, 1889, 1891.
Banning, Phineas, Senator, Los Angeles, 1865-66, 1867-68. Died, San Fran
cisco, March 8, 1886.
Banvard, E. M., Senator, Placer, 1869-70, 1(^71-72.
Barber, .'T. H., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1875-76.
.Barbour, Clitus, Member Second Constitutional Cohvention, 1878-79, San
Francisco District.
.Barbour, Williara T., Jud,ge Tenth Judicial District, elected 1851, 1852.
Died, V-irginia City, Nev., May 11, 1872.
Barclay, Jaraes, Asse'niblyman, Calaveras, 1863.
Barclay, William P., Assemblvman, Placer, 1859.
Bard, Thomas R., Presidential Elector, 1898.
Barlow, Chas. A., Asserablyraan, San Luis Obispo, 1898.
Barker, S., Asserablyraan, Nevada, 1871-72.
Barklage, William, Asserablyraan, El Dorado, 1871-72.
Barker, C. 0., Asserablyraan, San Bernardino, 1893.
Barnard, T. H., Assemblyman, Butte, 1891.
Barnes, B. W.. Assemblyman, Plumas and Lassen, 1871-72.
Barnes, D. G., Assemblyman, Solano, 1883, 1885.
Barnes, William H. L., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-
79, First Congressional District ; Presidential Elector, 1888.
Barnett, A. T., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1891.
Barnett, J. D., A-sserablyman, Sonoma, 1891.
Barnett, Robert, Assemblyman, Colusa, 1885.
Barrett, H., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1857.
Barri, Felipe de, Governor under Spanish rule, 1771-74.
Barry, Edmund, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Nevada and Sierra District.
Barry, Michael H., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1887.
Barry, Thoraas F., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1883.
Barstow, George, Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1862, 1863, 1877-78; Speaker
ofthe House, 1862. D-ied, San Francisco, September 9, 1883.
Bartlett, Columbus, Private Secretary to Governor Washington Bartlett.
'Bartlett, Washington, County Clerk of San Francisco, 1859-63, 1867-69;
Harbor Commissioner, 1870-71; Senator, San Francisco, 1873-74, 1875-76;
Mayor of San Francisco, 1888-85; Governor, 1887. Died, Oakland, Septem
ber 12, 1887.
. Barton, Benjamin, Assemblyman, San Bernardino, 1862.
Barton, Hiram M., Assemblyman, San Bernardino, 1887.
Barton, W. H., Assemblyman, Sacram-ento, 1862, 1868.

608 REGISTER OF STATE OIFICERS.
Barton, James N., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1873-74; Member Second^.
Constitutional Convention; 1878-79, Mendocino, Huraboldt, and Del'
Norte District.
Bass, J. S. P., Asserablyraan, Trinity and Shasta, 1880. Died, Redding, Janu--
ary 7. 1892.
Bassham, W. R., Senator, San Jose District, 1849-50.
Batchelder, A. J., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1856, 1865-66, 1867-68.
Bateman, 15. B., Asserablyman, San Joaquin District, 1849-50.
Bates, Fordyce, Assemblyman, Trinity, 1859.
Bates, Henry, Assemblyman, Shasta, 1855; State Treasurer, 1856-57. Died,.
San Francisco, November IS, 1862.
Battelle, T. S., Assemblyman, Sierra, 1867-68.
Battles, William W., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1862.
Baughman, W. E., Asserablyraan, El Dorado, 1891.
Bausman, WiUiam, Private Secretary to Governor J. Neely Johnson.
Baj'ley, A. J., Assemblyman, El Dorado and Alpine, 1871-72, 1883.
Beach, D. S., Asserablyraan, Placer, 1860.
Beach, Horace, Senator, Yuba and Sutter, 1867-68, 1869-70. Dead.
Bearaan, J. H., Asserablyraan, Yuba, 1863-64.
Bearaer, R. H., Member of State Board of Equalization, 1891-
Beard, E. B,, Assemblyman, Stanislaus, 1888, 1885.
Beard, J. S., Superior Judge, Siskiyou County, elected 1890.
Beard, Joseph R., Clerk of the Suprerae Court, 1855-56. Died, San Fran
cisco, 1882.
Beatty, E. T., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1855, 1856, 1857; Speaker, 1857. Dead.-
Beatty, WilUam H., Trustee State Library, 1886-87 ; Chief Justice, 1888-
.Beauvais, A..B., Senator, Tuolurane, 1885. Died, Columbia, June, 1888.
Beazeli, Jaraes, Senator, Alaraeda, 1875-76, 1877-78.
Beck, Thomas, Senator, Santa Cruz and Monterey, 1871-72, 1873-74; Sec
retary of State, 1876-80.
Beckraan, William, Railroad Coraraissioner, First District, 1891-
Beecher, J. L., Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1891.
Beerstecher, Charles J., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,.,
San Francisco District; Railroad Commissioner, Second District, 1880-82.
Beeson, J. B., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1863.
Belcher, Isaac S., Judge Tenth Judicial District, elected 1863; Supreme
Justice, 1872-78; Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Third Congressional District; Trustee State Library, 1882-90; Supreme-
Court Commissioner, 1884-
Belcher, W. C, Trustee of State Library, 1866-70.
Belden, David, Senator, Nevada, 1865-66, 1867-68; Judge Twentieth Judi--^
cial District, appointed 1872, elected 1878; Superior Judge, Santa Clara
County, elected, 1879, 1884. Died, San Jose, May I4, 1888.
Bell, Aaron, Superior Judge, Shasta County, elected 1879, 1884.
Bell, John C., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1860. Shot and stabbed by Dr. W...
H. Stone, in the State Capitol, April 11, 1860, and died on the Wth. '
Bell, Peter, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San Fran
cisco District.
Bell, Robert, Asserablyraan, Nevada, 1871-72.
Bell, Sarauel, Assemblyman, Mariposa, 1858; State Controller, 1854-55.
BeU, Samuel B., Assemblyman, Alameda, 1862; Senator, Santa Clara and
Alameda, 1857, 1858.
Bell, Vincent G., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1856. Died, San Francisco, Julyr
24, 1880.
Bennett, A., Assemblyman, Solano, 1880.
Bennett, A. G., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1893.
Bennett, C. F. Assemblyman, Orange County, 1893.
Bennett, F. C, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1851.
Bennett, J. W., Asserablyman, Sonoma, 1854.
Bennett, M. P., Superior Judge, El Dorado County, elected, 1890.
Bennett, Nathaniel, Senator, San Francisco District, 1849-50; Supreme^;
Justice, 1849-51. Died, San Francisco, April 20, 1886.
Benton. John E., Asserablyman, Sacraraento, 1862; Senator, Sacramento,
1863-64, 1865-66. Died, Oakland, February 18, 1888.
Berry, Campbell P., Assemblyman, Sutter, '1869-70, 1871-72, 1875-76, 1877-78 ^
Speaker of the House. 1877-78 ; Representative to Congress, 1879-82.
Berry, George S., Asserablyman, Tulare, 1889; Senator; Inyo,. Tulare, and.
Kern, 1891, 1893.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 609
Berry, J., Senator, Klamath, Siskiyou, etc., 1858. 1859; Member Second
Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Siskiyou and Modoc District.
Bert, Eugene F., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1891.
Betge, R. J., Senator, San Francisco, 1869-70, 1871-72. Dead.
Bever, Tunis S., Asserablyraan, Calaveras, 1867-68. Died, Sacramento, No
vember W, 1878.
Bibb, D. H., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1883.
Bidwell, John, Senator, Sacraraento District, 1849-50; Representative to
Congress, 1865-67'; Trustee State Normal School at Chico, 1887- '
Bigelow, Samuel C, Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1862.
Biggs, Marion, Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1867-68, Butte, 1869-70; Mem
ber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Third Congressional Dis-
. trict ; Commissioner to attend the Centennial Celebration ofthe Inaugura
tion of George Washington as President of the C nited States, 1888;
Representative to Congress, 1887-91.
Biggs, Marion, Jr., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1875-76.
Biggy, W. J., Senator, San Francisco, 1893.
Bigler, John, Asserablyraan, Sacramento, 1849-50, 1851; Speaker of the
House, 1851; Governor, 1852-56; Trustee of State Library, 1870-71. Died,
Sacra-mento, November 29, 1871. \
Bird, A. B., Asserablyraan, El Dorado, 1867-68.
Birdseye, J. C, Senator, Nevada, 1863.
Birney, T. C, Asserablyraan, Tuolurane, 1875-76, 1881.
Black, H. M., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1889.
Black, Joseph F., Asserablyman, Alameda, 1885. Died, San Francisco, May
9, 1887.
Blackburn, William, Asserablyraan, Santa Clara, 1856. Died, San Fran
cisco, March 25, 1867.
Blackraer, EU T., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Diego District.
BlackweU, S. L., Asserablyraan, Nevada, 1875-76, 1877-78.
Blair, A. W., Assemblyraan, Monterey, 1861.
Blake,. George H., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1853. Died, Waterford, New
York, August 27, ISS4.
Blake, M. C, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1857.
Blake, Seth B., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1877-78.
Blakeley, F. A., Asserablyman, Tulare, 1893.
Blanchard, D. L., Assemfcljrman, Tuolumne, 1852.
Blanchard, George A., Superior Judge, Colusa County, appointed 1881.
Blanchard, N. W., Assemblyraan, Placer, 1863.
Blankeiiship, J. A., Assemb'lyraan, Monterey, 1869-70.
Bledsoe, A. C., Asserablyman, Sonoma, 1865-66.
Bledsoe, A. J., Asserablyman, Huraboldt, 1891, 1893.
Bliss, Siraeon M., Judge Tenth Judicial District, elected 1858. Died,
Marysville, May 26, 1887.
Blue, Thoraas, Asserablyraan, Nevada, 1875-76.
Bockius, G. "W., Assemblyman, Santa Cruz, 1871-72.
Bodley, Thomas, Assemblyraan, Santa Clara, 1851. Died, San Jose, Septem
ber 27, 1878.
Bogardus, Edgar, Asserablyman, El Dorado, 1855. Dead.
Bogart, J. C Senator, San Diego, etc., 1862, 1868. Died, San Francisco,
August 15, 1876.
Boggs, H. C, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Napa,
Lake, and Sonoma District.
Boggs, John, Senator, Colusa, etc., 1871-72, 187.8-74, 1887, 1889; Director
"Napa State Insane Asylum, 1876-80; Member State Board of Agriculture,
1880-84, 1884-88, 1888-92, 1892- ; Penology Commissioner, 1885; State
Prison Director, 1885-87.
Boggs, L. W., Assemblvman, Sonoma, 1852. Died, Sonoma, March 11, 1861.
Bolander. H. N., State "Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1871-75.
Boles, John L., Assemblyraan, El Dorado, 1855.
Bondurant, James M., Judge Thirteenth Judicial District, elected 1863.
Died, Visalia, Nove'mber 10, 1866.
Bones, J. W., Senator, Alameda, 1877-78.
Booker, Samuel A., Judge Fifth Judicial District.'elected 1869, 1875. Died,
Stockton, December 15, 1891.
Boone, John L., Senator, San Francisco, 1885.
39

610 REGISTER OF STA TE OFFICERS.
Booth, Andrew G., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1883; Trustee of State
Library, 1886-90. ^ . ,
Booth, Newton, Senator, Sacraraento, 1863; Governor, 1871-75; United
States Senator, 1875-81; Commissioner ofthe Funded Debt Sinking Fund
of Sacraraento, 1886-92. Died, Saeramento, July IA, 1892.
Borica, Diego de, Governor under Spanish rule, 1794-1800. Died, Durango,
July, 1800. „ ^ r.-.
Boring,' Sarauel W., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1856; Senator, Santa Clara,
1877-78.
Borland, John, Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1856.
Boruck, Marcus D., Secretary of the Senate Twenty-third and Twenty-
fourth Sessions; Director State Board of Agriculture, 1880; Private Sec
retary to Governor R. W. Waterraan.
Bosquit, John, Asserablyman, Placer, 1865-66. Died, near Lincoln, Novem
ber 9, 1868.
Bost, John W., Surveyor-General, 1867-71; Assemblyman, Mariposa and
Merced, 1881, 1887.
Bostwick, John H., Assemblyraan, Nevada, 1853, 1854.
Botts, Charles T., Meraber First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Monterey
District; Judge Sixth Judicial District, appointed 1857; State Printer,
1860-61. Died, San Francisco, October 4, 1880.
Boucher, David, Senator, Plumas, 1871-72. Died, Dayton, Butte County, Sep
tember 16, 1872.
Boucher, Josiah, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Butte District. Died, Indiana, August 9, 1892.
Boulware, M., Asserablyraan, Sutter, 18(i3-64.
Bowe, James E., Asserablyman, El Dorado, 1856.
Bowers, S. C, Asserablyman, Marin, 1883.
Bowers, Thomas J., Superior Judge Marin County, elected 1879.
Bowers, W. W., Assemblyraan, San Diego, 1873-74; Senator, San Bernar
dino and San Diego, 1887, 1889; Trustee State Norraal School at Los
Angeles ; Representative to Congress, 1891, 1898.
Bowie, G. W;, Asserablyman, Colusa, 1854.
Bowraan, James, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1868-64, 1865-66.
Bowman, John H., Assemblyman, Amador, 1860.
Boyce, W. W., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1893.
Boyston, John S., Senator, San Francisco, 1877-78. Died, San Francisco,
December 16, 1883.
Brackett, J. E., Assemblyman, Sonoraa District, 1849-50.
Bradford, A. C, Asserablyraan, San Joaquin, 1854; Presidential Elector,
1856; Judge 'i?hirteenth Judicial District, elected 1867. Register U. S.
Land Office. Died, Alameda County, February 16, 1891.
Bradford, John S., Asserablyman, Sonoma .District, 1849-50, 1851. Died,
Springfield, III., January 28, 1892.
Bradley, B. T., Senator, Calaveras and Amador, 1859, 1860.
Bradley, E. L., Senator, Placer, 1865-66, 1867-68. Died, San Jose, July 17,
1880.
Bradley, J. C, Asserablyraan, Yuba, 1H71-72, 1873-74, 1875-76.
Bradley, L. R., Assemblyraan, Sah Joaquin, 1861. Died, Elko, Nev., March
21,' 1879.
Braley, M. A., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1865-66. Died, San Francisco,
September 7, 1868.
Branch, L. C, AssemblymaUj Stanislaus, 1881.
Brannan, Samuel, Presidential Elector, 1864. Died, Escondido, San Diego
County. May 6, 1889.
Brannan.'T. J., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1889.
Braunhart, Sarauel, Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1880.
Braynard, C. P., Superior Judge, Tehama Connty, elected 1882, 1884.
Breckinridge, J. "W., Assemblyman, Mariposa and Merced, 1883. Died,
Merced, May 9, 1892.
Breen, James F., Assemblyman, San Benito, 1877-78; Superior Judge, San
Benito County, elected 1879, 1S84, 1890.
Brent, J. L., Asserablyraan, Los Angeles, 1856, 1857.
Bretz, A. Assemblyman, Alameda, 1893.
Brewster, John H., Surveyor-General, 1856-58.
Brewton, J. G., Assemblyraan, Sacramento, 1855.
Brioeland, J. M., Assemblyman, Shasta and Trinity, 1875-76, 1883; Senator.
Trinity, Siskiyou, etc., 1887, 1889.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 611
Brickwedel, H. M., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1889.
Bridgeford, E. A., Superior Judge, Colusa County, elected 1884, 1890.
Brierly, J. R., Assistant Secretary of Senate, 1880; Journal Clerk of the
Senate, 1881; Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1887, 1889; Speaker pro. tera.,
1887. Died, San Jone, January 6, 1891.
Briggs, Alfred, Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1854, 1859.
Briggs, H. W., Assemblyraan, Santa Clara, 1861.
Briggs, R. M., Assemblyman, Amador, 1858; Superior Judge, Mono County,
elected 1879, 1884. Died, Bridge-port, December 8, 1886.
Britt, E. W., Assemblyman, Lake, 1885.
Britt, James E., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1887; Senator, Sau Fran
cisco, 1889, 1891.
Brocklebank, M. T., Private Secretary to Governor John B. Weller.
Brockway, S.^ W., Judge Eleventh Judicial District, elected 1863. Died, San
Mateo, March 31, 1869.
Broderick, David C, Senator, San Francisco, 1849-50, 1851, 1852; President
ofthe Senate, 1851; Lieutenant-Governor, 1851; United States Senator,
1857-59. Died, San. Francisco, September 16, 1859.
Broderick, John T., Senator, San Francisco, 1891, 1893.
Broderick, William, Asserablyraan. San Francisco, 1875-76, 1877-78.
Broderson, B. J., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1867-68.
Brooks, George J., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1863-64.
Brpoks, J. Marion, Senator, Ventura, etc., 1888; Assemblyman, Kern and
Ventura, 1887.
Brooks, Max, Assemblyman, Butte, 1877-78, 1880.
Brooks, Sarauel H., State ControUer, 1860-61.
Brown, A. C, Asserablyraan, Araador and Alpine, 1863-64, 1865-66, 1869-70.
Brown, Alex., Asserablyman, Calaveras, 1891.
Brown, C. L. F., Assem'blvman, Calaveras, 1871-72.
Brown, Elam, Member 'i'irst Constitutional Conventioil, 1849, San Jose
Distrifct; Assemblyman, San Jose District, 1849-50; Contra Costa, 1851.
Died, August, 1889.
Brown, Frank M., Senator, San Joaquin, etc., 1885.
Brown, H. M. C, Assemblyman, Nevada, 1855. Dead.
Brown, H. R. K., Assemblyman, Sonoraa, 1880.
Brown, J. E., Asserablyman, Y'uba, 1869-70.
Brown, J. F., Assemblyman, Solano, 1889.
Brown, J. P., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1880, 18?1.
Brown, James B., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1887.
Brown, John Q., Mayor of Sacramento', elected 1881, 1884; Director of Napa
Insane Asylura, 'appointed 1887. Died, San. Francisco, December 21, 1892.
Brown. Joseph C, Assemblyman, Tulare and Kern, 1863-64,1865-66, 1867-68;
Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Tulare District.
Brown, Joseph E., Asserablyman, Santa Clara, 1862.
Brown, L. H., Clerk ofthe Supreme Court, 1891-
Brown, R. L. H., Assemblyman, Alameda, 1883.
Brown, Thoraas A.. Assemblyman, Contra Costa, 1865-66, 1867-68; Superior ,
Judge, Contra Costa County, elected 1879, 1884. Died, Martinez, August 6,
1889.
Brown, Warren, Assemblyman, Contra Costa, 1855.
Brown, WiUiam A., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1887.
Brown, WiUiam B. C, State Controller, 1876-80; Presidential Elector, 1880.
Died, Sacramento, April 12, 1882.
Brown, WiUiam E., Pnvate Secretary to Governors Leland Stanford and
Frederick F. Low.
Brown, WiUiam H., Senator, El Dorado and Alpine, 1877-78,1880-81; Harbor
Commissioner, San Francisco, 1889-
Browne, J. Ross, Reporter First Constitutional Convention, 1849. Died,
Oakland, December 8, 1875.
Brownlie, John, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1898.
Bruner, Elwood, Assemblyman, Sacraraento, 1880, 1891.
Brundage, B., Superior Judge, Kern County, elected 1879.
Brunson, Anson, Superior Judge, Los Angeles County, elected 1884.
Brunton, T. C, Assemblyman, Tuolurane, 1856. Dead.
Brush, G. R., Assemblyman, Marin, 1856. Died, Los Angeles, January 18,
1859.
Brush, Jesse D., Assemblyman, Tuolumne, 1852, 1853. Died, New York,
January 31, 1871.

612 REGISTER OF STA TE OFFICERS.
Brusie, Jud. C, Asserablyman, Amador, 1887; Sacramento, 1891.
Brusie, L., Assemblvman, Amador, 1880. Died, lone. May 28, 1887.
Bryan, Charles H.", Senator, Yuba and Sutter, 1854; Supreme Justice,
' 1854-55. Died, Carson City, Nevada, May I4, 1877.
Bryan, W. E., Assemblyman', Sacramento,' 1878-74.
Bryant, Fred., Asserablyman, Alameda, 1891.
Buck, George H., Superior Judge, Sap Mateo County, elected 1890.
Buck, L. "W., Senator, Solano and Yolo, 1888.
Buck, S. M., Assemblyman, Tuolurane, 1859.
Buckbee, J. R., Asserablyraan, Plumas and Lassen, 1867-68. Died, Stock
ton, Jime 28, 1873.
Buckles, A. J., Superior Judge, Solano County, elected 1884, 1890.
Buckley, John E., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1893.
Buckley, J. P., Senator, San Francisco, 1863-64. Died, San Francisco, No
vember 17, IS64.
Buckley, W. S., Superior Judge, San Joaquin County, elected 1879.
Budd, James H., Representative to Congiess, 1883-85.
Budd, Joseph H., Superior Judge, San Joaquin County, elected 1888, 1890. ¦
Buel. David E., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1858. Died, St. Louis, March, 1888.
BueU, W. M., Assemblyman, Klamath, 1«61.
Buff'am, A. C, Assemblyman, Butte, 1863-64.
Buffum, E. Gould, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1855. Died, Paris, De
cember 26, 1867.
Bugbee, S. C, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1865-66. Died, San Francisco,
September 1, 1877.
Buhlert, Julius, Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1885.
Bulla, R. N., Assemblyraan, Los Angeles, 1893.
Burbank, Caleb, Assemblyman, San E'rancisco, 1858; Judge Fourth Judi
cial District, elected 1858; Senator, .San Francisco, 1861. Died. Stockton,
May 5, 1888.
Burbank, George W., Assemblyman, Marin, 1875-76.
Burch, .lohn C, Asserablyman, Trinity, 1857; Senator, Huraboldt and
Trinity, 1858, 1-59 ; Representative to Congress, 1859-61 ; Code Commis
sioner, appointed 1870. Died, S'm Francisco, August 31, 1885.
Burckhalter, J., Asserablyman, Tulare and Kern, 1871-72. - Died, Santa
Rosa, October 28. 1883.
Burdick, James, Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1859. .
Burke, Bare, Senator, San Mateo and Santa Cruz, 1898.
Burke, E., Assemblyman, Mariposa, 1855; Judge Thirteenth Judicial Dis
trict, elected 1855. 1861.. Died, San Francisco,' April 28, 1893.
Burke, T. "W., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1893.
Burnell, R., Assemblyman (Speaker), Amador, 1861 : Senator, Amador, 1862,
1863, 1863-64; President pro tem., 1863-64. Died, Napa, February 13, 1880.
Burnett, G. W., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1889.
Burnett, Joseph, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1887.
Burnett, Peter H., Governor, 1849-50; Supreme Justice, 1857, 1858.
Burnett, W. C, Senator, Yuba and Sutter, 1856, 1857.
Burnett, "William, Senator, Sonoma, 1869-70. Died, Petaluma, April 6, 1870.
Burns, Daniel M., Secretary of State, 1880-83; Police Commissioner, San
Francisco, 189i-
Burns, John, Assemblyman. San Francisco, 1880, 1881.
Burns, W., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1857.
Burr, Jaraes, Assemblyraan, Bl Dorado, 1863.
Burson, L. M., Assemblyman, Huraboldt, 1860.
Burt, Samuel B., Assemblyman, Placer, 187.3-74; Senator, Placer, 1880, 1881;
Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Placer District.
Burton, E. P.. Assemblyman, Nevada, 18.54; Senator, Nevada, 1855, 1856,
1858, 1859; State Controller, 1857-58. Died, Denver, Colorado, May 12, 1891.
Buirwell, Lewis, Assemblyraan, Butte, 1889.
Bush, C. W., Senator, Los Angeles, 1873-74, 1875-76.
Bush, E. R., Superior Judge, "Yolo Couuty, elected 1879.
Butler, A. B., Assemblyman, Tulare, 1887.
Butler, T. J., Assemblyman, Colusa and Tehama, 1868.
Byers, James D., Assemblyman, Lassen and Plumas, 1873-74; Presidential
Elector, 1884.
Byington, Lewis, Assemblyman, Sierra, 1877-78. Died, San Francisco, June
' 30, 1886.
Bynum, Edward, Assemblyman, Yolo, 1856. Died, Woodland, October 8, 1881.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 613
Bynum, Sarshall, Senator, Napa, Solano, and Yolo, 1856, 1857. Died, Lake-
port, November 19, 1876.
Byrnes. James, Assemblyman, San Mateo. 1873-74; Senator, San Francisco
and San Mateo, 1880, 1881, 1887, 1889, 1891.
Cabamss, T. T., Assemblyman, Shasta, 1:<53. Died, Snn Francisco, July 16,
1887.
Cahalan, Chris. W., Assemblvraan, Nevada, 1859.
Caine, PhiUp P., Assemblyman, Butte, 1859. Died, Butte County, January
14, 1864.
Calderwood, M. H., Assemblyman, Placer, 1869-70.
Caldwell, A. B., Assemblyman, Yolo, 1853.
Caldwell. A. G., Assemblyman, Sutter, 1852.
Caldwell John, Asserablyman, Nevada, 1858, 1859; Superior Judge, Nevada
County, elected 1879, 1890.
CaldweU, William, Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1867-68.
Callaghan, J. J., Assemblyman, San p'rancisco, 1887.
Callahan. James, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1883.
Callbreath, J. C, Assemblyman, Stanislaus, 1856.
Carainetti, A., Assemblyman, Amador, 1883; Senator, Amador aud Cala
veras, 1887, 18b9; Commis-sioner Marshall Monument, 1887; Representa
tive to Congress, 1891, 189.3-
Cammett, John, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1865. Dead.
Campbell, A., Jr., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Alameda District.
Campbell, A. C, Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1851.
Campbellj Alexander, Asserablyraan. San Francisco, 1861; Judge Twelfth
Judicial District, elected 1860. Died, Oakland, February 16, 1888.
Campbell, F. M., State Superintendent of Publio Instruction, 1880-83.
CarapbeU, G. J, Senator, Solano, 1889, 1891.
Campbell, J. C, Assemblvman, Colusa, 1K.S9.
Campbell, J. S., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1863-64, 1865-66.
CampbeU, James B., Judge Thirteenth Judicial District, appointed 1875;
Superior Judge, Fresno County, elected lt'84.
CampbeU, John Lloyd, Superior Judge, San Bernardino County, elected
1888.
Campbell, John T., Assemblyman, Sonoma. 1883.
Campbell, R. H., Assemblvman, Del Norte and Siskiyou, 1887; Senator,
Trinity, Siskiyou, etc., 1891, 1893.
Campbell, Thomas, Assemblyman, Calaverai;, 1862. Died, San Fraiicisco,
December .30, 1S62.
Campbell, Thompson, Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1863-64. Died, San
Francisco, December 7, 1868.
Campbell, W. L., Asserablyraan, San Joaquin, 1860.
Camron, 'VV. W., Asserablyman, Alameda, 1880, 1881.
Canavan, M., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1867-68.
Canfleld, R. B., Supenor Judge, Santa Barbara County, appomted 1886.
Canfield, W., Asserablyman, Kern and Tulare, 1878-74.
Cannay, Patrick, Assemblyman, Placer, 1852, 1853; Speaker pro tem. As
sembly, 1853. Died, San Francisco, March 1, 1857.
Cannon, t'. E., Asserablyraan, Butte, 1859.
Cannon, Marion, Representative to Congress, Sixth District, 1893-
Caperton, W. W., Assemblyman, Placer, 1857.
Caples, James, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Sacra
mento District.
Cardoza, J. N., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1853.
Cardwell, H. C, Assemblyman, Sacramento District, 1849-50. Died, Los
Angeles, July 4, 1869.
Cargill, C. G., Assemblyman, San Benito, li-'91.
Carhart, George, Assemblyraan, Colusa, 1853.
Carillo, Joaquin, Judge Second Judicial -District, elected 1852, 1858.
Carillo, Jose A., Meraber First Constitutiontl Convention, 1849, Los An
geles District. Died, Santa Barbara, April 25, 1862.
Carillo, Pedro G., Assemblyman, Santa Barbara, 1854.
Carlock, A. B., Senator, Modoc, Shasta and Trinity, 1880, 1881.
Carlson, W. H., Assemblyraan, San Diego, 1893.
Cames, Henry, Assemblyman, Santa Barbara, 1851 ; Judge Second Judicial
District, appointed 1852.
"Carothers, J. H., Assemblyman, Contra Costa, 1869-70..

614 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Carothers, Thoraas L., Presidential Elector, 1888; Director Mendocino
State Insane Asylum, 1889-91, 1891- ^, .„
Carpenter, G. J., Senator, El Dorado. 1857, 1858; Asserablyman, El Dorado,
1875-76; Speaker of the House, 1875-76; Supreme Court Reporter, 18/8-80;
Railroad Commissioner, First District, 1883-86.
Carpenter, J., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1857.
Carpenter, R. B., Senator, Los Angeles and Orange, 1891, 1898.
Carpentier, H. W., Assemblyman, Contra Costa, 1853.
Carr, C. F., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1854.
Carr, E?ra S., State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1875-80.
Carr, Jesse D., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1851; Member State Board of
Agriculture, 1889-.
Carr, Seymour, Assemblyraan, Sacramento, 1880, 1887.
Carr, T. H., Asserablyman, Yuba, 1880.
Carroll, H. W., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1887.
Carson, James G., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1875-76. Died, San Fran
cisco, May 2, 1888.
Carter, G. 'W; T., Assemblyraan, Contra Costa, 1888, 1885.
Carter, George E., Asserablyraan, Contra Costa, 1891.
Carter. H. A., Assemblvraan, Amador, 1875-76. Died, lone, February 24,
1886.
Carter, John, Assemblyraan, Yuba, 1873-74.
Carter, R. C, Assemblyraan, Solano, 1885.
Cartter, George H., Asserablyman, Sacramento, 1856. Dead.
Cary, J. C, Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1879.
Gary, L. H., Assemblyman, Alameda, 1883. Died, Oakland, September _ 18,
1888
Casserly, Eugene, State Printer, 1851-52; United States Senator, 1869-73;
Member Second. Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, First Congressional'
District. Died, San Francisco, June I4, 1883.
Cassin, George, Asserablyman, Nevada, 1857.
Casterline, "W. M., Assernblyman, San Diego, 1893.
Castro, Estevan, Assemblyman, Monterey, etc., 1857,1863-64.
Castro, Jose, Governor under Mexican rule, 1885-36.
Castro, Manuel A., Asserablyraan, Monterey, etc., 1856, 1863.
Catlin, A. P., Senator, Sacraraento, 1853, 1854; Asserablyman, Sacramento,
1857; Member of the Board of Equalization, 1872; Superior Judge, Sacra
mento County, elected 1890.
Cave, John, Assemblyman, San Joaquin District, 1849-50. Died, San Jose,
February 28, 1851.
Cavis, Joseph M., Senator,. Tuolurane and Mono, 1863; Judge Fifth Judicial
District, elected 1863. Died, Stockton, Jamiary 4, 1892.
Cazneau, Thomas N., Adjutant-General, 1870-71. Died, San Francisco, July
11, 1873.
Center, Samuel H., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1871-72.
Chalraers, Robert, .issemblyman. El Dorado, 1871-72.
Chamberlain, 0. H., Senator, San Joaquin, 1862, 1863; Assemblyman, San
Joaquin, 1865-66. Died, Oakland, July 10, 1890.
Chamberlain, E. K., Senator, Los Angeles and San Diego, 1849-50; Presi
dent pro tem. ofthe Senate, 1849-50. Died at Sea, December, 1852.
Chamberlain, T. L., Asserablyman, Placer, 1880.
Chandler, A. L., Assemblyman, Sutter, 1873-74, 1880, 1881; Senator, Yuba
¦ and Sutter, 1883, 1885, 1887. Died, Sutter County, November 5, 1888.
Chandler, T. J., Assemblyraan, Tuolurane, 1861.
Chapman, Augustus H., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-
79; State Prison Director, 1880-83.
Chapman, J. W. S., Assemblyraan, Lassen and Pluraas, 1875-76.
Chapman, M. C, Asserablyraan, Alameda, 1889.
ChappeU, J. N., Asserablyman, Shasta, 1863, 1863-64, 1865-66; Senator,
Shasta and Trinity, 1867-68, 1869-70. Died, Redding, May 2, 1885.
Charles, J. M., Member Second Constitutional Convention,' 18'78-79, Sonoma
District.
Chase, E. J., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1865-66.
Chase, S. H., Senator, Nevada, 1857, 1858, 1860, 1861. Died, Stockton Octo
ber 28, 1869.
Chase, Warren S., Senator, Santa -Barbara and Ventura, 1880, 1881.
Chauncey, David M., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1852. Died Brooklvn
N. Y.,July5,188L '" '

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 615
Chellis, J. P., Lieutenant-Governor, 1862-63. Died, Oregon, September 17, 1883.
Chenery, Richard, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1857, Dead.
Cheney, W. A., Senator, Butte, Pluraas, and Lassen, 1880, 1881; Superior
Judge, Los Angeles County, elected 1884.
Cherry, John W., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1858, 1859, 1861, 1863-64.
_ Died, San Francisco, July 25, 1885.
Chico, Mariano, Governor under Mexican rule, 1836.
Childs, WilUara, Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1861.
Chipman, H. C, Assemblvraan, Sacraraento, 1893.
Church, A. M., Asserablvman, Alameda, 1867-68. Died, Oakland, Sevtem
ber 1, 1889. . ' . /'
Claflin, C. L., Superior Judge, Modoc County, elected 1890.
Clark, A. M., Assemblyman, Fresno, 1885.
Clark, J. A., Assemblyraan, Sierra, 1858.
Clark, J. B., Assemblyman, Butte, 1873-74.
Clark, J. E., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1877-78.
Clark, J. R., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1863.
Clark, J. W., Senator, San Francisco, 1863.
Clark, Jonathan, Asserablyman, Humboldt, 1875-76.
Clark, L. B., Assemblym'an, Yuba, 1867-68. Died, MarysviUe, January 15,
Clark, R. A., Assemblyman, Plumas, 1863-64.
Clark, Reese, Assemblyraan, Yolo, 1891.
Clark, Reuben, Asserablyraan, Colusa and Teharaa, 1883.
Clark, Robert, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1861. Died, Cambridgeport,
June 10, 1875.
Clark, Robert C., Asserablyraan, Sacraraento, 1857; Senator, Sacramento,
1860, 1861; Oounty Judge, Sacraraento, 1878-79; Superior Judge, Sacra
mento County, elected 1879.- Died, Sacramento. January ^7, 1883.
Clark W. H., Superior Judge, Los Angeles County, appointed 1888,
elected 1888, 1890.
Clarke, S. J., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1849-50.
darken, R. M., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1875^76.
Clayes, 0. M., State Printer, 1863-67. Died, San Francisco, June 23, 1892.
Clayton, Charles, Assemblyraiin, San Francisco, 1863-64, 1865-66; Repre
sentative to Congress, 1878-75. Died, Oakland, October 4, 1885.
Clayton, J. E., Assemblyraan, Yuba, 1855.
Cleary, Nicolas, Judge Thirteenth .hidicial District, elected 1858.
Cleraent, W. B., Assemblyman, Alameda, 1883.
Clingan, D., Asserablyraan, Marin, 1854.
Clough, P. M., Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1882. Died, Stock
ton, February I4, 1888.
Clough, G. G., '.ludge 'Twenty-first Judicial District, elected 1877; Super
ior Judge, Pluraas County, elected 1879, 1884, 1890.
Clunie, Thoraas J.. Asserablyman, Sacramento, 1875-76; Senator, San
Francisco, 1887; Representative to Congress, 1889-91.
Coats, T. H., Assemblyman, Klamath, 1852. .
Cochran, R. M., Assemblyman, Butte, 1867-68.
Coffey, James V., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1875-76; Superior Judge,
¦ San Francisco, elected 1882, 1888.
CoflTey, M. W., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1891.
Coflfman, W. P., Assemblyman, Mariposa and Merced, 1880.
Cofifroth, James W., Asserablvman, Tuolurane, 1852; Senator, Tuolumne,
1853, 1854, 1856, 1857 ; Trustee of State Library, 1870-72. Died, Sacramento,
October 9, 1872.
Coggins, Paschal, Asserablyman, Sacraraento, 1867-68, 1873-74. Died, San
Francisco, Noveinher 18, 1883.
Coghlan, John M., Assemblyman, Napa and Lake, 1865-66; Representative
to Congress, 1871-72. Died, Alameda, March 28, 1879.
Cohen, Richard, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1887.
Coil, B. J., Asserablyraan, Sierra. 1857. Died, Laporte, January 29, 1865.
Colbert, J. H., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1887. Died; San Francisco,
November 8, 1888.
Colby, George H., Assemblyraan, Placer, 1885.
Colby, Gilbert W., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1852; Senator, Sacramento,
1854, 1855. Died, San Francisco, AvJgust 20, 1881.
Cole, Cornelius, Representative to Congress, 1863-65; United States Sena
tor, 1867-73.

616 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Coleman, Cyrus, Asserablyraan, Amador, Alpine, etc., 1871-72, 1880, 1881;
Alpine, Mono, and Inyo, 1889. . -
Coleman, E. J., Bank Commissioner, 1878-82.
Coleman, J. V., Asserablyman, San Mateo, 1883, 1885.
Coleraan, John C, Senator, Nevada, 1877-78.
Coleman, William, Asserablyman, El Dorado, 1859, 1861.
Colgan, E. P., State Controller, 1891-
Collier, M. M., Assemblyraan, Calaveras, 1865-66.
Collins, J. D., Asserablyraan, Fresno, 1875-76.
ColUns, Jaraes, Assemblyman, Nevada, 1862, 1863. Died. Nebada City, July
IS, IS64.
Coltrin, C. W., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1861.
Comte, A., Jr., Assemblyman, Sacraraento, 1867-68; Senator, Sacraraento,
1869-70,1871-72. ...
Cdndee, George M., Asserablyman, El Dorado, 1859.
Condon, John D., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Francisco District.
Cone, George, Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1866. Died, Red Bluff, Novem
ber 12, 1883.
Cone, Joseph S., Railroad Commissioner, First District, 1880-82.
Conger. Charles C, Senator, San Francisco, 1880, 188.. Died, Oakland, June
6, 1888. .
Conklin, Alvah R., Presidential Elector, 1884; Superior Judge, Kern
Countv, appointed 1891.
ConkUn, E. B., Senator, Santa Clara, 1887, 1889.
Conlv, John, Senator, Butte, Pluraas, etc., 1867-68, 1869-70. Died, San Fran
cisco. September 27, 1883.
I Conn, W. A., Asserablyman. San Bernardino, 1860; Senator, San Diego,
etc., 1867-68, 1869-70.
Conness, John, Asserablyraan, Bl Djrado, 1853, 1854, 1860, 1861; United
States Senator, 1863-69.
Connolly, D. W., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1867-63. Died, San Fran
cisco, January 21, 1872.
Connolly, David' W., Asserablyman, San Mateo, 1859. Dead.
Connolly, James E., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1877-78.
Connolly, W. C, Assemblyman,^ Tuolumne, etc., 1871-72.
Conroy, M. C, Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1877-78. Died, San Francisco,
February 4, 1887.
Conway, Bernard, Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1893.
Coole, J. R., Asserablyraan, Siskiyou and Modoc, 1880.
Cook, J. W., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1885.
Cook, John, Asserablyraan, San Diego, 1851.
Cook, John, Assemblyraan, Stanislaus, 1855.
Cook, John, Asserablyman, Yuba, 1852.
Cooke, Martin E., Senator, Sonoma, etc., 1851, 1852. Died, San Francisco,
April 14, 1857.
Cooley, C. H., Assemblyraan, Sonoma, 1877-78.
Cooley, F. M.. Assemblyraan, Alameda, 1887. Died, San Francisco, Novem
ber 24, 1890.
Coombs, Frank LesUe, Assemblvman, Napa, 1887, 1889, 1891; Speaker of
the House, 1.S91; Minister to iJapari, appointed March 30. 1892.
Coombs, N. D., Asserablyman, Yuba, 1883. Died, Marysville, January 17,
1888.
Coombs, Nathan, Asserablyman, Napa, 1855, 1860. Died, Napa, December
26. 1877.
Coombs, Thoraas M., Asserablyman, Alameda, 1866. Drowned in Santa
Clara County, December, 1858.
Cooper, Joel H.', Assemblvman, Santa Barbara, 1871-72.
Cooper, L. P., Assemblyman. Del Norte, 1880.
Cope, Jesse, Assemblyman, Santa Cruz, 1887.
Cope, W. B., Superior Judge, Santa Barbara County, elected 1890.
Cope, W. W., Assemblyman, Amador, 18.59; Supreme Justice, 1859^4;
OhiefJustice,186'3-64; Supreme Court Reporter, 1883-87.
Corcoran, H. J., Asserablyraan, San Joaquin, 1880, 1885.
Corcoran, John M., Superior Judge, Mariposa Oounty, elected 1879, 1884,
1890.
Corey, Benjarain, Assem,blyman , San Jose District, 1849-50.
Corey, WilUara, Assemblyman, Placer", 1855.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 617
Cornwall, P. B., Assemblyman, Sacramento District, 1849-50.
Oornwell, George N., Assemblyman, Napa, 1854, 1875-76.
OorOnel, Antonio P., State Treasurer, 1867-71.
Coronel, M. P., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1869-70.
Cory, J. M., Assemblyraan, Santa Clara, 1865-66.
Cosby, George B., Journal Clerk ofthe Senate, 1875-76, 1877-78; Adjutant-
General, 1883-87; Recording Clerk in Otfice of Secretarv of State, 1888-90.
Cosby, John D., Senator, Trinity und Klamath, 1856, 1857. Died, Yreka,.
May 15, 1S61.
Cott, Juan Y.,. Assemblyraan, Monterey, 1862; Senator, Santa Barbara,
etc., 1863-64.
Coulter, John. Senator, Butte and Pluraas, 1858.
CouncUraan, E. W , As^emblym ui, Nevada, 1861.
Covarrubias. .1. M., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San
Luis Obispo District; Assemblyman, Santa Barbara, 1849-50, 1861, 1862,
1863, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1860, 1861. Died, Santa Barbara, AprU 1, 1871.
Covington, J. M., Asserablyraan, Mendocino, 1875-76. Dead.
Cowden, D. H. Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Yuba
District.
Cowdery, J. P., Assemblyman, San Francisco-, 1873-74, 1880; Speaker of
the House, 1880.
Cox, Frederick, Trustee of State Library, 1878-82, .Senator, Sacramento,
1888, 1885; Member of State Board of Agriculture, 1887-90, 1890—; elected
President of Board, 1891, 1892-
Crabbe, Henry A., AsserablyratMi, San Joaquin, 1852; Senator, San Joaquin,.
etc., 1853, 1854. Killed at Cavorca, Mexico,, April 7, 1857.
Craig, J., Senator, San Francisco, 1875-76, 1877-78.
Cram, E..G., Assemblvman, Alameda, 1891.
Crandall, A. W., Senator, Santa Clara, 1887, 1889, 1891.
Crandall, Dwight, Senator, Calaveras and Araador, 1856, l.'^57,
Crane, A. M., Senator, Alameda, 1862, 186-3,-President pro tem., 1863; Su
perior Judge, Alameda County, elected 1879. Died, Oakland, October 20, 1887.
Crane, E. T., Assemblyraan, Alameda, 1871-72.
Crane, George W., Asserablyraan, Yolo, Colusa, etc., 1851; Monterey, 1858..
Died, Monterey, Nove-mher, 1868.
Crane, L. D., Senator, Y'uba aud Sutter, 1871-72, 1873-74.
Crane, W. H., Senator, Butte, etc., 1877-78.
Crane, W. W., Jr., Senator, Alaraeda, 1863-64; PrRsidential Elector, 1864;
Trustee of Stat-e Library, 1882-83. ¦ Died, Oakland, ,fuly31, 1SS3.
Crank, J. P\, AssenVblyman, Los Angeles, 1-81.
Cravens, Robert 0., State Librarian, 1870-82; Assistant Secretarv ofthe Sen
ate, 1883.
Crawford, C. M., Assemblyman, Lake, 1889.
Crawford, J., Assemblyraan;- Sierra, 1863.
Crawford, R. P., Superior Judge-, Sonoma County, elected 1890.
Creaner, Charles M., Asserablyman, San Joaquin District, 1849-50; Judge of
Fifth Judicial District, elected by Legislature 1860, elected 1852, 1858.
Died, Stockton, December 7, 1882.
Creighton, Daniel J., Senator, San Francisco, 1885.
Crenshaw, George H., Asserablyman, Mariposa and Merced, 1859.
Crenshaw, Johu T., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1853; Senator, Nevada, 1864,
1855. Killed at the Battle of Vicksburg, 1863.
Cressler, W. T., Assemblyman, Siskiyou, 1873-74.
Crigler, J. C, Asserablyman, Napfi and Lake, 1867-68, 1869-70.
Crirarains, P. J., Senator, San Francisco, 1887.
Crittenden, A. P., Assemblyman, Los Angeles District, 1849-50; Santa
Clara, 1852; Supreme Court Reporter, 1870. Shot by Laura D. Fair, died
San Francisco, November 5, 1870.
Crittenden, R. D., Se:iator, El Dorado, 1860, 1861.
Crocker, Charles, Assemblvman, Sacraraento, 1861. Died, Monterey, Au
gust 14, 1888.
Crocker, E. B., Suprerae Justice, 1863. Died, Sacramento, June 24, 1875:
Crockett, J. B., Supreme Justioej 1868-79. Died, Fruitvale, .January 15, I8S4.
Cronan, W., Senator, San Francisco, 1883.
Crosby, E. O., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Sacraraento
District ; Senator, Sacraraento Distri'ct, 1849-60, Yuba and Sutter, 185i.
Cross, C. W., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Nevada
District; Senator, Nevada and Sierra, 1883, 1885.

618 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Cross, W. W., Superior Judge, Tulare County, elected 1879, 1884, 1890.
Crouch, Robert, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Napa
pistrict; Superior Judge, Napa County, elected 1884.'
Crowell, J. M., Assemblyman, "Yuba, 1860.
Crump, R. W., Superior Judge, Lake County, elected 1890.
Crampton, H. J., Assemblyraan, Lake, 1881, 1K83.
Crutcher, W. M., Assemblyraan, Placer, 1876-76.
Culver, C. B., Assemblyraan, Yolo, 1885. Dead.
Culver, E. S., Asserablvman, Alameda, 1889, 1891.
Culver, J. H., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1883.
Cunnard, J. M., Assemblyman, Butte, 1862.
Cunningham, J. P., Asserablyman, Santa Cruz, 1881. , „, „„ „. , „
Cunningham, Lewis, Senator, Yuba, 1863, 1863-64, 1866-66. Died, San
Francisco, October 25, 1879.
Cunningham, N. C, Assemblyraan, Sierra, 1855.
Cunningham, W; P., Assemblyraan, El Dorado, 1865.
Cunningham, W. S., Asserablyman, Tulare, 1891.
Cureton, W. H., Asserablyman, Mendocino, 1867-68.
Currey, Robert J., Assemblyman, Solano, 1887.
Curry, C. Forest, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1887.
Curry, John, Supreme Justice, 1864-68; Chief Justice, 1866-68.
Curtis, D. B., Asserablyman, Placer, 1858.
Curtis, E. J., Assemblyraan, Siskiyou, 1855, 1856. Dead.
Curtis, J. M., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1893.
Curtis, J. S., Assemblyman, Yolo, 1857. Died, Stockton, November 18, 1872.
Curtis, N. Greene, Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1861 ; Senator, Sacramento,
1867-68, 1869-70, 1877-78.
Curtis, Samuel T., Assemblyraan, Nevada, 1860.
Cusick, T. P., Assemblyman, San Francisco 1893.
Cuthbert, W. W., Asserablyraan, San Franeisco, 1880.
Cutler, John, Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1852.
Cutler, Nathan, Asseniblyman, Solano, 1859.
Cutter, WilUam M., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1883.
Cutting, John T., Representative to Congress, 1891-93,
Daggett, John, Assemblyman,' Humboldt and Del Norte, 1859, 1860; Siskiyou
and Modoc, 1881; Lieutenant-Governor, 1883-87; World's Fair Commis
sioner, 1891-
Daingerfleld, W. P., Judge Ninth and T>velfth Judicial Districts, elected
1854, 1858, 1869, 1860, 1876; Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1879.
Died, San Francisco, May 5, 1880.
Daly, James H., Asserablyinan, San Francisco, 1885,. 1891.
Daraeron, WiUiara B., Asserablyraan, Tuolurane, 1852.
Damron, J. M., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1889.
Dana, Charles W., Assemblyman, Santa Barbara, etc., 1862. Dead.
Dana, WiUiam A., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1856.
Dannalls, C. W., Assemblyman, "Yuba, 1854.
Dannals, George W., Assemblyman, San Diego, 1871-72.
Dare, John T., Asserablyman, Solano, 1877-78.
Dargie, W. E., Senator, Alaraeda, 1889, 1891.
Davidson, E. M., Assemblyraan, Nevada, 1867.
Davidson,, T. R., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1854.
Davies, "Williara A., Assemblyman, Tuolumne, Mono, etc., 1867-68.
Davis, B. K., Asserablyman, Tuolurane, Mono, etc., 1862.
Davis, Caswell, Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1856.
Davis, E. L.J Assgmblymau, Humboldt, 1859.
Davis, Edwin A., Senator, Y'uba and Sutter, 1880, 1881; Superior Judge,
Sutter and Yuba counties, appointed 1891.
Davis, P. P., Asserablyraan, Calaveras, 1863.
Davis, H. B., Asserablyraan, Merced and Stanislaus, 187.3-74.
Davis, Hamlet, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Nevada
District.
Davis, Horace, Representative to Congress,' 1877-81; Presidential Elector,
1884; President of State University,' 1888-90.
Davis, John, Assemblyraan, Placer, 1887, 1889.
Davis, John F., Superior Judge, Amador County, appointed Deceniber, 1892.
Davis, N. H., Asserablyman, Solano, 1858.
Davis, Winfield J., Assemblyraan, Sacrainento, 1885.
Dawley, I. N., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1854. Dead.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 619
-'Day, Sherman, Senator, Alameda and Santa Clara, 1865, 1856. Died, Berkeley,
December IA, I884.
:Days, Johu M., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1867-68, 1871-72; Senator, San
Francisco, 1885.
.Beal, W. Grove, Assemblyman, Sacramento District, 1849-50.
:.Dean, J. E., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, El
Dorado and Alpine District.
Dean, Peter, Senator, San Francisco, 1877-78.
Dean, Seneca, Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1862.
-Deering, Alexander, J'udge Thirteenth Judicial District, appointed 1865,
elected 1873. Died, Merced, December 18, 1875.
Deeth, Jacob, Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1863. Died, San Rafael, Jan
uary 16, 1879.
-De Haven, J. J., Assemblyraan, Humboldt, 1869-70; Senator, Del Norte,
Klamath, etc., 1871-72, 1873-74; Superior Judge, Huraboldt County,
elected 1884; Representative to Congress, 1889-91; Supreme Justice, 1891-
De Haven, W. N., Assemblyman, Butte, 1871-72.
,De ia Guerra, Antonio M., Senator, Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo,
1852. Died, Santa Barbara, November 28, 1881.
..De la Guerra, Pablo, Meraber First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Santa
Barbara District; Senator, Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo, 1849-50,
1851, 1853, 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857, 1860, 1861; President of Senate, 1861;
Lieutenant-Governor, 1861; Judge First Judicial District, elected 1863,
1869. Died, Santa Barbara, February 5, 187 4.
; Della Torre, Peter, Presidential Elector, 1856. Died, Brookland, Maniland,
October 25, I864.
IDe Long, Charles E., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1858, 1859; Senator, Y'uba, 1861,
1862. Died, Virginia City, October 28, 1878.
iie Long, P. C, Senator, Marin, 1885, 1887, 1889, 1891; Member State Board
of Agriculture, 1889-
".JJel Valle, R. P., Presidential Elector, 1880; Assemblvraan, Loa Angeles,
1880, 1881; Senator, Los Angeles, 1883, 1885; President pro tera., 1883.
;Del Valle, Ygnacio, Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 18.62. Died, Los Angeles,
March SO, 1880. . ¦
Denison, Eli S., Senator, Alameda, 1891, 1893; Meraber Board of Agricultnre,
District No. 1, San Francisco and Alameda Counties, 1889-
Dennis, John H., Asserablyman, Bl- Dorado, 1862.
Dennis, Thoraas W., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1891.
Denniston, James G., Assemblyman, San Mateo, 1861, 1863. Died, San
Francisco, June 17, 1869.
Denson, Samuel C, Judge Sixth Judicial District, elected 1875; Superior
Judge, Sacramento County, elected 1879.
;Dent, George W., Senator, San Joaquin and Contra Costa, 1859, 1860.
Dent, Lewis, Member Fir.-it Constitutional Convention, 1849, Monterey Dis
trict. Died, Washington, District of Columbia, March 22, 1874-
Denver, A. St. C, Senator, El Dorado, 1859, 1860, 1861, 1862. Dead.
^Denver, James "W., Senator, Trinity and Klamath, 1852, 1863; Secretary of
State, 1853-55; Representative to Congress, 1855-57. Died, Waahington,
District of Columbia, August 9, 1892.
-'Desty, Robert, Senator, San Franeisco" and San Mateo, 1880.
'Deveny, Peter, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1886.
-Devoe, Alfred, Assemblvman, Santa Cruz, 1863-64.
Devoe, James B., State Printer, 1851.
"DeWitt, B. L.j Assemblyraan, Tulare, 1885.
:DeWitt, W. M., Asserablyman, Yolo, 1877-78.
-Dibble, Henry C, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1889, 1891.
Dick, John, Assemblyman, Butte, 1856. Dead.
rDickenson, W. B., Assemblyman, Sacramento District, 1849-60.
Dickenson, W. L., Assemblyman, Stanislaus and Merced, 1863-64.
Dickinson, John H., Senator, San Francisco, 1880, 1881.
Dickinson, AViUiam B., Senator, El Dorado, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861; Presi
dent pro tem., 1859.
Dillard, R. M., Superior Judge, Santa Barbara County, elected 1886.
Dimmick, Kimball H., Meraber First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San
Jose District. Died, Los Angeles, September 11,, 1861.
IDimond,. D., Assemblyraan, iTuolurane, 1880. Died, Columbia, January,
1890.
"Dinau, W. E., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1889.

620 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS..
Dinniene, John H., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1877-78.
Dixon. Jaraes, Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1873-74. Died, Oregon, Deeember 15'j..
1882.
Dixon, M. W., Assemblyman, Alameda, 1875-76, 1877-78; Senator, Ala
meda, 1887, 1889.
Dobbin, H. H., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1889.
Dodge, C. G., Assemblyrnan, Alaraeda, 1H93.
Dodge, H. L., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1868; Senator, San Francisco,-
1863-64, 1865-66.
Dodson, W. B. H., Assemblyman, Napa and Lake, 1863-64.
Doll, J. G., Senator, Colusa and Teharaa, 1862, 1863.
Dorainguez, Manuel, Meraber B'irst Constitutional Convention,. 1849, Los-
Angeles District. '
Donovan, M. J., Senator, San Francisco, 1876-76, 1877-78.
Dooling, Maurice T., Assemblyman, San Benito, 1886.
Dore, Benjamin, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1862, 1863-
Dorn, N. A., Superior Judge; Monterey County, elected 1890.
Dornin, Genrge D., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1865-66, 1867-68.
Dorr, J. C., Assemblyman, Trinity, 1865-66.
Dorsey, Caleb, Assemblyman, Stanislaus, 1877-78. Died, Sonora, March-.
28, 1885.
Dosh, Sarauel H., Senator, Colusa and Shasta, 1856, 1857; President pro-
tem., 1857. Died, Shasta, June 13, 1S61.
Doss, E. W., Assemblyraan, Kern and Tulare, 1869-70.
Doty, Gillis, Asserablyman, Sacraraento, 1883, 1891.
Dougherty, J. T., Senator, San Francisco, 1883, 1885.
Dougherty, John, Asserablyraan, Sierra, 1861.
Dougherty, S. K., Superior Judge, Sonoma County, elected 1888, 1890.
Doughty, John, Assemblyman, Solano, 18^5.
Douglass, Charles D., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1885.
Douglass, David P., Senator, San Joaquin District, 1849-50; Calaveras,-,.
1861; Assemblyraan, San Joaquin, 1855; Secretary of State, 1856-57.-
Died, San Joaquin County, June 16, 1872.
Douglass, G. N., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1859.
Douglass, George A., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1859. Died, Austin, Nevada,,
A-ugust 25, 1H81.
Dow, E. E., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1891.
Dow, P. A., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1863-64.
Dow, J. G., Assemblyman, Sonoma, ¦1862.
Dow, William, Assemblyman, Tuolumne, 1859.
Dowling, Patrick T., Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,-
San Francisco District.
Downer, J. W., Assemblyman, Sierra, 1867-68.
Downey, John G., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1856; Lieutenant-Gover
nor, 1860; Governor, 1860-61.
Downey, P. H., Private Secretary to Governor John G. Downey.
Downing, J. L., Asserablyraan, Sonoma, 1865-66.
Downs, R. C, Assemblyraan, Amador, 1880.
Doyle, Luke D., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Sam
Francisco District.
Dray, B\ R., Senator, Sacramento, 1887, 1889, 1891.
Drees, E. E., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1893.
Drew, M. M., Member State Board of Equalization, 1880-82; United Statea-
Marshal, 1882-86.
Drum, Edward P., Senator, San Francisco, 1885.
Dryer, Perry, Assemblyman, Shasta, 1867-68.
Du Brutz, A. B,, Assemblyman, Tulare and Kern, 1880.
Duckworth, S., Assemblyraan; Monterey, 1898.
Dudley, Charles C, Asserablvman, Placer, 1862, 1863.
Dudley, J. M., Assemblyman, Solano, 1862, 1863; Member Second Consti
tutional Convention, 1878-79, Solano District.
Dudley, W. L., Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Joaquin and Araador District.
Duffy, Jaraes A., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1869-70; Senator, Sacra
mento, 1871-7.2, 1878-74.- Died, Oakland, September 16, 1889.
Duffy, Thomas, Asserablyraan, Del Norte and Siskiyou, 1893.
Duncombe, Charles, Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1859, 1868. Died, Hicks—
ville, October 1, 1867.

.REGISTER OF* STATE OFFICERS. 621
Dunlap, Elon, Asseuiblvraan, El Dorado, 1860.
Dunlap, H. W., Asserablyraan, Colusa and Tehama, 1869.
Dunlap, Presley, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Sacramento District. Died, Sacramento, September 23, 18S3.
-Dunlap, Thomas, Assemblyman, Araador, 1875-76, 1877-78.
-Dunn, John P., State Controller, 1883-91.
Dunn, WiUiara J., A-sserablyman, San Francisco, 1891; Senator, San Fran
cisco, 1893.
Dunne, B. P., Assemblyman, Sonoraa, 1863.
Durham, W. W., Assemblyman, Butte, 1880.
Dunsmoor, Charles H., Bank Commissioner, 1890-
Durner, Charles, Asserablyman, Solano, 1891.
Durst, D. P., Assemblyman, Colusa, 1861 ; Yuba and Sutter, 1893.
Dustin, Daniel, Assemblyraan, Nevada, 1856.
Dutton, Henry, Assemblyraan, Nevada, 1856.
Dutton, Warren, Member of State Board of Eqtialization, 1880^82.
Dwinelle, John W., Assemblyman, Alameda, 1867-68. Drowned at Port
Costa, January 28, 1881.
Dwinelle, Samuel H., Judge Fifteenth Judicial District, appointed 1864,
elected 1865, 1871, 1877. Died, San Francisco, January 12, 1886.
Dwyer, David, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1865-66. Died, San Fran
cisco, September 3, 1889.
"Dyer, Barlow, Assemblyraan, Calaveras, 1863-64; Senator, Calaveras, 1871-
72, 1873-74.
JEager, Thomas, Assemblyman, Alameda and Santa Cruz, 1862, 1865-66.
.Eagon John A., Assemblyraan, Araador and Alpine, 1869, 1871-72, Sena
tor, Amador, 1860, 1861; Member Second Constitutional Convention,
187('-79, Amador District. Died, Jackson, Amador County, October 20, 1892.
IJakin, W. A., Senator, Tuolurane, Mono, etc., 1873-74, 1875-76.
Eakle, H. P., Asserablyman, Colusa, 1891.
Earl, Guy C, Senator, Alameda, 1893.
-Eastman, J. C, Asserablyraan, Nevada, 1861.
Echeandia, Jose Maria de, Governor under Mexican rule, 1826-81.
Eddy, Williara M., Surveyor-General, 1852-53. Died, San Francisco, March
9, 1854;
3Jdgar, "William, Assemblyman, Yubiv, 1871-72.
Edgerton, Henry, Senator, Napa, Yolo and Solano, 1860, 1861; Sacramento,
1873-74, 1875-76; Presidential Elector, 1880, 1884; Member Second Con
stitutional Convention, 1878-79, Second .Congressional District; Trustee
of State Library, 1882-84, 1886-87. Died, San Francisco, November A, 1S87.
Edmonds, M. -A., Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1879, 1880. Dead.
"JEdwards, E. E., Asserablyman, Los Angeles, 1886, 1889.
-Edwards, L. B., Assemblythan, Alameda, 1881.
JEdwards, Philip L., Assemblyraan, Sacraraento, 1865. Died, Sacramento,
May 1, 1889.
Edwards, Uriah, Assemblyman, Sonoma, etc., 1867, 1868. Died, Petaluma,
October 5, 1888.
Hichelroth, W. E., Asserablyman, Tuolumne, Mono, etc., 1869-70.
Eliason, W, A., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1862.
ElUs, A. J., Meraber First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San Francisco
District; Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1852. Died, San Francisco, July
27 1S8^
mUs, Asa, 'Asserablyraan, Los Angeles, 1867-68, 1871-72, 1877-78. Died,
Fresno, August 20, -1890.
jElIis, Edward E. W., Asserablyraan, Nevada, 1852. Died, Pittsburg Land
ing, April 8, 1862.
Jlllis, 11. B., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1859, 1860. Died, Reno, 1873.
EUison, John P., Asserablyraan, Tehama, 1885; Superior Judge, Teharaa
County, elected 1890.
EUsworth, John, Assemblyraan, Alameda, 1887; Superior Judge, Alameda
County, elected 1888.
:Ely, Beniamin E. S., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1858.
Emeric, H. P., Assemblyman, Contra Costa, 1893.
Unglish, James L., State Treasurer, 1867. Died, Sacram,ento, May 29, 1889.
English, Warren B., Senator, Contra Costa and Marin, 1883.
:Enos, John S., Senator, San Francisco, 1880, 1881; Commissioner of Labor
Statistics, 1883-86.

622 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Ensworth, A. S., Assemblyman, San Djego, 1859. Died, Los Angeles, October;,
1885.
Erkson, William, Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1863-64.
Escandon, A. G., Assemblyraan, Santa Barbara, 1869-70, 1873-74.
Estee, Morris M., Asserablyman, Sacraraento, 1863; San Francisco, 1873-74;.
Speaker of the House, 1873-74; Meraber State Board of Equalization,
1871; Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, First Con--
gressional District; Presidential Elector, 1876, 1888.
EsteJl, Jaraes M., Assemblyraan, Marin, 1857; Senator, Napa and Solano,.
1852, 1853. Died, San Francisco, April 26, 1859.
Estep, J. H., Asserablyraan, Sacramento, 1853. Died, Lakeport, Ja-nuary 11,.
1878.
Estey, C. L., Assemblvman, Marin, 1880, 1881.
Estey, Thomas H., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,..
Contra Costa and Marin District; Assemblyman, Marin, 1891.
Estudillo, Jose G., State Treasurer, 1876-79.
Evans, George S., Secretary ofthe Senate, 1857; Senator, . San Joaqninj
1863-64,1865-66, 1871-72; Adjutant-General, 1864-66, 1866-J68. Died, San-
Francisco, September 17, 1883.
Evans, 0. P., Judge Fourth Judicial District, appointed 1879; Superior-
Judge San Francisco, elected 1879.
Everett, Daniel H., Senator, San Francisco, 1891, 1898-
Everett, Henry, Assemblyman, Nevada, 1871-72.
Evey, Edward, Asserablyraan, Napa and Lake, 1862; Member Seeond Con
stitutional Convention, 1878-79, Los Angeles District.
Ewalt, J'ohn, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1856.
Ewer, S., Asserablyman, Butte, 1854; Senator, Butte, Plumas, etc., 1865-66,..
1867-68.
Ewing, Andrew, Assemblyman, Mariposa and Merced, 1877-78.
Bwing, Luther L., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1887, 1889.
Ewing, W. P., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1853.
Fahey, Edward, Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1873-74.
Fair, 'William D., Senator, San Joaquin District, 1849-50. Died, San Fran
eisco, December 27, 1881.
Fairchild, David, Asserablyman, El Dorado, 1860.
Fairchild, John A., Assemblyman, Siskiyou, 1867-68.
Fairfax, Charles S., Assemblyman, Yuba and Sierra, 1853, 1854; Speaker <3i
the House, 1854; Clerk ofthe Supreme Court, 1857-61. Died, Baltimore,
Maryland, April 8, 1869.
Fairfield, B. L., Assemblyman, Placer, 1854.
Pajes, Pedro, Governor under Spanish rule, 1782-90.
Fargo, B'rank P., Asserablyman, Alameda, 1861; Clerk of the Supreme-
Court, 1862-63. Died, New York State, January 12, 1891.
Parish, T. B., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1867-68.
Parley, J. W., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1863. Dead.
Parley, James T., Assemblyman, Amador, 1855, 1856; Speaker of the-
- House, 1856; Senator. Amador and Alpine, 1869-70, 1871-72, 1873-74,
1875-76; President pro tem., 1871-72; United States Senator, 1879-85-
Died, Jackson, January 22, 1886.
Parley, M., Asserablymaii, Sierra, 1883.'
Farnum, John B., Assemblyman, Alarneda, 1877-78; Bank Commissioner,
1882-86.
Parrell, Siraon J., Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79;-
San Francisco District,
Farwell, Seth B., Judge Eleventh Judicial District, appointed 1851, elected-
1851. Died, Carson, Nevada, December 11, 1862.
Farwell, W. B., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1855.
Fassett, L. H., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1889. Died, Florin, December-
16, 1889.
Paw, Thomas, P., Assemblyman, Monterey, 1883.
Fawcett, Eugene, Judge First Judicial District, appointed 1875, elected.
1875; Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Santa Barbara .
District ; Judge Santa Barbara County, elected 1879. Died, Santa Barbara^.
January 9, 1880.
Fay, Caleb T., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1862. Died, Sa-n Francisco^
A-pril 20, 1886.
Fay, John D., Senator, San Francisco, 1893.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 623
Felton, Charles N., Assemblyman, San Mateo, 1880, 1881; Representative
in Congress, 1885-93; Commissioner to attend the centennial celebration
of the inauguration of George Washington as President of the United .
States, 1888; United States Senator, 1891-
Felton, John B., Presidential Elector, 1868, 1872, 1876, Died, Oakland. Mav
2, 1877. -'
Ferguson, John W., Assemblyraan, Fresno, 1873-74.
Ferguson, R. D., Assemblyman, Sacraraento, 1858, 1863. Dead.
Ferguson, W. I., Senator, Sacramento, 1856, 1857, 1868. Died, San Fran
cisco, September 14, 1858.
Ferguson, WiUiam T., Assemblyman, Sierra, 1865; Senator, Sierra, 1857,
1858. Died, August 23, 1886.
Ferral, Robert, Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1879.
Ferral, Walter, Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1875-76.
Ferrell, W. C, Asserablyman, San Diego, 1855.
Ferris, L. W., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1857.
Field, John, Assemblyraan, Sonoma, 1883.
Field, Stephen J., Asserablyman, Yuba, 1851; Supreme Justice, 1867-63;
Chief Justice, 1859-63; Justice United States Supreme Court, 1863-
Figueroa, Jose, Governor under Mexican rule, 1833-36. Died, Monterey,
September 29, 1836.
Pilcher, J. A., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Placer
District; Senator, Placer, 1883,1885; State Prison Director, 1887-88; Presi
dential Elector, 1893.
Findley, Thomas, State Treasurer, 1858-62. Died, Georgetown, El Dorado
County, September 19, 1888.
Finlayson, P. G., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1893.
Finlayson, Jaraes R., Assemblyma, San Irancisco, 1880.
Finn,- John P., Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1879, 1880, 1886.
Pinney, Charles G., Jr., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Ventura District.
Pinney, Seldon J., Assemblyman, San Mateo, 1869-70; Senator, San Francisco
and San Mateo, 1871-72, 1873-74. Died, San Mateo County, July 27, 1875.
Firebaugh, H. C, Assembly.man, San Francisco, 1885.
Fiske', Henry M., Senator, lEl Dorado, 1856, 1857.
Fitch, George K., State Printer, 1852.
Fitch, Thoraas, Asserablyman, El Dorado, 1863.
Fitzgerald, 0. I?., State Superintendent of Publio Instruction, 1867-71.
Fitzgerald, W. P., Supreme Court Commissioner, lfc90-
Fitzpatrick, E. P., Superior Judge, San Mateo County, appointed 1890.
Flanders, Alvan, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1861. -
Fleming, J. R., -Assemblyman, Butte, 1883.
Flemming, Samuel, Assemblyman, Shasta, 1852. Died, April, 1888.
Flint, Thomas, Senator, Santa Cruz and Monterey, 1875-76, 1877-78.
Flint, Thomas, Jr., Senator, Monterey and San Benito, 1889, 1891, 1893-
Fliiit, Wilson, Senator, San Francisco, 1855, 1856. Died, San Francisco,
Januarii 4, 1867.
Flournoy, T. C, Asserablyman, Mariposa, 1855. Dead.
Flower, Sarauel, Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1853.
Flynn, James J., Assemblyman, San Frauoisco, 1883.
Foote, H. S., Supreme Court Commissioner, 1884-
Poote, L. H., Adjutant-General, 1871-75.
Foote, W. W., Railroad Coraraissioner Third District, 1883-86.
Ford, Charles, Asserablyraan, Santa Cruz, 1861.
Ford, Henry L., Assemblyman, Colusa, 1852. Died at Nome Cult, Mendocino
Reservation, July 2, 1860.
Ford, T. L., Senator, Plumas, Sierra, and Nevada, 1.893.
Forman, Ferris, Judge Sixth Judicial District, appointed 1851; Secretary
of State, 1868-60.
Forsyth, W. K., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1877-78.
Portiia, S. R., Assemblyman, Sutter, 1883. Died, Yuba City, June 27, 1892.
Fortune, H. W., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1869-70.
Foster, C. P., Senator, Colusa and Tehama, 1«83, 1885.
Poster, Stephen C, Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Los
Angeles District; S.enator, Los Angeles, etc., 1851, 1852, 1853.
Foster, Theron, Assemblyraan, El Dorado, 1855, 1861.
Foulke, L. M., Senator, Siskiyou, 1863-84.
Fourgeaud, V. J., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1857. Dead.

624 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Powler, C. B., Assemblyman, Butte, 1852. Died, Oakland, October 17, 1866.
Fowler, Prank L., Assemblyraan, Alameda, 1891.
Powler, Thomas, Senator," Tulare, etc., 1869-70, 1871-72, 1877-78. Died,
Visalia, April 17, 1884.
Pox, Charles N., Asserablyman, Alaraeda, 1880; Suprerae Justice, 1889-90.
Pranck, P. C, Assemblyraan, Santa Clara, 1871-72, 1873-74.
Prank, L. J., Assemblyman, San Mateo, 1889.
Franklin, J. J., Senator, Tuolumne, 1860, 1861. Died, Sonora, May 21, 1875.
Franklin, Joseph, Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1886.
Eranks, L. J., Assemblvman, San Mateo, 1889.
Fraser, Thoraas, Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1868-64, 1880, 1881; Senator,
El Dorado, 1873-74, 1876-76, 1883, 1889, 1'891, President pro tem., 1891.
Prasier, John, Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1862.
Freanor, George, Presidential Elector, 1856. Died, New York, November 10,
1878.
Freelon, T. W., Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1879. Died, Oaklamd,
March 30, 1S85.
Freeman,, Abraham C, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Sacraraento District ; Trustee of State Library, 1882-1890.
Freeraan, C. J., Assemblyman, San Luis Obispo, 1861.
Freeman, B. A., Assemblvraan, Amador, 1891.
Freeman, F. S., Assemblyraan, Yolo, 1871-72, 1878-74.
Freeraan, I. P., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1869-70. Died, Elk Grove, Sacra
mento County, December 7, 1892.
Freeman, J. W., Assemblyraan, Tulare, etc:, 1863; Senator, Fresno, Kern,
etc., 1863-64, 1865-66, 1867-68.
Fremont, John C, United States Senator, 1849-51; Major-General U. S. A.,
1861; Governor of Arizona, 1878-1881. Died, New York City, July 13, 1S90.
Freer, Leon D., Assemblyman, Butte, 1881; Superior Judge, 'Butte County,
elected 1884. Died, San Francisco, September 19, 1888.
Freidenrich, D., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1873-74.
I'rench, A., Senator, El Dorado, 1855, 1866. Dead.
French, 0. G, W., Trustee of State Library, 1866-70; Asserablyman, Sacra
mento, 1871-72; Chief Justice of Arizona, 1875-84. Died, San Franeisco,
August 13, 1891.
French, Prank, Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1886.
French, Parker H., Asserablyman, San Luis Obispo, 1854. Dead.
Freud, Jacob R., Meraber Second Constitutional Conventioil, 1878-79, San
Francisco District.
Frink, D., Asserablyman, Santa Clara, 1880.
Frink, Miner, Jr., Asserablvman, Araador and Alpine, 1865-66.
Frisbie, John B., Asserabh'man, Solano, 1867-68. Died, Mexico, 1S8S.
Frye, Jacob, Senator, Placer, 1852.
Fryer, R. C, Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1869-70.
Puller, Mortim'er, Assemblyman, Yuba, 1857, 18-59.
¦GaflFey, John T., Member State Board of Equalization, 1887-90.
Gaffey, P. T., Assemblvman, San Francisco, 1880.
Gage, Stephen T., Assemblyraan, El Dorado, 1856.
•Galbraith, J. D., Asserablvman, El Dorado, 1858.
¦Galbraith, W. H., Assemblyman, Santa Cruz, 1891.
-Gale, John, Superior Judge, Butte County, appointed 1888.
Gallagher, J. G., Asserablyman, San Fraiicisco, 1893.
Oallagher, P. A., Assemblyraan, Calaveras, 1860; Senator, Calaveras, 1861,
1862.
Galloway, Joseph W., Asserablyman, Contra Costa, 1871-72.
Galvin, E. R., Asserablyman, Tuolumne, 1865.
Garber, B. R., Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1888.
¦Gardiner, William P., Superior Judge, Los Angeles County, appointed 1887.
¦Gardner, James H., Assemblyman, Yiiba and Sierra, 1852, 1853; Senator,
Sierra, 1854.
Gardner, John, Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1889.
Gardner, M., Trustee of State Library, 1889-90; Director Mendocino State
Insane Asylum, 1892-
Gardner, Robert, Surveyor-General, 1871-75.
Garfield, S., Asserablyraan, El Dorado, 1853. Dead.
¦Garibaldi, S. J., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1880.
•Garoutte, C. H., Superior" Judge, Yolo County, elected 1884; Supreme Justice
1891—

REGISTER OF STATe OFFICERS. 625
Garratt, W. T., Senator, San Francisco, 1871-72, 1873-74. Died, San Francisco,
.January I4, 1S90.
Garretson, 'John, Asserablyman, San Mateo, 1875-76.
Garrity, P., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1881.
Garter, E., Senator, Shasta, etc. , 1858, 1859; Judge Ninth Judicial District,
elected 1863. Died, Shasta, April 9, 1880.
Garver, Michael, Asserablyman, Nevada, 1877-78, 1891.
Garvey, J. B., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Calaveras.
District. ,
Gaskill, R. C, Senator, Butte, etc., 1862, 1868, 1863-64. Died, Pittsburg, Penn
sylvania, November 2, 1S89.
Gaston, H. A., Assemblvman, Sierra, 1866.
Gately, Wm. H., Asseniblyman, San Francisco, 1893.
Gaussail, E., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1883.
Ga,ver, E. S., Asserablyraan, Yuba, 1865. Dead.
Ga^vigan, W. J., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1881.
Gay, Milus H., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1881.
Gaylord, E. H., Assemblyraan, Nevada, 1856. Dead.
Geary, Dennis, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1881:
Geary, T. J., Representative to Congress, 1890, 1891, 1893-.
Geiger, Vincent E., State Printer, 1852-54. Died, Valparaiso, September 6,
1869,
Geller, "William, Assemblyman, Yuba, 1855. Dead.
Gelwicks, Daniel W., S£ate Printer, 1867-71; Assemblyman, Alameda,
1875-76; State Prison Director, 1883-84. Died, Sacramento, November 24,
IS84. *
George, James, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1856.
George, William, Senator, Nevada and Sierra, 1880, 1881.
Gerberding, A., Bank Commissioner, 1890-.
Gesford, H. C, Senator, Yolo and Napa, 1887; Napa and Lake, 1893-
Gibbons, Edward, Senator, Alameda, 1873-74, 1875-76. Died, Sonoma Countv,
May SO, 1886.
Gibson, E. M., Superior Judge, Alameda County, elected 1884.
Gibson, James -A., Superior Judge, San Bernardino County, elected 1884; Su
preme Court Commissioner, 1888-90.
Gibson, John L., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1871-72.
Gibson, Joseph H., Asserablyman, Placer, 1852.
Giff'en, George W., Assemblyraan, Nevada,- 1873-74, 1876-76,. 1877-78.
Gilbert, Edward, Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San Fran
cisco District ; Representative to Congress, 1849-61. Died, near Saei-a-
mento, August 2, 1852.
Gilbert, James A., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1864.
Gildea, Charles, Assemblyraan, Bl Dorado, 1867-68, 1869-70, San Francisco,
1877-78; Member of State Board of Equalization; 1888-86.
Gill, George M., Superior Judge, Inyo County, elected 1890.
Gillen, James S., State Controller, 1861.
Gillette, M. G., Asserablyraan, Tuolumne, 1861.
Gilraan, C, Assemblyman,' Tuolumne, 1857.
Gilraore, George W., Asserablyman, Calaveras, 1878-74.
Gilraore, J. H., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1881.
¦Gilmore, N., Assemblyraan, El Dorado, 1878-74.
Giltner, Francis, Assemblyman, Mariposa, 1867-68.
Glascock, B. B., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Colusa
District; Senator, Colusa and Tehama, 1880, 1881.
Glascock, John R., Representative to Congress, 1883-84.
Glyniii John P., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1891.
GOber, 'W. R., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1855.
Godard, H. B., Assemblyman, Tuolumne, 1854.
Godchaux, Edmond, Assemblvman, San Francisco, 1893.
Goodale, David, Senator, Contra Costa, Marin ,'1871-72, 1873-74.
GoodaU, Charles, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1871-72.
Goodall, J. E., Assemblyraan, Tuolumne and Mono, 1865-66.
Goodman, L. C. .Assemblyraan, Sacramento, 1860.
Goods, J. C, Trustee of State Librarv, 1870-74. Died, Sacramento, November
23, 1877.
Good-win, J. D., Assemblyman, Plumas and Lassen, 1865-66; Judge Twenty-
first Judicial District, appointed 1876.
40

626 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Goodwin, Jesse 0., Senator, Yuba and Sutter, 1857, 1868, 1877-78; Presidential
Elector, 1872. Died, near Vallejo, July 15, 1879.
Gordon, Alex., Assemblyraan, Sail Mateo, 1891.
Gordon, Alexander, Assemblyman, Marin, 1862.
Gordon, Martin W., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1854.
Gordon, S. B., Assemblyman, San Mateo, 1858.
Gordon, 'Upton M., Assemblyman, Marin, 1861.
Goriey, H. A., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1880.
Gorraan, Joseph C, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Francisco District; Senator, San Francisco, 1880, 1881.
Gottschalk, C. V., Superior Judge, Calaveras County, elected 1879, 1884, 1890.
Goucher, George G., Assemblyraan, Mariposa and Merced, 1885; Senator,
Alpine, Mariposa, Fresno, etc., 1887, 1889, 1891, 1893-
Gough, Charles H., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1877-78.
Gould, A. J., Assemblyman, Alpine, Mono, and Inyo, 1887.
Gould, Frank H., Assemblyman, Merced and Mariposa, 1891; Stanislaus and
Merced, 1893.
Gove, A. S., Senator, Sacramento, 1865, 1856. Dead.
Grace, WilUam P., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Fraiicisco District.
Gragg, R. P., Assemblyman, Placer, 1856.
Graham, A. J., Asserablyraan, El Dorado, 1858.
Graham, James S., Assemblyman, Solano, 1852.
Granger, L. C, Assemblyraan, Butte, 1883, 1887. Died, Oroville, May 20, 1890.
Grant, Gilbert A., Senator, San Francisco, 1858, 1859. Died, San Francisco,
December 31, 1860.
Grant, W. H., Superior Judge, Yolo County, elected 1890.
Graves, WiUiara, Presidential Elector, 1893.
Graves, Williara J., Asserablyraan, San Luis Obispo, 1865, 1857; Senator, San
Luis Obispo and Santa Barbara, 1873-74, 1876-76; Member Second Con
stitutional Convention, 1878-79, Fourth Congressional District. Died,
San Luis Obispo, August 2, IS84.
Gray, Giles H., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1871-72.
Gray, J. S., Asserablyraan, Monterey District, 1849-60.
Gray, John C, Asserablyraan, Butte, 1873-74; Superior Judge, Butte County,
elected 1890.
Gray, Nathaniel, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1863-64. Died, Oakland,
April 24, 1889.
Gray, Thomas, A'ssemblyman, San Francisco, 1866, 1859.
Gray, Wheaton A., Superior Judge, Tulare County, appointed 1891.
Greeley, P. H., Senator, Yuba and Sutter, 1887, 1889.
Green, A. P., Assemblyman, San Mateo, 1863-^64.
Green, Alfred A., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1854.
Green, E. L., Assemblyman', Calaveras, 1869-70. Died, San Diego, November
28, 1872.
Green, James J., Asserablyman, El Dorado, 1861; Seuator, Contra Costa and
Marin, 1867-68, 1869-70; State ControUer, 1871-76; Trustee of State Li
brary, 1874-78.
Green, P. M., Asserablyman, Los Angeles, 1880. aio«K-«^ -a
Green, Thoraas J., Senator, Sacramento District, 1849-50, 1861. 'Died, War
ren County, North Carolina, December 13, 1883.
Green, W. S.,' Assemblymen, Colusa and Teharaa, 1867-68; Trustee of State
Library, 1891-
Greene, "W. E., Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1866-66; Superior Judge, Ala
meda Couuty, elected, 1879, 1890.
Gregg, V. A., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Kern Dis
trict; Superior Judge, San Luis Obispo County, appointed 1889, elected
1890.
Gregory, Andrew J., Assemblyman, Mariposa and Merced, 1859, 1861.
Gregory, D. S., Senator, Santa Cruz and Monterey, 1859; Superior Judge,
San Luis Obispo County, appointed 1883, elected 1884.
Gregory, J. B., Assemblyman, Amador and Alpine, 1867-68.
Gregory, J. M., Superior Judge, Solano County, elected 1879.
Gregory, J. W., Presidential Elector, 1852.
Gregory, U. S., Assemblyman, Araador, 1885.
Grewell, Jacob, Senator, Santa Clara and Contra Costa, 1863, 1854.
Griffeth, A. J., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1877-78.
Griffeth, B. J., Asserablyman, Fresno, 1881.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 627
Griffith, Huraphrey, Asserablyman, Yolo, 1854; Senator, Solano, Yolo, and
Napa, 1858, 1859. Died, San Francisco, March 23, 186S.
Griffith, S. W., Superior Judge, Araador County, elected 1884. Died, Jack-
smi, July 31, 1886.
Griswold, J. W., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1862.
Griswold, John C, Assem'blyman, San Francisco, 1869-70.
Griswold, M., Assemblyman, Inyo and Mono, 1875-76.
Groom, R. "W., Assemblyraan, San Diego, 1858, 1860.
Gross, Prank "W., Clerk of the Suprerae Court, 1880-82. Died, San Francisco,
December 4, 1886.
Gruwell, L. H., Asserablyraan, Lake, 1887.
Gunnison, A. J., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1863.
Gurnett, W. J., Assemblyraan, Alaraeda, 1873-74.
Gutierrez, Nicolas, Governor under Mexican rule, 1836.
Gwin, William McKendree, Meraber First Constitutional Convention, 1849,
San Francisco District; United States Senator, 1849-61. Died, New York,
September S, 1886.
Gwin, W. M., Jr., Senator, Calaveras, etc., 1869-70, 1871-72, 1877-78.
Gwinn, Harrison, Assemblyman, Yolo, 1859, 1860. Died, Knights Landing,
July 9, 1881.
Hagans, "W. B., Assemblyman, Huraboldt, 1861. Died, Ukiah, June IS, 1881.
Hagans, William B., Assemblyraan, Sonoma, 1864.
Hager, John S., Senator, San Francisco, 1853, 1864; Judge Fourth Judicial
District, ap-pointed 1855, elected 1855; Meraber Second Constitutional
Convention, 1878-79, First Congressional District; Regent University of
California; United States Senator, 1873-74; Collector of Port, Sau Fran
cisco, 1886-89. Died, San Francisco, March 19, 1890.
Haight, Henry H., Governor, 1867-71; Meraber Second Constitutional Con
vention, 1878-79, Second Congressional District. Died, San Francisco, Sep
tember 2, 1878.
Hail, P. G., Asserablyman, Plumas and Sierra, 1891.
HaUe, R. C, Asserablyraan, Napa and Solano, 1856, 1869-70, 1877-78. Died,
Vacaville, January 23, 1890.
Hakes, 0. P., Superior Judge, Mono County, appointed 1886, el'eoted 1888.
Haldeman, P. M., Asserablyman, Tuolumne, 1858.
Hale. Jaraes E., Senator, Placer, 1863-64, 1865-66; Supreme Court Reporter,
1867-70; Presidential Elector, 1872 ; Member Second Constitutional Con
vention, 1878-79, Second Congressional District; Assemblyman, Placer,
1881.
Haliday, Thomas J., Assemblyraan, Sierra, 1860.
HaU, A. P., Senator, Placer and El Dorado, 1887. .
HaU, GaveuD., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1851, 1857; Senator, El Dorado,
Hall, J. 'b.. Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Second Cdn-
gressional District.
Hall, James A., Assemblyman, Santa Cruz, 1889. r, , t
Hall, John T., Senator, Solano and Yolo, 1863-64. Died, Madison, Cal., Janu
ary 17,1884. „ . ,„„„
Hall, Sydney, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1883.
Hall, William Hammond, State Engineer, 1878-89.
HaUeck Henry W., Secretary of State under the Military Governments of
General R B. Mason and General Bennet Riley, 1847-49; Member First
Constitutional Convention, 1849, Monterey District; Major-General
United States Army, appointed August 19, 1861. Died, Louisville, Ken
tucky, January 9, 1872. . '
Halley, M. P., Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1853.
Halsey, C, Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1879.
Halstead, James L., Assemblyman, Santa Cruz, 1860
Ham, E. D., Superior Judge Napa County elected 1890.
Haraiu, J. B., Senator, San Francisco, 1887, 1889 1891.
HamiU John, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1873-74. Died, San Francisco,
October 7, 1879. . ,, .„ • -,j,q„
Hamilton, G. W., Assemblyman, Placei-^ 1893.
iSon,' folSnly^Z^^^^^^^^^'^^: Trustee of State Library,
Hamiltonf Noble, Superior Judge, Alameda County, elected 1882.
HamUton, W. B., Assemblyman, Del Norte, 1883.

628 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
JHamiin, Francis, Assemblyraan, Sutter, 1865-66.
Haralin, Thomas T., Assemblyman, Tuolumne, 1858.
Harara, S. P., Asserablyman, El Dorado, 1857; Senator, El Dorado, 1858,
1859.
Haramitt, A. W., Assemblyman, Contra Costa, 1878-74.
Hammond, J. B., Assemblyman, Mariposa and Merced, 1860.
Hammond, R. P., Assemblyman (Speaker.), San Joaquin, 1862. Died, San
Francisco, November 28, 1891.
Hararaond, R. P., Presidential Elector, 1893.
Hancock, Henry, Asserablyman, Los Angeles, 1858, 1859. Died, Santa Monica,
June 9, 1883.
Handy, Philo, Assemblyraan, Mendocino, 1887.
Hanks, Henry G., State Mineralogist, 1880-86.
Hanks, Julian, Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San Jose
District.
Hanna, William, Assemblyraan, Santa Clara, 1877-78.
Hannah, John A., Superior Judge, Inyo County, elected 1879, 1884.
Hansbrow, Thomas, Assemblyraan, Sacramento, 1865-66. Died, Sacramento,
August 31, 1868.
Hansori, James H., Asserablyraan; Yuba, 1861.
Haraszthy, Augustus, Asserablyman, San Diego, 1852. Died, Nicaragua, July
6, 1889.
Harding, J. W., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1875-76.
Hardwick, George M., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Mariposa and Merced District. Died, July 11, 1878. '
Hardy, James H., Judge Sixteenth Judicial District, appointed 1859, elected
1859. Died, San Francisco, June 11, 1874-
Hardv, L. J., Jr., Assemblyman, San Pranscisco, 1880.
Hardy, Thomas, Senator, Calaveras, 1865-66, 1867-68.
Hare, I., Assemblyman, Shasta, 1857. Died, Shasta County, July 31, 1890.
Harkness, H. W., Trustee of State Library, 1864-70.
Harlan, J. H., Senator, Solano and Yolo, 1880, 1881.
Harloe, Marcns, Assemblyman, San Luis Obispo, 1891.
Harp, 'T. D., Senator, Merced, Stanislaus, etc., 1891, 1898.
Harrigan, John, Senator, San Francisco, 188.3.
Harriman, W. D., Assemblyraan, Placer, 1861; Senator, Placer, 1862,1863;
Clerk of the Suprerae Court, 1863-67.
Harrington, D. W., Asserablyman, Santa Clara, 1863.
Harris, 'G. P., Assemblvman, Siskiyou and Modoc, 1875-76; Superior Judge,
Modoc County, elected 1879, 1884.
Harris, J. J., Assemblyraan, San Benito, 1880.
Harris, Jaraes 0., Asserablyraan, Sutter, 1858.
Harris, M. K., Superior Judge, Fresno County, appointed 1887, elected 1888.
Harris, P. H., Assemblyman, Butte, 1861.
Harrison, J. W., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1853.
Harrison, R., Assemblyman, Sonoma and Marin, 1867.
Harrison, Ralph C, Supreme Justice, 1891-
Harrison, Thomas, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Sau
Francisco District.
Harrison, W. J., Asserablyman, Placer, 1861.
Hart, A. S., Senator, Butte and Plumas, 1858, 1859.
Hart, Albert, Private Secretary to Governors Newton Booth and George C.
Perkins.
Hart, Augustus L., Attorney-General, 1880-82.
Hart, B. C, Assemblyman, Sacraraento, 1889; Senator, Sacramento, 1893-
Hart, Thomas J., Assemblyraan, Colusa and Tehama, 1875-76, 1877-78, 1887.
Died, Colusa, Septeiriber SO, 1891.
Hart, William H. H., Attorney- General, 1891-
Hartson, Chancellor, Assemblyraan, Napa and Lake, 1863, 1880, 1881; Sena
tor, Napa, Lake, etc., 1863-64, 1865^6. Died, Napa, September 25, 1889.
Hartsough, J. B., Asserablyman, Yolo, 1863-64.
Harvey, Joel A., Asserablyman, Solano, 1888; Member Second Constitu
tional Convention, 1878-79, Solano District.
Harvey, Obed, Senator, Bl Dorado, 1861, 1862, 1863; Assemblyman, Sacra
raento, 1871-72; Director State Insane Asylum at Stockton, 1891-
Harville, Jolin W., Assemblyraan, Placer, 1860.
Haskin, J. W., Senator, Tuolurane and Mono, 1863-64.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS, 629,
¦^^^Ssf^' ^'' °' ^'' ¦*-^^^™t'lyi°an, Sutter, 1854. Died, San Francisco, May 1,
Hastings, L. W Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Sacramento
District. Dead.
Hastings, S. C., Chief .Tustice, 1849-52; Attorney-General, 1852-53.
•^^^^lo 'oV"^™^ ^•' Asserablyraan, Sutter, 1863; Senator, Yuba and Sutter,
loDO-64.
Hatch, D. P., Superior Judge, Santa Barbara County, elected 1880, 1884.
Hatch, F. L., Superior Judge, Colusa County, elected 1879. Died, Colusa, Oc
tober 5, 1881.
Hatch, P. W., Trustee of State Library, 1874-82. Died, Sacramento, October
18, 1884.
Hatch, H. L., Asserablyraan, Nevada, 1866^66.
Hatch, Jackson, Presidential Elector, 1893.
Hathaway, B. W., Senator, San Francisco, etc., 1862, 1863. Died, San Fran
cisco, May 1, 1887.
Haun, D. L., Asserablyraan, Yuba, 1861.
Haun, Henry P., United States Senator, 1859. Died, Marysville, June 6, 1880.
Havens, H. W., Assemblyman, Humboldt, 1858.
Hawes, Horace, A-<semblyman, San Francisco, 1866; Senator, San Francisco,
1863-64, 1865-66. Died, San Francisco, March 12, 1871.
Hawkins, Michael, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1866-66.
Hawks, W. W., Senator, San Francisco, 1865, 1856. Died, San Francisco,
March 8, 1869.
Hawley, Asa H., Asserablyman, Bl Dorado, 1860.
Hawley, B. P., .Assemblvman, Nevada, 1869-70.
Hawley, W. A., Asserablyman, Santa Barbara, 1891.
Haworth, Jaraes, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1877-78. Dead.
Hawthorne, J. C, Senator, Placer, 1855, 1856. Died, Portland, Oregon, Febru
ary IS, 1881.
Hay, Alexander, Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1873-74.
Hayes, Benjamin, Asserablyman, San Diego, 1867-68; Judge First Judicial
District, elected 1862, 1868. Died, Los Angeles, August 4, 1877.
Hayes, George R. B., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1869-70.
Hayes, H. M., Assemblyman, Monterey, 1871-72.
Hayes, Henry, Assemblyraan, Nevada, 1860.
Hayes, John, Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1891.
Hayes, Michael, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1869-70. Died, San Fraitcisco,
November 8, 1888.
Haymond, Creed, Senator, Sacramento, 1875-76, 1877-78.
Hayne, Robert Y., Superior Judge, Sau Francisco, elected 1880; Supreme
Court Coraraissioner, 1887-91.
Hayne, W. A., Assemblyraan, Santa Barbara and Ventura, 1875-76.
Haynes, John P., Senator, Humboldt, etc., 1860, 1861, 1887; Judge Eighth
.Tudioial District, elected 1868, appointed 1868, elected 1869, 18'75 ; Supe
rior Judge, Humboldt County, elected 1879,
Hazard, Henrv T., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1885.
Heacock, B. ll.. Senator, Sacramento, 1861, 1862, 1863-64, 1867-68; Santa
Barbara, 1889, 1891 ; Superior Judge, Santa Barbara County, appointed
1880.
Head, B. P., Superior Judge, San Mateo County, elected 1879, 1884. Dead.
Head, H. W., Assemblyraan, Los Angeles, 1883.
Heald, H. G., Asserablyraan, Sonoma, 1856.
Heald, J. L., Asserablyman, Solano, 1873-74.
Healy, Thomas, Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1883.
Hearst, George, Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1865-66; Trustee of the State
Mining Bureau, 1883-89; United States Senator, 1886, 1887-91. Died,
Washington, D. C, February 28, 1891.
Heath, Lucien, Assemblyman, Santa Cruz, 1883, 1885. Died, Santa Cruz,
December 19, 1888.
Heath, R. W., Assemblyraan, San Joaquin District, 1849-50.
Heath, Russell, Assemblyraan, Santa Barbara, 1858, 1887.
Hebbard, J. C.B., Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1890.
Hebbron, J. R., Meraber of State Board of Equalization, 1891-
Hecht, Marcus H., Presidential Elector, 1884.
Heintzleraan, H. P., Senator, Sonoma aud Marin, 1865, 1856.
Heiskell, Tyler D., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1856; Member of Second Con
stitutional Convention, 1878-79, Stanislaus District; Member of State
Board of Equalization, 1880-82.

630 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Herapstead, Charles H., Private Secretary to Governor John Bigler, second
terra ; Secretary of State, 1855-66. Died, Salt Lake, September 28, 1879.
Henderson, Robert, Assemblyraan, El Dorado, 1861. Died, Sacramento, July
16, 1864.
Hendrick, E. W., Asserablyman, San Diego, 1881.
Hendricks, Jas. W., Superior Judge, Lassen County, elected 1879.
Hendricks, WilUam C, Senator, Butte, Pluraas, etc., 1873-74, 1875-76; State
Prison Director, 1883-87; Penology Coramissioner, 1886; Secretary of.
State, 1887-91. Died, Sacramento, January 24, 1892.
Hendrickson, W., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1893.
Henley, Barclay, Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1869-70; Presidential Elector,
1880; Representative to Congress, 1883-86.
Henley, G. W., Assemblyman, Mendocino, 1869-70. Died, Santa Rosa,
August 1, 1881.
Henley, Thomas J., Asserablyman, Sacraraento District, 1849-60; Presi
dential Elector, 1862. Died, Mendocino County, May 1, 1875.
Henley, Whit., Asserablvman, Mendocino, 1885.
Henry, A. C, Senator, El Dorado, 1863-64.
Henry, Allen, Assemblyman, Butte, 1885, 1887.
Henry, Brice M., Assemblyraan, San Luis Obispo, 1860. Died, San Francisco,
April 8, 1861.
Henry, J. C, Asserablyraan, Mariposa, 1854. Killed at Cavorca, Mexico, April
7, 1857.
Henry, J. R., Asserablyman, San Joaquin, 1887.
Henshaw, P. W., Superior Judge, Alaraeda County, elected 1890.
Herbert, Philip T., Assemblyman, Mariposa, 1853, 1864; Representative to
Congress, 1855-56. Died, Kingston, Louisana,. July 23, 1864.
Herold, Adam, State Treasurer, 1887-90.
Herold, Conradj Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Praricisco District.
Herrington, Dennis W., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,,
Santa Clara District.
Hersey,' George E., Asserablyman, Santa Clara, 1891.
Hersey, Philo, Asserablymaii, Santa Clara, 1889.
Hershey, David N., Ass"erablyman, Yolo, 1880, 1883.
Hester, C. P., Judge Third Judicial District, appointed 1861, elected 1851,
18j2. Died, February, 1874.
Heston, Thomas M., Assemblyraan, Tulare and Fresno., 1860. Died, June,
1863.
Hewell, A., Superior Judge, Stanislaus. County, elected 1879.
Hej'denfeldt, Elcan, Senator, San ITrancisco, 1849-50, 1851; President pro tem.
ofthe Senate, 1861; Judge Seventh Judicial District, appointed 1851;
Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1853.-
Heydenfeldt, Solomon, Supreme Justice, 1852-57 ; Trustee of Stete, Library,
1861-64. Died, San Francisco, September 16, 1890.
Heywood, Walter M., Assemblymauj Alameda, 1885.
Hicks, John A., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1877-78.
Higbie, A., Assemblyman, Los -Angeles, 1873-74.
Higby, WilUam, Senator, Calaveras, 1863; Representative to Congress,
1868-68. Died, Santa Rosa, November 26, 1887.
Higgins, P. B., Senator, Placer, 1863.
Higgins, M. R., Private Secretary to Governor H. H. Markham.
Higley, Horace A., Surveyor-General, 1858-61. Died, San Francisco, Novem.-
ber 24, 1873.
Hihn, P. A., Assemblyman, Santa Cruz, 1869-70.
Hilborn, S. G., Senator, Solano and Yolo, 1875-76, 1877-78; Member Second
Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Solano District; United States Dis
trict Attorney for California, 1882-86; Representative to Congress, 1892-
Hill, Albert A., .Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1859.
Hill, Henry, Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San Diego Dis
trict.
HiU, John H., Senator, Sonoraa, Marin, etc'., 1861, 1862. Died, Philadelphia,
May 7, 1886. . i- <
Hill, R'. D., -Assemblyman, Sierra, 1858.
HiU, Ramon J., Assemblyman, San Luis Obispo, '1863, 1863-64, 1865-66.
Hill, Samuel, Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1861.
Hill, W. H.) Assemblym.an, Nevada, 1873-74.
Hillj W. J., Senator, Monterey, San Benito, etc., 1880, 1881.

REGISTER OF STA TE OFFICERS. 631
Hill, WiUiam, Assemblyman, Nevada, 1858. Dead.
HlU, William McP., Senator, Sonoma, Napa, and Lake, 1876-76, 1877-78.
Hillyer, E. W., Assemblyman, Placer, 1862. Died, Carson Citii, Nevada, May
. 10, 1882. J^ y .1
Hinchraan, A. P., Assemblyraan, Santa Barbara, 1852.
Hines, Benjarain S., Assemblyman, Contra Costa, 1859.
Hines, J. D., Superior Judge, Ventura County, elected 1879. Died, Ventura,
January 1, 1887.
Hinshaw, E. C, Assemblyraan, Sonoma, 1871-72,1875-76, 1877-78, 1881; Sen
ator, Sonoma, 1887, 1889.
Hirst, R. P., Assemblyman, Del Norte and Klamath, 1858, 1863-64.
Hitchcock, John R. 'W., Member Seco.nd Constitutional Convention, 1878-79
San Joaquin District. *
Hitohens, James, Assemblyraan, Butte, 1868.
Hittell, John S., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1863-64.
Hittell, Theodore H., Senator, San Francisco, 1880, 1881.
Hoag, 1. N., Assemblyman, Yolo, 1862.
Hoag, 0. H., Asserablyraan, Sonoma, 1863-64, ]^65-66.
Hobart, J. A., Assemblyraan, Alameda, 1858.
Hobson, Joseph, Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San Fran
cisco District.
Hocking, Thomas C, Asserablyman, Nevada, 1891.
Hoey, Lawrence, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1891.
HofP, John J., Assemblym'an, Tuolumne, 1853, 1854.
Hoff', W. C, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1851.
Hoffman, D. B., Assemblyman, San Diego, 1862; Presidential Elector, 1868.
Died, San Diego, November 20, 1891.
Hoge, Joseph P., Member Second Constitutional Convention (President),
1878-79, First Congressional District; Superior Judge, San Francisco,
elected 1888. Died^San Francisco, August I4, 1891.
Hogle, L. I., Assemblyman, Tuolumne and Mono, 1865-66.
Hoitt, Ira G., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1881; State Superintendent of
PubUo Instruction, 1887-90.
Holden, Williara, Assemblyman, Mendocino, 1857, 1865-66, 1881; Sfenator,
Tuolurane and Stanislaus, 1858, 1859; Lake, Napa, etc., 1862, 1868; Lieu
tenant-Governor, 1867-71. Died, Healdsburg, June 3, I884.
Holland, Nathaniel,- Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1856.
HoUiday, S. W., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1858.
Hollingsworth, J. McH., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849,
San Joaquin District.
HoUister, Dwight, Assemblyman, Sacraimento, 1865-66, 1885.
HoUister, H., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1854.
HoUister, J. H., Asserablyman, San Luis Obispo, 1883.
Holloway, J. B., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1877-78.
Holman, D. B., Asserablyraan, Solano, 1861.
Holraan, G. C, Asserablyman, San Joaquin, 1858, 1859.
Holmes, E. W., Assemblyman, San Bernardino, 1889.
Holmes, Samuel A., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Fresno District; Siiperior Judge, Fresno County, elected 1879, 1890.
Hook, G. W., Senator, Bl Dorado, 1864, 1855, 1856. Died, San Francisco, No
vember 8, 1868.
Hook, Henry, Assemblyman, Contra Costa, 1889.
Hoover, A. A., Asserablyraan, Sierra, 1856.
Hope, A. W., Senator, Los Angeles and San Diego, 1849-50, 1851. Died, Los
Angeles, June 17, 1856.
Hopkiiis, Rienzi, Senator, Calaveras, 1878-74, 1876-76. Died, han Andreas,
Januarv #, 1879. ' , , .,. . , ,
Hopkins, Robert, Judge Seventh Judicial District, elected by Legislature,
1860.
Hopkins, Williara R., Assemblyman, Bl Dorado, 1852.
Hoppe, Jacob D., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San Jose
District. Died, San Francisco, April 17, 1853.
Hopper, Peter J., Assemblyraan, Sacramento, 1866-66, 1871-72. Died, Sacra
mento, July 22, 1883. ^ . „
Horan, M. S., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1869-70. Died, San Francisco, De
cember 9, 1892. „. „ ^
Horr, B. D., Assemblyraan, Tuolumne, 1854. Died, Tuolumne City, February
9, 1889.

632 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Horrell, T. M., Assemblyraan, Araador, 1861.
Hosmer, H. B., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1855. Dead.
Hotchkiss, W. J., Asseniblyraan, Sonoraa, 1887.
Houghtaling, A. J., Asserablyraan, Calaveras, 1854. „, , tt -
Houghton, James Franklin, Surveyor-General, 1862-67; Regent State Um
versity, 1891-
Hpughton, S. 0., Representative to Congress, 1871-74.
Houston, J. S., State ControUer, 1849-61.
Howard, George H., Assemblyman, San Mateo, 1865-66.
Howard, M. B., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1881. -,o.,o „r>
Howard, Volney E., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Los Angeles District; Superior Judge, Los Angeles County, elected, 1879.
Howard, 'W. J., Assemblyman, Mariposa and Merced, 1857; Member Second
Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Mariposa and Merced District.
Howe, A. J., Superior Judge, Sierra County, elected 1879.
Howe, J. P., Private Secretary to Governor John McDougal.
Howe, Robert, Assemblyman, Tuolurane, 1859, 1860; San Francisco, 1873-74;'
Sonoma, 1889; Speaker, 1889; Senator, San Francisco, 1875-76, 1877-78.
Howell, Charles S., Asserabftrraan, Sacramento, 1868. Killed by explosion of
steamboat "J. A. McClellarid," August 25, 1861.
Howell, John M., Judge Eleventh Judicial District, elected 1852.
Howell, M. D., Assemblvman, Plumas, 1863.
Hoyt, J. B., Senator So'lano, 1893.
Hoyt, T. J., Assemblyman, Tuolumne, 1864.
Hubbard, J. C, Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1864.
Hubbard, L., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1863-64. Died, Surprise Valley, Siskiyou
County, October 2, 1871.
Hubbs, Paul K., Senator, Tuolumne, 1862, 1853; State Superintendent of
Publio Instruction, 1854-56. Died, Vallejo, November 17, 1874-
HulJert, N., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1854.
Hubner, Charles G., Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1869-70.
Hudson, A. T., Senator, San Joaquin and Araador, 1880, 1881.
Hudson, Rodney J., Superior Judge, Lake Couuty, elected 1879, 1884.
Hudspn, T. W., Assemblyraan, Sonoma, 1869-70.
Hudspeth, J. M., Assemblyraan, Sonoma, 1862; Senator, Sonoma, Marin,
etc., 1863, 1854.
Huestis, A. J., Assemblyraan, Huraboldt, 1865-66.
Huestis, W. P., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Third
Congressional District.
Hugg, Benjarain P., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1860, 1877-78.
Hughes, Charles A., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1883. Died, Sacramento,
, March 17, 1883.
Hughes, J. T., -Asserablyman, San Diego District, 1849-50.
Hughey, William P., Member Second Constitutianal Convention, 1878-79,
San Francisco District.
Hume, John, Assemblyman, Bl Dorado, 1857. Died, La Grange County, Indi
ana, August 27, 1867. '- ¦' '
Humphreys, W. P., Railroad Commissioner, Second District, 1883-86.
Hundley, P. O., Assemblyraan, Plumas, 1860; Judge Second Judicial Dis
trict, appointed 1878; Superior Judge, Butte County, elected 1879, 1888.
Hunewill, P. E., Asserablyraan, Alpine, Mono, and Inyo, 1891.
Hunt, A. B., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1865-66.
Hunt, J., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1863.
Hunt, Jefiferson, Asserablyman, San Bernardino, 1854, 1856, 1857. Dead.
Hunt, John, Jr., Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1879, 1884, 1890.
Hunt, William B., Assemblyraan, Sacramento, 1863-64, 1865-66; San I'ran-
cisco, 1885. Died, San Francisco, November IS, 1889.
Hunter, A. B., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1883.
Hunter, Alexander, Assemblyman, Bl Dorado, 1861.
Hunter, E., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1854, 1867.
Hunter, G. W., Superior Judge, Humboldt County, appointed 1889, elected
1890.
Hunter, G.W., Assemblyraan, San Joaquin, 1856; Senator, Bl Dorado, 1867-68,
1869-70; Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, El Dorado
and -Alpine District. Dead.
Hurlburt, B. G., Assemblyman, Humboldt, 1873-74; Senator, Humboldt,
1885.
Hurley, M. J., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1893.

REGISTER OF STATE OPPLCERS. 633
Tluse, C. E., Assemblyman, Sant4 Barbara, 1858.
:H.ussey, Frank W., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1885.
Hutchings, 8. C, Senator, Sutter and Yuba, 18.69-70, 1871-72.
.Hutson, J. L., Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1893.
-Hutton, A. W., Superior Judge, Los Angeles County, appointed 1887.
-Hyde, M. D., Assemblyraan, Alaraeda, 1887, 1889.
-Hynes James, Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1880. Died, Petaluma, March 12, 1882.
Imas, Hiram A., Asserablyraan, Santa Cruz, 1859.
.IngersoU, T. j;., Assemblyman, Tuolumne, 1852. Died, San Jose, April SO,
1S80.
-Ingham, G. H., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1873-74.
-Inman, A., Assemblyman, Contra Costa, 1857. '
Inmanj Daniel, Asserablyman, Alameda, 1869-70; Member Second Consti
tutional Convention, 1878-79, Alaraeda District.
¦Irelan, WiUiam, Jr., State Mineralogist, 1886-89, 1889.^; ex-officio State En
gineer, 1889-91.
Ireland, M. C, Asserablyman, Monterey, 1865-66.
-Irwin, Charles P., Asseriiblyraan, El Dorado, 1883.
Irwin, Richard, Asserablyman,, Butte, 1863, 1854; Plumas, 1857; Senator,
Butte and Plumas, 1861, 1862.
tr.-ff in, William, Assemblyman, Siskiyou, 1862, 1863; Senator, Siskiyou, 1869-70,
1871^72, 1873-74; President pro tera., 1873-74; Lieutenant-Governor, 1875;
Governor, 1875-80; Harbor Coramissioner, 1883-86. Died, San Francisco,
March 16, 18S8. ' '
.Jackson, A., J., Asserablyman, Modoc and Lassen, 1891.
-Jackson, A. R., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1869. Died, San Francisco, Au-
g.us.t 30, 1876.
.Jackson, H. J., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1881.
.-Jackson, T. 0., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1862.
-Jacobs, I. W., Assemblyman, Yolo, 1893.
Jacobsen, H. J. T., Asserablyman, Fresno, 1893.
Jaraes, D. "W., Asserablyraan, San Luis Obispo, 1889.
.James, J. C, Assemblyraan, Sierra, 1854. Died, Carson, Nevada, January 24,
1874.
.Jaraes, John M.,, Assemblyman, §an Bernardino, 1867-68.
-James, W. 'T., -Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1871-'72.
-Jamison, S.T., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1875-76.
-January, William A. , State Treasurer, 1883-84.
Jefferis, E. G., State Printer, 1875. Died, Sacramento, March 28, 1880.
..Jenkins, T., Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1857.
..Jenkins, T. P., Assemblyman, Mariposa and Merced, 1860,^
Jen.ki.ns, T. J., Asserablyraan, Butte, 1875-76.
-Jennison, S., Asserablyman, Colusa and 'Tghama, 1863-64.
-Jessup, Richard M., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1857. Died, Panama,
February, S, 1865.
.Jewett, John H., Presidential Elecfjor, 1876.
Johnson, A. P., Senator, San Bernardino, 1885.
Johnson,, C. H., Assemblyman, San Luis Obispo, 1.861.
.Johnson, D. j.. Assemblyman, Huraboldt, 1893.
Johnson, G. A., Assemblyman, San Diego, 1863, 1865-66.
-Johnson, George A., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, So-.
noma District ; Senator, Sonoraa, 1883, 1885; Attorney-General, 1887-90,
.Johnson, Grove L., Assemblyman, Sacraraento, 1877-78; Senator, Sacra-.
mento, 1880, 1881.
-Johnson, H. H., Asserablyraan, Santa Clara, 1893.
-Johnson, J. C, Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1855.,
Jo.hnson, J. K., Ass,embl'yra,an, Siskiyou and Del Norte,, 1885.
. Johrison, J. M.,' Asserablyman, Alpine and Araador, 1869-70.
Johnson, J. Neely, Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1853; Governor, 1856-57.
Died, Salt Lake, Utah, August Sl, 1872.
-Johnson, James, Senator, El Dorado, 1865-66, 1867-68. Died, Oajdand, 1888.
Jojjmson, Jaraes A., Asserablyman, Sierra, 1859, I860.; Representative to, Con-.
f'"' ress, 1867-70; Lieutenant-Governor, 1875-79; Registrar of Voters, San
'i-ancisoo, 1883-85.
-Johnson, Josiah, Senator, Sacramento, 1857, 1858. Died, Sacramento, Decem
ber, 10, 1888.
-Johnson, Matthe-^y P., Trustee, of Sta,te Libijary, 1883^86; Superior Judge,
¦ 'Sacramento Count}^, 1892-

634 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Johnson, P. C, Asserablyraan, Amador, 1860. Died, Jackson, September 8,.
1861.
Johnson, R. S., Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1889, 1891.
Johnson, S. M., Senator, El Dorado, 1867, 1868.
Johnson, Sanborn, Asserablyman, ilarin, 1863-64.
Johnson, 'W. Neely, State Librarian, 1870.
Johnston, Alfred J., State Printer, 1891-
Johnston, P. C, Assemblyman, Napa, 1888.
Johnston, George P., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1855. Died, San Fran
cisco, March 4, I8S4.
Johnston, William, Assemblyraan, Sacraraento, 1871-72; Senator, Sacra
mento, 1880, 1881; President pro tera., 1881; Meraber of State Board of
Equalization, 1882.
Jones, Albert P., Senator, Butte, 1887, 1889.
Jones, Charles T., Asserablyman, Sacramento, 1885.
Jones, Cyrus, Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1875-76.
Jones, P. L., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1891.
Jones, J. C, Assemblyman, Yuba, 1854. Died, Carson Citij, Nevada, January-
24, 187 4.
Jones, Joseph P., Asserablyman, Contra Costa, 1881.
Jones^ John M., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San Joaquin-
District. Died, San Jose, December I4, 1861.
Jones, John P,, Senator, Shasta and Trinity, 1863-64, 1865-66.
Jones, Joseph P., Superior Judge, Contra Costa County, elected 1886, 1890.
Jones, L. P., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Mariposa,.-
Merced and Stanislaus District.
Jones, T. E., Asserablyman, Trinity, 1867-68; Superior Judge, Trinity
County, elected 1879, 1884, 1890.
Jones, W. P., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1852.
Jones, W. W., Asserablyman, Los Angeles, 1856.
Jordan, WiUiara H., Asserablyman, Alameda, 1885, 1887; Speaker of the-
House, 1887.
Josselyn, E. S., Assembl.yman, Monterey, 1880.
Jost, Charles, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1871-72.
Jourdan, J. W., Assem'blyman, San Francisco, 1876-76.
Joyce, Peter J., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San-
Francisco District.
Kabler, Nicolas, Assemblyman, Placer, 1858.
Kahn, Julius, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1893.
Kalben, E. C, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1886.
Kane, 'Thomas, Senator, San Francisco, 1880, 1881.
Keating, Edward, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1881; Senator, San Fran-'-
cisoo, 1883. Died, San Francisco, March 11, 1889.
Keeler, J. M., Assemblyraan, Inyo and Mono, 1883.
Keene, B. P., Senator, El Dorado, 1862, 1863, 1854, 1856; President pro tem.,-
of the Senate, 1853, 1854. Died, Placerville, September 5, 1856.
Kelley, John M., Assemblyman, Yolo, 1867-68, 1869-70; Member Second Con-"
stitutional Convention, 1878-79, Third Congressional District. Died., WU
lows, May 22, 1881.
Kelley, K. B., Senator, Solano, Yolo, 1883.
KeUogg, E. B., Asserablyraan, Santa Cruz, 1851.
Kellogg, B. D., Assemblyraan, Humboldt, 1891.
Kellogg, H. B., Asserablyman, Yuba, 1854.
KeUogg, W. W., Asserablyman, Pluraas and Lassen, 1881; Senator, Butte,-
Plumas, etc., 1883, 1885.
Kelly, M. T., Senator, San Francisco, 1883, 1885.
Kelly, Martin, Senator, San Francisco, 1880, 1881. Died, Oakland, May 30,.
1890.
KeUy, R. C, Assemblyman, Pluraas, 1856.
KendaU, C. W., Asserablyman, Tuolumne and Mono, 1S62.
Kendall, Thomas, Senator, Tuolumne, 1854, 1856.
Kendrick, J. J., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1851 ; San Diego, 1856, 1867, 1863-64...
Kenfield, D. M., State Controller, 1880-83. Died, San Francisco, September 28,
1883.
Kennedy, John J., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1893.
Kennedy, John O'B., Assemblyraan, 1875-76.
Kenny, Bei-nard P., Member- Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Sanf
Francisco District. Died, San Francisco, November 21, 1878.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 63&
Kenny, John J., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Francisco District.
Kent, Charles. Senator, Nevada, 1871-72, 1873-74. Died, San Francisco, May
21, 189L ' . ' -^
Kercheval, Reuben, Asserablyman, Sacramento, 1873-74, 1877-78. Died, on
Grand Island, Sacramento Uounty, Mai/ 9, 1881.
Kerns, T- J-, Asserablyman, Los Angeles, 1893.
Kerr, George, assigned the contract (George Kerr cfc Co.) to do the State-
printing, 1853, law repealed 1854. Died, Stockton, March 4, 1854.
Kerrick, J. W., Asserablyman, San Joaquin, 1883.
Ketcham, Lewis Nesbit, Senator, Calaveras and Araador, 1868, 1859. Died,
Yreka, January 17, 1872.
Kewen, E. J. C, Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1863, 1863-64; Attorney-Gen
eral, 1849-50. Died, Los Angeles, November 25, 1879.
Keyes, James H., Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Yuba
and Sutter District. Died, Cloverdale, August 25, 1880.
Keys, T. J., Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1855, 1863; Senator, Mariposa and
Stanislaus, 1871-72, 1873-74.
Keyser, Philip W., Senator, Sutter, 1852; Judge Tenth Judicial District,-
elected 1869, 1875; Superior Judge, Yuba and Sutter Counties, elected
1879, 1884, 1890. Died, Yuba City, .January 15, 1891.
Kibbe, "William C, Adjutant-General, 1852-63.
Kidder, J. P., Assemblyrnan, Bl Dorado, 1865-66.
Kiernan, C. H., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1889. Died, Oakland, July 16,
1889.
Kilburn, Paris, Assemblyman, Monterey, 1881.
KimbaU, WilUam, Senator, Sierra, 1862.
Kincaid, H., Senator, San Francisco, etc., 1867-68, 1869-70.
Kincaid, J. E., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1863.
King, A. J., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, i860.
King, Homer, Asserablyraan, Amador, 1858. Died, Sacramento, February 28,
1878.
King, James L., Meraber of State Board of Equalization, 1880-88.
King, W.- A., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1869-70.
Kinney, Asa, Assemblyman, Pluraas, 1855.
Kip, Alpheas, Asserablyman, Sacramento, 1852.
Kirkpatrick, M., Senator, Sierra, 1859, 1860.
Kittridge, P. M., Assemblyman, Santa Cruz, 1853. Died, Santa Cruz, Febru
arii IS, 1879.
Klein, Charles R., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Francisco District.
Klotz, Rudolph, Asserablyman, Shasta, 1873-74. Died, Shasta County, April
7, 1885,
Knight, Benjamin, Senator, Santa Cruz, etc., 1883, 1885; President pro tem.,.
1885.,
Knight, George A., Insurance Commissioner, 1882-86; Presidential Elector,.
1888; Attorney State Board of Health, 1891-
Knight, Samuel, "Assemblyraan, San Joaquin, 1868. Died, San Francisco,.
April 16, 1866. -C-^-
Knight, W. H., Bank Commissioner, 1890-
Knox, G. W., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1887.
Knox, Martin, Asserablyman, Yuba, 1873-74.
Knox, William J., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1865; Senator, Santa Clara, 1865-
66. Died, San Francisco, November IS, 1867.
Koll, P. W., Assemblvman, San Francisco, 1854.
Koutz, John, Asserablyraan, Sierra, 1869-70, 1875-76.
Kungle, 0. H., Assemblvman, Yuba, 1860, 1861.
Kurtz, D. B., Senator, San Diego, 1853, 1854; Assemblyman, San Diego, 1861,.
1865-66.
Kutz, Joseph, Senator, Nevada, 1862, 1863, 1868-64, 1865-66. Dead.
La Blanc, John, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1887.
Lacey, C. P., Asserablyman, Monterey, 1891.
Laff'erty, John, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1885. Died, San Francisco,.
February 24, 1886.
La Grange, 0. H., Presidential Elector, 1868.
La Grave, 0. T., Assemblyman, Araador, 1889.
Laine, Thomas H., Senator, Santa Clara, 1873-74, 1875-76; Member Second

636 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Santa Clara District. Died, Santa
Clara, March 16, 1890.
Lake, Delos, Judge Fourth Judicial District, appointed 1851, elected 1852.
Died, San, Francisco, August 8, 1882.
Lalor, B., Assemblyman, "iJ'uba, 1861.
Lamar, Joseph B., Assemblyman, Sonoma and Mendocino, 1859, 1860. Died,
San Jose, July 27, 1892.
Lambert, John, Assemblyman, Butte, 1860; Senator, Y'oloand Solano, 1877-78.
Died, Woodland, March 20, 1890.
Lambert, John, Assemblyman, Lassen and Plumas, 1869-70.
Lambourn, Frederick, Assemblyraan, Los Angeles, 1875-76.
Lamraers, Martin, Assemblymain, San Joaquin, 1875-76.
Lamon, R. B., Assemblyman, Mariposa, 1856.
Lampson, R. M., Senator, Calaveras and Tuolurane, 1880, 1881; Member
Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Tuolumne and Calaveras
District. Died, Chinese Camp, March 13, 1885,
Lane, Michael, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1880, 1881.
Lane, T. W., Assemblyman, Stanislaus and Merced, 1862.
Langdon, L., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1863-64.
Langford, B. P., Senator, San Joaquin and Amador, 1880, 1881, 1883, 1885,
1887, 1889, 1891, 1893; Member Board of Agriculture, District No. 2, San
Joaquin and Calaveras counties,
Lansing, C. J., Senator, Nevada, 1859, 1860; President pro tem., 1860. Died,
Eureka, Nevada, August 7, 1884-
Larkin, Henry, Senator, El Dorado, 1869-70, 1871-72; Member Second Con
stitutional Convention, 1878-79, El Dorado District.
Larkin, Thomas 0., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, MontCr.
rey District. Died, San Francisco, October 27, 1858.
La Rue, Hugh M., Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Sec
ond Congressional District; Assemblyman (.Speaker), Sacramento, 1883;
Member State Board of Agriculture, 1884-92.
La Rue, J.'M., Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1893.
Larue, James B., Assemblyraan, Alameda, 1857. Died, Brooklyn, California,
January 7, 1872:
Laspeyre, Thomas, Assemblyraan, San Joaquin, 1859, 1860, 1861. Died, Butte
City, Montana, September 9, 1883.
Eatham, Milton S., Representative to Congress, 1853-54; Governor, I860-
United States Senator, 1860-63. . Died, New York, March 4, 1882.
Latimer, L. D., Superior Judge, San Francisco, appointed 1880.
Laughlin, S. N., Asseniblyman, Monterey, 1885.
Layinge, Rayraond, Member Second Constitutional Con vention , 1878-79, San
Francisco District.
Law, J. K., Superior Judge, Merced County, elected 1890.
Law, James L., Assemblvman, Butte, 1862.
Lawler, F. W., Superior 'Judge, San Francisco, elected 188Q, 1886.
Lawrence, A. C, Assemblyraan, TriniU^, 1860.
Lawrence, A. M., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1887.
Leach; Frank A., Assemblyraan, Solano, 1880, 1881.
Leach, Reuben, Assemblyraan, Nevada, 1862, 1865-66.
Leadbetter, W. R., Asserablyraan, San Joaquin, 1880.
Leake, Charles A., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1853; Senator, Calaveras, 1854,
1865. Died, Pioche, August 12, 1870.
Leake, E. E., Assemblyman, Solano, 1881; Clerk ofthe iLssembly, 1883, 1889;
Meraber Board of Agriculture, District No. 36, Solano County, 1889-91.
Leary, Daniel J., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1885.
Lee, Bruce B., Asserablyman, Sacramento, 1867-68; Harbor Commissioner,
1876-80. Died, Red Bluff, 1890.
Lee, C. V. R., Assemblyman, Santa Barbara, 1853. Died, Santa Barbara,
January 11, 1863.
Lee, Harvey, Assemblyman, Araador and Alpine, 1865-66; Supreme Court -
Reporter, 1856-60; Judge Sixteenth Judicial District, appointed 1866.
Died, Sacra-mento, August 19, 1866.
Lee, 0. H., Assemblyman, Placer, 1871-72.
Leet, S. T., Senator, Placer, 1860, 1861. Died, Oakland, December 20, 1890
Lefever, Josiah, Assemblyman, Sierra, 1859.
Leihy, George 'W., Assemblvman, Sacramento, 1856. Died, Arizona, Novem
ber 18, 1886.
Lemon, James M., Assemblyraan, Solano, 1865-66.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 637
Lenahan, John, Senator, San Francisco, 1887.
Lent, W. M., Senator, San Francisco, 1854.
Leonard, W. H., Senator, Calaveras, 1863-64, 1865-66. Died, Sacramento, Sep
tember 18, 1875.
Letcher, William S., Assemblyraan, Santa Clara, 1853, 1854.
Levee, J., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1880.
Leverson, M. R., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1883.
Levy, Walter H. , Superior Judge, Sau Francisco, appointed 1885, elected 1886,
1888.
Lewelline, E. D., Asserablyman, Alameda, 1869-70. Died, St. Selena, May 1,
1872.'
Lewis, David, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Joaquin District. Died, Linden, September, 28, 1883.
Lewis, E. J., Assemblyman, Colusa, 1856, Tehamaand Colusa, 1858; Senator,
Colusa and Tehama, 1867-68,1869-70, 1875-76,1877-78; President pro. tera.,
1869-70, 1877-78; Superior Judge, Teharaa County, elected 1879. Died,
Red Bluff, April 20, 1881.
Lewis, Edwin, Asserablyraan, San PranciscOj 1887.
Lewis, (5eorge E., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1891.
"Lewis, Joseph E. N., Senator, Butte and Shasta, 1852. Died, Oroville, June26,
1869.
Lewis, Oscar, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1881.
Lewis, Samuel, Asserablyman, Marin, 1860.
Lewis, "William T., Senator, Calaveras and Amador, 1858, 1862, 1863. Died,
San Andreas, April 20, 1887.
Lewison, J. L., Assemblyraan, Nevada, 1883.
Lies, Eugene, Assenlblyriian, Santa Barbara, 1859.
Lightner, C. W., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1859.
Lincoln,. Charles G., Assemblyman, Butte, 1856. Died, Neiv York, December
IS, IS84.
Lind, John Y., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1851; Senator, Calaveras and
Amador, 1862, 1853.
Lindley, Curtis H., Superior Judge, Amador County, appointed 1884.
Lindow, John P., .Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Francisco District.
Lindsey, Tipton, Senator, Fresno, Tulare, and Kern, 1873-74, 1875-76.
Lindsey, William H., Assemblyraan, Nevada; 1854.
Lippincott, Benjamin S., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San
Joaquin District; Senator, San Joaquin District, 1849-60, 1851; Assembly
man, San Francisco, 1854; Calaveras, 1856. Died, Red Bank, New Jersey,
November 22, 1870.
Lippincott, Charles E., Senator, Yuba, 1855, 1856.
Lippitt, Francis J., Meraber First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San
B'rancisco District.
Lisle, D. J., Asserablyman, Sacramento, 1851. Died, San Francisco, February
8, 1865.
Litchfield, J. M., Bank Commissioner, 1882-86; Railroad Commisioner, Sec
ond District, 1891-
Little, W. A., Assemblyman, Siskiyou, 1871-72.
Littlefield, S. L., Assemblyman, Siskiyou, 1863-64.
Liverraore, H. G., Senator, El Dorado, 1854. Died, Oakland, November 11, 1879.
Livermore. J., Asserablyman, Amador, 1857.
Loewy, WilUara, Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1862.
Lofton, P. R., 'Asserablyman, Yuba, 1871-72.
Logan, J., Senator, Colusa, Shasta, etc., 1860, 1861.
Long, Henry, Asserablyraan, Placer, 1871-72.
Long, J. D., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1889.
Long, J. S., Assemblyman, Butte, 1857.
Long, L. P., Assemblyman, Mendocino, 1877-78.
Long, R. A., Presidential Elector, 1893.
Long, W. D., Assemblyraan, Nevada, 1881.
Long, W. G., Assemblyman, Tuolurane and Mono, 1873-74, 1885.
Long, Williara S., Assemblyman, Tehama and Colusa, 1865-66. Died, Shasta,.
February 12, 1871.
Logan, Jaraes H., Superior Judge, Santa Cruz County, elected 1879.
Loofborrow, D. T., Assemblyman, Bl Dorado, 1858.
Loriga'n, W. G., Superior Judge, Santa Clara Cbunty, elected 1890.

-638 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Lott, Charles P., Senator, Butte, 1852, 1853; Judge Second Judicial District,
elected 1869.
Loud, Eugene P., Assemblvman, San Francisco, 1886; Representative to
Congress, 1891, 1893-
Louttit, Jaraes A., Representative to Congress; 1886-86.
Love, David, Assemblyman, Sierra, 1862.
Love, John Lord, Attorney-General, 1871-75.
Lovell, P. M., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1885.
Lovell, S. W., Assemblyman, Placer, 1860.
Lovett, W. B., Senator, Monterey and Santa Cruz, 1868-64. Died, Oakland,
January, 26, 1883.
Low, Frederick P., Representative to Congress, 1861-62; Governor, 1863-67;
Minister to China, confirmed December 21, 1869.
Lowe, James R., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1889, 1891; Senator.Santa Clara,
1885; Trustee Reform School for. Juvenile Offenders at Whittier, 1888-92.
Ludgate, Robert, Asserablyraan, Araador, 1877-78. Died, Sacramento,
February 16, 1878.
Ludlow, W. B., Assemblyman, Amador, 1863-64.
Lull, Louis R., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1869.
Lupton, Sarauel L., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1865-66, 1867-68.
Luttrell, J. K., Assemblyraan, Siskiyou, 1866-66, 1871-72; Representative to
Congress, 1873-78; State Prison Director, 1887-89.
Luttringer, R. J., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1898.
Lux, A. L., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1891.
¦ Lux, Frederick, Assemblyman, Tuolumne and Mono, 1863, 1863-64.
Lynch, J. D., Presidential Elector, 1898.
Lynch, Jeremiah, Senator, San Francisco and San Mateo, 1888, 1885.
Lynch, John, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1863-64. Died, Stockton, De
ceniber SO, 1866.
Lynch, John C, Asserablyraan, San Bernardino, 1891, 1893.
Lynch, Philip, Asserablyriian, Placer, 1859. Died, Gold Sill, February If, 1872.
Lyons, Henry A., Chief- Justice, 1852. Died, San Francisco, July 27', 1872.
Lyons, William H., Assemblyraan, Nevada, 1852; Senator, S'evada, 1853,
1854. Died, Stockton, June 27, 1885.
McAlUster, A. C, Assemblyman, Marin, 1862.
McAllister, Elliott, Senator, Contra Costa and Marin, 1893.
McBrayer, J. M., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1854.
McBride, J. W., Assemblyman, Siskiyou, 1873-74.
McCall, J. G., Assemblyraan, Alameda, 1891.
McCallion, John J., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1880, 1881. Died, San
Francisco, June 6, 1883,
McCallura, D. W., Assemblyraan, Mendocino, 1873-74. Died, Mendocino
County, May, 1876.
McCalluni, Jobn G., Senator, El Dorado, 1856,1857; Presidential Elector,
1864; Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Alaraeda Dis
trict.
McCandless, A. G., Asserablyman, Shasta, 1851; Sutter, 1853.
McCann, P. J., Superior Judge, Santa Cruz County, elected 1884; 1890.
McCarthy, D. J., Senator, San Francisco, 1887.
McCarthy, J. J., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1880.
McCarthy, John, Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1889.
McCarthy, John W., Clerk ofthe Supreme Court, 1883-85.
McCarthy, Michael, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1875-76. Died, San Fran
cisco, October SO, I884.
McCarthy, Tiraothy, Senator, San Francisco, 1875-76, 1877-78, 1883.
McCarty, A. P., Assemblyman, Lake, 1880.
McCarver, M. M., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Sacra
mento District.
McCauley, C. D., Assemblyraan, Solano, 1893.
McClaskey, C, Asserablyman, Yuba, 1869-70.
McClaskey, Calvin, Assemblyman, Plumas and Lassen, 1883. '-
McClelland, J. A., Assemblyman, Sau Francisco, 1865-66. Died, San Fran
cisco, Septeniber 17, I884.
McClenahan, P. W., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1887.
McClure, David, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1881; Senator, San Francisco,
1883, 1885. Died, San Francisco, December, 8, 1888.
McClure, R. A., Assemblyraan, Alameda, 1877-78. Died, Mission San Jose,
December 9, 1879.

REGISTER OF STA TE OFFICERS. 639
:McColUara, T. W., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1863-64.
McComas, J. E., Seuator, Los Angeles, 1887, 1889, 1891.
McComas, Rush, Assemblvnian, Santa Clara, 1877-78, 1880 ; Member Second
Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Santa Clara District.
McConaha, G. N., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1852. Drowned, Seattle, May
4, 1854,
McConnell, H., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1866.
McConnell, John R., Attorney-General, 1854^55; Assemblvraan, Los An
geles, 1875-76; Trustee of State Library, 1861-63, 1870. Died, Denver,
Colorado, August 18, 1879.
:McConnell, Thomas, Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Sacraraento District.
.McCoppin, Prank, Senator, San Francisco, 1875-76, 1877-78.
McCorkle, Joseph W., Assemblyman, Sutter, 1861; Representative to Con
gress, 1851-62; Judge Ninth Judicial District, appointed 1853. Died,
Maryland, March 30, I884.
.McCoun, W. H., Senator, San Joaquin and Contra Costa, 1855, 1856. Killed at
Cavorca, Mexico, April 7, 1857.
McCoy, James, Senator, San Diego, etc., 1871-72, 1873-74.
McCoy, Johu, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Nevada
District.
McCoy, W. W., Assemblyraan, Santa Clara, 1858.
McCudden, James, Senator, Solano, 1887.
.McCuUough, John G., Assemblyman, Mariposa, 1862; Senator, Mariposa,
Merced, etc., 1863; Attorney-General, 1863-67.
McCuUough, Sarauel, Assemljlyman, San Francisco, 1871-72. Died, San
Mateo County, June 11, 1890.
McCune, H. E.,' Senator, Solano and Yolo, 1873-74; Trustee of State Library,
1891-
McCurdy, Sarauel, Asserablyraan, Tuolumne, 1855.
McOusick, H. J., Senator, Bl Dorado, 1871-72, 1873-74.
McCutcheon, J. L., Asserablyman, Colusa, 1856. Died, Sandwich Islands, 1859.
McDade, J. J., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1880.
McDaniel, C. A., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1854.
McDermit, Charles, Assemblyman, Siskiyou, 1860.
McDonald, P. G., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1868.
McDonald, George, Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1864, 1857. Died, Berkeley,
March 19, 1885.
-McDonald, J. M,, Senator, Sacramento, 1859, 1860.
McDonald, J. R., State Treasurer, 1891-
McDonald, J. W., Asserablyman, San Francsico, 1881.
McDonald, Thoraas H., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1883,1886; Senator,
San Francisco, 1887, 1889.
McDonald, Walter, Assemblyraan, Klaraath, 1856.
McDonnell, James, Jr., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1887.
McDougal, P. A., Senator, Monterey and Santa Cruz, 1867-68, 1869-70.
McDougal, John, Meraber First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Sacramento
District; Lieutenant-Governor, 1849-50; Governor, 1851. Died, San
Francisco, March 30, 1886.
McDougall, Jaraes A., Attorney-General, 1850-51; Representative .to Con
gress, 1858-54; United States Senator, 1861-66. Died, Albany, New York,
September 3, 1887.
McDoueall, Williara C, Asserablymah, San Joaquin, 1851.
McDuffiTe, James Y., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1854.
Mace, R. P., Assemblyman, Fresno, 1865-66, 1867-68, 1877-78.
McElhany, W. T., Assemblyman, Santa Barbara, etc., 1867-68.
McElroy, J. J., Assemblyman, Alameda, 1898.
McFarland, J. P., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1858; Senator, Los Angeles,
etc., 1864, 1855.
McFarland, Thomas B., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1866; Judge Fourteenth
Judicial District, elected 1861, 1863; Member Second Constitutional
Convention, 1878-79, Sacramento District ;' Superior Judge, Sacramento
County, appointed 1882, elected 1884; Supreme Justice, 1887-
"McGarry, Edward, Assemblyman, Napa, 1853; Senator, Napa, Solano, and
Yolo, 1854, 1855. Died, ^an Francisco, December 31, 1867. '
3IcGarvey, Robert, Senator, Mendocino, etc., 1875-76, 1877-78; Superior
Judge, Mendocino County, elected 1879, 1884, 1890.

640 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
>
McGee, John B., Assemblyman, Butte, 1854; Senator, Butte and Plnmas 185S;-
1867.
McGehee, M., Assemblyman, Tuolumne, 1856.
McGlashan, Charles P., Assemblyraan, Nevada, 1885.
McGowan, James, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1893.
McGowan, J. Frank, Asserablyman, Humboldt, 1887 ; Senator, Humboldt
and Del Norte, 1889, 1891, 1893.
McHale, P., Assemblyman, Placer, 1883.
Machin, T; N., Assemblyman, Tuolumne and Mono, 1862, 1863;Speaker,--1863;-
Lieutenant-Governor, 1863-67.
Mclnerny, Thoraas, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1875-76.
Mcintosh, E., Assemblyman, San j'oaquin, 1880.
McJunkin, Hugh K., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1886.
McKaray, J., Assemblyman, Napa, 1853.
McKee, Samuel Bell, Judge Third Judicial District, elected 1868, 1863, 1869,.
1875; Supreme Justice, 1880-86. Died, Oakland, March 2, 1887.
McKenna, Joseph, Assemblyman, Solano, 1875-76; Representative to Con
gress, 1885-92; Commissioner to attend the Centennial Celebration o'f the-
Inauguration of George ¦Washington as Pi'esident of the United States,
1888; United States Circuit Judge, Ninth Circuit, March 18, 1892-
McKenzie, P. S., Asserablyraan, Trinity, 1852.
McKeown, Joseph, Assemblyraah, Alaraeda, 1889. Died, Alameda, February
7, 1S90.
McKibben, Joseph C, Senator, Yuba, 1852, 1853; Representative to Con
gress 1857-68.
MoKim, W. S., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1852.
McKinley, B. P., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1883.
McKinley, D. A., Presidential Elector 1876. Died, San Francisco, September
20, 1892. - ' ¦ -
McKinley, J. W., Superior Judge, Los Angeles County, appointed 1889,.
elected 1890.
McKinney, P. S., Assemblyraan, Santa Clara, 1854. Killed at Cavorca, Mexico,.
Ajpril 7, 1857
McKmstry, Elisha W., Asserablyman, Sacramento District, 1849-50; Adju-.
tant-General, 1851-62; Judge Seventh, and Twelfth Judicial Districts,
elected 1852, 1858, 1869; Supreme Justice, 1874^88.
McKune, John H., Assemblyman, Sacraraento, 1857; Judge Sixth Judicial
District, elected, 1868, 1863.
Maclay, Charles, Asserablyman, Santa Clara, 1862,'- Presidential Elector,,
1864; Senator, Sa:nta Clara, 1867-68, 1869-70, 1871-72. Died, San Fernando,..
July 19, 1890.
McLean, Alexander, Assemblyraan, Santa Barbara, 1885.
McMahon, Jaraes, Assemblyman, Klamath, 1858.
McMann, William, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1875-76.
McMeans, S. A., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1862, 1868; State Treasurer,
1854-55. Died, Reno, Nevada, Juiy Sl, 1876..
McMertry, Louis, Superior Judge, San Luis Obispo County, elected 1879. .
Died, San Luis Obispo, February 11, 188S.
McMillen, C. E., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1869-70.
McMullin, George 0., Assemblyraan, Trinity, 1869-70. Died, San Francisco,.
March 1, 1886.
McMullin, John, Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1889.
McMurray, James D., Assemblyman, El 'Dorado, 1869-70, Died, Placerville,..
March 18, 1872.
McMurray, John, Assemblyman, Trinity ahd Shasta, 1869-70, 1881; Senator,
Shasta and Trinity, 1871-72, 1878-74.
McMurray, V. C, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1885.
McMurtry, W. S., Senator, Santa Clara, 1863-64.
McNabb, James H., Senator, Sonoma, 1863.
McNealy, W. T., Judge Eighteenth Judicial District, elected 1873 ; Superio'r
Judge, San Diego Couuty, elected 1879, 1884.
McNeill, J. A., Senator, Mariposa, etc., 1855, 1856.
McNutt, John P., Member Second ConstitutionalConvention, 1878-79, Yuba-
District. ,
McRuer,. D. C, Representative to Congress, 1865-^6.
McVay, John, Assemblyman, Del Norte and Siskiyou, 1889.
Mack, P. H., Asserablyman, Alpine, Inyo, and Mono, 1898.
Maddox, C. H., Senator, Santa Clara, 1883.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 641
Maddox, P. L., Senator, El Dorado, 1863-64, 1865-66. Died, Georgetown, April
4, 1871.
Magruder, Lloyd, Asserablyman, Yuba, 1861. Died, Washington Territory,
Maguire, A. B., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1880.
Maguire, Jaraes G., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1876-76; Superior Judge,
San Francisco, elected 1882; Representative to Congress, 1893.
Maher, Thomas C, Assemblyman, San Pranciscp, 1889'; Senator, San Fran
cisco, 1891, 1893.
Mahler, Henry, Senator, El Dorado, 1886; Assemblyraan, El Dorado, 1887,
1889.
Maholmb, J. B., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1865-66.
Mahon, Prank, Asserablyriian, San Francisco, 1867-68.
Mahon, E. B., Superior Judge, Marin County, elected 1884.
Mahoney, David, Senator, San Francisco, 1854, 1855. Died, San Francisco,
November 22, 1880.
Mahoney, J. H., Senator, San Francisco, 1891, 1893.
Makins, J. M., Assemblyraan, Placer, 1860.
Malarin, Mariano, Assemblyman, Monterey, 1859, 1860.
Mandeville, James W., Assemblvraan, Tuolurane, 1853, 1854; Senator, Tuol
umne, etc., 1855, .1856, 1857, 1867-68, 1869-70; State Controller, 1875. Died,
Sacramento, February 4, 1876.
Mann, Henry R., Asseniblyman, San Francisco, 1887. ,
Mansfield, John, Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Fourth
Congressional District; Lieutenant-Governor, 1880-82.
Mardis, B. A., Assemblyman, 'Tuolumne and Mono, 1867-68. Died, Sacramento,
February 7, 187S.
Marion, P. W., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1891.
Markhara, H. H., Representative to Congress, 1885-87; Governor, 1891-
Markley, John, Meraber of State Board of Equalization, 1883-86; Private
Secretary to Governor Washington Bartlett.
Markley, Vi^'illiam J., Assemblyraan, Tuolurane, 1858.
Marks, Charles H., Superior Judge, Merced County, elected 1879, 1884.
Marks, J. M., Assemblyman, Sari Francisco, 1893.
Mariette, S. H., Surveyor-General, 1854-55.
Marshall, B. P., Assemblyraan, Calaveras, 1858.
Marshall, E. C, Representative to Congress, 1851-52; Attorney-General,
1883-86.
Marsteller, M., Superior Judge, Lassen County, elected 1884.
Marston, B. 0., Assemblyman, Tuolumne and Mariposa, 1893.
Martin, Andrew J., Asseniblyman, San Francisco, 1887.
Martin, Edward, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Fourth
Congressional District.
Martin, J. W., Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Second
Congressional District.
Martin, James C, Assemblyman, Butte, 1869-70.
Martin, Montgoraery, Assemblyman, Los Angeles District, 1849-50.
Martin, Noble, Assemblyman, Placer, 1891; Senator, Placer, 1873-74, 1876-76;
El Dorado and Placer, 1893.
Martin, R. M., Assemblyman, Siskiyou, 1869-70.
Martin, S. M., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1867-68, 1883.
Martin, Seth, Assem.blyinan, Nevada, 1863, 1863-64.
Martin, W. C, Assemblyman, Trinity, 1853.
Marvin, John G., State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1851-53. Died,
Sonolulu, December 10, 1857.
Maslin, B. W., Private Secretary to Governor William Irwin ; Trustee of State
Library, 1878-82, 1884-85; Secretary of the State Board of Equalization,
1869-71, 1880-91.
Mason, W. B., Asserablyman, Del Norte, 1881.
Masten, W. T., Superior Judge, Lassen County, elected 1890.
Mathers, George B., Asserablyman, Mendocino, 1871-72.
Mathews, W. P., Assemblyman, Tehama, Colusa, etc., 1880, 1881, 1887, 1889,
1893
Matlock, Jaraes T., Assemblyraan, Tehama, 1891.
Matthews, J. H., Asserablyraan, 'Trinity, 1862; San Benito, 1881, 1883, 1887,
1893
Matthews, J. R., Assem'Dlyraan, Los Angeles, 1891; Senator, 1893.
41

^42 REGISTER OF STA TE OFFICERS.
Matthews, R. L., Asserablyman, Monterey, 1856.
Matthews, Williara R., Asserablyman, Napa, 1859.
Mattingly, R. L., Assemblyman." San Mateo, 1867-68.
Maxson,'"W". B., Assemblyman, San Mateo, 1860.
May, W. B., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1877-78, 1880, 1881,1885; Senator,
Trinity, Klamath, etc., 1854, 1855.
Maybell, Stephen, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1880.
Mayfield, J. M., Asserablyriian, Napa, 1877-78.
Mayhew, H. A., Superior Judge, Teharaa County, appointed 1881.
Mead, M. H., Senator, Modoc. Lassen, etc., 1889, 1891.
Meagher, Michael, Assemblyraan, Tuolumne and Mono, 1867-68.
Meany, A. J., Senator, Merced, Stanislaus, etc., 1889, 1891. Died, Merced,
November 25, 1891.
Mears, WiUiam T., Assemblyraan, Sonoma, 1886,
Mebius, C. P.; Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1863-64.
Meeker, David, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1871-72. Died, San Francisco,
May 21, 1891.
Mein, iDhoraas, Asserablyman, Nevada, 1881.
Melius, Francis, Assemblyraan, Los Angeles, 1855.
Melone, Drury, Secretary of State, 1871-75.
Moloney, A. R., Asserablyman, Contra Costa, 1866; State Controller, 1858-69;
Senator, San Joaquin and Contra Co'sta, 1857, 1858. Died, Lafayette,
Contra Costa County, March 1, 1861.
Mentzel, Otto, Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1867-68.
Meredith, G., Asserablyman, Sierra, 1865-66. Died, St. Selena, July 13, 1892.
Meredith, H. B., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1856.
Meridith, W., Assemblyman, Tuolurane, 1853.
Merrit, George, Asserablyman, Yuba, 1869-70.
Merritt, Samuel A., Assemblyman, Mariposa, 1851, 1852; Senator, Mariposa,
etc., 1857, 1858; President pro tem., 1858.
Merry, T. H., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1880.
Mesick, R. S., Senator, Yuba, 1857, 1858.
Messenger, H. A., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1880.
Meyers, Samuel, Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1862, 1863, 1873-74, 1877-78.
Micheltorena, Manuel, Governor under Mexican rule, 1842-45. Died, Mex
ico, September 7, 1863.
Middleton, John, Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1867-68.
Miles, Beniamin H., Assemblyraan, Santa Cruz, 1857. Died, Arizona, 1868.
Miles, S. M., Assemblyraan, Sierra, 1857. Died, Sierra County, May 8, 1869.
Miller, E. 0., Register United States Land Office, 1888-1889; Trustee of State
Library, 1891-
Miller, H. B. M., Assemblyraan, Alameda, 1893.
Miller, James, Senator, Mariposa, 1851, 1852.
Miller, Jaraes H., Asserablyman, El Dorado, 1869-70, 1877-78.
Miller, John P., Presidential Elector, 1872, 1876; Member Second Consti
tutional Convention, 1878-79, First Congressional District; United States
Senator, 1881-86. Died, Washington, D. C, March 8,1886.
Miller, L., Assemblyraan, Amador and Alpine, 1873-74.
Miller, N. C, Asserablyman, Nevada, 1861.
Miller, WilUara J., Asserablyman, Marin, 1869-70.
-MiUington, Seth, Superior Judge, Glenn County, elected 1891.
Mills, Hiram, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Contra
Costa District.
Minis, WiUiam, Asserablyman, Yolo, 1858; Senator, Yolo and Solano, 1869-
70, 1871-72; Surveyor-General, 1875-79.
Minor, W. O., Superior Judge, Stanislaus County, elected 1884, 1890.
Miro, Emanuel, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1857.
Mitchell, A. H., Assemblyraan, Fresno and Tulare, 1858.
Mitchell, E. P., Asserablyman, Tuolumne and Mono, 1863-64.
Mitchell, M. N., Asserablyman, El Dorado, 1857.
MitcheU, T. P., Senator, San Francisco, 1893.
Mitchell, Thoraas, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1887.
Mizner, Lansing B., Private Secretary to Governor John Bigler, first term-
Senator, Yolo and Solano, 1865-66, 1867-1868; President pro tem., 1867-68-
Presidential Elector, 1888 ; Minister to Central American States Marcli
30, 1889-Deoember 81, 1890.
Moffat, S. P., Assemblyman, Inyo and Mono, 1877-78. Died, San Francisco

REGISTER OF STA TE OFFICERS. 643
Moffatt, William S., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
San Mateo District.
Moffitt, A. B., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1883. Died, San Fernando, June
10,1884.
Moffitt, Frank J., Assemblyman, Alameda, 1885; Senator, Alameda, 1887,
1889.
Monson, A. C, Judge Sixth Judicial District, appointed 1852, elected 1862.
Montague, J. C, Assemblyraan, Trinity and Shasta, 1877-78.
Montgomery, J. M., Senator, Mariposa and Merced, 1876-76, 1877-78.
Montgomery, W. S., Senator, Mariposa and Merced, 1863-64, 1865-66.
Montgomery, Zach., Assemblyman, Sutter, 1861.
Mooney, J. S., Assemblyraan, Tuolumne and Mono, 1869-70.
Moore, Benjamin P., Meraber First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San
Joaquin District; Assemblyman, San Joaquin District, 1849-50, 'i?uol-
urane, 1851. Bead.
Moore, E. J., Senator, San Francisco, 1854, 1865.
Moore, George, Superior Judge, Amador County, elected 1879. Died, Jackson,
September 8, I884.
Moore, J. G., Asserablyman, Butte, 1.868. Dead.
Moore, J. M., Asserablyman, Alaraeda, 1862.
Moore, Jacob B., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1858, 1869. Died, San Fran
cisco, August Sl, 1886.
Moore, .lohn H., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1867-68.
Moore, Philip, Assemblyman, Nevada, 1853, 1857, -^1859, 1860; Speaker, 1860.
Dead.
Mordecai, G. W., Assemblyman, Fresno, 1891, 1893.
Morehead, Jaraes C., Assemblyraan, San Joaquin District, 1849-50.
Morehouse, L. C, Meraber of State Board of Equalization, 1883-86, 1887-90,
1891-
Moreland, Thomas, Assemblyman, Placer, 1856. Dead.
Moreland, W.W., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Sonoma
District; Senator, Sonoma, 1880, 1881; Private Secretary to Governor
George Stoneman ; Bank Commissioner, 1886-1890.
Morgan, G. W., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1887.
Morgan, James H., Assemblyraan, Santa Clara, 1861. Died, San Jose, March
m, 188S.
Morgan, W. R., Asserablyman, Sierra, 1873-74.
Morrill, D. L., Senator, Calaveras, 1867-68, 1869-70.
Morris, Thoraas, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Francisco District.
Morris, Thoraas C, Assemblyman, Alameda, 1886.
Morris, W. D., Asserablyman, Modoc and Lassen, 1887.
Morrison, H. J., Assemblyraan, Butte, 1857.
Morrison, Murray, Asserablyraan, Los Angeles, 1861, 1862 ; Judge Seventeenth
Judicial District, appointed 1868, elected 1869. Died, Los Angeles, Decem
ber 18, 1871. , . „
Morrison, Robert P., Judge Fourth Judicial District, elected 1869, 1875; Chief
Justice Suprerae Court, 1880-87. Died, San Francisco, March 2, 1887.
Morrow, L. J., Assemblyraan, San Joaquin, 1867-68.
Morrow, WiUiam W., Representative to Congress, 1885-90; Commissioner to
attend the Centennial Celebration of the Inauguration of George Wash
ington as President of the United States, 1888 ; District Judge, Northern
District of California, September 18, 1891-
Morse, John P., Trustee of State Library, 1863-64. Died, San Francisco, De-
30, 1874.
Morse, L. G., Assemblyman, Mendocino, 1880. .„„„„„„
Morse, Lucius D., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Francisco, and San Mateo District.
Morse, Nelson D., Asserablyman, Butte, 1852.
Morton, W. L., Assemblyman, Tulare and Kern, 1883 (elected 1882, died
before qualifying). Died, GrangeviUe, Deeember 29, 1882.
Moses H. A., Assemblvman, El Dorado, 1858, Died_,-Sacramento, May, 1890.
Mott, E. B., Jr., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1871-72; Trustee of State Library,
1872-78. Died, Sacramento, A-pril 4, 1882.
Mott, Gordon M., Judge Tenth Judicial District, appointed 1851. Died, San
Francisco, April 27, 1887,
Mott T. D., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1871-72.
Moulder Andrew J., State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1857-62.

644 REGISTEJi OF STA TE OFFICERS.
Moulthrop, E. W., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1856.
Momit, Charles E., Asserablyraan, Calaveras, 1859.
Moyle, J. W., Senator, Sierra, 1863-64. .
Moynihan, T. J., Assemblyraan, San .Francisco, 1869-70.
Mudgett, G. C, Assemblyman, Huraboldt, 1881.
Mulgrew, P. B., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1889.
MulhoUand, Charles, Assemblyman, Plumas and Lassen, 1880.
Mullariey, J. A., Assemblyman, Solano, 1889.
Mulvey, Thoraas, Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1889.
Munday, B. B., Assemblyman; Sonoma, 1869-70, 1871-72. Died, Sonoma County,.
1873.
Munday, M. E. C, Assemblyman, Sonoraa, 1885.
Munday, Patrick, Assemblyman, Placer, 1861. Died, Cisco, October-14, 1872.
Murch, L.H., Assemblyman, Jilamath and Del Norte, 1865-66; Senator,Del
Norte, etc., 1867-68, 1869-70. Died, Oakland, June 24, 1886.
Murdock, A. H., Assemblyraan. Huraboldt. 1855. Dead.
Murdock, Charles A.. Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1883.
Murnan, Prank T., Assemblyman, 'Tuolumne, 1891.
Murphy, B. D., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1869-70; Senator, Santa Clara,.
1877-78, 1888; Trustee (Chairman) ofthe State Insane Asylum at Agnews,
1890-
Murphy, D. J., Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1884, 1890.
Murphy, D. W., Asserablyman, Calaveras, 1851.
Murphy, Frank J., Assemblyman, Sonoma. 1891.
Murphy, James E., Assemblyman, Del Norte, 1869-70, 1873-74, 1875-76,
1877-78; Speaker pro tem., 1876-76; Member Second Constitutional Con
vention, 1878-79, Del Norte District; Superior Judge, Del Norte County,
elected 1879, 1884, 1890.
Murph.y, James T., Bank Commissioner, 1878-79.
Murphy, John C, Assemblvman, San -Francisco, 1875-76; Senator, San
Francisco, 1877-78. Died, San Francisco, June 16, 1887.
Murphy, P. J., Senator, San Francisco, 188'?, 1889.
Murphy, P. 'W., Assemblyman, San Luis Obispo, 1881; Senator, Santa Bar
bara, 1865-66, 1867-68, 1877-78.
Murphy, R., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1857.
Murphy, R. W., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1877-78.
Murphy, Thomas H., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1883.
Murray, Edward, Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1889.
Murray, Hush C, Chief Justice, 1852-57. Died, Sacram.ento, September 18, 1867.
Murray, J. G., Assemblyman, Humboldt, 1889.
Murray, Walter, Assemblyman, San Luis Obispo, 1859; Judge First Judicial
District, appointed 1873. Died, San Luis Obispo, October 6, 1875.
Musser, John, Assemblyman, Trinity, 1864.
Myers, B. P., Asserablyraan, Placer, 1853, 1854; Judge Eleventh Judicial-
District, appointed 1858, elected 1858; Superior Judge, Placer County,
elected 1879, 1884.
Myers, S., Senator, San Joaquin, 1863-64, 1865-66.
Myrick, M. H.,. Suprerae Justice, 1880-86.
Naphtaly, Joseph, Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1869-70.
Nason, Edmund, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Benito District.
Nealley, Gilbert H., Assemblyman, Butte, 1877-78.
Neblett, B., Assemblyman, Trinitv, 1858.
Neflf, Jacob H., Senator, Placer,' 1871-72, 1873-74; State Prison Director,
1880-83, 1891-
Nelson, Jaraes, Assemblyman, Sierra, 1880.
Nelson, Thorwald K., Senator, San Francisco, 1880, 1881; Member Second
Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San Francisco District. Died, Santa
Barbara, March 5, 1888.
Neuraan. Paul, Senator, Sau Francisco, 1880, 1881.
Neunaber, Henry, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Francisco District.
Neve. Felipe de. Governor under Spanish rule, 1774-82.
Newell, H. B., Asserablyman, Bl Dorado, 1867-68, 1869-70.
Newson, J. M., Assemblyraan, Stanislaus and Merced, 1867-68,
Nichols, Elijah, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1854. Died, Sacramento,
March 11, 1888.
Nichols, H. L., Secretary of . State, 1867-71 ; Trustee of State Library, 1871-72.-

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 645
Nicol, P. D., Asserablyman, Tuolumne, 1883.
Nicol, G. W., Superior Judge, Tuolumne County, elected 1890. .
Niles, Addison C, Suprerae" Justice, 1872-79. ti'ied, San Francisco, Januarv
17, 1890. •'
Nixon, A. B., Senator, Sacraraento, 1862, 1863., Died, Sacramento, November 2,
1889. • . , .
Noel, Alonzo E., Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Lake
District.
Noel, Charles P., Assemblyman, San Diego, 1854.
Noonan, J. G., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1881.
Norman, W. B^,.' Senator, Calaveras . and Amador, 1855, 1856, 1857. Died
Stockton, August 26, 1880. , ' .
Northcutt, W. H., Assemblyraan, Sonoma. 1873-74.
Northup, B. C, Assemblynian, Nevada, 1873-74.
Norton, Edward, Judge Twelfth Jiidicial District, appointed 1854, elected
1854; Supreme Justice, 1862-63. Died, London, England. May 12, 1872.
Norton, Myron, Member First .C,onstitutional. Convention, 1849; San Fran
cisco District. ' ' -' -
Norton, William C, Assemblvman, Placei^, 1873-74; Senator, Placer, 1877-78.
Died, Auburn, May 11, 1890.
Nott, S. A., Assemblyraan, Amador and Alpine, 1875-76, 1877-78; Died, tin
¦ the Cosumnes River, February27, 188b.
Nunan. Edward, Senator, San Francisco, 1875-76, 1877-78.
Nye, Stephen G., Senator, Alameda, 1880, 1881.-
Oates, S. T., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1869-70.
O'Brieri,- Thomas, Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1858, 1861, 1862.
O'ConneU, W., Assemblyman, Sah. Pranpisco, 1869-70, 1875-76.
O'Conner, E. J., Asseiublym9,n, San Francisco, 1883.
O'Conner, Miles P., Assemblyraan-, Nevada, 1860; Senator, Nevada, 1869-70,
- 1871-72, 1873-74, 1875-76. >
O'Conner, Tiraothy, Assemblyman, Sau Francisco, 1881.
OdeU, John A., Assemblyraan, Sacraraento, 1869-70. Died, Folsom, May 29,
188L
O'Donnell, Charles C, Meraber .Second Constittitibnal Convention, 1878-79,
San Francisco District. ' ' -
O'Farrell, Jasper, Senator,- Sonoma, etc, 1869, I860. Died, San Francisco,
' November 16, 1875. ' '
Ogier, I. S. K., Asserablyraan, San Joaquin District,- 1849-50. Died, San
Bernardino, Ma.y 21, 1861.
O'Grady, Frank, Assemblyman, -Solano, 1887.
Ohlever, George, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Sutter,
fiistrict; Assemblyraan, Sutter and Yuba, 1887.
Ohr, A. D., Private Secretary to Governor John McDougal.
O'Keefe, Jaraes T., Asserablyraan, San Mateo, 1893.
-Olds, D., Assemblvraan, Marin, 1865-66.
Oliver, J. W., Assemblyman, El. Dorado, 1866. Dead.
Oliver. W. A., Assemblyraan, Calaveras, 1853.
Oliver, AVarner, Presidential , Elector, 1864; Assemblyman, Sau Joaquin,
¦ 1867-68. . ¦ '
Olvera, Augustin, Presidential Elector, 1856.
O'Malley, f. J., Asserablvman, San Francisco, 1867-68.
O'Meara, John, State Printer, 1858-59. .Died, New York, April7, 1860.
0,Melveny, H. K. S., Superior. Judge, Los Angeles " County, appointed 1887.
O'Neill, H. J., Assemblyman, Alameda, 1893.
O'NeiU, James, Asseniblyman, Placer, 1854, 1857; Speaker pro tem., 1857.
Died, San Francisco, September. 6, ¦ 1876. ,, ,
Ord, Pacificus, Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Monterey
District.
Ord, W. M., Asserablyman, Butte, 1867-68.
O'Rear, Beniamin T., Asserablyman, Yuba, 1860.
Ormsby, J. S.. Assemblyman, Sonoma and Mendocino, 1868.
Orr, N. M., Senator, San Joaquin. 1869-70.
Orr, N. W., Assemblyman, Tuolurane, etc., 1867.
Orr, Orestes, Senator, Santa Barbara and Ventura, 1893.
Orrick, Benjamin. Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1862. ,
Orton. Richard H., Adjutant-General, 1&S7-90.
Orvis, Charles, Asserablyman, El Dorado, 1857.
Osgood, H. P., Assemblyraan, Y'616, 1851.

646 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Osgood, Henry M., Assemblyraan,' San Luis Obispo, 1858.
Ostrander, H. J., Presidential Elector, 1876.
Ostrom", D. A., Asserablyraan, Yuba, 1875-76, 1877-78, 1889; Senator, Yuba
and Sutter, 1891, 1893.
O'SulUvan, Jaraes. Meraber Second Constitutional Convention. 1878-79,
San Francisco District. Died, Sacramento, March 12, 1889.
Otis, George E., Superior Judge, San Bernardino County, elected 1890.
Otis, James, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1862.
Oullahan, D. J., State Treasurer, 1884-87. Died, Sam, Francisco, November 5,
1889.
Oulton, George, Senator, Siskiyou, 1862, 1863; State Controller, 1863-67;
Senator, San Francisco, 1871-72, 1873-74.
Overton, A. P., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Third
Congressional District.
Owen, Eben B., Asserablyman,- Sacramento, 1898.
Owen, J. J., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1863, 1863-64; Trustee of State Li
brary 1882-86.
Owen, J. W., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1868. Dead.
Owen, T. H., Assemblyman, Solano, 1853.
Oxley, Thoraas J., Asserablyman, Tuolurane, 1855, 1866. Died, Cavorca,
Mexico, April 7, 1857.
Pace, George, Asserablyraan, Santa Cruz, 1877-78. Died, WatsonviUe, May 8,
1881.
Pacheco, M. G., Assemblyman, San Luis Obispo, 1852, 1853. Died, San Luis
Obispo, January 27, 1885.
Pacheco, Romualiio, Senator, Santa Barbara, etc., 1858, 1859, 1862, 1863,
1869-70 ; State Treasurer, 1863-67 ; Lieutenant-Governor, 1871-75 ; Governor,
1875; Representative to Congress, 1877, 1879-82; Minister to Central
Araerican States, appointed Deceraber 11, 1890.
Page, Horace P., Representative to Congress, 1873-82. Died, San Francisco,

Palmer, Cyrus, Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1857, 1858, 1863. Dead.
Palraer, J. W. D., Asserablyraan, Araador, 1855.
Palmer, Noah, Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1857.
Palraieri, Egisto, Senator, Sau Francisco, 1885.
Papy, J. J., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1867-68.
P'ardee, E. H., Assemblyman., Alaraeda, 1871-72; Senator, Alameda, 1880,
1881.
Pardee, George, Asserablyman, Santa Cruz, 1867-68.
Park, P. A., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1854. Died, San Francisco, Novem
ber 13, 1870.
Park, J. W., Assemblyman, Sacraraento, 1854.
Parker, Edwin, Assemblyman, San Diego, 1883; Superior Judge, San Diego
County, appointed 1887.
Parker, Eustace, Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1858. Died, Mazatlan, Noveniber
4, 1885.
Parker, H. G., Assemblyraan, El Dorado, 1862.
Parker, J. E.,, Asserablyman, Tuolurane, Mono, etc, 1873-74.
Parker, S. H., Senator, Sau Francisco, etc, 1869, 1860. Died, San Francisco,
March 14, 1S66.
Parker, S. N., Asserablyraan, Calaveras, 1863-64.
Parker, W. B., Senator', Solano, 18.86.
Parkinson, George C, Senator, San Francisco, 1885.
Parks, Williara H., Senator, Sutter and Yuba, 18.59, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1863;
Asserablyraani. xuba (Speaker), 1881, 1885. Died, MarysviUe, .July 23, 1887'.
Parrish, E. C, Asserablyraan, Loa Angeles, 1865-66.
Parrish, John G., Assemblyman, Yolo, 1852.
Parsons, Levi, Judge Fourth Judicial District, elected by Legislature, 1850.
Died, New York, October 23, 1887. . , ' • -
Pate, B. T., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1860. Died, San Francisco, March
1, 1862.
Paterson, A. Van R., Superior Judge, San Joaquin County, elected 1879;
1884; Sum-erne Justice, 1887-
Patrick, G. W., Asseriiblyraan, Tuolurane, 1857, 1861.
Patten, Edmund, Assemblyraan, Yolo, 1863.
Patterson, A. D., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1875-76. Died, Routier's Station,
December 4, 1884-
Patterson, Alexander, Assemblyman, San Francisco District, 1849-50.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. Ml
Patterson, J. A., Assemblyman, Kern and Tulare, 187&-76.
Patterson, J. B., Asserablyraan, Nevada, 1881.
Patterson, James, Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1873-74.
Patterson, John, Asserablyman, San Joaquin, 187.5-76, 1881.
Patterson, W. I., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1885.
Patterson, W. H., Senator, Modoc, Lassen, etc., 1887.
Pattison, John, Assemblyman, Nevada, 1865-66.
Patton, D. C, Asserablyman, Bl Dorado, 1860.
Paulk C. C, Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1881. Died, Oakland, January $9,
1884i
Paulsell, A. C, Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1873-74; Member Board of State
Harbor Commissioners, 1883-89.
Pauly, Frederick N., Assemblyman, San Diego, 1877-78.
Paxton, John A., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1852.
Payne, George M., Assemblyman, Amador and Alpine, 1867-68.
Peachy, Archibald C, Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1852; Senator, San
_ Francisco, 1860. Died, San Francisco, April 17, 188S.
Pearce, E. D., Assemblyman, Shasta, 1852.
Pearce, George, Senator, Sonoma, 1863-64, 1865-66, 1867-68.
Pearis, C. W., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1858.
Pearson, James, Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1866, 1856.
Peck, E. T., Senator, Butte, 1854, 1855.
Peck, George, Asserablyraan, Santa Clara, 1856.
Pedrorena, Miguel D., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San
Diego District.
Peek, "W. P., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1873-74.
Pelham, A. J., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1873-74. Di^d, Nevada County, August
26, 1881.
Pellet, H. A., Assemblyman, Napa, 1885.
Pemberton, James C, Assemblyman, Tulare, 1862. Died, Bakers-field, August
18,1879.
Pendegast, WUliam W., Senator, Napa, Lake, etc, 1867-68,1869-70,1871-72,
1873-74. Died, Santa Rosa, February 29, 1876.
Pendleton; C. W., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1893.
Perkins, D. T., Assemblyman, Ventura, 1893.
Perkins, George C, Senator, Butte, Lassen, etc., 1869-70, 1871-72, 1873-74;
Director Napa State Insane Asylum, 1876-79 ; Governor, 1880-83 ; Director
Deaf and Dumb and Blind Asylum, Berkeley, 1888-91, 1891- Trustee
of.State Mining Bureau, 1889-
Perkins, R., P. Senator, San Francisco, 1862, 1863. Died, at sea, October IS,
1868.
Perkins, William Dana, Sergeant-at-Arms of the Assembly, 1869-70, 1876-76;
Member State Board of Agricultnre, 1877-79, 1888 ; Memher Board of Ag
riculture, District No, 20, Placer Countj', 1889- ; State Librarian, 1890-
Per Lee, T. R., Assemblvman, Monterey District, 1849-50; Adjutant-General,
1850. ¦¦ *
Perley, James E., Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1863-64; Senator, San Joa
quin , 1867-68. Died, Woodstock, New Brunswick, June 17, 1868.
Perrin, 0., Assemblyraan, Tuolumne and Mono, 1863-64, 1865-66.
Perry, George H.; Senator, Sau P'rancisco, 1888, 1885.
Personette, M. W., Assemblyman, Trinity, 1863, 1863-64,
Peters, J. M., Judge Eighth Judicial District, elected 1852.
Peterson, Peter, Assemblyraan, Siskiyou and Modoc, 1883.
Peterson, WiUiam H., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1865-66.
Petrie, 'W. M., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1889.
Phelps, Abner, Assemblyman, San Franeisco, 1860.
Phelps, J., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1855.
Phelps, Timothy Guy, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1857; Senator, San
Francisco, 1858, 1859, 1860, 1861; Representati^ye to Congress, 1861-63;
Collector of Port of San Francisco, 1889- ; Regent of State University.
Phillips, Louis A., Assemblyman, San ITrancisco, 1«91.
Pickett, G., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1880.
PicD. Andres, Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1861, 1852, 1858, 1859; Presidential
'Elector, 1852 ; Senator, Los Angeles, 1860, 1861. Died, Los Angeles, Feb
ruary 14, 1878.
Pico, Antonio M., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Pueblo de
San Jose District ; Presidential Elector, 1860. Died, San Jose, May 23, 1869.
Pico, Pio, Governor under Mexican Rule, 1832-38, 1845-46.

648 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Pierce, J. M., Assemblyman, San Diego, 1875-76. Died, San Diego, August 6,
1887.
Pierce" Parker H., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1857.
Pierce, W. L., Superior Judge, San Diego County, appointed 1889, elected
1890.
Pierce, Winslow S., State Controller, 1852-53. Died, Brooklyn, New York,
July 29, 1888. -
Piercy,' Charles W., Assemblyman, San Bernardino, 1861. Died, Marin
County, May 25, 1881.
Pierson, William M., Senator, San Francisco, 1875-76, 1877-78.
Pinder, Thomas J., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1881; Senator, San Fran
cisco, 1887, 1889.
Piper, W. A., Representative to Congress, 1875-77.
Pishon, N. J., Asserablyman, San Bernardino, 1873-74.
Pitzer, J. S., Asserablvman, Trinity, 1853; Judge Fifteenth Judicial District,
elected 1855.
Pixley, Prank M., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1859; Attorney-General,
1862-63; Park Coraraissioner, San Francisco, 1882-86.
Platt, Horace G., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1881.
Plover, P., Asserablyman, San Francisco. 1883.
Pool, D. M., Assemblyman, Mariposa, 1869-70; Senator, Mariposa, Merced,
etc, 1880, 1881.
Portala, Caspar' de. Governor under Spamsh Rule, 1767-71.
Porter, Arza, Assemblyraan, San Luis Obispo, 1885.
Porter, C. H., Assemblyman, Butte, 1889.
Porter, Charles B., Asserablyman, Contra Costa, 1861, 1862; Senator, Contra
Costa and Marin, 1863, 1863-64, 1865-66.
Porter, George K., Senator, Santa Cruz and Monterey, 1862, 1863.
Porter, J, M., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Second
Congressional District.
Porter, Nathan, Senator, Alameda, 1877-78. Died, Sacrainento, June 5, 1878.
Post, G. B., Senator, San Francisco, 1849-50, Died, San Franeisco, February
26, 1861.
Potts, A. W., Bank Commissioner, 1886-90.
Powell, Joseph, Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1861. Died, Folsom, Noveniber
27, 1869. '¦'-'.
Power, M. H.,' Asserablyraan, Placer, 1869-70.' Died, Auburn, July 17, 1885.
Towers, 0. B:, Senator, Solano and Yolo, 1862, 1863.
Pratt, J. D., Asserablyraan, Placer; 1863-64.
Pratt, L. E., Senator, Sierra,- 1865-66, 1867-68; Judge Seventeenth Judicial
District, appointed 1862, elected 1862. Died, San Francisco, October 25,
¦ , 1886. " ' - ¦
Pratt. 0. C, Judge Twelfth Judicial District, elected 1863. Died, San Fran-,
CISCO, October 24, 1891.
¦Pratt, William C, Asserablyman, Calaveras, 1854.
Pressley, J. G., Superior Judge, Sonoraa County, elected* 1879, 1884.
-Preston, E. M., Senator,' Nevada, 1889, 1891.-
Preston, R. M., Asserablyman, San Luis Obispo, 1875-76. Died, Santa Rosa,
March 22, 1882.
Prewitt, J. E., Superior Judge, Placer County, elected 1890.
Price, E. B., Assemblyraan, Butte, 1898.
Price, Johnson, Senator, Sacramento, 1859; Secretary of State, 1860-61. Died,
San Francisco, February 8, 1868.
Price, Rodman M., Meraber First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San
Francisco District.
Price, W. Z., Asserablyraan, San Mateo, 1887.
Printy, George W., Assemblyman, Butte, 1862.
Proctor, W. G., Assemblyraan, Siskiyou, 1853.
Prouty, Williara -H., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
• Amador District.
Pueschel, E. A., Assemblyman, Kern, 1898.
.P.ugh, J. W., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1856.
Pullen, P. A., Assernblyman, San Francisco, 1875-76.
¦PulUara, Mark R. C, Member Second ' Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Butte District. Died, San Francisco. January 28, 1883.
Purdy, Ed-win B.', ASsemblyriian, San Francicso, 1854. ¦
¦Purd-V, Samuel, Lieutenant-Crovernor, 1852-56. Died, Sam Francisco, Febru
ary 17, 1882.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 649
Puterbaugh,. George, Superior Judge, San Diegd County, appointed;i889,
GISCLGO. iooU. '¦''.¦' '
.Pyle, D. M., Assemblj'man, Santa Clara, 1885.
¦Qmgley, R. V. S., Asserablyman, La,ke, 187.5-T6.
cQuimby, J. A., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1857. ' '
Qtiin, J. M., Assemblvman, Tuolumne, 1855.
•Qumn, I. N., Senator, Stanislaus, etc, 1859, 1860; President pro tem., 1860;
Lieutenant-Governor, 1860. Died, San Rafael, June 26, 1866.
¦Quint,.Leander, Senator, Tuolurane and Mono, 1862, 186-3.- Died, San Fran
cisco, March 28, 1890. . --
¦Ragsdale,- J. W., Assemblyraan, SohOraa, 1889; Senator, Sonoma, 1891, 1893.
Raisch, Frederick, Asserablyraan. San Francisco, 1875-76.
-Ralston, James H., Senator, Sacramento, 1852, 1853. Died, near Austin,' Ne
vada, May, I864. '
-Ramage, Lewis, Judge Sixth Judicial District, elected 1869. Died, Kansas
Cit-y, February 'I4, 1879. - - '•
-Randall, A., Asserablyman, Monterey, 1851. Died, San Francisco,' January
13, 1889. " . ' ' . ¦ -'
Randolph, Edmund, Assemblyman, San Francisco District, 1849-60. Died,
- San Francisco, September '8, 1861.
Rankin, H., Assemblyraan, "Sari Francisco, 1875-76.
.-Rathburn, J. S., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1856.
Raw, R. S., Assemblyraan, El Dorado, 1893.
Rawle, Bernard, Assemblj'man. San Francisco, 1883.
Rea, James W., Railroad Commissioner, Third District, 1887-90, 1891-
,Rea, Thomas, Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1873-74.
-Reading, R. G., Asserablyman, Trinity, 1853.
Ream, Daniel, Senator, Siskiyou, etc.', 1877-78.
Rearden, Tiraothy H., Superior Judge, San Francisco, appointed 1883, elected
1884. Died, San Francisco, May 10, 1892.
Reardon, T. B., Judge Fourteenth Judicial District, elected 1869, 1875. Died,
Oroville, August 4, 1S86. -
/Reavey, Jamesj Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1889.
-Reavis, J. J., Assemblvraan, Modoc and Lassen, 1889.
Rector, T. H., Assemblyman, Klamath, etc, 1867-68, 1871-72.
Reddick, John Burke, Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1875-76, 1881; Presidential
Elector, 1884; Lieutenant-Governor, 1S91-
^Redding, Benjamin B., Assernblyman. "Yuba and Sierra, 1853; State Printer,
1854^65 ; Mayor of Sacramentp, 1856; Secretary of State; 1863-67; Trustee
of State Lilirary, 1864-66. Died, San Franciscb, August 21, 1882.
Reddington, J. H., Senator, San Francisco, 1863-64. '
-Red'dy, Patrick, Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79; Mono
and Inyo District; Senator, Tulare, Fresno, etc, 1883, 1885.'
Redfield, O. P., Assemblyman. Yuba, 1863, 1863-64.
.Redington, Alfred, Presidential Elector, 1868. Died, Sacramento, May 22, 1876.
-Redman, R. A., Senator, Alaraeda and Santa Clara, 1859, 1860.
>Reed, Charles P., Asserablymaii, Yolo, 1865-66; Member Second Constitu
tional Convention, 1878-^79, Solaiio and Yolo District; Presidential Elec
tor, 1884.
JEleed, G., W., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1862. Died, Petalu-rha, 1868.
Reed, H. R., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1871-72.
Reed, T. H., Assemblyraan. Placer, 1856.
Reed, Theron, Judge Sixteenth Judicial District, appointed 1866, elected 1867,
1873. ¦,'-.-
Reese, William S., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1862.
Reeve, George B., Assemblymaij, Sau Francisco, 1862.'
Reeves, Truraan, Assemblyman, San Bernardino, 1883, 1885.
Regan, Daniel S., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1887, 1889. -
"Reichert, Theodore, Surveyor-General, 1887-91, 1891-
Reid, Hugo, Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Los Angeles
District. Died, Los Angeles, December 12, 1852.
.Renfro, James H., Assernblyman, Lake, 1891.
.Renison, Thomas, Asserablyraan, Monterey, 1887, 1889. ¦-
Reynolds, C. D., Senator, Calaveras and Tuolurane, 1883.
Reynolds. E. J., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1889.
Reynolds^ G. A. F., Asserablyman, Nevada, 1856.
^Reynolds, Jaraes S., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Francisco District.

6'50 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Reynolds, John, Assernblyman, Santa Clara, 1881; Superior Judge,' Santa..
Clara County, appoint"ed 1888, elected 1888, 1890.
Reynolds, S. F., .Tudge Fourth Judicial District, elected 1861.
Rhiel, Adam, Assemblyraan, Santa Clara, 1883.
Rhoades, G. H., Asserablyman, Mariposa, 1856. Died, Cavorca, Mexico, April-
7, 1857.
Rhoads, John P., Asserablyman, Sacramento, 1863-64. Died, Sacramento-
County, December 20, 1866.
Rhodes, A. L., Senator, Alameda and Santa Clara, 1861, 1862 ; Supreme Jus--
tice, 1864-79; Chief Justice, 1870-72.
Rhodes, John M., Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Yolo
District.
Rhodes, W. H., Private Secretary to Governor J. Neely Johnson.
Rice, D. "W. C, Assemblyraan, "Yuba, 1867. Died, San Francisco; August 3,
1870.
Rice, Henry, Asserablyraan, Santa Cruz, 1875-76. Died, Santa Cruz, Septem
ber 29, 1889.
Rice, J. B., Assemblyman, Marin, 1871-72.
Rice, T. H., Assemblyman, Kern and Ventura, 1891.
Richardson, H. S., Assemblyman, Mariposa, 1851.
Ricks, C. S., Assemblyraan, Hutaboldt, 1856; 1857. Died, Eurekd,, California;,.,
June, 1888.
Rider, W. M., Asserablyraan, Sonoma, 1863.
Ridley-, Thomas E., Assemblyman, Mariposa, 1852.
Ring,'John A., Assemblyman, Shasta, 1854.
Ringgold, Charles S., Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,.
San Francisco District.
Roach, Philip A., Senator, Monterey and Santa Cruz, 1852, 1853; San Frail--
oisco, 1873-74, 1875-76. Died, San Francisco, April W, 1889..
Roane, James M., Assemblyraan, Fresno, Tulare, etc., 1859.
Robberson, John S., Assemblyman, Sonoma and Mendocino, 1859. ,
Roberts, B. W., Senator, Nevada, 186:3-64, 1867-68, 1869-70; Register United.
States Land Offlce, Sacraraento District; 1890-92. Died, Sacramento, July
13, 1892.
Roberts, George M^, Assemblyman, San Benito, 1876-76.
Robertson, George B., Assemblyman, Del Norte and Siskiyou, 1891.
Robertson, J. W., Assemblyraan, Stanislaus and Merced, 1863.
Robertson, P. C, Assemblyman, Siskiyou and Modoc, 1877-78.
Robinson, Charles, Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1851.
Robinson, H. E., Senator, Sacramento,' 1849-60, 1851, 1852. Died, Norwalk,.
. , Connecticut, January 9, 1880.
Robinson, Henry, Assemblyman, Alameda, 1863; Senator, Alameda, 1865-66,-
1867-68.
Robinson, Henry H., State Printer, 1850.
Robinson, Robert, Asserablyraan, Sacraraento, 1853; Adjutant-General,
1865-66.
Eobinson, Tod, Judge Sixth Judicial District, appointed 1851; Supreme-
:Court Reporter, 1»70. Died, San Mateo County, October 27, 1870.
Robinson, 'W. N., Assemblyraan, San Diego, 1869-70.
Rockwell, E. A., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1869-70. Died, Sacramento,..
November 16, 1877. •
Rodgers, E. A., Assemblyman, Tuolurane, 1860.
Rodgers, Robert C^ Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1855.
Rodgers, William P., Asserablyraan, Alaraeda, 1859.
Rodriguez, Jacinto, Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Monte--
rey District. Died, Monterey, December I4, 1878.
Rogers, Daniel, Asserablyman," San Francisco, 1860, 1873-74.
Rogers, George H., Asseriiblyraan, Tuolumne, 1857; San Francisco, 1869-70;
SpeaKer, 1869-70; Senator, Tuolumne and Stanislaus, 1858; San Fran
cisco, etc,. 1875-76, 1877-78.
Rogers, W.'M., Assemblyraan, Calaveras, 1853.
Rolfe, Horace C, Judge Eighteenth Judicial District, appointed 1872; Mem--
ber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-7-9, San "Diego and San Ber
nardino District ; Superior Judge, San Bernardino Couuty, electedl879;.
Rollins, H. G., Asserablyraan, Nevada, 1867-68.
Roman, Richard, State 'Treasurer, 1849-58. Died, San Francisco, December 22,.
1876.

Hegister of state officers. 651
¦^°™4Qfl"'^°^^ Antonio, Governor under Spanish rule, 1790-92. Died, April 9,
Romer, J L., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1869-70.
Rooney, J. li. Superior Judge, Tuolumne County, elected 1879, 1884.
Rosboroueh, A. M., Judge Ninth .ludicial District, elected 1869, 1875.
Rose, A. H., Senator, Amador and Alpine, 1865-66, 1867-68.
Rose, L. J., Senator, Los Angeles, 1887.
Rose, T. H., Presidential Elector, 1872.
Roseberry, Thomas A., Assemblvman, Modoc and Lassen, 1885.
Rosecrans WiUiaiu S., Representative to. Congress, 1881-86; Register of
United States Treasury, 1885- n > , »
Rosenthal, M., Presidential Elector, 1893.
Ross, Ei-skine M., Suprerae Justice, 1880^6.
Ross, "William, Asserablyman, Sonoma, 1861. Died, Santa Rosa, April 10, 1874.
Roth, John, Senator, Tulare and Kern, 1887,-1889.
Rousch, WiUiara, Asserablyman, Placer, 1873-74.
Eoutier, Joseph, Asserablyraan, Sacraraento, 1877-78; Senator, Sacramento,
. 1883, 1885; Fish Coraraissioner, 1887-89.
Rowan, Martm, Assemblyraan, Calaveras, 1854. Died, Sacramento, September
23, 1872.
Rowe, E. A.. Assemblyraan Trinity, 1855. Dead.
Rowell, C. W. C, Superior Judge, "San Bernardino County, appointed 1889,
elected 1890. J- if
RoweU, Chester, Senator, Tulare, Kern, etc., 1880, 1881; Presidential Elector,
1884 ; Regent of State University.
Rowland, Thomas B., Assemblyraan, EL Dorado and Alpine, 1883. Died,
Lake Tahoe September 5, 1883.
Rucker, Sarauel, Asserablyraaii, Santa Clara, 1887.
Ruggles, E. S., Assemblyraan, Butte, 1876-76.
Rule, J. W., Asserablyman, Nevada, 1863, 1863-64.
Rundell, William M., Asserablyraan, Merced and Mariposa, 1889.
Rqsh, J. A., Senator,. Colusa and Tehama, 1863-64, 1865-66.
Russ, A. G., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1867-68.
Russ, Joseph, Assem'blyman, Humboldt, 1871-72, 1877-78, 1885. Died, Ala
meda, October 8, 1886.
Russell, P. H., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1873-74.
Rust, P. C, Senator, Yuba and Sutter, 1855, 1856.
Rutledge, 'Thomas, Superior Judge, Sonoma County, appointed 1886.
Ryan, Frank D., Asserablyman, Sacramento, 1883; Chief Clerk ofthe Assem-
.bly, twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh sessions; Member of Board of
'Trustees of Sutter's Fort, 1891-
Ryan, James T., Senator, Trinity and Huraboldt, 1860, 1861.
Ryan, P. H., Senator, Huraboldt, etc., 1880, 1881, 1883.
Ryan, Thomas P., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1869-70.
Ryland, C. T., Private Secretary to Governor Peter H. Burnett; Assembly
man, Santa Clara, 1855, 1867-68; Speaker, 1867-68.
Safford, A. P. K., Asserablyman, Placer, 1857, 1858. Died, Florida, December
18, 189L
. Salomon, E. S., Assemblvman, San Pi-ancisco, 1889.
Samraons, B. J., Asserablyman, Sierra, 1869-70, 1871-72.
Samuels, James, Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1875-76, 1881.
Sanderson, A. A., Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1890.
Sanderson, Silas W., Asserablyriian, Bl Dorado, 1863; Suprerae Justice, 1864-
70 ; Chief Justice, 1864-66. Died, San Francisco, June 24, 1886.
Sansevaine, Pedro, Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San Jose
District.
Sargent, Aaron A., Representative to Congress, 1861-63,. 1869-71; United
States Senator, 1873-79. Died, San Francisco, August I4, 1887.
Sargent, B. V., Senator, Montei'ev and San Benito, 1887.
Sargent, J. C, Assemblyman, Yuba, 1862, 1863. Dead.
Sargent, J. L., Assemblyman, Araador, 1893.
Sargent, J. P., Asserablyraan, Santa Clara, 1871-72.
Sargent, R. C, Asserablyman, San Joaquin, 1871-72, 1875^76, 1877-78, 1881.
Satterwhite, J. W., Asserablyraan, San Bernardino, 1865-66, 1869-70; Sena
tor, San Diego, etc., 1875-76, 1877-78, 1880, 1881. Died, San Bernardino,
Febmary 16; 1886.
Saul, James B., Assemblyman, Sacraraento, 1862. Died, Davisville, October 30,
188L

652 REGISTER OF STATE -OFFICERS.
Saunders, J. H,, Assserablyraaii, San Francisco, 1853; Senator, San Fran
cisco, 1867-68, 1869-70.
Saunders, R. P., Asserablyman, Butte, 1851.
Sawyer, E. D., Senator, Calaveras, 1864; Judge Fourth Judicial District,
elected 1863. . ' ,
Sawyer, F. A., Assemblyman, San Francisco, I860..
Sawyer, Lorenzo, Judge Twelfth Judicia] District, appointed 1862, elected
1862; Supreme Justice, 1864-70; Chief Justice, 1868-69; United States
Circuit Judge, Ninth Circuit, 1869-91. Died, San Francisfo, September 7,
189L ¦
Sawyer, N. G., Assemblyraan, Calaveras, 1865-66.
Sayle, C. G., Assemblyirian, Fresno, 1880.
Saxe, A. W., Senator, Santa Clara, 1886.
Saxton, A. H., Senator, El Dorado, 1863. Died, Tahoe City, August 19, 1886.
Scarce, L., Assemblyman, Colusa and Tehama, 1869-70.
Scellen, John D., Senator, Sierra, 1865, 1866, .Dedd..-. - '
Schell, George W., Meraber Second . Constitutional . Convention, l-878-r79.
Fourth Congressional District ; Prison Director, 1880-83 ; Presidential
.Elector, 1888. . - ¦
Schlesinger, Bert, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1893.
Schmidt, John C, Assemblyman, San Franeisco, I860.'
Schomp, Justus, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Joaquin District. '^ '
Schrack, L. Mv, Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1871-75.. Died; Calaveras Courvty,
February 7, 1883. ¦ ' • '
Schroebel, D, J. B., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1898. "... ¦ ; . ¦
Soott, Charles L., Representative to Congress, 1867-59.
Scott, J., Assemblyman, Santa Barbara District, 1849-^50. •
Scott, John B., Assemblyraan; Napa, 1861. Died, -San. Francisco, June 30,
1890. .... , .- ,
Scott, R. C, Asserablyman, Siskiyou, 1868-64;
Scott, Thomas, Asserablyman, Alameda,, 1868, 1863-64.
Scrivner, J. J., Asserablyraan, Stajnislaus, 1876-76; State Prison Director,
- 1887-89. - - ¦ ¦ -' .;,:.-¦ , , . ,' . ¦
"Scudder, Prank V., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1867-63. Died, San Fran
cisco, June 17, 1877.
Searey, Thomas M., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1887, 1889.
Searls, Niles, Senator, Nevada and Sierra, 1877-78; Judge Fourteenth Judi
cial District, elected 1855, 1858; Supreme Court Commissioner, 1884-87;
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, 1887-88.
Sears, William H., Asserablyman, Nevada, 1862,1863,1863-64; Speaker, 1863-
64; Senator, Contra Co'sta and- Marin, 1880, 1881. Died, San Francisco,
February 27,1891. - , - ,
Seaton, G. W., Asserablyraan, Amador, 1862. Died, Yosemite, October 13,
¦ 1865. . J •
Seawell, J. H., Assemblyman, Mendocino, 1889; Senator, Mendocino and
and Lake, 1891, 1893; Director Mendocino State Insane Asylum, 1891-
Seawell, W. M., Assemblyman, Amador, 1857.
Seckel, George, Clerk of the Suprerae Court, 1867-71. ¦
Seibe, John, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1871-72.
Selleck, Silas, Assemblyraan, Placer, 1866. -Died, Sacramento, June 17, 1878:
Semple, Robertj-Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Sonoma Dis
trict. Died, near Colusa, .October 25, 1864. - ¦
Sensabaugh, J. B., Assemblyman, Merced, 1871-'72.
Sepulveda, Ygnacio, Assemblyraan, Los Angeles, 1863-64; Judge Seventeenth
Judicial District, elected 1878; Superior Judge, Los Angeles County,
elected 1879, .... 
Sexton, Warren T., Judge Second and Thirteenth Judicial Districts, elected
1857, 1863, 1875. Died, Oroville, April I4, J.878.
Sexton, Williara, Assemblyman, Placer, 1865-66. .
Seymour, E. C, Senator, San Bernardino and Orange, 1893. ¦'.'¦.
Shafter, Jaraes McMillan, Senator, San Francisco, IS61, 1862, 1863-64; Presi
dent pro tera., 1862; Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Thii-d Congressional District; Superior-Judge,. San Francisco, appointed
1889, elected 1890. Died, San Francisco, August 29, 1892. .
Shafter, Oscar L., Supreme Justice, 1864-67. Died, Florence, Italy, January
22, 1873. - - ¦ - - , , - ¦

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 653
Shanahan, T. "SV. H., Assemblyman, Trinity and Shasta, 1887, 1889, 1891;'
Shasta and Modoc, 1893; Member Board of Agriculture, District No. 27,
Shasta County, 1889- & > , >.
Shanklin, James W., Surveyor-General, 1880-83.
Shannon, Thomas B., Assemblyraan, Plumas, 1859, 1860, 1862; Sau Fran-
ciseo, 1871-72; Speaker, 1871-72; Senator, Plumas, 1863; Representative to
Congress, 1863-65. - > > i-
Shannon, W. E., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Sacra
raento District. Died, Sacramento, November S, 1860.
Sharp, Sol. A., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1856; Senator, San Francisco,'
etc., 1860. Died, San Francisco, ,Tune 8, 1878.
Sharpstein, John R., Judge Twelfth Judicial District, appointed 1874; Su
preme Justice, 1880-82, 1882-92. Died, San Francisco, December 28, 1892.
Shattuck, P. K., Assemblyraan, Alameda, 1860.
Shaw, Lucien, Superior Judge, Los Angeles Countv, appointed 1889, elected
1890. . , > rj:- ,
Shaw, William J., Senator, San Francisco, 1856, 1857, 1865-66, 1867-68.
Shearer, Edwin, Superior Judge, Siskiyou County, appointed 1883, elected
1884.
Shearer, Jacob, Assemblyraan, Yuba, 1856.
Sheehan, John P., Adjutant-General, 1882-83; Bank Coramissioner, 1882.
Shelton, H. A., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1860.
Shepard, Joseph, Senator, Calaveras, 1863-64.
Shepard, WiUiara W., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1867, 1858, 1859. Dead.
Shepherd, W. M., Assemblyraan, San Joaquin District, 1849-50.
Sherburne, D. N., Asserablyraaii, Contra Costa, 1880, 1887.
Sheridan, James E., Asserablyman, Sacraraento, 1858, 1859. Died, Sacra-
m,ento County, October 12, 1872.
Sherraan, Caleb,- Asserablyraan, Santa Barbara, 1877-78.
Sherrard, Robert B., Assemblyman, Sutter, 1855, 1856. Died, Winchester, Vir
ginia, 1860.
Sherwin, J. L. C, Assemblyman, Plumas, 1868.
Sherwood, T. J., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1865-66.
Sherwood, Winfield S., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Sac-'
raraento District; Judge Ninth Jhdicial District, elected by Legislature,
1850; Presidential Elector, 1852. Died, Allegany, Sierra County, California,
June 26, 1870.
Shields, P. J., Trustee of State Library, 1887-89.
Shippee, W. A., Senator, Butte, 1891, 1893.
Shirley, Paul, Senator, Contra Costa and Marin, 1875-76, 1877-78.
Shoaff, Philiri L., State Printer, 1887.
Shoemaker, Rufus, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Second Congressional District.
Shoemalcer, W. B., Asserablyraan. Santa Clara, 1869-70.
Shorb, J. Campbell, Presidential Elector, 1880. Died, San Francisco, October 1,
1889. . . .
Shores, William, Assemblyman, Siskiyou, 1869-70.
Shortridge, Sarauel M-., Presidential Elector, 1888.
Showalter, Daniel, Assemblyraan, Mariposa and Merced, 1857, 1861; Speaker
pro tem., 1861. • Died, Mazatlan, Mexico, February 4, 1866.
Shuter, George L., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1857.
Shurtieff, Benjamin, Senator, Shasta and Trinity, 1862, 1863; Member Second
Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Third Congressional District; Presi
dent of the Board of Trustees of the Napa State Asylum for the Insane,
1888-
Siebe, John D., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1881.
Silraan, W. L., Presidential Elector, 1893.
Sime, John, Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1853. Died, San Francisco, October
13, 187L
Simons, Solon S., Asserablyraan, Santa Clara, 1858.
Sirapers, G. W., Assemblyraan, El Dorado, 1873-74.
Sirapson, C. M., Assembryman, L-os- Angeles, 1893.
Simpson, E. M., Assemblyman, Amador, 1863.
Simpson, John, Assemblyman, Colusa and Tehama, 1873-74.
Simpson, WiUiam, Asseriiblyraan, Alaraeda, 1889; Senator, Alameda, 1891,
1893.
Sims, J. C, Asserablyman-, Sonoma, 1893.
Sims, Josiah, Asserablyman, Nevada,- 1887, 1889.

€54 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Singleton, M. A., Assemblyman, Sierra", 1865-66.
Singley, Jaraes, Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1855.
.Sinon, w. J., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1880, 1883.
Slac'k, Chas. W., Superior Judge, San Francisco, appointed 1891, elected 1892.
•Slaughter, P. JM., Assemblyman, San Bernardino, 1871-72.
Slicer, T. A., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1869-70.
.Slingerland, James S., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1859.
.Sloss, Gordon E., Member of State Board of Equalization, 1887-90. Dead.
Sloss, H; C, Asserablyraan, El Dorado, 1859. Died, Placerville, March 11, 1864,
.Smith, A. A., Asserablyraan, Nevada, 1863-64.
Smith, A. Guy, Assemblyraan, Los Angeles and Orange, 1891.
Smith, Ansel, Superior Judge, San Joaquin Couuty, elected 1890.
Smith, B. N., Superior Judge, Los Angeles County, elected 1890.
Smifih, C. P., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1860.
Smith, E. B., Assemblyman, Sierra, 1862, 1863.
.Smith, E. L., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1865-66.
Smith, E. 0., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Santa
Clara District.
Smith, P. M., Assemblyraan, Butte, 1863; Senator, Butte, Pluraas, etc.,
1863-64, 1865-66. Died, Tucson, Arizona, April 21, I884.
.Smith, George A., Judge Ninth Judicial District, elected 1852. Died, Samil-
ton, August 26, 186S.
Smith, George E., Assemblyman, Butte, 1865-66.
Smith, George H., Senator, Los Angeles, 1877-78.
Sraith, George V., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Fourth Congressional District.
Sraith, H. P. A., Assemblyman, Marin, 1855.
Smith, Henrv C, Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1853. Died, Livermore, Novem
ber 24, 1876.
Sraith, Henry M., Superior Judge, Los Angeles County, appointed 1884.
.Sraith, Henry W., Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Francisco District.
Sraith, Isaac W., Asserablyman, San Bernardino, 1858.
Sraith, J., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1863-64.
Smith, J. J., Asserablyman, Butte. 1891.'
Sraith, J. Langdon, Asserablyman, Sutler, 1860. ¦
Smith, James, Asserablyraan, Fresno, 1862. Died, King's River, December 17,
1882.
Sraith, James K., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1858; Yuba, 1867-68.
Sraith, L. G., Assemblyraan, Placer, 1861.
Smith, N. T., Assemblyman, Bl Dorado, 1855.
Smith, Napoleon B., Assemblyman, Contra Costa, 1852.
Sraith, 0. K., Assemblyman, Tulare and Fresno, 1857, 1861. Died, San Luis
Obispo, February, 1871.
Sraith, Sarauel B., Senator, Sutter, 1853, 1854.
.Sraith, Stanley A., Superior Judge, Sierra County, elected 1890.
Sraith, W. L.," Assemblyman, Mariposa and Merced, 1883.
.Smyth, Edward, Asseniblyman, Tuolumne, 1877-78, 1887.
Snyder, E. H., Assemblyman, Placer, 1863-64,
Snyder, Frederick A., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1853. Died, July 23,
1854, while on his way to Lake Bigler.
.Snyder, J. W., Assemblyman, Mariposa, 1878-74.
Snyder, Jacob R., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Sacra
mento District; Senator, San Francisco, 1852, 1853. Died, Sonoma, AprU
29, 1878.
Sola, Pablo Vincente de, Governor under Spanish rule, 1815-22; Governor
under Mexican rule, 1822-23. Died, Mexico, 1827.
Sorrell, P., Assemblyman, Siskiyou, 1861.
.Soule, Ezra P., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Plumas
and Lassen District.
Soulg, Prank, Senator, San Francisco, 1852. Died, San Francisco, July S, 1882.
Soul^, Samuel, Senator, San Francisco, 1858, 1862. Died, San Frcmciseo, iVo-
vember 18, 1889. ' ' '
.Southard, Jaraes B., Judge Seventh Judicial District, appointed 1862, elected
1863.
Soward, P. D., Superior Judge, Sierra County, elected 1884.
Spect, Jonas, Senator, Sonoma District, 1849-60. Died, Colusa, July 3, 188S.
Spellacy, L., Senator San Francisco, 1887, 1880.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS 655
"^P^^iSoJ,-^- ^¦' Assemblyman, Nevada, 1861. Died, Los Angeles, September 19,

Spencer, C. G., Assemblyman, Placer, 1867-68.
-Spencer, Dennis, Senator, Napa, Sonoma, etc, 1883, 1885.
:Spencer, P. E., Assemblyraan, Santa Clara, 1871-72; Superior Judge, Santa
Clara County, elected 1879, 1884. ,
-Spencer, J D., Assemblyraan, Stanislaus, 1880; Senator, Mariposa, etc., 1883,
1885; Clerk of the Supreme Court, 1886-90.
¦Spencer, M., Asserablyraan, Huraboldt, 1854.
-.Spencer, S., Senator, Yuba and S.utter, 1873-74, 1875-76.
.SpiUman, B. R., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1858; Sutter, 1867-68. Died, Marys
ville, October 14, 1888. "
Splivalo, A. D., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1871-72.
Sprague, P. S., Senator, Yolo and Napa, 1889, 1891.
.Sprague, Royal T., Senator, Shasta, etc, 1862, 1853, 1854, 1855; President pro
tem. Senate, 1855; Supreme Justice, 1868-72; Chief Justice, 1872. Died,
Sacramento, February 24, 1872.
Spreckels, Claus, Presidential Elector, 1872.
-Springer, E. C, Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1854.
Springer, Grant H., State Printer, 1874-76.
Springer, James P., Asserablyman, Santa Clara, 1859. Died, Santa Clara
County, ,Tune 2, 1861.
¦ Springer, 'Thomas A., State Printer, 1871-74. Died, San Francisco, Februarv
26, 1874.
Spurgeon, W. H., Asserablyraan, Los Angeles, 1887.
.Squires, O.gden, Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1859.
Stabler, H. P., Assemblyman, Sutter and Yuba, 1891.
Stakes, A. G., Asserablyman, San Joaquin, 1858. Dead.
-Standart, George, Assemblyraan, Lassen, Plumas, and Sierra, 1893.
.Stanford, Leland, Governor, 1862-63; United States Senator, 1886-90, 1891-;
Coraraissioner to attend the Centennial Celebration of the Inauguration
of Geor^ Washington as President of the United States, 1888.
Stanley, H.Y., Assemblyraan, San Luis Obispo, 1880.
:Stark, John S., Assemblyraan, Napa, 1862.
iStarr, Henry, Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1860.
:Staude, John, Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1889.
.Stearns, Abel, Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Los Angeles
District; Asserablyraan, Los Angeles, 1851, 1861. Died, San Fraiicisco,
August 2S, 1871.
-Stebbins, J araes G., Senator, Yuba and Sutter, 1854, 1855.
.Stedraan, John C, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Francisco District.
.Steele, D. M., Assemblyraan, Colusa and Tehama, 1857.
Steele, Elijah, Assemblyman, Siskiyou, 1867-68; Superior Judge, Siskiyou
County, elected 1879." Died, Yreka, June 27, 1883.
^Steele, George, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San Luis
Obispo District; Senator, San Luis Obispo, etc., 1885, 1887.
-Steele, Thomas H., Asserablyraan, Siskiyou, 1865-66.
Steltz, John T., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1891.
-Stemmons, John, Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1854. Died, San Francisco, May
26, 1856.
Stephens, C. S., Asserablyman, San Joaquin, 1888.
¦Stephens, J. P., Assembly man, San Joaquin District, 1849-50.
:Stephens, RusseU D., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1869-70: Postmaster, Sac
ramento, 1885-90; Trustee of State Library, 1889-90, 1891-; Viticultural
Commissioner, 1890-; Alternate Commissioner to World's Pair, 1890-
-Stephens, S, B., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1855.
:Stephenson, C. B., Assemblyman, Santa Cruz, 1852,
:Stephenson, E. A., Asserablyman, Bl Dorado, 1854, 1855; Teharaa and Colusa, ,
1860: Speaker pro tem., 1860.
Sterritt, ' John M., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1856.
steuart, "VVilUam M., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, San
Francisco District.
Stevenson, A. M., Assemblyraan, Solano, 1856, 1857.
.Stevenson, D. C.,' Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Sis
kiyou, Mod-O.c, Trinity, and Shasta District. Died, Millville, April, 1883.
.Stewart, J., Assemblyman, San Joaquin District, 1849t-50.
Stewart, James S., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1855.

656 REGISTER OF STA TE OFFICERS.
Stewart, Orrin, Asserablyraan, Yuba, 1865-66.
Stewart, Robert, Asserablyraan, Amador, 1883.
Stewart, WilUara M., Attorney-General, 1854.
Stillwagon, W. W., Asserablyman, Napa and Lake, 1871-72. Died, Napa^,
July 12, 1884.
Stocker, J. T., Asserablyman, Marin, 1858.
Stoddard, C. L., Assemblyraan, Humboldt, 1880.
Stone, W. H., Assemblyraan, El Dorado, i860.
Stoneraan, George, Railroad Commissioner, appointed 1876-79, Third Dis
trict, elected 1880-82; Governor, 1883-86.
Storke, C. A., Asserablyman, Santa Barbara and Ventura, 1883, 1889.
Stout, Lansing, Assemblyman, Placer, 1856. Died, Oregon, March 17, 1871,
Stout, Moses, Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1858. Died, Sacramento County,.
December 20, 1879.
Stow, W. W., Assemblyman, Santa Cruz, 1854, 1855; Speaker of the House,.
1855; Park Commissioner, San Francisco, 1890-
Stowell, Levi, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1849-50. Died, San Francisco,
May 18, 1866.
Stowers, W. H., Assemblyman, Amador, 1873-74.
Stratton, W.. C, Assemblyraan, Placer, 1858,1859; Speaker, 1859; State Li
brarian, 1861-69.
Street, Charles R.. ALSsemblyraan, Shasta, 1858, 1859.
Streeter, Henry M., 'Assemblyman, Santa Barbara, 1880, 1881; Presidential-
Elector, 1888; Senator, San Diego and San Bernardino, 1891, 1893.
Strong, J. M., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Mariposa^
and Merced District. Died, Sacramento, November 19, 1878.
Strother, Fleet P., Trustee of State Library, 1891-
Stuart, C. v.. Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Sonoma-
District.
Sturtevant, George, Asserablyman, Mendocino, 1891.
Sullivan, D. C, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1875-76.
SuUivan, E. L., Senator, San Francisco, 1867, 1858. Died, San Francisco,.
March 28, 1886.
Sullivan, P. J., Senator, San Francisco, 1883.
Sullivan, J. P., Superior Judj^e, San Francisco, elected 1879, 1884.
Sullivan, J. J., Senator, San Francisco, 1887.
Sullivan, M. J., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1885.
Suraraers, Jaraes W., Asserablyman, Tuolumne, Mono, etc., 1878-74 Died,.
Bridgeport, April 26, 1877.
Sumner, Charles A., Representative to Congress, 1883-85.
Sumner, George S., Assemblyman, Butte, 1863-64. -
Sutter, John A'., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Sacramento
District. Died, Washington, District of Columbia, June 18, 1880.
Sutton, 0. P., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1868. Died, San Francisco,.
September 1, 1881.
Suverkrup, Henry, Assemblyman, San Bernardino, 1875-76. Dead.
Swan, J. S., Member of State Board of Equalization, 1891-
Swan, Thomas M., Assemblyraan, Solano, 1860, 1876-76. Died, Suisun,.
August 29, 1886.
Swan, Robert R., Asserablyman, Tulare, 1856.
Swayne, T. J., Assemblyman, San Diego, 1885.
Sweasey, "W. J., Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1854; Meraber Second Consti- -
tutional Convention, 1878-79, Humboldt District. Dead.
Sweeney, Edward, Superior Judge, Shasta County, elected 1890.
Sweetland, H. P., Asserablyman, Nevada, 1854. Dead.
Sweetland, J. 0., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1880, 1883.
Swenson, Charles, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San-
Francisco District.
Swett, John, State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1863-67.
Swezy, G. N., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1857. Died, August 29, 1876.
Swift, C. B., Assemblyman, Amador, 1881.
S-wift, John P., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1863,1873-74, 1877-78; Presi--
dential Elector, 1888; Minister to Japan, 1889-91. Died, Yokohama,
March 10, 189L
Swinnerton, J. G., Superior Judge, San Joaquin County, elected 1884.
Swing, Randolph S., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,..
San Bernardino District.
Sykes, J. I., Asserablyraan, Nevada, 1887, 1889.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS- 657
Taggart, Grant I., Clerk ofthe Supreme Court, 1871-75; Assemblyman, -4.1^-
Talbott, W. L., Assemblyman, Santa Barbara, 1893.
Taliaferro, Alfred W., Asserablyman, Marin, 1852; Senator, Sonoma and
Mann, 1857, lt58. Died, San Rafael, December 9, 1885.
laliaferro, T. W., Assemblyraan, Calaveras, 1855, 1856. Died, San Francisco,
December 6, 1889. '..,-.
Tallmadge, D. P., Assemblyman, Bl Dorado, 1854. Died, New York, 1858.
Tallman, John H., Assemblyman, Mariposa, 1858.
Taylor, Clay W., Senator, Shasta, Modoc, etc., 1883, 1885.
Taylor, E. W., Assemblyma,n, San Francisco, 1855.
Taylor, Edward P., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1865-66.
Taylor, Edward R., Private Secretary to Governor Henry H. Haight.
Taylor, James I., Assemblyraan, Marin, 1893.
Taylor, James M., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1853, 1859.
Taylor, L. S., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1887.
Taylor, Nelson, Senator, San Joaquin District, 1849-50.
Taylor, R. H., Judge Seventeenth Judicial District, elected 1859.
Taylor, W. H., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1856.
Teare, P., Assemblyraan, El Dorado, 1863-64.
Teegarden, Eli, Assemblyraan, Yuba, 1862; Senator, Sutter and Yuba, 1865-66,
1867-68. Died, Marysville, ,Tune I4, I884.
Tefft, Henry A., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Sau Luis
Obispo District; Assembly.man, San Luis Obispo District, 1849-50; Judge
Second Judicial District, elected by Legislature, 1850. Drowned at San
Luis Obispo, February 6, 1852.
Temple, Jackson, Judge Twenty-second Judicial District, appointed 1876,
elected 1877; Supreme Justice, 1870-71, 1887-89; Superior JTudge, Sonoma
County, elected 1879, 1884; Suprerae Court Coramissioner, 1891-
Ten Broeok, George W., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1862.
Tennis, William E., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1891.
Terrill, C. C, Assemblyman,- San Francisco, 1873^74.
Terry, David S., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, San
Joaquin District ; Supreme, Justice, 1856-59; Chief Justice, 1857-69. Died,
Lathrop, August I4, 1889.
Terry, Samuel L., Assemblyraan, San Joaquin, 1883. Died, Stockton, April 1,
1885.
Tharp, E. H., Clerk of the Supreme Court, 1850-52.
Theller, Samuel L., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1860.
Thora, Caraeron E., Senator," Los Angeles, San Diego, etc., 1858, 1859.
Thoraas, C. C, Asserablyman, Butte, 1853.
Thomas, C. L., Assemblyraan, Santa Cruz, 1873-74.
Thoraas, George W., Assemblyman, Stanislaus, 1858, 1859.
Thomas, Jaraes S., Judge Sixth Judicial District, elected by Legislature,
1850. ' Died, St. Louis, 1857.
Thomas, Massey, Assemblvman, Santa Clara, 1893.
Thoraas, Philip W., Senator,- Placer, 1861, 1862. Died, Auburn, October 24,
187L
Thomas, R. I., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1893.
Thomas, T. R., Asserablyraan, Santa Clara, 1869t70. Died, G-ilroy, July 3,
1885.
Thorapson, Frank P., State Printer, 1875-79.
Thorapson, James A., Bank Commissioner, 1887-89.
Thompson, James T., Assemblyraan, Santa Clara, 1852.
Thompson, John, Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1662.
Thompson, Joseph W., Assemblym'an, Tehama and Colusa, 1862.
Thorapson, R. B., Assemblyraan, San Joaquin, 1877-78.
Thorapson, S. B., Meraber Second Constitutioual Convention, 1878-79, San
Francisco District.
Thorapson, Thomas L., Secretary of State, 1883-87; Representative to Con
gress, 1887-89; Coraraissioner to attend the Centennial Celebration ofthe
Inauguration of George Washington as President of the United States,
1888.
Thornbury, Caleb N., Asserablyraan, Siskiypu, 1862.
Thorne, Isaac N., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1851.
Thornton, Harry I., Senator, Sierr^, 1861.
42

658 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
-Thornton,' J. D., Judge Twenty-third Judicial District,- appointed 1878;
Supreme Justice, 1880-91.
Thurston, J. S., Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1869-70.
Tilden, WilUam P., Asserablyraan, Butte, 1861, 1865-66.
Tilford, Frank, Senator, San Francisco, 1856, 1857. Died, Denver, Colorado,
June 2, 1888.
Tilghman, T. W., Assemblyman, San Diego, 1853.
Tilton, S., Assemblyman-, San Mateo, 1862.
Tilton, S. S., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1860, 1861, 1862.
Tindall, C. 'W., Assemblyman, Mendocino, 1893.
Tingley, George B., Assemblyman, Sacramento District, 1849-50;, Senator,
Santa Clara, 1851, 1852; Died, San Francisco, August 3, 1862.
Tinnin, W. J., Assemblyman, Trinity, 1871-72, 1873-74; Senator, Shasta,
Trinity, etc., 1876-76; Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-
79, Third Congressional District ; United States Surveyor of Port of San
Francisco, 1886-89.
Tipton, J. S., Asserablyraan, El Dorado, 1858, 1869.
Tittle, F. G. E., Asserablyman, San B'r'ancisco, 1861. Died, San Francisco,
October 20, 1877.
Tiyy, John T., Assemblyman, Tulare, 1854.
Titus, Isaac S., Seriator, Bl Dorado, 1859, 1860. Died, Prescott, Arizona, April
22, 1892.
Tobin, John J., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1877-78; Assistant Adjutant-
General, 1883-86; Private Secretary to Governor George Stoneman;
Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1887-91.
Tompkins, Edward, Senator, Alaraeda, 1869-70, 1871-72. Died, Oakland, No
vember 14, 1872.
Toner, Hugh, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1887.
Toohy, D. J., Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1882.
Torrance, B. S., Superior Judge, San Diego' County, elected 1890.
Torrence, R. B., Assemblyman, Marin, 1868.
Torres, Manuel, As,serablyraan, Marin, 1859,
Torrey, Mark S., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1886.
Towner, J. W., Superior Judge, Orange County, elected 1889, 1890.
Townsend, P. 0., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Men
docino District.
Townsend, J. H. M., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1883.
Traylor, W. W., Senator, San Francisco, 1880", 1881. Died, San Francisco, Jan
uary 18, 1883.
Troutt, J. M., Superior Judge, San 'Francisco, elected 1890.
Tubbs, A. L., Senator, San Francisco, 1865-66, 1867-68.
Tucker, E. H., Assemblyman, Fresno, 1889.
Tucker, Joseph C, Asserablyraan, Sacraraento, 1852. Died, Oakland, Decem
ber 22, 189L
Tukey, Francis, Assemblyraan, Sacramento, 1863-64. Died, Sacramento
County, November 23, 1867.
Tullock, L. R., Assemblyman, Tuolumne, 1889.
Tully, E. C, Assemblyman, Monterey and Santa Clara, 1859, 1867-68, 1873-74;
Assemblyman, San Benito, 1889.
Tully, P. B., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Fourth
Congressional District; Representative to Congress, 1883-85.
Tully, Tnomas J., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1891.
Turner, Henry K., Senator, Nevada and Sierra, 1869-70, 1871-72, 1873-74,
1876-76; IMCember Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Sierra
District; Assemblyman, Plumas and Sierra, 1889.
Turner, J,, Assemblyraan, El Dorado, 1857.
Turner, J. N., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1852; Butte, 1871-72. Died, Oroville,
April 10, I884.
Turner, R. M., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1856.
Turner, William R., Judge Eighth Judicial District, elected by the Legisla
ture 1850, elected 1863. Died, Jacksonville, Oregon, August 6, 1889.
Tuttie, A. A. H., Assemblyman, Tuolumne, 1858; Secretary of State, 1863.
Died, Donner Lake, September 7, 1866.
Tuttie,, B. P., Senator, Sonoma, 1871-72, 1873-74, 1875-76; President pro tem.,
1876-76; Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1877-78.
Tuttie, Charles A., Senator, Placer, 1854, 1855; Presidential Elector, 1860;
Asserablyman, Placer, 1867-68. Died, Auburn, June 24, 1888.

Register of state officers. 659
Tuttie, Daniel, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Santa
Cruz District.
Tuttie, M.C., Senator, San Diego, 1863-64, 1865-66. Died, San Bernardino,
March, 10, 1867.
Tweed, Charles A., Senator, Placer, 1867-68, 1869-70. Died, San Francisco,
July 22, 1887.
Tyler, George 'W., Assemblyman, Alaraeda, 1880.
Underwood, J. K., Assemblyman, Tuolumne, 1857.
Updegraff, J. H., Asserablyman, Yolo, 1855. Died, Knights Landing, May 9,
Upton, Clarence W., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1877-78. Died, 'Februarv 5
1878. ¦ ' u ,
Upton, W. W., Asserablyman, Trinity, 1856.
Vacquerel, Alphonse P., Meraber Second Constitutional Convention,
1878-79, San Francisco District. Died, San Francisco, February 21, 1883.
Vallejo, M. G., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Sonoraa Dis
trict; Senator, Sonoma District, 1849-50. Died, Sonoma, January 18, 1890.
Van Benschoten, J. W., Assemblyraan, San Joaquin District, 1849-'50.
Van Buren, Thomas B., Senator, San Joaquin, 1851, 1852. Died, San Fran
cisco, October 13, 1889.
Vance, J. M., Senator, Butte and Plumas, 1860, 1861.
Van cleft; G. H., Assemblyman, Placer, 1854.
Van Clief, Peter, Judge Seventeenth Judicial District, appointed 1859,- Su
preme Court Coraraissioner, 1888-
Vandall, B. C, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1878-74.
Vandever, William, Representative to Congress, 1887-91 ; Commissioner to
attend the Centennial Celebration of the Inauguration of George
Washington as President of the United States, 1888.
Van Dusen, J. T., Assemblvman, Tuolumne, 1856.
Van Dyke, "Walter, Assemblyman, Klamath, 1853; Senator, Huraboldt, etc,
1862, 1863; Member Secoiid Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Second
Congressional District; Superior J udge, Los Angeles County, elected 1888.
Van Fleet, W. C, Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1881; Prison Director, 1883-
84; Superior Judge, Sacramento County, elected 1884, 1890.
Van Leuven, A., Assemblyman, San Bernardino, 1863-64.
Vann, W. A., Assemblyman, Colusa and Lake, 1893.
Van Ness, James, Senator, Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo, 1871-72;
Mayor of San Francisco, 1855. Died, San Luis Obispo, December 28, 1872.
Van Reynegom, P. W., Superior Judge, San Francisco, appointed 1889.
Van Schaick, H. D., Asserablyman, Santa Clara, 1863-64.
Van Voorhies, R. J. Asserablyman, Alpine, Mono, etc., 1885.
Van Voorhies, WiUiam, Assemblyman, San Francisco District, 1849-60;
Secretary of State, 1849-52 ; Meraber Second Constitutional Convention,
1878-79, Alameda District. Died, Eureka, California, September 8, 1884-
Van Zant, John "W., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1862.
Variel, R. H. P., Assemblyraan, Plumas and Sierra, 1887.
Varney, B. P., Assemblyman, Siskiyou, 1857, 1863.
Vaughn, C. L. N., Assemblyman, Sutter, 1859.
Venable, J. W., Assemblyman, Los Angeles, 1878-74.
Venable, McD. R., Assemblvraan, San Luis Obispo, 1887. .
"Vermeule, Thomas L., Meraber B'irst Constitutional Convention; 1849, San
Joaquin District; Senator, San Joaqmn District, 1849-50. Died, Stockton,
May 7, 1858. , , „
Victoria, Manuel, Governor under Mexican rule, 1831-32.
Vincent, J. P., Assemblyraan, Fresno, 1887. ,„„„.,
Vineyard, J. R., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1866; Senator, Los Angeles,
1862, 1863. Died, Los Angeles, August SO, 1863.
Virden, W. H., Superior Judge, Mono County, elected 1890.
"Voorhies B. C, Senator, Amador and Calaveras, 1891, 1893.
Vrooman, Henry, Senator, Alameda, 1883, 1885, 1887. Died, Oakland, April
o fQOQ
Waddell, "William, Assemblyman, Amador 1862
Wade, James H., Senator, Mariposa and Tulare, 1853, 1854. Died, San Fran
cisco, October 8, 1887-
Wade, Owen, Assemblyman, Napa, 1893. ,4.^,0=0
Wade W P Superior Judge, Los Angeles County, elected 1888.
Wadsworth, E., Senator, Siskiyou, 1865-66, 1867-68.

66Q REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Wagljer, George W., Assemblyman, Amador, 1856. Died, Jaoksor^, March 2,
1874-
"VY"aite, E. G. , Asserablyraan, Nevada, 1855; Senator, Nevada, 1856, 1857; Sec
retary of State, 1891-
Walden, Minor, Asserablyraan, Stanislaus and Merced, 1860, 1861, 1869-70.
Waldron, Mahlon, Asserablyraan, Placer, 1867-68, 1869-70.
Walker, A. B., Assemblyraan, Siskiyou, 1858.
"Walker, A. M., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1880. Died, Truckee, November I4,
1882.
Walker, Asa, Assemblyman, Alaraeda, 1863-64. Died, Brooklyn, Alameda
County, May 12, 1889..
Walker, Hugh, Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Marin
District.
Walker, I. N., Asserablyraan, Fresno, 1863-64,1871-72.
"VValker, J. P., Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849, Sonoma
District.
Walker, James M., Asserablyraan, Fresno, 1863.
"Walker, Thomas R., Assemblyraan, Marin, 1853.
Walkup, Joseph, Senator, Placer, 1863, 1854, 1857 ; Lieutenant-Governor, 1868-
59. Died, Auburn, October 15, 1873.
Wall, Isaac B., Asserablyman, Monterey, 1852, 18c3; Speaker of the House,
1858. Died, Monterey, November 9, 1856.
Wallace, George, Private Secretary tb Governors Milton S. Latham and John
G. Downey.
Wallace, William C, Judge Seventh Judicial District, elected, 1869, 1875;
Superior Judge, Napa County, elected 1879.
Wallace, William T., Attorney-General, 1856-57; Supreme Justice, 1870-79;
Chief Justice, 1872-79; Presidential Elector, 1880; Assemblyman, San
Francisco, 1883 ; Superior Judge, San Francisco, elected 1886, 1892; Regent
of State Xtniversity.
Walling, J. M., Superior Judge, Nevada County, elected 1884.
tVallis, H. W., Senator, Nevada and Sierra, 1888, 1885. Died, Forest City,.
June 9, 1887.
Wallis, J. S., Senator, Santa Clara, 1863.
WalUs, Talbot H., State Librarian, 1882-90.
Walrath, Auatin, Assemblyman, Nevada, 1888, 1886; Senator, Nevada,
1887.
Walsh, James, Senator, Nevada, 1852.
Walsh, P. P., Adjutant-General, 1875-80; Registrar of Voters, Sau Francisco,.
1885-87.
Walter, P., Assemblyman, Trinity, 1861.
Walthall, Madison. Asserablyman, Sacramento District, 1849-50. Died,
Stockton, April 28, 1873.
Walton, John, Seuator, Bl Dorado, 1852, 1853.
Wand, Thoraas N., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1867-68; Senator, San
Francisco, 1869-70, 1871-72.
Ward, Charles H., Assemblyman, Sau Francisco, 1885.
Ward, J. B., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1880.
"Ward, J. M., Assemblyman, Butte, 1885.
Ward, J. N., Asserablyraan, Mariposa and Merced, 1858.
"Ward, Loomis, Assernblyman, Colusa, 1871-72.
Ward, R. H., Assemblyman, Mer;oe,d and Stanislaus, 1866-66.
"Warden, L. M., Assemblyman, San'Luis Obispo, 1877-78.
Warfield, J. B., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1858; Sonoraa, 1867-68. Died, San
Francisco, November 19, 1878.
Warkins, Chapman, Assemblyman, Amador, 1881.
"Warmcastle, P. M., Assemblyman, Contra Costa, 1854 1858; Senator, Sau
Joaquin, etc., 1861, 1862; Superior Judge, .Contra Costa County, ap
pointed 1886,
Warner, J. J., Senator, San Diego, 1851, 1852; Assemblyman, Los Angeles,
1860.
Warren, G. R., State ControUer, 1862-63.
Warrington, Samuel R., Assemblyman, Sutter, 1857.
"Warwick, J. H., Assemblyman, Sacraraento, 1862, 1863.
Washburrf, C. A., Presidential Elector, 1860. Died, New York, January 28,
1889.
Wason, Milton, Asserablyman, S.olano, 18$3-64; Santa B?irbara, etc., 1880,
1881.

REGISTER OF STA TE OFFICERS. 661
Wassbn, Joseph, Asserablyraan, Mono and Inyo, 1880, 1881. Died, San Bias,
April 18, 1S83.
Waterraan, R. W., Lieutenant-Governor, 1887; Governor, 1887-90. Died, San
Diego, April 12, 1891.
Waters, Byron, Asserablyraan, San Bernardino, 1877-78; Meraber. Second
Constitiitiolial Convention, 1878-79, Fourth Congressional District.
Watkins, H. P., Senator, Yuba, 1860, 1861. .
Watkins, Jason, Asserablyman. Yolo, 1875-76.
Watkins, Joseph S., Asserablyman, Alaraeda, 1854, 1855 ; Calaveras, 1857.
' Watkins, William P., Assemblyman, Siskiyou, 1859. Died, Panama, Janu
ary 26, 1878.
Watson, B. J.. Senator. Nevada and Sierra, 1880, 1881.
Watson, E. H., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1886.
Watson, George W., Asserablyman. Alameda, 1885.
Watson, J. H., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1860.
Watson John A., Assemblyraan, Los Angeles, 1862, 1863, 1867-68. Died, Los
Angeles, September 16, 1869. , '
Watson, John H., Judge Third Judicial District, elected by the Legislature,
1850.
Watson, John H., Assemblyraan, San Francisco District, 1849-50; Senator,
Monterey and Santa Cruz, 1860, 1861.
Watson, J. R., Asserablyraan, Sacramento, 1863-64. Died, Sacramento, Sep
tember 11, 1889.
Watt, Robert, State Controller, 1867-71 ; Bank Coraraissioner, 1878-82; Presi
dent of the Board of Directors of Stockton Insane Asylura, 1889-
Watt, WilUara, Senator, Nevada, 1861. Died, North Bloomfield, July 6, 1878.
Wattson, C. C., Asserablyraan, San Diego, 1880.
Wayraire, James A., Superior Judge, Sau Francisco, appointed 1881.
'Wear, G. W., Assemblyman, Kern and Ventura, 1889.
Weaver, J. H. G., Asaerablyman, Humboldt, 1883, 1885; Speaker pro tem.,
- 1885.
Weber, C. N., Assemblvraan, Santa Clara, 1887.
Webster, J'onathan v., "Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Alameda District.
Weeks, J. E. P., Trustee of State Library, 1872-73. Died, Sacramento, August
28, 1877.
Weeks, William H., Presidential Elector, 1860; Secretary of State, 1862-63.
Died, Sacramento, August 16, 1863.
Weil, John, State Treasurer, 1880-82.
Weinstock, Harris, Trustee of State Library, 1887-89.
'Weir B. G., Assemblyraan, San Joaquin, 1856. Died, Tuolumne City, Novem
ber 19, 1886.
Welch, J. W., Senator, San Francisco, 1887,1889, 1891.
Welch, S. K., Asserablvman, Napa and Lake, 1878-74, 1877-78.
"\Velcker, W. T., State Superintendent of PubUo Instruction, 1883-86.
WeUer, John B., United States Senator, 1851-66; Governor, 1858-:9. Died,
New Orleans August 17, 1875. . .„_,_„„,
Weller, Joseph R., Member Second ConstitutionalConvention, 18/8-(9, Santa
Clara District. . . , „ , . .„„„„„
WelUn, Patrick M., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 18(8-(9, San
Francisco District. .0=0 =. r,- j
Wells, Alexander, Attorney-General, 1852; Supreme Justice, 1863-64. Died,
San .lose, October 31. 1854. '
Wells Thoraas, Assemblyman, Butte. 1858, 1856. Dead.
Welsh, L. S., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1856, ^,. ,. ,. w ^.
'Welty, Daniel W., Assemblyman, Sacramento, 1860. Died, Chehalis, Wash
ington, March 24, 1891. ,.„ -r,. -, x- , -kt i. -,-v i<«.n
Weltv Jacob, Assemblyman, Placer, 1871-72. Died, Lincoln, November 17, 1879.
Wendell, J. T., Seriator, Solano aud Yolo, 1880, 1881. Died, San Francisco,
Februai-11 18,1891. ,, „ ^ . -_,
Wentworth, George A., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1891.
'Wentz, Christian, Asserablyman, Santa Clara, 1881.
Werk, G. W., Asserablyman, Humboldt, 1862. t^ , >,, . . • ,
Wertsbaugher, Joseph C, Asserablyman, Butte, 1881. Died, Chico, Augusti,
¦IQS/
Wescott, Jonas, Assemblyman, Yuba, 1860. , „ , .. ,„»6 -^ t /.
West John P:, Merhber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-/9, Lo§
Angeles District; Senator, Los Angeles, 1880, 1881.

662 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Westmoreland, Charles, Assemblynian, Humboldt, 1867-68; Senator, Placer,
1856, 1857 ; Presidential Elector, 1868. Died, Pancima, December 23, 1868.
Weston, H. L., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1891.
'Weston, R. S.-, Assemblyraan, Sierra, 186;-5-64.
"Wethered, James S., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1861.
"Wetherill, S. E., Assemblyraan, San Francisco, 1876-76. Died, Sam Francisco,
January 7, 1885. ' .
Whalen, Peter, Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1883.
Whallon, M., Asserablyraan, Sonoraa, 1868-64.
Wharton, J. P., Assemblyman, Fresno, 1883. Died, Fresno, March 17, 1889. ,
"Wheadon, John, Assemblyraan, Yuba, 1859.
Wheat, A. R., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1877-78, 1883.
Wheaton, WilUam R., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1863, 1871-72. Died,
Oakland, Septeniber 11, 1888.
Wheeler, Alfred, Asserablyraan, San Francisco District, 1849-50.
Wheeler, E. D., Senator, Yuba, etc., 1859, 1860; Judge Nineteenth Judicial
District, appointed 1872, elected 1878.
Whipple, B. L., Asserablyraan, Sonoma, 1881. Died, Santa Rosa, December
8 1882
Whipple, S. .G., Asserablyraan, Klaraath, 1854, 1857; Humboldt, 1^63.
Whitcomb, N. T., Assemblvman, San Francisco, 1885.
White, Jarnes D,., Assembl.vman, El Dorado, 1866; Nevada, 1867-68. Died,
Nevada Cit-y, December 19, 1883.
White, John," Asserablyman, Shasta, 1860, 1861. Died, England, February
23, 1871.
White, P. J,, Railroad Commissioner, Second District, 1887-^90.
White, Stephen M., Senator, Los Angeles, 1887, 1889; President pro tera,,
1887, 1889; Lieutenant-Governor, 1887-90; Trustee' State Norraal School
.at Lns Angeles, 1887-91, 1891- ; United States Senator, 1893-
White, Thomas J., Assemblyman (Speaker), Sacramento, 1849-60. Died, Los
Angeles, December, 1881.
White, WiUiam P., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
Santa Cruz, Monterey, and San'Benito District; Bank Comrnissioner,
1879-87. Died, Los Angeles, May 13, 1890.
Whitehurst, L. A., Asserablyman, Santa Clara, 1889; Senator, Santa Clara,
1893.
Whiteside, N. B., Assemblyman (Speaker), Yuba-, 1858. Died, Marysville,
September 1, 1876.
Whiting, B. C, Senator, Monterey, etc, 1854, 1855. Died, Los Angeles; June
7, 188L
Whiting, Charles J., Surveyor-General, 1849-51.
Whiting, G, A., Assemblyman, Tuolurane, Mono, etc, 1871-72.
Whiting, M, S., Senator, San B'rancisco, 1863.
Whitlock, J. H., Asserablyraan, Plumas and Lassen, 1877-78.
Whitman, B. C, Assemblyman, Solano, 1854. Died, San Francisco, August
5, 1885.. ' ' -
Whitman, G. N., Assemblyman, San Bernardino, 1859. '
Whitraan, George W., State Controller-, 1856-57.
Whitney, A. P., Senator, Sonoma, 1877-78. Died, San Francisco, February 10,
1884.
Whitney, D.L., Assemblyman, Sierra^ 1871-72.
Whitney, G. W., Asaerablyman, Tuolurnne, 1859.^
Whitney, George E., Senator, Alameda, 1883, 1885.
Whitney, WilUam, Assemblyman, Sau Francisco, 1855. Died, Nevada County,
June 18, 1872.
Wickes, JohnT., Meraber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Nevada
District.
Wickware, G. C, Assemblyman, San Franeisco, 1873-74.
Widney, Robert M., Judge Seventeenth Judicial District, appointed 1871.
Wiggin, C. L., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1865-66. Died, San Francisco,
March 29, 1891.
Wiggin, Marcus P., Superior Judge, Mono County, appointed 1880, elected
Wigginton, P. D., Representative to Congress, 1875-77, 1878. Died, Oakland,
July 7, 1890.
Wilcox, I. A., Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1887.
Wilcox, John W., Assemblyman, Mariposa and Merced, 1863, 1863-64, 1865-
66, 1871-72, 1873-74.

REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS. 663
Wilcoxon C.E., Asserablyraan, Sutter, 1862; Meraber of State Board of
Equalization, 1883-86, 1887-90. ¦
^iley. A., Assemblyman, Humboldt, 1863-64.
WUfems, Charles P., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1860. Died, Santa Rosa, Au
gust 1, 186A.
Wilkins, W. W., Assemblyman, Tuolumne, 1861.
Wil ets, Stephen, Assemblyraan, Bl Dorado, 1867-68.
WiUey, Henry I., Surveyor-GMieral, 1883-86.
S-H}?^' *^- ^•' Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1861.
Williams, A. P., United States Senator, 1886.
WiUiaras,, B. T., Superior Judge, Ventura County, elected 1884, 1890.
Williams, C. E., Judge Fifteenth Judicial District, appointed 1856.
Williams, C. H. S., Senator, Sau Francisco, etc, 1859. Died, San Francisco,
January 4, 1867.
WUliams, George, Assemblyraan, Huraboldt, 1887, 1889.
WUUams, George E., Assemblyman, El Dorado, 1873-74; Judge Eleventh
Judicial District, elected 1875; Superior Judge, El Dorado County, elected
 18/9, 1884.
WUliams, George H., Senator, San Francisco, 1891, 1893.
Williams, J. M., Asserablyman, Santa Clara, 1860.
WUliams, John P., Assemblyman, Sacramento District, 1849-50.
WiUiams, L. S., Senator, Trinity aud Klaraath, 1853. Died, San Francisco,
October 18, 1860.
Williams, R. L., Assemblyman, Placer, 1856.
WUUams, Thomas H., Attorney-General, 1858-61. Died, San Francisco, Feb
ruary 28, 1886.
Williams, W. H., Senator, San Francisco, 1889, 1891.
WUliaras, W. S., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1869-70.
Williamson, C. V., Senator, Tuolumne, 1861, 1862.
Willis, Heury N., Superior Judge, San Bernardino County, appointed 1887.
Willson, Lsrael C, Asserablyman, Santa Cruz, 1858, 1863. Died, Santa Cruz,
December SO, 1889.
Wilsey, Levi, Assemblyman, Mendocino, 1868-64. Dead.
WUson, B. D., Senator, Los Angeles, San Diego, etc., 1856, 1857, 1869-70, 1871-
72. Died, Los Angeles, March 11, 1878.
Wilson, H. C, Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Tehama
District; Senator, Tehama and Colusa, 1891, 1898.
Wilson, J. L.; Assemblyrnan, Alameda, 1865-66.
Wilson, J. M., Assemblyman, Tuolumne, 1858.
Wilson, J. N. E., Senator, San Francisco, 1887, 1889; Insurance Corarais
sioner, 1889-
Wilson, M. W., Assemblyraan, Placer, 1877-78.
Wilson, Samuel, Asserablyraan, Calaveras, 1860.
Wilson, Sarauel M., Merriber Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79,
First Congressional District. Died, San Francisco, June 4, 1892.
Wilson, T. K., Senator, San Francisco, 1883; Superior Judge, San
Francisco, elected 1879, 1880, 1886.
Winans, Joseph W., Trustee of State Library, 1861-70; Meraber Secoud
Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, First Congressional District. Died,
San Francisco, Ma/rch 31, 1887.
Winchell, G., Assemblyraan, Sierra, 1873-74.
Winchester, Jonas, Sta'te Printer, 1850-51. Died, Columbia, February 23, 1887.
Winchester, M. C, Assemblyman, Placer, 1863-64.
Windrow, Joseph, Asserablyraan, San Francisco, 1887, 1891.
Wing, Austin, Assemblyman, Bl Dorado, 1862, 1853.
Wing, Stephen, Senator, Tuolurane, etc., 1869-70, 1871-72.
"Wing, W, P., Asserablyraan, Placer. 1859.
' Winsor, "VV. B., Assemblyman, Yuba, 1856.
"Winston, Joseph, Assemblyman, Plumas, 1856.
Witherby, O. S., Assemblyman, San Diego District, 1849-50 ; Judge First
J udicial District, elected by Legislature 1850.
Wohler, Herman, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1852, 1856. Died, San Fran
cisco, June 2, 1877.
Wolcott, Oliver, Senator, Tuolumne, etc, 1865, 1867-68.
"WolfskiU, J. C, Asserablyraan, Solano, 1891.
Wolfskin, John, Senator, San Diego and San Bernardino, 1883.
WoUeb, Charles, Assemblyman, Sacraraento, 1867-68. Died, Fruitvale, De
cember 21, 1883.

664 REGISTER OF STATE OFFICERS.
Wombough, M. M, Senator, Yolo and Colusa, 1852, 1853.
Wood, A., Assemblyman, Plumas, 1861.
Wpod, Charles, Assemblyman, Contra Costa, 1876-76.
Wood, George, Assemblyman, Plumas and Sierra, 1881, 1885.
Wood, Joseph, Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1863-64.
Wood, Joseph C, Assemblyman, Nevada, 1857; Yolo, 1861.
Wood, R. N., Assemblyman, San Francisco, 1852. Died, Cavorca, Mexico,
April 7, 1857.
Wood, William G., Clerk of the Supreme Court, 1867. Died, Brooklyn, New
York, April 20, .1889.
Woodman, George W-, Assemblyman, Shasta, 1862.
Woodside, P. K., Clerk of th* Supreme Court, 1853-54.
Woodward, F. J., Assemblyman, San Joaquin, 1871-72, 1885.
Woodworth, P. A., Senator, San Francisco, 1857. Dead.
Woodworth, S. E., Senator, Monterey, 1849-50, 1851. Died, San Francisco,
. January 29, 1871.
Woolf, D. B., Clerk of the Supreme Court, 1876-80; Secretary of Supreme
Court Commission, 1885-
Works, John D., Superior Judge, San Diego County, appointed 1886, elected
1886; Supreme Justice, 1888-1890.
Worthington, Henry G., Asserablyman, San Francisco, 1862.
Wozencraft, 0; M.,"^Member First Constitutional Convention, 1849-50, San
Joaquin District. Died, New York, November 22, 1887.
Wright, C. C, Assemblyman, Stanislaus, 1887.
Wright, George W., Representative to Con.sress, 1849-51.
Wright, M. J., Assemblyman, Solano, 1871-72; Senator, Solano, 1885.
Wright, S. P., Assemblyman, Klamath and Del Norte, 1862, 1863; Senator,
Del Norte, Klamath, etc, 1863-64, 1865-66; President pro tem., 1865-66.
Wright, T. J., Asserablyman, Contra Costa, 1863, 1863-64.
Wright, Thomas, Assemblyman, Sierra, 1861.
Wright, W. S. M., Assemblyman, Sonoma, 1873-74.
Wyatt, N. G., Member Second Constitutional Convention, 1878-79, Monterey
JjiStrict.
Wyrriail, S. B., Assemblyman, Placer, 1867.
Yager, CorneUus, Assemblyman, Contra Costa, 1860.
Yancey, F., Asseniblymaii, Tuolumne, 1860.
Y'ell, Archibald, Assemblyraan, Mendocino, 1888; Senator, Mendociiio and
Lake, 1887, 1889; Director Mpndocino State Insane Asylura, 1889-91.
Yeiser, Frederick, Assemblyraan, San Joaquin, 1861, 1862, 1863.
York, Prank; Assemblyman, Tuolumne, Mono, etc., 1869-70.
York, J. L., Assemblyraan, Santa Clara, 1880.
Young, A. R., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1869-70.
Young, Albert J. , Assemblyman, Contra Costa, 1877-78.
Young, George A., Assemblyman, Nevada, 1858,1859; San Francisco, 1875-76.
Young, George E., Assemblyman, Calaveras, 1852. Died, Arizona, 1877.
Young, J.D., Asserablyman, San Joaquin, 1887.
Young, John D., State Printer, 1880-82, 1^87-90,
Y'oung, John N., Assemblyraan, Sacraraento, 1880, 1881.
Ybiing, Nestol- A., Assemblyraan, San Diego, 1887, 1889, 1891.
Yule, John, Assemblyraan, Placer, 1862, 1863, 1865-66; Trinity and. Shasta
1885; Speaker of the House, 1865-66; Senator, Placer, 1863-64. Died, El
Dorado bounty, March, 1888.
Zuck, J. C, Senator, Santa Clara, 1880, 1881.
Zuck, John, Assemblyman, Santa Clara, 1862, 1866-66.

INDEX,

/Abbott, A  _. 618
vote for, for railroad corarais
sioner  533
..Abbott, C. S   314. 'S6H, 409
Abbott, J. P  550,562, 561
AbeU, Alex. G.  -  _
13, 15, 67, 176, 184, 185, 195,
313 .8'85, 340, 356, 358, 362, 363, 404
,, vote for, for controller  15
Adams, Amos  1.. 205
Adams, A. C  88, 263
Adaras, F  _  __.430, 438, 469
Adams, Johu Quincy   320
_Adaras, L. B.   547
Addington, Mrs. L. H   584
Addington, S   199
Addison, J. E.  ,  9
-Ji-ddi-ess by republican club of
, , S. P., 1868  277
..Address of American party in
., 1855   '..... 50
.-Address of republican state com
mittee, 1879--  402
-Address of union state commit
tee in 1865   223
Addresstodemoci-acy iiil854  32
-Adulteration, laws to punish ... 525
of food ))rodiicts, laws against, 677
_4-gnew, Thomaa J  1
..Agricultural lairs, horse-racing
opposed    448
Agriculture, commissioner of,
making a cabinet offlcer of,
,   454, 459, 471
Alabama affair, resolution on... 291
-Alabama treaty, rejection of, in-
, dorsed   294
..Alaska, resolution on purchase
of..  ..-  285
Aidrich, Daniel    59
-Aldrieh, Lewis  T.  ..41, 104
-Alexander, Chas. 0  593
, vote for, for congressman  594
.^ipxander, J. __-    199
.Alieris. opposition to ownership
of land by.  458, 52S, 548, 557
transmission of property by
wiU  557
Allegiance to national govern-
,- ment paramount   185
AUen, Chas. E  7, 8, 34, 176, 281
.AUen.E. — -    22
Allen, Horace  44
. AUen, J.  •-  :... 91
Allen, James  :..!44, 47
vote for, fdr printer  __. 50
AUeri, John  ...;  179
Alley, S. H....  207
AUvri, John   400
Alvarado, Juan B   11, 18

Araerican (know-nothing) party,
organization of  _.  38
successes in 1856   39
¦ address of, in 1855. _-  50
conventions of 
1855, 42, 50 ; 1856, 62, 67 ; 1857, 81
members of state committee.. 83
platforms adopted  42, 63, 81
Louisville convention, plat
form indorsed   81
on disorganization of  .79, 80
American party conventiona 
...4886,527; 1888,547; 1890, 556
resolutiona ado,pted by  ._ 528
American partv platfbriris  ..
....1886,523; 1888,547; 1890, 557
American party state coraraittee 532
Anierican Republican College
League, -n-eloome to  t. 591
Araerige, George  -.176, 268, 259
Araeririan, I. A   281, 310
Ames, Fisher  456
Ames, J. P  310, 430
Ames, T. M  195, 342
Amnesty, resolution asking, for
political offenses   298
Amyx, H.  ___  44, 45
Anderson, Alexander   22
Anderson, Jaraes. ...77, 79, 123, 191
Anderson, James A  .;  586
Anderson, James 'W   565
vote for, for superintenderit of
public instraction  570
Anderson, John..l  124, 389
Anderson, Robert M  43, 104
vote for, for lieut.-governor  50
Anderson. W.N  90
Andrews, A.   __. 583
Andrews, A. R.  83
Andrews, Howard  451
vote foi:, for railroadcommiss'r 463
Andross, M. C  .326, 340
Andrus, W. R  401
vote for, for lieut.-governor  421
Angney, W. Z.  283, 298
Anthony, EUhu  '.  384, 481
Anthony, G. W  '  356
Anti-Chinese con ven tions... 479, 480
memorial to congress by  481
resolutions adopted by  479, 602
Anti-Chinese Non-partiaan Asso
ciation, organization of. .... 503
Anti-Masonic ticket, votes for, in
1880.   431
Anti-raonopoly convention, 1884 466
platform of  — t- —  466
Anti-riparian Irrigation Organ
ization, articles of association 507
Applegate, G. W  3-S4
Appleton, H. A  81

666

INDEX.

Apportionraent act of 1891 de
nounced   '.-.. 611
Appropriations, limit of, to two
years    249
by state for private purposes,
opposition to  ...260, 265
by legislature of 1889  563, 567
Archer, Lawrence  191, 303,
320, 850, 389, 415, 436, 461, 569, 581
vote for, for congressman  311
vote for, for railroad commiss'r 571
Arms, H.....  99
Arms, Moses ._  65, 74
Armstrong, John W 
  301, 437, 52;^, 546, 669
Army, increase of, opposed to... 525
(See also. National Guard.) '
Arnold, L. B  ...103, 179, 186, 188
Arnold, T. J  .- 461
Arrests during war for treasona
ble expressions.   .. 203
action by democratic corarait
tees  -  ___   212
for expressions on death of
Lincoln    213
resolutions conderaning  225
Arthur, Chester A  i  429, 431
Ash, Robert   682
Ashbury, M.   305
Ashe, R.   18
Ashe, R. P..-.-_  ...104, 113
Ashe, W. L  569
Ashley, D. R  :.....43,
67, 68, 75, 76, 99, 103, 176, 179, 184
vote for, for treasurer ...  :_ 180
Astin, Sarauel C,   ¦.  42
vote for, for prison director ... 50
Atherton, P. D.  314
Attorney-general, vote for, in
1850, 11; 1851, 15; 1853, 29;
1855, 50; 1857, 84; 1859, 109;
1861,180; 1863,201; 1867,267;
1871,311; 1875,365; 1879,421;
,1882, 453; 1886, 532; 1890,570
Atwell, A. J    461
Aubrey, B    90
Aud, P. L.  .  123
Australian ballot systera , resolu
tions favoring... 555, 560, 567, 678
Avery, Benjamin P.. 176, 184, 185, 195
vote for, for printer  ...'.. 180
Avery, J. M...   249
Axtell, S. B.-.42, 211, 212, 267, 286, 303
vote for," fbr congressman.. 268; 288
Ayer, L.B   314
Ayers, G. R  .- 88
Ayers, J. J  3i-9, 394, 402
vote for, for congressman  421
Ayers, Wra.  586
Ayres, W   428
Baboock, Geo.. .463, 464, 465, 473, 506
vote for, for attorney-general.. 532
Bachman, B. T   ..... 99
Baehr, Ferdinand   1309, 849
vote for, for treasurer. ...311, 355
Bagge, Theodore F  369, 362, 389
Baggett, W. T   393

Bagley, D. T    68
Bagley, John  69
Balir, Henry    817
Bailey, Orrin  10, 19
"BaiUiache, J. N.  .32a
Baine, A. C   70
Bair, Thomas   532
vote for, for member board of
equalization   533
Baird, Curtis   ...-  7ft
Baird, J. H  ^....267, 292, 359
Baker, Abijah.-.-.  .  ^ 281
Baker, B.D...  
..34, 65, 75, 93, 97, 99, 107, 126, 12T
vote for, for congressman  108
Baker, George F  362, 424, 429, 430-
Baker, Henry -..  280, 318
Baker, J. H   31
Baker, John   _. 410-
Baker, P. Y  .--.- 410, 445, 675
Baker, Thos   111
Baldwin, A. R  102 318-
Baldwin, Barry ..  ..... 575
Baldwin, D.P;  12, 4a
vote for, for,lieut.-governor  15
Baldwin, F. T  ...829, .361, 422
Baldwin, Frank P   417
Baldwin, Fred   437
Baldwin, G. W....  75, 94, 95, lift
Baldwin, Isaac M  109, 110
Baldwin, Joseph G   172-
vote for, for justice of supreme
court.-    95-
Ball, J. C  -   . 435-
Ballots, kinds used in 1871  312
(See also, Australian ballot.)
Baltimore platform, principles
of, reasserted  ¦__. 31
Baltimore union convention,
platform indorsed  210-
Bandini, — ., vote for, for super
intendent of public instruction 11
Banks, J. A  .  174
Banks, Jerome  363,410, 44»
Banks, N. P., resolution on elec
tion of, as speaker  58
Banning, Phineas  ,  207-
Barber, H. P.   30, 73,
88, 90. 104,^.23, 126, 170, 172,
188, 191, 197, 211, 212, 264, 283, 289
vote for, for congressman  18&
Barber, J. H   - 513
Barbour, CUtus,   893, 401
vote for, for congressman  421-
Barbour, H. D..... .^.  468
Barbour, W. T   22, 45, 90
Barclay, H. A  .  513
Bard, Thomas R  430, 455, 592, 594
Barbara, J. A..  ...587,- 665
vote for, for congressman  571
Barnard, Timothy H  455
Barnes, J. B  586
Barnes, T. L.l.  199
Barnes, W.H. L....  - 
.__.889, 442, 513, 552, 553, 571, 574
Barney, Samuel  ._  19
Barr, John C   80
Barron, W. H,   586-

INDEX.

667

Barry, James H.   504
Barry, John T  302
vote for, for printer  311
Barry, Thonias P  460, 588
Barstow, Alfred  
 173, 176; 185, 220, 281, 295
Barstow. Geo   250, 319, 424
Bartlett, Thos    60
Bartlett, W. C  342
Bartlett, Washington ...324, 325, 523
vote for, for governor   5.32
memorial resolution on  546
sketch of  602
Barton, J. N  :.  590
Barton, W. H..  ...210, 217
Bascom, L. H  _-. 42
Bassett, J. M. . .  532, 549, 556
Batchelder, A. J  248, 273
Bateman, C   . 533
vote for, for railroad commiss'r 533
Bateraan, C. A  ..451, 464
Bateman, C. C,   465
vote for, foi^ congressman  472
Bateman, E. B    10
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction...-!  11
Bates,—...-  367
Bates, Geo. C  .... 59
discussion with Zabriskie  62
Bates, Henry..  _  42, 44
vote for, for treasurer  50
Batson, John M...  50
Bauer, John A   .,  430
Baxter, W. H.....  355
Bay, Armand    861
Bayless, —  1  550
Bayne, Adara.. 1   451
Bayne, Richard   461, 463
"Bayonet bill," resolution con
demning  298
Beach, Horace  '.  278
Beale, E. P,    59
Bearaer, R. H.  560, 569, 581
vote for, for raeraber of board
of equalization   570
Bearaish, P..    ,.- 542
Beard, E.L. .__'   ^19
Beard, Joseph R  '.   34
vote for, for clerk of suprerae
court  __._.   38
Beattie John, J r   618
vote for, for member of board
of equalization..   533
Beattv, E. T...-  -  77
Beatty, H. 0.,49, 92, 124, 125, 196, 385
Beatty, W. A  560
Beatty, Wm. H  ...560, 552 564
vote for, for justice of suprerae
court.-  .!  653, 570
Beau, Charlea E.  320
Beck, Thomas  ......353, 418,, 487
vote' for, for secretary .of state^ 356
Becker, H. J  :___-  464
Becket, L.J  636
Beckraan, Wm.. 259, 260, 340, 560, 566
vote for, fpr treasurer  .... 36'5
vote for, for railroad commi.ss'r 570
Bee, 'Albert W..-,  -.....-.13, 26

Beebe, W. S  
Been,.M. C   
Beerstecher, C. J.  393,
vote for, for railroad commis
sioner  _.
Belcher, L S  
....220, 250, 326, 389. 390, 409,
vote for, for justice of supreme
court   
Belcher, W. C   -. 
Belden, David 
Belden, Josiah  .280,314,
BeU, A. D  __..
Bell, Aaron  ..472,
BeU, Alex   44,
vote for, for prison director ...
BeU, E. C. 
Bell, Horace   
. vote for, for lieut.-governor ...
Bell, John   1 
nomination indorsed  ...
election returns for 
Bell, Robert  - 
Bell, S. B  -  -93,
Bell, Samuel 24, 44, 75, 94, 97, 99,
vote for, for controller 
BeU, W. H  -  
vote for, for prison director . . .
Bell electors, vote for 
Belshaw, W. W 
Benedict, Newton  _..
Benham, Calhoun. 
 10, 19, 26,34, 78,
104, 106, 114, 123, 124, 180, 203,
vote for, for justice of supreme
court;  
vote for, for congressman 
Bennett, A. A.   298,
Bennett, C. P   
Bennett, Nathaniel  , 
 -_59,, 76, 83,294,398,
vote for, for justice of supreme
court  ---   84,
Bennett, P. W   -.
Benrimo, Joseph -_  280,
Benson, J. M 
Benton, J. A  :_ 
Benton, J. E   76,93,
Berford, R. G  
Bering Sea affair, management
, of, approved   
Beringer, P.  646,
Bernard, A. P.  . 
Berry, C. P  334,402,
' 419, 424. 436, 456, 461, 623, 546,
vote for, for congressman__421.
Berry, P. G   
Berry, J.S   -197,
Berry, John   -  226,
Betge, R.J  -  ......283,
Bicknell, Isaac  
Bidwell, John ...29, 111, 112, 120,
: 178, 194, 196, 207, 240, 241, 244,
247, 253, 259, 260, 263, 322, 334,
• .342, 349, 604, 534, 553; 556, 560,
vote for, for congressman  ..
declination of nomination fbr
governor  __... —

465542 401
421:443 42129a248358889 518 6550 19-
526 532 124
125127 91
176
¦109 29
42 50
127 109802

418 421 38
303590418421809281 590
426 207 9
668
552320552431632 209283
284

586
212261

668

INDEX.

BidweU, John — continued.
declines temperance nbraina-
tirin    :  355
, vote for, for governor  355, 570
Bidwell-electors, vote for  594
Biggs, Marion   _ 
.-..302, 368, 359, 362, 389, 894,
396, 410, 414, 456, 463, 472, 524, 546
vote for, for congressman. .533, 553
Biggs, Marion, Jr.:  ........ 414
Bigler, John .11, 12, 24, 30, 41, 55,
199, 209, 224, 239, 263, 267, 283, 284
vote for, for governor  15
inauguration of   15
vote for, for governor  28, 50
vote for, for congressman  201
sketch of 597
BUlings, Freder"ic"kV.V3Y,'li4^ 211", 240
Bingham, John A.  305
Birdseye, J. C  ..76, 185, 248, 281
Bishop, S. W.  --... 199
Vote for, for secretary of state . 201
Bishop, T. B..'  431
Biven, Rasey    88
Biven, WiUiam...   189, 211
Black, Andrew   179
Black, H.M  283
Black, Jos. F    353, 359
Blackburn, — , vote for, for attor
ney-general   11
Blackburn, William  26
Blackmer, E. T  3S6
Blackwood, W. C...  524, 526
Blaine, James G  478, 613, 661, 663
indorsement of, for president..
.   358, 425, 541, 542, ,574
delegates pledged for...  . '454
congratulation on nomination: 469
Blaine electors, vote for  1. 472
Blair, A. W  97, 99, 116
union resolutions offered by— . 145
Blair, FrankP  287
Blair, Montgomery   239
Blake, P.  .'   .. 176
Blake, M. C   ..-443, 455
Blanchard, Geo. G. -.356, 362,404,
409, 429, 464, 513, 550,, 562, 661, 666
vote for, for congressraan  671
Blanding, WUliara. .¦  422
Bledaoe, A. J   591
Blessing, E. G   460, 547
Blethen, Clark  556
Block, Bernard   247
Biodgett, H. A.   560
Blood, J. N....:  - 414
Board of Equalization. (See
Equalization.)
Bockius, Charles G  ...309, 319
Boerraan, G. C   ..  65
Boggs, J. C  .:  281
Boggs, John    77,
111, 198, 292, 303, 359, 389, 431, 566
Boice, Thomas  ..  266
Bolander, H; N.-.-....-...... 809
vote for,. for superintendent of
public instruction.---. .1.-1 312
Bond, E. L  -...;-.-.::::... 42
Bond, T. B  419

Bond, Thomaa P  ...: 
Bond purchase bill, indorseraent
of amendraent to..- 
Bonds, National. (See Debt.)
Bondurant, J. M. 
Bones, J. W   
Bonnett, Paul 
Bont«, J. H. C  
Booker, S.A  31, 102, 107,
vote for, for congressman 
Boom, Stanley C 
vote for, for surveyor general..
Bootb, A. G. ... 
Booth, Newton  
....217, 305, 809, 325, 426, 488,
gubernatorial candidacy 
card to the public  . 
vote for, for governor  ..
administration indorsed... 313,
candidacy for the senate  .
sketch of   :  —
Boren, A. D.  466, 472, 636,
vote for, for railroad commiss'r
vote for, for lieut.-governor ...
Boring, R. H.   ....::
Boring, S. W. 
Boruck, M. D   102,178,
249, 250, 840, 363, 409, 429, 430,
Bossism condemned. 528, 529, 648,
Bost, J. W.....173, 191, 266, 302,
vote for, for surveyor-gen.. 267,
Botts, CharlesT.. 41, 105, 165, 173,
vote for, for attorney general..
vote for, for printer ..'.  .
Boucher, T. 0  
Boulware, M   
Bowden, N  518, 542, 546,
Bowers, A. B. . -   .
Bowers, Stephen  :  .588,
Bowers, T. J 
Bowera, W. W  565,
vote for, for congressman. .571,
Bowie, George W  34, 80,
81, 124. 125, 127, 178, 179,
vote for, for congressman 
vote for, for governor ._.. 
vote for, for attorney-general..
JBowlin, R. H.. ...,...:  :.....
Bowman, E. P  ..' 
Bowman, W. C,   ...
Bovcotting, resolution favoring.
Boyle, H. A.  
Boyne, Wm.  l. 
Brace, P  ._  ...: 
Bradbury, O. H  
Bradford, A.C.^.  
. 11, 24, 30, 70, ,76, 77, 199, 264,
284, 285, 353, 393, 396, 414, 419,
vote for, for clerk of supreme
court  - 
vote for, for member of board
of equalization 
Bradley, E. L 
Bradley, L, R  .104, ii2, i98,
Brady, James.......  : 
vote for, for meraber of board
, of equalization.. 
Brady, T. A  i. ..i  .,;

326538 209375
386 409283 108569 570

439
303304 311334328
600 563453532 59
37648i 679 .
325' 811320 11
109176210553 176
59b437593 594
834 38 84
180 59 50
590.50i^386688 69
207

420 201
421305283569
570199

INDEX.

66iJ

Bragg, H. W  295
Bragg, Isaac    24
Braraall, George  419, 426, 431
vote for, for lieutenant-gover
nor   421
Branch, L. C  :   353, 431
Brannan, Samuel. 11, 12, 207, 210, 212
Brannan, Thomas    .33
Braunliart, S  547, 576, 581
Breckinridge, John C  71 73,
74, 110, 116, 117, 119, 123, 126, 152
address in Herald favoring  118
supporters of  113
ratification of, in San Francisco 114
election returns for  127
Breckinridge, J. W.  460
Breckinridge deraocratic conven
tions   
1860, 119, 123; 1861. 165; 1862, 188
Breckinridge party, dissolution
of....   197
Breen, J. F  386
Brenhara, C. J  26, 113, 267
Br.ent,H. K. W  409
Brent, J. L. ..   •
....22, 42, 55, 59, 128, 178, 180, 208
Brewster, J  26
Brewster, John A  44
vote for, for surveyor-general.. 50
Bribery, more stringent laws
wanted  — 897
Bridges, O.L   100
Brierly, B    10
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction  11
Brierly, J. R   363
Bright,—     11
Briggs, A  340, 363
Briggs, Edward  .334
Briggs, H. W   862
Briggs, M. C,  
"26, 207, 250 293, 445, 446, 472, 553
Briggs, R. M  ..81, 83, 178, 194
Briggs, W. H.-..  536
Brockway, .8. W  . 
 50, 178, 205, 220, 249, 278, 287
Broderick, David C  ...6, 17,
19, 24, 26, 29, 87, 96, 97, 107, 108
denounced by Del Norte demo
crats    86
course approved  94
on expunging of resolutions
against .1   101
Bronson, A. (.See Brunson.)
Brooka, Max    409
Brooks, S. H..50, 77, 104, 172, 181, 203
vote for, for controller  109, 180
Brooka, S. S.  19
Broughton, W. W  :  400
Brown, A. C   176,179, 188
Brown, Beriah  ....197, 199, 211
vote for, fbr printer  201
Brown, 0. L. P   313
Brown, CY    583
Brown, Charles   65
Brown, E. P..  .-  50
Brown, H. S  196, 22Q, 250, 281
Brown, J. C  -.  65

Brown, J. L.   81
Brown, John Q.   -.172, 17.8
Brown, Lewia H  565
vote for, for clerk of supreme
court  570
Brown, N. P  81
Brown, S. C, vote for, for justice
bf supreme court  .'..— 570
Brown, g.'W  65,99, 107
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction  .._. 109
Brown, T. M  303
Brown, W. B. C  301
321, 328, 353, 359, 365, 418, 422, 430
vote for, for secretary of state 311
vote for, fbr controller  364, 421
Brown, W. G  _ 26
Brown, W. H  ..430, 445, 469, 472:
Browne, Carl...   590 ,
Browne, J. Ross...  1
Brunson, Anaon 
 314, 326, 443, 451, 517
vote for, for justice of suprerae
court   335, 453
Brush, Jesse..   24, 59
Brusie, L....   14
Bryan, Chas. H..24, 82, 41, 77, 90, 100- ~
vote for, for justice of supreme
court..    50
Bryant, A.J  115,177
220, 310, 319, 359, 415, 417, 422, 523
proclamation of  376-
workingmen's resolutions on.. 378
Bryant, B   '  24
Bryant, E. H   547
Bryant, J. J.--  9, 18
Bryson, John, Sr  681
Buchanan, James 
 18, 71, 76, 78, 80, 86, 96, 110-
indorsed for presidency.  58
noraination indorsed  78
vote for, for president  74
policy indorsed  '78
indorsement of administration
 --.  -.89,105, 112:
administration condemned, .98, 100
support pledged to...  106-
Buchanan, R. B.   18
Buck, L. W   588
Buck, S. M. .:   349, 396, 401
Buckbee, J. R.  196, 222, 281
Buckley, Christopher   417
Buckley, W. S  -  33a
Buckner, Stanton   19, 37
vote for, for justice of supreme
court    23-
Budd, J'. H...  384, 401, 414, 4.31
Budd, Jarnes H  303, 438, 468
vote for, for congressman  453
Budd, Joseph H  291, 314, 361, 364
Buel, D. B  69, 111, 128, 173, 191
Buffington, J. M  47, 65-.
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction  74
Bugbey, B. N   281, 310-
Buhlert, J  .   363
Bulkhead scheme, resolution op
posing...:   122,171, 178-

670

INDEX.

BuU, Alpheus...  .m., 288
Bunker, W. M   43Q
Burbank, C. C.  116
Burbank, Caleb, union resolu
tions off'ered by...  137, 154
Burch, —  896
Burch, John C   
.... .77, 104, 123, 172, 178, 209,
263, 283, 291, 298, 359, 393, 413, 437
vote for, for congressman  108
suggests a Pacific republic  129
vote for, for justice of supreme
court  -  421
Burch, S. N..  :  ....401, 420
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction  :. .. 421
Burckhalter, J.:   284
Bureau of labor. (See Labor Sta
tistics.)
Burk,E   446
Burke, Johu H  393, 395, 414
Burlingarae, Anson .....498, 499, 500
Burlingame, H. B.  556
vote for, for member of board
of equalization  ..._  570
Burlingame treaty, abrogation
of desired. ..327, a34, 352, 429, 526
hiatory of   498
Burman, Edgar P   591
vote for, for congreasman  594
BuriieU, R......  205, 362, 868, 404
Burnett, J; M. — :.    . 289
Burnett, Peter H.  49, 77, 90
vote for, for governor  _.5, 6
vote for, for justice of supreme
court    84
sketch of   -. 597
Burney, Jaraes   334
Burns, A. B   :  468
vote for, for congressraan  473
Burns, A, M   460, 461
Burns, D. M  390, 408
vote for, for secretary of state.- 421
Burns, G.-  690
Burnside, W. .T  42
Burt, J. M   12, 13
vote for, for treasurer  -__ 15
Burt, S. B    445
Burt, S. S., vote for, for clerk of
supreme court.   11
Burton, B. F:   81, 88
Burwell, L    547
Busch, A. C    487
Bush, C. C.  454, 455, 662
Bush, David   430
BushneU, D. B..-.  -466, 472
Butler, A. B  _  '...461, 581
Butler, B. P., nomination for
president indorsed..  468
Butler, W.O  18
Butte, W. R    _. 44
Butte county convention, resolu
tions in "1865  :  - 215
Butterfield, C. W  10
vote for,for superintendent of
public instruction  -  11
Butterfield, R  468, 472
Butterworth, Samuel...   316

Button. R. W    — 575
Byers, J. D  455, 469, 472, 473
Byers, John C   280, 281
Byington, H. "W.  
 368, 409, 430, 455, 472, 542
Bynum, Sarshall  30
Byrne, H.H   19
Byrne, J. K  .  176; 179, 298
Gadwaladee, Geo,.—.  126, 293
Caine, P. P  99
vote for, for treasurer..  109
Caldwell, J. I   .410, 414
Caldwell, John .-  100, 123
California volunteers, resolu
tion on  206
Calvin, M. J. C  .  818
Cameron, — .  437
Carainetti, A.. ..422, 546, 552, 569, 582
vote for, for congressman. .671, 594
commended as congressman ..- 576
passage of debris bill urged 
.—"....   .  578, 592
jute bill indorsed..  580
Camp, Herraan  65
Carap, J. B  590
Campaign speakers in 1872. ..320, 321
Campbell, Alex  : 
 100, 126, 176, 393, 395, 410
Campbell, Alexander, Jr 
  330,409, 413
vote for, for justice of suprerae
courfj   .-421
Campbell, Charles  . 8
Campbell, F. M  409, 444
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction  421
Campbell, J. B  353, 418, 421
Campbell, J. C. .518, 550, 661, 565, 592
vote for, for congreaaman  533
Campbell, Thos   185
CampbeU, Thorapson  207
union resolutions offered by... 201
Camron, W. W.  472
Canfield, W  318
Cannon Marion  684, 586, 588, 591
vote for, for congressman  594
Oaperton, W. W    111
Capp, C. S    410
Oappleman, C.   302
Carey, James C.    349
Carey, John T   524
Caruthers, J. H   334
Carothers, Thos. L. .445, 552, 553, 561
vote for, for congressman  472
Carpenter, G. J  
320, 321 326, 350, 362, 419, 420, 438
vote for, for congressman  '.. 364
vote for, for raUroad commis
sioner...  ...421, 453
resolution on as railroad com
missioner  .'..  457
Carpenter, R. B.-.;.537, 550, 561, 591
Carpentier, H. W   10, 42, 100
Carr, Byron 0    455
Carr, Ezra S  340, 349, 355
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction  356

INDEX.

671

Carr, Jesse D.   
...13, 80,-88, 124, 126, 197, 422, 684
Carr, M; D  ..172,266, 802
vote for, for printer   180
Carr, Thomas H..  437
Carrj William B  509
Carrick, J. R..-   675
Carrington, J. D   814
Carroll, N    44
Carson, Wm   592
Cartter, Geo. H    68
Casey, B. W  -  278
Casey, James P  .   69
Cass, Lewis  18
CasseU, G. H  422
Casserly, Eugene 
. — 19, 32, 41, 88, 106, 114, 117,
120, 178, 224, 226, 268, 267, 288,
¦ 297, 816, 321, 323, 350, 353, 361, 389
Cassidv, Samuel  430
Castle," Geo. H.   547
Castro, Guillerrao  97
-Ca,stro, Juan B  302, 319, 358, 862
Castro Manuel A. ...^   68
CasweU, W. A...  632
Gathers, James   65
CatUn, A. P. 68, 81, 88, 124, 126, 126,
328, 329, 830, 334, 349, 409, 443, 473
vote for, for justice of supreme
court    421
Caton, P. E  586
Cator, T; V   ....560, 590
vote for, for congressraan  671
Cator, Mrs. T. V   691
¦Caucus, decisions in, to rule  88
'Cavanaugh, J. P  402
vote -for, for member of board
of equalization  :  421
Cavis, J. M..  313, 318, 320, 340
vote for,- for lieut.-governor ... 355
Cazneau, T. N  -.55, 115,
176, 197, 200, 209, 226, 267, 284, 292
-Center J   ..238, 289
Central mail route, resolution
demanding  -  98
-Central Pacific R. R. Co., resolu
tion on rights and duties of.. 337
(.See also. Railroads.)
•Chamberlain, C. H    76
Charaberlain, W. H.  61
Chambers, Judge  13^
Chambers, Benj. J  426
Chadboume, P. S   591
Chandler, A. L  469
Chapin, Dr. S. F    474
•Chapman — .   547
Chapman, J.P   532
Chappel, J. N   281
Charles, J. M   414
Charleston convention, resolu
tion not to send delegates to. 110
aotion of delegates repudiated. 121
'Chase, E. M  --.  -- 556
vote for, for surveyor-general.. 570
Chase, Levi..-  .-  418
¦vote for, for lieut,-governor  421
.Chase, S. H. .-   '79, 179
union resoluti'ns offered by 147, 154

Chase, S.P  67, 561
Chase, Warren  .....394, 452
vote for, for congressman  453
Chauncy, D. M   9
Cheesman, D. W. 
..65, 76. 88, 93, 97, 98, 99, 109, 110
vote for, for lieut.-governor... 84
Chellia,J. F  109,17 6, 195, 319
vote for, for lieut.-governor ... 180
Chenery, Richard. 44, 76, 240, 288, 292
Cheney, W. A  424, 430, 454, 469
Cherry, John W  -  424
Chester, Julius  394
Chetwood, John  19, 21
Childs, WilUara, resolution in
dorsing speech by Douglas.. 151
Chinese, peddling licenses should
not be granted to...:  897 ¦
entitled to protection  298
Chinese iramigration, anti-Chi
nese conventions  479, 480
raeraorial to congress   481
resolutions adopted-.-  479, 502
resolution favoring iraraigra
tion -   293
resolutions on preventing, ta
bled  122
question in politics of 1867  241
resolutions opposing . . 
23, 249, 265, 285, 290, 299, 300,
307, 327, 334, 352, 357, 860, 861,
363, 379, 385, 400, 405, 412, 416,
423, 425, 428, 429, 432, 442, 454,
459, 467, 471,479, 502, 515, 520,
525, 540, 544, 552, 562, 567, 574, 577
Hayes' veto of bill denounced. 423
(See also, Imraigration.)
Chinese Labor, public supplies
proraised to be of white labor 528
Chinese Six Corapanies, appeal
for protection in San Fran
cisco   871
Chipman, John L   59
Chipraan, N. P  537, 560, 564, 591
Chronicle (San Francisco), urges
forraation of new party . - . . 393
Chubb, 0. T   ....'..-386, 402
vote for, for member board of
equalization   '.  421
Church, A. M    479
Church, Geo. E   477
Churchill, E. B   532
Churchraan, Jamea 
 22, 32, 34, 42, 45. 61, 110, 116
vote for. for congressman  38
Chute, Richard  36.3,430, 472
Cincinnati deraocratic platform,
indorsed   
. 72, 88, 100, 105, 110, 111, 120, 166
Civil fund, claim of state to  14
refunding of  20, 36
Civil rights biU. veto of  237
Civil aervice reform, resolutions
favoring   332,
357, 359, 484 442, 536, 555, 574, 580
Civil war, abolition of slavery
by, condemned...   187
resolution conderaning.  208

672

INDEX.

Civil war — continued.
resolution fa-voring prosecu
tion of.'.   .--¦ 184
resolution of gratitude to states
men and soldiers ..'  220, 230
resolution of rejoicing in cessa
tion of.....    224
resolutions of Breckinridge
deraocrats concerning  189
union party resolutions  194
what ia essential for closing ... 187
(/See afeo, Reconstruction, Union
Resolutions.)
Clark, A. G  -  419, 426
vote for, for governor  421
Clark, Anson  400
Clark, C. .4  41
Clark, Chas. T   586
Clark, D. C   669
Clark, P. J  .-  413
vote for, for aurveyor-general.. 421
Clark, J. B   375, 428, 480
Clark, J. R   -..65,76, 99
vote for, for controller.  109
Clark, J. S.-..   586
Clark, John   452
vote for, for justice of supreme
court    -- 453
Clark, Joseph  547, 583
Claik, Jubal...-  .L. 582
Clark, L. B  '... 401
vote for, for treasurer  — . 421
Clark, R. C   153
Clark,W. 0,. 420, 426, 431, 506, 531, 636
vote for, for treasurer...  421
vote for, for congressman  633
Clarke, S. J  178, 205, 220, 294
Clarkson, H. C   301
Clayes, O.M    195
vote for, for printer  ,  201
Clayton, Chas  249, 318, 363, 445
vote for, for congressman  321
vote for, for harbor corarais
sioner   267
vote for, for railroad commis
sioner. .   453
Clayton, James A  ..410, 420, 542
vote for, for raeraber of board
of equalization ... ,   421
Clayton, M. P   507
Clayton, P. H  70
Clayton-Bulwer treaty, abroga
tion demanded  .. 468
Cleveland, Grover  644, 579, 584
adrainistration indorsed 
 ...—  .519,548, 576
adrainistration arraigned  539
indorsed for presidency 546, 582, 583
vote for.  -472,552, 594
Cloud, J. J  179
Clough, G. G  562
Clunie, Thomas J  
...- 415, 419, 424, 460, 518, 546, 569
vote for, for congressman ......
 421,553, 571
Clute, M. B  176
Coast defense, improvemeut of. . 621
Cobb, H.A  116, 200

Cochran, J. M   199«
Cochrane, J.D   31'6
CockriU, T. G...:.  316
Coey, Janies   280
Poffey, /araes V   394, 569-
vote for, for justice of supreme
court---  570-
Coffroth, James W  17,
18, 24, 82, 33, 42, 43, 68, 81, 102,
m, 176, 178, 179, 19.7, 200, 208,
•m, 211, 224, 226, 263, 267, 284,
286, 289, 292, 298, 303, 314, 316, 319-
vote for, for congressman 
 212, 268, 288, 311
Coggins, Paschal  ^  62, 320
reconatniction resolutions by.. 273
vote. for, for congressman  321
Coghlan, John M....281, 310, 318, 320
yote for, for congressman  311
vote for, for congressman  321.
Cohn. B   547'
Colby, G. W..26, 33, 44, 45, 70, 90, 92.-.
Coldwell, G. W   .—426, 431
ColdweU, T. A   291
Cole, Cornelius  49,61,65,
76, 94, 97, 99, 126, 195, 211, 214,
237, 239, 240, 318, 393, 410, 413, 414 -
vote for, for clerk of supreme
court  : 74
vote for, for congressman  201
indorsed as congressman  207
Cole, D. T   ..566, 575, 591
vote for, for member of board
of equalization   570 ¦
Cole, N.T    ... 549
Cole, R. Beverly  316, 319, 328
Coleman, C. 0   353
Coleraan, Cyrus   314
Coleraan, Jaraes V   568, 581
Coleman, W. T  
 224, 226, 239, 283, 417, 509 •
Coles, J. L   451, 463
vote for, for congressraan  453
Colfax, Schuvler  
 ..274, 275, 276, 280, 286, 288
Colgan, E.P   565
vote for, for controller  570
College league, republican, wel
come to   591
Collier, W. B   532
Collins, George D   565
CoUins, Henry  686 '¦
vote for, for congressman  594
Collins, James...  ...174, 195
Colored men. (See Negroes.)
Colton, D. D  ...123, 178, 179, 185
refusal to unite in call for union
convention...  183
Committee of safety, organized
in San Francisco  . 374
Compromise raeasures by con
gress, approval of  14, 21
Corastock, E   410 •
Condia, J   364
Cone, B. B  :   :... lo
vote for, for attorney-general.. 11
Cone, Joseph S  409
vote for, for r.ailroad commiss'r 421 -

INDEX.

673

Confederate soldiers, scheme to
equip in Califomia  204
Confederate states, resolution
urgingrecognitionof,155 164, 166
(See also, EeconstructioH, Civil
War, Union Resolutions.)
Congar, 0. H  ._.  473
Conger, C. C    383
Congress, ' 'back-pay -steal' ' 
 327,332, 351
power to pass election laws  405
denouncement of the "billion-
dollar"   580
(See also. Reconstruction, An
drew Johnson.)
Congressmen, vote for in 
1849, 5 ; 1851, 15 ; 1852, 23 ; 1854,
38; 1856, 74; 1858, 95; 1859,
108; 1861, 180; 1863,201; 1864,
212; 1867,268; 1868, 288 ; 1871,
311; 1872,821; 1875, 356 ; 1876,
364; 1879,421; 1882, 453 ; 1886,
538; 1888,553; 1890, 571 ; 1892, 594
Conklin, A. R.  -.
 430, 443, 469, 472, 550, 561
. vote for, for lieut.-governor  453
Conklin, W. H.  435
Conkling, Roscoe   561
Conn, "W. A    ..298, 303
Connelly, D. W   77, 111, 123
Conner, P.E   123,176, 280
Conness, John  
.r  23, 70, 73, 90, 101, 102,
120, 123, 178, 179, 214, 235, 240) 244
resolution in assembly by  150
vote for, for lieut.-governor ... 108
vote for, for governor  180
indorsement of, as U. S. sena
tor    207, 210
support of Gorharu  242
opposition of "long hairs"  243
extract from Uniou  243
Connolly, P    435
Conroy, M. C...  ...314,834, 430
Conscription law indorsed  202
Constitution, 1849, vote on  4
changes in, deprecated  25
resolution ou adoption by pop
ular vote  73
Constitution, 1879, vote on adop
tion of.   ..... 393
amendment providing for state
text-books approved  459, 470
Constitution, federal, true con
struction of  189
fourteenth araendment to, in
dorsed   239
fifteenth amendment to, op
posed   ,.-..  290
amendments accepted as settle
ment  298
amendments, enforcement of.. 336
(,See also. New Constitution.)
Constitutional convention, rela
tive to calling of.   ,.. 76
calling-of, favored  ^124, 351
vote on question of  84
vote for, in 1849  109

Constitutional convent'n, 1878-9,
fusion of parties to elect del
egates    381-383
nominations ....^  389
list of delegates...  :  390
session of    393
Contracts for labor, resolution on
raaking foreign, valid  23
Controller, vote for 
 1851,15; 1853, 29; 1865,
50; 1857, 84; 1858, 95; 1859-,
109; 1861,180; 1863,201; 186'r,
267; 1871,311; 1876, 855 ; 1879,
421; 1882,458; 1886,532; 1890, 570
Convention, federal, calling Of,
urged   136, 149, 150
(See also. Union Resolutions.)
Conventions, American ("know-
nothing").... 
1855, 42, 60 ; 1856, 62, 67 ; 1867, 81
American party  ..
....1886, 527; 1888, 547; 1890, 556
anti-Chinese  ...479, 480
anti-monopoly  1884, 466
deraocratic... 
- — 1849, 1; 1851, 11; 1852, 17,
21 ; 1853, 24 ; 1864, 29 ; 1 85-i, 39 ;
1856, 54, 70; 1867, 76; 1858, 88,
90; 1859 (anti-Lecompton),
99, (Lecompton), 103; 1860
(anti-Lecompton), 110, (Le
compton), 111, (Douglas), 119,
(Breckinridge), 123; 1861,165,
(union),176; 1862 (union), 185,
(Breckinridge), 188; 1863,
197; 1864, 208, 211; 1865, 224;
1867, 263; 1869, 289; 1871, 297;
1872, 314; 1873, 326; 1875, 350;
1876, 358, 361; 1879, 415; 1880,
422; 1882,431; 1884, 455 ; 1886,
518; 1888,542; 1890,566; 1892, 575
farmers' conference, 1886... 524, 525
free soil democrats, 1852..  23
grangers', 1882, 452; 1886, 624, 525
greenback labor party. 
 ..1880, 426; 1882 451
independent, 1875   341
irrigation: Riverside...  478
Fresno..-  _..  4'77
San Prapcisco. .   507
national union, 1866   238
new constitution  411
people's independent  329, 341
people's party.. 1891; 586; 1892, 688
prohibition  1855, 4, 5, 47;
1875, 354; 1879, 419; 1880, 426;
1882, 446, 447; 1884, 463; 1886,
504; 1888,533; 1890,553; 1892, 684
republican  1866,
69, 64; 1857, 74; 1858, 93; 1859,
97; 1860, 109, 116; 1861, 173;
1867, 259; 1868, 286; 1869, 292;
1871, 306; 1872, 312; 1873, -325;
1'876, 385; 1876, 356, 362; 1879,
404; 1880, 424, 428; 1882, 488;
1884,-454,469; 1886,513; 1,888,
537, 550; 1890, 561: 1892, 671, 591
settlera' and miners ,  44, 83

674

INDEX.

Conventions — continued.
temperance. (See Prohibition.) ¦
union partv  1860, 124;
1862,184; 1868,194; 1864,205,
209; 1865, 220; 1867, 246; 1868, 278
united labor   1886, 626
whig   1861,
12; 1862, 16, 19; 1853, 26; 1854, 34
workingraen's  
1878, 377, 383; 1879, 396; 1880, 424
Cook, Carroll..  472
Cook, Elisha   116
Cook, Geo. B   592
Cook, J. C    68
Cook, Jesse  -.  461
Cooke, M. E..-  ..42, 65
Coolies. (See Chinese.)
Coorabs, Nathan.-   207, 281
Coombs, Thos. H.....  70
Coorabs, W. S.  _..  269
Cooraba, Wm. H   437
Cooney, M   571
Cooper, — .  550
Cooper, S   210
Cooper, Stephen ._-  431
Cooper, 'William 8  65
Co-operation, reaolution favoring 515
Cope, W. W.  .-104, 239, 264
vote for, for juatice of supreme
court  '.  108
Copperheads, union resolution on 196
Cora, Chas.-  69
Corbett, E.W    319
Corcoran, H. J  546, 566
Corcoran, J. M   623
Corcoran, William   — - 419
Cornwall, N.C  ,...  481
Cornwall, P. B..116, 409, 430, 446, 469
Cornwell, George N   360
Coronel, Antomo F 
  123, 127, 266, 302, 850
vote for, for treasurer  267, 311
Corporations, state regulation of
¦ .-  :-..  351,360,434, 439
(See also. Gas, Railroads, etc.)
Cosby, -J. D.-.  68
Cosner,. Robt.   54'7
Couch, H. M....   468, 472
Couch, Jas.- A.   283
Coulter, Geo    88
Councilman, B. W  
union resolutions offered by .. 152
County officers, passage of act for
election of.'.j...^..-  6
Gouts, C. J......  ...-  77
Covarrubias, J; M;  18, 24, 65, 70
Covarrubias, N. A.   584
Covillaud, C. J  536
Cowdery J. P  321, 334, 349
Cowell, Henry   430
Cox, Dr. H  862
Cox, Thomas.   65, 66
Crabbe, H. A   17, 19, 37
Craddock, J ease H  266
Crafts, Geo. H    591
Craig, C.W   ...424, 430, 518
Crandall, J.R  49, 81
vote for, for treasurer  84

Crane, A. M  .99, 175, 176, 195
Crane, G. T   283
Crane, G. W   37, 211
Crane, J. M   34
Crane, L. T   469
Crane, Lauren E. ...305, 825, 349, 413
vote for, for controller  355
vote for, for secretary of state.. 421
Crane, W.H  ^  409
Crane, W. W., Jr.. ..210, 212, 310, 375
Crank, J. F...    445, 472
Crary, O.B    207
Cravens, R. 0.._199, 292, 316, 435, 460
vote for, for controller  20i
Crawford, J. N   586
Crawford County plan, primaries
on 292
Creaner, Chias. M...— -1112^00, 208
Creighton, James   42
Crenshaw, J. T   30, 70, 203
Cridge, A    364
Crigler, J. C...  197, 302, 886, 401
Crist, R. F    575
Crittenden, A. P  
 10, 22, 165, 172, 173, 188
vote for, for attorney-general.. 11
Crittenden, John J  148,
161, 152, 153, 156, 159, 169, 170
Crittenden-Montgoraery bill in
dorsed   92
Crittenden's plan restoring Mis
souri compromise indorsed
 - 148, 151, 152, 153, 164, 159
Crocker, Charles  99, 370, 377
union resolutions introduced
by    137
relief of laboring men' in S. P.. 377
Crocker, Charles F  456, 542
Crocker, E. B   47, 49,
59, 61, 64, 66, 75, 76, 93, 94, 99, 174
Crocker, H. S    176
Crockett, J. B 
124, 127, 208, 267, 291, 326, 328, 835
vote for, for congressman  212
vote for, for justice of supreme
court  295
Cronin, Daniel   1
Cronise, W.H   328
Crooks, Edwin W   . 465
Cross, C. W. _  ..401, 413, 420, 424
vote for, for attorney-general. 421
Crossette, G. H. ..42, 78, 389, 415, 480
vote for, for printer   50
Crossette, W, C  . . 294
Crouch, T. C  1 26 ^
Crowe, S. B.   ._. 481
Crowhurst, Wm  .^  451, 466
vote for, for congressman  473
votefor, for supreme court clerk 453
Crozier, R. G  iQ
Crutcher, W. M  414, 420, 438
vote for, for member of board
of equalization  453
Cuba, resolution favoring acqui
sition of.    120
CuUedge, C     _ 22
Culver, O.B   532
Culver, Wm. H  68, 207, 238, 239

INDEX.

675

Cummings, H.,76, 99, 174, 176, 409, 451
vote for, for railroad commis- 453
sioner   453
Cunningham, Lewis.. 65, 99, 173, 325
Cunningham, N. C  44
Curreijcy, issuance of additional
 -.—  585, 589
opposition to paper raoney  199
Curry, John  
26, 34, 48, 92, 94, 102, 107, 196, 249
vote for, for governor  108
vote for, for justice of supreme
court   ..95, 201, 268
Curry, N...   468, 472
Curtin, A. G    280
Curtis, Edward   547
Curtis, J. C  ...   44
Curtis, J. S  ...198, 209, 226
Curtis, N. Greene  321, 518
;resoIution by, on cause of sec
tional difficulties   150
Curtis, Tyler  :.  816, 819
Curtis, "Vif. P    65
Curtis, W. J   569
vote for, for congressraan  571
Cuthbertson, W. J  452
vote for, for surveyor-general.. 453
Cutter, Jas. H   266
-vote for, for harbor corarais
sioner   267
Cutter, W. M  417, 418
Cutting, John T.   542, 565
vote f:or, for congressman.  671
Cuvillier, B. C.   547
Dagobtt, a. a., 531, 547, 549, 650, 656
vote for, for attorney-general.. 532
vote for, for congressman  553
Daggett, John -124, 173, 191, 200,
226, 267, 814, 315, 316, 319, 486, 565
vote for, for lieutenant-gov
ernor  -  453
resolution of Stockton conven
tion  -.-.-  : 457
Daingerfield, W. P.—  .¦.. 289
Daly, R. H..  68, 125
Dam, H. J    414
Damon, W.C  506
vote for, for railroad commis
sioner  '588
Dana, C. W...  .-  -..445, 452
vote for, for member board of
equalization   453
Dana, Chas. A...  186
Danforth, E. P   642
Dann-, P. P.... -246, 246, 334, 428, 430
Dannals, C.W   390
Dare, John T  ...419, 446, 650, 675
Dargie, W. E  469
Davies, Wm. A  444
vote for, for controller  453
Davis, E. A..... 363, 426, 454, 481, 513
Davis, E. W  — 592
yote for, for congressman  594
Davis, Horace  408, 410, 430,
431, 438, 446, 455, 469, 472, 481, 502
vote for, for congressman 
......'.   364, 421, 431

Davis, Isaac  16, 17,
Davis, Isaac B   
Davis, J. C   91,
Davis, Jefferson 
resolutions relative to punish
ment of  
Davis, Jerome C 
Davis, John F   571,
vote for, for congressman 
Davis, P. E  
Davis, Preston R 
Dawes, John G  
Dawley, L N  .41, 69, 92,
vote for, for controller  
Day, J.G   ...366,
Day, J. M    81,
Day, Sherman  26, 29, 70, 103,
vote for-, for supt. of pub. in
struction 
Day's work. (See Labor.)
Dayton, William L  65,
Deal, M. S  -   313,
Dean, Peter 
Debt, National, resolution on
payment of 279, 360, 427, 467,
payment in gold favored 
Debt, State, aclaiowledgmeut of,
payment recommended 
vote on payraent of... 
Deering, A. -88, 90, 120, 176, 179,
Deering, R. H  
Deeth, Jacob  194, 207,
De Haven, J. J  445, 552, 560,
vote for, for congreasraan..453,
vote for, for justice of suprerae
court   : 
DeHaven, W. N.. 
DeJamett, W. H   
De la Guerra, Pablo ._ 56, 70, 122,
votefor, for lieut.-governor 
De la Montanya, Jaraes 
Delano, A.-.  
Dela Torre, P   
Delegates, election by priraaries
favored  
selection by county coraraittees
condemned 
De Long, A. A. ...   116,
De Long, C. E; 
..:- :... 103, 123, 163, 177, 178,
union resolution introduced by
Delmas, D. M  
Del Norte county, deraocratic re
solutions in  :.-¦ 
Del VaUe, R-. P.,  
....422, 480, 463, 518, 542, 569,
vote for, for congressraan 
vote for, for lieut.-^vernor 
Democratic conventions, 1849, 1 ;
1851, 11; 1852, 17, 21; 1853, 24;
1854, 29; 1866, 39; 1856, 54, 70;
1867, 76; 1858,88, 90; 1859 (an
ti-Lecompton) 99; (Lecomp
ton) 103; 1860 (anti-Lecomp
ton) 110, (Lecompton) 111,
(Douglas) 119, (Breckinridge)
123; 1861, 166, (Union) 176;
1862, (Union) 185, (Breck-

42
260 179
232 232
281 592
594

179 95
372
280 309 29 74
317 349525357 78
82 84
294 22
281564
563570317
419 127 5
186
834 70
522

185
179 130
456

576473570

676

INDEX^

Deraocratic conventions — continued.
inridge) 188; 1863, 197;
1864, 208, 211; 1866, 224;
1867, 263; 1869, 289; 1871, 297;
1872, 314; 1873, 326; 1875, 350;
1876, 358, 361; 1879, 415; 1880,
422; 1882, 431; 1884, 455; 1886,
518; 1888, 542; 1890, 565; 1892, 575
Deraocratic party, organization
in California   2
meeting- in San Jose for organi
zation   .... 6
division in, in 1852,  ^'. .. 16
in 1854,  ...4... 2&
plan for compromise  37
harmony restored  39
Broderick and anti-Broderick
factions   73
responsibility for financial dif
ficulties. ..  82
division on Kansas question.. 85
anti-Lecompton movement, 96, 97
attempt at harmonizing of, in
1860  110
division on Douglas and Breck
inridge  ,  113, 117
alliance of Douglas and Breck
inridge wings. .;.  ...156, 159
Liudley's call for committee
meeting in 1861   160
raeeting of Breckinridge cora
mittee   161, 162
meeting of the Douglas Com
mittee   ,  162
efforts at fusion of Breckin
ridge and union wings  l83
origin of    188
sympathy for the confederate
cause..  203
coalition with "short hairs" .. 223
delegatea to national conven
tion, 1866  -"....  239
division of in 1871  297
indorsement of Greeley  317
coalition with Uberal republi-
cansinl872  319
opposition to liberal moveraent
in 1872  -  320
reasons urged for not entrust
ing government to  857
proposed fusion with new con
stitution -party  420
(See also, 'Union - Deraocratic
Party.)
Democratic platforms  
1S49, 2 ; 1862, 22 ; 1858, 24 ; 1854,
31, 33; 1855, 40; 1856, 56, 72;
1857, 77; 1858,88,91; 1859, 100,
105; 1860, llO, Ul, 120; 1861,
165, 172, 177; 1862, 186, 188;
1868, 198; 1864, 208; 1867, 264;
1868, 284; 1869, 289; 1871, 298;
1872, 315; 1873, 326; 1876, 860;
1876, 359, 361; 1879, 4l5; 1880,
42'3; 1882, 431; 1884, 456; 1886,
519; 1888, 643; 1890, 566; 1892', 576
"Deraocratic Press," destruction
of   ... 213

Democratic atate central com
mittee, members of  4--..
26, 31, 33, 79, 90 (Lecomp
ton), 92 (Douglas), 103 (anti-
Lei-ompton), 106 (Lecomp
ton), 124 (Breckinridge), 173,
191, 200, 226, 303, 316, 328, 417, 435
resolution adopted by  ,-- 282
resolution on selection of dele
gates to constitutional con
vention    ,  382
Democratic vote. (See Election
Returns, Presidential Elec
tions.)
Denio, C. B   -..310, 341
vote for, for congressman  356
Denison, BUS  466,472, 642, 575 -
Denraan, James   _-100, ll4 '
Denny, J. B   518, 531
vote for, for controller  532
Denson, S. C.   443, 454
vote for, for justice of supreme
court  :  458
Dent, G.W   ....73, 77
Dent, Lewis,   5
vote for, for congressman  5, 6
Denver, A. 'St.C  ...12;^, 199
Denver, Frank...  .— 179
Denver, Jaraes W   18,
22, 30, 37, 70, 96, 104, 115, 120, 156
letter defining position...  116
vote for, for congressman  38
Desert land bill, condemned.... 898
Devlin, Robert T   473, 480
Devoe, Jaraes B   13, 77
Dewey, A. T.  468, 472, 526
Dewey, John  636
DeWitt, R,0   289, ,302
vote for, for controller  311
Dej^ter, P. S  .   116
De Young, Charles, shooting of
Kallock,  .-  420
kUled by I. M. Kallock  421
DeY'oung, M. H   .642, 574
Dibble, A. B   ....
 44, 67, 123, 176, 200, 283,
284, 288, 828, 859, 416, 417, 418, 431
vote for, for congressman  74
Dibble, Henry C.   561
Dick, John  59, 61, 65, 293
Dickey, Ellison  10
Dickinson, iJaiiiel S.  .  UO
indorsed for presidency  . . 112
Dickinson, JohnH  ..429, 513
Dickinson, W. L   532
Dickson, J. W. B.   314
Digna, Osraan.. ..  _ 496
Difion, H. c  .":::::- 586
Diraraick, K. H    7
vote for, for congressman  6
Dimond, WiUiam H. .
^. -  -517, 537, 642, 556,"56i; 591
Dinsmore, E. F   480
Dithraar, A. C.  -."".11' " 518
vote for, for raera'ber of board
equalization  53^
Division of the state, resolution
against  sgg

INDEX.

67V

Dix, General..    239
Dixon, Wm. L    560
vote for; for surveyor-general 670
Doak, J. K  349, 426, 430, 464
Doak, J. N.  i   90
Dobbins, Dr  460
Dodge, W.W  ..310, 834, 341 363
Doherty, John  .. 179
Doll, j. G..-.  .  90
DoUison, J. K   422
"Dolly Varden" party. 1  3^4
Donahoe, M.J  549
Donahue, Peter  ^ 
....111, 179, 314, 319, 321, 853, 859
Donahue, W. M   437
Donelson, Andrew J. ..68, 69, 70, 74
Donnelly, E. F  592
Doolan, R. P    58-:J
Dooling. M. T  ..546, 575, 681, 684
Doolittle,—  239
Dore, Benjamin...   281
Dore, John S.  .686, 589, 590, 591
Dorn, D. S    576
Dorney, P. S  - -  386
Dorrance, H. T  335, 363, 389, 429
Dorsey, Caleb,. ..68, 328, 358, 394, 413
vote for, for juatice of supreme
court   421
Dosh, S.H.   42; 59, 123
Dougherty, J., union resolutions
offered by.  -  141
Dougherty, O. R  556, 560, 584, 686
vote for, for congresa-raan..571, 594
Douglas, Stephen A, 
..16, 18, 86, 87, 90, 95, 110, 116,
117, 118, ll9, 126, 134, 144, 161, 152
resolution adverse to, tabled.. 113
support given to   113
condemnation of  114
address in Herald favoring  114
noraination indorsed  120
electioii returns for   127
resolution on death of  176, 177
Douglas and Breckinridge, divis
ion in jarty on   .... 117
Douglas Deraocratic conventions
I—  -.-  .90, 119
Douglas democrats. (See Demo
cratic Party.)
Douglas electors, votefor  127
Douglass, David P  -. .--
 6,12, 19, 26, 87, 45, 80, 172
Downes, J. S  28l
Downey, J. G   SO, 88,
104, 118, ll4, 126, 178, 199, 209,
211, 212, 289, 292, 298, 814, 315,
316, 326, 350, 361, 394, 895, 401, 410
vote for, for lieut.-governor  108
administration indorsed  122
letter to union raass meeting.. 164
address in 1863  '  200
vote for, for governor  201
sketch of  599
Downey, Joseph T  -  1
Doyle, JohnT  .211,212, 462
vote for, for railroad corarais
sioner    453
Dred-Scott deci sion  75

Dred-Scott decis'n approved. Ul, 114
resolution on    lOl
Dresser, P. E  188
Drew, J. C  ..:   590
Drew, M. M  — .. 410
vote for, for raember board ' of
equalization   421
Driebelbiss, John A  1  1I2
Dryden, D. A  .   886
Dudley, A. K  334
Dudley, Allen P.-. 
 .42, 104, 123, 124, 126, 127
Dudley, John C   172
Dudley, John S..   li'2, 128
Dudley, W.L 
. .^55, 70, 92, 194', 205, 209, "220, 247
vote for, for congressman  95
Duelists, oppoaition to cahdi-
daov of  49
Dufty, Ifas. A.....  ..318,314, 340
Dumont, Joseph   283
Duncan   '..'... 378
Duncan, Alex   549, 553
Duncan, J. C  123
Duncombe, Dr. C  184
Dundon, P. P  583
Dunker, C   552
Dunlap, Presley.   199, 301
vote for, for aurveyor-general.. 201
Dunn, Alexander. 1  487
Dunn, Chauncey H  
 536, 553, 556, 560, 584, 586
vote for, for attorney general.. 670
vote for, for congressman  694
Dunn, John P. ..377, 383, 394, 396,
487, 452, 453, 524, 526, 582, 569, 570
vote for, for controller, 458, 532, 570
Dunne, E. P   195
Dunne, P. P....   ..542, 646
Dunphy, Williara-  360, 460
Durfy, P. T  584
Durham, James  532
Durst, D. P  ....55, 104, 176
iDusterberrj'-, Henry...  - 569
vote for, for member board of
equalization.   .. 570
Dutton, S. F   464
Dutton, "Warren  . ...410, 445
vote for, for member of board
of equalization  421
Dwinelle, J. W.  220, 380, 409
DwineUe, Samuel H  326
vote for, for justice of supreme
court  335
Dver, A. J.   248
Dyer, E. H.  868
Dyer, J. P   .'248, 278
Eads Ship railway favored  526
Eager, Thos  '..92', 235
Eagon, John A   -..
172, 390, 409, 424, 430, 472, f&l, 552
vote for, for congressman  553
Eakin, W. A....   298
Easton, A. S  -  44, 309, 349
Eastman, Prank   176, 314
Eastman, J. G  286, 309, 317, 820
Easton, Wm. G  112

678

INDEX.

Eaton, P. W  -  566
Eaton, J. M   461
Eddy, William M  9, 12, 19
vote for, for surveyor-general-. 16
Eden Grange, convention called
by ....'.   -.-524, 625
Edgerton, Calvin --.362, 394, 395,- 429
Edgerton, Henry  
'..- 178, 305, 313, 320, 324, 342,
389, 430, 431, 443, 469, 472, 478, 513
union resolutions introdiiced
by   -..-.. 131
reported by coraraittee  -i 144
vote for, for congressraan. .180, 453
Edholm, M. D  586
- Educati on , should be compulsory
 ,  385, .39'7, 535
practical education of children
  529, 548, 567
(See also. Schools.)
-Edwards, E. J.... _"-  487
Edwards, PrankG  ..'.  l. 419
Edwards, J. S   566
Edwards, P. L   
'.... ... 19, 123, 172, 173, 197, 199
vote for, for congressraan  23
Ed-wards, U   .... 77
Effey, Robert....  469, 513
¦Eichelroth, W. E  460
Ei,ght-hourday. (See Labor.)
Election returns  .1849,
5;.1850, 11; 1851,15; 1852,23;
1853, 29 ; 1854, 38 ; 1855. 50 ; 1356, -
74; 1857, 84; 1858, 95'; 1859,
108; 1860, 127; 1861, 180; 1862,
192; 1863, 201; 1864, 212, 1865,
226; 1867, 267; 1868, 288; 1871,
311; 1872, 321; 1873, 835; 1875,
3.56; 1876, 364; 1879, 421; 1880,
430; 1882, 453; 1884, 472; 1886,
532; 1888, 662; 1890, 570; 1892, 594
Elections, act providing-for gen
eral   -  10
chang'e in time of state  . 15
military interference is con
demned   :  300
federal interference condemned 415
free ballot and fair count de
manded  540
free ballot and fair count  682
Lodge bill denounced.-  566
(Sec also, AustraUan Ballot;
Primary Elections.)
Elective franchise. (See Negro
Suffrage; Suffrage; "Woman
Suffrage. )
Eliason, 'W. A   26
Eligibility to office, restriction of,
'to natives....   -  43
Elliott, G. T 
..-. 330, 402, 428, 430, 452, 466, 553
A'ote for, for congressman  421
vote for, for railroad commiss'r 453
EUiott, L. W  ..586, 558, 584
Ellis, A. J.   16
BlUs, Mrs. A. P.  ...... 464
BUis, Asa, resolutions relative to
the impeachment of Johnson 272

BUis, E.P. W   - 19
Ellia, Moses...  240
Ellis,R  -  249
EUison, J. F   -  542, 561
Ely, Alex    44
My, B. E. S   106, 111
Eraancipation proclaraation, rea-
olutiona indorsing.- 
.—  1  192,193,194, 202
conderanation of    199
Braery, A. S. -....   576
Erainent domain, appropriation
under, deraanded  ..!  468
¦ Endicott, George   10
Endicott, W. H  24, 59
Engelberg, L. B  802
English, James L  
',...  43, 81, 197,199, 200, 861
¦ vote for, for treasurer  84
EngUsh, W. D. 
422, 431, 436, 460, 518, 542, 546, 568
English, Warren B  417, 460, 588
vote for, for congress raan  594
English coraproraise bill accept'd 89
condemned    91, 93
English language, exclusion of
all others in schools  549
voters should be proficient in.. 659
Eno, Henry  26
vote for, for lieut.-governor  28
¦Enos, Johns   424
Enyard, D. A  32
Bqualizatirn, gtate Boafd of,or- ,
ganization, of, favored  294
vote for raembers  ...1879,
421; 1882,453: 1886,633,1890, 670
Escandon, A. G   353, 418
vote for. for treasui-er .'.  421
Esquar, Y.  .   -. 5
Estee, M. M  
205, 310, 321, 334, 349, 363, 364,
389, 443, 454, 469, 504, 686, 542, 574
votefor, for governor  458
EsteU, .Tames M  .—11, 30
EstudiUo, J. G  ..-353, 418
vote for, for treaaurer .'j  355
Eatudillo, J. M  363
Evans, Geo. S  70, 120, 122,
178, 194, 195, 205, 207, 261, 358, 408
vote for, for clerk of suprerae
court    180
Evans, 0. P  ¦ 437
Evelett, S. C  60
Everett, Edward   124
nomination indorsed.  125
Ewer, Seneca...  ...248,250, 342
Ewer, W. B  .._.  99
Ewing, Jaraes T  42
Ewing L   536
Extra session of legislature, 1884,
calling of, approved  456
1886, calling of, denounced 516
Eyre, E. E  __ i64
Fair, W. D     12
vote for, for attorney-general " 15
Fairbanks, H. D   444
Fairbanks, H. T  .  '" 425

INDEX.

679

Fairbanks, J. A  463, 504, 506, 507
vote for, for controller  632
Fairchild, D  128, 172, 188
Fairfax, Ghas. S 
 31, 39, 42, 70, 104, 166, 172, 283
' vote for, for clerk of supreme
court   74, 109, 180
Pall, John 0   12, 19, 37, 61
Fallon, M   ..4, 176
Fallon, Thomas  97, 99, 314, 363
Fargo, P. P.  .76, 176, 179, 195
¦ vote for, for clerk of supreme
court    180
Parish, 'Thoraas E  325
Parley, Jarnes T....  -.64, «8,
. 80, 165, 169, 170, 188, 200, 286,
298, :^il4, 316, 321, 326, 328, 350, 359
Farmers' Alliance, invitation
from prohibition party.  555
Farmers' Convention  524, 525
: resolutions adopted  .  626
Farmers' Union, organization of
in 1872.--   322
. resolutions adopted-,  323
Farnaworth, A  -  26
Farquhar, R. H  184, 250, 263
Farren, W. D   .- . 69
FarweU, Seth B  22
Fay, Caleb T  , 
-..196, 241, 244, 258,.269, 268, 267
Federal . offlcers, interference in
elections condemned  92
Federal relations. (See Uuion re
solutions; Reconstruction.)
Feely, D. 0  588
Feea, payment into treasury
pledged  847
accounting for  ,  380, 396
reduction of, pledged  83
Felch, Alpheus   -.. 41
Felkner, 0. 0  -.,  556
vote for, for congreasraau  571
Pellowa, Hart    173
Felton, Chas. N  
.—314, 363, 472, 4'79, 518, 532, 574
vote for, for congressmau..473, 633
course as congressraan com
mended  .-  587
Felton, John B  1  -214
287, -288, 318, 820, 321, 326, 362, 364
PenneU, M   319
Fenton, R. E...  280
Ferguson, J. W    461
Ferguson, R. D   --  44
Ferguson, W. T   80
Ferguson, Wm. I...,   90
Ferral, Robert  284, 302,
354, 401, 419, 424, 437, 546, 553, 569
¦ vote for, for congreaaman. .553, 671
Ferris, B,. F  •- 248
Fessenheld, David —  390
Field, Stephen J   77, 422
presidential aspirations repu-
diated   -. 460
vote for, for justice of supreme
court  .  84
Fifteenth aniendment, opposi
tion to.-  ,.  -— 290

Pilcher, J. A 
396, 414, 422, 528, 626, 547, 582,
vote for, for railroad commis
sioner,. 
Filkins, C. E  '  126, '305',
Fillmore, Frederick  
Fillmore, Millard 
noraination indorsed 
indorsement of  - 
votefor, for president 
Findley, Thomaa  77, 83,
104, 172, 179, 180, 197, 199, 211,
224, 226, 264, 283, 295, 303, 352,
vote for, for treasurer  
 84, 109,180,
Pines, abolition of punishment
by ...-.- 
Finney, S. J  , 
First political convention 
Fischer, Anthony.. 
Fisher, C. E   
Fisher, GeorgeA..—  409, 426,
Fisk electors, vote for  
Fiske, Thos. S  1. 
Pitch, Henry S   452,
vote for, for congressman.. 453,
Pitch, Thos  ..---  126,
Pitton, Jaraes  i  •.
Fitzgerald, 0. P.... 191, 266, 802,
vote for, for supt. of public in
struction  -.192,268, 812,
Fitzgerald, R. M  
Fitzhenry, E 
Pitzaimmons, H  :  91,
Five per cent law, repeal re
quested ...-...--  ...299,
Flag, raiaing over schools 
Flannagan, M. E   26,70,
Flannigan, L. G   
Fleraing, S   
Pleraraing, S 
Fletcher, Edward P.-...  
Flint, E. P   
Flint, Thomas 
Flint, Wilson  31,100,103
Flournoy, Geo  
Flournoy, Thomas C.  41,
vote for, for controller 
Flower, S   -..
Flynn, J.J    396,
Foard, J. W  ..-  ..
Foley, John  ..422,436,460,
Foley, T  ¦ 
Folger, Francis B   61,
Foote, E. N  
Foote, Henry S  59, 68,
Foote, L. H  - 116, 278, 358,
Foote,.W.W..488, 452, 524, 526,542,
vote for, for railroad corarais
sioner   453,
Forbes, W.J    -
Ford, Charles  _ 
Ford, W.J  
Foreigners, exclusion from office,
(See also, AUens, Chinese. )
Forman, F     42,
Forman, Sands W 
Forrester, P.A  ,  224,

594
533 313389 70
-63 69 74

353
201
385 820 1
386
177 445
553 84
468
473 184 12
853356646 66
100

669 92
584 18
211 3460
466
126
431 203 50 9
460 62
542 88
116 320 79
362 581533179 42
59 43 79
353 226

680

INDEX.

Forster, P. B  266
Fort Suniter, news of attack on.. 162
Foster, O.F   .  460
Foster, James    426, 446
Poster, s: 0  18
Foulke, L. M    209
Fourteenth amendment, indorsed 239
Fowler, 0. B   :  176
Fowler, D. T   590
J'owler, E. B...-  ..464, 507
Powler, feamiiel  464, 536, 556, 586
vote for, for member of board
of equalization..   570
Fowler, Thomas  418, 435, 438
Fox, Ohas. N  340, 428, 430, 564
Francis, G. M    561
Francis, G. W   550,
Franck, P. C   542
Frankenfield, J  _  675
Franklin, J. J    16.5, 172
t'reanor, (j0orge  70, 74
Free ¦ coinaige, resolutions favor
ing  ...616,519,
526, 542, 560, 567, 573, 587, 589, 590
Pree soil democrats, nomination
of electors in 1852...  23
Pyee Trade. (See Tariff. )
Freedmen's bureau bill, veto of,
.:   233, 235
indorsement of action of repre
sentatives   :... 235
disapproval of veto  237
Freedom of speech, rights of  190
Freedom ofthe press  360
Freelon, T. W  115, 226
Freeman, A. C    414
Freeman, B. M  532
Freerrian, F. S  .:....  342, 446
Freeman, J. W  292, 859, 389
Freights, reduction urged  333
oppressive rates of.—.'  344
contract systera denounced  -440
(See also. Railroads.)
Freer, L. D  438, 480
Fremont, John C  ...66, 116
resolution instructing dele
gates for  L  61
noraination ratified..  65
vote for, for president  '74
French, A  88, 104
French, P. G...   281
French, Frank J  309, 426, 455
French, Henry   556, 584
votefor, for treasurer  .  670
Freud, .L R  .394
Frew, Sarauel   531
yote for, for clerk of suprerae
ooprt   '...... 533
Friedlander, Isaac  297,302, 303
Frink, M., Jr  ..93,97, 99.
Frisbie, E    480
Frisbie, J. B....56, 69, 70, 75, 100, 194
vote for, for lieutenant gover
nor --  5
Frost, Wm. P....  422,435, 437
Frye, Jacob  18
Fugitive Slave law  120
Puller, Geo  -.-571, 691

Fuller, J. B  565
Fulweiler, J. M  358, 550
Furber, ffi. G   590
Gapfby John T  524, 532, 669
vote for, for member of board "
of equalization  533, 570
Gage, Henry T  542
Gallager, James C  283
Gallagher, fid  -  9
Gallagher, Geo. W  — 444
Gallv, J. W  422
Galvin, E. R...  316
Ganahl, Frank  123, 179, 362, 364
vote for, for congressman  180
Garber, J. C   386
Gard, W. A   - 178
Gardiner, H. C  81
Gardiner, J. J  179, 195
vote for, for surveyor-general.. 180
Gardner, H. P   -. 586
(Gardner, Robert-. ..207, 309, 340, 518
vote for, for surveyor-general
 --.-  3ll, 355
Garfield, J. A  431, 561, 574
resolution on nomination  429
votefor   430
memorial resolution  489
Garner, J. R    590
Garnett, L. A  547,549, 550, 568
Garoutte, C. H. 430, 445, 472, 560, 564
vote for, for justice of supreme
court   570
Garratt, W. T...   430
Garretson, J. M   481
Garrison, W. R   104
Garst, B  68
Garter, Chas. A  
 293, 390, 430, 518, 531, 550
vote for, for congressman  533
Garter E....   Ul, 120
Gas, regulating r^tes for  347
GaskUl, R. C  210, 455, 513, 537
Gates, H. S   65
Gatewood, W. Jeff.  - 330
Gear, H. L...  287
Geary, John W   1-
vote for, for governor  5, 6
Geary, T. J   .—660,569, 581
commended as congressman-. 576
vote for, for congressman.. 571, 594
Geiger, Vincent E 
 31, 42, 77,79, 88,
90, 104, Ul, 112, 123, 127, 173, 191
Gelwicks, D. W  70,79,
88, 106, 123. 124, 173, 188, 191,
197, 200, 209, 224, 226, 266, 291, 292
vote for, for printer  267
GeramiU, E. 'W.   19
George, Henry   298, 316
George, N    549
George, S. G.   247, 313
Gesford, H. C    418
vote for, for superintendent oi'
public instruction  421
Gibbons, E  124, 125, 126, .3'2'8, 329
Gibbons, R  353
Gibbs, P. A  :.  '_ 281

INDEX.

681

¦<}ibson, B. M. 
vote for, for railrqad commis
sioner   
"Giddings, E  
-Sift, Geo. W 
-Gift, W. W  "."""12,
(Jilbert, E. C  ."_...
vote for, for meraber of board
of equalization  
-Gilbert, Edward 
vote for, tbrcongressraan  5,
-(Gilcrest, S. F. 
¦Gildea, Chas.  301,
yote for, for member of board
of equalization  
¦GiUett, B, C  : 
Gilraore, G. W 
•Gird, Richard  642,
-Gitchell, J. R  55,
vote for, for congressman 
¦Glascock, John R,  424, 437,
¦vote for,£'or congressraan 
 431,453,
¦ Glascock, W. H. 88, 173, 188, 224,
¦ Glaskin, Wm 
¦Olasscock, A. H  
Gieaves. James -M  
¦eienn, H. J  358,413,
discussion on reraoval from
state ticket 
votefor, for governor 
Gloster, D. M  -.
Goad,W.P   -  123,
• Goat Island, opposition to grant
ing to railroad company 
 .316,318,
•Godfrey, J. F  
vote for, for congressman 
¦Goin, T. J  
vote for, for meraber of board
of equaliza.tion 
'Golden, Thomas  
'Gpnzales, M. B 
¦Goodrich, George 
Goodrich, J. V  
•0oods, James C  
 209, 224, 226, 263, 267,
¦Goodwin, A. W  .  . 
Goodwin, Jesse 0..12, 16, 17, 26. 43,
68, 80, 195, 310, 313, 318, 321,
independent candidacy for con
gress — 
¦Goodwin, John D....229, 460, 669,
reconstruction resolution by...
•©oodwin, W. B.  i 
"Goodyear, H. C  
Gordon, D   - 
Gordon, D. E  281,
Gordon, Josiah  
¦Gore, J. -C  - 
-Gorham, CM  
.Gorham, George C  --.
244, 247, 254, 267, 32Q, 335, 404,
¦letter on Chinese iramigration,
-gubernatorial candidacy of 
speech on accepting noraina
tion —   '-  '
opposition to candidacy of, 252,

445458 65
203 55
556570 46
362438
453

571179180
463473226 Ul
359565 418
420 421386316

319428
431452453320358 65
355320 24
341
251 582
229536
556260
314 34
590

409241
242247263

Gorhara; George Ci.— continued.
address to union party.: 
vote for, for governor. 
railroad pledges presented by,
Goucher, G. G    461,
Gough, N. T.  
Gough, W.T 
Gould, A. G...   
Gould, J.G... 
Gould, WUl D...  461, 464,
vote for, for attorney -general..
vote for,for congressman 
Goulding, C. N  
Governor, vote for in 
1849, 5; 1851, 15; 1858, 28;
1856, 50; 1857, 84; 1859, 108;
1861, 180; 1863, 201; 1867,
267; 1871, 3ll; 1875, 355; 1879,
421; 1882, 458; 18,86, 532; 1890,
Governora, biographical sketches
of.-  
Grady, W. D  437, 524
Grahara, Thoraas... 
Graham, WiUiam H  13, 59,
Grain bags, raanufacture at San
Quentin .,.-  
Grammar, G. C   - 
Granger, L. C  65, 199,
vote for, for attorney-general..
Grangers' conventions.. 452, 524,
Grangers, organization of, in 1873,
.-.,   822,
resolutions adopted  
Granniss, G. W   173,
Grant, D. W 
Grant, G. A   98,
Grant, R. A 
vote for, for supt. of public iii^
struction  
Grant, U. S  281,318,
resolutions indorsing-.280,306,
noraination indoi-sed  
votefor...  288,
administration indorsed.-. .293,
protest against administration
of....  
renoraination desired  —
administration condemn'd, 815,
renoraination of.  --.
third-terra question...... 335,
Grattan, C....'   394,410,
Graves, H. S  '.465, 472,'506,
vote for, for congressrpan 
vote for, for treasurer 
Graves, Walker C  
vote for, for attorney-general..
Graves, Wm   547,
Graves, Wra. J  303, 820, 321,
Gray, John   
Gray, M 
Gray, Mrs. M. F 
Gray, Michael    59,
Gray, Thos.  
Grayson, Geo. W  532,
Greeley, Horace  107, 317,
nomination for presidency 
Greeley electors, vote for 
Green, C 

255267407463 60
88
100 10
465453473
464

570 597547
468 70
520 78
414201
525327322 174
409116451
458 561317286321
385300313351.317 339
414 626
453532

570
584389 44
179586
302 819549
318319321
445

682

INDEX.

Green, Chas. E   451, 506
vote for, for member of board
of equalization  453
Green, Christopher  389, 409
Green, P. McD  451, 464
vote for, for meraber of board
of equalization   453
Green, .Taraes...   176, 195
Green, James J.  
.... 179. 186, 18S, 280, 309, 340, 430
vote for, for controller  311, 355
vote for, for raUroad comraia-
sione-r. ...... .....  -. 533
Green, John 0  -  526
Green, T.J  11, 12, 18
Green, W. S.  -.—
172, 199, 417, 438, 476'. 477, 509, 511
reaolution relative to recon
struction  -   268
Greenback rfeetors, vote for  .. .364
Greenback - labor- -party conven
tions!  1880,426; 1882, 461
platform  .   426
Greenback party, resolutions of
state coramittee  392
Greene, -C. E.  210, 2;-i4
Greene, W.E.......  -... 552
Greenough, J. -F  :  586
GreenweU, John   ...386, 401
Gregg, A. J.--- 451, £06, 536, 653, 584
vote for, for meraber of board.
of equalization  583
Gregory, D. S  .....112, 191
Gregory, J. -W..  .....  — 22
Gregory, NeweU  .......... 112
Gregory, U. S   480, 543
Griffin,.G. R....  12
Griffin, P. H... ...-. ....-.-.-. 581
Griffith, Hum phrey. 32, 55, 70, 90,
102, 111, 122, 126, 127,172, 188, 191
Grimes, Brice  —389, 419, 518
Gross, Prank W...  409,444
vote for, for supreme court .
clerk  421, 453
Grosse, Guy E    560
vote for, for treaaurer  570
Grow's land bill, appro-val of  98
Grunsky, C. B...-,...  518
Grunsky,- Charlea'.-  .-'  309
Guerra, Pablo de la. (See De la
Guerra.)
Guinn, Harriaon. (See Gwinn.)
Guinn, J. M  -_  -.. 349
Gunn, L. C   -.65, 76,76, 94-
vote for, for controller  84, 95
Gunnison, A; J  ....'..--.2.38, 334
Gutte, I   1.... 681
Gwin, Williara M 
-  .11, 70, 86,96, 97, 107,
108, 113, 123, 12S, 129, 180, 203, 316
Gwin, WiUiam M., Jr  353
Gwinn, Harrison  197, 328
Habeas Corpus, resolution rela
tive to....   ,   190
suspension of, indorsed  202
right should be inviolable  225
Hagar, George  430,-445

319'-238

231173116-
392.201-311
276-285-301
295- 699
389 569-

Hagen, Albert  
Hager, G. W.... 
Hager, John S.-352, 369, 361, 864,
resolution approving John
son's message.  
Haggin, J. B  113,
Haight, P. M   -76, 99,
Haight, Henry H...  19,
99, 109, 266, 283, 296, 297, 389,
vote for, for justice of supreme
court....    '.
vote for, for governor  267,
declination to send resolutions
to Washington 
resolution indorsing  
administration indorsed... 291,
letter consenting to renomina
tion .   
sketch of   ... 
Haile, R. C. ........ ....292, 353,
Haiiies, A. P  ...
Hale, Jaraes E 
¦ 19, 34, 47, 176, 249, 310, 318, 321,
840, 362, 389, 390, 409, 414, 420, 518-
vote for, for juatice of supreme
court   421
Hale, John P..  23
Hale, 0. A   575
Haley, M..C   435-
Hall,. Benjarain ..    41
Hall, D. T.   1-76
HaU, E. D   12
Hall, E. E  — 549
HaU, H. C  -  ,  569-
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction   670
Hall, J. B   200, 389-
vote for, for justice of suprerae
court  201
HaU, J. -M  586-
HaU, J. T  ...26,29, 33
Halloo. C..67, 68, 81, 88, 104, 113,'. l2a-
HaU, WillianiHara  474, 478-
Halleck, H.- W.  ....:  6, 114
Hallett, Edward   340, 356
-vote for, for secretary of state - 355^-
HalUdie, A'. .S.:.324, 325, 384, 849. 592
Halstead, Pet, vote for,for con
gressman.-,   ....5, 6-
Hambleton, J. D....212, 224, 226, 284
Harably, W.D.J  566
Hamilton, E. M   690
Harailton, Henry  208-
Hamilton, Hiram  -.   691
vote for, for congressraan  594
Hamilton, Jo ..211, 212, 266, 302,
316, 319, 321, 353, 359, 415, 418, 466^
vote tor, for attorney-general
 -267, 311, 865, 421
HamUton, L.   173. 410-
Harailton, Mark D  '. 518
yote foif, for meinber of board
of equalization   533
Hamilton, N.  210-
Harailton, Noble;..  51'7
vote for, for justice of supreme
court    •.... 533
Hamlin, Hannibal  116, lir

INDEX.

683

Haram, S. P  igx
Hammond, E. D  '^_ is
Plamraoiid, H. T  "I "" 435
Hammond, R. P   22,26
104, 106, 114, 118, 122, 126, 127, 172
Hararaond, R. P., Jr., ...575, 682, 694
Hararaond, W.H   543
Harapton, R   —  13
Hampton, R. B    26
Hance, B. M    109
Hancock, G. W  396, 413, .414
:Hancock,. J   '... : 99
Hancock,. W. J. -  _. ._. 566
Hancock,. Gen.. W. S, ....422, 429, 431
votefor. .._    430
Handy, I. S..K  41
Handv, S. K. J.....  90
Hanks, W.JM  532
Hannon, S   .; 632
Hanrahan, D. H    100
Hanscora, S. L   565, 692
Hanson, Geo..M.,61, 75, 94,98, 109,. U6
Hanson, Thos. H   239
Harazthy, Col. -.  188
Harbor coraraissioner,. vote. for,
in 1863, 201; 1867, 267; 1871... 311
-Harbor coraraissioners, resigna
tion of, in 1873   325
Hardenbergh, .J. R  
 31, 77, 90, 218, 220, 480
Harding, J.W.   389
Harding, Thoraas  ..  431
Hardwick, GeorneJU:.--  892
-Hardy, James H    ..
 88, 173,-234, 291, 292, 316, .334
Hardy, J.P   123
Harkness, B   93
Harkness, B. D...  97
Harmer, J.C.-   65
¦Harmon, Jolm B  49, 196
Harp, T..,D.-.   419
Harriman, W..D   195
vote for, for clerk of supreme'
court  201
Harrington, .L T  460, 461
Harrington, W. P  592
.Harris,' H.H  _  582
Harris, J.JH   67
Harris, L. B  301
Harris, M. B  586
vote for, for congressman  694
Harris, P. H._..  34, 104, Ul, 161
resolution indorsing.Crittenden
compromise  . 152
Harris, Stephen R  3, 4, 18
Olarris, T. W  591
Harris, W. A   506
vote for, for congressman ...... 5:-i3
Harrison, -Benjamin  553,. 572, 673
noraination of.-..    660
¦ votefor  -.L.   552, 594
administration commended..:
  -...-.563, 571
administration criticised  566
support pledged to   691
Harrison, Ralph C  560, 664
, vote for, for justice of supreme
court  —   570

Harrison, Robert 
Harrison, T. S.- 
Hart, Augustus L...409, 444, 526,
vote for, for attorney-general..
---  421,
Hart, B. C  
Hart, R.G  
vote for, for railroad commiss'r
Hart, W. H. H   518,
vote for, for attorney -general.. 532
Hartley, H.'h" - -" -'..'''"-20o',
vote i'or, for justice of supreme
court  —201,
Hartson, Chancellor  -... 
.:  205,220,251,278, 287,
vote for, for congressman. .268,
HartweU, S..E....1  
Harvey, J. D   ..575,.
Harvey, 0 bed - 207, 404, 430, 472, 513,
Haskell, D. H   13,
Haskell, L   1
Haskins, -William  
Hastings, E. 0. F.  -.-
Hastinga, L. W., vote for con
gressman  
Hastmgs, R. P  
vote ior,for congressman 
Haatings, S. C  ...4, 12,
vote for, for attorney-general..
'Haawell, C. H  
vote for, for railroad commiss'r
Haswell, C. S  ...65,
Hatch, Asa D.  
Hatch, P. Ij. .   ..197, 200,
Hatch, Dr. F. W 
Hatch, Jackson  569, 575,
vote for, for justice of supreme
court   ... 
Hathaway, A.R  ...'. 
Hathaway, B. W  65, 173, 176,
Haun, Henry P.   
  24,26, 41, 55, 88,
Haven, P. C    
Haven, G. C 
Haven-, J. M    104,
Haven, J. P  34, 113,
Havner, James B  
Hawes, Horace, post-bellum res
olution by  -.. 
Hawkins, H.'R  --.
 68,81,83,124,125,
Hawks, W.W  19,34
vote for, for. clerk of supreme
court   
Hawley, David N  
Haworth, James 
-Hawthorne, J. C  26,
Hayden, Wm 
Hayes, Michael  ..199, 316,
votefor, for.harbor coraraiss'er
Hayes, Rutherford B....365, 428,
noraination indorsed  
vetoes by, conderaned  -.
Hayes electora, votefor...: 
Hayes; Thomas 
106, 123, 124,.178, 191, 209, 211,
Hayes,. William   316,

409
586 661
463
665 666
570 665570267

617
288
319 581591 19
123 2242 5
463473 42 15
569 571 76
23
-209
. 68
583
570590 184112109 99
209
124 532231126 6423
558124 34
178319
201429 363416
364288 319

INDEX.

Haymond, Creed  
 284, 301, 321, 426, 455,
Hayne, B. S.   
Hayne, E. Y 
Haynes, J. P.   Ul,
Hays, John C  .10, 314, 361,
Hayward, A- --   Yli,
Hayward, B.   48,
Heacock, E. H. ._  ..218, 274,
resoiutMisras by, on Stanton and
Jolmson  -  273,
Heald, P.H  
Healey, Lucien B  
vote for, tor surveyor-general..
Hearst, George  
indorsed as senator  545,
Heath, R...... 
Jffieath, Richard.  
Heath, RusseU   ...298,
Heath, W  ...16,
"Heath Amendment," opposi
tion to   521,
Hebbron, J. R   
vote for, for member of board of
equalization 
Hecht, Isaac  358, 592,
Hecht, Marcus H  .469, 472,
Hector, John H   
HeiskeU,T. D  _  -414,
vote for, for raember board of
eciualization  
Helbing, A. ... 
Helm, — . _  
Henderson, C  .—604, 506,
vote for, congressraan 
Hendricks, Thoraas A. -381, 422,
indorsed for vice-uresidency..
Hendricks, W. C....T  ,422, 624,
vote for, for secretary of state..
   532,
Henley, Barclay   362,
364, 419, 422; 430, 438, 463, 479,
yote for congressman  453,
Henley, George W 
Henlev, J  ..11, 22, 24, Ul,
112, 123, 191, 211, 267, 283, 284,
Henry, B. M    88,
Herbert, P; T., 80,42, 49, 70, 77, 79,
killing of Keating by..  ,
vote for, for congressraan 
Hereford, Frank...  80, 178,
Herold Adara  523,
vote for, for treasurer  532,
Herrick, Smith 
-Herring, S.H. 
Herron, Walter 
vote for, for surveyor-general..
Hersey, PhUo G...  
Hershey, D. N   
Hester, C. P  .99, 173,184,
Hetherington, Joseph 
Hewston, Dr.. George  ..... 
Heydenfeldt, B  7.8, 17,
Heydenfeldt, Solomom...'. 
...12, 34, 69, 113, 126, 165,188,
vote for, for judge of supreme
court  
Heydenfeldt, S., Jr  

542546
569 543415
314 49
571276 542 8184
436
567 78
288543 17
625 565570594604636419421
384 874
507 533
428
469

570
518
472 350
288 118181 66 38
234569570 76
364 1315
575460,238 69
466 26
298 15
418

Hickey,C. C  -  250
Hierlihy, T. L   586
Higby, Charles B  280
Higby. WUUara  .-92, 179,
184, 188, 195, 201, 207, 240, 251, 287
expelled from upion demoora-
tic committee.  185
vote for, for congressman.....
  :.  201,212, 268
indorsed as congressman  . 207
renominated for congress-.... 251
Higgins, F. B  94, 99, 178
Higgins, T., vote for, for clerk of
supremecourt.  11
High License. (See Prohibition
glatforms.)--. ... 
ways, private possession of,
"condemned    -- 427
Higley, H. A  73, 77, 104, 172, 203
vote for, for surveyor-general-.
 84, 109, 180
Hilborn, S. G.... 
 409, 426, 430, 445, 472, 592
votefor, for congressman  594
HiU, E. K..  451
vote fbr, for surveyor-general.. 453
HiU, J. A  642
HUl, J. Bryant.-.  28
Hill, J. H    58, 178
Hill, J. N  120
Hill, R.J  205
HiU, Ramon  :...  194
Hill, T. G  460
Hill, Thos   59
Hill, W. J  445
HiU, William McP   314
Hillyer, C. J  76, 99, 174
Hinchraan, A  16
Hinckley, J. C  109, UO
Hines, J. W   .. 586
Hinkson, A. C.  173
Hinkson, J. C  - 88
Hinkson, W. R.-  .:  363
Hitchcock, C. N   50
Hittell. Theodore H  448
Hoag, B. H   586
Hoag, L N  17, 322
Hoagland, WiUiam C  ... 401
vote for, for raember board of
equalization-   421
Hobson, W. D., vote for, for lieu
tenant-governor  ...  355
Hockheimer, A   591
Hoff', J. J   .  73
Hoffman, D. B....  
123, 287, 288, 293, 295, 334, 342, 349
Hogan, B. T    291
Hogan, Henry  682
Hoge, J. P  7b, 73
79, 88, 89, 90, 104, 106, Ul, 114,
117, 119, 122, 123, 162, 176, 179,
200, 224, 226, 239, 268, 264, 267,
282, 284, 289, 292. 298, 308, 316,
319, 326, 328, 350, 353, 361, 389, 417
letter to Breckinridge portion
of state committee,  118
Hogue, L. B    506
vote for, for member board of

INDEX.

685

Hogue, L. B. — continued.
equalization...  633
Hoit, M. P.,  12
Hoitt, IraG  US, 526, 531, 565
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction  533
Holcorab, W. A. -  -  — 249
Holden, Dr. B. S  - 322
Holden, Joshua   . 18
¦Holden, WilUam   45
104, 197, 199, 266, 282, 283, 301, 414
post bellum resolutions by  227
amendraent by, to Hawes' res
olution  -  231
vote for, for lieut.-governor  267
HoU, S. S...  547, 560, 666
vote for. for congressraan  663
Holland, Nathaniel 
184, 185, 194, 196, 205, 209, 248, 287
HoUenbeck, 0. W  429, 430
HoUiday, S. W.  37, 94, 389
Holloway, J. H   452
vote for, for railroad commiss'r 453
Holmes, H. ,  413
Holmes, W. H  479
Holt, L. M  473, 474,476, 609
Holtz, Louis   - 461
Homestead biU indorsed -92, 98, 121
Homesteads, securing of, to set
tlers   -  36
(See also. Lands, Public.)
Hook, G. W  -29, 30, 88, 173, 191
Hooke, T. R  209
Hooker, A. E   ..176, 185
HOoteii, W. J 
90, 104, 106, 123, 124, 173, 188, 191
Hoover, P. J  77
Hope, A. W.  -  8
Hope, Thomaa.  314, 316
Hopkins, C. T.  .- 341
Hopkins, Jarnes, Jr  584
Hopkins, Mark.  62, 76, 94
Hopkins, R.D   124
Hopkins, Sterling A  69
Hopkins, W. R  16
Hopper, Peter J.. 401, 422, 436,456, 460
Hoppe, J.D   8
Hopper, P.J  .-  317
Hopping, W.E...  220
Hornblower, F. A  259
Hornaby, C. C   18
Horstraan, Henry  389
Hossefros, G. H   .- 37, 126
Hotchkiss. A. B   461
vote for, for congreashian  453
Hough, A. M...  556
votefor, for governor  870
Hough, Geo. C   176
Houghton, J. P. —  76,176, 195
vote for, for surveyor-general  180, 201
Houghton, S. O. 295, 310, 311, 318,
320, 341, 363, 390, 408, 409, 410, 430
yote for, for congressman 
_  '  ..,..,..311, 321, 356
Hours of labor. (See Labor.)
Houston, Sam  -  .- 18
Howard, C — ----  ¦^>>°

Howard, Volney E 
59, 112, 113, 114, 165, 394, 410, 413
Howard, W. H   81
Howard, Williaju J   392
Howe, E. P   556
vote for, for congressman  571
Howe, John M    26, 65
Howe, Robert   359
Howe, W, O  ...452, 469
vote for, for congressman  453
HoweU, J    253
Howell John G  309,829, 834
Howell John M  49; 68, 90
Howell, Josiah   249-
vote for, for controUer  267
Howser, B. W  436
Hubbs, Paul K  -3,24,70, 266-
vote for, for superintendent of
publio instruction   29-
Huddart, R. T  -  10
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction...  U
Hudnut, R    — 609-
Hudson, Rodney   569
Hudspeth, J. M  77"
Huerate, L   ...'390
Huestis, W. P. -  281, 389, 390-
Huff, S    426
Hugg, B. P  191
Hugg, R. B....   ..-. 460-
Huggina, H. T  34 77, 79, 100
Hughes, J. W.  569-
Hughes, Thomas E  527
Hull, C. A   524
Hume, Chas. P   -... 584-
Hurae, John  176,179, 188
Humphreys, W. P   10, 438
vote for, for railroad commiss'r 453-
denounced as railroad com
missioner   457
Hundley, P. 0  191, 298,316, 328-
Hunaak'er, J. C  Ul, 173
Hunt, A.- B., post bellum resolu
tions bv  -   - 229-
Hunt, P. VV  :  504
Hunt, Jeff'ersuu   59, 77"
Hunt, John  443
vote for, for justice of supreme
court  453
Hunt, W. B   ,123,179, 250-
Hunt, W.J...  632
Hunter, Alex   —42, 70, 207
Hunter, G. W  -320, 396-
Huntingtou, C. P.-   62, 207
Huntington, J. M  --  19, 21
Hurlburt, B. G  4.38
Huse, Chas. E  ...281, 294
Hutchinson, C. 1  26,177, 184
Hutton, J. A   .278,281, 341
Hyatt, T. Hart...  .- 322,
Hydraulic mining. (See Miners,
Mining.) -
IsraiGBATioN, resolutiohs favor
ing—-  ....-60, 260, 293, 471
reaolutions opposing-. 
 ---536, 538,648, 558-
(See also, Chiriese immigration.)

INDEX.

Iramigration laws, amendment
of    — 585
Income tax, failure of congress
to repeal   299
Independence in politics  330
Independence of California, re
solution ofl'ered relative to... 112
Independent Democracy, narae
adopted by temperance con
vention   :  48
Independent party, organization
in 1873  328
conventions  329, 341
resolutions adopted  380, 342
state central committee  834, 349
Indian reservations, cultivation
of, demanded... .  468
Indian war claims, general gov
ernment should pay  14
Inge, S.W   59
Ingram, R. Henry...   204
Inman, D   197,550, 553
Interest,limitationonrateof, 385, 398
Interstate commerce, regulation.
of, demanded  .  441, 467
passage nf Regan bill  619
Inyo county special election,1892, 593
Irelan, Wm.,.Sr  582
Irish, John P'.  609, 546,, 560, 569
vote for, for .congressman  571
Irrigation, control of water for
 838, 387,346,
449, .616, 521, 525, 528, 529, 663, 568
articles of association of anti-
riparian irrigation organiza
tion  ..¦   507
constitutional amendments
proposed  611, 612
proposed act concerning owner
ship and appropriation of
water   .,   513
Irrigation conventions. River
side  473
-.Fresno    477
San Franciaco...  ,  507
resolutions adopted.. .478, 477, 509
Irving, H. P  389, 410, 414
Irwin, Richard 
..  24, 90, 102, 178, 179, 200
vote for, for lieut.-governor... 180
Irwin, Wm,  - 
...,. 266, .298, 314, 321, 352, 353, 365
vote for, for governor  355
sketch of    600
Ivory, M. P. .,    642
Jack, John.......  ,  10
Vote, fpr, for clerk of supreme
court    11
Jack, R. E  575
Jackson, A. R    108
Jackaon, Andrew  56, 101, 187, 335
Jackson, D. B  430
Jackson, J. G   409
Jackson, W  428, 518
Jacobv, A...   283
Jaraes, Chas  185
James, J.C  77

James, -Jefferson G  623
James,. John M   268
Jamison, J. W   386
Janes, Horace P. -  ....  68
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction  74
January, W.- A...  79, 302, 437
vote for, for treasurer  453
Jarboe,. J. R   350
Jazinsky, Louis    176
Jefferis, E.G.. —  259
vote for, for printer  267 -
Jefferis, G. W    523
Jeiferson, Thomas  :  ...56, 101
Jenkins, Chas. A  546, 652, 590
Jennings, G. C   649
Jennings, H. U  92,102, 103, 176
vote for, for clerk of supreme
court  95
Jennings, WUliam ..340, 409, 430, 445
Jewett, J. W  -  103
Jewett, John H  .  
 194, 363, 364, 404, 430, 438
Jewett, S.E....   340
Jewett, Sol   335, 363, 509
Johns, J. R    426
Johns, T. D.   19, 50
Johnson, A    4
Johnson, A. P  473
Johnson, Andrew ...  ..
 ..209, 210, 221, 222, 272, 274
resolution of confidence in  216
indorsement of.  ...224, 238
- reconstruction poUcy of.l.. 
 227, 228, 229,230,231,283, 235
veto of Freedmen's Bureau bill,
... .  ....233,235, 237
veto of civil rights bill..:  237
irapeachment of  271, 273, 279
resolutions on impeachraent of 284
atterapted removal of Stanton
--   270-277, 282, 289
Johnson, C. H  314, 354, 590
union resolutions offered by,
  :.....146, 155
Johnson, Charles A  284
Johnson D.J  ...  111
Johnson, E. P  575
Johnson, P. E   547
Johnson, G. B....... ..  .. 591
J ohnsou, George A.. 401, 414, 524, 569
votefor, for attorney-general.. 532
Johnson, Grove L....  ..... 
  328,424,537,571, 592
Johnson, Herschel V  118, 119, 120
Johnson, J. A. .....  -  588
Johnson, J. Neely.13, 19, 26, 34, 43, 124
votefor, for governor...  50
sketch of    598
Johnson, J. W   487
Johnson, James   
100, 197, 224, 231, 263, 830, 334, 394
Johnson, James A  104, 165,
263, 267, 286, 295, 308, 352, 353, 436
vote for, for congressman,. 268, 288
vote for, for lieut.-governor  356
Johnson, Josiah   92, i03
vote for, for treasurer  109

inde:x.

687

-Johnson, R. P  .....248, 446
vote for, for member of board
of equalization   453
Johnson, S. F  '  109
-Johnson, S. S  65
Johnson, Sydney L...   1'72
-Johnson, 'W. Neely  
  111,211,212,314, 853
Johnson, Williara  517
.Johnson, Wm. A   104
Johnson union party, eff'orts to
form   .. 239
-Johnston, George Pen.  284
-Johnston, William  842, 445, 456
Joice, E. v..   1, 3
Jones, A. F  683
-.Tones, CT   660, 552
-Jones, Cyrus  396, 413
vote for, for treasurer   421
Jones, HughL  401
vote for, for controller   421
Jones, J. M   7, 8
.Jones, J. W    65
Jones, John P  111, 205, 249
reconstruction resolutions by.. 236
vote for, for lieut.-governor  267
-Jones, N. P.  320
Jonea Nathaniel    461
Jones, R. A   99
-Jones, W. H   1
Jones, Wm..  -.176, 269, 330, 334
¦votefor, for controller  267
Jordan, Wm.H   564
Jourdan, A. P.   207
-Judah, T. D  44
Judicial system, revision recom
mended    100
Judkins, S. M  61
.Judson, B   259, 260
Jury, system, reform of  848
Justices of Supreme court, vote
for, in.  .:-... 1851, 15;
1862, 23; 1853, 29; 1855, 50;
1857, 84; 1858, 95; 1859, 108;
1861, 180; 1863, 201; 1865,226;
1867, 268; 1869, 295; 1871, 311;
1873, 335; 1879, 421; 1882, 453;
1886, 538; 1888, 668; 1890, 570
-Jute bags, adraission free from
duty.   580
Xallock, I. M   — 421
Kallock, I. S., affair with De
Young...  .,.-..  420
Klane, Captain Elisha K   14
JKansas, division of democratic
. . party on question of ...  85
question of admission. in con
gress    86
resolution on   89, 90, 91
Topeka constitution condera'd 90
IKansas-Nebraska bill, resolution
on   .—63, 64
Katzenstein, George B...365, 480, 504
Xays, J. C   584
-Kearney, A   518
Kiearney, Dennis   
 365, 366, 367, 368, 369,

Kearney, Dennis — continued. •
371,. 377, 378, 381, 386, .393, 396,
arrest of  -, 
disraissal of charges.. .. 
rearrested   
acquitted  ..,....--_
address issued from prison 
removal from presidency of the
workingmen' s party  
Keating, L   - 
vote ior, for treasurer 
Keating, Thomas 
Keene, B. F  ...12, 22,
vote for, for treasurer  
Keith, N. S  : .. . .
Keller, W. B. G   -.401,
vote for, for member board of
equalization.. 
Kelley, G. R  
KeUey, John M  889,414,
vote for, for member board of
equalization   
Kellogg, Pr^ankE  606, 556,
vote for, for secretary of state..
 :  632,
Kellogg, W. W..... 
Kelly, J. B 
Kelly, J. V 
KeUy, William 
vote for, for congressman 
Kelsey, Frank  
Kelsey, J. M   . 
Kelsey, J. W 
Kelso, J. R 
Kendall, Amos 
Kendall, Thomas.. > 
Kendall, William  
Kendrick; J. J   124,
Kenfield, D. M;. 281; 863, 365, 409,
vote for, for controller  364,
suit for office of controller... .
Kennedy, A. M  
Kennedy, J. P...  ...98, 99,
vote for, for lieut. -governor 
Kennedy, J. H   
Kennedy, Wm  
Kenny, Bernard P  
Kenny, John J   ..i 
Kent, Chas  91, 314, 413,
Kentucky, resolution on refusal
by congress to seat members
from 
Kerrins, C   
Ketchura, L. N 
Kewen, E. J. C  5, 6, 10,
12, 17, 19, 124, 173, 211, 284, 288,
vote for, for congressman 
 -...:....  5,6, 16,
Keyes, E. D  263,
Keyes, J. H  319,
Keyes, T. J  
Keyser, P. W   123, 815,
Kibbe, W. C 
Kidd, L. W  
vote for, for member of board
of equalization...  
Kidder, J. P.... 
Kidney, Jaraes  386, 428,

400
370 373
374375376383452
453 664150
549
414421349
420 421586570
437 386356586594586
281 65
413207 42

444421365199186108437
372 392
392414

270 88
179
320321264
394 184
437 24
462453575
430

INDEX.

KUburn, Paria  390,430, 469, 642
Kilpatrick, N.....  Ill
Kimball, G. G   . 445
vote tor, for member of board
of equalization.  453
Kimball, L. W...  536
King,—.  303
King, A. J  320, 321
King, Cameron H...  862, 389, 422
King, Jaraes  69
King, James L   409
vote for, for raember of board
of equalization   421
King,. Thomas S   --- 69
King, Thomas Starr, adoption
of reaolution in reapect for
memory of    205
King, William R  18,22, 24
Kingley, G. B   66
Kinley, laaac,  ..386, 452, 469
vote i'or, fur congressraan. .453, 473
Kinley, J. M  466, 469
Kinne, C. Mason   426
Kittrell, J. R..88, 169, 172, 284, 569, 584
Klein, P. R   446
Kloppenburg, Otto  353, 437
Knight, David E  466, 542, 561
Knight, Geo. A 
 430, 466, 637, 552, 553, 575
vote for, for congressman  431
reaolution offerediby, on Blaine 542
Knight, H. L.  
366, 368, 372, 873, 374, 377, 378, 381
Knight, Samuel  26
vote for, for treaaurer  29
KnotweU, John.l    400
"Know Nothing" organization,
formation of  38
" Know Nothing " party, succes
ses m 1866  39
condemnation of  40
(See also, American party.)
Knox, F  81
Knox, John B    188
Knox, W. J.....   92
Knupp, V. D   547
Kohler, Charles  430,461, 472
resignation as presidential elec
tor  -  462, 463
Kohler, P. A  38
Kohler, P.D   77
Kooser, B.P...  238
Kopf,C   302
Krider, S. D.  118
Krug, Charles...  401, 414
" Ku-Klux bill," resolution con
demning   298
Kungle, C. H., resolution for re
cognition of the Confederate
Statea   155
for calling federal convention. 1,56
Kutz, Joseph   ;  '.  231
Labor, hours of, resolutions on..
  -....249,
260, 265, 285, 290, 294, 299, 384,
380, 467, 554, 563, 568, 574, 577, 588
troubles in 1877  365

Labor — continued.
compensation of, on< publi'c-
works   380, 385, 397:'
protection -of  423
amelioration of condition de
manded...  467
exclusion of cheap laborers...
 528, 529,548, 568
resolution on    562.
Labor organizations, encourage
ment of...   520
Labor statistics, establishment of
bureau of  388,442, 444-
Laforge, J. B   44
LaGrange, 0. H  287,288, 320-
Laine, Thomas H   463
Laird, A. T  , ....
 ...18, 29, 33,70, 73, 88, 106, 123
Lake, Delos   301, 326--
Lake, Mrs. P. A   536
Laraar, J. B   
 173, 303, 315, 320, 363, 375-
Larabert, D   650, 553, 660-
Land, limitation of holdings fav
ored   379-
alien ownership opposed 
 468, 529,548; 557
ownership of..  687, 589l'>
Land grants to railroads con
demned  .  299
forfeiting of. . .427, 434, 441, 458, 519-
Cleveland's policy on, com
mended   544
opening of forfeited, to settle
ment   578-
Land raonopoly, resolution op
posing   ..24, 352
prevention of   397
discouragement of..   405
Land titles, adjustraent by com
missioners recommended  XA
settlement of  ..61, 66^
Lande, Bernard ---  863
Lander, James H   125, 127
Landrum, J.T   179-
vote for, for treasurer  180
Lands, Public, grant of, to state..
   13, 19, 36-
donation of, to settlers 
--  19,22,28,67, 66 ¦
actual settlers wanted  25
corapletion of survey urged  36
rights of settlers and miners to
be secured    40-
grotection of settlers on  82; 100 -
omestead bill approved  92, 98
Grow's bill approved...  i 98
method of distribution con
demned   332-
reservation of, for settlers 
  300, 307,384, 467."
transfer of arid lands to states^ 590-
Lane, Joseph. ..-55, 110, 114, 119, 123
Lane, Thoraas W  Ill
Langdon, George    42;
Langford, B   . 414
Langford, B.P  —.:.... 106
Lansing, C. J  —.70, 90, 104..-

INDEX.

Larkin, Henry  ..., 
.„.„.. 320, 821, 354, 894, 401, 414
vote for, for congressman  356
vote for, for railroad commiss'r 421
Larkin, Tliomas 0  65
LaRue, H. M.,...  ....
... 389,394, 895, 410, 438, 455, 460
vote for, for controller  421
Laspeyre, Thomas. .111, 802, 316, 328
vote for, for supreme court
clerk .,..,,,,,,  _..,  311
Latham, M. S   ...
 .17,18,22,32,34,37,41,
96, 104, 113, 115, 120, 123, 126, 164
vote for, for congressman... 23, 38
vote for, for governor  108
speech in senate on loyalty Of
California   128
speeches in 1862...  191
sketch of  699
Lathrop, E. S    26
Lathrop, H. B  42
Latimer, L. D...179, 286, 409, 438, 617
Lawrence, J. H..177, 179, 226,316, 666
Lawrence, James R   283
Laws, ratification by the people. 386
Lawton, Prank..-  ,...319, 328
Lawton, W. D..,.  „  413
Layraance, M. J...,  ,.-.,  683
Leach, B'rank A..  - 426
Leach, Wallace.. 419, 422, 424, 436, 460
yote for, for congressman.. 421, 431
Leake, Charles A  ...30, 37
vote for, for clerk of supreme
court   38
Leake, E. E  ^   466, 546
Leake, Samuel T   59
Leake, W. S  ,-—  - 588
Lecompton, constitutional con
vention...   ,,.. 86
vote on constitution.,,  ,. 86
Lecompton democrats, conven
tion, 1858 -,-„.,..,.,— ,... 88
LeConte, Joseph    349
Lee, C. V. R   176, 179
Leese, J.P  239
Leet, S. T.,l-.l 267, 283, 329, 394, 396
Legal tender act.indoraed  202
Legialature, calling of extra ses
sion, 1884, approved.,.,.,... 456
calling of extra session, 1886,
denounced  ... ^  516
appropriations in 1,889  ,.563, 567
ieightpn, L   590
Leihy.'G. W. -.--  50
Lemon, A.B...  ----  - 571
Lent, W.'M.., ..,--,77, 114, 199, 266
Leonard, A  ,,-, .-..  260
Leonard, D. A  ,—.„.... 400
Leonard, W. H. .,...,...,'„„„, 248
I^evinsky, A. L, ,,,  671
Levison, J, W,,„  ,.,,. 643
Levy, Chas, M., „, .  ,,.. ,„.,. 518
Lewis, E. J, ,-,-,. ,,.. ..,,,„.,.
.,,-200, 211,.212, 316, 350, 353, 360
vote for, for lieut.-governor... 311
Lewis, J. A. ,„-,,..-,„,,— ,.34, 44
Lewis, J. E. N,„..„ ,,,124, 165, 173
44

Lewis,, S. S   ,...79, 120
Liberal republican ujpvement in
1872 „..,  ,.,.. 319
campaign speakers   321
License, High, opposition to  458
(See also. Prohibition Plat
forms.)
Lieb, S. B. ,.,,...,  ,.  , 433
Lieutenant-Governor, vote for in
184H, 6; 1861, 16; 1863, 28:
1856, 50; 1857, 84; 1869, 108;
1861, 180; 1868, 201; 1867,
267; 1871, 311; 1875, 355; 1879, -
421; 1882, 453; 1886, 532; 1890, 570
Lightner, C. W  ,  389
Lincoln, Abraham.... .....-,.„
-  126, 169, 202, 203,
209, 213, 221, 230, 806, 311, 385, 661
news of noraination ,,  116
nomination indorsed  117, 210
election returns for....  127, 212
declared guilty of usurpation
of power...,   167
reference to, by Randolph  173
adrainistration indorsed ..184, 206
delegates instructed for  206
news of second noraination ... 209
death of    ,,... 213
resolution in memory of  221
Lincoln, C. G   65
Lind, John Y...,   2:2
Linden, Harry  ,  191, 292
Lindley, Charies. .88, 104, 106, 117,
123, 124, 130, 160, 165, 169, 170, 173
call for meeting of democratic
state comraittee in 1861  160
letter by,-,  161
resolutions of, in convention,
1861  ,-..,...,— ¦,,-167, 171
Lindley, Hervey..,.  ,.. ,  593
vote for, for congressraan  594
Lindsay, Wra. K.  ..81, 199, 208
Lindsey, Tipton  ,,..  396
Lining, J. N  ,  ,... 464
Linn, C. F  68
Linthicum, J. F,.,  188, 302, 349
Lipman, Jos  ,  317
Lippincott, B.F   ..24, 37
Lippincott, B. S  33, 39', 42, 69, 90
Lippincott, C. E   ,.. 55
Lippitt, E. S  ,  25C, 542, 546
]Uippitt, B'rancis J  ,   4
vote for, for lieut.-governor-,,5, 6
Liquors, state aid in manufec^"
ture ofj protest against-..,.,, 535
opposition to sale of,..,,,-.,,,. 588
prohibition of sa,le. (See Pror
hibition platforms,)
Litchfield, J. M  518, 531, 560, 565
yote for, for railroad commis^
sioner ..._,,„,.„,  ,-5iJ3, 571
Lloyd, Joseph  ,,  „— „ 23
Lloyd, R, H.,.„,.„,..„U6, 561, 576
Loans, Governraent, greenback
party plan tor,,.,,  428
Lobbying, measures against-.,, 397
Lodge election bill denounced... 566
Logan^J  ,  ,-,.-- 152

690

INDEX.

Logan, John A  469, 473, 661
Long, James S  103
vote for, for surveyor-general.. 109
Long, R.A  575,683, 594
Long, W. A   542
Long, W. G   464, 542
Long, W. S    .-
32, 42. 70, 90, 104, 106, 114, 118, 120
Longley,'W. R   124, 126
"Longtlairs," origin of term  213
convention at Sacraraento  217
opposition to Connesa  243
Loring, Charles.  18
Loring, F.R   -  — 13
Lott, Charles F  24, 59, 91, 92, 414
Lottery bill, passage conderaned 308
Loud, E.P   565, 593
vote for, for congressraan. .571, 594
Loufbourough, D. T  ...  90
Louttit, James A  430, 591
yote for, for congressraan .  472
Love, H.S.  99
vote for, for attorney-general.. 109
Love, J. S.  .... 116
Love, John Lord  
 309, 320, 349, 394, 396, 414
yote for, for attorney-general.. 311
Lovejoy, E.P  ...'.  326
Lovejoy, J. 0  389
Lovejoy, John K.  44
Loveland, ,T. S  -  452, 690
vote for, for raember board of
equalization  453
Lovett, W. B   205
210, 250, 278, 280, 317, 326, 354, 363
vote for, for governor  855
Low, B. K  ...364,401, 428, 430
Low, P. F   
....176; 179, 182, 194, 195, 219, 237
votefor, for congreasmdn  180
admitted to seat in congreas.. 182
address issued by  200
votefor, forgovernor  201
adrainistration indorsed  207
candidacy for senate  214
"Spittoon" convention at Sac
ramento   _  217
withdrawal frora senatorial
contest   218
sketch of     594
Lowe, —   11
Lowe, Jaraes R    552
Lowe, W   59
Ludlow, A   22
Lull, L. R  
9, 10, 34, 50, 94, 99, 176, 195, 288, 362
Lupton, S. L   266
indorsement of President John
son 229
Luse, H.'H"r.".'.'4'5ir5"8"6','563,'556^ 586
vote for, for member board of
equalization   453
vote for, for railroad commiss'r 571
Luttrell, J. K..  
........292, 320, 350, 354, 862, 419
vote for, for congressman 
 321,356, 364
Lux, F. F  -..-   249

Lyle, John A.  ...16, 17
Lyman, W.W  460
Lynch, J. D..-  418, 524, 581
vote for, for congressman  533
Lyon, J. L  550,553,560, 591
vote for, for member board of
equalization  570
vote for, for congressman  594
Lyon, W. B   124, 809
Lyon, W. S....  .:..¦-..  560
vote for, for secretary of state. 670
Lyons, Henry A   ,18
Lyons, Julius  .  506
vote for, for clerk suprerae court 533
Lj-ons, WiUiara H....  22, 24, 103
McAllistee, Hall  113
McAlpin, Blanton  22,30,31, 37
McArthur, Archibald  686
McArthur, W. E   409
McBrayer, John M   32
McBrown, J. M...  390
McCall, Robert   42
McCallura, J. G....  
...  64, 67, 68, 80, 123,' 209,
210, 212, 220, 259, 281, 287, 394, 445
declination of nomination for
secretary of state  260
McCandlaas, A. G.  26
McGann, P. J    70
McCarthy, D. 0.-.- 194, 196, 250, 253
vote for, for printer   267
McCarthy, E.P  320
McCarthy, John W  437
yote for, for suprerae court clerk 453
McCarthy, Tiraothy   206
McCarty, J. T   — 19
McCauley, John P  112
McChesney, J.B.--   185
McClatchy, James  46, 196, 210
McClellan, G. B., news of nomi
nation received.  211
nomination indorsed  i... 211
votefor    '.- 212
McClellan, R. G   310
McCleUand, J. A   266
McClure, David... 
 -429, 430, 465, 469, 542, 550
McClure, Wm.-   70, 224
McColliara, T. W  -..-  268
McGomb, John    409
McConnell, — . ,  73
McConnell, John R   .
24, 123, 126, 172, 183, 289, 291, 389
vote for, for attorney-general.. 29
statement of, while candidate
for governor   180
vote for, for governor   180
McConnell, Samuel   55
McConneU, Thoraas 
  59, 894, 395, 410, 452
vote for, for meraber of board
of equalization,   ... 453
McConnell, W. B    460
McCoppin, Frank."  
  295, 297, 308, 314,
* 315, 316, 324, 325, 350, 353, 618, 524
Kvote for, for congressman  633

INDEX.

691'

McCorkle, J.W 
.,,  12, 22, 41, 42, 65, '7'7, g'o;
100, 102,- 120, 123, 126, 178, 199, 200
votefor, for congressman  16
McCormaok, J. B  588
McCormick, Wra.  .590
McCoy, A. M  480
McCoy, W.W   ..-173, 211-
McCraney. H. A  --..571, 575
McCray, Franklin P  524
McCrea, Henry.   .-. 309
McCuUough, John G  195, 249
yote for,' for attorney-general. -
 -  -¦  201, 267
McDaniels, W.   ---18, 22, 70
McDermott, Chas. F  266
McDonald, A  83
McDonald, A. D    34
McDonald, C...  .19, 110
McDonald, P  -  .— 24
McDonald, J. M   49
McDonald, J. W  .,.-.- 461
McDonald, James M  :324, 325
McDonald, Jaraes R   665
vote for, for treasurer  570
McDonald, M, L  298, 354
McDonald, R. H  -126,
451, 463, 465, 507, 5,86, 553, 584, 586
votefor, forgovernor...  453
urged as prohibition candidate
for president   465
McDougal, Geo   _  -. 19
McDougal, John. ..- 
...— .6, 11, 12, 15, 29,-30, 31, 224
vote for, for lieut.-governor  5
sketch of.-  597
McDougall, Charles  ... 402
McDougall, James A 
.-  10,19,22,32,34,
37, 114, 126, 164, 214, 218, 239, 243
vote for, for attorney-general-- U
vote for, for congressman. ..23, 38
McDoweU, General  208
McDuffie, Jas. Y.....  203
McElrath, J. E  422, 480' 518
McFarland, T.B  
81, 247, 292, 317, 326, 429, 517, 531
vote for, for attorney-general.- 84
vote for, for justice bf suprerae
- court    538
McGarry, E  -90, 92, 103, 176, 179
McGarvey, Robert...-77, 281, 319, 431
McGee; "W.J.--  .-  582
McGettigan, B.  ".-.. 518, 547
McGlashan, CF. 479, 480, 504, 613, 526
McGlynn, John A  .-  .-
..-  1, 3, 4, 9, 19, 309, 810, 319
vote for, for harbor commis
sioner  .. 311
McGonigle, John   666
McGowan, Edward  19, 29, 33, 42
McGowan, Frank  561
McGowan, P. H  ^  356 -
McHenry, John  225
Mcintosh, E.J   468, 469
Mdlntoah, Geo. B  586
McJunkin, Hugh K  - 444
McKaig, W. W  430

McKee, S. B  . ¦ .;
¦ . 123, 291, 301, 828, 401, 418, 420,
• vote for, for justice of aupreme
court  3.35,
MeKellum, John G  .-
McKelvey, H. L. — 
McKenna, Joseph 
364, 3!-9, 410, 472, 518, 552, 666,
, vote for, for congressman 
 364, 421, 478, 533, 553,
commended as congreaaman ..
McKenzie, P. S  
vote for, for prison director 
McKibben, Joseph C. ..24, 70, 86,
92, 94, 96, 99, 102, 104, 107, 178,
yote for, for congressman 
   74, 96, 108,
course approved 
McKinley, D. A  _362,
McKinley bill denounced 
repeal urged  -.-- 
McKinstry,- E. W 
-.-  199,334,401,413,
vote for, for lieut.-governor ...
vote for, for justice of supreme
court ---    336,
McKune, John H  
 24,26,33,37,42, 49,
77, 220, 249, 288, ;«4, 401, 413,
yote for, for justice of supreme
court   
McLane, Charles E 
McLane, George M.  
McLane, L   _116,
McLean, J. T  -  
 47, 49, 65, 76, 94, 98, 99,
McLean, S. M. _-  606,
vote for, for railroad comraias'r
vote for, for congreasraau 
McMeans, S. A.. 18, 24, 42, 60, 62,
vote for, for treaaurer 
McMillan, Charles  - 
McMillan, Dr  ¦..
McMulUn, -George 0.   13,
McMurray, John  328,
McMurty, Wm. S 
McNabb, J. H.-196, 210, 287, 313,
McNeal, James. ^ 
McNealy, W. T  
McNeill, Archibald.  
McPherson, D  454, 469, 481,
McPherson, J. '.  
McPherson, Wm. 
McPike,- Henry C  624, 532,
vote for, for congressman . 
McQuade, J. A  ...-172, 199,
McQuaid, J. C 
McQuiddy, T. J  428, 480, 452,
vote for, forgovernor... 
McQuiddy, Mrs. T. J  ..-—
McQuillan, James B 
McRea, P. A  
McRuer, D. C   211,
vote for, for congressman  ...
McSwain, J. P   ..,649,
vote for, fbr congressman.;...'.
McVicker, James   .:..
McVicker, John....  ....

r623i 421 50
386

571
637 4460
179180 94
364566
576 418
201421

420 421284 532
435109
536 533558- 67
29
266 1
16
436 207
317 532
401 104542 26
303 683
533
200' 211
468 463
451 287
104240.212 650553

692

INDEX.

Ma-ok, B. p., resolution by-, for
pardon of Davis  '  232
Mace; W. H.   313
Machin, T. N    185, 195
vote for, for lieut.-governor  201
Maclay, Charles 
 176, 209, 210, 212, 239, 276, 289
substitute resolution by  276
Maddox, CH  .-  422,
Magee, A   -.,- 88
Magee, H. W,    693
Magruder, Lloyd....  90,105, 157
resolutions on the state of the
union   158
Maguire, James G...  588
vote for, for congreaaman  594
Mahler, Henry   518
Mahoney, D  26, 33, 178, 198, 207
Mail service, resolution on  20
Malarin, Mariano   5
Malfeasance in ofiice, punisji-
mentof    385, 397
Malone, P. S   302, 803
Malone, H. C   — 26
Mandeville, Jamea W  56. 77,
83, 113, 197, 200, 211, 226, 275,
283, 289, 292, 298, 303, 314, 353, 862
votefor, for controller  84, 865
Manlove, J. E.  591
Manlove, W. S.-92, 322, 334, 413, 542
. Mann, A. L  401, 413, 418
vote for, for superintendent of
public inatruction  -  421
Mannerly, Williara A  30
Manning. D.P..-   377
Manafield, J. L.  ,... 506
vote for, for meraber of board
of equalization  5.83
Mansfield, John .389, 390,408, 426, 445
vote for, for lieut.-governor ... 4'21
Manzer, L. M...   426, 428
Marcuse, Jonas  340
Marcy, WilliamG   10, 22
Markham, H. H...  472, 564
vote for, for congressman  473
vote for, for governor  570
administration indorsed  672
proclamation for special ele,c-
tion    593
sketch of   608
Markley, John    438, 675
vote for, for member of board
of equalization  463
Marks', John J..  325
Mariette, S. H  ,  ,.,24, 42
vote for, for surveyor-general .-
   29, 50
Marsh, Chas..  314
Marsh, S.N...  586
MarshaU, B. P....   59
Marshall, E. C..12, 22, 32, 389, 437, 460
vote for, for congressman..,,.. 15
vote for, for attorney-general.. 453
denounced by Stockton con
vention .   457
Martin, Edward  389, 390, 408, 445
Martin, G. T  12, 43
Martin, J. C..814, 401, 431, 434, 461, 463,

Martin, J. M  ,  542
Martin, J. N    284
Martin, J. West  289, 392, 549, 650
Martin, John  ...,— 358
Martin, Noble  342, 518
Martin, Samuel  239
Martin, W. H  ,  ,.. 504
Marvin, John G   10, 24
vote for, for supt. of public in
struction   11
Marye, George T  460, 461, 472
Marye, S. B   9
Maslin, E.W  437
vote for, for treasurer  421
Mastick, E. B. ._  115
Matheson, R  94
Mathews, S. 1.   575
Mathews, W." P  547
Mathewson, T. D  325
Matlock, J. T  ...575, 592
Mattheson, R.N   ...99, 109
Matthews, W....   123
Mauldin, B. F  ....88, 111, 112
Maurice, A  ...19, 349
Maurice, A., Jr   330
May,R. M   8
May, S. J    47
May, W. B  44, 404, 430, 466, 480
MaybeU, Stephen   428, 452
vote for, for congressman.. 431, 458
Mayerhofer, W  566
Mayhew, H.A...   451, 464
Maynard, J. C  284, 292, 859, 415
Mead, M. H. a    566
Meads, S. P...  536
Means, H. H    44
Meeker, David  ..124, 126
Melone, Drury   
....309, 840, 858, 408, 549, 561, 591
vote for, for secretary of state . 311
Meloney, A. R.  79, 90, 104
vote for, for controller  95
Meloney, Reuben  69
Menzies, S.  315
"Mercury," extract from, on the
Broderick faction   87
Meredith, Henry  ..44, 88, 104
Merrick, A. N   2sl
MerriU, Annis  1, 47, 49, 61
MerriU, J. C   318
Merriman, P. A  -  669
Merritt, A. P  586
Merritt, M. R  481
Merritt, S. A. .  
 77, 104, 106, 111, 173, 191
reaolution indorsing the Crit
tenden compromise  153
Merritt, Samuel    281
Merwin, P. J  466, 468, 472, 481
Mery, M. L...   592
Mesick, R. G   -_ 172
Mesick, R. S   81, 83
Metcalf, V. H  -  661
Metcalfe, J.B   422
Metzger, Louis..,    '. 581
Mexican war indorsed   .g
claims of soldiers inl  ....1 563
Meyers, F. H. .,,.,  ...'.  ... 591

INDEX.

693

Meyers, S  438
Middleton, John
 18, 26, 103, 12"o", l"2'3,'26"7, 283
Military subordination to civil
power   190
Militia, (See National Guard. 1
MUler, E.H  ' 62
MiUe-r, E. 0  524
vote for, for surveyor-general.. 532
Miller, J. G  ...1  —  556
vote for, for oongre.ssman  653
votefor, for railroad commiss'r 571
Miller, J. H   44
MUler, John P.. 278, 293, 814, 317,
.318, 320, 321, .863, 364, 365, 389, 430
record as senator approved  464
Miller, M. ---    18
Miller, Williara P  586
MUls, P. M.  - 584
MiUs, Mrs. L. H.-    586
Mills, W. H  -  414
MUne, D. B  70
Miner, Phineas L   125, 127
Mineral lands, government own-
ahipof   --8, 13, 63
oppoaition to aale of  20, 227, 229
rights of miners should be con
sidered   -  - 36
Miners' vested rights, proraise to
respect   ..406, 413
Mines, opposition to taxation of,
  209, 224
Mining, free on public lands. — -. 66
protection of.   417, 418
hydraulic, resolutions relative
to 
441, 448, 449, 622, 673, 577, 578, 592
Minis, WiUiam..295, 298, 3,53, 418, 437
vote for, for surveyor general—
¦   355, 421
Mint, establishment of, in Cali
fornia   14, 20
Minto, Wm   444, 518
vote for, for surveyor-general.. 463
Missouri coraproraise, opposing
restoration of  ¦-  57
reaolution relative to  61
Mitchell, C H  124, 850, 863, 436
Mitehell, Chas   l  582
Mitchell, R. B   546
MitcheU, Tabb  172
Mix, Williara A  31, 41, 42, 55, 73
Mizner, L. B   22,114,
309, 340, 356, 429, 513, 537, 650, 662
Mobley, D. A..............  506
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction  533
Moffitt, Prank J  583
Mohan, Hugh J  ...- 460
'Money, opposition to paper  199
gold and silver favored  360'
resumption of specie payment. 364
(See also. Silver.)
"Monitor" (newspaper), destruc
tion of   218
Monroe doctrine, resolutions up
holding-. .  222,226, 231
Monson, A. C  16, 37

Monson, B. H  
vote for, for printer 
Montanya. (See Dela Montanya.)
Montgomery, A.  172, 224,
Montgomery, G. E  
Montgomery, J. F  ..123,
Montgomery, J. M.  
Montgomery, Victor 
Montgomery, W. S  197, 267,
Montgoraery, Z 
89, 104, 123, 124, 126, 127, 320,
resolutions by, on state of the
union  
Moody, W. H.-. 
Mooney, Jas. S  
Moore, B. P   '8,
vote for, for congreaaraan 
Moore, H. M  386,
Moore, J. G  
Moore, J. H. .-  -..-16, 34,
reoonatruction resolutions by..
Moore, Jacob 
Moore, PhiUp  24, 77, Ul,
Moore, Walter S  430,
vote for, for secretary ot state.
Morehouse, H. V 
 481, 513, 637, 552,
Morehouse, L. C   410,
446, 452, 458, 518, 533, 565, 570,
vote for, for raember of board
of equalization  453, 633,
Moreland, W.W... 
Morgan, Alfred  12,
Morgan, Ben   546,
vote, for, for congressman 
vote for, for lieut.-governor 
Morgan, Jaraes -.  
Morrill, D. L  
Morrill, Paul   44,
vote for, for clerk of supreme
court   
Morrill tariff, opposition to 
Morris, Geo   446, 507,
Morris, Thomas   - 
Morris, W. G  77, 178,
Morrison, A. P  466,
Morrison, Jonas J  
vote for, for congreaaman 
Morriaon, Murray..  200,
Morrison, R. P....—.-  401,
vote for, tor justice of supreme
court  ... 
Morrison, R.N   10,12,
Morrow, L. J   
Morrow, W. W   -
 -. 424, 428, 430, 438, 443,
454, 472, 479, 518, 832, 552, 564,
vote for, for congressman 
  453,473,533,
commended as congressman..
Morse, John P  10,12,17,
vote for, for clerk of aupreme..
court....- 
Morse, L. D  .— 
Morse, M. E   -.  —
vote for, for controller... 
Morse, P. A., vote for, for con
gressman..  

81
84

226 42

342 88
321
135
468 302 12 16
400 309
438271 99
203618
532 571
692570.
396 16
560 558570
586275
849 356167663 392179
466 591
594 267418
421 16

566 553
537 9211
413 452
453

-694

INDEX.

Morton, Levi P   ...550, 553
Morton, Sargent S  455
Moss,. J. Mora-...  114,320, 321
Moss, W. S   .211, 266
Mosgrove, Sarauel  426, 446
Mossback, P. C    445
Mott, E. B., Jr.'.3i4, 334, 349, 363, 389
Mott, G.N  '.   43
Mott, T. D   .  361
Mott, William  ,  .,. 76
Moulder, Andrew J.'  
.„  70,104,191,200, 524
vote for, for bupt. of public in
struction  — 74, 109, 201, 533
Moulton, L. P. .466, 468, 469, 472, 590
Moultrie, J. P   361
Moultrie, Joseph A   418
Mowry, L. J    413
Mudd, J. H. C    16
Mulford, S. P    26
MulhoUand, Charlea  609
MuUan, John    362
Mullen, J. B  ...... 451
vote for, for treasurer  '.. . 458
Munday, M. E. C  466, 509, 618
Munday, P., union resolutions
off'ered by. 1    142
Munford, John D  ,...-.  10
vote for, for attornev-gerreral— 11
Murch, L. H.  —294, 305, 309
Murdock, A. H.,:,,  .— 44
Murdock, P. B  65,' 76, 99, 107, 238
vote for, for printer  84, 109"
Murphy, B. D  436, 646, 562, 575
Murphy, D.W. ...  : 12
Murphy, Prank J  591
Murphy, J. B  .437, 547, 569
Murphy, James T   461, 472
Murphy, P. J  542, 546, 652
Murphy, P. W  _   816
Murphy, William C, votefor, for
justice of supreme court  533
Murphy, WiUiara G   506
Murray, Hugh C....22, 34, 43, 49, 69
vote" for, for juatice of suprerae
court    23, 50
Murray, Walter  
....Ul, 220, 248, 250, 281, 310, 314
Musselraan, A  :.  -..'  428
vote for, for congressraan  431
Musser, John J  ¦ 81
Myers, A. H   
 66, 93, 103, 116, 174, 175. 185
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction!  •.!_ 109
Myers, B. P..   ;.' 
'....-32; 55, '73, 188, 283, 284, 829
Mvers, Sarauel   313
Myrick, M. H   409, 420
vote for, for justice of suprerrie
court   421
Naglb, Geo.D   819
Naphtaly, Jos.  292, 362, 431
Napthaly, Jos  .'.  546, 566
"National" (.newspaper), extract
on arrest of 'WeUer  203-
N ational bank aot, repeal of  399

National banks, resolution favor
ing ..,  ,.......-.1  222
opposition to  229, 459
abolition of   ,427, 587
National debt. (See Debt.)
National Guard, increased appro
priations opposed  625
liberal support urged. .521, 568, 579
National League, welcorae to  591
National Union convention, 1866, 238
National Union party, resolu
tions  238
National Unitm .Republican con-
vention.(See Republican Con
ventions. )
Naturalization laws, favoringlib-
eral  .  ,  66
opposition to .change of  78
resolution relative to...  98
Massachusetts' requireraents
conderaned..   105
repeal demanded  529,548, 557
raodification of, deraanded. 686, 655
rigid enforceraent of  538
araendraent of...   585
Navy, construction of  679
Nebraska bill, indorsement of... 31
Nett',J. H   
294, 363, 438, 445, 469, 472, 518, 671
vote for, for treaaurer  ..- 632
Negroes, enlistment of, indorsed. 202
policy of parties respecting..,. 215
appointment of, to ofiice con
demned   291
admission to schools deraanded 310,
participation in campaign of ' 71 310
resolutions on 
....215, 216, 224, 227, 228, 260,
265, 269, 270, 286, 289, 308, 336, 551
Nelson, A. D    468, 472
Nelson, T. K   396
Neuman, A   359, 461
Neuraan, Paul. .314, 325, 362, 368, 445
votefor, for congressman  453
Neville, John P    207
Nevins, T.J  ..26, 99
New constitution, vote on adop
tion of   L. 393
resolution of republicans in
support of  405
resolution of democrats  416
New Constitution party, confer
ence for forming  .. 393
resolutions adopted.-   394
state executive committee,  395
state convention  410
platform   410
Slate committee  414
proposed fusion with deraocrats 420
NeweU, D. K. .  26, .34, 37, 81, 83
votefor, for attorney -general.. 29
NeweU, Williani L  ;  76
Newlands, P. G. i.   422, 504
..Newrhan, Samuel  547
-^" News Letter," destruction of.. 213
Newspapers, freedom pi'  360
Nicaragua canal, its completion
urged  573, 576, 585, 590, 591

INDEX.

695

Nichol, J. R  . 586
Nichols, H. L  199,201,266, 301
vote for, for secretary of state.. 267
Nichols, R. K.   455
Nicholson, A. B.   75
Nickerson, B. R  45, 184, 260
vote for, for secretary of state.. 267
Nicol, P.D,   461
Niles, A. C    293, .309
vote for, for justice of supreme
court...   312
Niles, Eben   67
Nixon, A. B  37,
62, 66, 83, 99, 176, 196, 220, 466, 466
TSoah; M. M;  68, 81^ 83,- 126
Nominations. (See Conventions
and names of parties.)
Nooney, James...  10
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction  . 11
Norman, W. B   ..394, 414
Norris, David    266
North, John G   476, 550
North, J.W  - 
.. -.317, 409. 438, 473, 474, 476, 477
Northcutt, W. H  386
Norton, —  647
Norton, Edward   176
yote for, for justice of supreme
court  ".  180
Norton, L. A   320
Norton, Myron   4, 41,
49, 104, 106, 11'2, 115, 118, 120, 128
vote for, for justice of supreme
court   50
Norton. W.C  -330, 334, 356, 362
Norway, Williara H.  340, 455
Notaries public, election of  398
Nott, A. L   419
Nott, S.A.   389
Nourse, GeorgeA  —517, 666, 691
Nugent, John  77,
96V 104, 126, 156, 172, 320, 321, 389
Nunes, Joseph. A  
....--.64, 75, 76, 99, 109, 116, 126
Nuttman, Jas. E   179
vote for, for controller  180
Nye, John  ..   24
Nye, Stephen' G   410
Oates, J. W   460
O'Brien, J. H...  ..  281
O'Brien, Thomas.. — ....92, 150, 248
"Occidental," destruction of  213
O'Conner, M. J.  —  334
O'Connor, T. M   359
O'Conor, Charles  320
votefor    321
O'Donnell, C. C  372, 378, 874
vote for, for governor....  532
O'Farrell, Jasper.104, 172, 197, 284, 325
votefor, for lieut.-governor  180
Office, penalty for malfeasance
in   :   380, 385
Ogden, G.P  ^—  10
Ohleyer, Geo    431, 526
Olcese, L. V...   592
Olds, Daniel-. -  -- 65

O'Leary, P. F    400
Oliver,!). J.....   115
Oliver, Warner ..65, 184, 210, 212, 320
Olmstead, Harrison  18
Olvera, Augustin    70
O'Meara, Jaraes 
 31, 83, 103, 107, 108, 415, 422
vote f'or,for printer  84, 109
O'Meara, John  29, 77
O'Melveny, H. K. S  394
O'Neill, John M   70
Ord, Janies L   4, 173, 191, 389
Ord, P  J   5
Ord, Wm  199
Ord, WiUiara K...i   363
Ormsby, C. N   1  65
Oroville democratic club, resolu
tiona adopted in 1863  .... 196
Orr, Jas. A  445, 472, 618
vote for, for clerk of supreme
court   533
Orr, N. M  —.293, 309, 532, 549
Osborn. J. W   112
Osborne, H. L  542
Osborne, H. Z  571
Osborne, Jaraes  „  88
Ostrander, H. J  363, 864, 409, 430
Ostrora, D. A  460, 542, 566, 576
O'SulUvan, James   400
Otia, H. G.  575
Otia, Jaraes-207, 281,286, 314, 324, 325
O'Toole, J.P   452, 463
Oullahan, D. J  .303, 384, 460, 523
Oulton, Geo  185, 195, 293
vote for, for controller...  201
Overacker, Chas. B.   565
Overland mail, establishment of
daily, favored   121, 123
Overland mail lines, government
support urged   112
Overmeyer, S   65
Overton, A. P  ..359, 389
Oweu, Eben...  61
Owen, J. J   194, 250
Owen, J. W   42
Oxley, Thos. J  ....64, 67
Ozier, L S. K   24
Pacheoo, Romualdo, 
 196, 249, 340, 349, 410, 430
vote for, for treasurer  201, 267
vote for,for lieut. -governor.311, 355
vote for, for congressman 
  -..364,421, 431
Wigginton's contest against  365
sketch Of   600
Pacific Mail. Steamship Com
pany, reduction of subsidy
advised .  -. 327
Pacific railroad, construction of,
urged  ....,.— 14
resolutions on construction of
 20,22, 25, 31, 35, 43, 57,
. 60, 63,. 66, 72, 82, 89, 92, 93, 98,
100, 106, 112, 120, 121, 170, 175, 207
support pledged.....  40
resolution of thanks to con
gress for passing bill  185

696

INDEX.

facific RepubUc, establishment
of, suggested   128
Bu*eh on fomiding of  129
Scott favors    180
idea repudiated  .146,147, 166
Page, H. F  ...305,
310, 818, 320, 826, 410, 430, 445, 455
votefor, for congressman 
 — 321, 356, 364, 421, 431, 463
resolutions adopted at second
noraination of   341
Page, R. C   79, 90, 123, 283
Page, Wilfred    549
Page, WiUiam...   65
Pame, J.T   .-. 77
Paine, Thomas...   44
Palmer, C. T.H   99
Palmer-, Cyr-us   76, 313
Palraer, J.C  22, 70
Palmer, L. B  586
Paper money, demand for na
tional   --. 427
Papy, J. J    116
Pardoning power, vesting of, in
comrniaaions   380
aboUtion of-  -  385
Park, Trenor W  65, 76, 76, 93, 184
Parker, S. D    99, 116
yote for, for clerk of suprerae
court    109
Parker, S. H....  93,94,109, 220
Parks, W.H   ¦
....106, 196, 205, 220, 246, 249,
253, 267, 409, 445, 454, 456, 469, 472
yote for, for secretarv of state, 267
Parr, G. W  ."  _- 76
Parrott, John    114
Parsons, Levi  — 9
Passes, acceptance of, on rail
roads, conderaned  8.32
Paterson, A. Van R  617, 631
vote for, for justice of suprerae
court    - 533
Patrick, G. "W   -77, 112
union resolutions introduced
, by   -  — 134
Patrick, H .C   
....42, 55, 77, 90, 105, 124, 316, 394
Patrons of Husbandry. (See
Granges.)
Patten, —   11
Patterson, A.- D   --, 200
Patterson, C. M   814
Patterson, Jaraes-..   99
Patteraon, "William S    18
Patton, Geo. S  584
Patton, H. W  ..569, 584
PauU, G. T   418
vote for, for treaaurer  421
Paulsell, A. C  542, 568
Payne, D. S   426
Payne, Thomas   41
Peace commissioners, resolution
proposing  169
Peachy, A. C  .  .  22, 118
Pearce, Geo   .... 
 70, 92, 100, 102, 224, 284,
288, 308, 316, 320; 353, 417, 418, 422

Pearce, Geo.-^coniinMed.
vote for, for controller . .  109
reconstruction resolutions by.. 226
resolution relative to electoral
vote in southern states . ,  268
relative to members of congress
from Kentucky   -. 270
votefor, for congressman..... 311
Peckhara, G. W  480, 524, 569
Pedlar, Chas. W  536, 553, 586, 590
Pedlar, Frank A   443
vote for, for secretary of state. 453
Peet, W. L   547
Pelham, Dr. J. B   316
Pelton, J.C   103
Pendegast, W. W 
 267, 284, 292, 321, 326
Pendleton, George  26
Pendleton, Geo. H....   211
Pennie, Jas. C  266, 302, 303, 328
Peoples' independent party, or
ganization in 1873  ._- 328
convention  829
resolutions adopted  330
state central committee.-- 334, 349
conventiori, 1876   341
platform   -. 342
People'sparty, conventions 
 1891, 686; 1892, 688
platforras  1891, 587; 1892, 589
Perkins, George C  - .-
-  260, 305, 306, 317, 408
vote for, for governor  -_ 421
adrainistration indorsed  443
sketch of   601
Perkins, R. A   - 65
Perkins, R. F  -.   195
resolution on arraing slaves... 182
Perley, D.W   113
Peyton, B  34, 37, 68, 81, 88
Phelps, John    61
Phelps, Jonathan...   60
Phelps, Jos. .   313
Phelps, T. G  99, 109, 176, 179,
191, 260, 340, 409, 420, 537, 562, 553
uuion resolutions off'ered by,
   144, 153
vote for, for congressman 
 180,268, 553
vote for, for governor  355
vote for, for railroad commis
sioner   ._. 421
Philadelphia convention (nation
al union), delegates to  239
Philadelphia repubUcan platform
indor-sed   93
Philip, Henry   220
Phillips, C. It   409
vote for, for railroad commis
sioner   421
PhUlips, John Burke...   32
PhUlips, MitcheU   575
Phillips, W. W.  584
Pickett, Charles E.  372, 374
Pico, Andres  18, 22, 70, 111, 210
Pico, Antonio M  65, 116, 127, 249
Pico, BYancisco   .. 284
Pico, Josg Ramon  302, 386

INDEX.

697

'Pierce, Franklin.... ........^.,24, 33
resolution pledging support to| 22
vote for, for president  23
administration indorsed 31 67
.Pierce, J M ...  61, 368
Pierce, ^ inalow S  12, 24
vote for, for controUer  ' 16
Piercy, C W., resolution offered
.. by-.-  -..  150
-Piercy, E. M     590
Pilkington, B  .386, 424
Pillsbury, E. S   571, 575
-Pinkerton police force, abolition
of, deraanded   688
-Pinney, Geo. M   .s'2'0, 326
-Piper, W. A...  819,354, 362
vote for, for congressman--.
  .—  821,356, 364
-Pitt, R. D   -..; 386
Pitzer, J. I  .  178
-Pitzer, .Tesse S.   68, 123
Pixlev, P. M. -  97, 99, 107
126, 176, 196, 207, 241, 244, 278,
287, 293, 319. 321, 404, 426, 429,
444, 455, 504, 530, 631, 532, 549, 560
affair with Dann  245, 246
vote for, for attorney-general.- 180
votefor, for congressman. .288, 553
Platforms. (See name of -oarty.)
Platt, -H. G  :  566
Platt,HpnryH  283
Platt, P. B    682
Platt, Sarauel  178
.Poland, R.G  123
"Polk, James K, declaration on
river and harbor appropri
ations condemned  7
Polton, J. P    116
;Pomeroy, M. M. ("Brick")  310
resolutions on anticipated
speech in Oakland  311
:Pond, E. B....   668, 575
vote for, for governor  570
-Pond, Wallace R  .. .. 455
Poole, A. W...  305,334 472
Poole, David L  437
Poole, Thos. B....  -.204, 205
Popular soverignty sustained...
  -88,91, 93
J>orter, C. B  184, 310, 404
union resolutions by   192
Porter, D. K   102
J?orter, P. M   584, 586
Porter, Geo. P   70
JPorter,J. M  —389, .390
-Porter, J.T   ....676, 592
Porter, ,L W   125
Porter, Nathan  126, 318, 375
Porter primary law, application
of  -"-   ..-..242, 244
resolution on  .  ......249, 260
Uniori primaries under........ 281
-JPostal saVinga banks, estabUsh
ment of ..-.  ...399,555, 589
.Postal telegraph, establishraent
of, called for......  468, 544
Potts, J. S. ..-......-...-  547
JPoundatone, Jesse  591

PoweU, C P.... -....-....t...... 42
vote for, for prison director  50
PoweU, Frank  106
Powell, Joaeph. .68, 81, 83, 90, 102, 289
vote for, for clerk of suprerae
court-.  _..  109
Powers, O.B. -   278, 281
Pratt, —     660
Pratt, L. E  196, 356
Pratt, 0.C.-.113, 123,294,394,413, 414
vote for, for justice of supreme
court-  295
Pratt, W. H.  —109, 185, 542
Precht, Chas   70
Preemption laws, extension to
CaUfornia urged  8, 13
favoring liberal   -- 28
resolution relative to  78
President of the United States,
election by .popular vote ..-
  885,398, 588
election for more than one terra
opposed  334
tliird term, opposition to.. 335, ,339
Presidential elections, returns for
 1862, 23; 1866, 74;
1860,127; 1864,212; 1868,288;
1872,321; 1876,364; 1880,430;
1884, 472;. 1888, 652; 1892,594
Presidential electors, meetings of
 -  -  1852, 24;
1856, 74; 1860, 127; 1864, 212;
1868,288; 1872,321; 1876, .364;
1880, 431; 1884, 473; 1888, 553
Presley, John G.  569
Price, E. B    581
Price, Geo. P 
 118, 120, 122, 123, 126, 127
Price, J.T...  556
vote for, for clerk of suprerae
court  570
Price, Johnson  19,37, 50
Price, Rodman M., vote for, for
congressman   5
Primary elections, application of
the" Porter law  242, 244
resolution on ,,  249, 260
frauds in union priraaries  260
union prira aries to be held un
der Porter law   ,.. 281
Crawford county plan  292-
protest against appointraent by
coraraittees   804
evil of  331
system condemned  333
resolution favoring.  522
Printer, State, election of  567
votefor, in  18-55, 50;
1857,84; 1859, 109; 1861, 180;
1863, 201; 1867, 267; 1871, 311
Priaon directora, vote for, in 1855, 50
Priaoners, contract labor of 
 -.380, 385, .396, 620
Proclamation for special election
in Inyo county  .......i. 693
Proctor, P. M  .-  81
Prohibition, submission of ques
tion to popular vote  .-. 47

698

INDEX.

Prohibition conventions. 
 1865, 45, 47;
1875, 354; 1879, 419; 1880, 426;
1882, 446, 447; 1884, 463; 1886,
504; 1888, 533; 1890, 553; 1892, 684
Prohibition platforras  
-.1856, 45, 48; 1876, 364; 1882,
446, 447; 1884, 464; 1886, 505;
1888, 534;' 1890, 564; 1892, 584
Protection. (See Tariff.)
Provines, R. R   113, 209, 284
Public debt, resolutions favoring
payment of   222, 265
(See also. Debt. )
Public schools, (See Schools,
Education.)
Pulliam, M. R. C  320, 821, 359
Purdy, J. H   - 49
Purdy, Sarauel .-_ 12, 24, 41, 115, 239
vole for, for lieutenant-gover
nor  -  15,28, 50
Purington, C. A.  - 317
Putney, J. A.  77
Pyle, D. M    451
Queen, Jaraes    126
Quimby, J. A   75, 76
Quinn,' I, N  -..106, Ul, 119, 123
Quinn, M. F...-  400
Quint, Leander..l76,179,319,350, 353
Rabe, WiUiam   116
Rackliff'e, L....... ..,   566
Railroad commissioners, pledge
for,inl879.  407
vote for, in  1879,
421; 1882, 453; 1886, 5.38; 1890, 570
denounced by Stockton con
vention    457
constitutional amendment
' urged ,...   460
denounced by Fresno conven
tion  ,   580
abolition of board  580
denounced' by people's party.. 589
Railroad companies, stock water
ing deiiounced   338
Railroad company, opposition to,
in 1873   ;^528
Railroad land grant, resolution
favoring ,,   31, 57
Railroad subsidies, resolution
opposing...,..,  299, 308, 441
Railroad taxes, payment of. .434, 448
laws to compel payment  457
interference of federal judges. 468
nour-payment declared crimi
nal ,  .-.,...  467
republican resolution ou  616
refusal to pay, condemned..- 520
"Heath" amendment opposed;
-,  ;-,...,..  521, 525
efforts to compel payment com-
niended    545
reassessment ,,   579
Railroads, reaolutions of farmers'
union  ,  322
resolution on question of  327

Railroads— coniimted.
legislative control of..331, 337, 344
conipeting lines favored 
 -   346, 352, 580-
regulation of, by congress  399
freight contract system de
nounced  440-
government ownership of 
' ,  .......536, 565, 685, 587, 589-
Thurman bill indorsed  41T
repubUcan resolution of 1884,
on   .-  470-
regulation of freights and fares, 302
reduction in fares and fj eights,
 406,407,408,412,
417, 433, 434 486, 486, 440, 459, 470
conati tutional araendmeiit pro
viding for tariff...  680
power in politics:  458
extension of time for paynient
of indebtedness opposed  578
interference in politics.  579"
(See also. Pacific railroad.)
Raines, John   112
Raisch, A. J   .- 565
Raisin industry, protection de-
. manded   470-
enoouragement of  520
Ralden, Joshua  11
Ralston, —   ...  11
Ralston, J. H  81,43,45,49, 81
vote for, for justice of supreme
court  '.    84
Ralston, W. C...   ..... 220'
Ramsey, —   204
Randall, A  22
RandaU, A. W.  99
vote for, for surveyor-general. 109-
RandaU, Chas. H.--,-..419, 524, 582
vote for, for raeraber state board
' of equalization... .  421, 533
RandaU, I. P....^   126-
RandaU, P. M    76, 83-
vote for, for surveyor-general. 84
Rankin, IraP   
..-65, 75, 97,99, 220, 341, 368, 469
vote for, for congressman. ..74, 356-
Randolph, Edmund  
 3, 1.8, 19, 92, 103, 108, 172
vote for, for attorney-general.. 109-
extracts from speech of.  173
Randolph, I. N   ..,.— 330-
Ravelv, S. W  -  -.100, 172
Rawiin, N. P..   504
Rawson, A. W  97
Rayle, P. W. S..., ,   208-
Rayraond, Dr. J. A  ,.  81
vote for, for lieut.-governor... 84
Rea, .Jas, W  455, 518, 531, 560, 565
vote for, for railroad corarais
sioner  683, 571
Reading, P. B..12, 26, 34, 239, 264, 267'
vote for, for congressman  6-
vote for, for governor...  15
Reardon, T. B...  79,128, 418
Rebellion, resolution condem'ing 186^
(See also, Unioii Resolutions,
CivU War.)

INDEX.

699

Reconstruction, policy of Presi-
. dent Johnson .   288,
resolutions relative to.. 22'6"
227, 228, 229, 231, 234, 285, 239
240, 248, 259, 264, 268, 270, 271, 279
mass meetings at Sacramento
.' --    ...287, 238
indorsement of representatives, 250
counting of electoral vote under
reconstruction acta. .268, 284, 289
Rector., Thomas .,   328
Reddick, J. B...,430, 469, 472, 47"3, 564
vote for, for lieutenant-gover
nor  570
Redding, B. B  92, 100, 195
votefor, for secretarv of ;state 201
Reddy, P  m>, 460, 504, 523
Redington, A   73,76, 102,
103, 119, 128, 176, 177, 179, 287, 288
Redington, J. H  260
Redman, Augustus   42, 69
-Redman, R. A  --..  124
Redstone, A. E  466, 526
vote for, for congressman  5:-J8
Redstone, J. H  364, 428, 430, 462
vote for, for railroad commis
sioner   453
Reed, C. F  Ul,
249, 281, 310, 313, 314, 360, 358,
409, 410, 445, 462, 454, 469, 472, 517
vote for, for surveyor-general. . 26'7
vote for, for congressman  366
vote for, for railroad coraraiss'r 453
Reed, C.W  ..-  116
Reed, David    586
Reed, D. C  410, 413, 414, 455
vote for, for lieut.-governor  421
Reed,,G. C   863
Reed,. Geo. W..   186
Reed, John M  61
Reed, T. L  81
Reed, Thos. B., action as speaker
indorsed  .1   :  563
Reed,W  591
Reese, C  104
Regan interstate .comraerce bill,
. passage of...  519
Registry iaw, indorsement of  260
resolution condemning.  266
Reichert, Theodore  518, 681, 665
vote for, for surveyor-general..
 ....532, 670 ,
Reid, H. H    460
Reis, Gus....    422
Religion, freedom in  -  307.
Renison, Thos  ,1  584
'•Repor-ter" (newspaper) repudi
ation of  297
Republican address, in 1868..... 277
Republican con ventions. 1856, 59,
64; 1857, 74; 1868, 93; 1869,
97; 1860, 109, 116; 1861, 173;
1867, 269; 1H68, 286; 1869, 292;
1871, 305; 1872, 312; 1873, 325;
1875, 335; 1876, 366, 362; 1879,
404; 1880, 424, 428; 1882, 438;
1884, 464, 469; 1886, 613; 1888,
537, 560; 1890, 560; 1892, 571, 591

Republican party, first mass
meetmgo^   59
opposition to moveraent inaug.
urating   64,66, 67
. outlook in 1859   96
atterapted fusion with uriion
democrats   182, 184
call in San Francisco for reor
ganizing    258
meeting in Sacramento  258
liberal moveraent in 1872.,  819
denounced as untrue to people 457
(See also. Union Party.)
Republican platforras  
1856. 60, 65; 1867, 75; 1858,
93; 1859, 98; 1860, 116; 1861,
174; 1867, 2-59; 1868, 286; 1869,
293; 1871, 306; 1872, 318; 1875,
335; 1876, 356, 363; 1879,404;
1880, 425, .429; 1882, 439; 1884,
454, 469; 1886, 613; 1888, 687,
550; 1890, 561; 1892, 571, 691
indorseraent of Pittsburg plat
form   -  61
Republican speakers in 1872  320
Republican state central com
mittee, inembers of  — .. .
61, 65, 76, 94, 99, 176, 260, 294,
310, 314, 840, 363, 409, 430, 445, 472
action relative to selectiori of
delegates to constitutional
convention...  :  381
resoluti-bns adopted..  .., 382
address of state committee. .. 402
Republican vote. (See Election
Returns; Presidential Elec-
tiona.)
Resolutions. (See Platforms un
der narae of party; Union
. Resolutions.)
Resuraption, maintenance of
policy .:  ,  — 425
Returns of elections. (See Elec
tion Returns ; Presidential
Elections; names of offices
and candidates.)
Revenue, coUection of, on cur
rency:    222
Reynolds, J. S   .506, 532
vote for, for raember board of
equalization    ., 583
Reynolds, John ,„   409, 448
Reynolds, W. D  -,  : 550
vote for, for congressraan .,.,. 563
Reynolds, W. H  ..1  259-
Rh'oads, A. J 
..-310, 314, 409, 430, 445, 472, 675
Rhoads, George H  68
Rhodes, A. L  -¦ 
---174, 176, 196, 309, 401, 409, 420
vote for, for juatice of suprerae
court  201,311, 421
Rhodes, John M   461
Rhodes, W.H   197, 200
Rice, D. W. C  194, 196
Rice, George  473
Rice, Harvey W   .. 451
vote for, for controller.  45S

700

INDEX.

Rice, Jerorae    207
Rich, C. E.....  684
Richards, J. T  363, 409
vote for, for justice of suprerae
court   421
Kichards, Jarrett R  ...340, 436
Richardson, Wra. H..,  18, 69
Riddell, George H....  247
Eiddle, Jaraes L.   ... 280
Eidge, John R, ....103, 179, 199, 266
vote for, for printer  180
Rideout, N. D  ..294, 358, 509, 574
Riggins, H. B  591
Riggs, Charles    649
Rightm-ire, A. D..  118
Eiley, Gen. Bennet   4
Riley, J. H   239
Eing, H.J   .. 690
Riots, amendment of code rela
tive to.—    376
Riparian rights. (See Irrigation ;
Water.)
Ritter, Wm   207
Rivers, appropriations for  13
should be declared public prop
erty . ..  -  386
iraproveraent of... 
 434, 441, 662, 668, 573, 577
Roach, PhUip A   -.
324, 825, 352, 353, 365, 417, 422, 488
Robberson, John S.  104
Robbery of stage from Virginia
City,1864  204
Robbins, R. D.  .-.542, 575
Roberta, 0. P  691
Roberta, E. W.-18, 2C5, 278, 281,
356, 362, 390, 404, 429, 4.S0, 438, 472
Roberts, G. D  165, 173, 816
Eoberts, J. W   267
Eoberts, Joseph. ._  266, 302, 353
Eobertson, T. W  42
Robertson, V. J  547, 549
Robertson, W. A   26
Robinson, H   59, 196
Robinson, J   686
Robinson, Thos   17, 19
Robinson, Tod   12,
17, 19, 26, 165, 172, 173, 188, 197
vote for, for justice of supreme
court.-  16, 29, 201
vote for, for attorney-general-. 180
Robinson, William  13, 22
Robinson, William A  19
Robinson, WiUiam R  196
EockweU, B.A  320
Eogers, G. H  267, 360, 394, 414
Eogers, J. S.   ..'  281
Eogers, J. T   402
Eogers, L. S  549
Rogers, Moses   532
Rogers, Wra. P  686, 591
Rollins, H. G   278, 281, 320
Rolfe, H.C  305
Roraan,. Richard  .-U, 12, 24, 41
vote for, for lieut.-governor ... 5
vote for,. for treasurer  15
Roney, Prank   388
Eooney, —':...  877

Rosborough, A. M  - 
 26,6.8, 125,126,315,
Rose, A. H..106, 117, 118, 264, 267,
283, 284, 298, 321, 328, 363, 518,
resolution relative to elective
franchise   
relative to discussions on seces
sion 
Rose, L.J   424,
Rose, T.H 
Rosecrans, W. S. ...266, 424, 437,
votefor, for congressman-_431,
Rosenbaum, P. IL  319,
Rosenfeld, John  ....308,
vote for, for harbor coraraiss'r.
Rosenthal, Marcus  688,
Rosa, E. M  401, 418, 437, 453,
vote tor, for justice of suprerae
court ..-.  421,
Rosa, H. L.  -  ...
Ross, S. H. P   -  10,
Ross, Thoraas  .-
Ross, Williara G  
Rosseau, B 
Rousch, William  
vote for, for secretary of state .
Rowan, Martin 
Rowe. B. A  .-
Rowe, George 
Rowe, Richard-  - 
RoweU, C. W. C   443,
Rowell, Chester   
-  363, 424, 446, 469,
RoweU, J   
vote for, for congressman 
Rowland, George   
Roysdon, A. "W^  : 
Ruddock, J. 0   . 
Ruggles, L. B  .476,
Runk, George A   
Rush, Captain  
Russ, Joseph  426,
RusseU, H. H.__  —
Russell, J. H 
Russell, Joel 
354, 414, 463, 465, 472, 506, 607,
vote for, for controller 
vote for, for governor.. 
Russell, Mrs. Joel 
RusseU, W. H., vote for, for con
gressman  ...
Rust, P. C   
Ryan, James D 
Ryan, Jaraes T..   ...
IU, 114, 128, 151, 153, 176, 179,
Ryan, JP. H..284, 292, 358, 359; 394,
Ryan, Thoraas 1?  
Ryder, G.W  
Ryland, C. T  
22, 43, 55, 88, 104, 106, 116, 118,
123, 178, 267, 283, 289, 291, 314,
316, 316, 334, 852, 353, 359, 415,
Ryland, Jaraes W 
vote for, for congressraan 
!l^ynerson, C. C  . 

350 690
269

270461318463
458 321326311
594 523
463464 11
259 37
437 349356 32
44 1075
564472556671 61
354 583509 65 12
443409 684626
355582 686

178 298896353
260

547683 594207

Sacramento Cottnty, independ
ent party in 1873. ...... ..324, 328

INDEX.

701

/

Sacraraento river, iraprovement
¦of-...-'-.  662,568, 573, 577
Safford, W. S  220
St. John electors, vote for  472
Salaries, reduction of 
 28. 83, 260, 326, 336, 347, 526
Salomon, E. S  -.  362
San Francisco, candidates for city
officers, 1850  9
nominations on vigilance com
mittee issue    74
union party politics in  219
meeting to reorganize republi
can party.--  258
protest of young raen's repub
lican club, 1869   304
tickets presented in 1873  324
water supply, resolution ou... 346
labor troubles in 1877   865
apprehension in 1878...  374
committee of safety, organiza
tion of   374
appeal of Chinese companies
for protection  -  371
relief of workingmen  -875, 377
proclamation of Mayor Bryant, 876
San Francisco bulkhead, resolu
tions on   1-22, 171, 178
San Francisco Gas Co., reso,lution
relative to   347
San Joaquin river, iraprovement
of......  562, 568, 573, 577
San Juan island, question of title
to   -  121
San Quentin priaon, adminiatra-
tion of....  -.  668
Sanborn and J-ayne frauds con
demned    361
Sanders, John S...  -. 389
Sanders, Oregon  404, 445, 455
Sanders, S. T.    526
Sanderson, S. W  168; 196, 220
resolutions presented by demo
cratic convention  165
vote for, for justice of supreme
court  201, 226
Sansevaine, Pedro  8
Sargent, A. A   
...45, 76, 83, 93, 94, 98, 99, 109,
110, 126, 173, 176, 191, 195, 210,
214, 246, 287, 310, 311, 335, 481, 504
vote for, for attorney-general.. 84
vote for, for congressman 
 180,288, 311
Sargent, H. S  295, 310, 314, 335
Satterwhite, J. W 
 ¦  353, 894, 415, 418, 424
Saunders, Beverly C  26
Sawyer, E. D  66, 115, 340, 401, 445
vote for, for attorney-general-. 355
Sawyer, P. A.  426
Sawyer, Lorenzo..  ., 
.  13, 19, 26, 43, 196, 291, 294
yote for, for justice of supreme
court -.   201, 295
Sawyer, W. D......  286, 303, 320
Saylea,aG.,-,  ,-  -389
Sbarboro. A..-—-.  ,....'504

Scannell, David  ...19,
Scellen, J. D 
Schell, A   177,
ScheU, G.W   293
389, 390, 409, 430, 445, 466, 652,
Schmidt, Maurice   461,
Schmidt, W. C-  
Schofield, J. W  
Schofield, James  
School fund, neceasity for in
creasing   .
Schools, public, iraprovement of
system  
resolutions on  
-—174, 260, 307, 333, 337, 349,
351, 360, 381, 397, 406, 425, 427,
448, 522, 528, 529, 538, 549, 558,
(See also. Education, , Text
books.)
Scott, A. P..  - 
Scott, Chas. L  
 30,31,70,86,104,123,
vote for, for congressman... 74,
urges formation of Pacifi.c re
public   - 
Soott, Dred   
Soott, Irving M..-   324,
Soott, John 'V.-.  _ 
Scott, Gen. Winfield 
vote for, for president.. 
course of, in preservation of
government property con
demned  -  -¦-..
Scranton, L. B  ..536,656,
vote for, for congressman. .571,
Scribner, W. H  
Scudder, N. W  
Seals, Henry   302,
Searls, Niles   123,200,
328, 350, 422, 431, 456, 460, 523,
vote for, for justice of supreme
court.- ,  -.-
Sears, W. H....  
194, 205, 278, 280, .310, 313, 324,
825, 326, 336, 362, 430, 439, 446,
Seavey, A   
Seawell, J. H....   112,
Seccorabe, A. H  
Secession , resoluti on condem' ing,
resolution on right of  
resolution offered by Westraore
land  ¦. 
resolution offered by Rose 
(See also. Union Resolutions.)
Seckel, Geo  266, 302,
vote for, for supreme court clerk
Secretary of State, vote for, in
 1863, 201; 1867,
267; 1871, 311; 1876, 365; 1879,
421.; 18»2, 463; 1886, 582 • 1890,
Sectarian institutions, funds not
to be diverted to 
Sectionalism, opposition to 
Sedgwick, John 
Sefton, W.W 
S&lby, T. H..124, 266, 303, 304, 309,
Seligman, A.   281,
Selkirk, W. A  389, 415, 422,

26-68
281
553
•547 319 590 18
122 25-
568258181108130- 114
325426- 23
23
157
586594 575
390 303546-553

504
259422 586166-
231

270

320267

570549- 121
314 68
810
288460-

702

INDEX.

Se-Ubeck, E. F  -  527
Selleck, Silas..   50, 62, 426
Selvage, T. M   571
Semple, Charles D 
- -- 68, 173, 188, 191, 208, 209, 224, 266
Senator, TI. S., on election of in
1856   59
election by popular vote 
 381, 385,398, 525,,
536, 644, 555, 567, 674, 677, 686, 588
Sensabaugh, J.B   816
Sepulveda, I  437
Settlers, expression of sympathy
with   28
compensation for improve
ments.-.   49
securing improveraents -raade
on larids to  61
protection of, on publio lands.. 100
Settlers' and miners' conventions
  1856,44; 1857, 83
Settler's and miners' party ad
dress, in 1859   108
Settlers' ticket   179
Severance, J. G   390
Severance, Miss S. M  556
vote for, for superintendent of
public. inatruction  ... 570
Seward,Wra. H..117, 167, 230, 238, 561
Sexton, W. T    31, 220
Sexton, Williara  319
Seymour, Horatio   234, 422
Seymour electora, vote forin 1868, 288
Shackleford. T. J  302, 353
Shaffer, J. "W......  430
Shafter, J. McM   99,
178, 210, 362, 363, 389, 443, 451, 455
union resolutions reported by . 146
vote for, for congressman  453
Shafter, 0. L...76, 94, 99, 176, 196, 291
vote for, for justice of supreme
court  -   108, 201
-Shanahan, T. W. H.  .-- 569
Shanklin, James W. ..-409, 420, 444
vote for, for surveyor-general.. 421
:Shannon, T. B..123, 177, 178, 195, 309
vote for, for congressman  201
indorsed as congressman  207'
:Shannon, W. B   10
vote for, for congressman  5
Shannon, Wilson.    9
Sharkey, Wra  288, 340, 363, 424
Sharon, .4.1exander D   426
Sharp, J. M...  586
Sharp, S. A   111, 114, 369
Sharpstein, John R  321,
330, 334, 386, 394, 401, 414, 418, 437
vote for, for justice of supreme
court-  .  421,. 453
Sharron, W. C...   10
:Shattuck, D. 0.  
.... 12, 19, 21, 26, 48, 124, 172, 211
vote for, for congressman  180
Shattuck, F. K  814, 340, 363, 472
Shattuck, W  .  226
:Shaw, H. R   590
Shaw, WUliam J  44, 45, 235
reconstruction resolutions by.. 228

Shaw, Williara J. — continued.
resolution relative to Stanton
and Johnson   271
Shea, Rowland  77
Shear, Waldron, vote for, for
member board of equaliza
tion  ...—  --. 533
Shearer, L   .196, 809
Sheldon, William  ¦  .— 65
Shellhouse, E. J..... .;...461, 462, 468
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction  453
Shepard, W. W   65
Shepherd, P. W.  „. 12
Sheppard, D  26
Sheppard, W. M., vote for, for
congressman   5
Sherbdurne, D. N  469
Sheridan, Philip H   '561
Sherman, Charles  —..426, 444
Sherraan, Wm   .J...
¦  66, 99, 176, 184, 185, 278, 314
Sherman, 'Wra. T  -. 561
Sherwood, T. J  :..342, 349, 394
resolution on trial and piiniah-
ment|of Davis  232
Sherwood, W. S. .-.4, 11, 12, 22, 68
vote for, for governor...  5, 6
Shields, General  -.  -.  164
Shippee, L. U  ........409, 564
Shirlev, Paul   
303, 316, 828, 353, 359, 422, 437, 588
Shoemaker, Rufus..  203, 389
Shorb, J. C  319-, 321, 354,
362, 364, 389, 415, 422, 480, 431, 463
resignation of, as presidential
elector   461
Shorb, J. DeBarth  
 481,476, 477, 509, 666
Short, P. H  ...-., 561
"Short hairs," origin of term.  213
convention at Sacramento. — .. 217
Shortridge, C M  ...561, 591
Shortridge, Samuel M. ....... .582, 563
Showalter, D   180, 208
Shrack, L.M   197, 198
Shurtieff', B   -
123, 318, 389, 394, 395, 402, 414, 469
union resolutions by,,  192
Shurtieff, G.A  16
Sibley, P. H..: 
...¦i66, 94, 98, 99, 107, 109, 116, 284
vote for, for congressman  108
resignation- from deraocratic
coiiimittee.l..  l. 287
Sigoui-irey', T. 'W  -  42
Silraan, W. -L  584, 594
SUver; demonetization of  357
free coinage urged.515, 519, 526,
538, 542, 560, 567, 573, 587, 589, 590
acts of republicans denounced. 577
Silver bill, passage recommended 564
Simmonds, Rev. S. D  :.-.;47, 49
Simmons, L. W    506
vote for, 'for congressraan.  683
Siraonton, J. W    239
Simpson, A. M   — . 642'
Simpson, James   ^^ 469

INDEX.

703

iSimpson, R.W   455
Sims, Wm..   "' 451
vote for, for lieut.-governor.-- 463
-Singletary, C. P   569
Sinton, R. H   115
.Skelton, Mrs    " 536
Skinker, John...  ...50", 68
vote for, for clerk of supreme
court   74
.Slater, N     6'8, 99
Slave Code   106
-Slavery, abolition by war con
demned  187
abolition of, indorsed  202
resolutiona on  60,63,66,
76, 98, 105, 111, 120, 121, 206, 222
.Slaves, resolution on arming.182, 190
-Sloan, B. W. P  21
vote for, for justice of suprerae
court   ... 23
.Slocum, Gen...  239
Sloss, Gordon E....  ..—524, 569
vote for, for meraber board of
equalization  533, 670
Sloss, Louis  —287,340, 863
firaart, Julius,  65
.Sraith, (ex-gov. of Virginia),. 11, 17
Sraith, 'A. A.,-  401, 420
vote for, for secretary of state.. 421
.Smith, Mrs. A. F   586
Smith, A. S   281
.Smith Auatin E  112, 180
Sraith, C. B   364
.Sraith, E. B., resolution on eraan
cipation proclaraation  193
Sraith, Edwin F  .,  413
vote for, for suprerae court
clerk   —   4'21
Smith, P. M    104
.Smith, Geo. H...  „, 669
vote for, for justice of supreme
court,—   570
.Smith, George   889, 390, 394
.Smith, G. W..--  353, 414
Smith, H. C—   124
Smith, H. W   424
.Smith, Horace-12, 26, 34, 106, 123, 126
.Smith, J. C-  9
Smith, J. McKinstry  93
.Smith, J. W   - 124
Smith, O. K  178
Smith, Dr.. Peter  -  12
;S'mith, Samuel B  42
.Smith, Samuel D   - 50
.Smith, W. A. C...   569
Smith, W. S    79
Smith, W. W  506, 526, 536
vote for, for congressman. .633, 553
.Smith, William  22
iSmith, WilUam H  -.  24
.Smith, WiUiam M   426
Smyth, C. S    569
-Snow, Mrs. Nettie B   591
SnowbaU, J. W  319, 410, 414
Snowden, R. N   .— - 42
' Snyder, Andrew J  207, 258, 319
iSnyder, Francis   — -. 110
Snyder! J, R  113, 211, 320, 322

Soldiers, reirabursement for de
preciated currency  .... 588
inMexican war, clairas of.  563
(Seealso, National Guard; Cali
fornia Volunteers.)
Solomon, P. L..,,  59, 191
Somers, W. H   536
Sons of Temperance   . 48
SorreU, P....  .- 157
Soule, Frank  -.... 
-  19, 26, 34, 185, 250, 287, 341
Soule, Samuel  1 
...62, 65, 97, 260, 326, 342, 390, 414
vote for, for raUroad corarais
sioner  _—  421
Southard, J. B. 179,-248, 309, 394, 517
Southern Pacific Co., interfer
ence in politics  579
(See also. Railroads.)
Southern States, disfranchise
ment of, condemned..  290
Southern uuion convention ; de
legates to..  - ..  240
Spanish grants, protection to set
tlers upon  82
Spaulding, N. W  ....363, 542
Spear, J. S.-     575
Spear, N. P.-.   549
Spear, W. S   26, 34, 42
Special legislation, prohibition of 386
Specie payment, resumption of... 364
Specific contract -law, resolution
on repeal of    222
on enforcement of  .. 225
repeal deraanded  428
Spect, Jonas  829, 386, 414
Spence, David.. -   5
Spence E. P    409, 574
Spencer, Dr. A. J   ...76, 319
Spencer, Dennis  ...422, 460, 518
Spencer, E. B    413
Spencer, E..V  575
Spencer, P. E..  . 318
Spencer, J. D...   359
414, 416, 436, 460, 624, 526, 560, 569
vote for, for clerk of supreme
court  633, 570
Spencer, Thomas  — . 281
Sperry, Austin    319
Sperry, Geo. B  .,  ¦  592
Sperry, S. W...  - ......318, 455
"Spittoon" convention.......... 217
Splivalo, -A. D  318, 340
Sposati, N     676
Spotts, A. T   618
Sprague, P. S  ..-..-.... 537
Sprague, Royal T..  _ 
....32, 41, 49, 70r 102, 120, 197,
198, 199, 200,. 226, 266, 326, 328, 384
vote for, for justice of supreme
court  108, 201, 268
Spreckels, Adolph B...  455
Spreckels, Claus  313, 318, 821, 430
Spring Valley Water Co., re-aolu-
tioii relative to legislative -
controlof  — . 845
Springer, T. A..77, 79, 179, 195, 250, 309
vote for, for printer  311

704

INDEX.

Stacey, Geo  
Stafford, W. P  , 
Stakes,.A. G   
Stanford, Leland.. .76, 93, 94, 99,
107, 109, UO, 126, 176, 182, 196,
vote for, for treasurer  .
vote for, for governor  108,
withdrawal frora gubernatorial
contest in 1863 
resolution commending. 
loan bill indorsed.-  _..
sketch of   
Stanlv, Edward 
--  76,81,83, 116,239,
vote for, forgovernor... 
Stanly, John A  —463, 472,
vote for, for justice of supreme
court  
Stanton, B. M., resolution on re
lations with Pres. Johnson..
---270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 282,
Staples, D. J.—  97,109,110,
Staples. J. M 
Starr, A. D. 
State board of equalization. (See
Equalization.)
State Centi-al Coraraittees. (See
undername of party.)
State rights, resolutions relative
to    ;36, 190,
Stearns, Abel 
Stearns, John P  293, 426, 443,
Stebbins, George H 
Stebbins, J. C' 
Stebbins, James G  .
Steele, E  ...79, 226, 283,
Steele, Elijah K  .— —
Steele, George  394, 464, 466,.
Steffens, Joseph  
Stephens, R. D..417,422, 437, 569,
Stetson, J.B.-.  
Stevens, Mrs. E. P   464,
Stevens, S. B. 
Stevenson, A. J   — .
Stevenson, A. M 
Stevenson, Andrew  
Stevenson, H. J. .. 
vote for, for surveyor.general—
Stevenson,. J. B..  
Stevenson, Jonathan D..187, 192,
Stevenson, Dr.-W. W 
Stewart, J. M. 
Ste-vvart, T. B   636,
Stewart, "WilUara M..  16,
vote for, for governor 
Still, W. G 
Stock gambling, regulation of...
Stom'bs, C. A 
Stonei, C. P  
Stone, Frank M.  
Stone, W. P..  
Stoneman, George 
- .,  401, 414, 419, 420, 486,
vote for, for railroad commiss'r
vote for, for governor.-  —
administration denounced 
sketch of-...  
Stoney, Thoraas P  418,

110 686
268370 84
180194
537660694
267 84
569
670

289
176204
314

116
517468
894 22
334 103

582
592586
209 80
126422401 421
437306 68
34
586 44 5
185400
414 547550
386456421453616601
420

Stoney, Thomas P. — continued.
vote for, forjustice of supreme
court  -   42r
Stout, A. A   372;
Stow, W. W  34, 43, 247
Stowell, L. „   3
Stratman, John  , 10, 280, 294
Stratton , W. C. . 88, 90, 104, 106, 126, 462
vote for, for justice of supreme
court...   453
Street, C. E     445-
Street, Charles R. .88, 90, 104, 129, 191
Street, F. W   652.
Streeter, H. M.  552, 553
Strong, J. M...  392.
Stua,rt, W.A    424
Subsidies, opposition to  .-.
 299, 308, 332,361, 441
for carrying the mail...  580-
Suff'rage, condemning property
qualification  66-
pro visions in Massachusetts
condemned   105-
inherent right of  ,. 427
limitation to citizens  55'7
educational test for  555, 685-
(See also, Negro Suff'rage, Wo
man Suffrage.)
Sullivan, B. L.  — .
 94, 295, 310, 312, 314, 358-
SulUvan, Frank J.  463, 469, 624
vote for, for congressman. .473, 533-
SuUivan, J. P.. .523, 626, .646, 676, 583
vote for, for justice of aupreme
court..  -  ...588, 553-
Suramers, liobert  479,452, 584-
vote for, for secretary of state. 453
Sumner, Gen  164, 180--
Suraner, Charles   67, 561
Suraner, Charles A.  
109, 389, 419, 422, 424, 437, 463, 469
vote for, for congressraan 
  421,463,472, 688
Sumptuary laws, opposition to..
 488,458, 520-
Sumter, Port, newsof attackon.. 162-
Sunday, preservation of one day
tas     585-
Sundaylaw, repeal deraanded... 433
continuance of, favored 
—  :  .439, 448, 452-
enactm.ent of, deraanded  635
resolution favoring  555 ¦
(See also, Sumptuary Laws.)
Superintendent of public instruCT
tion, vote for in  ...1850,
11; 1858, 29: 1866, 74; 1859,
109; 1861, 192; 1863, 201; 1867,
268; 1871, 312; 1875, 356; 1879,
421; 1882, 453; 1886, 533;.1890, 570
Supreme court, increase of judges
recommended  100
Supreme court cierk, yote for in
 1850, 11; 1862,23; 1854,
38; 1856, 74; 1858, 95; 1859,
109; 1861, 180; 1863, 201; 1867,
267; 1871, 3U; 1»76, 356; 1879,
421; 1882, 453; 1886, 533; 1890, 570-

INDEX.

705

Surveyor-general, vote- for in .
 —1851,15; 1853,
29; 1855,. 50;. 1857, 84; 1859
109; 1861, 180; 1863, 201; 1887
267; 1871,. 311; 1875,. 356; 1879
421; 1882, 453-; 1886, 532; 1890, 670
Sutherland, T. W...,.l._.,.. ...' lo
vote for, for.attornev-generai.. 11
Sutter, . J ohn A. , vote for, for gov- .
ernor  5
Sutton, 0. P  i" 238
Swafford, C C-   691
vote for, for congressman  694
Swan, G. W..   278
Swan, J. S  —  —,560, 566
vote for, for raember board of
. equalization  570
Swan, W. G   464
Swasey, M. J    26
Sweasey, W. J  248,400,452, 468
vote for, for lieut.-governor ... 453
Sweeney, M. D  90
S^ett, John   185, 196, 250, 349
vote for, for superintendent of
public inatruction. .-192, 201, 268
Swezy, G. N   263, 294
letter to BidweU   261
Swift, Chaa. H  ....259, 260-
Swift, John -P  ._  -....
.--287, 320, 328, 329, 342, 350,
408, 438, 517, 531, 537, 542, 562, 653
vote for, ior congreasman.... . 366
anti-Chinese memorial present
ed by...  481-502
letter declining nomination of
American party  ... 530
vote fur, forgovernor  ,., .¦. 532
Swinford, B   463, 524
Sykes, John J.   .— 207
Sykes,.John L  ,,, 176
Tade, E.G.-  ,,   506
Taggart, Grant I.... .....309, 340, 409
vote for, for supreme court
clerk  ,  311, 366
Talbert, T. A...-   834, 394
Talbot, —  --.   288
Taliaferro, A. W   30
Taliaferro, T. W  '.  42
Talmadge, D. P   ..— 83
Taney, R. B. ,„   .  75
"Tapeworm" ballots- . — j— 312
Tariff', Morrill act, : resolution
opposing  --. 167
dissatisfaction with....  332
for revenue, resolutions favor.
ing  299, 315, 351, 360, 458, 543
protect! ve , -resol u tion s favoring
..7, 464, 468, 469, 470, 541, 660, 576
McKinley bill denounced  566
platforra of 1888 reaffirmed.... 672
restoration of, on wool, de
manded ..,-..   519
(See a/so,- Wool.)
Tarpey M; P.. -.456, 460, 523, 546, 575
vote for, for lieut.-governor  532
Tarpey, Martin   — 316
Tax rate, limit pledged  564, 567
45

Taxation, araendraent of consti
tution advised  299
exemption to the value of $500. 385
farming lands, growing crops,
etc  .   386
equitable system of  333, 336,
340, 347, 352, 416, 628, 529, 548, 587
of money, mortgages, etc., 
  384,396, 468
evidence, of double  412
reduction of  558
Taxes, semi-annual payment of. _ 655
Taylor, Rev. —  ., . 12
Taylor, Charles  325
Taylor, Chas. L   176,195, 249
. votefor,forharborcoramiss'r.. 201
Taylor, Clay W 
-—389, 417, 422, 436, 546, 666, 581
Taylor, D. C  ..553, 666, 686
vote for, for member board of
equalization   570
Taylor, Daniel   820
Taylor, P. B..  -  319
Taylor, J. W  -   361
Taylor, Johu F.   632
Taylor, Nelaon   42, 59
Taylor, R.H  ,.9, 17
Taylor, Stuart M  — 
  821, 361, 364, 415, 422
Taylor, W.H   68, 81
Taylor, William    26
Teal, Louis  60, 68
Teare, PhiUp   ,... 335
Telegraph, news tariff of Western
Union Company  292
governnient ownership of 
  536, 555, 585, 587, 589
(See also. Postal telegraph.)
Teinperance conventions. (See
Prohibition conventions.)
Temperance question, recogni
tion of,, by democratic party. 41
recognition of, by Araerican
party.   43
Temperance reform convention.. 354
Temperance resolutions. (See
Prohibition platforms.) -
Temple, Jackaon  73, 111,
123, 801, 320, 437, 451, 523, 526, 531
vote ibr, for congressman  212
votefor, forjustice of aupreme
court  312, 453, 533 •
Terrill, CO.-  .830, 334
TerriU, George W...  -  389
TerriU, James D   112
Territoriea, rights of  —  86
right to regulate internal af
fairs   63, 64, 100, 103
Terry, David S.  -..  43,
49, 69, 104, 188, 191, 203, 353,
¦ 394, 395,-410, 413, 422, 430, 431; 623
vote for, forjustice of supreme
court..     50
vote for, for attorney-general.. 421
Terry,Reel B  546, 566
vote for, for congressman  553
Tevis, Lloyd  113
Tevis, Robert  19, 34

706

INDEX.

Text-books, provided at public
expense   385
uniforra aeries of  406
publication of, by thestate.397, 442
aniendment providing for state
publication of, approyed.459, 470
Tharp, is. H  .9,10, 22
vote for, for clerk of supreme
court...   — . 11
Tharp, J. W  ..-465, 472
'Tharp, W.M.  -. 464
Theller, E. A     70
Thom, C. E..  -. 73
Thora, George   386, 401
Thomas, CT   ,. 99
Thomas, Charles G  281
Thomas, D. J    — 73
Thomas, GeorgeH  .. . 561
Thomas, George W.  ¦,.414, 419
vote for, for railroad commiss'r 421
Thomas, John   — 593
Thoraas, Lorenzo...  272, 274
Thompson, A. W... .„  . 
 179, 20.7, 410, 414, 590
Thorapson, C P.,,. vote for, for
state treasurer  ,,, , 356
Thompson, G. Howard  ,  363
Thompson, J., vote tor, for con
gressman,,..  .--  6
Thompson, J.' P  566, 581
Thompson, J. S..,..,  842, ,360.
votefor, tor Congressman  356
Thompson, M. A  .  586'
Thompaon, R. A.  1 
 77, 104, 113, 114, 328, 363
Thompson, .R. B  — 389
Thompson, R. E   355
Thompson, Robert   
 461, 506, 586,658,684, 5.86
vote for, for congreasman  533
vote for, for justice of supreme
court   -   570
Thorapson, S. B..   392
Thompson, T.H   455
' Thompson, Thomas L 
  1-23, 124, 173,
191,266,417, 422, 437, 524, 546, 581
vote for, for secretary of state.. 453.
vote .for, for. congressman— 538, 553
Thornburg, WiUiam   42
Thorne, CoL-  22
Thorne, I..N  289
Thornton, H. 1. .,   Ul, 203
Thornton, J.D..113, 191, 401, 418, 420-
vote for, for justice of supreme
., court...  421
Thornton, 0. ,P  ,  401
vote for, for supreme court clerk, 421
Thomton, S. K   ....... 445
Thorp, W. M   386
Thresher, Geo   .-684, 8'86
Thurraan, Allen G  ...424, 460
choice of California democrats
for president  422
Thurman railroad act indorsed.. 41T
Tibbetts, R. H   , 68
Tidball, T.T.  i  280,.
TUden electors, VQte.for...,  .364

Tilden, H. J  —176, 250, 286.
Tilden, M. C   259
Tilden, Samuel J  422, 460, 582
indorsed for president  .860, 459
nomination ratified  361
vote for _  :.  -  864
aUeged counting out of.  423
Tilden, W. P   :. 303
Tilford, Prank  — ¦
 55, 70, 73, 113, 114, 126, 200
TiUson, Charles  386
Tilton, S. S....  ^..309, 310, 319
Tingley, Geo. B....7, 8, 43, 44, 49, 126
vote for, for conrgressman ..  23
Tinnin, W. J  359, 389, 894,
414, 415, 418, 422, 437, 456, 461, 472
vote for,. for secretary of state.. 421
TObin, J. F  -..'.  813
Tobin, R. J   359
Tobin, Robert    422, 460
Tobin, Thomas  334
Todd, Beniamin  428
vote for, for congressman. ..... 431
Todd, J. M  ..   ^386
Todd, Mrs. Marian...-.  451, 452
vote for, for attorney-general.. 453
Tolman, George. B  -... 506
vote for, for surveyor-general. 582
Tompkins, P. W  ,  13
Tompkins, S. C   90
Torapkins, Walter  J   196
Tooker, J  42
Tooker, L     81
Torrence,R. B   260
Torrey, E.. N   -   281
Torrey, James E  112
Towle, G. W    109
Towne, Jamea W  176
Townes, John E  10
Townaend, E.W  543
Tozer, C.W   111
Tracy, Felix   220, 250
Tracy, Frederick P  3, 10, 19,
22, 65, 76, 76, 93, 94, 97, 99, 109, UO
yote for, for superintendent of
pubUc instr-uctioni.—  11
vote.for,for congressman  95
Traffic association, efforts com
mended   580, 589
Trask, James L.._  22
Traylor, W. .W  194
Treasurer, vote forin 1851, 15 ; 1863,
29; 1856, 60; 1857, 84; 1859,
109; 1861, 180; 1863, 201, 1867,
267; 1871, 311; 1875, 355; 1879,
421; 1882, 453; 1886, 632; 1890; 570
Trippit, Oscar A.  5'r5
Trout, D. H   401
Truett, H. B  79
Trumbo, laaac   _ 575
"Trusts," overthrow demanded, 556
enactment of laws against .564, 567
opposition to    585
Tucker, B. H..  ,  5D9
Tucker, J.C.-,— -   ,— 443
Tucker, Lansing....  44
Tukey, P    .  196
Tully, E..C  284, 3.94'

INDEX.

707

Tully,E.S. —  267
Tully,P.B   889,424, 438
vote for, for congressman  453
Turnbull, Walter   302
Turner, Garrison..  " 534
Turner, J. A......  .79 90
Turner, Joliu N..65, 66, 75, 76, 99, 194
vote for, for congressman  74
Turner, "W. R  !  26
Tuttie. A. A. H   ' 16
Tuttte, C. A.. 65, 76, 76, 93, 97, 99,
109, 116, 126, 127, 176, 205, 287
292, 318, 350, 394, 401, 413, 420, 472
yote for, for congreasman  356
vote for, for justice of suprerae
court  .-  421
Tuttie, Daniel   686
Tuttie, P. J..   686
Tuttie, F. P   661
Tweed, C. A   ...278, 287
Twitchell, Edward  199, 266, 349
vote for, for surveyor-general.. 355
Tyler, G. W 
174, 184, 196, 286, 287, 409, 429, 472
'Uhueewood, I. N   100
Underwood , I. W  44, 46, 83
Union, maintenance of  .. 42
"Union" (newspaper) extract
from, on Buchanan and
¦ Douglas   87
on elections of 1858   96
political aituation in 1859..,— , 97
extract on political parties in
1861  -  - 159
extract on Conness  243
extract on renoraination of
Higby  -.  251
on Gorham for governor  253
advocacy of Booth   303
'Union convention, call for in 1860 124
Union deraocratic conventions--
....1861, 176; 1862, 185; 1863, 197
Union democratic party, at
tempted consolidation with
republicans   180, 182
Colton's refusal.  — 183
maintenance of organization.. 186
letter of Arnold and others in
favor of abandoning  188
dissolution of  -   197
Union leagues, organization of.. 193
Unioii party, conventions.. 
 1860, 124; 1861, 165;
1862, 184; 1863, 194; 1864, 206,
209; 1865, 220; 1867, 246; 1868, 278
platforms of  1860,
125; 1862, 184; 1863, 194; 1864,
206; 1865, 220; 1867, 248; 1868, 278
members-of state committee..
 186, 196, 210, 220, 260, 281
resolutions adopted by com
mittee....  .t.  .-  239
resolution againat tactions in.. 207
diviaion into' "long hairs" and
"short hairs"....:   213
Sacramento county convention
inlS66    217

Union party— con^fowed.
Butte connty convention  215
tButte county resolutions  216
affairs in San Francisco  219
address of committee in 1865.. 223
resolutiona of state committee
on President Johnson  .. 234
division of, in 1867  243
organization of republican
party from  j  .  258
Union resolutions, offered by De
Long  130
by Edgerton   181
by Patrick   134
by Montgomery.-  135
by Crocker  136
by Burbank  137, 154
by Watson   138
by Dougherty   141
by Munday  — .  142
byPhelpa..    144, 153
by Blair   145
by White  145
by Johnson  ...146, 155
byChase  -  147
by Councilman...  162
by Chase   154
by Porter ....   192
by Shurtieff  192
by CampbeU —1  201
Edgerton's reported by com
mittee....    144
reported by. Shatter..  146
reported by aaserably commit
tee...   148, 149
adopted by legislature  181, 202
Union state convention, at
tempted meeting of, in 1861.. 165
United labor convention, 1886  526
United States debt, resolution fa
voring payment  .... 222
(See also, Debt.)
United States senators. (See Sen
ators.)
University, State, organized  301
appointments of regents de
nounced.  ..........  484
Upson, L  248
Upton, W. W   67, 68"
Vacaville Grange, resolutions
adopted by  322
Vallandigham, Clement L  234
VaUejo, M. G.  362, 389
Van Buren, T. B  12, 17, 22
Van Clief, Pef^r.... 301, 329, 330, 349
vote for, for attorney.general-. 355
Vandecar, E. H  224, 226
Vandever, William —..518, 532, 552
vote for, for congressman.. 533, 553
coraraended as congressman .. 537
Van Dyke, Walter  .183, 184,
196, 209, 292, 293, 294, 305, 309,
314, 317, 326, 336, 889, 394, 443, 464
Van Fleet, W. G...  542
Vann, W. A.  588
Van Ness, Jaraes   69, 320
Van Pelt, Mrs. Ada   584

708

INDEX.

Van Voorhies, J. D  12
Van Voorhies, WUliam  
...-.1, 30, 56, 76, 104, 106, 111, 314
Varney,B.F  77
Varney, Stephen.H   465, 472
Veasey, P   532
Venable, MoD. R...   316
Vermule, Thomas L  i..  29, 32
Vestal, D. C   590
Veto power, resolution on dan.
ger, of too. frequent use ....... 7
Vigilance committee, resolution
condemning  --68, 73
approval of  _.  74
resolutions on.   . 79
(See also, Committee of Safety.)
Vinter, William  386
Vogelsang, A. T.    546
Von Rhein, 0. F  362
Voorhies, E. C  561, 575
Vote. (See Election Returns.)
Vreeland, E.B   — 195
Vrooman, Henry  469, 472
Waddell, H.C....'  584
Wade, Benjamin P. .274, 276, 276, 280
Wade,H   59
Wade, James H...  43, 113
Wade, John P   349
"Wadhams, C  ¦.   65
Wadsworth, B....  248, 305, 314
Wagstaff, A. B   4.39
Wainwright, James B.... 13, 125, 126
Waite, E. G. .174, 250, 263, 286, 565, 594
vote for, for clerk of supreme
court    267
vote for, for secretary of state 570
Walbridge, Henry W   592
Walden M    179
Waldo, William  ... 12, 26
vote for, for governor-—  28
Waldron, S. A  468, 472
Wales, F. H   476
Walker, (of Yuba)   17
Walker, Asa   .  23
Walker, LN    803
Walker, L.W  409
Walker, R. J  ,  18
Walker, Robert J    239
"WaUser, William   32
Walkup, Joaeph . 
 18, 42, 77, 83, 123, 302, 803
vote for,'for lieut.-governor... 84
Wall, Isaac B  17, 18
Wallace, W. C  80, 83,
123, 172, 188, 191, 197, 301, 328, 437
vote for, for justice of supreme
court   180, 201
Wallace, WUliam T.-.82,.44, 226
,267, .284, 288, 291, 422, 430, 437, 569
vote for, for attorney-general.. 50
vote for, for justice of supreme
court  .-  295
Walling, J. .M   443
Wallis, H. W.  430
Walsh, James   41, 73
Walsh, P. F   --: 321, 422
WalthaU, Madison...  —26, 68

Wand,T.N  -.303, 319, 828
Ward, B. H  328, 422
WardaU, E. M   588, 591
Warde, P.'P.  —  -- 400'
Ware, A. B   . 566
Warmcastle, P. M  165, 169, 359
Warner, A. L  588, 590
Warner,. J...  24
Warner, J. L    18
Warner, James M...   26
Warner, John J  18,24^,77, 210
War. (See Civil War; Mexican
War). . ,
Warren, Sir Charles  496
"Warren, George R.   176
votefor, for controller-..  180
Washburn, C A 
.-  ....61,65, 99,. 116, 127, 303
Washington, B.P. 
. .30, 31, 37, 39, 42, 55, 70, 113, 126
Washington, George  64, 385
Wasson, Adam  409
Wasson, Joseph  430
Waaaon, Milton  413
Water, use of, for irrigation 
333 337 345
460,"449",'5'l'6,'52i; 525,. 528,' 529^ 668
resolutions of irrigation con
ventions  -  473,47.7, 609
articles of association of. anti-
ripai-ian, irrigation organizar
tion  -. 507
proposed constitution'l amend
ments   511,- 612
proposed act concerning owner
ship - and appropriation of ¦
water    513
(See also, Irrigation.)
Waterman, R. W,  469, 517, 581
vote for, for lieut.-governor... 532
adrainistration indorsed.-  537
sketch of   603
Waterman, S..D  444, 618
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction  453
Waters, JByron  .: 
 .389, 456, 523, 546, 553, 566
vote for, for justice of. suprerae
court   583
Watkins, L. W._  -. 363
Watrous, Charles  - 61, 99, 109
Watson, B. J....    424
Watson,. Judge..  24
Watson, J. A   22,106, 124
Watson, J. R   194
Watson, John H  ......j... 144
uuion resolutions offered by... 138
Watson, W. S   :103, 179
Watt, Robert  266, 316, 319
vote for, for controller  267
Watt. Wm  .  209
211, 2-24, 284, 292, 303, 315, 326, 328
Waymire, Jaraes A  J 
 389, 394, 396,418, 571, 592
Weaver, J. H. G   513
Weaver, James, B., nomination
for presidency indorsed.  426
vote for.  ....430, 594

INDEX.

709

Webb,. J. W  426
Webb, W. H  ""","46l'
Webster, J. V 
394,. 401, 413, 414, 452", 453, 465,
vote for, for congressman  -
Wedekind, George W 
Weeks, W. H...  116", 126^.
"Weights and measures, punish
ment for using false 
Weil, John  409, 444,
MVOte for, for treasurer  421,
Weinstock, H    .
"Weir, B. G.... 
"Welcker, Wm. T  437,
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction.. 
"Wellborn, Olin  ..-...-'
vote for, for congressraan  ,..
"Weller, C. L  113, 123, 197, 199,
200, 201, 204, 209, 211, 301, 316,
arrest of..  
WeUer,-C.-R  .-...-....-.-
WeUer, H. 0   — : 
WeUer, John B..11, 66, 77, 94, 96,
¦ 104, 113, 114, 128, 126, 208, 209,
vote for, for governor 
administration indorsed  .
vote for,for congressman 
- sketch of    .-.
Weller, S. P., vote for, for attor-
nev-general 
Wellock, Wm  -  -
.872, 873, 374, 376, 377, 378, 881,
Wells, Alexander... .9, 18, 19, 22,
vote for, for justice of supreme.
court .....  ¦  23,
"Wells, J  
WeUs, Jas. A  
Wells, W. S  ...104, 306,
Weltv, D. W...  47,48,
Wentworth, J. P. H..250, 319, 430,
Weat, A. M  -. .— -
West, J. P  894,896,
West Virginia, admission of, in
dorsed    -
Weatern Union Telegraph, reao
lution on news, tariff--- 
(See also Telegraph. )
Weston, C. W.--  
Weston, H. L 
Westmoreland, .Chas 
-...   -260, 278,287,
resolution on. secession  ..
^ reaolution relative to Stanton
ahd. Johnson  .-
Wetherbee, Seth  ....280,
'Whalen. A  -- 
Whallen, M  .-..208,
Wharton, J. P  -. -476, 477,
"Wheaton, W.. R   :
"Whe'eler, Alired, vote for, for as
semblvman  
Wheeler,B.D.. 18, 120,-210, 249,409,
vote for, for justice of supreme
court   -  --
Wheeler, J. O..  — 
Wheeler, 0. C   26, 62,
Wheeler, S.D   ,. ..

431 472
526
'472 413
127 525
518
453 504 67
569
463
-684
'594 414203413
309234 84
106201

11
386 24 29
536 61
840334472468410 202
292 582518288269272
319286 209
.509826 9
472421

Wheeler, W. H.   428
Wheeler, William A  863, 365, 423
Whelan, .Tohn A..  386
Whicher,J. E  ,. 176
Whig iconventions-,. .-..., ---1851,
¦ 12 ; 1862, .16, 19 ; 1853, 26 ; 1854, 34
Whig party, raeeting for org-ani.
zation of-  ....- 6
members of state central com
mittee..-.   ..8, 13, 37
disbanding of,   ...-.-._. 39
eff'orts to-reorganize, ...-  ....' 49
welcomed to deraocratic -party, 72
Whig platforras,  -1850, 7 ;
„ 1851, 13 ;1852, 19; 1853, 26; 1854, 35-
-Whippl.e,-S. G..-.  111, 196,. 209
Whitbeck, P     109
White, E. P.--.  --  444
White, Edward  461
White,'Geo.' T..   .-  ... 631
votefor, for treasurer...  .. 682
White, J. J  -..-,, 547
White, J. P  .  ..633
White, J. R.-.:.^.......  632
White, J. T   431, 434
White, John  179
union resolutions off'ered by.'.. 146
White, Patrick J.—  524
vote for, for railroad commis,-
sioner   .i- 583
White, Stephen M 
422, 455. 456, 518, 542, 546, 575, 581
White, -T. J  •—  ,.48, 60
White, Wm. P........... 
177, 200, 209, 211,. 212, 224, 267,
284, 30-', 303, 316, 326, 384, 394, 401
vote for, for governor  ..... 421
WhUehurst, L. A  683
Whiteside, N. E   .. 
..77, 90, 104, 172, 283, 286, 803, 328
vote for, for congreaaman  201
Whiting, B. C  42,. 424
vote for, for attorney-general— 50 .
Whiting M. S   ....--. 239
Whitlock, J. H....  249
Whitman, B. C...--...48, 64, 6.7, 178
vote for, for congressman  74
vote for, -for justice of supreme
court    .- 180
Whitman, Geo. W  ...48, 81
vote foir, for controller.  60, 84
Whitndore, Mrs   536
Whitney,.A^ P  ..358, 363, 429
Whitney, Geo. B   517
Whitney, J. B.-.-.-  .632
Whittier, B.P  .-16, 17
Whittier, W. F   363-430
"Wickeraham, Isaac G   318
Wickersham, J. G....  -176,363
Wickes, John T    400
Widney,. Robert-   390
'Wigginton, P. D  
....298, 354, 362, 631,.547, 549, 550
vote for, for oongressinan, . .356, 364
I contest against-Pacheco.—.. . 365
vote for, for governor. .;,.-i...L.. 532
Wilcox J. A...:    476
Wilcox, J-. W....^.-...-205, 210, 239

710

INDEX.

Wilcox, J. W .—continued.
withdrawal from congressional
contest 
WUcoxon, C E. ..316, 419, 438, 524,
vote for, for member hoard of
equalization  421, 463,
Wilcoxson, J. P. ..,  
Wilkes, George 
Wilkins, E. T  264, 267,
Willey, H. I  -,...-. 
vote for, for surveyor-general..
Willey, Jaraes... 
Williams, A. P  ...430, 513,-
WilUaras, B. H 
, Williama, C., -vote for, for justice
ofsupreme court 
WUliams, C. B....  
WilUams, Chaa. H. S  49,
WiUiams, E. C 
WiUiams, E. L..... 
WiUiams, Geo. B  ...316,
Williama, H. B   ..
vote" for, for con,gressman 
Williams, H. F.. 
WilUams, H. P... 
WiUiams, J. A 
WiUiams, J. -C 
WiUiaras, J. P   ..
Williams, J. M.. 
Williams, John J 
WUUams, Thomas H.-34, 77, 104,
169, 170, 172, 173, 188, 190, 191,
vote i'or, for att'y-general...84,
Williamson, W. M 
Willis, P. M  - 
Willoughby, J. R 
Willow, B  
AVills, Josiah B  
Wills, T. M  
Wilmerding, J. C  
Wilson, —  
Wilson, A. F 
Wilson, B. D  -  - —
Wilson, C N  681, 549, 660,
vote for, for secretary of state,
Wilson, B  -  
vote for, for prison director 
WUson, E. T  -  —
Wilson, H.C  396,
Wilson, Henry, (vice-president,) 280 31"?
Wilson, Henry  419', 504',
vote for, for railroad commis
sioner  
Wilson, James M   
Wilson, Jesse F   
Wilson, John  12,13, 17, 43, 45,
Wilson, L. T  -.  ,..,.
WUson, R. J  
WUson, S. M  ..114, 389,
Wilson, T. K   186,
Winans, Jos. W  37,
Winchell, B.C..... 
Wincbester, J  
Winchester, M.C  330,
419, 420, 426, 431, 446, 447, 451,
465, 472, 504, 553, 556, 560, 584,
vote for, for controller.  421,

260 526
533 302 37
284437 453
372
537 18
421686 65
556692575
401421359 386590686
289 68

460 109313584
592188465463426547 12
364 563632 44 60
16
460321531 533 69
536 4765
566422281389 123
319

570

K

Winchester.,. M. C. — continued..
vote for, for.secretary of state,
Win.e, cultivation of grapes for,
denounced...   449,
Wine-making, appropriations to
ejicourage..-  i 
favorable legislation wanted..
encouragement of... 
state aid to, condemned  ...
Wing, Stephen   305,
Winn, A. G   .. .
Winn, A. M  24,
vote for, for lieut. -go vernorj...
Winnie, Wm  : 
Winston, Joseph 
Winters, Gilbert F  —
vote for, for controller 
Winters, Tbeodore... 
Wise, —    
Wise, J. H   . 
113^ 124, 173, 191, 417, 422, 436,
Wise, T. R   . 
Witheral, C  _.  -
Witherby, 0. S  
WithereU, J. S  
vote for, for congressraan 
Withington, Jamea A  
Withington, Jas. H..  .
Witner, H. C  
Wohler, Herman  19,
Wolcott, Oliver  68, 177,
Wolf;E. J   —
Wolfskin, Jos. C. .316, 359, 422, 436,
'Woraan, equality in official ap
pointraents,  
Woman sufirage, constitutional
amendment wanted
resolutiona favoring 
...  — 449, 535, 555,
Woman's Christian Temperance
Union, resolution on 
labors recognized   ,..
Wombough, M. M 
Wood, A., resolution indorsing
Crittenden compromise 
Wood, A. D   446,
Wood, Henry P.   
Wood; J. D   465,
Wood, Jesse   
Wood, Jos. M   258,259,
Wood, R. N  
 12, 13, 19, 26, 34, 43, 50,
Wood, Wm. G.-  -  -.70
Wood, W. S...-  -.537,550,
Woodin, S. B.... 
Woodruff, Edward.  
Woods, George L  404,
vote ibr, for congressman 
Woods, John   4-26, 431,
Woods, S. D 
Woodside, P. K  22, 32, 70,
vote for, for clerk of supreme
court   23,
Woodward. P  ..451,
vote for, for congressman.. 
Woodward, W. W.... 
Woodworth, S. B...  8,
vote for, for aurveyor-general..

45*535448
6V9-568-554
306-266- 47 5-
556- 68
26 29 50-
868
453291209 178566-
571452-314536 92;
410565
460- 526-

468, 606- 588

585
555- 18-
151
464 465
466- 437 260" 68-
195
561 124 34
445-463
446 537 7a38
452:453288 2629'

INDEX.

711

Woodworth, WaUace.  422
Wool, duty of 1867 wanted -470, 519
protective tariff on.-..  673
Woolf, D. Barney.. -353, 418, 420, 437
vote for, for clerk of suprerae
court  355, 421
Workingraen's party, origin of.. 365
address publishedin San Fran.
Cisco "Chronicle"  . 368
: resolutions adopted by  370, .373
arrest of Kearney   3'70
arrest of Day and others. ..872, 374
political successes  376
raeetings dispersed  3'77
pledge of members  877, 378
constitution of  386
.pledge     387
conventions, 
. .1878, 377, 383 ; 1879, 396 ; 1880, 424
platforms. ..1878, 379,384; 1879, 396
.resolutions adopted  378
anti-Kearney convention  388
state comraittee appointed  381
Works, J. D...-  -  650, 552
vote for, for justice of suprerae
' court   _..:... 558
Wozencraft, 0. M  
 197, 198, 199, 211, 362, 894
vote for, for superintendent of
public instruction.....  201
Wright, George W   6
vote for, for congressman  5

Wright, I. N  556
Wright, J. A  -  460
WrightM. V   451
vote for, for congressman  453
Wright, S. P.-.-..-..  194
Wright, Selden S  267, 801
vote for, for justice of supreme
court   311
Wycker, J.C  109
Wyraan, J. B  ..286, 317
Wyman, S. '&......  - ..173, 188
Yale, Gregory  — . 16
Yan, John B..-   110
Yandell, John N   693
Yarnell, Jesse-426, 461, 466, 472, 536
vote for, for congressraan  453
Yeiser, Frederick. . i  24, 41
Yell, Archibald   -460, 569
vote for, for railroad commis
sioner   570
Young, E. B..  584
Young, J. D...  547
Younger, Coleman  394, 395, 414
Yule, John.. .'..220, 309, 319, 321, 438
Zabeiskie, j. C   55
discussion with Bates  62
Zuck, J. C   480
Zuhiwalt, D, K  ....451, 509, 586
vote for, for controller  453

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