Bb\nc YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY HERALDRY, HISTORICAL AND POPULAR DIAPER AND CADENCY. CHAPTERS IX * XVI Rule VII ( Pkiuxijile. oJ' ('hanrpleve Enamel I ll,irl,u/i*- Uth IS, A, „ HfjUiLDoPWILbWiE W. VAUtf.UCP. €.flR]r op Pe.ffiBROKS >ID.1296 MojiiiiiiouL iu We,nhannsLer Alibev HERALDRY, HISTORICAL AND POPULAR. (JHARLES BQUTELL, M.A., AUTHOR OP ' MONUMENTAL BRASSE3 AND SLABS," " THE MONUMENTAL BRASSES OF ENGLAND,' " CHRISTIAN MONUMENTS IN ENGLAND AND WALES," " A MANUAL OF BRITISH ARCHEOLOGY," ETC. ETC. ETC. WITH NINE HUNDRED AND SEVENTY-FIVE ILLUSTRATIONS. " All the devices blazoned on the shield In their own tinct." Idylls of the King. THIRD EDITION, REVISED AND ENLARGED. LONDON: RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET, $tt6U$f)«: i" Ortrmarg tn &tx ;Pajnrts. 1864. LONDON I PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFORD STREET AN D CHARING CROSS. PREFACE THE FIKST EDITION. It is the aim of this Volume to inquire into the true character and right office of Heraldry, and to describe and illustrate its general condition as it is in use amongst ourselves. Of the rise and progress of Heraldry, and of its almost uni versal prevalence under variously modified forms, I have not attempted to give more than a slight and rapid sketch. I have been content also to refer only incidentally and in a few words to the value and interest of Heraldry, as a handmaid of History, as an ally of Art, and as the chrenicler of Archeology — my purpose being not so much to lead students on to the applica tion of Heraldry, as to enable them to apply it by becoming Heralds. In the following pages, accordingly, I have sought to define and elucidate the principles of Heraldry, to exemplify its practice, and to illustrate at once its utility and its attrac tiveness. The Heraldry of the present time I have desired uniformly to exhibit as the direct descendant and the living representative of the Heraldry of the past; and the student will observe that I have systematically endeavoured to impress him with the conviction that Heraldry is, essentially and at all times, inseparably associated with History, or at any rate with Biography. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. This Volume does not profess to extend its range to legendary Heraldry, nor does it include even references to those fanciful and often fantastic speculations, in which the early Heralds delighted to indulge. The "Curiosities of Heraldry," in like manner, it leaves, with grateful and admiring acknowledgment, in the accomplished hands of Mr. Mark Anthony Lower. Re peated references to standard works upon Heraldry I have con sidered to be neither necessary nor desirable, but instead of this, I have prepared and inserted a complete list of heraldic authorities; and in the preparation of my pages I have been scrupulously careful that every statement contained in them should be based upon certain and approved authority. Historical Heraldry occupies a position of such importance in Histories of England, that a certain amount of heraldic knowledge has become indispensable to the student of English History. Every Gothic Architect ought to be a thorough Herald. Heraldry alone can enable him to render his works, in the noblest and most perfect sense, historic monuments. Without Heraldry, no lover of the great Art, which has been so happily revived amongst us, is able either to feel the full power of what the Gothic has transmitted to him from the olden time, or to realize all that it is now able to accomplish as a living Art. Historical Painters, having at length learned to estimate aright the worth of archaeological accuracy, constantly re quire that information which Heraldry is ever ready to impart. It is the same with Sculptors, when they treat of subjects that are derived from either mediaeval or modern History, or that are in any way associated with Gothic Architec ture. To Illuminators, Heraldry opens a wide and richly diversi fied field of attractive study. The beautiful and deservedly- PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. vii popular Art of Illumination finds in Heraldry a most versatile and efficient confederate. True Illumination, indeed, is in its nature heraldic; and true Heraldry provides for Illuminators the most appropriate, graphic, and effective, both of their sub jects and of the details and accessories of their practice. In some sense or degree, also, Heraldry enjoys the favour of the general public. To many persons, as to seal engravers and herald painters, it provides what may be styled a profession. Whoever has, or desires to have, a " coat-of-arms," professes to know something about Heraldry ; that is, he is favourably dis posed towards it, though perhaps he is unconscious of the sentiment. It is always pleasant to the pedestrian public — many of them bearers of time-honoured arms and having the reddest of red blood flowing in their veins — to be familiar with the heraldic blazonry that appears upon the panels of aristo cratic carriages. Nor is it less satisfactory, when we chance to see a flag displayed and blowing out . in the breeze, or when our eyes rest upon an heraldic seal, or when we discover a shield of arms in a book, or on a monument, or amidst the decorative accessories of some building, to be able to read what Heraldry thus has written with her peculiar symbols. And then, as a matter of course, Heraldry, as of old, receives a becoming homage from the wealthy inheritors of historic names and noble titles; while a similar homage is no less cordially tendered by those whose Heraldry, like their own position in the great world of society, is at least of comparatively recent growth. From each and all of these Friends of Heraldry, this Volume ventures to anticipate a welcome, inasmuch as it aspires to place before them, in a plain and simple form, whatever heraldic teaching they may require; and also because, as a book of reference, they will find it to be trustworthy, easy to be consulted, and, as far as it professes to go, complete. PREFACE THE SECOND AND THIED EDITIONS. If ever 1 had indulged the hope that a Second Edition of this work might be required, I certainly had not contemplated the realization of any such speculation without an interval of several years between the publication of the First Edition and the appearance of its successor. My surprise, accordingly, was as great as my gratification, when I found myself called upon by my original publishers, before my First Edition had been pub lished two months, to prepare for them a Second Edition with all possible speed. The corrections and additions that I was anxious to make, so far as I was enabled to accomplish them at all, were made while my Second Edition was actually passing through the press. Materials in abundance were ready at hand; and indeed the cordial generosity with which the most valuable assistance, often unasked, has constantly been placed at my disposal, 1 am alto gether unable adequately to acknowledge. From such great kindness, coupled with the very gratifying reception that my " Heraldry " has experienced, I venture to infer that my Volume however imperfectly executed, has been conceived in the right spirit. PREFACE TO THE SECOND AND THIRD EDITIONS. ix Whatever errors and omissions in the First Edition had been brought to my notice, it was my endeavour in the Second Edition to correct and supply : at the same time, I was constrained to withhold various additions that had been suggested to me, in consequence of being unable to extend my volume beyond certain prescribed limits. Whatever fresh matter was intro duced, was carefully kept in conformity with my original plan, and in itself it was what I hoped would prove to be both useful and attractive to students of Historical Heraldry. The Chapter on " Marshalling " was considerably extended ; and two Chapters instead of a single one were assigned to " Cadency :" the number of the Chapters, however, remained the same, since two very short Chapters of the First Edition were united together. The Illustrations in the Second Edition received numerous important additions. About a year after the first appearance of this work, the Second Edition was exhausted, and at the same time the copy right passed from the hands of Messrs. Winsor and Newton to those of Mr. Bextley, the eminent publisher of New Burling ton Street. This Third Edition, now published by Mr. Bentley, I have most carefully revised and corrected throughout ; and it has received many additions of the greatest importance. To all points connected with heraldic rule, authority and early usage, I have directed my special attention. The Chapters previously entitled " Marshalling " and " Cadency," now appear, enlarged and rearranged, severally bearing the following titles — " Mar shalling and Inheritance," and " Cadency and Differencing." Chapter XVI. has been devoted exclusively to " Royal Cadency," which has been treated in it in as systematic a manner as possible. The Chapter on the " Royal Heraldry of England " has been in part re-written; and the Chapter on "Foreign Heraldry " has been considerably extended. Again I have introduced several fresh Illustrations. They consist of twenty-four additional wood-cuts, printed with the X PREFACE TO THE SECOND AND THIRD EDITIONS. text ; and four lithographic Plates, numbered LXXIX., LXXX., LXXXI., LXXXIL, and containing twelve examples: thus, my Illustrations, in all, now number upwards of nine hundred and seventy examples. Plate LXXIX., engraved from a photograph of the original slab, which several years ago was brought from Venice to England, will be regarded with much interest, both from its peculiar heraldic character, and from the singular circumstances connected with its recent history, and also from the no less singular manner in which it was assigned to the individual — one of two great rivals, whose armorial insignia it does not display. I greatly regret to have been obliged again to reprint my original lithographs without any alteration in the num bering; and also, as in the Second Edition, to intersperse the additional Plates amongst those that were before engraved. Thus, in the arrangement of the Plates the order of numerical succession has not been regularly maintained. I trust that the Lists of the Plates and of the_ Individual Examples in a great measure will rectify any inconvenience that may arise from this circumstance. In the text I have habitually inserted a reference to the Plate in which each example is placed, except in the case of those examples that are printed with the text itself. Many of the Illustrations that I have obtained from monumental memorials, have been engraved by StoTHARD and others ; but I have not considered it necessary to refer to the Plates in those more costly and less accessible works, in which the Heraldry is subordinate to the monumental character of the subject repre sented ; and as, with rare exceptions, I have myself personally examined the originals, I have generally been enabled to rely upon my own notes and sketches for the fidelity of my examples. I feel sure that my additional examples from the grand old Abbey Church of St. Alban will continue to be regarded with the utmost interest, (Nos. 633, 690, and 711 to 717 inclusive) Plates XIX. and XXIII. have been lithographed again, since the PREFACE TO THE SECOND AND THIRD EDITIONS. xi publication of my First Edition, and the former Plate has been re-arranged. It will be understood that No. 364 A., in Plate XXIIL, has been drawn in exact conformity with the original shield. My chromo-lithograph, Plate VII., of the noble champleve enamel shield of Earl William de Valence, has also been en graved, a second time, in order to render with exact accuracy the diaper upon the bars that are argent. I have elsewhere (see Chap. XXXIII.) noticed the publication of the fac-simile chromo-lithograph of this shield, of the full size of the original, after his own drawing, by Mr. L. Berrington, of Westminster Abbey. The publication of Mr. Seton's able and thoroughly heraldic treatise on the Heraldry of Scotland, confirms my belief that a feeling for Historical Heraldry is gradually extending its influence throughout this country. It will rest with those to cherish and to stimulate such a feeling, who have already learned to value Historical Heraldry because they have formed a just estimate of its true character. The " Herald and Genealogist," a periodical publication conducted with characteristic ability by Mr. John Gough Nichols, while it renders valuable aid to students of Heraldry, bears testimony to the prevalence of an interest in heraldic subjects. And I am persuaded that Mr. Papworth's excellent " Ordinary of Arms" only requires to be more widely known and more correctly understood, to be consistently appre ciated, and consequently to be warmly supported. I venture to request from the possessors of early Rolls of Arms, early Grants and Confirmations, and other unpublished heraldic documents, such information as may enable me to form as complete Lists as possible of such records for future publication. I shall also feel truly grateful for any notices of fine examples of Shields of Arms, Badges, &c, and any other heraldic memoranda. I have prepared, for the use of students of Heraldry, and others, several groups of plain shields, arranged in pages of the size of this volume, which may be filled in with the bearings of Shields of Xll PREFACE TO THE SECOND AND THIRD EDITIONS. Arms. I myself have found these pages of outline shields to be very useful and convenient, and they have been approved by more than one friend who loves and studies Heraldry. They may be obtained from the publisher of this work, printed on paper adapted to receive colour. At the College of Arms I have always found the most valuable aid ready to be given to me with the greatest liberality and kindness ; and I also have invariably experienced at the hands of the professional Heralds the most generous encourage ment, coupled with the most gratifying approval. To William Courthope, Esq., Somerset Herald, Registrar of the College of Arms, I desire to tender my especial thanks ; and I also gratefully acknowledge the assistance I have received from Robert Laurie, Esq., Clarencieux King of Arms. While to all who in any way have aided me, in general terms I offer my thanks, I am bound to record my more particular obligation to the Rev. John Woodward, of New Shoreham; to the Rev. Charles Brooke Bicknell, Rector of Stourton, near Bath; to John lGough Nichols, Esq., F.S.A. ; to the Rev. H. W. Hodgson, Rector of King's Langley, Herts ; to T. G. Bayfield, Esq., and to A. W. Morant, Esq., F.S.A., and F.G.S., of Norwich. In the First and Second Editions, the Index was divided into three distinct sections ; but for this present Edition I have prepared a single Index, which comprehends all that was con tained in the three sections that preceded it, and which also is much more copious in itself, and will be found calculated greatly to facilitate reference to the work. Throughout the preparation of my First Edition I constantly received from one valued Friend the most important assistance : now, to my great sorrow, I associate this present Edition with the cherished Memory of the same dear and deeply-lamented Friend. C B. Norwood, October, 1864. CONTENTS. Page Preface to the First Edition . . . . v Preface to the Second and Third Editions .... viii CHAPTER I. Introductory . ..... 1 CHAPTER n. Heraldic Blazon, Nomenclature, Language, and Laws . . 8 CHAPTER III. The Shield — its Parts, Points, and Primary Divisions; and Dividing and Border Lines . . . . .13 CHAPTER IV. Tinctures and Furs . . . . . . .19 CHAPTER V. The Ordinaries and their Diminutives, and the Roundles . . 21 CHAPTER VI. The Heraldry of the Cross ...... 26 CHAPTER VH. The SuDordinaries .... 31 CHAPTER VIII. Varied Fields and Diapers . . • • • .35 XIV CONTENTS. Page CHAPTER IX. Miscellaneous Charges: Part I., Inanimate Objects . . . 39 CHAPTER X. Miscellaneous Charges : Part IL, Animate Beings . . .55 CHAPTER XI. Miscellaneous Charges : Part III., Natural Objects . . 70 CHAPTER XII. Descriptive Terms ....... 77 CHAPTER XIII. Miscellaneous Names and Titles, not included under the term "Charges" . 90 CHAPTER XIV. Marshalling and Inheritance ..... 135 CHAPTER XV. Cadency and Differencing ...... 173 CHAPTER XVI. Royal Cadency .... . 230 CHAPTER XVII. Badges, Crests, Supporters, Mottoes, and Knots . . . 254 CHAPTER XVIII. Flags . . . ... 286 CHAPTER XIX. The Royal Heraldry of England . . . 293 CHAPTER XX. Orders of Knighthood, and Insignia and Augmentations of Honour 333 contents. xv Page CHAPTER XXI. Official and Corporate Heraldry . . 357 CHAPTER XXII. Architectural Heraldry ...... 372 CHAPTER XXIIL Monumental Heraldry ...... 380 CHAPTER XXIV. The Heraldry of Seals and Coins . . . . .397 CHAPTER XXV. The Heraldry of Hluminations ..... 41!) CHAPTER XXVI. Genealogies ....... 422 CHAPTER XXVII. Precedence . . . . . . . . 428 CHAPTER XXVHI. Augmentation and Abatement ..... 433 CHAPTER XXIX. Modern Heraldry ...... 439 CHAPTER XXX. Heraldic Treatment, Drawing, and Colour . . . 448 CHAPTER XXXI. Examples of Shields of Arms ... . 458 CHAPTER XXXII. Foreign Heraldry . . . • • • .464 XVI CONTENTS. Page CHAPTER XXXIII. Supplementary . . . . . . .481 List of Plates . . . . . . .493 List of Illustrations ...... 496 General Index ....... 507 HERALDRY, HISTOKICAL AND POPULAR. CHAPTER I. introductory. An inquiry into the Heraldry of the past leads us back almost to the remote fountain-head of human history. From the very earliest periods, we find it to have been an usage universally prevalent amongst mankind for both individuals and communi ties to be distinguished by some Sign, Device, or Cognizance. The idea of symbolical expression coupled with a love of symbolism appear, indeed, to constitute one of the component elements of the human mind, as well in the rude condition of savage life as in every progressive advance of civilization and refine ment. Through the agency of such figurative imagery the mind is able both to concentrate a wide range of thought within a very narrow compass, and to give to the whole a visible form under a simple image. The mind thus speaks to the eye. By this symbolical blazonry a multiplicity of definite impressions are conveyed, in the simplest manner, and with poetic impressiveness. By such means, also, the mind is em powered to combine the imaginative with the real, and, while extending its speculations beyond the bounds of ascertained verities and actual facts, to impart a definite character to the visions of the imagination. The exercise of a faculty such as this, it is easy to conceive, would be held in the highest estimation in the primitive stages INTRODUCTORY. of human society. Men so circumstanced had much to say; but they had only rare opportunities for speaking, and they knew but few words in which to convey their meaning. They delighted, therefore, in an expressive symbolism, which might speak for them, laconically, but yet with emphasis and to the point. Their symbolical language, also, would commend itself to their favour in a peculiar manner, through the facility with which it would extend and intensify its own phonetic powers by means of accumulative association. War and the chase would naturally furnish the imagery that would first become prevalent. A man's physical powers or peculiarities, as a warrior or a hunter, or the issue of some exploit in which he might have been engaged, would determine his distinctive personal cognizance. If swift of foot, or strong of hand, or fierce in demeanour, or patient of hardship, he would naturally seek to symbolize himself under the form of some animal distinguished pre-eminently for one or other of those qualities. For, it is natural that man should find symbols of his own physical attributes in the inferior animals ; because in mere swiftness, or strength, or such like qualities, those animals are superior to man. The next thing would be to render this personal symbolism hereditary. A man's son would feel a natural pride in preserving the memorial of his father's reputation, by assuming, and also by transmitting his device. It would be the same with the comrades of a chief, and with the subjects of a prince. Thus a system of Heraldry would arise and become established. And such is actually the process, which has produced and matured its own Heraldry amongst each of the various races and tribes of the earth. In the Far West, the Red Indian, from time immemorial, has impressed upon his person the totem of his people — the cognizance that his fathers bore, and by which they were distinguished before him. In the very constitution of his mind essentially a lover of symbolism the INTRODUCTORY. 3 Oriental revels, and he always has revelled, in a truly charac teristic Heraldry. In the relics of the wonderful races that once peopled the valley of the Nile, this Heraldry of the East is everywhere present. Another expression of the same semi- mystic symbolism was found, deep buried beneath the mounds of Assyria. Somewhat modified, it was well known in ancient Israel. In Europe, with the first dawn even of historical tradition, the existence of a Heraldry may be distinguished. Nearly six hundred years before the Christian era, iEschylus described the heraldic blazonry of the chieftains who united their forces for the siege of Thebes, with all the minute exactness of our First Edward's chronicler of Caerlaverock. The well-known Eagle of the Romans may be said to have presided over the Heraldry of Rome, as their own Dragon has ever presided over that of the Chinese. The legendary annals of mediaeval Europe abound in traces of a barbaric Heraldry, in the war-banners of the chiefs and in their personal insignia. The Bayeux Tapestry of the Conqueror's Consort may be placed at the head of the early existing illustrations of the Heraldry of Britain. That celebrated piece of royal embroidery exhibits a complete display of the military ensigns in use at the period of the Conquest, by both the Norman invaders and the Sa'xon occupants of this island. Illuminations in MSS. take up and carry on the Heraldic record. Seals, carvings in ivory, monu mental memorials, stained glass, and the various productions of the architectural sculptor, gradually contribute their several memoirs, and lead us on to the full development of English mediaeval Heraldry through the agency of the Crusades. The Crusades formed the armed followers of the different European princes into a military alliance for a common pur pose, and also brought the rude yet gallant soldiers of the West into contact with all that then existed in Eastern lands of the refinement, both military and social, of still earlier times. Among the many and important results of those b 2 INTRODUCTORY. strange and strangely romantic enterprises, were great changes in the weapons and armour of the western chivalry; and these changes were accompanied with the introduction of an infinite variety of armorial devices. The Crusade confederacy itself would necessarily demand the adoption, by the allied Sove reigns, of a more definite system of military standards and insignia than had been previously prevalent. The use of imr proved defensive armour, also, combined with a better system of organization and discipline in the armour-clad bands, rendered it necessary for each warrior of any rank to assume and wear some personal cognizance, without which he could not have been distinguished at a time when the ascertained presence of certain individuals was of such grave importance. And the device of each baron or knight would be assigned, with appropriate modifications, to their respective retainers and followers. In this manner, Crests were introduced, and placed on basinets and helms ; and thus some recognized device or com position was displayed upon all knightly pennons and banners, and Was emblazoned both upon the rich surcoats which the knights wore over their armour, and upon the shields which so long formed most important components of their defensive equipment. Such is the origin of Shields-of-Arms and Coats- of-Arms, — terms that we still retain, with representations of the Shield, and with Crests, in our own Heraldry at the pre sent day. In England, Heraldry may be considered to have first assumed a definite and systematic character during the reign of Henry III., a.d. 1216 to 1272; and at the close of the thir teenth century it may be said to have been recognized as a distinct science. The heraldic devices that were adopted in England in the thirteenth century, in common with those which were added to them during the century that followed, partook of the ideal character of all symbols, but at the same time they were distinguished by a simple and dignified expres- INTRODUCTORY. siveness. And they were associated directly, and in a peculiar manner, either with individuals, families, establishments, poten tates, or with the community at large : so that they may be considered after a definite method, their varieties readily admit of classification, their characteristics may be clearly elucidated and fully set forth, and they may be subjected to certain general laws and treated as forming a system in themselves. This classification and description, and the general laws themselves, we now unite with the devices and compositions under the common name of Heraldry. And with the Heraldry of the thirteenth century we associate that of the fourteenth, and of succeeding centuries, and of our own era, assigning to the whole the same common title. For, as it happened in the instance of Architecture, when once it had been duly recognized in England, Heraldry rapidly attained td an advanced degree of perfection. Whatever the Heralds of Edward I. might have left to be accomplished after their time, their successors of the fourteenth century were not slow in developing. Under the genial influences of the long and brilliant reign of Edward III., mediaeval Heraldry attained to its culminating point. The last quarter of the fourteenth century proved to be equally favourable to the Heralds. And again, during the Lancastrian era, and throughout the struggle of the Roses, English Heraldry maintained its reputation and its popularity. Its practical utility was felt and appreciated by the Plantagenets in their fierce social wars, as it had been before their time by the Cru saders. Then, with a general decline of the Arts, Heraldry declined. Its art-character, indeed, had shown signs of a coming degradation before the accession of the Tudors to the disputed throne of this realm. The next downward step seriously affected the early simplicity of the art-science, so that the Heraldry of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries can advance but comparatively slight claims upon our present consideration. And thus we are brought onwards to 6 INTRODUCTORY. the great and general Art-Revival of our own times, in which Heraldry again appears in the act of vindicating its titles to honourable recognition, as an Art-Science that may be advan tageously and agreeably studied, and very happily adapted, in its practical application, to the existing condition of things by ourselves. When thus directing the attention of students to the Heraldry of the past, I am anxious to impress upon them the remembrance of the fact, that the main object of our inquiry has reference to our own present use and application of Heraldry in the days of Queen Victoria. All true Heraldry is historical, though it by no means follows that it must always be necessarily popular. Our Heraldry, however, aspires to be such as may claim to be entitled both "popular" and "his torical :" but the historical condition of our Heraldry does not imply that we should enter into the elucidation of mediaeval Heraldry, purely for its own sake. We find Heraldry to have been in England a growth of the Middle Ages : and, conse quently, when we desire to familiarise ourselves with this Art- Science, we are constrained in the first instance to direct our thoughts back to the middle ages, in order to obtain much of the information that we need for present use. This differs widely from a study of mediaeval Heraldry, undertaken and conducted for the sake of reproducing mediaeval Heraldry. It is impossible to press this consideration too urgently, not only upon living Heralds, but also upon all who are interested in the Arts and Art-Manufactures of our country at the present day. The Arts of the middle ages are replete with precious teachings for our selves ; and yet they are not by any means calculated to be reproduced by us in their original condition. They were the Arts of those times — they then arose, and they flourished through their direct association with their own era. It is most true, that at all times they may be studied with certain advantage ; and it is also no less true, that a mere imitation of INTRODUCTORY. 7 their former operation indicates that error in judgment, which ignores the all-impoi'tant mutatis mutandis, and so leads to a mistaken course of action. And then, on the other hand, nothing can be more absurdly irrational than to reject what the Arts of the middle ages can teach so well, upon the alleged plea that any such study involves a modern mediaevalism. Here, as in other matters, a middle course lies open invitingly before us. Whatever we find to be really valuable and useful in the Arts of the middle ages we gratefully accept ; and, as we know that our predecessors in departed centuries matured their own thoughts for their own advantage, and applied their Arts to their own use, so we take their teaching, and associate it in its practical application, not with them, but with ourselves. When we seek to apply our knowledge, from what source soever we may have acquired it, we look around us, and we look before us, seeking both to adapt our knowledge to present require ments, and to expand its range that it may become applicable to the requirements of the future. By no means content to be imitators and copyists, we aim at excellence in our works, through the judicious, consistent, and appropriate application of sound principles, under the guidance of an observant and well- disciplined experience. It will be understood, then, when I refer in the following pages to the Heraldry of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, that I do so without the slightest intention, on the one hand, to suggest that either our Guards men or our Volunteers should be equipped in the armour and surcoats of the Plantaganets, or, on the other hand, to fix the standard of the Heraldry of to-day in accordance with the heraldic fashion prevalent when the Black Prince was invested with the Order of the Garter. jj0_ i, — Arms of the Ceusadeb Kings of Jerusalem. CHAPTER'II. HERALDIC BLAZON, NOMENCLATURE, LANGUAGE, AND LAWS. In Heraldry, the term Blazon, or Blazoning, is applied equally to the description and to the representation of all heraldic figures, devices, and compositions. It also indicates the arrangement of the component members and details of any heraldic composition. Historical Blazoning, also entitled Mar shalling, denotes the combination and arrangement of several distinct heraldic compositions, with the view to produce a single compound composition. In like manner, the disposition and arrangement of a group or groups of heraldic compositions or objects, is styled Marshalling. All heraldic figures and devices, whether placed upon shields, or borne or represented in any other manner, are entitled Charges ; and every shield or other object is said to be charged with the armorial insignia that may be displayed upon it. Heraldic Language is most concise, and it is always minutely HERALDIC BLAZON AND NOMENCLATURE. 9 exact, definite, and explicit ; all unnecessary words are omitted, and all repetitions are carefully avoided ; and, at the same time, every detail is specified with absolute precision. The Nomenclature is equally significant, and its aim is to combine definitive exactness with a brevity that is indeed laconic. As might naturally be expected, both the Language and the Nomenclature of Heraldry habitually indicate their Norman-French origin. Heraldic Devices are described, first, in the order of their comparative importance; and, secondly, in the order in which they are placed upon the shield, or other object that bears them. Thus the character of the surface of the shield itself, which forms the foundation of the heraldic composition, is first specified. Then follows a description of the principal charge, which occupies the most central and most commanding position, and which also is considered to rest immediately upon the surface of the shield. Objects of secondary importance, which also rest upon the shield itself, are next described ; and finally, descriptions are given of such other devices and figures as may be placed upon another charge, and which consequently appear to be carried by an object that is nearer to the surface of the shield than they are themselves. In some instances, as when a Chief, a Canton, and a Bordure appear and are charged, the composition will require to be blazoned in* two groups, pre cedence being given to the central and more important group. In blazoning any Charge, the title, position or disposition' tincture, and distinctive conditions of the device or figure are first to be specified, and then there will succeed such descrip tions of details and accessories as may be necessary, in their order of comparative importance : the tincture of any Charge, it is to be observed, is always to follow the name of the Charge itself; thus, a lion rampant sable, is the proper arrangement of the words. If a tincture or a number should occur twice in the same 10 HERALDIC BLAZON, NOMENCLATURE, sentence of any descriptive blazon, such tincture or number is to be indicated by reference to the words already used, and not by actually repeating them. Thus, should any Charge be of the same tincture as the field, it is said to be " of the field ;" or, as the tincture of the field is always the first that is specified in the blazon, a Charge of that tincture may be blazoned as " of the first." So any Charge is said to be " of the second," " of the third,' ' " of the last," &c. if its tincture be the same as the second, the third, the last, or any other that has been already specified. In the instance of the metal gold, instead of reference to the heraldic term " Or," the word " gold " itself may be used. The position or disposition of any Charge or Charges are to be blazoned first after the name or title of the Charge or Charges. When the same Charge is several times repeated in the same composition, the figures are generally arranged in rows, one row being above another. Such an arrangement is indicated by simply stating the number of the figures in each row : as, " six crosses crosslets, three, two, and one," to denote three in the uppermost row, then two below them, and then one crosslet in base. When any single Charge is blazoned between three others, as a fesse between three torteaux, two of the torteaux are placed in chief and one in base ; and this same arrangement is observed, should the same Charge appear three times without any other device. If a single Charge is placed between six others, then three are in chief and three in base. A single Charge occupies a central position. Any deviation from these dispositions must be specified. In heraldic descriptions, the presence and the position of the stops or points demand especial attention. A comma pre cedes and follows each item of every descriptive clause, and the -consistent intervention of the more important points must be observed with rigid precision. Every abbreviation must be marked by a full stop ; thus, arg. is the abbreviated form of LANGUAGE, AND LAWS. 11 argent. This abbreviation-point is not to supersede or interfere with the comma or other point, which may be required to follow any word whether abbreviated or expressed in full; thus, arg., on a chev. gu. three lioncels sa., is correct pointing. It appears desirable always to print all heraldic blazon in Italic type, and all proper names in small capitals : also, it is always right to print, three lion's jambs, three palmer's staves, &c, and not three lions' jambs, three palmers' staves, &c. The student will bear in mind that in Heraldry, while nothing is specified that can be distinctly and certainly understood without description, so nothing whatever is left to the possibility of contingency or misapprehension. It is a positive rule in Heraldry, that Metal shall not appear upon Metal, nor Colour upon Colour; that is, a Charge of one of the Metals must rest upon, or be in contact with a surface or another charge of one of the Colours ; and in like manner, a charge of one of the Colours must rest upon, or be in contact with a surface or object of one of the Metals. This rule, absolute in its primary application, admits of a partial relaxa tion in the case of varied surfaces, and of certain details of charges ; and also in those compositions, in which a supported device or figure extends in the shield beyond the charge that supports it. The solitary early violation of this heraldic law is the armorial ensign of the Crusader Kings of Jerusalem, who bore five golden crosses upon a silver shield, that thus their Arms might be distinguished from those of every other poten tate ; No. 1, p. 8. The early form of the Jerusalem Cross is represented in Shield B; and the more recent and generally accepted form in Shield A. When any Charge is repeated in such considerable numbers, in the same composition, as to produce almost the appearance of a pattern, the Field so covered is said to be Semee with the Charge in question. It will be observed that a Field which is Semee is often treated as if it were cut to the required size and 12 HERALDIC BLAZON AND NOMENCLATURE. shape from a larger extent of surface, some of the Charges being only partially represented. The ancient shield of France, nobly emblazoned in the North Choir- Aisle of Westminster Abbey, in the work either of Henry III., or of his son Edward I., bears azure, semee de lys or ; No. 2, p. 12. When the often-repeated figure is of very small size, the term Powdered or Poudrie is substituted for Semee. In Heraldry, every Coat or Shield of Arms, Crest and Badge is attached to the Name, and not to the Title, of the person who may bear them. All figures and devices represented in heraldic compositions have various attributes, qualities, and epithets assigned to them by Heralds, which express their several positions and disposi tions, and indicate the parts which they take in the aggroupment of the whole. Thus the sun is said to be in its glory, or eclipsed ; the moon is said to be increscent, or decrescent ; human figures are variously habited; animals are said to be armed with the horns, or the appendages provided for them by nature for their defence or for aggressive purposes. Similar appropriate terms indicate the circumstances under which figures and objects of all kinds appear in heraldic compositions, together with their individual peculiarities, details, and accessories. These terms are classified and explained in Chapters IX., X., XL, XII., and XIII. No. 2. — France Ancient. No. 4. No. 5. Heraldic Shields. CHAPTER III. THE SHIELD, AND ITS PARTS, POINTS, AND PRIMARY DIVISIONS; AND DIVIDING AND BORDER LINES. The Shield, the most important piece of their defensive armour, was derived by the knights of the middle ages from remote antiquity, and at almost all times it has been decorated with some device or figure. The ancient Greek tragedian, iEschylus (about B.c. 600), describes with minute exactness the devices that were borne by six of the seven chiefs who, before the Trojan War, besieged Thebes. The seventh shield is specially noted to have been uncharged. In the middle ages, in Europe, there prevailed a precisely similar usage ; and, indeed, so uni versal was the practice of placing heraldic insignia upon shields, that the shield has been retained in modern Heraldry as being inseparable from all Heraldry, so that it still continues to be the figure upon which the heraldic insignia of our own times are habitually charged. Early heraldic Shields vary very considerably in their forms, the simplest and most effective forms having the contour of an 14 THE SHIELD, AND ITS PARTS. inverted equilateral arch, slightly stilted, as No. 3, or No. 7, in Plate I. The shields actually used by the Normans in England were long and tapering ; they are exemplified in the equipment of the knightly effigies in the Temple Church, London. To these succeeded short, almost triangular, heater-shaped shields. Examples abound in the monumental effigies of the thirteenth and the fourteenth centuries. The equilateral form became prevalent early in the fourteenth century, at which period several modifications of the prevailing form were introduced. Two of the more effective of these varieties, Nos. 4 and 5, are severally drawn from the Percy Monument at Beverley, A.D. 1350, and the Monument of John of Eltham, in Westminster Abbey, a.d. 1336. In the next century the shields were shortened, and as it advanced their form was altogether changed, and became somewhat square, the outlines being pro duced by a series of concave curves: No. 6a. Shields of this class appear to have been introduced during the second half of the fourteenth century, but they did not become general until a later period. In these shields a curved notch is cut out, for the lance to pass through, in the dexter chief; when thus pierced, the shield was said to be a bouche ; No. 6. This form of shield may be advantageously used in Modern Heraldry, particularly when any composition has many charges, or when there are quarterings ; it would seem, however, to be desirable not to represent any shield as a bouche in modern Heraldry, since shields now do not require any adjustment to knightly lances laid in rest. And there is some danger lest a misappre hension should arise with reference to the shield a bouche, now that its use has so long passed away : thus, in each of the upper spandrels of the fine trussed timber roof of Lincoln's Inn Hall there is carved a shield a bouche ; and these shields have been made to correspond with one another, as they range along the two opposite sides of the Hall, so that on one side the shields have the notches cut " out, quite correctly, in their, dexter THE SHIELD, AND ITS PARTS. 15 chief, and the other series have their notches cut in their sinister chief. Several very effective forms of late shields are sculptured upon the monument to Abbot Ramrydge, in St. Alban's Abbey, which may be studied with advantage by modern Heralds, to gether with the simple pointed shields of earlier times ; No. 6 a. No. 6 a. The form of the Shield, as a matter of course, may be deter mined in Modern Heraldry in accordance with the preference of every Herald. All that I would suggest is, that the preference may as well rest upon the more agreeable rather than the less attractive forms. In early architectural and monumental compositions, and also often upon seals, heraldic shields are represented as if suspended from the guige, or shield-belt, which was actually worn by the knights to sustain and to secure their shields to their persons. In some instances of this always effective because always consistent and appropriate arrangement, the long guige appears on either side of the shield, and is there passed over a corbel; as in No. 7, Plate I., one of the beautiful series of shields, in the choir-aisles of Westminster Abbey, which is charged with the arms of Raymond, Count of Pro vence, — or, 4 pallets gules. The more prevalent usage was to represent the shield as being suspended from a single corbel, boss, or a cluster of foliage, or from some architectural member of the composition, as No. 135, Plate I. ; occasionally, and more particularly on seals, the shield appears as if suspended by the 16 THE SHIELD, AND ITS PARTS. sinister chief angle, and so hangs diagonally from the helm and crest, as No. 301, Plate I., also No. 629, Plate LXVI. : a shield thus suspended is said to be couche. These modes of arrange ment, with the various modifications of them that will readily suggest themselves, are worthy of the most thoughtful attention of the practical modern Herald. The Heraldic Shield is sometimes entitled an Escutcheon : and when one shield is charged upon another, the shield thus placed is distinguished as an Inescutcheon, and is said to be borne in pretence. The different parts of an heraldic shield are distinguished and entitled as follows : — No. 8. A. Dexter Side. B. Sinister Side. C. Chief. D. Base. E. Dexter Chief. F. Sinister Chief. G. Middle Chief. H. Dexter Base. I. Sinister Base. K. Middle Base. L. Honor Point. M. Fesse Point. Heraldic shields are divided in the manner indicated by examples, Nos. 9 to 14. No. 9, is Per Pale, or Impaled. No. 10, is Per Fesse. No. 11, is Per Cross, or Quarterly. No. 12, is Per Bend. No. 13, is Per Saltire, and No. 14, is Per Chevron. When a Shield is divided into more than four parts by lines drawn in pale and in fesse, crossing each other at right angles, it is said to be Quarterly of the number of divisions, whatever that number may be : thus, No. 15 is Quarterly of eight. In the instance of a Quartered Shield having one or more of its Quarters quartered, this compound division is indicated by the term Quarterly-quartered ; and the four primary Quarters are distinguished as Grand Quarters; thus in No. 16, A, B, C, D are the Grand Quarters, of which the first and the fourth, A and D are Quarterly-quartered. SHLEEDS OP ARMS & ACHIEVEMENT OF ARMS. CHAPTERS III. YII. XT & XXVI PROVENCT. Westminster Abbey, about 1260. EDWARD. THE CONFESSOR Westminster Abbey, about 1260 CA9T11-K & LEON. HARSYCK. Westminster AbbeyAD.]290 ''soutKacreOiuroh.'N'orfolk AD 1384 THE SHIELD, AND ITS PARTS. 17 The Heraldic Shield is always considered to bear its charge upon its face, or external surface, and consequently the Dexter and the Sinister sides of the shield itself are those, which would severally cover the right or the left side of a warrior when holding the shield in front of his person. The Dexter side of an heraldic composition or object, therefore, is opposite to the left hand of an observer, and the Sinister to his right hand. This use of the terms Dexter and Sinister is invariable in Heraldry. The heraldic shield is sometimes represented as bowed, or as if having a slightly convex contour ; and shields of the form of No. 6 often have a ridge dividing them in pale. *" The entire surface of a Shield is called the Field. The same term Field is also applied to the entire surface of any Charge or Object. The same terms that denote the parts and points of a Shield, are also applicable to a Flag, or to any figure that may be charged with an heraldic composition. In Flags, the depth from chief to base is entitled the " Hoist," and the length from the point of suspension to the fore extremity is distinguished as the " Fly," which latter term also denotes the fore extremity of any Flag. No. 8. No. 15. No. 16. C. \ '• 2. 3. 4. / \5' 6. 7. 8/ No. 9. No. 10. No. 11. No. 12. No. 13. No. 14. 18 THE SHIELD, AND ITS PARTS. Dividing and Border Lines, in addition to simple right lines and curves, assume the forms indicated in Example, No. 17. A. Engrailed . . B. Invected . . . C. Wavy, or Undee D. Nebulee . E. Indented . F. Dancette . G. Embattled H. Bagulee . I. Dovetail . _W\AAAA. -zszszszs No. 17. The Ordinaries and other charges are constantly formed with these lines : as a Bordure may be indented, a Chief nebulee, a Fesse dancette or embattled, a Cross engrailed, &c, &c. See Nos. 92, 94, 114, 115, 300 A, 319 b, 396, 410, 433 and 477. No. 18. No. 19. Two Metals. CHAPTER IV. TINCTURES. The Tinctures of Heraldry comprise two Metals, five Colours, and eight Furs. 'They are severally distinguished, entitled, and indicated as follows, in Examples, Nos. 18 to 32. METALS Titles. Abbreviations. 1. Gold. Or. Or. No. 18. 2. Silver. Argent. Arg. „ 19. No. 20. 1. Blue. 2. Red, 3. Black, 4. Green. 5. Purple. No. 21 No. 22. No. 23. No 2' Five Colours COLOURS. Titles. Abbreviations. Azure. Az. No. 20. Gules. Qu. „ 21. Sable. Sa. „ 22. Vert. Vert. „ 23. Purpure. Purp. „ 24. c2 20 TINCTURES. 1. Ermine. 2. Ermines. 3. Erminois. Pean. Vair.Counter Vair Potent. No. 25. „ 26. ,. 27. FURS. Black spots on a white field. White spots on a black field. Black spots on a gold field. Gold spots on a black field. Nos. 28 and 29 No. 30 .. 31 8. Counter Potent. » °"' The Metals may be expressed by gold and silver, or by yellow and white. The representation of the Tinctures by means of dots and lines was not in use amongst Heralds before the time of the accession of the Stuarts to the English Crown. The student will observe that the metals always take pre cedence of the colours, unless a contrary arrangement be specified. Also, that Vair, Counter Vair, Potent and Counter Potent are always Argent and Azure, unless other tinctures are named in the blazon. See Chap. XXX. Objects and Figures represented in heraldic composition in their natural colours, are said to be proper, abbreviated ppr. THE FURS. No. 25. No. 26. No. 27. No. 28. No. 29. No. 30. No. 31. No. 32. No. 40 A. — DE CLARE. CHAPTER V. THE ORDINARIES AND THEIR DIMINUTIVES, AND THE ROUNDLES. The earlist devices of Mediaeval Heraldry are simple figures, entitled Ordinaries, which have been held by all Heralds in high esteem and honour, and retain their old rank in. the Heraldry of the present day. They still sometimes appear, as of old, alone, or almost alone ; while in many instances the Ordina ries are associated with other devices, or are themselves charged with various figures. In their simplest condition, the Ordi naries are formed by right lines ; but they also admit, instead of right lines, the various border lines of Example, No. 17. The Heraldic Ordinaries are nine in nu. ^er, and are severally entitled, the Chief, No. 33 ; the Fesse, No. 34 ; the Bar, No. 35 ; the Pale, No. 36 ; the Cross, No. 37 ; the Bend, No. 38 ; the Saltire, No. 39 ; the Chevron, No. 40 ; and the Pile, No. 41. See Plate II. Several' of these Ordinaries have Diminutives, which are grouped with them in the following descriptions of the Ordi naries themselves. 22 THE ORDINARIES AND THEIR DIMINUTIVES. I. The Chief, No. 33, formed by an horizontal line, contains in depth the uppermost third part of the field or area of the shield. It may be borne in the same composition with any other Ordinary, except the Fesse. The Diminutive of the Chief is the Fillet, the contents of which must not exceed one-fourth of the Chief, of which it always occupies the lowest portion. II. The Fesse, No. 34, which is identical in form and in area with the Chief, differs from that Ordinary only in its position in the field of the shield, of which it always occupies the horizontal central third part. The Fesse has no Diminutive, but it may be surmounted by a Pale or a Bend. III. The Bar, No. 35, differs from the Fesse in its width being one-fifth, instead of one-third of the field. The Bar may be placed horizontally in any part of the field, except absolutely in chief or in base. Two Bars frequently appear in the same composition, in which case it is the usual practice to divide the field horizontally into five equal parts, and to assign to the Bars the two spaces that are on either side of the central space, as in No. 42. A Single Bar never appears in an heraldic composition without some other Ordinary. The Bar has two Diminutives, the Closet, and the Barrulet, which are respectively one-half and one-fourth of the width of the Bar itself. When either of these Diminutives is placed on each side of a Fesse or Bar, the Ordinary is said to be cotised, as No. 43. When Barrulets are placed together in couples, as in No. 44, each couple is entitled a pair of Bars Gemelles. IV. Like the Chief and the Fesse, the Pale, No. 36, occupies one-third of the field; but its position is vertical instead of hori zontal, and it accordingly appears in an erect position always in the centre of the field. The Pale is an Ordinary of compara- ORDINARIES ROUNDIrES. LHAPTZKt, vi &vi;: Plate ii THE ORDINARIES AND THEIR D1MINUT1VISS. 23 tively rare occurrence. It has two Diminutives, the Pallet, and the Endorse, which are severally one-half and one-fourth of its width. A Pale between two Endorses is said to be endorsed. No. 45. A Pallet ma j1 appear in any vertical position in the shield. See No. 7, Plate I. V. In its simplest form, the heraldic Cross, No. 37, is pro duced by the meeting of two vertical with two horizontal lines, about the Fesse point, No. 8, M, of the Shield ; or it may be defined to be the combination of a Fesse with a Pale. When charged, the Cross occupies about one-third of the field ; but otherwise it occupies only one-fifth of the field. So numerous are the modifications of form, decoration, and arrangement which Heralds have introduced into this Ordinary, that I propose to devote a separate chapter to the " Heraldry of the Cross." VI. The Bend, No. 38, is formed by two parallel lines drawn diagonally, at equal distances from the Fesse-point, from the Dexter Chief to the Sinister Base. When charged, the Ordinary con tains one-third, but when plain it contains one-fifth part of the field. Two uncharged Bends may appear in the same Com position. The Bend also is associated with other Ordinaries, or it may be placed over other Charges. Charges set on a Bend are placed Bendwise : that is, they slope with the Bend. No. 46. The Diminutives of the Bend are the Bendlet, containing one-half of the Bend, and the Cotise, containing one-half of the Bendlet. A Bend placed between two Cotises, is said to be cotised. No. 47. A Riband is a Cotise couped (cut off smooth) at its extremi ties, so that it does not extend to the edges of the Shield. No. 48. 24 THE ORDINARIES AND THEIR DIMINUTIVES. A Bend, when issuing from the Sinister instead of the Dexter Chief, is distinguished as a Bend Sinister. VII. The Saltire, No. 39, or Diagonal Cross, is a combination of a Bend with a Bend Sinister. It contains one-fifth of the field, but one-third when it is charged. The Saltire may appear in the same Composition with the Chief. It has no Diminutive. Charges set on a Saltire slope with each of its limbs. No. 49. VIII. The Chevron, No. 40, which comprises somewhat more than the lower half of a charged Saltire, occupies one-fifth of the field. Two Chevrons may appear in the same Composition, or a single Chevron may be blazoned with a Chief. Charges set on a Chevron slope in the same manner as those that are charged upon a Saltire. No. 49. The Diminutive of this Ordinary is the Chevronel, which con ¦ tains one-half of a Chevron. The De Clares bore, Or, three chevronels, gules. No. 40 A, (p. 21). IX. The Pile, No. 41, a wedge in form, generally issues from the Middle Chief, and extends towards the Middle Base^ of a shield. Occasionally, however, this Ordinary is borne in the same direction as the Bend ; or it may issue from various parts of the enclosing line of a shield. In early shields the Fesse, Pale, Cross, Bend, Saltire and Chevron are generally very narrow, as Nos. 33 a, and 33 b. Charges are often placed and arranged after the form of the Ordinaries : thus, charges may be in Chief, No. 49 a ; in Fesse, No. 49 b ; in Pale, No. 49 c ; in Cross, No. 49 d ; in Bend, No. 49 e ; in Saltire, No. 49 f ; in Chevron, No. 49 g ; and in Pile, No. 49 h. With the Ordinaries may be associated another group, of the simplest character and in general use. These figures are the Seven Roundles, each of which possesses its own distinctive title. Plate II. the roundles. 25 They are : — 1. The Bezant, — or. No. 50. 2. The Plate,— argent. No. 51. 3. The Hurte, — azure. No. 52. 4. The Torteau, — gules. No. 53. 5. The Pellet,— sable. No. 54. 6. The Pomme, — vert. No. 55. 7. The Fountain. No. 56, which last is divided horizontally by wavy lines, and is alter nately argent and azure. In representation, the Bezant, Plate, and Fountain, are flat, but the other Roundles are to appear spherical, and to be shaded accordingly. A Roundle of one of the Furs, or tinctured in any other man ner, or if charged, must have its distinctive character specified in the blazon. In early blazon all the Roundles have their tinctures specified ; and it would seem to be desirable to resume this early habit, except in the instances of the Bezant and the Plate. No. 33 a. No. 33 b. DE NEVILLE. DE LACY. (Roll of Arms, temp. Bdw. I.) (Counter Seal, a.d. 1235.) No. 63. First Union Jack. No. 64. Second Union Jack. CHAPTER VI. THE HERALDRY OF THE CROSS. The Cross, as an heraldic symbol, has already been defined to be a combination of two others of the Ordinaries of Heraldry, the Fesse and the Pale. When it is not repeated in the same Composition, and when the contrary is not set forth in the blazon, the simple Cross is placed erect in the centre of the Shield, and it extends to the limits of the field. Many Crosses, however, may be introduced into the same composition : or a single Cross may be placed within a Bordure : or it may be interposed between other Charges upon the Shield : or it may itself be charged : or it may appear under a variety of conditions affecting both its form and its position. The Greek Cross, No. 57, has its four limbs all of equal length. Plate III. The Latin Cross, No. 58, has its uppermost limb and its transverse limbs of the same length, the fourth limb or shaft being considerably longer than the other three. In some cases the uppermost limb of a Latin Cross is either longer or shorter than the two transverse ones. The Cross without any upper limb, No. 59, is entitled the HERAI/DRY OF THE CROSS -HAFTERY3 , ^* i ^ -. 1320, the Spur having a Wheel began to supersede the earlier form, No. 170 : and, shortly after, the true Rouelle Spur, having the wheel spiked, made its appearance, No. 171. The examples that I have given in Nos. 169, 170, 171, and 172, are from the effigies of John of Eltham ; of a Knight at Clehongre, Here fordshire; of the Black Prince; and of Eichard Delameee, Esq., Hereford. In the beginning of the fifteenth century spurs appear sometimes to have been worn with Guards to their Eouelles ; as in No. 172. In the middle of that century they became of extravagant length, but towards its close they assumed a more sensible form. See Mullet. Staple : — an iron fastening, a Badge of the Stapletons. Steel-cap .- —a close-fitting defence for the head. Stirrup .-— this characteristic Charge is of comparatively rare occurrence. Gu., three stirrups leathered and buckled or, were borne by Scudamore ; and the same composition on an azure field forms the arms of Giffoed. This shield is carved in the vaulting of the Canterbury Cloisters. A Spur erect between a pair of Wings MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES. INANIMATE OBJECTS & BADGE OF "ULSTER. 1 HAPTERS XI. k XII, miscellaneous charges. 53 was the Crest of the Marquess of Annandale, a Lord Marcher of the olden time. Swivel: — two iron links connected by a bolt, around which they revolve : borne by the Ironmongers' Company. Sword: — the Knightly Weapon of all ages, in Heraldry is represented unsheathed, straight in the Blade, and pointed. In blazon, the Hilt, Pommel, and Accoutrements of Swords are always to be specified. Swords are borne in the Arms of the Sees of London, Winchester, Exeter, and Cork. A Sword erect also is cantoned by the Cross of St. George in the first quarter, in the Arms of the City of London ; and in this instance the weapon represents the emblem of St. Paul, the patron Saint of London, No. 139, p. 54. The Earl Poulett now bears, — Sa, three Swords in pile arg., their points in base, hilts and pommels or, No. 173, PL XIV. Target : — a circular Shield, represented in the curious armed effigy of the period of Henry III., at Great Malvern. Tau : — a Cross resembling the letter T, called also the Cross of St. Anthony; No. 59, PL III. See Chap. XX., 3. Threstle : a three-legged stool. Tilting-Spear : — a heavy lance. See Spear. Torch : — generally borne inflamed, or lighted. Torse : — a wreath. Torteau,- plural Torteaux : — A red spherical Eoundle. Tower .-— a small Castle ; No. 173 a, PL IX. Treflee : — the same as Botonee, — trefoiled, that is. Treille, or Trellise : — lattice-work. It differs from Frette, and Frettee, in that the pieces do not interlace under and over, but cross each other in such a manner that all the pieces from the dexter are in the same plane, and they lie over those from the sinister, and they all are fastened by nails at the crossings. A Treille is said to be clouee of its Nails ; No. 174, PL IX. Tressure : — one of the Subordinaries. See Tressure, p. 32, and No. 102, PL IV. It is commonly blazoned as fleurie. The Eoyal 54 miscellaneous charges. Tressure of Scotland is blazoned as a Double Tressure, fleurie counter-fleurie ; No. 103, PL V. Trumpet: — in Heraldry, a long straight tube, expanding to wards its extremity : it is well exemplified in the Brass to Sm Eoger de Trumpingdon ; Nos. 175, PL IX., and 375, PL XLVIH. Tun : — a cask. It occurs constantly to represent the syllable ton in a Eebus upon some name ending in that syllable : thus, at St. John's, Cambridge, the Eebus *of Ashton is an ash-tree growing out of a tun ; in Bristol Cathedral, Abbot Burton's Eebus, a burr plant growing out of a tun, is carved in several places ; and again, a tun pierced by an arrow or bolt frequently occurs as the Eebus of Bolton. See Bebus in Chap. XIII. Vair .-—one of the Furs ; Nos. 29, 30, p. 20. Vambrace : — armour for the fore-arm. Vamplate : — a guard for the hand upon a tilting-spear. Verules : — concentric rings or annulets. Vervels, or Varvels : — small rings. Water-Bouget : — a vessel used by mediaeval soldiers for carry ing water. It is borne by the Baron De Eos, and by the Bourchiers. Two modifications of the form of this Charge are shown in No. 176, PL IX. See also No. 338 a, in Chap. XIV. On the shield of a crossed-legged knight in the Temple Church, which is attributed to a De Eos, three water-bougets are very boldly sculptured ; the effigy is of the period of Ed ward I. : and again, good later examples appear on the banners that are represented in the monument of Louis Eobsart, Lord Bourchier, the standard-bearer of Henry V., at Westminster. Winnowing-Fan : — see Fan. 4 Nil No. 139.— London, No. 167.— Hay. No. 185.— The Peecy Lion. No. 186. — The Howard Lion. CHAPTEE X. MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES. PART II.— ANIMATE BEINGS. This Group of Charges compraes, with a varied series of Creatures that exist in Nature, several others that are indebted for their shadowy existence only to the poetic imagination of the early Heralds. Those Parts of the Bodies of Animals also, which constitute distinct Heraldic Charges, I have associated with the Creatures themselves ; and the whole have been sub jected to a classified arrangement. 1. Human Beings occasionally appear in heraldic composi tions, in which case the blazon always expresses with consistent distinctness the attitude, costume, action, &c, of every figure. Human figures, however, generally occur as Supporters, or Crests ; and Parts of the human body are more frequently introduced than actual Figures. Human figures appear in the arms of the Sees of Salisbuey, Chichester, Lincoln, Clogher, and Waterford. In the Arms of the See of Oxford are three demi-figures. The Head and the Hands of a man, when they appear as Charges, must be so blazoned, as to define and describe their position, &c, Thus, a head would be in profile, or affrontee, or reguardant, or 56 miscellaneous charges. uncovered, or helmed, &c. ; and the Hand would be either the Dexter, or the Sinister, or erect, or grasping some object, &c. ; an open hand is said to be appaumee. The same would be the case with an Arm, which, when bent at the elbow, is em- bowed, &o. The very singular armorial ensign of the Isle of Man, now quartered by the Duke of Athol, is thus blazoned : Gules, three Legs armed proper, conjoined in the Fesse point at the upper part of the thighs, flexed in a triangle, garnished and spurred or ; No. 1 76 A, PL XIV. : this example is drawn from a Boll of Edward I., preserved in the Heralds' College. See Isle of Man in Chap. XXXIII. Archbishop Juxon, who died a.d. 1663, bore — Or, a Cross gu., between four Blackamoors' Heads, couped at the shoulders ppr., wreathed about the temples of the field. The same Charge is borne by the Earl Canning. The Badge of Ulster, the distinctive Ensign of the Order and Bank of Baronets, instituted in 1612, by James L, the ancient armorial Ensign of the Irish Kingdom of Ulster, is ' thus blazoned, upon a small shield— arg., a Sinister Hand, couped at the wrist and erect, gu. ; No. 177, PL IX. Inseparably associated with their historic name, the Dou glases bear, as the armorial insignia of their house, Arg., a human Heart gu., imperially crowned ppr. ; on a Chief az., three Mullets of the field. The royal Heart was that of Eobert Bruce, which the " Good Sir James Douglas" was carrying to the Holy Land, that he might bury it at Jerusalem, when he himself fell in battle with the Saracens of Andalusia, a.d. 1330. The crown is a comparatively recent addition to the original Charge ; No. 177 a, PL XIV. See Arms of Douglas, Chap. XXXIII. II. The Heraldry of the Lion. The King of Beasts is the animal which, as a Charge of Heraldry, has always been held in the very highest estimation. He appears in heraldic Blazonry under the most varied conditions, and in association with almost every other device. I have considered it to be HERALDRY" OF THE IflON. CHAPTER XI Plate X MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES. 0( desirable, accordingly, to assign to the " Heraldry of the Lion," a distinct section of its own. The Lion was not only the favourite Beast with the early Heralds, but also almost the only one that they introduced into their blazon. And they considered that the natural and proper attitude for their lions was rampant — erect, looking intently before them towards their prey, and preparing to make their formidable spring. To the Lion in this attitude, accordingly, the early Heralds applied his true title, and they blazoned him as "a Lion." But, when he was to be represented as in the act "of walking, whether with his head in profile or looking outwards from the shield, whether simply passant or passant guardant, they entitled the royal beast a " Lion-leoparde'" a " Lion Leopard," or simply a "Leopard." Hence the Lions of England are found to have been habitually blazoned as Leopards (" Lupards," " Leoparts,") until the fifteenth century was far advanced ; then, at length, the Lion of Heraldry, whatever his attitude and his action, received his true name, which he has retained under all circumstances until our own times. In the EoU of Arms of Henry III. the first entry is, " Le Boy d'Angleterre porte goules trois lupards d'or :" so, again, the statute of Edw. I. (a.d. 1300, 28 E. I., cap. 20) ordains that all pieces of gold and silver plate, when assayed, should be " signee de une teste de leopart," — marked, that is, with the head of the King's Lion- leoparde. The Lion is borne in heraldic Compositions emblazoned in fourteen varieties of attitude. 1. The Lion Passant, No. 178, PL X., is walking, and has three of his paws placed on the ground, the fourth (one of the fore paws) being raised up. He looks in the direction that he is walking, which, unless the contrary be specified, is towards the Dexter. This Lion was borne by the L'Estranges, No. 660, PL LXII., and the Carews, and it is now charged upon a Fesse by the Earl o ' Carysfort. 58 MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES. 2. The Lion Passant Guardant, No. 179, differs from the Lion Passant, in the circumstance that he is affronte — looking out from the shield at the spectator. A Golden Lion Passant Guardant, upon a Field gules, is a Lion of England ; No. 198. 3. The Lion Passant Reguardant, is walking in the same manner and towards the same direction as No. 179, but he looks back to the Sinister; No. 179 a, PL X. 4. The Lion Rampant, No. 180, stands erect on his two hind legs, but has only one of his fore legs elevated. The Scottish Lion is Rampant, his Tincture being gules, on a field or: No. 103, PL V., and Plates XXII., LVIIL; and LIX. : thus, Sir Walter Scott, speaking of the Eoyal Banner of Scot land, says that upon it " The ruddy lion ramps in gold." 5. The Lion Rampant Guardant, No. 181, is the same as the Lion Eampant, except that he is affronte, instead of looking before him. The Dexter Supporter of England is such a Lion, of gold. This is the habitual attitude of Lions when they are Supporters. 6. The Lion Rampant Reguardant, No. 182, looks behind him. Such Lions are the Supporters of the Barons Bravbroke and Brownlow. 7. The Lion Salient, No. 183, is in the act of making his spring, erect, with both his fore paws elevated. 8. Two Lions Combattant, No. 184, are Eampant and face to face, as if in combat. They may also be blazoned as Counter Rampant. They were thus charged upon the shield of Ri chard I., before he assumed upon it the three Lions Passant. Two Lions Combattant are now borne by the Viscount Lorton. In Foreign Heraldry if two Coats of Arms are im paled, each of which bears a Lion Eampant, the two Lions are placed Counter Rampant, facing each other on the impaled shield ; See No. 344, PL XXIL, and No. 722, PL MI. MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES. 59 9. A Lion Statant has his four feet upon the ground, and looks before him. A Lion Statant, having his Tail extended in a right line, is the Crest of the Duke of Northumberland; No. 185, p. 55. 10. A Lion Statant Guardant, stands looking affronte. Such a Lion, having his tail extended in a right line, is the Crest of the Duke of Norfolk : No. 186, p. 55. 11. When sitting down, his four legs being stretched out on the ground, but his head erect, a Lion is Sejant ; No. 187. 12. A Lion Sejant, having his fore legs elevated, is Sejant Rampant ; No. 187 a, PL X. 13. When in the attitude of taking repose, the Lion is Couchant, or Dormant ; No. 187 B. 14. A Lion Coward, is passant with a downcast look, and his tail between his legs; No. 187 c, drawn from a Seal of Arthur Tudor, as Prince of Wales. No. 187 c. — Lion Coward. A Demi Lion Rampant, No. 188, PL X., and No. 131 a, PL XIV., is the upper half of the body of the animal, and half its tail with the tuft in which it terminates. Lions occur so constantly in Bolls of Arms and in other early authorities, that I do not consider it necessary continually to refer to examples. A Lion's Face, No. 189, PL X., is a Charge : and his Head also is a Charge that frequently occurs ; it may be either couped, No., 190, or erased, No. 191. See Chap. XXX. The entire leg, No 192, PL X., is a Lion's Jambe, or Gambe, when borne alone ; but if the limb be cut off, whether erased or couped, at or below the middle joint, it is a Paw. 60 miscellaneous charges. Two Lions Eampant, placed back to back, are addorsed ; No. 193. If they are passant, the one to the Dexter, and the other to the Sinister, they are Counter-passant. The Lion is frequently crowned, No. 194, PL X., and Nos, 416, 417, PL XXXVIII., &c. ; or he grasps some object in either his mouth or his paw, No. 195, PL X. ; or he is collared, and perhaps a chain may be attached to his collar, No. 196 ; or he may have his neck gorged (encircled, that is,) with a coronet ; or his body may be charged with various devices ; or he may be Vigilant, or Vorant — watching for his prey, or devouring it ; or he may have Wings, as in the instance of the Supporters of the Baroness Braye; or he may be double tailed, No. 197, PL X. (queue fourchee), as he was borne by the De Montfouts, No. 399, PL XLIX. A Lion is said to be armed of his claws and teeth, and langued of his tongue. When an Ordinary is set over a Lion, the animal is debruised by such Ordinary. When a Lion is represented as proceeding or rising up out of a Chief, or Fesse, or any other Charge, he is said to be issuant, or naissant — as in the Arms of the De Genevilles, No. 131 A, PL XIV. A Lion Naissant is now borne upon a chief by the Baron Dormer. Several Lions, whether Passant, or Rampant, may be charged upon a single shield; thus, England bears, gu., three Lions pass. guard., in pale, or, No. 198 ; and the' Earl of Pembroke heaxs-^per pale az. and gu., three Lions Rampant, two and one, arg., No. 199, PL X. When more than four Lions occur in the same composition, they are termed Lioncels. In this case, the animals are almost invariably Eampant. When charged upon an Ordinary, even two or three Lions would be entitled Lioncels— as in the chevron of the Cobhams; No. 377, PL XXV. The Shield, No. 200, of William Longespee, Earl of Salisbury, who died a.d. 1226, miscellaneous charges. 61 bears six Lioncels upon a Field azure. Another fine early example is the Shield of the De Bohuns, Earls of Hereford, No. 198. — England. The Crown and Shield of the time of Henry III. which is thus blazoned : Azure, a Bend arg., cotised and between six Lioncels or : Nos. 201, 397, and PL XX. Amongst the other celebrated names with which the Lion is associated as an heraldic charge, are Percy, De Laci, Fitz Alan, Mowbray, De Bruce, Segrave, &c, &c. See Chap. XXXI. The Lion is borne of every variety of Tincture. He is always armed and langued, gules ; unless he himself or the field be of that colour, in which case both his claws and his tongue are azure. I have considered the Drawing of the Lion in Chap. XXX. III. Various other Animals take those parts which Heralds have been pleased to assign to them ; their especial vocation, however, appears to be to act as Supporters. As Charges, the Horse, the Elephant, the Camel, the Dog, the Stag, the Ante lope, the Tiger, the Leopard, the Bear, the Bull, the Calf, the 62 miscellaneous charges. Goat, the Earn, the Lamb, the Boar (Sanglier), the Fox, the Wolf, the Cat-a-mountain or Wild Cat, the Ermine, the Hedge hog, the Beaver, the Otter, the Squirrel, and many others will attract the attention of the student. The Heads of many Animals also appear in Blazonry. The example of an Ermine, No. 199 a, is drawn from the Garter-Plate of Lord Dynham, K.G., at Windsor, who died a.d. 1501. The animal stands No. 199 a. — The Ermine Crest of Lord Dynham, K.G. upon a cap of Estate, between two spikes, and thus forms a Crest. Iii every instance, the terms that give a precise and de finite individuality to each animal may easily be acquired. The terms that are applied to Lions are also applicable to all beasts of prey. Any animal in a sitting posture is Sejant', and Statant when standing ; and, in like manner, other terms, which have no special reference to habits of violence and ferocity, are alike applicable to every animal. Stags and their kindred animals have several terms peculiarly their own. Their antlers are Attires, the branches being Tynes ; when they stand, they are at gaze, No. 202, PL XL ; when in easy motion, they are tripping, No. 2Q3 ; when in rapid motion, they are at speed, No. 203 a ; and when at rest, they are lodged, No. 204, PL XL All the fiercer animals are armed of their horns ; but a stag is attired of his antlers. MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES. ANIMATE BEINGS. CHAPTEP XI. PIdtr- XI miscellaneous charges. 63 The Attires of Stags are borne as separate Charges. The Head of a stag, when placed affronte', is cabossed, No. 205, PL XI. ; this is the well known charge of the families of Stanley and Cavendish, the former bearing, on a bend az., three stags' heads cabossed, arg. ; the latter a similar number of the same device, arg., upon a sable field; Nos. 205 a, 205 b, PL XIV. A stag, full-grown and of mature age, is generally styled a Hart ; the female, without Horns, is a Hind. A Reindeer, in Heraldry, is represented as a stag with double attires. The Bear and Ragged Staff, No. 206, PL XXX., form the famous Badge of the Earls of Warwick ; and the Talbot Dog, No. 207, PL XL, is the Badge of the Earls of Shrewsbury. Another heraldic Dog, a mastiff with short ears, is distinguished as an Alant. Greyhounds, again, have found favour with Heralds. The Marquis Camden bears on his shield three Elephants' heads. The Baron Blayney bears three Horse's heads. The supporters of the Earl of Orkney are an Antelope and a Stag ; those of the Baron Macdonald are two Leopards ; and those of the Duke of Bedford are a Lion and an Antelope, the Eussell crest being a Goat. The Earl of Malmesbury bears three Hedge hogs ; and two Foxes are leaping, saltire-wise, on the ancient shield of Sir Watkin Williams Wynne. The Peerage will also give many examples of various other animals acting as heraldic Supporters. See Armes Parlantes and Rebus in Chap. XIII. A singular Charge, that must be placed with this group, was borne by the De Cantelupes, and it also constitutes the Arms of the See of Hereford : this is a Leopard's face, affronte, resting upon a Fleur-de-Lys, and having the lower part of the flower issuing from the animal's mouth. In the Hereford shield, the Leopard's faces are reversed. This is emblazoned as jessant-d'e-lys ; Nos. 208, 208 a, PL XL, and 436 c, PL XXXIX. IV. Birds, Fishes, Insects, and Eeptiles, also, form 64 MISCELLANEOUS charges. Charges of Heraldry. They appear in Blazon under their habitual natural guise : but there are descriptive terms used by Heralds, which these creatures may claim as exclusively their own. Birds in the act of flight are volant, when flying aloft they are soaring, and their expanded wings are said to be overt; No. 209. In the instance of Birds of Prey, the expanded wings are also said to be displayed, while those of all birds that are not Birds of Prey, are disclosed. If the tips of the wings droop downwards, they are inverted, or in Lure; No. 210, PL XL: but, if elevated without being expanded, the wings are erect; No. 211: and if turned backwards, addorsed ; Nos. 212, 213. A Bird, about to take wing, is rising or roussant ; but trussed or closed, No. 215, when at rest. A Bird preying on another, No. 212, is trussing it, and not vorant, as a Beast of Prey. The Example, No. 212, is drawn from the Brass of Sir Peter Courtenay, K.G., (a.d. 1409) in Exeter Cathedral. A Hawk is belled and jessed. A Game-cock is armed of his Beak and Spurs, crested of his Comb, and jowlopped of his Wattles, or simply wattled. A Peacock, or Pawne, having its tail displayed, is in its pride, as it is borne by the Duke of Eutland for his crest. An Eagle, or Erne, with expanded wings, No. 212 a, is dis played; as borne by the Montmorencies and the Mont- hermers, and quartered by the Montagues. An Eagle appears on the seal of Eichard, Earl of Cornwall, supporting -his Shield of Arms from its beak, about a.d. 1260 ; No. 212 c, PL LXII. See Chap. XXX. A young, or a small eagle, is an Eaglet; No. 459, PL XLIX. An Imperial Eagle has two heads, and is crowned, as No. 212 b, PL XL, and No. 349, PL XXIIL In the Eoll of Edward IL, Sir Walter Baud bears, gu., three eagle's wings or. The two wings of an Eagle displayed, when conjoined and borne as a charge, are blazoned as a Vol. miscellaneous charges. 65 A Pelican, represented as standing above its nest, having its wings addorsed, and nourishing its young with its blood, is blazoned as a Pelican in its Piety. The example, No 213, PL XL, forms the finial of the fine Brass to Dean Prestwych, at Warbleton, Sussex, a.d. 1436. A Swan, when blazoned proper, is white, with red beak, and has some black about the nostrils. Such a Swan, ducally gorged and chained, was the Badge of the De Bohuns, No. 214, PL XL, and No. 234 b, PL XII. See also No. 511. Various sea-birds appear in blazon : thus, the Crest of Sir Richard Pole, K.G., the father of the Cardinal, is a Cormorant preying on a fish. A Cornish Choutfh, No. 215, the crest of the Baron Bridport, is black, with red legs and beak. Small Birds are generally drawn in the form of Blackbirds, but their colour must be blazoned. ' The Martlet, or Merlotte, No. 216 and 216 a, PL XL, may be regarded as the heraldic swallow. In Cadency, the Martlet is the Difference of the fourth son ; No. 382, PL XIII. It was borne by the De Valences, Nd. 101, PL V., and PL VII., N&s. 419, 420; and in the Aims of Edward the Confessor, No. 78, PL I., and 349, 350, PL XXIIL See also Nos. 365, 369, PL XXV., and Nos. 412, 413, PL XLVIII. The Martlet is generally represented without feet, as in No. 216 a ; but the feet are drawn correctly in many early examples. It now is charged upon the shield of the Earl of Arundel. Bavens, Parrots called by Heralds Popinjays (see No. 458, PL XL.), Herons, Falcons, Cocks, Doves or Colombs, and many others, and the Wings of birds in various attitudes, and their Feathers also under various conditions, appear in Heraldry. See Armes Parlantes and Bebus, in Chap. XIII. Fish of every variety are borne as heraldic Charges ; but when no particular variety is specified and the creature is of small size, the blazon simply states the Charge to be " a fish." F 66 miscellaneous charges. When swimming in fesse, across the field, a fish is naiant; No. 217, PL XI. When in pale, No. 218, as if rising to the surface for breathing, it is hauriant ; but uriant when its head is in base, No. 218 A ; and when its body is bent, as a dolphin is represented, it is embowed ; No. 21 9. A good example of an No. 219 a. — Dolphin. Brass to Nicholas Atjmberdene. heraldic Dolphin appears at the base of the Cross-brass to Nicholas Aumberdene, " Fishmonger of London," a.d. 1350, at Taplow, Bucks, No. 219 a. The fish borne by the Duke of Northumberland are styled Lucies, a kind of pike. Amongst the other fish commonly borne in Heraldry are Barbels, Nos. 325, PL XVIII., and 329 A, PL XIX. ; Herrings, Roach, &c. " The Heraldry of Fish " forms the subject of a beautiful and valuable monograph by Mr. Moule. Various Shells occur in Heraldry, and particularly the Escallop, No. 220, borne by the Eussells and the Grahams : See Nos. 388, PL XLVIIL, 402, PL XXXVIL, and 409, PL XXVIII. : see also No. 513, PL XXXIX. Bees and Butterflies are blazoned volant, thus, — Az., three butter flies volant or, are the arms of Muscamp : this shield is in the cloisters at Canterbury. A Tortoise is passant. A Snake (in Boll of E. in. a "Bisse ") may be gliding, or if twined into a knot itis nowed. Imaginary Beings. Heralds have introduced amongst the figures that act as both Supporters and Charges, imaginary representations of the heavenly hierarchy. Thus Angels form the Supporters of the Barons Decies, Northwick and Abinger, of Sir M. Barlow, Bart., and others. MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES. ANIMATE BEINGS & NATURAIr OBJECTS. miscellaneous charges, 67 Several animal forms have been added by Heralds, from their own creative imaginations, to those which Nature has provided for them to introduce into their symbolical blazonry. A few only of these occur in English Heraldry. The AUerion,— an eagle destitute of both beak and feet. The same term is also sometimes applied to heraldic natural eagles. The Cockatrice, No. 221, PL XII., a winged monster, having the head, body, and feet of a cock, and the tail of a dragon ; borne for Supporters and Crest by the Earl of Donoughmore. The head of a Cockatrice is borne as a Crest, and is represented in the Brasses to Sir N. Dagworth, a.d. 1401, at Blickling, Norfolk, No. 222, and to Eoger Elmebrygge, a.d. 1435, at Bedington, Surrey, No. 222 a. It was also the crest of the Earls of Arundel. The Centaur, or Sagittarius, which was the Device, and has been mistaken for the Arms, of King Stephen. The Dragon, No. 223, a winged animal, generally with four legs and having a tail like that of a serpent. It appears as a military ensign in the Bayeux Tapestry, No. 223 a, and is common in more recent Heraldry. The Griffin, or Gryphon, No. 224, PL XII., combining the bodily attributes of the lion and the eagle, is of the same family with a group of the sculptured figures of Assyria. When in its customary attitude, erect and with wings expanded, this monster is segreant. A gryphon is the dexter Supporter of the Duke of Cleveland, and the sinister Supporter of the Duke of Man chester; the Baron Dynevor has, for his dexter Supporter, a gryphon coward — that is, having his tail hanging down. The gryphon borne by the Marquis of Ormonde is wingless : this creature, distinguished in blazon as a Male Gryphon, has two horns. The Harpy : — Two of these monsters appear supporting his shield (quarterly arg. and sa.) on a seal of Thomas Hoo, A.d. 1481. f 2 68 miscellaneous charges. A Mermaid, No. 225, PL XII., a Badge of the Berkeleys, was the dexter Supporter of Sir Walter Scott ; and both the sup porters of the Viscount Boyne are also Mermaids. Lord Berke ley, in his fine Brass at Wotton-under-Edge, a.d. 1392, wears a Collar of Mermaids, No. 225 A, over his camail. , In St. Alban's Abbey there is an early tile charged with a Mermaid. The shields of the Baron Lyttleton and Sir G. G. Otway, Bart., are supported on each side by a Triton, or Merman, No. 226, PL XII. No. 225 A. — Collar of Mermaids. Brass to Thomas, Lord Berkeley, a.d. 1392, Wotton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire; The Wyvern, No. 227, may be described as a flying monster of the Dragon order, having only two legs and feet ; its Tail is said to be nowed. Two Wyverns support the shield of the Earl of Eglinton. The Unicorn is the well-known dexter Supporter of England. See Chap. XIX., Section 3. A pair of Unicorns also support the shield of the Duke of Eutland; No. 227 a, PL XII. A Monster, a compound of a Lion and Fish, or a Sea-Lion, is known in the fabulous menagerie of Heraldry. Two of these Sea-Lions are Supporters of the Viscount Falmouth. So -also are the Pegasus, No. 227 b, the winged Horse of Classic antiquity, the dexter Supporter of the Baron Berwick ; the Phoenix, No. 227 c, PL XII., another relic of remote tradition, that sits amidst flames, doing duty for a crest above the shield of Sir W. B. Johnston ; the Salamander, another inhabitant of flames, the Crest of the Earl of Selkirk ; the heraldic Ibex, or Antelope, the sinister Supporter of Baron Dunsany ; and certain heraldic miscellaneous charges. 69 Panthers and Tigers, and other fierce animals, which breathe fire, and have various strange modifications of what nature has assigned to their prototypes. I must add to the imaginary groups the little Martlet, when that favourite heraldic bird is blazoned without feet, as in No. 216a, PL XL A golden Salamander is the Crest of James, Earl Douglas, K.G., the first Scottish noble who was elected into the Order of the Garter, and who died, a.d. 1483 ; this animal is represented on the Garter-Plate of the Earl as breathing flames ; No. 227 d. No. 227 d. — A Salamander. Crest of James, Earl Douglas, K.G., a.d. 1483, from his Garter-Plate. No. 239 a. — CHESTER. No. 234. — BLACK PRINCE. No. 239. — LEVESOX. CHAPTEE XL MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES. PABT III.— NATUKAL OBJECTS. Natural objects of every kind have placed themselves without reserve under the orders of the Herald, that they may con tribute to the Charges which he places upon shields, and in any other capacity may realize his wishes. The Sun, the Moon, and the Stars, appear in Heraldry. Trees, Plants, and Flowers, in like manner, are constantly to be found in the capacity of heraldic Charges and Devices. A few descrip tive terms are peculiarly appropriate to objects of this class. Thus : trees, &c, if grown to maturity, are accrued ; if bearing fruit or seeds, fructed; if clothed with leaves, in foliage; if drooping, pendent; if having their roots exposed, eradicated; slipped, when irregularly broken or torn off; when cut off, couped; when deprived of their leaves, blasted; and proper, when of their natural aspect and hue. The term barbed de notes the small green leaves, the points of which appear about an heraldic rose : and seeded indicates any seed-vessel, or seeds. MISCELLANEOUS charges. 71 \. CELESTIAL OBJECTS. The Sun in Heraldry is generally represented with a human face upon its disc and environed with rays, these rays being sometimes alternately straight and wavy. The great celestial luminary is blazoned as " in his splendour," or " in his glory." He appears thus in the shield of the Marquess of Lothian; and in a EoU of arms of about 1250, (British Museum, Harl. MSS. 6589) Jean de la Hay bears, — Arg., the Sun in his splen dour gu. ; No. 228, Plate XII. In some instances, always to be specified, the sun appears as shining from behind a cloud ; or, as rising or setting ; or, a ray of TSie sun is bbrne alone, as by Eauf de la Hay, in the Boll of Henry III., No. 229, PL XII. The Moon is in her Complement, or in Plenitude, when at the full; she is a Crescent, when her horns point towards the chief, No. 230; in Cadency, No. .380, Plate XIII., is the Difference of the second son. She is Decrescent, No. 231, PL XII., when her horns point to the sinister. She is Increscent, or in Increment, when her horns point to the dexter, No. 232, PL XII., and No. 428, Plate XXVIII. In the EoU of Henry III., F. de Boun bears, — gu., within an orle of martlets, a crescent arg., or erm. ; No. 413, PL XL VIII. Wm. de Eyther's shield, represented upon the arm of his sculptured effigy (temp. Edw. I.), is charged with three crescents ; No. 427 A, PL XXXVIII. : see also No. 427 b. Star : — see Mullet and Estoile, in Chap. IX. TKEES, PLANTS, FRUITS AND FLOWERS. The Charges of this class which are generally in use, are the following : — Cinquefoil, or Quintefoil : — a leaf or flower, having five cusps, No. 233, PL XII. : see also PL XXVII. In the early Eolls the cinquefoil and the six-foil are used without any distinction. Ears of Barley, Wheat, &c. .-—represented in their natural forms. At St. Alban's Abbey, the shield of Abbot John de 72 MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES. Wheathampstede, of the time of Henry VI., displays gules, a chevron, between three clusters of as many ears of wheat, or : No. 201 A, Plate XV. : also No. 717. Feathers : — the Ostrich feather is the one that is usually borne as an heraldic device. It sometimes is charged upon shields ; and it constantly appears as a favourite Badge of the Plan- tagenets. The shields that are placed about the monument of the Black Prince are alternately charged with his arms, and with three ostrich feathers upon a sable field ; No. 234, p. 70. Each of these feathers has its quill piercing a small scroll, bear ing the words — Ich dien ; No. 234 a, Plate XII. The ostrich feather was habitually used by the Black Prince, as a Badge. It appears, with the scroll, upon the seal of -Henry IV., before he became sovereign. His son, Henry V., bore a similar badge, the feather being carried by a swan (a badge of his mother, Mary de Bohun) in its beak ; No. 234 b, PL XII. The ostrich feather and scroll have a place also amongst the heraldic insignia of Prince Arthur Tudor, a.d. 1502, at Worcester; No. 235. The feathers of other birds besides the ostrich sometimes appear in early blazonry. Thus, the Crest of Sir Hugh Courtenay, KG., (about a.d. 1365) is formed of a plumage of swan's feathers, in three rows, (Garter-Plate). The Crest of Sir Thomas Lovell, E.G., (temp. Henry VII.) is composed of a bundle of peacock's feathers ppr., in the form of a garb, banded gu. ; (Garter-Plate). Again, the panache-crest of Lord Ferrers of Chartley, consists of peacock's feathers, (Brass, Merevale Abbey, a.d. 1412), No. 267 a, Plate XXVI. ; and a panache of turkey's feathers is the Crest of Sir John Harsyck, (Brass, Southacre, Norfolk), No, 301, Plate I. See Chap. XVIL, Sect. I. Fleur-de-Lys : — this most beautiful and effective Charge, gene rally supposed to be the flower of the Lily, is the ancient cognizance of France. In its origin, the Fleur-de-Lys or Fleur- de-Luce, may be a Rebus, signifying the " Flower of Louis." Mr. Planche, (who always speaks with authority when he dons MI S CEIfLAXE OITS CHARGE S. SATUEAir OBJECTS -DESCRIPTIVE TERES -MODERJf CADES'CY: chapters xn.xm, xrr &xvt. Plate AHL miscellaneous charges. 73 his tabard), after stating this supposition, adds that " Clovis is the Frankish form of the modern Louis, the C being dropped, as in Clothaire, Lothaire, &c." If Clovis himself bore the Fleur- de-Lys, that famous heraldic Charge may have been assumed by the Frankish Prince as his Eebus, from the favourite Clove-pink, or gillyflower. The Fleur-de-Lys appears in early Heraldry under several modifications of its typical form. It was in especial favour with the designers of the inlaid pavement-tiles of the Middle Ages ; Nos. 236, 236 a, 236 b, Plate XIII. It forms one of the figures of the diaper of the shield of Eobert de Vere, No. 156, Plate VI.; and it decorates the Eoyal Tressure of Scotland, in the shield placed by Henry III., or Edward I., in Westminster Abbey; No. 103, Plate V. This same figure was known to the Eomans ; and it formed the orna mental heads of sceptres and pommels of swords from the earliest period of the French monarchy, No, 238, PL XIII. ; Nos. 237, 237 a, PL XV. ; the former from St. George's Chapel, Windsor, and the latter from the monument of Edward III. at West minster, are beautiful examples of Fleurs-de-Lys. The Fleur-de-Lys was first borne on a Eoyal Seal by Louis VII. of France, a.d. 1137—1180. The Counter-Seal of the Dauphin Louis, (afterwards Louis VIIL), attached by him to a deed dated Nov. 21, 1216, during the time that he was in England supporting the Barons in their resistance to King John, is a most interesting early example of a French Eoyal Shield, semee de-lys, No, 238 a, Chap. XXIV. Edward III. quartered the French shield, seme's de-lys, on his Great Seal and in his Arms, a.d. 1340, No. 536 b, Plate LVIII., and No. 286, &c. ; and in or about 1405, Henry IV. reduced the ramber of the Fleur-de-Lys to three, that reduction having been effected in the French Seal by Charles V, a.d. 1364—1380, No. 536 d, Plate LVIII. The Fleurs-de-Lys were removed from the English Shield in 1801. In modern Cadency'the Fleur-de-Lys is the mark of the sixth son ; No. 384, Plate XIII. 74 miscellaneous charges. This charge is blazoned in the EoU of Henry III. One of the early shields in Westminster Abbey is semee de-lys ; No. 2, p. 12. The Fleur-de-Lys is now borne, without any other charge, in the shield of the Baron Digby. See Plates XXVIII., XXXIL, and XXXIX. Garbe: — a wheatsheaf, borne in the arms of the Earls of Chester, and still apparent in the • greater number of the shields of the nobility and gentry of the County Palatine of Cheshire ; No. 239 b, Plate XII., and 239 a, p. 70 : see also No. 466, Plate LI. The Arms of the Prince of Wales, as Earl of Chester, are, az., three garbes or, as No. 239 a. : see Chap. XIX., Sect. VII. A Garbe is borne in the arms of the town of Sheffield, (/SAea/-field). Garbes, or sheaves, of barley, &c, are also borne as Charges. Gillyflower : — a species of pink, in great favour in the middle ages. Hill and Hillock : — A green mound. When only one appears, the former term is used ; but the latter denotes several mounds, their exact number to be specified. Hurst : — a group of trees. Thus, Elmhurst bears seven elm- trees on a mound. Leaves : — the leaf or leaves, or the branches of any tree or plant must be specified and described in the blazon. Hazel- leaves are borne by Hazelrigg ; Oak-branches by Okstead, No. 239 A, Plate XII., and Oakes ; Strawberry-leaves (or Fraises) by Frazer ; Laurel-leaves, by Leveson, No. 239, p. 70, az., three laurel leaves, two and one, or, quartered by the Duke of Sutherland; Holly-leaves, by Blackwood, &c. Planta-Genista : — the Broom-plant, the famous Badge of the Plantagenet family. The pods, with their seeds, as well as the leaves and flowers, are represented upon the bronze effigy of Eichabd II. in Westminster Abbey ; No. 240, PL XII. The field of the seal of Jaspar Tudor, is semee of the Planta-Genista, and is another good example of its treatment in heraldic composition. " Archailogia," xviii., p. 429 : see also Chap. XIX., Sect. IV. miscellaneous charges. 75 Pods of Beans, &c. : — when used as Charges, the pods are open, and show their seed. There is a good example in the Brass to Walter Pesood, merchant, a.d. 1398, at Boston, in Lincolnshire. Rose :— in Heraldry, the Eose is represented after the con ventional manner exemplified in No. 385, PL XIII. In some few early examples the small inner leaves are omitted, as in No. 242, Chap. XIX. When tinctured gules, the Eose is the Badge of the Plantagenets of the House of Lancaster, the Yorkist Eose being argent. A pleasing example of the heraldic Eose with foliage associated with the flower, occurs, carved upon an oak bench-end, in the Chancel of Pulham, in Norfolk ; No. 241 a. In some early shields several Eoses are blazoned, as in No. 393, Plate XXXVIL, by a Berkeley; and in No. 431, Plate XXXVIII. , by a De Tressel : see also Nos. 388 k and 388 l, in PL LXXI. Chaplets of Eoses also sometimes appear in blazon. In Cadency, the Eose is the Difference of the seventh son ; No. 385. Occasionally, the Queen of Flowers is in use in Heraldry in its natural form and aspect, with stalk, leaves, and buds. Such a Eose is the Emblem of England. See Chap. XVII. , Sect. I. ; and Chap. XIX, Sect. IV. Rose-en-Soleil : — the white Eose of the Plantagenets of the House of York, surrounded by rays, as of the sun. It was assumed by Edward IV., after the Battle of Mortimer's Cross, Feb. 2nd, 1461 ; No. 243, and No. 248 a, Plate XIII. The Monument of Prince Arthur Tudor, a.d. 1502, at Worcester, abounds in fine examples of the heraldic roses of the House of York and Lancaster, and also of the Tudors ; as in Nos. 242, 243, and 247, Chap. XIX. Shamrock : — a trefoil, or three-leaved grass, the Emblem of Ireland. It is represented now as growing on the same stalk as the Eose and the Thistle. Six-foil : — a flower having six leaves or cusps. It is an early Charge. By the French Heralds, at an early period, six-foils were blazoned as Angennes ; No. 244, Plate XIII. 76 MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES. Stock .-—the stump of a Tree ; No. 245, PL XIII. The Eebus of Woodstock. Teazle : — the head or seed-vessel of a species of thistle used in cloth manufactures. Thistle : — the Emblem of Scotland. It is now represented as growing on the same stalk as the Eose and the Shamrock. Trefoil : — a flower or leaf, having three cusps. It is generally blazoned with a stalk — a trefoil slipped ; No. 246, PL XIII. Tudor-Rose : — a combination of the Lancastrian and Yorkist Eoses. Sometimes it quarters the two Tinctures, as in No. 241, PL XIII. ; and sometimes it has the rose argent charged upon the rose gules. Splendid examples of Heraldic Eoses occur in King's College Chapel, Cambridge, and in Henry VII.'s Chapel, Westminster. At King's, the Eose, Fleur-de-Lys, and Port cullis are sculptured with extraordinary boldness, each figure being surmounted by a crown, as in No. 248, PL XIII. Various Fruits, Seeds, and Berries are borne as Charges, and they are tinctured as well as drawn proper, unless the contrary be specified. Thus, Peaches were borne by Sir John Pechd3 : the arms of George Abbot, Archbishop of Canterbury, a.d. 1611-1633, are, — gu., a chevron between three pears or (at Canterbury and GuUdford) : the three pears are still borne by the Baron Col chester; three acorns appear in the arms of Sir W. W. Dulling; three fir-cones in the arms of Sir E. G. Perrott, &c. Ill No. 241 a.— Heraldic Rose, Pulham Church, Norfolk. BYR.ON\ No. 250. No. 249. f t ?,? ¦ f ¦-?- f -y No. 251. CHAPTEE XII. descriptive terms. The Descriptive Heraldic Terms that are arranged in alphabetical order in this Chapter are of general application. Abatement : — any sign of degradation. Accosted : — placed side by side. Accrued : — grown to maturity. Addorsed : — placed back to back ; or, pointing or inclining backwards. Affrontee : — so placed as to show the full face, or the front of any figure or object. Appaumee : — the hand opened and set upright, and presenting the palm to view. Armed : — provided, as a beast or bird of prey is, with the natural weapons for defence and offence. Armoye'e : — charged with a shield of arms. Arrondie : — rounded, curved. Attired : — having Antlers, or such Horns as are natural to all animals of the Deer species. 78 descriptive terms. Augmented : — having Augmentations, or honourable additions to Arms. Banded : — encircled with a band or riband. Barbed : — having small green leaves, as the heraldic Eose. Barded: — caparisoned, as a Charger. The Bardings of the knightly war-horses were commonly charged with heraldic insignia. Barruly, Barrulee, Burle'e : — barry of ten or more pieces. Barry : — divided Bar-wise into an even number of parts. Barry-Bendy .-—divided into an even number of parts, both horizontally and diagonally. Bar-wise : — disposed after the manner of a Bar. Battled, or Embattled : — having Battlements, or bordered after the manner of Battlements. Battled-Embattled .-—having double Battlements, or one Battle ment set upon another. Beaked .-¦ — applied to Birds not of prey, to denote the Tincture of their Beaks. Belled : — having a Bell or Bells attached. Bend-wise : — disposed after the manner of a Bend. Bendy : — divided Bend-wise into an even number of parts. Bezantee : — studded with Bezants. Billetee : — studded with Billets. Blasted : — deprived of leaves, or withered. Bordered : — having a border of the same tincture as the field. This is an arrangement of common occurrence in continental Heraldry; but it is almost, if not altogether, unknown in the Heraldry of England. (See Bordure, p. 33.) Braced, or Brazed : — interlaced. Brettepee : — counter-embattled, having Battlements facing both ways. Cabossed : — when the Head of an animal is borne affrontee, without any part of the neck being seen. Cadency : — see Chapters XV. and XVI. descriptive terms. 79 Cantoned : — placed between four objects or Charges : or when a single Charge is placed in the first quarter of a shield. Cercelee, or Recercelee : — curling at the extremities. Charged : — placed or borne upon the field of a Shield, Banner, Ordinary, or any other object. Chausse : — wearing shoes. Cheeky, or Chequee : — a Field covered with small squares alternating of two Tinctures, there being more than two hori zontal rows of such squares ; No. 126, PL IV. The shield of the De Warrenes, still quartered by the Duke of Norfolk, is chequee or and az. ; Nos. 127 b, 127 c, PL VI. Clenched : — closed, as the Hand may be. Close : — when the Wings of a Bird lie close/to its Body. Cltoue'e : — studded or fastened with nan's. / Combatant : — as if in the act of fighting. Compony, Componee, or Gobony : — a series of small squares of two alternating Tinctures, arranged in a single row; No. 124, PL IV. Compounding Arms : — see Chap. XIV. Conjoined : — united and joined together. Conjoined in Lure : — two wings joined together with their tips downwards, as borne by the Seymours. Contournee : — sitting, standing, or moving, with the Face to the Sinister. Cotised : — placed between two Gotises. Couchant : — lying down. Couche'e : — when a shield is suspended diagonally from the sinister chief angle ; as in No. 626, PL LXVI. Counter : — reversed. Counter-Changed : — having a reciprocal interchange of Tinc tures : see Chap. VIII. Counter-Compone'e : — having a Double Compone'e. Counter-Embattled : — having reversed Battlements. Counter-Embowed : — bent with the Elbow to the Sinister ; or bent in reversed directions. 80 descriptive terms. Counter-Fleurie : — when a pair or several pairs of Fleurs-de-lys are set opposite to each other. Counter-Passant : — walking in opposite directions. Counter-Salient : — leaping in opposite directions. Counter-Vair :— a variety of Vair, in which the bells are arranged base to base ; No. 30, p. 20. Couped: — cut off smoothly as by a sharp instrument, and bounded by a right line. It is the converse to Erased. Courant : — running. Covert : — -partly covered. Coward, or Cowed : — when an animal has its tail between its legs, and in various ways indicates terror. Crampette'e : — ornamented, as the scabbard of a sword is at its extremity. Crenellee : — embattled ; the open spaces are the Crenelles, or Embrasures, and the masses which rise alternately between them are Merlons. Crested : — having a Crest, as a bird has a crest of feathers. Crined : — having hair or a mane. Crusily, or CrusilSe : — semee of Crosses-Crosslets. If any other form of Cross is introduced, its distinctive character must be specified. Dancettee : — deeply indented. Debruised: — when an Ordinary rests upon an Animal, or another Ordinary. Decked : — adorned. Degreed, or Degraded : — placed upon Steps. Demembred, or Dismembered : — cut into several pieces, but without having the severed fragments disarranged. Demi : — the Half. The upper or front Half is always under stood, unless the contrary be stated. Developed : — fully displayed, as a Flag. Diapered .-—see Chap. VIIL, and Plates VI., VII. descriptive terms. 81 Dimidiated : — cut in halves, and one half removed. See Chip. XIV. Disclosed : — having the TFiVXj1 expanded — applied to all Birds that are nit Birds of prey. ¦>, Displayed : — having the wing . Spanded — applied to all Birds of prey. -\. Disponed : — arranged. J Dormant : — in the attitude and act oj sleeping. Double-tete : — having two Heads. , Double-queue, or Queue-fourchee : — having two Tails, as in the case of some lions. Dovetail :— a system of Counter-wedging. Embattled : — battled. Embowed : — bent, with the Elbow to the Dexter : arched. Embrued : — stained with Blood. Enfiled : — thrust through with a Sword. Engoulee : — pierced through the Mouth. Engrailed : — having an arched border line, the small contiguous arches being concave : it is the converse to Invected ; No. 1 7 A, p. 18. Enhanced : — raised towards the chief. Thus, the Baron Byron bears, — arg., three Bendlets enhanced gu. ; No. 249, p. 76. •Ensigned: — adorned, bearing insignia of honour. Environnee, and Enveloped : — surrounded. Equipped : — fully caparisoned and provided. Eradicated : — torn up by the Boots. Erased: — torn off roughly, so that the severed parts have jagged edges. It is the converse to Couped. Erect : — set upright in a vertical position. False: — voided. Thus, an Orle. is blazoned as a "false es cutcheon," by the early Heralds. Fesse-wise : — disposed after the manner of a Fesse. Figured : — when an object, as the Sun's Disc, is charged with a representation of a human face. Fimbriated : — having a narrow border. 82 DESCRIPTIVE TERMS. Finned : — having fins, as Fish. Firme'e : — extended to the extremities of the Shield. Fitchee : — pointed at the bafc and so " fixable " in the ground. / ,&? Flanched : — a shield, of whjf Tthe Flanches only are disclosed, the rest of the field beitfo. 30, nounted by some distinct compo sition, or covered by Mtfe plain Tincture; as in No. 622, Chap. XXVIII. Fleurettee, or Florettee : — terminating in Fleurs-de-Lys ; also semee of Fleurs-de-Lys. Fleurie : — terminating in three points ; also, semie de lys. Flexed : — bent or bowed. Flighted : — feathered, as an Arrow. Fly: — the length of any Flag, from its point of suspension outwards; also, the outer side or extremity of any Flag. See Hoist. Flotant : — floating. Foliated: — having Cusps, and being formed like a Leaf or Leaves. Fourchee : — divided into two parts towards the extremity. Fresnee : — rearing up on the hind legs. Frettee : — covered with Frette-work. Fructed : — bearing fruit or seeds, of whatsoever kinds. Fumant : — emitting smoke. Furnished : — equipped or provided with. Fusillee, Fusilly : — covered with Fusils. Garnished : — appropriately adorned. At Gaze : — when an animal of the chase stands still, affrontie. Gerattyng : — see Chap. XV. Girt, or Girdled : — bound round any object. Gliding : — the movement of Snakes. Gobony : — Compony. Gorged .-—encircled round the neck or throat. Gouttee, or Guttee .-—sprinkled over with Drops. DESCRIPTIVE TERMS. 83 This term is used with various affixes, as follows : — Gouttee de larmes, " sprinkled with tears," or gouttee d'azure (tinctured azure) ; gouttee d'eau, "with water" (argent); gouttee d'olive, "with oil" (vert) ; gouttee d'or, "with gold;" gouttee de poix, "with pitch" (sable) ; and goutUe du sang, " with blood " (gules) ; No. 250, at the head of this Chapter. The arms of John Feld, emblazoned upon his tabard and also on his shield (in his Brass at Standon, Herts), are, — gu., a fesse or, between three eagles displayed arg. guttees du sang ; No. 25 a. See Tabard, Chap. XIII. Gouttee reversed : — when the Drops have their natural position inverted ; No. 251, at the head of this Chapter. Gradient : — the act of walking, as by a Tortoise. Grafted : — inserted and fixed in. Guardant : — looking with the full face towards the spectator. The term is applied to Beasts of Prey. See Gaze and Affrontee. Gyronny, Gyronnee : — divided after the manner of a Gyron. Habited : — clothed. Haurient : — applied to a Fish, when placed in Pale, and having its head in chief. It is the converse of Uriant. House : — placed higher than in its customary position. Heightened : — having a decorative accessory or another charge, placed higher in the field than any Charge. Hilted : — having a handle, as a Sword. Hoist : — The depth of any Flag from its point of suspension downwards : also its head or upper side. See Fly. Hooded: — having the Head covered with a Coif or Hood. Hoofed : — having Hoofs of any particular Tincture. Horned : — having Horns of any particular Tincture. Humettee : — couped, or cut short, at the extremities. Hurtee : — semee of Hurtes. Imbrued, Imbued .-^-stained with Blood. Impaled : — united by Impalement. Imperially Crowned : — surmounted by the Crown of England. g 2 84 DESCRIPTIVE TERMS. Incensed : — having Fire issuing from the Mouth and Ears. Increment, or Increscent : — a New Moon, having its Horns towards the Dexter. Indented : — having a serrated border line. Inflamed : — burning in Flames. In Bend : — set Bend- wise. In Chevron .-—set in the form of a Chevron. In Chief : — set in the Chief of the Shield. In Cross : — set in the form of a Cross. In Fesse : — set Fesse-wise. In Foliage : — a Plant or Tree bearing Leaves. In Glory : — the Sun surrounded by rays. In Lure : — two Wings conjoined, with their tips in Base. In Pale : — set Pale- wise. In Pile : — set after the form of a Pile. In Pride : — when a Peacock or other Bird has its taU displayed. In Quadrangle : — four charges, or four groups of charges, so arranged that one charge or one group is placed in each quarter. of a Shield. In Saltire : — set after the form of a Saltire. In Splendour : — the same as In Glory. Interlaced : — linked together. Invected : — having an arched border line, the small contiguous arches being convex : it is the converse to Engrailed ; No. 17 b, p. 18. Inverted : — reversed. Irradiated : — illuminated or decorated with Bays or Beams of Light. Issuant : — proceeding from or out of. Jessant .-—shooting forth, as Plants do out of the Earth. Jessdnt-de-lys .-—when a Fleur-de-lys issues from any object. Jessed : — having straps, as a Hawk in Falconry. Jowlopped : — having Gills, as a Game-cock. Laminated, or Scaled : — having scales. DESCRIPTIVE TERMS. 85 Langued : — appUed to denote the Tincture of the Tongue of any creature. Legged, or Membered : — to denote the Legs of Birds. Lined : — having an inside Lining : also to denote having Cords or Chains attached. Lodged : — when an Animal of the Chase is at rest. Lozengy, Lozengie : — divided into Lozenges. Maned : — having a Mane, as a Lion, a Horse, &c. ManteUe : — a shield divided, as in No. 252, PL XIII. Masoned : — made to represent Masonry or Brickwork. Membered : — to denote the Beak and Legs of any Bird. Mounted : — appUed to a Horse when carrying a Eider. MuraiUe'e : — see Walled. Naiant : — when a Fish swims in Fesse. Naissant: — the same as Issuant, but applied only to living Creatures. Nebulee : — having a peculiar wavy border line ; No. 17, d. Nerved ; — having Fibres, as Leaves have. Nowed : — tied in a Knot. Oppressed : — the same as Debruised. Over all, or Sur le tout : — when one Charge is borne over all Overt : — having the Wings- expanded for flight. Pale-wise, or In Pale : — placed or arranged after the manner of a Pale ; that is, set in a vertical position, or arranged vertically one above another. Paly : — divided Pale-wise into an even number of Parts. Paly Bendy : — divided evenly both Pale-wise and Bend-wise. Party, or Parted : — divided after an heraldic manner. Pascuant : — grazing. Passant : — walking. Passant Guardant : — walking, with the Face affrontee. A Lion passant guardant was distinguished by the early French Heralds, as a Leopard or a Lion Leoparde. Passant Reguardant : — walking, and looking back. 86 DESCRIPTIVE TERMS. Passant Bepassant : — the same as Counter Passant ; that is, when one animal is passant to the dexter, and another to the sinister. Patonce : — a very beautiful form of Cross ; No. 77, PL III. Pellettee : — studded with Pellets. Pendent .-—drooping. Per : — by means of. Pierced : — perforated, so as to show either the Field, or some different Tincture through the aperture. Pily : — divided Pile-wise. Pily Bendy : — divided both Pile-wise and Bend-wise. Platte'e : — studded with Plates. Pomelled : — to denote the Tincture of the uppermost part of a sword-hilt. Powdered, Poudree : — semee of small objects. Preying .-—when a Beast devours its Prey : see Trussing. Purfled : — lined, guarded, or bordered with Fur. Quarterly': — divided into four Quarters ; also divided into more than four sections, in which case the number is to be specified in the Blazon, as Quarterly of six, of eight, &c. Queue-Fourchee : — see Double-queue. Quilled : — to denote the Tincture of the Quills of Feathers. Badiant, or Bayonnee : — encircled with Bays. Raguly, or RaguUe : — serrated, as in No. 17, h. Rampant, and Rampant Sejant : — see Chap. X., " Heraldry of the Lion." Rasee : — erased. Rebated : — broken off, cut short, or recessed. Reflected, or Beflexed : — bent, curved, or carried backwards. Reguardant : — looking backwards. Removed : — out of its proper position. Retorted : — intertwined frette-wise. Rising, or Roussant : — about to take wing. Rompu : — broken or interrupted. Salient : — leaping or bounding. Saltire-wise .-—divided or arranged per Saltire. DESCRIPTIVE TERMS. 87 Sans : — without ; as Sans nombre, to imply that a charge is re peated many times, without the precise number of the repetitions being specified. Sarcellee : — cut through the middle. Scintillant : — sparkling, or emitting Sparks. Seeded : — bearing Seeds or Seed-vessels. Segreant : — when a Griffin or Wyvern is erect with expanded wings. Sejant : — sitting. Sejant Addorsed : — sitting back to back. Semee : — strewed, or scattered over with any Charge or Object. See p. 11, and see also Powdered. Shafted : — to denote the Shaft of a Spear, Arrow, &c. Slipped : — when a Leaf, Twig, Branch, or Flower is torn from off the parent stem. Soaring : — flying aloft. Springing : — Salient, also Issuant. Statant: — the ordinary attitude in which an animal "stands at ease." Stringed : — having Strings, as a Harp ; or, being suspended by a Cord, as a Bugle-Horn ; or, being in any way attached to a String, or fastened by one. Subverted : — reversed. Surmounted : — when one Charge is placed over another. Sur-tout, Sur le tout : — surmounted, or over all. Sustained, Soutenne'e : — having a narrow lower border; as, a Chief gu. sustained or, would be a red Chief having a narrow lower border of gold. Tasselled : — adorned with Tassels, as the cushions below the heads of Monumental Effigies. Tiercee : — divided into three equal parts. Torqued : — wreathed. Towrnee : — the same as Reguardant. Towered : — crowned with Towers or Turrets. Transfixed : — pierced through, or Transpierced. 88 DESCRIPTIVE TERMS. Transfluent : — flowing through. Transmuted : — counterchanged. Transposed : — having the original or natural position or ar rangement reversed. Traversed : — facing to the Sinister. Treflee : — semee of Trefoils, or bordered, or otherwise adorned with them. Tricked : — sketched in outline with pen and ink. Tricorporated : — having three bodies united to a single head, from which, as a centre, the' bodies radiate at equal distances. A tricorporate lion appears on a seal of Edmond, First Earl of Lancaster, a.d. 1250. Tripping, or Trippant : — applied to Animals of the Chase, when in easy motion, No. 203, PL XL, and corresponding with Passant. When moving more rapidly, such animals are at speed. Counter- Tripping implies that two or more animals of the chase are tripping past each other in opposite directions. Trononee : — cut to pieces, the pieces standing separately, but retaining in their arrangement the original figure or contour of the Charge : as in the instance of the Saltire in No. 253, PL XIII. ¦ Trunked : — having a Stem or Trunk, as a Tree. Trussed : — having the wings closed. Trussing : — devouring, as a Bird of Prey does : see Preying. Turretted : — crowned with Turrets. Tusked : — having Tusks. Umbrated, or Adumbrated : — shadowed, or under Shadow. Undee, or TJndy : — wavy. Unguled : — having Hoofs. Urinant .-—when a Fish swims pale-wise with its Head to the Base, the reverse of Hauriant. Verdee, or Verdoy : — charged with any Plants. Verted, or Beverted .-—the same as Flexed and Reflexed. Vervelled, or Varvelled .-—having small rings attached. Vested : — habited, clothed. DESCRIPTIVE TERMS. 89 : — on the watch for prey. Voided : — having the entire central area removed. Volant : — flying. Vorant : — devouring. Vulned : — wounded, so that the blood is dropping. Walled, Murallee : — covered with a representation of Masonry. Wattled : — having a Comb and Gills, as a Cock and a Cockatrice. Wavy : — having an undulated border line. Winged : — provided with Wings. Wreathed : — adorned with a Wreath, or twisted in the form of a Wreath or Garland. No. 200. — Shield of "William Longespee, Earl of Salisbury. Died a.d. 1226. From his Effigy in Salisbury Cathedral. See p. 60. a.d. 1407. a.d. 1554. No. 309.— Mitres. CHAPTEE XIII. a.d. 1631. MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES NOT INCLUDED UNDER THE TERM "CHARGES." The important Group of Heraldic Terms that constitute the contents of the present Chapter, are arranged in the same Alphabetical Order that obtains in Chapters IX., X., XL, and XII. Abatement : — a sign of Degradation : see Chap. XX VIIL, Sect. 2. Abeyance : — denotes that condition in the descent of a Peer age, in which it is vested in two or more Co-heirs, both or aU of them having precisely the same claim ; and consequently, since the Peerage can descend only in such a manner as to be held by one person, when there are several equal Claimants none of them can maintain any claim. This state of things continues, until all the original Co-heirs but one fail, and then the Bepresentative of that one becomes the true Heir and inherits the Peerage. Thus, the Peerage that is in Abeyance is dormant only, and not dead, since it revives at once when the Abeyance ceases to affect it. MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. 91 Achievement of Arms : — a complete heraldic Composition, in which the Shield exhibits all its Quarterings, and its Impale ment, together with its external accessories of Coronet, Sup porters, Crests, Motto, &c. Any complete heraldic Composition may be entitled an Achievement of Arms. Archbishop : — the highest Order in the English Church. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the first subject of the realm, next to the Princes of the Blood Eoyal. He is the " Most Eeverend Father in God," is Archbishop " by Divine Providence," and is styled "Your Grace." The Lord High Chancellor ranks next to the Archbishop of Canterbury, and then follows in the order of precedence the Archbishop of York : he is " by Divine Permis sion," his style in aU other respects being the same as his Grace of Canterbury. Of the two Irish Archbishops of Armagh and Dublin, the former is the Primate : their Graces rank imme diately after the Archbishop of York. The wives of Archbishops and Bishops have no title, and take no rank from their husbands. See Pall and Pastoral Staff, in Chap. IX. ; and Bishop and Mitre in Chap. XIII. Argent : — the Metal Silver. Armory : — the Herald's Science and Art, which is more gene- raUy entitled and recognized as Heraldry. Also, a List of Names and Titles, to which their several Arms are attached and blazoned. See Ordinary. Arms : — an heraldic composition, complete in itself, and now generaUy borne upon a shield. Arms of Dominion : — the armorial insignia of a Sovereign Eegnant, borne by him or her in right of the regal office and rank, and as the symbols of supreme authority and power. Such arms are also, by custom, held to be the arms of the country and the nation, as weU as of the Sovereign. True Heraldry distinguishes these arms of Dominion from aU other armorial ensigns, and it restricts them absolutely to the successive occupants of the throne. Thus, the Eoyal Arms are not to be 92 MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. borne without Difference, even by the nearest relatives of the Sovereign ; and no person whatever can rightly quarter these arms without some mark of Cadency. Princesses, indeed, fre quently bear their paternal arms with no other Difference than a lozenge instead of a shield, and their own Coronet in place of the Crown ; and this is a sufficient distinction while Princesses remain unmarried ; as it is also sufficient that they should place their arms in the sinister half of a shield, in impalement with the arms of their husbands when they marry. In this manner, the arms of the sons and daughters of Edward III. are blazoned upon his monument in Westminster Abbey : the shield of each of the Princes, his sons, has its own proper Label for Differ ence ; but the Princesses, the daughters of the King, have their arms impaled by the arms of their husbands, with no other difference than their position in the sinister halves of the shields. In our own times, Labels charged with distinct marks of Cadency have been assigned to the Princesses, as well as to the Princes of the Eoyal Family : see Chap. XIX., Section 7 ; see, also, PL XXXVI. Armes Parlantes : — such armorial devices and compositions as faU under the definition of a Bebus. This is a modern dis tinction ; and it does not indicate any profound appreciation of early Heraldry on the part of those who introduced and adopted it. AUusive or Canting Arms abound in early Heraldry ; and if it were possible to trace every early shield to its actual origin, it would very probably be discovered that in some degree or in some circumstance all arras were Armes Parlantes. See Bebus, in this same Chapter. Attainder: — absolute deprivation of every civil right and privilege, involving a transmission of the same fearful penalty, and a consequent forfeiture even of pure blood and descent, as well as of all hereditary claims. It was the weapon with which Treason, or what passed for Treason, used to be smitten down. Attainder required a Special Act of the Legislature, and it MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. 93 held in force until revoked by the same process and authority. The effect, indeed, of the Act or " Bill of Attainder," was to place the accused person, without trial, in the position of a criminal who had been tried upon the Charge of Treason, and convicted upon regular evidence. Augmentation : — an honourable addition to an heraldic Com position, which is distinct and complete in itself, and conveys emphatically a definite signification of its own : such as the Union Device of the United Kingdom, added as an "Augmenta tion of Honour" to the Arms of the Duke of Wellington; see No. 614, Chap. XXVHI., Sect. 1. Complicated Augmenta tions, which assumed the condition of a series of quarterings, were granted by Henry VIII. to his successive Consorts, for the purpose rather of heraldic display than of significant dis tinction, thus most seriously affecting the historic truthfulness and. the independent authority of Heraldry in England: see Chap. XIX., Sect. 5. Azure : — the Colour Blue. Badge: — an heraldic Device, having a distinctive significa tion of its own, and borne alone without being charged upon a Shield : see Chap. XVII., Sect. 1. Banner : — a Square Flag, emblazoned in the middle ages with a complete Coat of Arms, which was the distinctive Ensign of a Knight-Banneret, and also of the higher Orders of Military Chiefs. The Roll of Caerlaverock gives the Blazon of the Banners of the Princes, Nobles and Knights who were present at the Siege of that Border Stronghold in the year 1300, under the Eoyal Banner of Edward I. This term ought to be re tained and used by us for the " Standards " of our Cavalry, and for the Flag that we style " the Eoyal Standard," which really is the " Eoyal Banner :" see Chap. XVIII. Banneret, or Knight-Banneret : — a knight, who, for good service under the Eoyal Banner, was advanced by the King to a higher Order of Knighthood on the Field of Battle. From 94 MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. that time he would be entitled to bear, and would be distin guished by a Banner instead of a Pennon. Baron: — a Husband, the Wife in Heraldry being styled Femme. Baron : — a Title and Bank of Nobility derived from the early days of English History, and in a peculiar manner asso ciated with the memories of the olden time. It corresponds with the Thane of the Anglo-Saxons. A Baron now holds the lowest Bank in the British Peerage. He is styled "My Lord," and is "Eight Honourable." The Coronet of a Baron has six large Pearls, set separately upon a jewelled Circlet of gold, of which number four only are apparent in representations. The Cap is of Crimson Velvet, guarded with Ermine, and is surmounted by a gold Tassel. This Coronet, No. 254, was first granted by Charles IL, before ;iiii6fgf«' 3*'»it No. 254. whose time the Barons wore plain golden Circles. The Mantle, or Eobe of State, is Scarlet, and has two Doublings of Ermine. See Coronet, and PL LXIV. Baroness : — the wife of a Baron. She is styled " My Lady," and is " Eight Honourable." Her Coronet is the same as that of her Husband. Baronet: — an- hereditary Bank, lower than the Peerage, in stituted by James I., a.d. 1612. Baronets, as originally created, were either " of Ulster," or " of Nova Scotia." The armorial Ensign of the former is the Badge of Ulster,— arg., a sinister hand, couped at the wrist and appaumee gu., No. 177, MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. 95 PL IX., borne generally upon a small Shield of Pretence. The Scottish Baronets of Nova Scotia were authorized to augment their own Arms, either on a canton or in an inescutcheon at their pleasure, with the Arms of that Province, — arg., on a saltire az., the Royal Arms of Scotland. Supporters : Dexter, — the Unicorn of Scotland; Sinister, — a savage Man ppr. ; Crest, — two hands con joined, the one naked, the other armed in mail, a laurel-branch and a thistle issuing between them ; Motto, — " Munit hose, et altera vincit." In practice, the external accessories were and are generally omitted. By a grant from Charles I. the Nova Scotia Baronets are entitled to wear upon an oval Badge, pendent from an orange ribbon, the Arms of Nova Scotia (as above), without the Sup porters or Crest, the Badge itself being ensigned with an Impe rial Crown, and encircled with the Motto, — " Fax mentis honestce gloria." All Baronets now are " of the United Kingdom." Basinet:— a Close-fitting steel covering for the head. See Bath, Order of the : — see Chap. XX. Bath : — see Herald. Bearing: — any heraldic Device or Figure, or a complete Coat of Arms. Bishop : — the Bishops in number are twenty-one for England, four for Wales, ten for Ireland, one for Sodor and Man, and forty for the Colonies. The Bishops of England and Wales are all Peers Spiritual of Parliament, except always the Bishop last consecrated. Also the Irish Prelates are Spiritual Peers alternately, four in each session of Parliament. The Bishop of London is always a Privy-Councillor, and therefore is " Eight Honourable." He has precedence of all his Brethren. Next in Order are the Bishops of Durham and Winchester. The others rank according to seniority of Consecration. All the Bishops are "Eight Eeverend Fathers in God," and Bishops " by Divine Permission." They are styled : " My Lord Bishop." 96 MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. Archbishops and Bishops impale their own Arms with the Arms of their See, the latter being placed to the dexter. They have no Supporters, Crest, or Motto, but they ensign their Shields with their Mitres. The Arms of Canterbury, are : Az., a Crozier or, the Cross-head arg., surmounted by a pall of the last, fimbriated and fringed gold, and charged with four crosses patee-fitche'e sa. In No. 255, PL XIV., these Arms impale Kempe, gu., three garbs within a bordure engrailed or, for John Kempe, Archbishop of Canterbury, Cardinal and Lord High Chancellor, who died a.d. 1454. The Arms of the See of York, are, Gu., two keys, in saltire, arg. : in chief, a Boyal Crown or. The Arms of London are," Gu., two swords, in saltire, org., pommels or : those of Durham are, Az., a Cross cantoning four lioncels rampt. or : and those of Winchester are, — Gu., two keys, addorsed, in bend, the uppermost argent, the other or, a sword interposed between them, in bend sinister, of the second, hilt and pommel gold. See Mitre, and Pastoral Staff; also see Chap. XXI. Blazon and Blazonry : — the description and also the repre sentation of any heraldic device, figure, or composition, in accordance with the principles and the practice of Heraldry. Blue Mantle : — see Herald. Cadency : — that heraldic distinction of the several members of the same family, or of the collateral branches of the same house, which is indicated by some Device specially adopted and borne for that purpose : see Chapters XV. and XVL Cadet : — a junior member or branch of a family. Canting Heraldry : — see Armes Parlantes. Cardinal's Hat : — is low in the crown, with a broad brim, and of a scarlet colour, with two long pendent cords, curiously knotted and intertwined and tasselled. It appears above certain shields of arms of the mediaeval hierarchy. Clarenceux : — see Herald. Coat of Arms: — a complete and distinctive heraldic composi tion. The expression is evidently derived from the mediaeval MISCELLANEOUS CHARGES. INANIMATE OBJECTS AKD AXIMA.TE BEINGS. chapters x xi, jar. xm &xiv Pkte XV. miscellaneous names and titles. 97 usage of embroidering the armorial insignia of a noble or knight upon the surcoat, jupon, or tabard which he wore over his armour. Collar : — an Ornament to be worn about the neck, and indi cative of certain rank, office, and position. See Chap. XX. College of Arms : — see Herald. Colours : — Naval and Military Flags. The term is now used, not only in a general acceptation, but also specifically to dis tinguish the Flags of the Infantry from those (styled " Standards ") of the Cavalry. Shakespeare uses the word " Colours " to denote Military Flags. See Chap. XVIII. Coins : — the Heraldry that may be learned from both British and Foreign Coins is of the utmost value, since it is always historically correct, and moreover it invariably exem plifies contemporary heraldic feeUng and usage. See Chap. XXIV. Compounded Arms : — Arms formed by the Combination of two or more distinct bearings, in such a manner as to produce a single composition. This process has been adopted only in rare instances (as in the Union Flag of England, Nos. 63, 64), since the introduction of systematic Marshalling by Quartering. See Chap. XIV. Coronet : — the Ensign of Princely and Noble Bank, corre sponding in its own degree with the Crown of a Sovereign Eegnant. The Coronets of the Peers of England are worn by them on the occasion of the Coronation of their Sovereign. They aU, in comparatively modern times, have been made to enclose a Cap of crimson velvet, lined with ermine, and sur mounted by a tassel of rich gold bullion. Coronets, as insignia of Nobility, were evidently in general use by the Nobles of England in the reign of Edward III., but they did not assume their present (or, indeed, any) distinctive characteristics until a period much nearer to our own times. See Prince, Duke, Mar quess, Earl, Viscount, Baron, and Crest, in this Chapter. ii 98 miscellaneous names and titles. The examples of Coronets, represented in Nos. 254, 276, 281, 302, and 317, and also in Nos. 564, 565, and 566, in PL XLL, are drawn in accordance with the commonly accepted forms of these symbols. A more artistic style of design, however, which is in better keeping with true heraldic feeling, is beginning to prevail in such representations of Coronets as enjoy the highest approval. Coronets of this order, based upon the beautiful design of the Crown that encircles the head of the effigy of Edward IT. at Gloucester, No. 550, are sketched in PL LX1V. Contoise: — a scarf, worn loose and flowing, attached to the helm with the crest, but discontinued after the middle of the fourteenth century. A singularly characteristic example occurs in the monument of Aymer de Valence, at Westminster ; No. 256, PL XV. Count, or Compte : — in Latin, " Comes," a Continental title and rank of Nobility, corresponding with that of "Earl." The Coronet is set round closely with small pearls, slightly raised, and it has no Cap. Countess : — the title and rank of the Wife of an Earl, and also of a Count. An English Countess is " Eight Honourable ;" she is styled " My Lady ;" and her Coronet is the same as that of her Jiusband. Courtesy, Titles of: — certain nominal degrees of Bank, that are conceded by Eoyal Grace, and sanctioned by prevailing usage, to some of the children of the Peers. The term is especially applicable to the "Second Titles" of their Fathers, that are thus borne by " Courtesy " by the eldest sons of Dukes, Marquesses, and Earls. Crest : — a figure or device, independent and complete in itself, worn by the Knights of the middle ages upon their helms and basinets. Crests are exclusively the heraldic insignia of men. See Chap. XVII., Section 2. Crest-Coronet:— see Chap. XVII., Section 2. Crest-Wreath : — see Chap. XVII., Section 2. miscellaneous names and titles. 99 Crown .-—the Imperial, of Great Britain. See Chap. XIX., Section 6. Crowns Foreign : — see Chap. XXXII. Crown : — when borne as a charge, a Crown generally is drawn after the form of the crest-coronet, No. 257 a. The arms of St. Edmund, one of the most popular national Saints of mediaeval England, in the Caerlaverock EoU associated with the ensigns of St. George and St. Edward, are, — azure, three crowns, two and one, or; No. 271, PI. XIV. This Shield appears on the monument of Prince Edmond Plantagenet, of Langley, at King's Langley, in Hertfordshire. Three similar crowns on a field gules constitute the arms of the See of Ely. Certain varieties and modifications also of ancient Crowns are in use as heraldic accessories, and sometimes they are borne as charges in modern Heraldry. The Mural Crown, No. 272, a circle of gold embattled, is associated with military success No. 272. No. 273. in sieges: it is borne, as a crest of augmentation, with other devices, by Sir Edward Kerrison ; and, as both crest and charge, by the Baron Seaton. The Naval Crown, No. 273, borne by Earl Nelson, as a similar crest, and by Sir George Parker as a charge, is formed by the alternate sterns, and masts of ships set upon a golden circle, and significant!^ de clares its own peculiar meaning. The Crown Vallary, No. No. 274. No. 275. H 2 100 miscellaneous names and titles. 274, borne with his crest by Sir Matthew Barrington, refers to the forcing an enemy's entrenched camp, and is formed of small palisades placed upon a golden circle. The Badiated or Eastern Crown, called also the Antique Crown, No. 275, borne as both crest and charge by the Earl of Seafield, the late lamented Sir James Outram, and Sir John Lawrence, has its rays pointed, in which respect it differs from the heraldic Celestial Crown, which has each of its rays charged with a star. Crozier : — the Cross-headed Pastoral-Staff of an Archbishop, which is borne as a Charge in the Arms of the Sees of Canter bury, Armagh, and Dublin. Characteristic examples occur in the Brasses to Archbishops De Waldeby, 1397, Westminster, No. 160, PL XV., and Cranley, 1407, New College, Oxford; in the Brass to Dean Thomas Nelond, Cowfold, 1443 ; and in the Monument of Archbishop Warham, 1532, at Canterbury. The effigy of Archbishop Walter Grey, 1255, in his noble Monument at York, has a staff with a crook-head of beau tiful foliage. See Pastoral-Staff, Chap. IX., and No. 159, in PL XV. Dalmatic : — a robe of state worn by both Sovereign Princes and by the Mediaeval Hierarchy. It was also the distinctive vestment of a Deacon. It has rather wide sleeves, and it hangs loosely about the person, being open at the sides at the lower part. It is exemplified in aU episcopal effigies, and is represented immediately below the chesuble. It occurs in royal effigies, and is shown most clearly in the effigy of Henry IV., at Canterbury. Diaper : — a surface pattern, which simply imparts a decora tive character, without assuming the distinctive attributes of a charge. See Chap. VIII. Difference : — a figure or device introduced into heraldic com positions, for the purpose of distinguishing several persons who bear the same arms. See Chapters XV. and XVI. miscellaneous names and titles. 101 Dimidiation : — the original method of Impalement, effected by mutually dividing the two shields per pale, and by forming the compound shield from the union of the Dexter-half of one of the divided shields with the Sinister-half of the other. Sec Chap. XIV. Dividing Lines: — see Chap. III. Doubling : — the lining of a robe : also any enrichment of a robe or mantle by means of ermine or other rich material. Duke : — next to the Princes and Princesses of the Blood Eoyal and to the four Archbishops of England and Ireland, the highest order and rank of the British Peerage. This title was introduced by Edward III., a.d. 1337, when he created his son Prince Edward, the Black Prince, Duke of Cornwall. The second of the English Dukes was Henry Plantagenet, Earl of Lancaster, Derby, and Leicester, and Count of Provence, who was created Duke of Lancaster, a.d. 1351. A Duke's coronet, as now worn, has eight strawberry- leaves of a conventional type, set upon an enriched circle of gold, the cap (if a cap be worn) being of crimson velvet, with a golden tassel and guarded with ermine ; in representations, five only of the leaves are shown, No. 276. The opinion is prevalent that No. 276. this distinctive form of coronet appears for the first time, placed upon the basinet of Prince John Plantagenet, of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall, in his effigy at Westminster, a.d. 1336. That there is no foundation for such an origin of the Ducal Coronet 102 MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. is evident from the effigy itself. The decorations of the head piece and of the rest of the armour are precisely the same, and they are also identical with simUar decorations that appear in other effigies of about the same date. The basinet of Prince John, No. 277, PL XVI., however, evidently was once encircled by a plain narrow fillet, which is not the case in any other instance, so far as I am aware. In the effigy at York, of the nephew of John of Eltham, Prince William, second son of Edward III., who was born a.d. 1336, and died in childhood, the head has the long and flowing hair encircled by a jewelled fillet, represented in No. 278. The effigy of the Black Prince him self, a.d. 1376, at Canterbury, exhibits on the basinet what may possibly have been the prototype of the Duke's strawberry-leaf coronet, No. 279. From the jewelled circle that encompasses the basinet there rise sixteen leaves, with a second series of the No. 279 b. same number and much smaller size alternating with the larger ones. These leaves differ very slightly from those that are carved upon the armour of John of Eltham, and they are in exact accordance with a favourite form of decorative foliage in general use when the effigy was executed. In Nos. 277 a, and 279 a, PL XVI., I have given enlarged representations of por- DUCiUJ COROHETS. BXSIHETS & CREST "WREATHS. CHAPTERS XIY 8cXVIl' Plate XVI MISCELLANEOUS names and titles. 103 tions of the basinets of the two Princes, in order to show more plainly the details of their enrichment. No. 279 b shows the basinet of the Black Prince, with its coronet and camail, as seen from the front. Lionel Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, who died a.d. 1368, in his will bequeathed " Two Golden Circles" with one of which he states that he himself had been " created a Duke," while with the other his elder brother, the Black Prince, had been " created a Prince." It would seem that for a while the coronets of both Dukes and Earls were decorated rather after an arbitrary taste, than in accordance with any established rule. Indeed, more than a century after the death of the Black Prince, the effigies of John de la Pole, K.G., Duke of Suffolk, and his wife Elizabeth Plan tagenet, sister of Edward IV., have Coronets, No. 280, PL XVI., of Fleurs de lys, alternating with clusters of three small baUs. Possibly, the Fleurs de lys here may denote the Lady to have been a Princess. See Coronet, and PL LXIV. The Latin equivalent of Duke is " Dux." A Duke is styled " Your Grace," and he is " Most Noble ;" all his sons are " Lords," and aU his daughters " Ladies ;" but his eldest son bears his father's " second title," and accordingly he ranks as a Marquess, and generally bears that title. See Chap. XXVII. The Mantle or parliamentary robe of a Duke is scarlet, and it has four doublings of ermine. There are twenty English Duke doms, seven Scottish, and one Irish. Ducal Coronet, or Crest-Coronet : — see Chap. XVII., Section 2. Duchess : — the wife of a Duke. She is styled " Your Grace," and is " Most Noble." Her Coronet is the same as that of her husband. Earl : — a title and rank of Nobility, in Latin " Comes," now the third in the order of the British Peerage, but the highest title and rank of the English Nobles '¦'¦post coriquestum" until the year 1337, when the Black Prince was created Duke of Cornwall. The " Earl " of England was identical with the " Compte " or 104 MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. " Count " of France ; and while Norman-French was in use in this country, the English " Earls " were styled " Counts " in England as well as on the Continent. These powerful Barons succeeded to the Thanes of the Saxons, their own peculiar title being of Danish origin. An Earl is " Eight Honourable," and is styled " My Lord." His eldest son bears his father's " second title," and therefore is generaUy styled " Viscount ;" his other sons are " Honourable," but all his daughters are " Ladies." See Chap. XXVII. No. 281. The Coronet of an Earl has eight lofty rays of gold rising from a golden circlet, each of which upon its point supports a large pearl ; also between each pair of rays, at their bases, there is a golden strawberry-leaf. In representation, five of the elevated pearls and four of the leaves are apparent ; No. 281. The cap is the same as in the other Coronets. The scarlet parliamentary robe has three doublings of ermine. See Coronet, and No. 281 a, PL LXIV. In the monumental effigies of noble personages which yet remain from the middle ages, there are many highly interesting examples of the varieties of Coronets worn by the Earls of those days and their Countesses, before this Coronet had assumed its present definite and fixed character. I must be content to refer to a few examples only. The Crest of Eichard Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick No. 265, PL XLL, a.d. 1439, in his effigy at Warwick, rises from a plain circlet that is surmounted by a MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. 105 series of pearls slightly raised, but without any strawberry- leaves. The Earl and Countess of Arundel, at Arundel, early in the fifteenth century, have remarkably rich Coronets, No. 282: the Earl's has a series of leaves and of clusters of No. 282. — Coronet of Thomas Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel : a.d. 1445. * three small balls alternating, all of them being equally raised to a considerable height; the Coronet of the Countess differs in having the raised groups set alternately with single balls that are less elevated. Later in the century, a.d. 1487, another Earl and Countess of Arundel have Coronets, No. 283, formed entirely of the conventional architectural leaves of the period. No. 283. Similar leaves, no less than thirteen in number, rise to a slight and uniform elevation along the front of the 'ample Coronet, No. 284, PL XLL, of Isabel Plantagenet, Countess of Essex, in her Brass at Little Easton in Essex, a.d. 1483. And, once more, at Hever in Kent, a.d. 1536, the Brass to Sir T. Boleyn, E.G., Earl of Wiltshire and Ormonde, represents the maternal grandfather of Queen Elizabeth in the Insignia of the Garter ,106 MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. and wearing a rich Coronet, the circle of which is set with small pearls, not raised, and in contact, and so numerous that upwards of twenty are displayed ; No. 285, PL XLL Ermine : — Ermines : — Heraldic Furs. See Chap. IV. Erminois : — Escutcheon : — an Heraldic Shield. See Chap. III. Escutcheon of Pretence : — a small Shield charged upon the Field of another Shield ; as in Nos. 388 f and 388 g, PL XXVII. Esquire: — a title of honourable distinction, in rank below that of Knight. Esquires are personal companions and attendants of the Knights of the Orders of Knighthood : such are the Esquires of the Order of the Bath, who have their stall- plates in Westminster Abbey. Amongst other Esquires are all attendants upon the Person of the Sovereign : all eldest sons of Baronets and Knights : all eldest sons of the younger sons of Peers : all persons holding commissions direct from the Crown, but not being of rank lower than Captain : all Eoyal Academicians, and Barristers-at-Law : also all Bachelors of Law and Physic and Masters of Arts. See Chap. XXVII. Femme : — the Wife, as distinguished from the Baron her Husband. Fesse-Point : — the central point of a Shield. See Chap. III., No. 8 m. Field: — the surface of a Shield or of its Parts, or of any Charge or Object. Furs : — see Chap. IV. Garter : — the most celebrated Order of European Knight hood. See Chap. XX., Section 7. Garter : — see Herald. Garter : — a strap or riband, fastened with a buckle in such a manner as to form a circle, and having the end depending. Such a Garter may be of any tincture, and it may be assumed for the purpose of being charged with any motto. It was known SHTEI/DS OR "ARMS. CHAPTERS X, XI, XE, XIV XV kXXVl DE GENEVLLLE TRINITY" HOUSE EARL POULETT ¥^fo¥ TSIiE OP MAN. CAVENDISH. DOUGLAS CANTERBURY KEMPE. ST EDMUND. ^A^f CAMOYS K . III., and No. 8 l. Hospitallers : — see Chap. XX. Illumination: — for a full and most satisfactory notice of this beautiful Early Art, now happily revived, I must refer to the "Manual of IUumination," by my lamented friend, Mr. J. J. Laing, published by Messrs. Winsor and Newton : see Chap. XXV. Impalement : — the vertical division of a Shield into two or more equal parts, and the placing two or more distinct Coats of Arms severally in those parts. This is the prevailing arrangement for uniting the arms of a Husband and a Wife. In the Impalement of a Bordure, that Subordinary now is always dimidiated — that is, the Bordure does not extend to the impaled side of the Shield. It is the same also with an impaled Tressure. See Dimidiation, and Chap. XIV. Jousts : — tournaments. Jupon : — a Short Surcoat fitting the person, without sleeves, worn over their armour by the Nobles and Knights of the Middle Ages, from about a.d. 1360, to about a.d. 1405. The Jupon was generally of rich materials, and emblazoned with the heraldic insignia of the wearer; it was also almost in variably invected or jagged at the bottom. Amongst very many others, fine examples exist in the Effigies of the Black Prince, at Canterbury, and of the Earl of Warwick (a Brass, a.d. 1401), at St. Mary's, Warwick. The Surcoats represented in the Effigies of John de Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, No. 338, PL XXL, and of Henry Plantagenet, Duke of Lancaster, No. 488 a, PL LXIIL, both from the Brass at Elsyng in Norfolk, are somewhat longer than the Jupon. King-at-Arms : — see Herald. Knight : — in Latin, " Eques ;" a mounted Warrior, who in the Middle Ages was a man of mUitary rank, entitled to bear a Pennon and a Shield of Arms, and further distinguished by his Golden Spurs. When used alone, the term now denotes a rank somewhat resembling that of a Baronet, except in the i 114 MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. important particular that it is not hereditary. The Orders of Knighthood of our own day, like those of the days of Medieval Chivalry, are Fraternities of Honour : see Chap. XX. Knight-Banneret : — see Banneret. Lambrequin : — see Mantling. Lists : — enclosed spaces for holding Tournaments. Livery Colours: — colours adopted by certain eminent person ages and families, for various decorative uses : as, scarlet and white, by the Plantagenets ; blue and white, by the Lancas trians ; blue and crimson, by the House of York ; white and green, by the Tudors ; gold and scarlet, by the Stuarts, &c. Maintenance, Cap of: — also called a Chapeau of Estate, was an early symbol of high Dignity and Bank. It appears sup porting the Crest of the Black Prince at Canterbury, No. 263, PL XXVI. This Cap is still retained in use, and is occa sionally placed beneath modern Crests in place of the customary Wreath. In form, the Cap of Maintenance somewhat resem bles the modern Scottish " Glengary," but it is made of Crimson Velvet, and guarded with Ermine ; No. 133 A, PL VIII. : see also No. 520, PL XXX.; No. 267, PL XXVL, and Nos. 451, 521, PL XLL : also No. 199 a, p. 62. Mantle : — a long and flowing Bobe, worn in the Middle Ages over the armour. The Mantle also constitutes an important part of the'official Insignia of the Knightly Orders. See Chap. XX. In the Middle Ages, Ladies of Eank wore similar Mantles, and in many instances they were decorated with heraldic charges, in which case the Mantle generally bore either the Impaled Arms of the Lady and her Husband, or her Hus band's Arms only. Numerous examples exist in Monumental Effigies ; as in the Brass at Enfield, a.d. 1446, to Lady Tiptoft, No. 300, PL XVII. : in this instance, however, the Mantle is charged with the impaled arms of the father and the mother of the wearer, Edward Baron Cherlton of Powys, and Alianore Holland. MAR. S RAli Iii IT G . :hs.?te? xi TIPTOFT Fh±e XTA Effi|y of Lad^r Tiptoft, with the Shields of Tiptoft &J?owys, ( from the Brass. AD. 1446, at Enfield, Middlesex. Seepage 143. MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. 115 Mantling, or Lambrequin : — a small Mantle, generally of crimson velvet or silk and lined with ermine, with tassels, attached to the Basinet or Helm, and hanging down over the shoulders of the wearer. In Heraldry, the Mantling is often so adjusted that it forms a background for the Shield and its accessories, and thus with them it constitutes an Achievement of Arms ; No. 523, Chap. XVII. : or, it simply hangs in such a manner as to cover the back of the Helm, as in No. 301, PL I., the Achievement of Sir John Harsyck, a.d. 1384, at Southacre, Norfolk ; the Arms are, or, a chief dancettee az. ; and the Crest is, a panache of turkey's feathers sa., rising out of a hoop or : see also No. 612, PL XLV., and No. 264, p. 110. Another early example of a Mantling appears in the Brass to Sir Hugh Hastings, a.d. 1347, at Elsyng, Norfolk. The Knightly Mantling being necessarily much exposed, was constantly cut and torn in the melee ; this is indicated by the jagged edges and irregular form given to their Mantlings by Heralds. In No. 408, the Mantling of John Daubygne', a.d. 1346, is arranged after a peculiarly graceful manner. This example illustrates the usage, prevalent in both the fourteenth and fif teenth centuries, of differencing Mantlings with the same Charges that mark Cadency in Shields of Arms. This Mantling is semie of mullets. See Nos. 405, 406, 407, PL XXVIII. The Mantling of George Plantagenet, K.G., Duke of Clarence, is semee of the white roses of the House of York, No. 451, PL LI. (Garter-Plate). No. 450, also in Plate LI., represents two portions of the MantUng of Henry Bourchier, K.G., Earl of Essex, who died in 1483 ; here the crimson mantling itself is billettee, or, and the lining is semee of smaU water-bougets, sable ; (Garter-Plate, and Brass at Little Easton in Essex). The Mantling of John Bourchier, K.G., Lord Bernees (died 1449), is also billettee, and its lining is semee alternately of Bour- chier-knots and water-bougets; No. 450 A., PL LXV. Sir B. Harcourt, K.G.. has his ermine-lined Mantling semee of quatre- i 2 116 miscellaneous names and titles. foils, (Garter-Plate). The Mantling of Eichard Widville, K.G., Earl Ei vers, the father-in-law of Edward IV., is semee of trefoils; No. 450 b. William, Lord Hastings, K.G. (executed by Eichard III.) has his Mantling adorned with sprigs of flowers : James, Earl Douglas, the first Scottish K.G., has both his Mantling and the Cap of Maintenance which sup ports his Crest adorned with slips of leaves and flowers : and the Mantling of John, Lord Beaumont, K.G. (a.d. 1397), like the field of the Beaumont shield, is semee de lys, the lining being ermine; No. 450 c, PL LXIV. (Garter-Plates). And, once more, Henry V., who, as Prince of Wales, above his Shield in his Garter-Plate displays Helms and Crowns of both France and England, from his Helm of France has the Mantling semee de lys. (Garter-Plate). The Mantling of Sir Hugh Courtenay, K.G. (died before 1370), is a singular variety, being formed of Swan's feathers, like his Crest, inverted, and terminating in two golden tassels • (Garter-Plate). The achievement of Humphrey de Bohun, K.G., last Earl of Hereford, who died a.d. 1373, has a good example of a plain Mantling lined with ermine, No. 629, PL LXVI. : it must be understood, however, that the Garter-Plates which are charged with these achievements of arms were not blazoned and fixed in their places in St. George's Chapel until several years after the commencement of the second quarter of the fifteenth century. As a general rule, the Mantling is of the Metal and Colour of the arms; or, if there be more than one metal and colour, of those that are of the chief importance. This rule obtains in the Heraldry of the Continent. See Chap. XXXII. The Mantling may, perhaps, be considered to have been derived from the Contoise, worn by the Knights of an earlier period. See Contoise : see also Chap. XVII., Section 2. Marquess : — (sometimes also Marquis), the Second Order of English Nobility, in rank next to that of Duke. The first ACHIEVEMENT OE ARMS &artex Plate ci PrumpJTrey de Bolrjr. X &. last Earl of Hereford, Essex: re Nnrthajjiptcra died AD.1J73. Hate of the Cartel, Plate, about 1440 Plit^LXVI MISCELLANEOUS names and titles. 117 Marquess in England was Eobert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, who by Eichard II., a.d. 1387, was created Marquess of Dublin. This Bank and Title then, with one other exception only, lay dormant until the time of Henry VI. A Marquess is . " Most Honourable," and is styled " My Lord Marquess ;" his sons are all " Lords," and his daughters " Ladies," his eldest son bearing the Second Title of his father. The Coronet is a circlet of gold, from which there arise four strawberry- leaves and as many pearls alternately, all of them being but slightly raised, and of equal height ; in representations two of the pearls and three of the leaves are seen, No. 302 ; also, No. No. 302. 362 a, PL LXIV. The Cap is the same as in the other Cojjpnets. The Mantle of Parliament is Scarlet, and it has three and a half doublings of Ermine. The wife of a Marquess is styled a Mar chioness. See Coronet. Marshalling : — the arrangement and aggroupment of Heraldic Compositions. See Chap. XIV. Medals : — honourable insignia, bestowed for meritorious service in the Navy and Army, and also for eminent worth or noble conduct of whatever kind. In very rare instances the Medal itself has an intrinsic value, but the prevailing usage is that the worth of this decoration of Honour should consist exclusively in its associations. See Chap. XX., Sections 13, 15, and 17. Metals : — in Heraldry, Gold, Or, and Silver, Argent. Merchants' Marks : — devices that were adopted, as a species ]18 miscellaneous names and titles. of Mercantile Heraldry, by the wealthy Merchants of the Middle Ages, to whom the use of true heraldic insignia originally was not conceded. They repeatedly occur in monumental memo rials, and consist of a monogram of the initials of the Merchant, with a compound figure, which is in part a cross, and in part is derived from a mast of a ship. These Marks were often borne on shields, and they may be considered to be the proto types of the Trade Brands and Marks of our own times. The Example, No. 303, PL XIII., is from the Brass to Thomas Pownder, a.d. 1525, in the Church of St. Mary Quay, Ipswich. In the Brass to William Grevel, a.d. 1401, at Chipping Campden, there are both a Merchant's Mark and a Shield of Arms, (the shield is represented in No. 396, PL XXXVII.) ; and the Brass to John Terri, a.d. 1524, at St. John's, Maddermarket, Norwich, has a shield which quarters the arms of a commercial guild with a merchant's mark. Merchants of the Staple, — of London and Calais, incorporated by Edward III. See Chap. XXL, Section 10. Merchants-Adventurers, — of Hamburgh and London, incor porated by Edward I. See Chap. XXL, Section 10. Mitre: — the Cap of Official Bank and Dignity, placed above their Arms, and used as a Badge of their office by the Arch bishops and Bishops of the Church of England and Ireland, but worn only by prelates of the Boman Church. Mitres are always represented as golden, and they are aU cleft from the summit downwards, so that they terminate in two points. Two Infulm, or ribbons fringed at the ends, depend from every Mitre. Until recent times all Mitres were so far alike that they were without any distinction whatever of ecclesiastical rank : thus, one of the finest and richest of the existing early examples is the Mitre represented in the Brass to Thomas Delamere, Abbot of St. Alban's (about a.d. 1375), in the Abbey Church of St. Alban : see also the examples at the head of this chapter, of which the latest is from the monument of Archbishop Samuel miscellaneous names and titles. 119 Harsnett, a.d. 1631. The Mitres of Archbishops are now gene rally represented rising from ducal coronets, as in No. 307 ; but' the Mitres of their Graces and also those of the Bishops aU rise alike from plain golden circlets, in No. 306. See Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, viii., 248, and ix., 67, 188, and 295. The Bishops of Durham, as nominally Counts Palatine of the County of Durham as weU as Bishops of the See, had their Mitres rising from a similar Coronet, as in No. 308. Curious examples of Mitres with Coronets, Feathers, and Crests, appear No. 306. No. 307. No. 308. on the Seals of Thomas de Hatfield, a.d. 1345 ; of John de Fordham, 1382; of Eobert de Neville, 1438; and of Eichard 120 MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. Fox, 1494, aU of them Bishops of Durham. (See the Plates in Surtees' History of Durham.) In the Middle Ages, Mitres underwent several important changes in their contour and general aspect. At first very low, simple, and concave in outline, during the fourteenth century they became more elevated, rich, and splendid. Still later, Mitres changed their contour from concave to convex, and were considerably elevated, and thus they assumed their present form and character. In Mediaeval Effigies and Seals, Mitres are constantly represented with characteristic accuracy. In No. 309, at the head of this chapter, I have given outlines from some of these examples for the sake of comparison ; they are from the Brasses to Archbishop Cranley, a.d. 1417, at Oxford; Bishop Goodryke, a.d. 1554, at Ely; and Archbishop Harsnett, a.d. 1631, at Chigwell, Essex. Monogram : — a single initial or other letter, also a combina tion of several initials or letters, so arranged as to form a single compound device. A remarkable series of Monograms is carved in the bosses of the vaulted ceUing of the Divinity School, Oxford. Motto : — a word or a brief epigrammatic sentence, supposed to be in some manner characteristic of the Bearer, and usually placed on a scroll either beneath a shield, for about a crest. The latter position should be adopted when the Motto has evident reference to the crest itself. When no Helm is intro duced, the Motto may be effectively placed between the Shield and the Crest. A Motto may also be charged upon a garter. In Heraldry, as a law, a Motto is not held to be hereditary, but is supposed to be of a strictly personal character ; in almost every instance, however, in actual usage, the Motto is trans mitted and borne with the Shield and Crest. Mottoes are not borne by Bishops. See Rebus ; and see Chap. XVLL, Section 6. Mound : — see Chap. XIX., Section 6. Norroy : — see Herald. MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. 121 Nova Scotia, Arms of: — see Baronet. Or .-—the Metal Gold. Orders of Knighthood : — see Chap. XX. Ordinary of Arms : — a series of Heraldic Bearings, or Coats of Arms, classified and arranged in accordance with the princi pal Charges, and having the names of the Bearers attached. It is the reverse of an Armoury. Panache : — a Plume of Feathers, generally those of the peacock, set upright, so as to form a Crest. Such a decoration for the Helm appears to have been occasionally in use from an early period until the concluding quarter of the fifteenth. century, when waving plumes were first introduced. The Panache was almost always regarded as a Crest. It appears in the Brass to Lord Ferrers, of Chartley, about a.d. 1410, at Merevale, in Warwickshire, No. 267 a, PL XXVI. ; also, but not of peacock's feathers, in the sculptured effigy of Sir T. Arderne, a.d. 1400, at Elford, in Staffordshire : and again in the Brass to Sir J. Harsyck, a.d. 1384, at Southacre, Norfolk, No. 301, PL I. The Mortimers had for their Crest a Panache of many azure feathers, rising from a Crest-Coronet ; No. 269, PL XXVL, and No. 270, Chap. XXIV. Another example of a Panache is represented in No. 522, which is the Crest of John, Lord Scrope, K.G. See Chap. XXVIL, Sec. I. Paschal Lamb : — a White Lamb, passant, represented as carrying the Eed Cross Banner or Pennon of St. George. It was a device of the Knights Templars. Pean : — an heraldic Fur. See Chap. IV. Peer : — the general title of the Nobility of Great Britain, in dicating their equality of rank as a class, as the " Nobles," dis tinguished from the " Commons," of the realm. For the History, Succession, Honours, Arms, Privileges, &c, of the Peers, I must refer to the " Peerage," by Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King at Arms, published every year, and to the other Peerages. Pennon : — a small pointed or swallow-tailed Flag, carried by 122 MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. every mediaeval Knight upon his own Lance, and which bore his own personal Device. The Pennon appears to have been adopted in its distinctive character during the reign of Henry III. My example, No. 310, PL XXIX., from the Brass to Sir John D'Aubernoun, at Stoke Daubernon, Surrey, is of the period of Edward I. ; it is azure, charged with a chevron and fringed or : see Chap. XVIII. Pennoncelle : — a long streamer-like Pennon. Planta Genista : — the Broom-plant, the celebrated Badge of the Plantagenet Princes, which was assumed and borne by Geof frey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, the Founder of the Plan tagenet Family. In Heraldry, a sprig of the Broom appears with its spike-like leaves, its golden blossoms, and its pods, the latter sometimes open and disclosing their seeds. The effigy of Eichard IL, at Westminster, has the Dalmatic and Mantle diapered with the Plantagenista (No. 240, PL XII.), and the other badges of that unfortunate Prince. The pod of the pea-plant is used somewhat after a simUar manner in the Brass to Walter Pescod, Merchant, a.d. 1398, at Boston, in Lincolnshire. Plume : — see Panache. Portcullis : — see Herald ; also see Portcullis in Chap. IX. Potent : — an Heraldic Fur. See Chap. IV. Powdering : — scattering irregularly over any field : specially applied to small objects. Prince and Princess : — see Chap. XIX., Section 6. Purpure : — the colour Purple. Pursuivant: — a Herald of the lowest rank. For the sake of distinction, the Pursuivants wore their Tabards having the sleeves hanging in front and behind, not being allowed to wear them as the Heralds wore their sleeves. This singular usage is distinctly marked in the representation of the Funeral Proces sion of Queen Elizabeth, in the " Vetusta Monumenta," vol. iii., Plates XVIII. to XXIV. Quartering: — the arranging different armorial compositions MISCELLANEOUS NAMES AND TITLES. 123 in those divisions of a shield, which are eitlier four or more than four in number. See Chap. XIV. Quarterings : — quarterly divisions of a shield ; also the arms emblazoned upon such divisions. Bebus : — a charge or charges, or any heraldic composition which has an allusion to the name of the bearer, or to his profession, or his personal characteristics, and thus may be said to speak to the beholder, " non verbis, sed rebus." For example, three salmons for the name Salmon ; a spear on a bend for Shakspeare, &c, &c. In the Middle Ages, the Eebus was a favourite form of heraldic expression, and many quaint and curious examples remain of such devices : for instance, the monument of Abbot Ramrydge, at St, Alban's, abounds in figures of Rams, each of which has, on a coUar about its neck, the letters rydge : these Earns, which are sculptured with remarkable spirit, support the Shield of Arms of the Abbey of St. Alban— az., a saltire or; Nos. 623, 711, 712, PL LXXVIL; see also Chap. XVII., Section 3, and Chaps. XXIH. and XXX. An Ash-tree growing out of a Cask or Tun, for the name Ashton, at St. John's, Cambridge, is another example of a numerous series. The tun, to represent the terminal syUable " ton," was in great favour ; see Tun, in Chap. IX. ; thus at Winchester, in the Chantry of Bishop Langton, a.d. 1500, a musical note called a long is inserted into a tun, for Langton ; a vine and a tun, for his See, Winton ; and a hen sitting on a tun, for his Prior, Hunton. In No. 628, drawn from the paneUing of the Chan try of Bishop Oldham, a.d. 1519, in Exeter Cathedral, the owl with the label in its beak charged with the letters dom, forms what was held to be a Eebus of the Bishop's name — Owl-dom, Old-ham. About the same period, in the sculptures of Norwich Cathedral, Bishop Walter Lyhart has his Eebus many times repeated; it is a stag or hart lying down in a conventional representation of water: this is carrying the principle of the Eebus about as far as it can be carried. 124 miscellaneous names and titles. Another curious and characteristic example of a Eebus occurs in the monument of Sir John Peche, at LuUingstone, Kent, No. 628. — Rebus of Bishop Oldham, Exeter Cathedral. a.d. 1522, and also in the stained glass of the chapel in which this monument is preserved : the shield of arms of Sir John Peche (az., a lion rampt. queue fourche'e erm., crowned or), is sur rounded by branches of a peach-tree, each peach being charged with the letter £ ,- also the crest, a lion's head crowned, stands upon a wreath of peach-branches fruited, the peaches charged as before. See Stothard. In Westminster Abbey, Abbot Islip's Chapel gives two forms of his Eebus ; one, a human Eye, and a small branch or " Slip " of a tree ; the other, a man in the act of faUing from a tree, and exclaiming, " I slip !" Such heraldic puns are distin guished as Canting Heraldry. This system extends to mottoes, as in the well-known instance of the Vernons, whose motto is " Ver non semper viret." This Canting Heraldry, which was carried to so strange an excess in the sixteenth century, had a prevailing influence un der a much simpler form of expression with the early Heralds. A searching investigation, indeed, of the true origin of the surnames of the men who in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries bore arms, would go far to show that an allusive connection between names and arms was so prevalent, as to constitute the general rule. Names have undergone many changes, partly through translation from their original Norman- miscellaneous names and titles. 125 French or Latin, partly from a combination of the Latin and the Norman-French versions of the same name, and in part from variations of orthography; and the armorial devices and compositions having also commonly lost their original Norman- French titles and descriptions, the allusive nature of the early Heraldry has ceased to be palpable, and therefore*has in a great measure ceased to be recognized. It is of the very essence of aU Heraldry, however, that in some respect or degree it should be aUusive — should have in it something of the Eebus ; otherwise it would not fulfil its aim and purpose of being a symbolical language. A few examples from the early EoUs of Arms wUl suffice to iUustrate the manner in which shields of arms were Armes Parlantes in the olden time : A Cross Moline, borne by De Molines, or Molyneux. Three Hammers, (French Martel), by John Martel, and by the Hammertons. Two Trumpets, by De Trumptngdon. Horseshoes, by De Ferrers. Three human hands, by Tremain. Three Boars' heads, by Swyneburne. A Hart, by De Hertley. A Bear, by Fitz Urse. Rams, by Eamsey. Three Otters (French, Loutres), by Luttrel. Martlets, by De Merley. Three Ravens, by Corbett. Three Lucies (Lucy, a pike), by De Lucy. Three Laurel Leaves, by Leveson. Three Hedge-Hogs (French, Herrison), by De Heriz, or Harris. (Example on the shield of an effigy at Gonaldston Notts ; also, as a Badge, in a Brass at Diggeswell, Herts). Two Barbels, for De Barre : &c, CADENCY: CHAPTERS XIV &XV. CHESTER. CINQUE PORTS. SIR ALEXANDER GIFFARD. CLARE: FITZGERALD. ALLANOKE FERRE. FHF ^99 Plate LXXX. MARSHALLING AND INHERITANCE. 149 have resulted from the shield of England having dimidiated another shield, azure, charged with three herrings naiant in pale arg., finned or: a, shield, No. 326, PL XVIII., charged with these dimidiated arms, and to be referred to about the year 1390, occurs upon one of the bosses of the roof of the south aisle of the church of Great Yarmouth. In like manner, the arms of Ipswich in Suffolk are compounded of England dimidiating an azure shield, charged with the hulls of three ships in pale. In the church of St. Mary Quay, Ipswich, are two Brasses to bur gesses of that town, severally a.d. 1525 and 1551 ; upon the former, to Thomas Pownder, the Shield of the borough is blazoned with a single half-lion and a single half-ship, the lion facing to the sinister ; but Henry Toolye, on his Brass, marshals a single Hon rampant and three half-ships. The seals of the Cinque Ports bear Shields charged with the same A.rms--England dimidiating three ship's hulls in pale. See Chap. XXIV., Sect. 1. An excellent example of a Cinque Port Shield, with the Arms in relief, is preserved in the cloisters at Canterbury : it is the third from the eastern end of the south walk. At Fordwich, near Canterbury, the compound device, half-lion and half-ship, of the Cinque Ports, forms the vane of the church. Again, the Arms of the City of Chester are, England, dimidiating az., three garbes or ; No. 326 a., PL LXXX. See Chap. XXXII. Mr. Planch£ is of opinion that " to this practice of dimidia tion we owe the double-headed eagle of the German Empire." This must imply that one of the dimidiated eagles should originally have faced . to the sinister. Mr. Planche adds " that several instances of dimidiation occur in the arms of German Cities and Counts of Flanders, which wiU Ulustrate his theory for the origin of the German double-headed eagle, by showing the effect of the eagle dimidiated by other animals or heraldic figures :" and he gives a curious example of the in corporation of a semi-eagle and a semi-lion, the evident result of dimidiation, the lion facing to the sinister, from the seal of 150 marshalling and inheritance. Alice D'Avesnes, No. 327, PL XVIII. I may place side by side with Mr. Planche's example, the seal of Peter Tederade, " canonici cretensis " (a personage of whom I am unable to give any particulars, but whose seal is in existence,) in which the eagle faces to the sinister, and the effect of the dimidiation is peculiarly striking ; No. 328. The Griffin of English Heraldry might reasonably be regarded as a further development of a similar dimidiation, unless it is held to be a veritable member of that family of mediaeval Griffins whose ancestry flourished in the remote ages of Assyrian greatness. See Chap. XXXII, The beautiful and elaborate seals that were held in such es teem in the Middle Ages, were frequently charged with heraldic insignia in association with rich architectural details. See Chap. XXIV., Section 1. In many examples, the early seals of per sonages of eminence display several shields of arms placed in the different compartments of a composition of an architectural character ; and thus these Shields are grouped together so as to form a single compound heraldic composition. Thus, the seal of Joan, wife of John de Warrenne, Earl of Surrey, though not more than one and a half inches in diameter, is charged with nine distinct heraldic bearings, each of which is so placed that it takes a becoming part in the architectural composition. In No. 329 I give \a diagram of the arrangement of this seal, in No. 329. the principal parts of which the arms are charged upon lozenges. In the centre is 1. Warrenne; 2, 2. are England; 3, 3. are De MARSH ADDING- AND CADENCY: SHIEI/DS of arms of the DE BOHUNS. CHAPTERS XV", XVI & XXVI DE BOHUN of HEREFORD. DE BOHUN of 3TORTHAMPT01T, Plate XX. MARSHALLING AND INHERITANCE. 151 Barr, (No. 329 a, PL XIX., az., crusille'e, two barbels haurient ad- dorsed or, within a bordure engrailed gu.) ; and in the four quatre- foils are Leon and Castile alternately. The lady was the daughter of Henry, Count De Barr (in France), and Alianore, eldest daughter of Edward I., and Alianore of Castile and Leon. The Seal of Eobert de Saint Quintin, a.d, 1301, is another good example of such an aggroupment of several Shields. It is shown in the accompanying diagram, No. 329 b : 1. is an early shield of Saint Quintin, chequee arg. and vert, on a fesse gu., three martlets or ; 2, 2, 2, 2. is Hastings, or, a manche gu. ; and 3, 3, 3, 3. is Fitz-W alter, or, a fesse between two chevrons gu. ; (Vincent MS. SS. in Coll. Arm.). See No. 705 in Chap. XXIV., Sect. 1 ; also the seal of Eliz. de Burg, in Norfolk Archosol., v. 301. This system of grouping together several Shields of arms in an archi tectural composition, would naturally lead to the grouping together several coats of arms in an heraldic composition. The Shields were all borne by the same person, and so their several bearings might obviously be concentrated upon a single shield. In other words, a single Shield charged with any required series of coats of arms duly arranged would naturally be substituted, as a more compact and expressive arrangement, for a group of separate though associated Shields. The quartered blazonry also might be actually displayed about his person, or on his Shield, by any noble or knight. The counterseal of Humphrey de Bohun, fourth Earl of Here ford and third Earl of Essex, a.d. 1327, affords an excellent illustration of that aggroupment of Shields, of which the full development was quartering. This seal, No. 201, PL XX., bears a large central Shield for the Hereford Earldom between two smaller ones, No. 330, both of them (quarterly, or and gules) for the Earldom of Essex. The same aggroupment of Shields ap pears upon the counterseal of John de Bohun, the fifth Earl of Hereford. Two or more Shields of arms are frequently found upon early seals of Eoyal and Noble Ladies, with their effigies : 152 MARSHALLING AND INHERITANCE. thus, Margaret, second Queen of E. I., is represented upon one of her seals having the three lions of England charged upon her tunic, and having on her right side a shield of France ancient, and on her left side a shield charged with a lion rampant. In like manner the effigy of Isabella, Queen of E. II. , is represented upon her seal standing between a shield of England and another of France ancient dimidiating Navarre. On her seal Melicent de Montault (a.d. 1235) has her own effigy between two Shields, the one bearing a lion rampt., and the other three fleurs-de-lys (Vincent, MS. SS. in Coll. Arm.) Again, the seal of Margaret, wife of John de Neville, and afterwards of Sir J. Giffard (about a.d. 1300), displays her effigy between two Shields, the one to the dexter bearing Giffard (gu., three lions pass, in pale arg.), and the other being charged with a lion rampt. ; upon the tunic of the effigy the three lions are repeated. Many other early examples might be adduced of this practice of forming groups of Shields of arms before true quartering was regularly recognized ; nor was this usage altogether superseded by quartering until after the close of the fourteenth century. Accordingly, the secretum of Thomas Plantagenet, youngest son of Edward III., in its three princi pal compartments has his own arms, Diagram No. 331, 2. ; those of his Duchess, Alianore de Bohun, 3.; his helm and crest 1. ; the Swan badge, 4.; and the legend, 5. In like manner, the No. 329 a. No. 331_ seal of Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, who died in ban ishment at Venice, a.d. 1400, bears three Shields, of which the MARSHALLING AND INHERITANCE. 153 central Shield, No. 632, PL LXV., is charged with the arms of the Confessor, (a special grant from Eichard II.,) impaling Brotherton, (England, with a silver label of five points) ; the dexter Shield bears Mowbray, (gu., a lion rampant arg.), and the sinister' Shield displays Segrave, (sa., a lion rampt. arg., crowned or,) the arms of the Duke's mother. The Brother- ton label was blazoned of three points at a later period ; as in No. 299, Chap. XXVH. Mowbray is sometimes blazoned pur- pure instead of gules. On his seal also, John Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, son of the last-named Thomas Mowbray, placed a shield of Brotherton between two Shields of Mowbrdy and as many Ostrich Feathers, the Feathers being a special grant. Again, Margaret, eldest daughter of Thomas Plantagenet de Brotherton, charged her seal with three Shields, those of her father and her two husbands, John Lord Segrave, and Sir Walter Manny : or, three chevronels sa., the middle one charged with a Honed passant of the field (EoU of Arms, a.d. 1337-1350); but in the Calais EoU of Edward III., this lioncel is rampant. I may add that a Castle of Castile appears on either side of the reverse of the great seal of Edward II. ; and that Edward III., when on his accession he used his father's seal, added a small fleur-de-lys above each of the castles ; while on his own first great seal, published in October, 1327, there appear two large fleurs- de-lys without the castles. But, before the usage obtained for marshaUing a series of distinct and complete coats of arms by quartering so as to pro duce a single compound heraldic composition, the desired com bination of two or even three coats of arms upon a single Shield was frequently effected by forming a new composition from all the charges of the several Shields, or from the most important and characteristic of them. Many of the early historical Shields of our English Heraldry were unquestionably produced by this simple process of Compounding Arms. For example, John de Dreux, Duke of Brittany and Earl of Eichmond (died a.d. 154 MARSHALLING AND INHERITANCE. 1330), whose mother was a daughter of Henry III., when he accompanied his uncle, Edward I., to the siege of Caer laverock, displayed a banner charged with chequee or and az., (De Dreux,) with a bordure of England, (gu., with eight lions of England,) and a canton ermine to represent the ermine Shield of Brittany; No. 116, PL V. The fine Shield of Prince John " of Eltham," second son of Edward II. and of Isabella of France (admirably sculptured in alabaster with his effigy at Westminster), is charged with England within a bordure of France, No. 332, PL XIX. ; this is both a true example of compounded arms, anfl also a Shield differenced with a bordure. Thus Mar shalling gained an important advance when the counterseal of Margaret, second Queen of Edward I., had suggested (as we may presume that it did suggest) the Shield of her husband's grandson. This counterseal, one of the most interesting of our Eoyal Historical Series, bears the shield of England suspended from a tree, and surrounded on the field of the seal itself with a border of fleur-de-lys ; No. 332 a, PL LXXXI. The weU-known Shield of the Bohuns, of which so many fine original examples are still in existence, has been adduced by Mr. Planche as a' remarkable example of the early heraldic usage now under con sideration. The blazon of this Shield, No. 201, PL XX., is azure, a bend argent, cotised and between six lioncels rampt. or. (See Chap. XVIL, Section 3.) The founder of the Bohuns as an English family was a Humphrey de Bohun, one of the fortunate adventurers at Hastings. His son of the same name acquired important territorial possessions near Salisbury, by his marriage with Matilda, daughter of the feudal Baron, Edward de Sarum. Their son, another Humphrey de Bohun, married Margeria, one of the co-heiresses of Milo, Constable and Lord of Gloucester and Hereford, and their grandson, Henry de Bohun, a.d. 1199, was created Earl of Hereford. Now, the arms attributed to the Earls of Salisbury, and borne by the renowned son of Fair Bosamond, Wm. de Longespee, are azure, six lioncels rampt. or, marshawling and inheritance. 155 No. 200, p. 89 : and these arms the Bohuns may be considered to have adopted in commemoration of their own advantageous al liance with an heiress of SaUsbury. The arms attributed to Milo, on the other hand, (and still emblazoned and quartered in the Brass to his descendant, Alianore, Duchess of Gloucester,) are gules, two bends, the one or and the other argent; No. 333, PL XX. As L°rds of Hereford in their own persons, the Bohuns evidently placed upon their Shield the silver bend of Hereford, interposing it between the two groups into which their Salisbury lioncels would thus be divided ; and at the same time, further to show their descent from Milo, they appear to have bisected his golden bend bend-wise, and then to have cotised their own silver bend with the two bendlets thus obtained. Possibly these bends of the Shield of Milo may be heraldic representations of the official batons of that bold war rior, as Constable of the Castles of Gloucester and Hereford; and in the Shield of the Bohuns their bend in the first in stance may have been regarded as associated with the offipe and rank of Constable of England, so long held in the De Bohun family with their Hereford . Earldom. (For a further notice of the arms of the Bohuns, see Chap. XV., Differencing by mullets.) In Scotland the Stuarts produced a compound Shield by encircling their own fesse chequee, (or, a fesse chequee arg. and az.,) with the Eoyal tressure. In 1374, the seal of David, son of King Eobert Stuart and Euphemia, Countess of Strathern, is charged with the Stuart fesse interposed between the two chevrons of Strathern, the whole being within the tressure : and, a.d. 1377, upon the seal of Alan Stuart of Ochiltree, the chequee fesse is surmounted with a bend charged with three buckles, such being the arms of Ochiltree. The Union Jack Flags of James I. and George III. are more recent but eminently characteristic examples of compounding arms. See Chapters VI. and XVIII. 156 marshalling and inheritance. An easy step in advance from such a composition as the seals of the fourth and fifth Earls of Hereford, Nos. 201 and 300, and from others of the same class, leads us on to the true Quartering of Arms. This mode of arrangement, indeed, was suggested to the Heralds of the Edwards by such Shields as were simply quartered for diversity of tincturing, as in the two small Shields, No. 330, in No. 33 b, p. 25, and in No. 156, PL VI. Numerous examples of such Shields quarterly of two tinctures occur in the early EoUs. The process of Quartering divides the field of a single Shield into four divisions of equal area, by one vertical Une cutting one horizontal line, as in No. 11, p. 17. Into each of these divisions one of the coats of arms to be " quartered " is placed. If there are four coats, one of them "is placed in each of the four quarters, their precedence being determined by their relative importance — that is, in almost all cases determined by the seniority of the several coats in their present alliance. Should there be two coats of arms only to be quartered, the first and fourth quarters both bear the most important coat, and the second and third quarters bear the other coat; as in No. 355, PL XXIV. In the case of three coats of arms for quartering, the fourth quar ter repeats the coat that is charged upon the first quarter ; as in No. 359. The Eoyal Arms of England, (No. 334, Chap. XIX., and No. 543 a, PL LIX.,) as now borne by Her Majesty the Queen, exemplify a Shield thus quartered with three quar terings : it is charged with, 1 and 4, England ; 2, Scotland ; and, 3, Ireland. Four coats of arms, when quartered, are placed in their proper order of succession, each in one of the four quar ters of the Shield, as in No. 361, PL XXIV. Again, should more than four coats of arms require to be quartered upon one Shield, the field of that Shield is to be divided, upon the same principle as before, into the requisite number of com partments, and such repetitions are to be introduced as the special circumstances of each case may render necessary. Thus marshalling and inheritance. 157 in No. 15, p. 17, the Shield is quarterly of eight. If one of the Shields to be quartered is itself quartered, it is to be treated precisely as if it were one single coat of arms, and such a coat is said to be quarterly quartered. Quarterly quarters are shown in No. 16. The early Heralds also occasionaUy quar tered impaled coats of arms : but in more recent Marshalling impaled coats are held to be ineligible for quartering ; and, in deed, the act of quarterly quartering at once indicates and super sedes an impalement. The earliest example known in England of a Shield upon which two distinct armorial ensigns are marshaUed by quarter ing, is the shield, No. 135, PL I., upon the monument of Alianore, Queen of Edward I., at Westminster. It bears quarterly, 1 and 4, Castile ; and, 2 and 3, Leon. Its date is 1291. These quartered arms were first adopted by the father of Queen Alianore, Ferdinand III., on the union of the provinces of Castile and Leon under his rule- In this noble monument, the beautiful effigy of the truly royal Lady rests upon a plate of gilt latten, that is covered with a diaper of castles and lions alternating in lozenges. Upon her seal the effigy of the Queen stands between a castle and a lion in pale to the dexter, and a lion and castle in pale to the sinister : the coun terseal has a shield of England only suspended from a tree. One of the smaller enamelled Shields that yet remain upon the south side of the monument of Edward III., in Westminster Abbey, is charged with this quartered shield of Castile and Leon impaling France ancient and England quarterly. Contemporary with the Westminster Abbey Shield is the mail-clad and cross-legged effigy in Winchester Cathedral, that Mr. Walford has such good reason for assigning to Sir Arnold de Gaveston, the father of Piers de Gaveston, the favourite of Edward II. This armed effigy has a Shield charged with a cross, which quarters, 1 and 4, or, two coirs passant gules, collared and belled az., being the arms of Gas- 158 marshalling and inheritance. ton, Viscount de Bearn ; and, 2 and 3, three garbs ; No. 335, PL XIX. The presence of the cross in this curious example is precisely such a modification of quartering as might, in the first instance, have been expected. This cross may have re presented a third Shield, or it may have been simply either a structural or a decorative accessory of the Shield itself. This Shield is sometimes assigned to William de Foix. The arms of De Foix are, or, three pallets gu. The well-known Shield of Piers de Gaveston himself, who was created Earl of Cornwall by his hapless friend, the second Edward, are, vert, six eaglets or; No. 335b, Plate XIX. They are thus blazoned for " Le Counte de Cornewaile," in the EoU of Edward IL, a.d. 1308-1314. This Shield formed one of the series that were carved upon the tomb, which supported the effigy that Mr. Walford assigns to the elder Gaveston. An other of these Shields bore Castile and Leon quarterly, as they still appear upon the monument at Westminster. For all particulars relative to Sir Arnold de Gaveston, I must refer to Mr. Walford's equally able and interesting paper, in the 15th vol. of the Archaeological Journal. Somewhat later, Isabella, daughter of Philip IV. of France, the Queen of Edward II. , upon the reverse of one of her seals marshals four coats quarterly: that is, 1, England (her hus band); 2, France (her father); 3, Navarre, (her mother); and 4, az. a bend arg., cotised potent counter-potent or, for Champagne, then a most important appanage of the crown of France ; No. 335 a, page 135. In No. 335 c, page 170, I give the Shield of Cham pagne, in order to show more clearly the field of the Shield between the counter-potences of the cotises. Early in the year 1340 Edward III. adopted his fourth great seal, (seal D. of Willis,) upon which the Eoyal Arms appeared quartering France Ancient and England, as in No. 536 B, PL LVIII. This quartered Shield stands foremost in the blazonry of the Eoyal Heraldry of England. It appears differenced with MARSHALLING. CHAP TEE XIV DE C, Wb sniN, l? ;f4 DE BARRE about A D J310 JOHN of ELTHAM about A D 1310 Plate XIX. marshalling and inheritance. 159 the utmost heraldic skill, and impaled and quartered with a long array of noble and famous arms ; and, as the Eoyal Shield, with no other change than in the number of the fleurs-de-lys, it continued in use until the accession of the Stuarts to the English Crown in the person of James I., in the year 1603. The change in the 1st and 4th quarters from an azure field semee-de-lys or, to a field charged with three golden fleurs-de-lys, took place during the reign of Henry IV., perhaps in the year 1403. This same change had been made by the French Kings as early as the year 1364. I must add that Eichard II. appears to have quartered England and France, as well as France and England; that is, he sometimes placed England and sometimes France in the first quarter. Philippa, the Queen of Edward III., on her secretum quar ters her paternal arms of Hainault with those of her husband ; thus, this seal is an early example of compound quartering. It is thus blazoned : quarterly, 1 and 4, grand quarters, England ; 2 and 3, grand quarters, 1 and 4, or, a lion rampant sa., for Flanders ; 2 and 3, or, a lion rampant gu., for Holland ; No. 337. A small Shield bearing these arms exquisitely carved in No. 337. Queen Philippa of Hainault. alabaster yet exists upon the south side of the monument to Queen Philippa herself in Westminster Abbey. The Shield of 160 MARSHALLING AND INHERITANCE. Hainault also remains, with another Shield of Navarre, on the east end of the monument of Queen Philippa. The arms of E. III. (France Ancient and England) impale those of Queen Philippa upon a Shield in the Brass to Canon John Sleford, a.d. 1401, at Balsam, in Cambridgeshire: he had held the two not very consistent offices of Master of the Wardrobe to the King and Chaplain to the Queen. A German Herald would have re presented the first and third lions of quarters two and three of No. 337 facing to the sinister, See Chap. XXXII. On her other seals Queen Philippa impales England with Hainault, and France with England and Hainault. The first English subject who is recorded to have quartered arms, so far as it is at present known, was Symon de Montagu, whose Shield, No. 635, Plate XTX., is marshalled as follows in the Roll of Edward II., a.d. 1308-1311 :— "Sire Symon de Montagu, quartile de Argent e de azure; en les quarters de azure les griffons de or; en les quarters de argent les daunces de goules." (The " daunces " are equivalent to a group of fusils conjoined in fesse across the shield, which is sometimes blazoned as a " dancette " or a fesse dancette'e.) In this composition two distinct coats of arms borne by the. Montagues are marshalled together by quartering: that is to say, — 1. " Argent, a fesse engrailed (or dancettee) of three pieces gules," for " William Montague," (Roll of Henry III.) ; and 2. " azure, a griffin segreant or," for " Simon de Montagu," (EoU of Caerlaverock, a. d. 1300.) ; Nos. 636 and 636 a, PL XIX. The inventory of his property, made in 1322, one year after the death of Humphrey de Bohun, third Earl of Hereford, at the battle of Boroughbridge, incidentally shows that mar shalling arms by quartering two distinct coats that had become allied, was practised by English Heralds in the first quarter of the fourteenth century. Among the objects particularly speci fied is a courte-pointe, quinte-point, or quilt, embroidered quar terly, " e'cartele" or " quartele," of the Arms of England and MAR S SAUIlIX (>. CHAPTER XV Plate XXI Effigy of John, de .'Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, from the Brass at Elsyng, Norfolk, AZ1 1347. MARSHALLING and inheritance. 161 Hereford. The Earl had married Elizabeth Plantagenet, the youngest daughter of Edward I. ; so, in evident anticipation of impalement, he quarters the arms of his consort with his own ; and, as the lady was a Princess, her arms appear in precedence in the first quarter. In one of his seals the Earl places the three lions of England in cusped circles about his own shield : PL LXX, 3, (No. 398). These examples thus deprive John Hastings, Earl of Pem broke, of the honour that has been assigned to him of having been the first English subject who quartered arms. This Earl married Margaret Plantagenet, the youngest daughter of Edward III. ; and, in his shield of arms he marshalled by im palement two quartered coats of arms, — his own arms, Hastings and De Valence quarterly, and France Ancient and England quarterly, the arms of the Princess, his Countess : No. 338 a, p. 172. In the fine Brass to Sir Hugh Hastings, at Elsyng in Nor folk, the date of which is 1347, there is an effigy of Earl John, (who died in 1375), having his jupon charged with Hastings and De Valence quarterly ; No. 338, PL XXI. This same Brass also contains an effigy of Edward III. himself in armour, and his jupon of arms bears France and England quarterly. The shield, twice quartered and impaled, of the Earl of Pembroke, forms one of the small group, carved with the purest artistic feeling in alabaster, that still remains to shew how rich and splendid was the original heraldic adornment of the monument of his royal mother-in-law, Queen Philippa'; No. 338 a, p. 172. In the course of the second half of the fourteenth century both quartering and impaling arms gradually became established as heraldic usages, and impaled and quartered shields soon began to abound ; nor was it long before quarterings in many instances were very considerably increased in their numbers. I now give a few additional early examples of both impalement and quartering. 162 MARSHALLING and inheritance. In the well-known EoU of Arms of Henry III., Le Mareschal charges a lion rampant gules upon a shield per pale or and vert ; and the field of the shield of Fitz Mayhewe, is per pale az. and gu. : and in the same EoU and in the EoU of Caerlaverock, the arms of De Vere, De Mandeville, De Say, Le Despencer, De Eocheford, and De Beauchamp have the field quarterly of two tinctures ; Wm. de Beauchamp charges his quarterly shield with a bend, and the De Laci of the first EoU bears a bendlet sable upon a shield quar terly or and gules. Other examples occur in considerable numbers in other early Eolls. These early shields may be regarded as the prototypes of true impalement and quartering. On the monument of Edward III., at Westminster, are two noble shields of his own royal arms of France and England quar terly, emblazoned in enamel ; also, five others, all of them quartered and some of them impaled also, smaUer in size, but of equal excellence. Another very fine example of the quartered royal shield is sculptured in the southern spandrel of the entrance archway to Westminster Hall : and other examples, most of them with labels, surround the monuments of Bishop Burghersh (about a.d. 1370) at Lincoln, PL XXXIV ; of the Black Prince at Canterbury ; and of Prince Edmond of Langley, at King's Langley. King's College Chapel, at Cambridge, also contains a splendid series of sculptured examples of the Royal quartered shield of a much later period. Upon the Brass of Alianore de Bohun, also at Westminster, a.d. 1399, are the following shields : 1. The shield of the hus band of the Duchess Alianore, Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester — France and England quarterly, within a bordure argent : 2. The shield of the Duchess herself and her husband impaled ; No. 340, PL XX. The Duchess Alianore quarters De Bohun and Milo of Hereford, Nos. 201, and 330, PL XX. 3. The shield of the father and mother of the Duchess Alianore — De Bohun impaling Fitz-Alan and Warrenne quarterly, No. 341, PL XX. ¦ Fitz-Alan is, gu., a lion rampt. or. XTARSHAIrlrlJSG- A AID GADliiYUI. IMPJUxEilEKT s. LAPTEBS XV, XVI & XXVI THOMAS HOLLAND. JAMES H MABYorGWELDRES.i MAKGARET DOUGLAS. MARGARET .BEAUFORT EDMOND MAHGAP.ET TUDOR. BEAUFORT. TIP TOP T . HOLLAND . POWYS. nfe^J^ Plate XXH. MARSHALLING AND INHERITANCE. 163 In a EoU of Arms, temp. Eichard IL, (a.d. 1392-1397,) the Arms of Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, are blazoned in this re markable manner : — Quarterly, 1. France Ancient : 2 and 3. England : 4. De Bohun : and a bordure argent, which encloses only the first three quarters. In the second of these shields the bordure of Woodstock is not dimidiated by the impalement. This is also the case in many other early examples of impaled shields which are charged with bordures. Thus, Thomas Holland, Earl' of Kent, bore, as a special grant from Eichard IL, the Arms of the Confessor, No. 78, PL I, within a bordure ermine, impaling Holland modern, that is, impaling England within a bordure argent. Upon the seal of this Thomas Holland his shield is charged with the impaled arms, having both the bordures complete ; as in No. 342, PL XXII. In the Seal, the same composition is repeated upon the sleeved jupon of the Earl himself and upon the barding of his charger. Considerably later, a.d. 1446, the Brass of Lady Tip toft, at Enfield, displays a shield charged with a double impale ment; that is, Tiptoft, No. 300 a, PL XVII., (arg., a saltire en grailed gu.) impaling Holland, and this impaled coat impaling Powys, No. 300 b, (or, a lion rampt. gu. :) here, as before, the bordure of Holland is blazoned without any dimidiation. In like manner, upon the seal of Mary of Gueldres, Queen of James n., of Scotland, a.d. 145.9, No. 344, PL XXIL, the complete tressure appears upon the impaled shield : but upon the monu ment of Margaret, Countess of Lennox, the mother of Lord Darnley, in Westminster Abbey, one of the shields (all of them elaborately quartered) impales Scotland, having the tressure dimidiated by impalement, No. 345, PL XXIL In No. 344, the arms of Gueldres are, az., a lion rampt. or ; impaling Holland, or, a lion rampt. sa., the two lions respecting each other, after the Usage of Continental Heraldry. M. Bouton (Nouveau Traite de Blason, p. 322,) blazons the arms of Gueldres as, — az., a lion rampt. contourne' or, crowned and langued gu., impaling Flanders or m 2 164 MARSHALLING AND INHERITANCE. Holland, — or, a lion rampt. sa., armed arg., langued gu. ; No. 722, PL LIL, drawn from M. Bouton's example. In an Uluminated MS. of the fifteenth century, in the College of Arms, (Collectanea Curiosa, L. XIV.), both the lions are crowned, and the lion of Gueldres is also queue fourchie. One of the quartered and im paled shields upon the monument of Margaret of Eichmond, mother of Henry VII., bears France Modern and England quarterly, within a bordure compony, which bordure is dimi diated ; No. 346, PL XXIL : the dexter half of this shield, which is placed at the east end of the monument, bears the arms of Thomas Stanley, Earl of Derby. The shield at the west end of this fine monument bears Tudor, No. 482, PL XXXIL, impaling Beaufort, both the bordures being dimidiated; No. 346 a, PL XXIL Upon one of his seals John Plantagenet of Ghent impales Castile and Leon with France and England differenced with a label ermine ; and in this instance, in honor of his royal consort, Con stance of Castile and Leon, he places his own arms on the sinister side of the shield : in his other impaled shields the arms of this Prince occupy the customary dexter half of the escutcheon : he also used seals bearing his own arms without any impalement. Henry Bolingbroke. afterwards Henry IV., during his father's lifetime bore England differenced with a label of Lancaster ; but, on the death of John of Ghent, he assumed the arms his father had borne, and those arms he sometimes impaled with the coat of the Confessor. On one of his seals, certainly engraved and used between Feb. 3, and September 30, 1399, (the dates of his father's death and his own accession), Henry bears the Confessor differenced with a label of three points, impaling France and England quarterly with a label of five points of Brittany, impaling Lancaster, and this impaled coat impaling De Bohun, for Mary de Bohun, his first wife, who died a.d. 1394. The annexed diagram, No. 347, shows this remarkable aggroupment. In the original MARS MADDING. IHAPTXK XIV RICHARD D - ANNE ofBOHEMIA RICHARD II. - ISABEL OF FRANCE ¦tf W % HENRY IV. - JOAN of NAVARRE. HENRY vn - ELIZ.orYORK POWYS HOLLAND HENRY VI. - MARGARET OF AN.IOl' ^T^" Plate XXIII. MARSHALLING AND INHERITANCE. 165 seal, the shield hangs diagonally from a large helm surmounted by the lion crest, and on either side is an ostrich feather No. 347. curiously entwined with a ribbon charged with the word " so ve REY NE." Upon his monument at Canterbury, Henry IV. charges the first and fourth quarters of his shield with France Modern ; and it is probable that his Queen Joan shortly after her second marriage adopted the three fleurs de lys in place of the field semee de lys. In the Canterbury shield, France Modern and England quarterly im pale Navarre and Eureux. Henry VI. impaled the arms of his Queen, Margaret of Anjou ; and thus his own quartered arms, in No. 352, PL XXIIL, are seen to be marshalled by impalement with a coat of six quar terings. The quarterings of Queen Margaret are blazoned in Chap. XIX., Section 5. Edward IV., as if he felt it to be a point of honour that his Queen should be distinguished by an heraldic display at least equal in its quarterings to the insignia of her Lancastrian rival, granted to Elizabeth Widville on her marriage with him, a series of augmentations derived from the armorial insignia of her ma ternal ancestry, all of which were to be borne quarterly, and were duly blazoned on their impaled shield. This example was improved in a characteristic manner by Henry VIIL, in his grants 166 MARSHALLING AND INHERITANCE. of arms to his own successive Consorts. See Chapter XIX., Sec tion 5. Joane of Navarre, the second wife of Henry IV., (she was the widow of John de Montfort, Duke of Brittany, and she married Henry IV. in 1403,) impaled with her husband's arms those of her father, Charles II., King of Navarre and Count of Eureux ; and she bore Navarre and Eureux per fesse, the former in chief, and the latter (France Ancient charged with a bend compony arg. and gu.) in base; No. 348, PL XXIIL Queen Joane also quartered Eureux and Navarre, and a shield thus quartered is blazoned upon the canopy of the monument to Henry IV. and herself in Can terbury Cathedral. Eichard II. impaled the Confessor with France and England quarterly, and again to the sinister impaled Bohemia for Anne, his first Queen, No. 349, PL XXIIL ; afterwards, for Isabella, his second Queen, Richard substituted France Ancient in the sinister impalement, No. 350, PL XXIIL; see also No. 529, PL XXXV. Upon his monument in his own chapel at Westminster, Henry VII. displays a shield charged with his royal arms of France Modern and England quarterly, impaling the arms of Elizabeth of York, that is, quarterly, in the first grand quarter, France Modem and England quarterly, for her father, Edward IV. ; 2 and 3. Ulster, (or, a cross gu.) ; and 4. Mortimer, — to declare her descent from the Houses of both York and Clarence; No. 351, PL XXIIL Again, the arms of Richard III., impaling those of his Queen, Anne Neville, are blazoned in the Warwick Roll, now preserved in the CoUege of Arms, as follows — France Modem and England quarterly, in the dexter half of the escutcheon, impaling quarterly, 1. Newburgh, (chequee arg. and az., a chev. erm.,) impaling Beau champ, (gu., a fesse between six crosses crosslets or) : 2. Montagu, (arg., three fusils conjoined in fesse gu.,) impaling Monthermer, (or, an eagle displayed vert,) : 3. Neville, (gu., a saltire arg.,) differenced with a label compony of silver and azure : and 4. De Clare, im paling Le Despencer. MARSHALLING and inheritance. 167 From the Windsor Garter-Plates I obtain the four following examples of MarshaUing : — Sir John Neville, K.G., Lord Montagu, (afterwards Duke of Northumberland,) brother of Eichard Neville, Earl of Warwick, married Isabelle, daughter and heiress of Sir Edmond Engle- thorpe ; and he fell a.d. 1471, at Barnet: Quarterly; 1 and 4, Montagu ; 2 and 3, Neville, differenced with a label of three points compony arg. and az. ; charged in pretence with an inescutcheon bearing, quarterly : 1. Bradstone, (arg., on a canton gu., a rose or) ; 2. Englethorpe, (gu., a cross engrailed arg.) ; 3. De la Pole, (az., on a fesse, between three leopard's faces or, an annulet gu.) ; 4. Montagu. Eichard Beauchamp, K.G., Earl of Warwick, (died 1439) : Quarterly: 1 and 4, Beauchamp; 2 and 3, Newburgh ; and, in pretence, the arms of his wife, Bjabelle, daughter and heiress of Thomas Le Despencer, Earl of Gloucester : Quarterly : 1 and 4, De Clare ; 2 and 3, Le Despencer. Thus these noblemen associated the arms of the great Heiresses, their consorts, with their own, in their capacity of Knights of the Garter. John de Vere, K.G., Earl of Oxford, (his grandfather, another John de Vere, married Elizabeth, daughter and heiress of Sir John de Howard) : Quarterly : 1 and 4, De Vere ; 2 and 3, Howard ancient. Henry, Lord Stafford, K.G., (second son of Henry Stafford, second Duke of Buckingham) ; Quarterly : 1. Woodstock, (No. 340, PL XX.) ; 2. De Bohun, (No. 397) ; 3. Stafford, (or, a chevron gu.) ; 4. De Bohun of Northampton, (No. 398) ; differenced on the fesse point with a crescent. In our own times, we have seen a very singular example of Quartering in the arms of the late lamented Prince Consort, No. 353. H.E.H. Prince Albert differenced the Eoyal Arms of England, which he quartered in the first and fourth quarters, with a label argent charged on the central point with the Cross of St. George — an anomaly in Heraldry, and indeed an heraldic 168 marshalling and inheritance. contradiction, for which I am altogether unable to offer any explanation. Had the Prince borne the Eoyal Shield of England (England, Scotland, and Ireland, quarterly) alone, in that case a label for difference would have been both a necessary and an expressive accessory to his shield ; but to have differenced the Eoyal Arms when quarterly quartered, as in No. 353, in heraldic language was to suggest, (for it cannot possibly be said to have spoken plainly), that the Eoyal Consort of the Prince was some near relative to the Sovereign of England, but not the illustrious Lady herself who -wears the Crown of these realms. The paternal coat of His late Eoyal Highness, marshalled in the 2nd and 3rd quarters of No. 353, is barry of ten, or and sable, a chaplet of rue in bend vert, for Saxony. See Chap. XIX., Section VI. I conclude this brief series of examples with the historical shield of four quarters, which, next to the Eoyal Armoury, stands at the head of the modern Heraldry of England — the Shield of the Earl Marshal, the Duke of Norfolk. This Shield, No. 299, (as I have already shown) thus marshals four coats of arms of high renown in English history: 1. Howard; 2. De Brotherton; 3. Warrenne ; and 4. Mowbray: No. 299, Chap. XXVIIL, and No. 394, PL XXXVII. ; also see pages 38 and 153. II. The Disposition and Aggroupment of two or more Shieijds of Arms, so that they shall form and constitute a single Heraldic Composition. In many cases, Marshalling requires that Shields of Arms should retain their individual characteristics, while they also have to form associations with other heraldic compositions. This is effected by grouping together the aUied shields. Knights of the Garter, the Bath, and other Orders, if married bear two Shields. On the first, placed to the dexter, are the paternal Arms of the Knight himself, being surrounded with the Insignia of his Order of Knighthood. On the second shield he marshalling and inheritance. 169 bears his own Anns repeated, without any Knightly Insignia, impaling those of his wife, or charged with them in pretence ; and this second shield is usually enciroled with a garland of oak-leaves, as a decorative accessory only, and without any heraldic significance : vine-leaves might be very happily com bined with the foliage of the oak about the sinister half of the impaled shield. This EngUsh usage is not followed in Foreign Heraldry. See Chap. XXXII. Though not customary in actual practice, a similar arrange ment might be adopted, in exact conformity with heraldic rule, in the instances of Archbishops and Bishops who are married : as it is, in like manner, by the Herald Kings. A Peeress in her own Right bears her hereditary arms (without Helm or Crest) on a Lozenge, with her Coronet and Supporters. If she be married to a Peer, both her Arms and those of her husband are fully blazoned, and the Shield and the Lozenge are grouped together to form a single Compound Composition, precedence being given to the achievement of the higher rank. If she be married to a commoner, her husband charges her paternal Arms ensigned with her Coronet, in Pretence upon his own; and she also bears her own Achievement of Arms, distinct and complete, as she bore it before her marriage : and, in this instance also, the Lozenge and the Shield are grouped together, the Lozenge yielding precedence. If the Widow of a Peer should marry a Commoner, she con tinues to bear the Arms of her former husband, as before, on a separate Lozenge ; and, on another Shield her second husband impales or charges in pretence her paternal Arms, the two forming a single group, the shield having precedence. Should she marry a second peer, she would not retain the Arms of her former husband, unless his rank had been higher than that of her second husband. Royal Personages, when married, bear their own Arms, being both the Arms of their Dominion and also their Personal Insignia, 170 marshalling and inheritance. alone on a separate shield, which is placed to the dexter ; and a second shield bears the impaled arms of the husband and the wife, the arms of the personage of the higher rank being to the dexter. In some instances, quartering is used in the second shield instead of impalement, — a practice that ought to be altogether discontinued. Two or more shields may be grouped together by placing them upon a mantle of crimson velvet lined with ermine ; or by the instrumentality of any such simple accessories as the artist may devise. Or it may be sufficient either to place the shields or the shield and lozenge, side by side, or to arrange them in such a manner that the shield to the dexter should rest upon the dexter chief of the other shield or of the lozenge. No. 335 c. Champagne. See pp. 135, 158. III. Marshalling the Accessories of any Shield, Lozenge or Group, is necessarily determined by the circumstances of every individual case. The Accessories are the Helm, Wreath, Cap, Crest-Coronet, Crest, Coronet, Crown, Mantling, Supporters, Scroll and Motto, Badges, and Knightly or Official Insignia. The several characteristics and uses of these accessories having been described in Chapter marshalling and inheritance. 171 XIV. their treatment in Marshalling requires but brief notice. The Helm always rests upon the Chief of the Shield. Com moners, Knights, and Baronets have their Crests placed upon their Helms, the Crest in every case being sustained by its Wreath, Cap, or Crest-Coronet. Peers and Princes place the Coronet of their rank upon their Helm, and their Crest, duly sup ported, is placed above the Coronet. The Sovereign places the Eoyal Crest above the Imperial Crown The Mantling always falls, or is displayed, from the back of the Helm. The Scroll and Motto, and also all Badges, are placed below the shield : but should any Motto have a special reference to the Crest, in that case such Motto should stand either in chief of the entire achieve ment, or, if only the Crest and the Shield are blazoned, it may intervene between them. The Supporters are to be adjusted to the shield or lozenge in such a manner that they may appear to be in the act of supporting and protecting it. Supporters and Crests also admit Marks of Cadency. Official Insignia may be associated with any Achievement, in such a manner as may be best calculated to display them with becoming effect. Thus, the official staves of the Earl Marshal are blazoned and crossed behind his shield. An Official Badge or Jewel may be suspended from the shield itself. Other objects and devices must determine their own most appropriate display, care being taken that the true Heraldic Achievement should maintain its own distinct individuality. Knightly Insignia are always associated with Achievements of Arms. The Garter and Motto of the Order encircle the shields of all Knights of the Garter; and the CoUar, with the " George," may also be blazoned about the Garter itself. Knights of the Bath encircle their shield with a Bed Eiband charged with the Motto of the Order, and having the Jewel depending. In like manner, the Knights of the Thistle and of St. Patrick, of St. Michael and of St. George, and of the Star of India, place the Eibands of their 172 marshalling and inheritance. Orders with their Mottoes, each about his own shield. These Eibands are severally Green, Sky. Blue, Deep Blue with a Scarlet Stripe, and Light Blue having edges of White. The Badge or Jewel of each Order depends from the Eiband. The Collars also of all these Orders may be blazoned about the shield of any Knight: and a Knight of more than one Order may display the Insignia of each Order. In like manner, all honour able Insignia of every kind may be displayed in association with a Shield or Achievement of Arms. And, in accordance with the same rule, Foreign Orders and Insignia may be displayed, pro vided that they have been duly recognized and admitted in this country. No. 338 a. Shield of John de Hastings, K.G., Earl of Pembroke, quarter ing De Hastings and De Valence, and impaling France Ancient and England quarterly : from the Monument of Queen Phtlippa, in West minster Abbey. See pp. 160, 161. No. 470. Edward I, as Prince Eoyal. No. 471. Henby op Lancaster. CHAPTEE XV. CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. By Cadency Heralds distinguish the different individuals or the several branches of the same family, aU of whom, in right of their common descent, inherit and bear the same arms. Differencing, as distinct from Cadency properly so called, is applied to distinguish the arms of individuals and families who, without any tie of blood-relationship, are connected through Alliance, or who in early times were more or less directly affected by Feudal Dependency. This term Differencing also denotes the secondary charges, by which those shields of arms are dis tinguished that bear the same Ordinances. A shield of arms may thus be " differenced," either by modi fying or adding to the original blazon, while retaining its dis tinctive character ; or by introducing upon the shield some fresh charge, which is to take no part in the actual composition of the arms, but is to have a special and a separate existence of its own as a " Difference." The modified shield, when once adopted, would become in 174 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. fact an independent heraldic composition, and would be per manently retained, while yet at the same time it would indicate clearly and emphatically both its origin and its alliances. The shield, on the other hand, that in its own blazon remains unchanged and without even the very slightest modification, but is differenced by a " Mark," or " Marks of Cadency," would be borne only as a temporary distinction, contingent upon the duration or the change of certain conditions ; and subsequently such a shield would alter its Differences or remove them alto gether, in accordance with the new requirements of advancing time. In these changes in the " Marks of Cadency " which may be: borne at different times by the same individuals, and in the origin of the "Marks" themselves, the student of Historical Heraldry will find lying open before him a wide field for sin gularly interesting and attractive inquiry. Occasionally, more than one Mark of Cadency or Difference appear in the same shield ; and it also was a practice habitually prevalent with the early Heralds to difference their Differences, that is, to charge one Mark of Cadency or Difference upon another. I. 1. The former of the two processes for Differencing Arms may be effected, first, by changing the tincture either of the field, or of the ordinary, or of any other charge, in any Heraldic Com position ; or by simply reversing the tinctures of the field and the ordinary and other charges. Thus, in the time of Henry III., the two Furnivals appear bearing, the one upon a field of gold, and the other upon a field of silver, the same red bend and the same six martlets also red. This shield, No. 365, Plate XXV., is repeated in the curious monument to a lady of the same family in Selby Church, York shire. At the same period the brothers De la Zouche severally bear gules, bezantee, and azure, bezantee, No. 366. The De la Zouches subsequently further difference their shield by intro ducing a canton ermine, as appears in the Brass to Lady CADENCY". CHAPTER XV DB LA ZOUCHE. DE BREWYS. DE LA ZOUCHE. DE BALLIOL . DALTON. DE SEGRAVE. OUCHTRED. CLYNTON. OTTTRICH. TAUCOMBE BIWABRE. TAYNELL. av*^. a^. >w^. "b^ >^T Plate 1XVII. CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 175 Willoughby de Eresby, a.d. 1391, at Spilsby in Lincolnshire, No. 366 A ; and also by charging their shield with a label azure, a chevron ermine, No. 366 b, Plate LXVIL, and a bend arg. (EoU Edw. IL, 1308-1314) ; and again, by adding a chief ermine, (EoU Eich. IL). Sir John de Harcourt, a Banneret, in the time of Edw. II. bears, or, tivo bars gu. ; and at the same period a second Sir John de Harcourt, of Leicestershire, reverses these tinctures, and bears, git., two bars or. The EoU of Edw. III. gives for " Monsire Le Strange, Baro de Knocking," gu., two lions passant arg., and adds that " Monsire Le Strange de Blackmere port le revers," — arg., two lions pass. gu. : and again, in the same EoU, the Lord Moulton of Gilsland bears, arg., three bars gu., and the Lord Moulton of Frankton " le revers." The De Genevtlles, Seigneurs de Broyes, bear, the elder bro ther, sa., three breys or barnacles in pale or, and on a chief erm. a demi-lion rampt. issuant gu., No. 131 A, PI. XPV. : and the younger differences the same arms by simply changing the tincture of the field of his shield from sable to azure ; (EoUs H. III.) These arms of the De Genevilles may be considered to exemplify the compounding two distinct coats. The Mortimers difference by changing the tincture of their inescutcheon from argent to ermine, Nos. 99 and 99 a, p. 31 ; Hugh de Mortimer, of Chelmarsh, sub stitutes gules for the azure of the original shield ; and (EoU Edw. IL), Eoger and John de Mortimer severally charge their silver inescutcheons with a saltire gules, and a lion rampt. purpure. The change from argent to ermine for the tincture of the field was fre quently adopted, as by the Montacutes ; or for the tincture of an ordinary, as in their chevron by the Berkeleys. Again, (Boll E. IL), Sir Giles de Brewys bears, arg., crusilee, a lion rampt. queue fourche'e gu. ; and Sir Eichard differences this same shield by charging his lion and his crosslets on a field ermine, No. 390 a, PI. LXVIL Sir Wm. de Brewys bears, az., crusilee, a lion rampt. or, thus changing both the original tinctures ; and another Sir 176 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. William differences this last shield by charging a fleur-de-lys gules upon the shoulder of the lion. Sir John de Brewys, (temp. E. III.), introduces another slight modification; he bears, az., crusilee, a lion rampt. or, crowned and armed gu., (Calais Boll, a.d. 1347); and, seventy-five years later, the same shield, No. 390, PI. XXXVIL, is six times repeated in the Brass to another John de Brewys, at Wiston in Sussex. In the Calais EoU a second Sir John de Brewys appears, who differences simply by bearing his lion without a crown. Sir William Fitz Waryn, or Fitz Warren bears, quarterly, per fesse indented, arg. and gu., and Sir John differences this shield with a label of three points azure, (Calais EoU) ; but the Garter-Plate of Sir William. Fitz Waryn, K.G., (died 1362), changes the argent for ermine. The arms of De Eos appear varied in their tinctures in the following manner ; gu., three waterAxmgets arg., No. 374, PL XXVII. ; then ermine takes the place of argent ; and again, the same charges sable are blazoned on a shield or. This shield of De Eos appears amongst the Windsor Garter-Plates, in the well known effigy in the Temple Church, and in the Spilsby Brass, and it is also blazoned in the early EoUs of Arms ; in the EoU of Eichard IL, Wdlliam de Eos bears, gu., three water-bougets arg., the first charged with a crescent sable. The Caerlaverock Boll gives an example of a double change of tincture in the banner of John Paignel, a friend and comrade of the brothers De Hastings, who bears, vert, a maunche or. The Earl himself displays the Hastings banner, or, a maunche gu., which his brother Edmond de Hastings differences with a label of five points vert. This Hastings label sometimes appears blazoned sable ; it is vert, however, in the EoU of E. IL, as in the Caer. EoU. William Bardolf bears, az., three cinquefoils or, (Bolls H. III. and Caer.), No. 388 b, PI. XXVII. Another William Bardolf, (Boll of E. II.) bears, az., three cinquefoils arg. ; and Thomas and John Bardolf severally bear, or, three cinquefoils az., and gu., three cinquefoils arg. And, once more, Philip D'Arcy I'ADEIC Y CHAPTER XVI DE SAINT QUINTIN. DE UMPHRAVmji DE SAINT QUINTIN. ^m ^m B ARDOLF FITZ NICKOX. BARDOLF DE BALIilOX. B'ARCY. Tat ^V^ darcy. DARCY. Plate XXVII CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 177 bears, arg., three roses gu. (EoUs H. III., and E. II.) : in the Calais EoU this shield is blazoned for Sir John D'Arcy, arg., three cinquefoils gu. William D'Arcy differences his shield to, gu., three roses arg. (EoU E. II.) ; Eobert D'Arcy bears the red roses upon silver within a bordure indented sable ; Norman, instead of this bordure, differences the same shield with a label of three points azure; and John bears, az., crusiUe, three roses arg. (Boll E. IL). I must reserve for future consideration other differenced shields of both the D'Arcies and the Bardolfs. (See pp. 181, 182.) 2. Secondly retaining the identity of the tinctures, the Cadency and Differencing may be effected by introducing some fresh charge, of at least a comparatively subordinate character, and in corporating it with the original composition of any shield ; or, by slightly varying the charges that are borne on any shield ; or, by substituting one charge for another under like conditions ; or, by associating with one heraldic composition the distinctive insignia of another in such a manner that, while the original design may pre dominate, the presence of the allied arms may readily be recognized. In the great majority of instances the minor charges of shields were unquestionably introduced with a view to " Cadency," while less frequently these same charges may be considered to have appeared in blazon simply for the purpose of " Differ ence :" and, accordingly, in either case Heraldry appears to have derived the most popular associates of its Ordinaries from its own early efforts, more suo, to distinguish and also oftentimes to con nect the different bearers of those simple insignia. When not derived from an allied shield, the fresh charges introduced by the early Heralds.' for marking Cadency or for Differencing do not appear to have been selected upon any definite principle, unless, indeed, the idea of a Rebus may be supposed whenever practicable to have been recognized as possessing a paramount claim. Small Crosses were evidently held in especial esteem ; and, in some cases, devices used as Badges may have been adopted for Dif ferencing. These fresh charges are placed either upon the field 178 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. of the Shield itself or upon the Ordinary, and in the earliest ex amples they are almost invariably many times repeated. As a matter of necessity, these charges would be drawn to so small a comparative scale, that their presence would not very seriously affect the primary idea of the original composition. When set upon the field of any shield, the smaU charges at first appear poudre'e or semee over the entire area, or arranged to form an orle, or as the old Heralds wrote it, an ourle or urle — this orle or urle being a modification of the bordure : the term " urle " is used in the Boll of H. III., but poudre'e does not occur till the time of E. III., and semee is even later : the treatment which we now describe by one or other of these terms poudre'e and semie, is thus blazoned in the Boll of H. III., for Eauf le Fitz Nicole, who bore, gu., semee of escallops arg., a cinquefoil or, — " de goules ung quintefueil de or, le champ pleyn des escallopes d' argent." At a later period, the numbers of the smaller charges are generally reduced so as not to exceed six, and they are disposed in some regular order; and thus, being also drawn on a larger scale, these secondary charges become component members of the heraldic composition in which they appear. Later still — that is to say, about the middle of the fourteenth century — single small charges begin to be used, under special circumstances, " for Difference." The idea of differencing shields of arms by means of small charges again and again repeated, may possibly have been suggested by the early practice of Diapering ; but, whatever its origin, this system of marking Cadency from the first is alto gether distinct from any merely decorative accessories. It will be understood, that the term "Cadency" applies only to the differencing of the shields of several members either of the same famUy or of different branches of the same family : at the same time it is obvious that by a change of tinctures, by fresh combi nations and dispositions, and by the introduction of various minor charges, a series of shields all bearing the same Ordinary maybe effectually " differenced " for different famines who may be allied CADENCY. CHAPTER XVI. FUR1SIVAL. DE LA ZOUCHE OOOO o o o BEAUCHAMP BEAUCHAMP. BEAUCHAMP. vnpp Sjjjpp ^r? v%*^ AjL-n. .j-i-iLrs -oJLjv BEAUCHAMP CLIFFORD. CLIFFORD. \ \ \ 1 \ 3 72?V VT \ 3 73 N- COBHAM. Plate x::v CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 179 without any blood relationship, or between whom there exists no alliance whatever. True " Cadency," I may add, if traced up to its source, will be found in the greater number of instances to imply a certain degree of Marshalling. 3. In the first EoU of Henry III. four shields of Beauchamp are blazoned : of these, one is simply vairte — a second is quarterly arg. and sa., — a third charges a bend gu. upon afield quarterly arg. and of the first, and the fourth is sa., an eagle displayed arg., armed or. The well known shield of the Beauchamps, Earls of Warwick, (No. 370, PI. XXV.), accordingly does not appear in this group ; but the EoU gives the shield of De Newburgh, Earl of Warwick, chequee arg. and az., a chevron erm., No. 367, PI. XXV. The shield vairee is repeated in the Caer. and the Calais EoUs, and in the EoU of Eichard II. In the Caer. Eoll also the arms of Guy Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, are blazoned, gu., semee of crosslets, a fesse or, No. 368 ; and a third banner of Beauchamp, is gu., a fesse between six martlets or, No. 369, PI. XXV. The cross- lets were reduced to the same number, six, early in the fourteenth century (EoU E. I.). In the Elsyng Brass, a.d. 1347, in the Beauchamp monuments at Warwick, in the Calais Eoll and the EoU of Eichard IL, and in the Garter-Plates, the Beauchamps, Earls of Warwick, bear the six golden crosslets, No. 370. Sir John de Beauchamp, K.G. brother of the Earl, differences his shield by charging a crescent sable upon his fesse, No. 371, (Calais Boll) ; and (EoU of Eichard IL), somewhat later, Wm. de Beauchamp does the same, whUe the Earl quarters Beauchamp (crosslets) and Newburgh. The shield with the six martlets is repeated for Sir Walter de Beauchamp, and within a bordure indented arg. for Sir Wm. de Beauchamp, in the Eoll of Edw. II. ; without any dif ference it appears, for Sir Giles, in the Calais Eoll ; in the Eoll of Eich. IL, Eoger de Beauchamp differences the same shield with a mullet sable pierced, charged upon the fesse : and it is also charged with a label azure for an eldest son. Upon a monument, about a.d. 1400, in Worcester Cathedral, this martlet shield of n 2 180 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. the Beauchamps is very effectively blazoned (in this monument the effigy of the lady has the head resting upon a swan of ample size), and also in the Brass of the same period to Sir Nicholas Dagworth, at Blickling in Norfolk. In other shields of the members of different branches of this famUy, six crescents, or the same number of billets, all of gold, are blazoned with a golden fesse upon a red field. The Cliffords, who bear chequee or and az., a bend gu., in the EoU of Henry III., No. 372, PI. XXV., at Caerlaverock display a fesse in place of the bend, No. 373 ; and, subsequently, they charge on their bend three lions of England. The Cobhams bear, gu., a chevron or. In the Calais EoU this shield, without doubt the original shield of his family, is assigned to Sir John de Cobham, but with the addition of a silver label. A second Sir John de Cobham bears, gu., on a chevron or, three lioncels rampt. sa., No. 377, PI. XXV. : Sir Beginald differences by substituting three estoiles pierced, of the same tincture, for the three lioncels, No. 379 : another Sir John, a.d. 1420, charges his golden chevron with three eaglets sable '(Collections of Nieh. Charles, p. 158, in Coll. Arm.) : and other Cobhams carry out the system by severally charging their chevron, which is always golden, with either three crosslets, or three fleurs de lys, or three crescents, or three mart lets, all sable; (Calais Eoll, Eoll of E. IL, Seals, Canterbury Cloisters Shields, Brasses at Cobham in Kent and Chrishall in Essex, and Brass to Sir John de Harpedene at Westminster). Bauf de Cobham adds an estoile, for a secondary Difference, with his crosslets, No. 378, PL XXV. ; (Brass at Cobham, A. d. 1402). In another Eoll of Edw. III., a fourth John de Cobham is said to have borne " gules, sur une chevron d'or, trois estoiles de sable, entre trois lis le asur ;" the azure of the fleurs de lys here is pro bably a mistake of the transcriber of the original MS. for argent. I must add that in the Boll of Eich. II., a Thomas de Cobham bears, gu., a cross arg. Crosslets were evidently the favourite charges for marking CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 181 early Cadency ; some other forms of small crosses also frequently occur. And Martlets and Mullets appear to have been held in esteem as Differencing Changes, in a degree inferior only to that accorded to Crosslets. In the Eoll of Henry III., Piers de Brewys bears, arg., a lion rampt. az. ; but Wm. de Brewys changes this to, az., crusilee, a lion rampt. or., as I have already shown, p. 175. The De Balliols difference, gu., an orle arg. in a remarkable manner, No. 645, PI. LXVIL, by placing in the dexter chief a smaU azure inescutcheon charged with a lion rampt. crowned or ; and secondly they difference by simply modifying the original blazon to az., semee of crosses crosslets, an orle or, No. 376, PI. XXVII. In his Brass, a.d. 1275, Sir Eoger de Trumpingdon (also Eoll E. I.) bears on his shield, az., crusilee, two trumpets in pile or, No. 375, PI. XL VIII. : Sir Giles de Trumpington repeats the same arms, somewhat later, (EoU E. II.) (See also early stained glass at Trumpingdon). Upon his aUettes and upon smaU escutcheons upon his sword-scabbard Sir Eoger adds a label of three points, thus corroborating the evi dence borne by his shield to show that the engraving of this interesting Brass was never completed. The arms of De Lucy are, gu., three lucies haurient in fesse arg. (Eoll H. III). This shield is differenced by substituting or for arg., and powdering the field with crosslets first of silver and then of gold. Six shields are blazoned, each with a single cinquefoil, in the Eoll of Henry HI. Of these one bears the charge of silver and another of gold, on a red field. Fitz Nichol retains the gold and red tinctures, but powders his field with silver escallops, No. 388, PI. XXVII. On a field sable, De Faucombe bears both the cinquefoil and an orle of martlets arg., No. 390 A. De Umphraville adheres to the original tinctures, but adds a bordure az., semie of horseshoes or, No. 388 a. Thomas Bardolph has an azure shield, crusilee and with the cinquefoil or — his elder brother, William Bardolph bearing, as I have already shown, az., three cinquefoils or — No. 388 b. In addition to the shields of his own house, 182 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. Thomas de Saint Quintin, a.d. 1445, at Harpham in his Brass, has a shield charged with the arms of Thomas Bardolph, No. 388 c, PL XXVII. ; in this example the crosslets are drawn fleurie, No. 388 d, PI. XLVIH. At Trumpington, Elsyng, Warwick, Cobham, and in the earlier Stall-Plates at Windsor, the crosslets are botone'e — No. 388 e, PL XLVIH. : this appears to be the favourite manner of rendering this popular charge, though in many instances its points are cut off square, as in No. 83, PI. III. The shield of Sir Amorye D'Arcy, in the Calais Eoll, bears arg., within an orle of cinquefoils, an inescutcheon gu., No. 388 f, PL XXVL, and, in the same Eoll, Sir William D'Arcy differences this shield to az., crusilee, three cinquefoils arg., No. 388 h. Other D'Arcies bear, arg., three sixfoilsgu.; andaz., crusilee, three sixfoils arg., No. 388 i : and, for further difference, arg., within an orle of sixfoils gu., an inescutcheon sa., No. 388 G. A monument of the Caerlaverock period at Howden in Yorkshire, to a De Saltmarsh, displays a shield, crusilee, charged with three sixfoils, No. 389 ; this shield is blazoned, org., crusilee three roses gu., (EoU E. II). In their noble Brass at Little Horkesley in Essex, a.d. 1412, the shields of the Swynbornes, No. 391, PL XXXVIL, are, gu., crusilee, three boar's heads couped arg.; the same shield is blazoned in the EoU of Henry UL, and the Eoll of Eichard II. Thomas Swynborne differences it with a label of three points or, while a William Swynborne bears, per fesse gu. and arg, three roses counterchanged, seeded or. A shield semee of quo- trefoils, with a wUd boar, (sanglier,) in chief, appears in the Brass to Sir Thomas Massyngberde, a.d. 1405, at Gunby, in Lincoln shire. Sir John Comyn bears, arg., crusilee three garbs gu. (EoU E. II). Sir Thomas Dalton bears, az., crusilee or, a lion rampt. guard, arg., No. 391 a, PL LXVIL (Calais Eoll and Eoll E. II.) Bawdwyn Beresforde (Eoll E. IL), bears, arg., three fleurs de lys, two and one, between six crosslets fitchees sa. John Warre, Eichard Louel and Geoffrey Hauteville severally bear, gu., crusilee, a lion rampt. arg. ; or, crusilee, a lion rampt. az. ; CJLD^KCY/. CHAPTER XVI BE SALTMARSH. DE BREWYS DE SWYNBORNE. DE BERKELEY DE BERKELEY GRIMSTONE. GREVILLE. ##& UGBTREJD. DE BASSETT $3Lft * HOWABD CLYNTOlN. ft ft DE BASSETT. ftftft Plate XXXVIL CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 183 and, sa., crusilee or, a lion rampt. org., No. 391 b., PL LXVIL In the Eoll of E. I., John de la Warre bears the same shield ; but William de Warre bears, gu., a lion rampt. queue fourchSe arg., over aU a bendlet sa. The red shield of the Berkeleys, with their chevron variously tinctured, appears in the early Bolls powdered with either silver crosses pattees, silver crosses crosslets, silver cinquefoils, or silver roses, Nos. 392, 393, PL XXXVIL (See the shield and jupon of the effigy in Bristol Cath., Seals, EoU E. I., and Collections of Nicholas Charles, p. 228, in CoU. Arm.) The Berkeley shield is further differenced with either a label azure or a bordure argent ; and in the Eoll of H. III. Mau rice de Barkele bears simply, gu., a cheveron arg. I am not able to show that as a Berkeley originaUy bore a silver chevron without any other charge, so a Howard once bore a silver bend alone upon a field gules ; but I see no reason for doubting that the Howard of an earUer time than that of Ed. II. placed the crosses crosslets upon the weU known shield of his house for Difference : the blazon of this shield is, gu., a bend between six crosslets fitchees arg. No. 394, PL XXXVIL See Chap. XXVIII. and No. 613. At Checkenden, Bucks, the spirited effigy of a mail-clad De Montfort exhibits the remarkable shield of that family differenced with crosslets fitchees : it may be thus bla zoned, gu., crusilee fitchee, a lion rampt. queue fourchSe arg., preying on an infant ppr. ; in this example the sculptor has represented the Uon facing to the sinister, No. 399, PL XLIX. In the Eoll of E. IL, the De Montfort Crosslets are not fitchees. And, once more, the shield of the Botilers, Barons of Wem, affords another example : it is, gu., between six crosses patees fitchees arg., a fesse counter-componSe sa. and of the second. 4. In one of the Bolls of H. III., the red pile of Chandos appears differenced with mullets: this shield, No. 127, PL VI., is, or, a pile gu., charged with three mullets of six points gold, between as many others of the second. In the Calais Eoll, William Clynton, Earl of Huntingdon, bears arg., six crosslets fitchees sa., and on a 184 cadency and differencing. chief az., two mullets or, No. 400, PL XXXVIL : but Thomas Clynton retains a simpler shield, arg., on a chief az., two mullets of six points or, pierced gu., and he adds over all, a label of three points erm., No. 400 a, PL LXVIL At Caerlaverock, the brothers Bassett, who both bear, erm., a chief indented gu., difference their shields by severally charging .their chiefs with three mullets and three escallops or, Nos. 402, 403, PL XXXVIL The earliest known seal of the Douglasses, the secretum of William, Lord Douglas, a.d. 1296, bears simply, org., on a chief az. three mullets of the field : the Eoyal Heart first appears on the field of the shield, a.d. 1355, on the seals of William, first Earl Douglas; and the Heart is ensigned with a Crown, a.d. 1617, on the seal of William, eleventh Earl of Angus : the five shields upon the monument of the Countess of Lennox, at Westminster, a.d. 1577, have in pretence the Douglas shield bearing the three mullets and the heart without a crown ; the Garter-Plate of James, Earl Douglas, KG., however, displays the crowned heart : See No. 177 a, PL XIV. (See Seton, p. 224.) The St. Johns, in like manner, bear mullets on a chief. John de St. John, arg., on a chief gu., two mullets or; and his son, John the younger, differences this shield with a label of five points azure ; Nos. 404, 404 a, PL XXVIII. Another John de St. John, instead of the label, differences with a bordure indented sa. ; Eoger changes the tincture of the field from argent to ermine; and another brother of the same house bears, arg., crusilee sa., on a chief gu. two mullets or, (Eoll E. II. ). Sir Edmond Bacoun modifies the St. John shield thus, gu., on a chief arg., two mullets sa. The three shields which foUow are blazoned in the first EoU of H. III. : E. de Shastone, gu., on a bend arg., three mullets az. ; E. de Moelles, arg., two bars, and in chief as many mullets gu. ; and William D'Odingseles, arg., a fesse, and in chief two mullets gu. In the Eoll of Ed. I., the mullets of William D'Odingseles have six points, and his brother has a single mullet only. In this same Eoll, the shield of Eauf Daubeny is blazoned, gu., four fusils CADENCY" CHAPTER XA ST JOHN. ST JOHN GRAHAM. ft ft IRRM D' AXTBYGNE . D ' AXTBYDNE . DE DEYYIILE, DE FEWER. DAUBYGNE. AT SELBY. DE RACHECOURTE. DE BEALTMOWTE . DE POTENHALL . Plate XXVUI. CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 185 conjoined in fesse arg., No. 405, PL XXVIII. (See also the same shield upon the pommel of the sword-hilt of Sir Giles Daubeny, K.G., in Westminster Abbey, a.d. 1507.) In the year 1345, a monumental slab was sculptured and placed at Norton Brise in Oxfordshire, to . commemorate Sir John Daubygne. It is a very remarkable composition in every respect, and singularly interesting in its Heraldry. Four of its five shields are charged with the arms of Daubygne. Of these one bears, two chevrons within a bordure engrailed ; in the EoU of Henry HI., William Daubeny bears, or, two chevrons within a bordure gu. The second of the Norton Brise shields bears Daubygne. as in the Boll of Edward I., No. 405, PL XXVIII. ; the third shield charges each fusil with a pierced mullet ; and the fourth bears the fusils erm., with the addition of three mullets in chief, No. 406. Philh? Daubeny bears, three martlets above his silver fusils ; No. 408 a ; and Elys differences by simply charging an azure bendlet over all. At p. 134 I give a representation of the achievement of Sir John Daubygne", No. 408, drawn from the original monu ment; he himself is thus seen to bear the shield, No. 407; his Crest is a pierced muUet within a wreath of olive-leaves, and his Mantling is also powdered with pierced mullets. Again, Sir Thomas Ughtred bears (Calais Eoll), gu., on a cross fleurie or, five mullets sa., No. 401, PL XXXVIL This shield is differenced as foUows : by Sir Eobert Ouctred (Eoll E. IL), or, on a cross pattSe gu., four mullets of the field, No. 401 a, PL LXVIL ; and by Thomas Oittrich (Eoll E. IL), gu., on a cross patonce or, five mullets of six points pierced of the field, No. 401 b, PL LXVIL In the first and fourth quarters of his shield, the present Earl of Verulam bears, arg., on a fesse sa., three mullets of six points or, pierced gu., in the dexter chief an ermine spot for difference. This shield, No. 395, PL XXXVIL is engraved on a brass plate with an inscription to Sir Edward Grimston, in Eishangles Church, Suffolk, a.d. 1599 : also Eoll Eichard II. The Les Despensers charge their bend, No. 107, PL V. with three mullets, for Differ- 186 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. ence, and they also engrail the bend itself, (Calais Eoll). In like manner, in the year 1337, William de Bohun, Earl of Northampton (afterwards a Knight Founder of the Garter), differences his paternal shield by charging upon the silver bend three mullets of six points. In the Calais Eoll these mullets are blazoned gules, but they are also elsewhere tinctured sable. The shields of this renowned Baron and of his son, both drawn from their seals, are placed side by side in Plate XX., Nos. 397, 398. It will be seen that in No. 398 the cotises are better developed than in the shield of the earlier Humphrey de Bohun, No. 201, the father of the Earl of Northampton. The shield of the De Bohuns, both with and without a label, is blazoned in the EoUs of Henry III., Edw. I., and Caerlaverock; it occupies a foremost place amidst the Stall-Plates of the Knights of the Garter, No. 629, PL LXVI. ; it yet lingers over what remains of the once honoured burial-place of their powerful family, the Llan- thony Abbey, founded by themselves near Gloucester; it ap pears, finely sculptured, both alone and impaling Fitz Alan and Warrenne, in places of distinguished honour at Canterbury ; and it occurs repeatedly in the Heraldry of both Seals and Monuments — as in the Seals of Henry IV. and Thomas of Wood stock his Ul-fated uncle, and also in those of the Staffords, Dukes of Buckingham, in the Brasses at Westminster, Spilsby, and Exeter, and the Beauchamp Chapel monument at Warwick. 5. The Martlets that are charged upon the shield attributed to the Confessor, No. 78, PL I., have been assumed by Mr. Planche to have been derived from the impress of the pennies of the last Saxon Edward, which are stamped with a plain cross between four doves. (See Pursuivant of Arms, p. 93, where one of these coins is figured.) This shield of St. Edward, which appears at the head of the fine early series in Westminster Abbey, may have suggested the adoption of the Martlet as a Differencing charge. The Furnivals, whether at a still earlier period they did or did not bear their bend alone, in the Eoll of H. III. KNOTS AND MO'j xOES. by a Chapeau or a Wreath, or sometimes it rose above a Coronet. It also became a usage in the fifteenth century to have the Crest rise from out of a Coronet, which was simply a decoration to the helm, and supplied the place of the more prevalent Wreath. This Crest-Coronet, No. 257 a, probably derived from Crest-Coronet.— No. 257 a. such a coronet-like enrichment of helms as appears in the effigy of Sir Hugh Calvely at Bunbury, No. 257, is still retained in modern Heraldry. It is commonly blazoned as a Ducal-Coronet : it has no reference, however, to ducal or to any other rank, and it might with greater propriety be distinguished as simply a Crest- Coronet. In form it bears a close resemblance to the crowns of Henry III., (No. 198, p. 61), and Alianore of Castile. The basinet of Sir Hugh Calvely affords a rich example of the Orle or Wreath, No. 257, PL XVI. : but this accessory was more gene rally worn projecting from the helm, as in the effigy of Balph Neville, Earl of Westmoreland, at Staindrop, No. 258. See Wreath, p. 133. The Wreath (see Wreath in Chap. XIII.), is now represented having six folds, three of the principal metal and three of the principal colour of the arms : and in the case of a quartered shield the tinctures of the Wreath are those of the first quarter. This Crest- Wreath first appears a little before the middle of the 14th century : the Brass to Sir John Harsyck, No. 301 (a.d. 1384), gives a good early example ; and other still earlier ex amples occur in the seals of Sir John Willoughby (1340), Sir Thomas Erskine (1364), and Sir Alexander and Sir David Lindsay (1371, 1389). The Effigy of Sir Humphrey Stafford at Bromsgrove, Worcestershire, has been noticed as displaying \aul. xheon gi<. BAuGES, ". .ESTS,' ouPPOR'ljiKS, another early example of the Crest- Wreath ; this is an error, however, the date of that effigy being about 1450, and not about 1350. Crests are not borne in the armorial insignia of ladies, what ever may be their rank or condition, with the sole exception of the Sovereign. It has long been the custom for Crests to be assigned to Corporate Bodies, but such an usage must be held to be totaUy at variance with true heraldic feeling. In his second Great Seal, a.d. 1194, Eichard I. wears a fan like decoration surmounting his helm, having beneath it a lion, No. 259, PL XXVI. In many instances the helms of the thir teenth century have similar Crests, variously adorned. Hum phrey de Bohun, fourth Earl of Hereford, bears the fan-like device both on his own helm and on the head of his charger, No. 260; Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln (a.d. 1272-1312) does the same ; and, as late as about 1345, Sir Geoffrey Louterell's Crest retains its fan-like contour, but it is charged with his arms, as in No. 261, PL XXVI. Edward III. upon his Great Seal for the first time bears a true heraldic Crest — the Crowned Lion of England, standing upon a chapeau, No. 262. This Sovereign sometimes also bears an Eagle on his crest : but from this time the crowned lion has continued to be the Crest of England. It is to be observed, that the marks of Eoyal Cadency were displayed as well upon Crests as upon shields. The Eoyal Lion, for ex ample, stands upon the helm of the Black Prince gorged with his silver label, No. 263, PL XXVI. In like manner, Labels and other Marks of Cadency appear upon the Crests of personages of noble and knightly rank. Thus, the lion-crests of John Plan tagenet, K.G., Duke of Bedford, of George Plantagenet, K.G., Duke of Clarence, and of John Mowbray, K.G., Duke of Norfolk (a.d. 1435, 1477 and 1475), as blazoned in their stall-plates, are gorged with labels, the first having three, and the latter two five points; Nos. 520 and 521, Pis. XXX. and XLL These labels appear to be worn by the lions after the manner of bands or CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 187 appear differencing with martlets. (See p. 174, and No. 365, PL XXV.) The Louterels and the Mounteneys, also early bearers of bends, in like manner associate martlets with their Ordinary : thus, Sir Andrew and Sir Geoffrey Louterel severally bear, or, a bend between six martlets sa., and arg., a bend between six martlets sa. ; Sir Ernauf Mounteney bears, az., a bend between six martlets or, which one Sir John further differences with a mullet gu. charged upon the bend, while a second Sir John blazons this last combination upon a field gu., and a third Sir John upon a field gu. bears a bend cotised between six martlets or, No. 413 c, PL LXVIII. ; EoU E. H. The same Eoll of E. II. gives for Sir Eoger Brabazon, gu., on a bend or, three martlets sa., and for Sir Eenard le Gros, quarterly arg. and az., on a bend sa., three martlets or. The Beauchamps, as I have shown, (p. 179,) differ enced their golden fesse with six martlets : and Sir John de Lacy bears or, a fesse and in chief three martlets gu. : Sir S. de Cheney bears the same on a field argent : and Sir T. Blount bears, gu., a fesse between six martlets arg. Again (Eoll E. II.), John Burdet bears, az., two bars or, each charged with three martlets gu., and John Bagot, arg., a chevron gu., between three martlets sa. Martlets were also commonly borne for Difference so arranged as to form an Orle or Bordure. Thus, in the EoU of H. III., Eoger de Merley bears, barry of six arg. and gu., a bordure gu. charged with martlets or, No. 412, PL XLVIH ; Walter de Fau- combe bears, sa. a cinquefoil within an orle of martlets arg., No. 390 b, PL LXVIL ; and Franc de Boun, gu., a crescent within an orle of martlets erm., No. 413, PL XLVIH. Sir Wm. de Paynel bears, org., two bars sa., within an orle of martlets gu., which Sir Thos. Paynell modifies by bearing his two bars azure on afield or, retaining the orle of martlets unchanged, No. 412 a, PL LXVIL I may here observe that in the original Eoll of Edw. II. the blazon of the shield of Sir Wm. Paynel describes the martlets as " en la maner de bordure assis." Again, Sir William and Sir John Vaus bear, arg., within an orle of martlets, an inescutcheon gu. ; and, 188 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. gu., semSe of martlets or, and on an inescutcheon gold two lions passant azure, No. 413 a, PI. LXVIII. Sir Thomas Erpingham, K.G. (a.d. 1425), bears, vert, an inescutcheon within an orle of martlets arg., No. 643, PL LXVIII. (Garter-Plate, and " Erpingham Gate " to the Cathedral Close, Norwich.) The orle of martlets, once more, that is so happily effective in the shields of William and Aymer de Valence, No. 101, PL V., and PL VII., is another familiar example of the use of this favourite charge in early Cadency. The paternal shield of these distinguished Barons was simply barruly (the bars sans nombre) org., and az., No. 414, PL XXXVIII. This shield was once blazoned upon the Westminster Monument, and it is stUl pre served in connection with the curious semi-effigy of Ethelmer or Aymer de Valence, brother of Earl "William, Bishop of Win chester, in Winchester Cathedral. I have engraved this reUc in my " Christian Monuments." Upon this shield a label gules is charged, for an eldest son, No. 415 — the arms of the Counts of Lusignan. Then, upon the barruly field there is introduced — possibly to compound two Coats of Arms— a lion rampt. gu., crowned or, — No. 416. The orle of red martlets succeeds, No. 101 ; and at the same time, three crowned lioncels of the same tincture modify the Difference effected by the single lion, No. 417 : this last shield, No. 417, remains in the Westminster Monument, the original enamel being stUl fresh and brilliant. And, once more, Guy, the younger brother of William de Valence, so far alters the shield of his house, that he bears, arg., three bars az. over all a bendlet gu. : I add this shield, No. 418, to complete the De Valence group, in which the student will observe that the tincture, gules, is retained in all these shields for their varied' Differences. The Count De Eochefoucault, who was descended from the Lusignan family, bears, barry of ten arg. and az., three chevronels gu. Another group of shields, three in number, may be associated with the shields of the De Valences, in order to ex emplify more fully their system of marking Cadency : these are CADES CY CHAPTEP! XVI DE VALENCE. DE VALENCE DE VALENCE. TOBE wwS *tv?t S?5^ -^ V DE VALENCE DE VALENCE. DE VALENCE. DE CHAWORTH. DE CHAWORTH, DE CHAWORTH. ~~ Bvp£ flS^ S*^^" DE RYTHEB . PAHYS . DE FRESSEL. Plate X.XXV7T. CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 189 the shields of the De Chaworths, which severally are blazoned, barruly arg. and gu., an orle of martlets sa. ; then three martlets, two and one, sa., take the place of the orle ; and, finally, a bendlet supersedes the martlets altogether; Nos. 419, 420, and 421, Plate XXXVIII. (See Aspilogia, I. 55, and Phillpot (muUet) p. 55, in Coll. Arm.) In the Eoll of Edw. II. , Sir Patrick Chaworthe bears, barry or and az., an orle of martlets sa. (See Chap. XVI., " Cadency of the De Beauforts.) 6. The always beautiful Fleur de lys appears as a Differencing charge in the blazon of early shields. It would seem, indeed, that the fleurs de lys which are scattered over the field in the old arms of France, were designed to mark a difference from a kindred shield charged with a single de lys, as, subsequently, the shield semee de lys, was differenced by Bordures, Bendlets and Cantons : or, if not thus in itself an actual example of heraldic Cadency, the shield that is so well known as France Ancient (No. 2, p. 12,) could not fail to be regarded as eminently suggestive, when the Heralds of England for the first time were engaged in working out some system of differencing arms. In the early examples of France Anctent the fleurs de lys are very small, and they are scattered thickly over the field : thus, in the shield sculptured in the north choir-aisle of Westminster Abbey there are no less than eighteen complete fleurs de lys and parts of eight others : another early example of this shield I give in Chap. XXIV., Section 1. In the EoU of Henry III., Bobert Agulon bears, gu., a single fleurs de lys arg. ; and the shield of De Tatelow is, gu., three fleurs de lys or. A remarkable incised monumental slab at Abergavenny has a shield charged also with three large fleurs delys, No. 425 a, PI. XXXIX. Vincent (MS. SS. in Coll. Arm.) gives the seal of Melicent de Monte Alto (De Montault), a.d. 1235, with her effigy between two shields, the dexter shield bearing a lion rampant, and the sinister shield three fleurs de lys ; at Stradsett in Norfolk there is a noble monumental slab, despoiled of its cross, shields and inscriptions, to Emma, 190 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. widow of Eichard Fitz John and of Eobert de Montault, a.d 1329, who also displayed upon her seal an interesting heraldic combination: (See Archceol. Journal, XV., 286). Fleurs de lys thus borne in smaU, or comparatively small numbers, as primary charges, are not of very frequent occurrence. William de Peyver bears, (Eoll H. III.), arg., on a chevron gu., three fleurs de lys or, No. 423, PL XXVIII. This shield is repeated in the Eoll of Erjw. II. for John de Peyvre, and borne also by Eoger Peyvre with the chevron azure. John de Deyville (EoU H. IH.) modifies this composition to, or, on a fesse gu., three fleurs delys the central one reversed gold, No. 424. A second John Deyville (De Yuile) (Eoll E. I.) bears, or, on a fesse gu., two fleurs de lys gold, between four others of the second, No. 424 a, PL LXVIII. ; and the EoU of E. II. repeats this last shield for Johan de Deyville. One of the shields in the Selby monument bears three fleurs de lys, all of them erect, upon a fesse, No. 425, PL XXVIII. The Brass to Sir John Giffard, a.d. 1348, which has lately been restored to Bower Gifford Church in Essex, upon a field beautifully diapered bears, six fleurs de lys, three, two and one, No. 425 b, PL XXXIX. John Neville, (Eoll E. II.) bears, gu., erusilSe, three fleurs de lys arg., No. 424 B, PL LXVIII. The shield of Sir Theobald de Eachecourte, blazoned in the Calais Eoll, displays the singular arrangement of five golden fleurs de lys set in saltire upon a sable field, No. 426, PL XXVIII. Eichard Hakebut bears, arg. on a bend cotised gu. three fleurs de lys or, No. 426 A, PL LXVIII. Henry de Cobham bears, gu., on a chevron or, three fleurs de lys arg. In the Eoll of Bich. II. , the arms of John Walsh and Alnack de Anlaby are arg., a chevron between three fleurs de lys sa., and, arg., a fesse between six fleurs de lys sa. Shields not unfrequently have their field fleurettee or semee of fleurs de lys : thus, the original shield of the Hollands bears, az., fleurettSe, a lion rampt. arg., No. 637, PL LXV. In the Calais Eoll, Sir Thomas and Sir Otho Holland both bear this shield, the former charging the shoulder of his lion with an annulet sable, and CADENCY AND BADGES. CHAPTER XVI. FITZ RALPH. HROMF1.ETE AT ABERGAVENNY^. DE CANTELTJPE. Plate XXXJX. CADENCY AND DTFFERENCING. 191 the latter with a crescent of the same tincture, for Difference : (see also Ashmole's blazon of the Arms of the Knights of the Garter.) The De Beaumonts, in like manner, bear the field of their shields semee de lys. The arms are, az., semee de lys, a lion rampt. or. An example of this coa.t occurs in one of the shields of the Spilsby Brass, No. 427, PL XXVIII. Other branohes of the same family change the tinctures to gules and argent, they substitute an orle of silver crescents for the field fleurettee, and they place over all either an azure label or a bendlet componSe arg. and gu. In the Calais EoU, Sir Thomas Beaumonte bears the crescents, No. 638, PL LXVIII., and Sir John Beaumonte, the younger, adds a label to a similar shield. Again, at a considerably later period (a.d. 1622), Lionel, Baron Cranfield bears, or, on apale az., three fleursdelys gold. The Brass to a Fitz Ealph, at Pebmarsh in Essex, near Clare, about a.d. 1320, has a differenced shield of the De Clares, which charges each chevronel with three fleurs de lys, and surrounds the whole with a bordure : in the EoU of Edward II. the arms of Fitz Ealph are blazoned, or, three chevronels gu., fleurettee arg., No. 422, PL XXXIX. In the east window of the south aisle of the church at Pebmarsh, two of these shields of Fitz Balph appear charged upon panels of rich blue glass, within quatrefoils formed of gold and black. Another similar panel contains a correspond ing shield bearing, quarterly arg. and gu., on a bend sa.,five annulets or. These are very fine examples of Heraldry in stained glass, temp. Edward II. (See also Collections of Nicholas Charles,1^. 139, in Coll. Arm.) In the arms of Sir Thomas Bromflete, in his Brass at Wim- ington in Bedfordshire, a.d. 1430, the fleurs de lys assume a very peculiar position : his shield, No. 426 b, PL XXXIX., bears, sa., a bend fleurie counter-fleurie or. This shield the Bromfletes further difference by charging their bend with three hurtes. This bend of the Bromfletes naturaUy directs the attention of students to the Eoyal Tressure of Scotland, which is also fleurie counter-fleurie ; Plates V. and XXIL Lawrence Hameldene (Eoll E. II.) uses the fleurs de lys for cadency after a different fashion ; he bears, 192 cadency and differencing. arg., frettSe gu., the frette fleurettee, No. 634, PL LXVIII. The shield of the De Cantelupes, again, furnishes another curious instance of the use of the same charges, which have been placed in strange association with lion's faces evidently with a view to compound two coats of arms. The blazon of this shield, for William de Cantelupe at Caerlaverock, is, gu., between three lion's faces jessant de lys or, a fesse vair : in the Eoll of E. I. William de Cantelo omits the fesse, No. 426 c, PL XXXIX. 7. The arms of Fitz Nichol, No. 388, PL XL VIIL, are, gu., semSe of escallop-shells org., a cinquefoil or ; the original blazon of this shield is thus given in the Eoll of H. III. — " de goules ung quintefueil de or, le champ pleyn des escallopes d'argent." The escallop shells appear again upon the shield of De Bigot, who bears, or, on a cross gu., five escallops org., No. 639, PL LXXI. Again, the arms of the De Grahams are, gu., a saltire and chief org., the latter charged with three escallops of the field, No. 409, PL XXVIII. In the Boll of E. IL, a Plompton bears, az., five fusils in fesse or, each charged with an escallop gu,, No. 640, PL LXXI. Earlier in the fourteenth century, Sir Eauf de Hemen- hale bears, or, on a fesse between two chevronels gu., three escallops arg., No. 641, PL LXXI; Sir Gilbert le Boun or Bohun charges the bend of the Bohun shield (No. 397, PL XX.) with three escallops gu., (Eoll of E. III.) ; Henry Spencer first differences the old shield of the Le Despencers in the year 1476 by charging three escallops argent on the sable bend, and the arms thus dif ferenced are now borne by both the Duke of Marlborough and the Earl Spencer. Again, Sir J. Fastolf, K.G., bears, quar terly or and az., on a bend gu., three escallops arg. Sir W. de Acre bears, gu., three escallops arg., which Sir Edmon differences by bearing the field of his shield semee of trefoils or, No. 642, PL LXXI ; (Eoll E. IL). Again, Thos. de Wennesley bears, erm., on a bend gu., three escallops or; Wm. Cogsale, arg., a crossbetween four escallops sa, ; Wauter Strykeland bears, sa., three escallops, two and one, arg. ; Wauter Taylboys bears, arg., a saltire gu., on a CADEXTCT. CHAPTER XV hameldene . Plate LXVIII CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 193 chief of the last three escallops of the field ; and the shield of John de Dabrichecourt displays, erm., three bars humettee gu., each charged with as many escallops or ; Eoll E. II. 8. In his effigy at Eyther, in Yorkshire, Sir William de Eyther, a.d. 1275, bears a shield charged with three Crescents, No. 427 a, PL XXXVIII. In the Eoll of E. IL, another William de Eyther bears, az., three crescents or. Franc le Boun, in one of the earliest EoUs, bears the same shield, the tinctures being sa., three crescents or. The Brass to Eobert Parys, a.d. 1408, at Hildersham in Cambridgeshire, is charged with a cross fleurie, and has two 'crescents in chief; No. 427 b. I have already given, from the other EoU, for Franc le Boun, a shield charged with a single crescent, within an orle of martlets; No. 413, Pl.XL. Again, in the Calais Eoll, John de Potenhall bears, or, on a fesse org., three increscents of the field ; No. 428, PL XXVIII. Sir Eobert de Farnham bears, per pale arg. and az., four crescents counter-changed ; and Sir John de Welle, gu., within a bordure compone'e or and az., six crescents arg. ; (Eoll E. II. ). Nycol de Clyfton bears, sa., on a bend arg. three crescents gu., in the sinister chief a crescent of the second; and Thos. Cheyne, az., on a fesse nebulSe, between three crescents or, a fleur de lys gu. ; Eoll E. II. 9. The Berkeleys, as I have already shown, No. 393, PL XXXVIL bore Roses for difference. In the Caer. Eoll, the banners of the Earl of Laonis or Lothian and his son Patrick of Dunbar bear, gu., a lion rampt., within a bordure arg. semee of roses of the field, No. 429 A, PI. LXXI., the son adding an azure label, No. 429, PL XXXII. (In the Herald and Genealogist, II., 9 and 34, attention is directed to the correct rendering of " Laonis " by Lothian and not Lennox, a correction made by the learned author •of " Law and Practice of Scottish Peerages," 1842, p. 988.) Again, Simon de Fressel bears, sa., six roses org., No. 431 ; and (Eoll of H. ni.) Philip D'Arcy bears, arg., three roses gu. This shield Eobert D'Arcy differences by placing it within a bordure indented '. ; Norman D'Arcy substitutes a label for the bordure ; o 194 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. William counter-changes the tinctures; and John bears, az., crusilee, three roses arg. ; Nos. 388 k and L, PL LXXI. ; see also, Nos. 388 f, g, h, i, k, PL XXVTI. Bob. Knolles bears, gu., on a chevron arg., three roses of the field ; Wm. de Cosyngton, az., three roses, two and one or ; and Eich. de Beulee, quarterly arg. and gu., a rose counter-changed, seeded or ; Eoll E. H. In early blazoning but little difference appears to have been recognized between sixfoils and roses. Garlands or chaplets, or roses with or with out leaves, were borne as charges, and they may have done duty as Marks of Cadency. At Caerlaverock, Ealph de Fitzwilliam bore a banner, barry arg. and az., charged with three chaplets of roses ppr.; No. 432, PL XLIX; (also Eoll E. H.). William Bassett bears, arg., two bars, and in chief three chaplets of roses gu. ; (Eoll E. I.). Another example of a shield bearing three chaplets of roses, occurs in the Brass to Eoger Elmebrigge, a.d. 1430, at Beddington in Surrey. This shield, which exemplifies a very singular manner of drawing the roses, also bears two chevronels, and it has a label of three points ; No. 432 A, PL XLIX. In the Brass this shield appears both alone and impaled by Elmebrigge, chequSe arg. and sa. ; and, consequently, it is an example of dif ferencing by a label in the arms borne by a lady. 10. The Deincourts bear, az. bilettee, a fesse dancette or ; No. 410, PL XLVHI. ; (EoUs of Henry HI., Edward in., and Caer.) Sir Edmond de Gacelyn, or Gaceline, bears, or, UlettSe az. ; and this shield Sir Walter and Sir John difference, the one with a label of five points gu., and the other with a bendlet gu. ; Eoll E. H. The shield of Louvaine, Loveyne or Lovayne is, gu., billettSe or, a fesse arg., and that of St. Omer, az., billettee, a fesse or ; EoUs H. HI. and E. H. Eoger de Wassingtone (a.d. 1341), on his seal displays a shield having the field billettee, and charged with three swans upon a bend, No. 644, PL LXXI. The seal of Eauf de Bulmer, (Eoll E. IL), bears a lion rampt. on a field billettSe; and another shield differenced with billets appears in .the Brass to John Haydon, at Theddlethorpe in Lincolnshire, CADE N C IT CHAPTER XVI COTJRTENAY. DE BASCREVTLLE DE VTPO^T IRRf F. DE NEVILLE. DE FORTTBUS. T>E VAUX. \ ' \ x DE WELLE. Pkte CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 195 a.d. 1424, the principal charge being a lion passant ; No. 411, PL XLVIH. 11. The Eoundles of different tinctures that are charged, for Difference, upon Bordures and Labels, with other Charges borne in the same manner and for the same purpose, I reserve to be exempUfied at the close of this chapter, with the Bordures and Labels themselves. Roundles borne under other conditions do not appear so frequently as might have been expected. The shields of Courtenay, Devereux, and Wake, all bear torteaux, and are thus blazoned, (Eoll H. III.) : Courtenay, or, three tor teaux ; Devereux, arg., a fesse gu., and in chief three torteaux ; Wake, or, two bars gu., and in chief three torteaux ; No. 437, PL L. At Caerlaverock, Hugh de Courtenay, bore an azure label charged over his torteaux ; and the shield thus differenced has become re cognized as the arms of Courtenay, No. 438, PL L. ; it appears in Brasses at Cobham, Exeter, ShiUingford, &c, and frequently at Canterbury. Bauf de Camoys bears, or, on a chief gu., three plates, (EoU of H. LTI. and Trotton Brass), Nos. 287, 288, PL XIV. The shield of Sir Thomas Latham is, or, on a chief indented az., three plates, (Calais EoU, and Arderne Monument at Elford, Stafford shire). The early EoUs contain also the following shields ; for William de Bascrevill, arg., between three hurtes, a chevron gu., No. 439, PL L. ; which Walter de Bascreville differences by charging his chevron with golden crosslets; for Aumery St. Amand, or, frettee and on a chief sa., three bezants, No. 436, PL L. ; for Eobert de Welle, org., two bendlets gu., bezantee, No. 435 ; for Sir Warren Trussell, arg.,frettSe gu., the frette bezantSe, No. 435 a. In the Eoll of Henry in., Eobert de Estofford bears arg., a chevron gu., bezantSe ; No. 434, PL L. This shield, slightly modi fied, and having on the chevron three bezants only, appears for " Sire Eobert de Esstafforde," in the Edw. II. Eoll. As the fourteenth century advances, this family is known under the name of Stafford ; accordingly, in the Eoll of Eich. IL, " Monsr. Nicol. de Stafford '' bears, or, a chevronel gu., and a chief az. ; and o2 196 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. " Monsr. Eobert de Stafford," or, a chev. gu., and over all a bendlet az. ; the arms of the head of the House of De Stafford at this period being simply or, a chevron gu., (Calais Eoll), which coat was quartered by the Dukes of Buckingham in the fifteenth century. 12. Amongst the early Differencing Charges Annulets occa sionally appear. Thus, John de Vipont bears, gu., six annulets or; John de Plessis, arg., six annulets gu., No. 440, PL L. ; and Sir William de Avenel, arg., a fesse between six annulets gu. ; No. 440 a, PL LXIX. At Kilfane, in Kilkenny, the crossed-legged effigy of a De Cauteville has on the shield four annulets and a canton in relief, the canton being ermine. It is probable that this shield, if entirely shown, would have borne six annulets, 3, 2, and 1 ; No. 454, PL XL., represents what is shown of this shield in the original. The EoU of Rich. U. gives the following blazon of the shields of Andrew, John and Eobert de Leyke, — the first, arg., a chief gu., surmounted by a bend engrailed az. ; the second, arg., on a saltire engrailed sa., nine annulets or ; and the third, arg., a chief gu., surmounted by a bend engrailed az., in the sin. chief a pierced mullet or. A Brass in Merton College Chapel, Oxford, a.d. 1471, to Warden Henry Sever, bears two shields, both of which are charged with a fesse nebulee between three annulets. In the original blazon, the annulets of De Vipont and De Plessis are described as "faux rondlets," or false roundlets — that is, as roundlets voided of the field. Mascles, in like manner, which appear in several early shields in groups, are blazoned as " voydes du champ," when they are to be understood to be what we now distinguish as mascles : otherwise the early mascle, when not thus voided, be comes the modern lozenge. Shields masculee like those semee of annulets or roundles, or shields charged with mascles in con nection with other charges, may have been intended by early Heralds to indicate Difference. 13. Mr. Planche has directed attention to the seal of William de Eomare III., Earl of Lincoln, who died as early as 1198, CITjEH cy CHAPTER XVI ARDERNE. DB VERDON FYKDERM MS \ X X* DE LA POLE. de neville of salsettky: DE NEVILLE. WDE LANCASTER. DE CAUTEVILLE. R. DE BASSETT. RALPH, LORD BASSETT. DE KENDALL. FrTZ MARMADTJKE Plate XL cadency and differencing. 197 which is both masculSe and crusilee. My representation of this seal in PI. XLV., is drawn from Mr. Planche's engraving. Eoger de Quincey, Earl of Winchester, bears, gu. masculSe or : and this shield, which is blazoned in the Eoll of H. III., appears upon the seal of the Earl, and also in the series of early ex amples that yet remain in the south aisle of Westminster Abbey ; the mascles, seven in number, are pierced with very small open ings, and disposed over the entire field of the shield, being in contact with one another, as in No. 441, PL XLIX. The Eoll of H. III. also blazons the following shields : for Eichard de Eokele, erm., masculSe gu. ; for William le Blonde, or, masculSe sa. ; and for John de Neville, gu., masculSe or, a canton erm. ; No. 442, PL L. The shield of Hubert de Burgh, Earl of Kent, also bears, mas culSe vair and gu. — " masculSe de verre et de goules ;" but this is really lozengy vair and gu., as appears from the shield that is dis played upon the seal of the Earl, and represented in No. 443, PL L. This shield is blazoned in all the earliest Eolls. Eobert de Tony bears erm., masculSe gu.; (another shield of Tony or Toni is arg., a maunche gu.) : John de Eivers, gu., masculSe or ; and William de Ferrers, or, masculSe gu., (Caer. Eoll). Sir Eauf de Ferrers bears this same shield in the Calais Eoll ; the shield of Eauf de Gorges (Caer.), is lozengy or and az. The Eoll H. III. gives one example of an Ordinary that is lozengy, in the shield of De Vaux — arg., a bend lozengy gu. and of the field; No. 444, PL L. The Brass to John de Creke, about a.d. 1320, at Westley Waterless in Cambridgeshire, affords an early example of separate lozenges charged upon an ordinary : this shield bears, or, on a fesse gu., three lozenges vair ; No. 445, PL XLVIH. The Brass to Sir Peter Arderne, Chief Baron, at Latton, a.d. 1467, gives another good example of lozenges ; one of the shields dis played in this memorial bears, paly of six or and gu., on a chief arg. three lozenges of the second, the central lozenge charged with a golden chess-rook, No. 448, PL XL. ; another shield upon this same Brass bears, arg., a chevron engrailed, between three chess- 198 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. rooks sa. Eobert de Urswike (Eoll E. II.) bears, arg., on a bend sa., three lozenges of the field, each charged with a saltire gu. A field or an Ordinary frettee is, apparently, a modified form of represent ing a surface as lozengy. John de Verdon, (Eoll H. III.), bears, or, frettee gu. ; but Sir Eobert de Verdon, (Eoll E. II.) bears, " de argent, a une crois de azure, frette de or ,-" No. 449, PL XL. In the Calais Eoll, Sir Thomas Hawkestone bears, arg., a fesse gu., frettSe or. 14. Vair occurs repeatedly in early shields, and it certainly bore its part in effecting Difference, by means of varying the tincture of any shield or of its charges. Thus, William de Fortibus, Earl De Aumale or Albemarle (Eoll H. III.), bears, gu., a cross patonce vairSe (Eoll H. III., and shield at Westminster.) Traces of these arms, emblazoned on the dress of Aveline, Countess of Lancaster, the Earl's daughter, are yet visible in her effigy, a.d. 1274, at Westminster ; No. 446, PL L. In the same Eoll, one De Ferrers bears, vairSe arg. and az., and another, vairSe or and gu. ; and this last shield is repeated for Sir Eauf de Ferrers, of Chartley, (Calais EoU). Fitz Geoffrey bears, quar terly or and gu., within a bordure vairSe ; and De Fitz Eauf bears, gu., a fessSe vairSe ; (Roll H. III.) One of the early shields of the Beauchamps is vairSe; and Sir William Marmion bears, vair, a fesse gu., with a label of three points or ; (Calais Eoll). In the Eoll of H. III., De Monchesney on a golden shield bears three small shields, two and one, each of them vair, with two bars gu., No. 447, PL XLVIH. ; a truly original mode of differencing, but one which is at once very clear and very decided. I must leave students to seek for other examples of early shields, differenced and marked for Cadency, together with ex amples of shields which are charged with other varieties of devices and figures for the same purpose. The usage of Differencing the Accessories of Shields of Arms, as well as the shields themselves, has already been exemplified in the achievement of Sir John Daubygne, No. 408, p. 134, and in several of the interesting mantlings that are blazoned in the C XX) EICY. CHAPTER XVI. DE CREKE. DE MOUNCHESNEY. WWK 'kteXLVIJI CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 199 Windsor Garter-Plates ; (see Mantling, in Chap. XIII.) Crests, Supporters, and Badges are all charged with Differences, pre cisely in the same manner as Mantlings. In the instance of Animals, the Marks of Cadency are sometimes charged upon their shoulders, or they are semSe with them ; and sometimes the Marks are formed into Collars. The lion crest of Thomas Beau fort, Duke of Dorset, is gorged about the throat with a collar compony erm. and az., as the bordure of his shield ; and the lion crest of his father, John Beaufort, K.G., Duke of Somerset, has a collar compony arg. and az. ; No. 451 A, PL XLL In like manner, the shield of Sir Thomas Lancaster (Calais Boll), bears, gu., a lion rampt. guard, or, gorged with a collar of France — a blue coUar,that is, charged with three golden fleurs de lys; No. 451 b, PI. LXXII. Collars appear to have been used for differencing crests, when the shields were differenced with bordures ; as labels were habitually repeated on both crests and shields. In the " Boke of St. Alban's," (printed 1486, being a species of paraphrase of a part of an earlier treatise on Heraldry by Nicholas Upton, a.d. 1440), the ancient practice of Powdering Shields for Difference is described under the title of " Qerattyng." This Gerattyng is defined to include nine figures or charges, each of which is said to have been used with a definite and dis tinct signification. The nine figures are crosslets (any small crosses), fleurs de lys, roses, primroses (probably quatrefoils), cinque foils, escallops, chaplets, mullets, and crescents. This series, accord ingly, does not include martlets, billets, annulets, or roundles of any tincture. Whatever may have been the original intention, in actual practice all traces were soon lost of any systematic Gerattyng for the purpose of Marking Cadency, or otherwise dif ferencing allied and similar shields of arms, so that this Gerattyng itself graduaUy became identified with the development and ramifications of armorial bearings. The Crosslets, accordingly, and the other charges which once had been assumed for dif ference, having become integral components of heraldic com positions, ceased to be regarded as Marks of Cadency or Dif- 200 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. ferences ; except, indeed, when a single crescent, mullet, or other figure was still employed to perform the duties that once had devolved on the orle or the powdered field, and thus would have to act alone as a " Difference." The term " Gerattyng," which it does not seem to be desirable to introduce into modern blazon, has been very ingeniously derived (through the surprising spell ing and the perpetual misprints of the " Boke of St. Alban's " itself), from ingerata, — a " reading " for ingesta, the participle of ingero, " to pour upon ;" as the charges in geratted shields are poudrees, or semSes — poured over their fields ; (See Herald and Genealogist, II. , 40.) 15. The idea of differencing by a Single Mark of Cadency or Difference, was regarded with favour at an early period. The small charges that were oftentimes repeated in shields of arms, soon began to be regarded as components of the blazon : and they were regularly transmitted with the Ordinary or other pri mary charge with which they had been associated. Hence a single distinct charge of small size for difference, would natu rally appear not desirable merely, but absolutely necessary, in order to carry out the system of Cadency and Differencing, under the altered conditions of more matured Heraldry. When brought to the test of experiment, this method of differencing proved to be far less satisfactory than had been expected : on the one hand, the single smaU differencing charge was not found always to tell its own proper tale with sufficient distinctness and emphasis, whUe, on the other hand, even this addition to a shield fre-; quently lost its differencing attributes, and assumed a position as a permanent charge, pt must be added, that this method of differencing has produced indirectly more of confusion than of that clear and authoritative definition, which is the aim and object of all true and consistent Heraldic Difference. The silver mullet of the De Veres is one of the earliest, as it is one of the best known and most characteristic examples of Dif ferencing by a Single Charge. In the Bolls of II. III. and E. I. the Earl of Oxford—" Le Comte de Hoxenforde " — bears, quarterly qu. CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 201 and or, in the first quarter a mullet arg., No. 156, PL VI. ; and this shield Hugh de Vere,- the Earl's son, further differences with a bordure indented sa., No. 477, PL XXXII ; Caer. Eoll, and EoUs of E. I., E. IL, E. III. ; see also numerous shields at Canterbury, the Hatfield shield, and the De Vere mullets at Earl's Colne, in Essex. In the EoU of E. IL, Aubry de Vere bears the mullet of his house ermine. In the Eoll of E. II. (a. d. 1308-14) there occur many remarkable examples of Difference marked by a single small charge : and the Difference effected by this process in the examples contained in this Eoll is made the more impres sive, from the circumstance that the shields of the heads of the several families are generally blazoned without the Differences, in association with the differenced shields. The differencing charges employed in these shields, on investigation, would prove, in almost every case, to have been derived from some allied shield of arms, and consequently they at once suggest the idea of Marshalling. It was evidently a favourite usage with the early Heralds to charge these small single Differences in prominent positions : thus, when a lion was in the blazon of any shield, they evidently delighted to charge the Difference upon his shoulder. The examples which follow are from the Eoll of E. II. : — Sir Giles de Brewys or Braose : org., crusilee, a lion rampt. or, charged on its shoulder with a flew de lys gu. Sir Estevene de Segrave : sa., a lion rampt. arg., crowned or, on the shoulder a fieur de lys gu., No. 646, PL LXXII. Sir Nicholas de Estlee : arg., a lion rampt. gu., on the shoulder a cinquefoil of the field, No. 647 ; Sir Giles de Estlee added to this differenced shield an azure label, for further Difference. Sir Eichard de Echebaston, arg., a lion rampt. gu., on his shoulder a cinquefoil of the field, a label of three points az. Sir Philip de Barington, in like manner, differ ences with a fleur de lys. Sir Eobert de Walkefare, again, bears org., a lion rampt. sa., charged on the shoulder with a mullet or. Sir John de Eesoun : gu., a lion rampt. or., in the dexter chief of the shield a cross pattSe vair. Mounpynzon, of Norfolk, (whose name has since been written Mompesson), bears, arg., a lion rampt. sa., on his 202 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. shoulder a chaffinch (" un pinzon") or, No. 648, PL LXXIT. Sir John de Peche : az., an eagle disp. arg., on its breast a maunche gu., No. 649, PL, LXXII. Sir Edmond de Pagenham: quarterly or and gu., in the first quarter an eagle displayed vert. (Sir William Philip, K.G., a.d. 1440, bears, quarterly gu. and arg., in the first quarter an eagle or, No. 650, PL LXXII., from his Garter-Plate.) Sir John Mounteney : az., on a bend between six martlets or, a mullet gu. ; and a second Sir John bears the same shield simUarly dif ferenced, with a field gules. Sir John de Beche, arg., on a bend gu., three stag's heads or, in the dexter chief a martlet sa. Sir Thomas de St. Leger : az., fretty arg., on a chief or a mullet gu. Sir Edmond de Wellyngtone : gu., a saltire vairSe, in chief a mullet or, No. 651, PL LXXI. The shield of Sir John De Beauchamp, brother of the Earl of Warwick, blazoned in the Calais Eoll, is differenced with a crescent sa., No. 371, PL XXV. This shield is blazoned again in,. the EoU of B. II. , and with it is the Beauchamp shield with the martlets (No. 369, PL XXV.,) also differenced with a pierced mul let sa. : a sable crescent differences this same shield at Worcester. Sir Thomas and Sir Otes or Otho de Holland severaUy dif ference Holland ancient, No, 637, PL LXV., with an annulet and a crescent gu., (Calais Boll) : both brothers were Knights Founders of the Garter, and they were the second and third sons of Eobert de Holland and Maud de la Zouchje. The Calais EoU also blazons the shield of Sir Adam Ashehurste, gu., a cross engrailed, and in the dexter chief a fleur de lys arg. ; and that of Sir Thomas Beadstone, org., on a canton gu. a rose or. ; the EoU of E. III. bla zons a cinquefoil instead of a rose on this canton. This shield of Bradstone is marshalled in the first quarter of an escutcheon of pretence in the Garter-Plate of Sir John Neville, K.G., Lord Montagu. In the fourth quarter this same escutcheon bears De la Pole, az., on a fesse between three leopard's faces or, an annulet gu., No. 452 a, PL XL. ; and, in the second quarter of Sir John's own shield is Neville of Salisbury, gu., a saltire arg., charged with a label of three points componSe arg. and az., No. 452 b. This last CADEXCY. CKAPYJERXV SIR T. LAM CASTER DE SEGRAVE. SIR W. PfflLlP K . G. SIR J. DE HAKPED0N. /?iatpLxxn cadency and differencing. 203 shield is several times repeated upon the Beauchamp Monument at Warwick. Another Neville, Lord Latymer, charges a pellet upon his silver saltire, for difference, No. 452 c, PL XL. ; and yet another peer of the same family, Neville, Lord Bergavenny, dif ferences his saltire with a rose gu. No less than eight other dif ferences of the simple shield of Neville of Eaby are found to have been assumed to distinguish the various branches of that powerful and far-spreading house : thus the entire group of these NeviUe differences are three labels, the crescent, martlet, mullet, fleur de lys, cinquefoil, rose, pellet, and two interlaced annulets forming a gimmel-ring, all of them charged upon the silver sal tire, as in the following shields, No. 452 d. No. 452 d. — Differenced Shields of Neville of Kaby. 204 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. The Eoll of E. II. gives the fifth, sixth, and seventh of these shields, and it blazons the mullet as sable pierced : this Eoll also gives for " Le Sr. de Nevyll," gu., a saltire arg., and for " Mons. Eobert Nevill," arg., a saltire gu., — " the reverse." Other shields of Neville that are altogether different, appear in the EoUs of H. III., E. I., E. IL, and E. III. (See Chap. XXXI.) The Beauforts difference with either a Mullet or a Crescent, in addition to their differenced Bordure, No. 480, PL XXXII. ; and the Cardinal also charges his Bordure with a Mitre instead of the Crescent, (Seal). From the EoU of E. II. I select the following examples of differencing by a single small charge : — George Felbrige : or, a lion rampt. gu., on his shoulder a mullet arg., pierced. Eoger Faulconbridge : arg., a lion rampt. az., on his shoulder a flew de lys or. Eichard Story : org., a lion rampt. queue fourchSe purp., on his shoulder a cross pattSe or. Wm. Bagot : arg., on a chevron gu., between three martlets sa., a crescent of the field. Eoger Curson : org., on a bend sa. three popinjays or, col lared and legged gu. ; in the sin. chief a crescent of the last. Eauf Freschevill : az., between six escallops, a bend arg., charged in chief with a pierced mullet gu. John de Peyton : sa., a cross eng. or, in the dext. chief a mullet arg. The head of the family of Heron bears, gu., three herons, two and one, org., beaked and legged or : this shield is differenced by Walter Heron and Gerard Heron by their severally adding in chief a crosslet or, and an annulet or, while William and John Heron add a chevron and a chevron en grailed argent. Upon the Brass in Westminster Abbey to Sir John de Harpedon, a.d. 1451, his arms are blazoned, arg., a mullet gu., pierced of the field and charged with a martlet sa., for difference, No. 652, PL LXXII. ; in the Eoll of E. IL, this shield is borne without the martlet by Sir William de Harpedene. As the fifteenth century advances, examples of Cadency marked by a Single SmaU Charge increase in number. Thus, at Childrey, in Berkshire, in his Brass, a.d. 1 444, the arms of William Fyn- derne, repeated both upon shields and upon his tabard, are, arg., CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 205 between three crosses pattSes fitchees, a chevron sa., charged for differ ence with an annulet of the field, No. 452, PL XL. Thomas Langley, Bishop of Durham (a.d. 1406-1437), differences his paternal arms, paly of six arg. and vert, with a mullet, (Official Seal). Sir John Stanley in 1474, at Elford, upon his monument differences his quarterly shield of Stanley and Lathom with a crescent gules. In the Arderne Brass at Latton, one of the shields bears De Bohun differenced with a single mullet on the bend : and Nicholas Charles gives a seal of Edward de Bohun, (without date, but evidently of the fourteenth century,) which bears a shield of Bohun charged with a single lozenge on the bend. Sir Thomas Lovell, K.G. (temp. Henry VII.) bears quarterly, 1 and 4, arg., a chevron az., between three squirrels seiant gu., a crescent, for difference, or ; 2 and 3, vert, two chevronels arg., each charged with three cinquefoils gu. Sir Gilbert Talbot, K.G., (temp. Henry VII.), differences his lion crest with a crescent; and, in the third quarter of his shield he marshals Neville of Raby, having the saltire charged with a martlet gu. Eobert Wil- loughby, K.G., Lord Broke (died 1502) differences his first grand quarter with a crescent, charged (as in the shield, No. 480, of the Beauforts) upon the fesse point. And Henry Stafford K.G., Lord Stafford, second son of Henry, second Duke of Buckingham (temp. Henry VIIL), also differences his quartered shield upon the fesse point with a crescent ; (Garter-Plate). And, once more, about the same period, in a monument of the Verneys at King's Langley, the Verney shield is differenced with a crescent az. At an earlier period the same Verneys dif ference, after the manner then prevalent, by changing the tinctures of their shield and its charges, and by modifying the general character and arrangement of their arms. And again, a.d. 1597, Charles Howard, son of William, Lord Howard of Effingham, differences Howard ancient with a single mullet sa. on the bend : an Ermine spot is also used in the same manner by other Howards for Difference. 206 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 16. With the exception of Eoyal Cadency, which now is marked exclusively with the label, the Differences of Modern Heraldry are the same in their general character as they may be considered to have been since the commencement of the fifteenth century. The motive or reason, which might have assigned to each of the differencing charges now in use its own particular position in the order of their arrangement, (if any such motive or reason ever existed,) is no longer known ; neither is there any evidence to show that the present accepted order of arrange ment has been recognized earUer than the sixteenth century. These Modern Differences are for, 1 . The eldest son, .(during his father's life-time) a Label : No. 379 a, PL XIII. 2. The second son or brother — a Crescent : No. 380. 3. The third son— a Mullet : No. 381. 4. The fourth son— a Martlet : No. 382. 5. The fifth son— an Annulet : No. 383. 6. The sixth son— a Fleur de lys : No. 384. 7. The seventh son — a Rose : No. 385. 8. The eighth son — a Cross Moline : No. 386. 9. The ninth son — a Double Quatrefoil: No. 387. The first son of the first son may charge his label with a label, his second son may charge his label with a crescent, and so on; and the first son of the second son may charge his crescent with a label, &c, &c, though happily this complicated and involved differencing is very rarely adopted. All Marks of Cadency are now generally borne in the chief of the shield. In actual practice in our own times, these differences are rarely used by the brothers of the same family during their father's life-time, but they are almost universally regarded as the here ditary Marks of the junior branches of the same famUy, and thus in some famUies they are systematically transmitted with the Arms which are differenced by them. Examples may be taken from CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 207 the Peerage, in the Crescent of Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury, and of the Earl Stanhope; the Mullet of the Howards, Earls of Carlisle and Effingham; the Martlet of Brudenell, Earl of Cardigan, and of Murray, Lord Elibank ; the Annulet of Bertie, Earl of Abingdon ; the Fleur de lys of Wedderburn, Lord Lough borough ; and the Rose of Neville, Earl of Abergavenny. I may add, the Arms of the Earl of Eldon, which are differenced with a Mullet, to show that they were first borne by the younger of the two illustrious legal brothers, William and John Scott, and by the third son of their father. In like manner, a Mullet upon the shield of the Duke of Wellington shows that the Duke was the third son of the Earl of Mornington. Daughters, the Princesses excepted since the accession of the present Eoyal Family to the Crown of England, being all equally co-heiresses, do not difference their paternal arms ; but when a differenced Coat of Arms retains its' Difference as a Charge, as in the instance of the Courtenays, such a coat of arms is borne by daughters as weU as sons. In early Heraldry, however, ladies commonly bore their paternal Differences; (see p. 194). The Bordure, the Bend, the Canton, and the Chevron would always afford ready facilities for compounding two coats of arms, and, with the Label, they might also with ease be added to any shield " for difference." And, Cadency and Differencing thus effected might as easUy receive a secondary series of differences — small figures and devices, that is, might be charged either upon a label or any of its comrades, thus Differencing them from themselves when they were added uncharged to any Shield of Arms. Upon the same principle, a Chief may sometimes have first been added to the shield, and then charged for difference ; and .again always with a view to differencing, Ordinaries may have been cotised ; a Chevron or a Fesse may have been resolved into a group of either chevronels or bars gemelles; and a Bend may have been superseded by a single bendlet or a group of bendlets. 20'8 cadency and differencing. Before I enter more fully upon a consideration of Cadency effected by the Label and the Bordure, it may be desirable to adduce a few additional early examples of Shields, which illus trate those other modes of Differencing to which I have just referred. 17. Examples of Cantons or Quarters. Cadency and Differ ence marked by the Canton may be regarded, with comparatively rare exceptions, as a modified form of Marshalling. The devices that are charged upon a Canton, with occasional exceptions only, are taken from and represent some allied Coat of Arms. And the prevailing usage is, on the one hand, that a man who does not quarter his maternal arms should either canton them, or charge some significant reference to them upon a Canton, " for Difference ;" or, on the other hand, that the children and heirs of an Heiress, who are not also heirs of their father, should bear on a Canton their father's arms. It will be borne in mind that in the earliest EoUs of Arms a Canton is entitled a " Quarter." A Canton or Quarter Ermine, apparently derived from the ermine shield of John Count of Brittany Earl of Bichmond, appears differencing the Arms of several early famiUes. The Shield of John de Dreux himself, Count of Brittany, (No. 116, PI. V., and p. 34,) is a most expressive example of the use of the Canton. The mother of the Count was a sister of Edward I. ; he there fore placed about his shield a Bordure of England ; and, as Earl of Bichmond, he added the Canton ermine. Eobert de Tateshall bears, chequSe arg. and gu., a quarter erm. : E. de Boys, arg., two bars gu., a quarter erm. : Eoll of H. III. Thomas de Hewes, arg., a frette gu., a quarter erm. : Phild? le Despencer, barry of six or and az., a quarter erm. : Eafe Bassett, arg., three piles gu., a quarter erm. : Boll of E. III. In the Calais Eoll Sir Symon de Bassett bears, or, three piles in point gu., a canton erm., which shield is repeated in the Garter-Plate of Ealph, Lord Bassett, of Drayton, who died in 1390, No. 456, PL XL. In the Calais Eoll, E. de Bassett bears, or, three pallets gu., a canton erm., No. 455, PL XL. : CADENCY" CHAPTER XV DE BIGOT. DE HEMENHAXE. D' ACRES. Q # ^ &> 639X B d'arcy: d'arcy; Plate LXXI CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 209 (see also Nos. 402, 403, PL XXXVIL); By comparing these two shields, it will be seen that the Bassetts, while retaining the same ermine canton, differenced three pallets with as many piles, both the tincture, and the number, and also the general character of the charges being the same in the two shields ; and a further comparison with Nos. 402 and 403, will show the ermine field which is represented in the Canton, and the tinctures or and gules. In the Eoll of E. IL, again, Sir John Bassett bears, with the three piles in point, a canton arg., charged with a griffin segreant sa., armed gu., No. 654, PL LXXI. " Le Sr. la Zowche " (Eoll E. II.) bears, gu. bezantSe, a canton erm., No. 366 a, PL LXVII, (see p. 1 74.) The Staffords also, with some other fanulies of less note, difference with the same canton ermine. From the Eoll of E. H. I obtain one other excellent example, the shield of Sir William le Bryan, or, three piles from the chief az., a canton paly of four arg. and of the second, charged with a bend gu., thereon three eaglets disp. gold, — this shield accordingly is Bryan differenced with a canton o/Grandison. (See p. 211.) William de Dunstanville bears, arg., frettee gu., a canton of England — that is, a canton or quarter gu., charged with & lion pass. guard, or : and William de Lancaster bears the same canton An a shield org., charged with two bars gu., No. 453, PL XL.; Roll H. HI. : this same shield is blazoned for John de Lancaster in the Caer. Roll. Again, Sir Thomas Kyriell, K.G. (a.d. 1460), bears, or, two chevrons gu., a canton of England ; in this instance the Royal Canton was certainly a " Difference by augmentation," obtained in acknowledgment for good service done to the House of Lancaster: about a century earlier, John Kyriel bears, or, three chevronels and a quarter gu. In the Calais Roll, Sir William de Warren bears, chequee or and az., on a canton gu. a lioncel rampt. arg. that is, he bears a canton of Fitz-Alan, No. 653, PI. LXXI. In the Roll of B. II. , Eichard de Kyrkeby bears, arg., two bars gu., on a canton of the last a cross moline or. : De Etton, barry of twelve arg. and gu., a label of three points az., over all a canton sa. p 210 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. charged with a cross patonce or : and Avery Britchebury bears, org., two bars az., on a canton of the last a martlet or. The arms of the Widvilles or Woodvilles are arg. a fesse and a canton gu. These arms it is customary to blazon with a fesse and canton conjoined ; but the canton certainly ought to be represented as raised in relief above the fesse, for a bordure is charged upon a fesse, and a canton is charged upon a bordure. The Harfords record the alliance of an Heiress of the Scropes with their house, by adding the arms of Scrope, so famous in their severe sim plicity, to their paternal shield. A good example occurs in the Brass to Anthony Harford, a.d. 1590, at ColwaU in Hereford shire : this shield is thus blazoned, sa., two bends arg., with a canton of Scrope, that is, a canton az., charged with a bend or. With examples of Cantons I may here notice the remarkable Difference blazoned in the Eoll of H. III. for Hugh de Balliol, No. 645, PL LXVIL The shield of " John de Ballioll" is given as, gu., an orle ("faux escochon") arg. ; and for Hugh, his son, the same shield, charged in the dexter chief with a small shield1 bearing, az., a lion rampt. arg. crowned or : I may add, for Eustace de Balliol, the shield differenced again, " d'azur aufaus escocheon d'or crusule d'or." The Peerage gives characteristic -Samples of shields charged with small shields which are them selves charged, in the arms of the Cecils, Marquesses of Salis bury and Exeter, who bear, barry often arg. and az., over all six escutcheons, three, two, and one, sa., each charged with a lion ramp, of the first. .»$}'? '//¦' 18. Examples of Bends and Be^ulIts. The simple Bend as borne on the shield of Scrope, would readily suggest the fitness of this Ordinary and its Diminutive for Differencing ; and accord ingly in many instances Bends and Bendlets are found to have been charged upon early shields for marking Difference. Boll of H. III. : William de Gant, barry of six arg. and az., a bend gu. : E. de Kendall, arg., a bend az., cotised vert; in another Eoll of the same period this shield is blazoned, arg.x a bend cotised in- CADEX C "Y . CPIARTER XVI Plate. XLIX CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 211 dented vert; and in the Boll of E. IL, arg., a bend vert, cotised indented gu. In a Brass at Long Melford, the same blazonry appears, but differently tinctured, for a Clopton, sa., a bend erm., cotised indented or. Eoll of Caer. : John de Grey, barry of six, arg. and az., a bendlet engrailed gu. ; (Compare No. 121, p. 35; this shield of De Grey with the barry field, but without the bendlet, is also blazoned in the Caer. Eoll.) ; Eobert le Fitz- Payne, gu., three lions pass, in pale org., over all a bendlet az. : Wil^ liam de Grandison, paly of six arg. and az., on a bend gu. three eaglets displayed or. The shield of the Grandisons in its original simplicity is, paly of six, arg. and az. Upon this a bend gules is charged. Next, upon the bend itself three golden eaglets appear ; No. 459, PL XLIX ; (this shield is blazoned in the Eoll of E. n., and in the Calais Eoll). These eaglets are then differ enced by the substitution, first, of three escallops, and subsequently of three buckles, aU or ; and finaUy, John de Grandison, Bishop of Exeter, a.d. 1327-1369, completes the group with his shield, having the red bend charged with a silver mitre between two golden buckles; No. 460, PI. XLIX. I must add that, in Harl. MS. 5827, the shield of Bishop John de Grandison, is blazoned paly of six arg. and az., on a bend gu., a mitre between two eaglets or ; No. 460 a, PL LXXLTI. In the Caer. Roll, John Fitz-Mar- maduke bears, gu., a fesse between three popinjays arg. ; but in the Eoll of Henry HI., Eobert Fitz-Marmaduke adds to the same arms an azure bendlet, as in No. 458, PI. XL. ; which example, having the bendlet added, is drawn from the shield of an effigy of the time of Edward I., probably the effigy of the Caerlaverock Fitz-Marmaduke himself, at Chester-le-Street, Durham. Eoll of E. H. : Sir Henry de Segrave, sa. a lion rampt. arg., crowned or, over all a bendlet gu. ; Sir Symon bears the bendlet or, No. 655, PL LXVIL ; and Sir Stephen engrails the red bendlet. Sir Hugh Wake, Sir Philip Courtenay, and Sir John Gasceline, all difference their paternal arms with a bendlet :— thus, Wake, 212 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. or, two bars gu., in chief three torteaux, and over all a bendlet az, ; Courtenay, or, three torteaux, over all a bendlet az. ; Gasceline, or, billettSe az., a bendlet gu. ; Sir Simon Lyndeshaye, or, an eagle dis played purp., debruised by a bendlet componSe arg. and gu. ; Thomas de Garshale, quarterly arg. and sa., on a bend gu. three fleurs de lys or. Calais Eoll : Sir Nicholas Poynings, barry of six or and vert, over all a bend gu. ; Sir Hugh le Despencer charges his sable bend with three mullets arg. ; and Sir Phild? engrails the bend itself; Sir Nicholas Langforde, paly of six or and gu., and over all a bend arg. ; Sir Allan Clavering, quarterly or and gu., on a bend sa. three mullets arg. Boll of B. II. : Thomas de Walsue, gu., two bars, gemelles arg., surmounted by a bendlet of the same ; John le Strange, gu., two lions pass, in pale arg., a bendlet or, the same arms without the bendlet being given for another John le Strange ; and Eobert de Stafford, or, a chevron gu., surmounted by a bendlet az. I add another example from the sculptured effigy of a cross-legged knight at Whatton in Nottinghamshire, whose mutilated shield still shows that it originally bore on a bend, between six crosslets, three roundles, No. 656 ; one more, from the bold effigy of a knight of the period of Edward IL, from Clehongre in Herefordshire, whose shield bears, sculptured with extraordinary spirit, barry of six, on a bend three lion's faces, No. 657 ; and one from a Brass of the same period at Gorleston in Suffolk, in which the knight, a. De Bacon, whose ailettes are charged with explain cross, displays on his shield a bend in dented (or dancettSe, or perhaps five lozenges conjoined in bend), and on a chief two mullets of six points pierced ; No. 658, PL LXXIII. 19. Examples of Chiefs. The shield of the De Genevilles, No. 131 A, PL XIV., already blazoned (sa., three barnacles in pale or, -and on a chief erm. a demi-lion rampt. issuant gu.), is an ad mirable example ; (Eoll H. III). In this same Eoll, Eobert le Brus bears, arg., a saltire and a chief gu. ; Fitz Ealdolf bears, arg., the chief of the shield frettee, gu. ; and A. de St. Amand, arg., fretty, a chief sa. This last shield in the Caer. Eoll is differenced CADENCY MARTER XV DE BACON. D'ATJBYGNE. Plate LXXIII cadency and differencing. 213 for Aumery de St. Amand, by having three bezants charged upon the chief. De Tateshall, chequSe or and gu., a chief erm. ; De No. 656. — Fragment of a Shield at Whatton, Northamptonshire ; (p. 212.) Graham, gu., a saltire org., on a chief or three escallops of the first '; No. 409, PL XXVHL, Caer. EoU. John de Clinton, arg., on a chief az. three fleurs de lys or, Eoll E. II. Sir John Strevelyn arg., on a chief gu. three buckles, their tongues in fesse, or ; Sir Amy AS Brett gu., in chief a lion of England ; Sir Gal YON Corder arg., on a chief dancettee three crosslets or, Calais Boll. William de Ermine, erm., a saltire eng. gu., on a chief of the last a lion of England ; John Deverose, org., on a fesse gu. a mullet or, in chief three torteaux, Eoll R. H. 20. Examples of Chevrons and Bars Gemelles. EoU of H. LH. : De Meynell, az., three bars gemelles and a chief or ; De Monemue, or, three chevronels gu., and over all a fesse az. ; De Bichmond, gu., two bars gemelles and a chief or ; De Tregos, gu., three bars gemelles and in chief a lion pass. or. Caer. Eoll : Bartho lomew de Badlesmere, org., a fesse between two bars gemelles gu., over all a label of three points az. ; No. 659, PL LXXni. De Pache, arg., a fesse between two chevrons gu. This aggroupment often occurs with several variations in the tinctures. The famous Eobert de Fitz Walter, a member of the family of the De Clares, bears, or, a fesse between tyoo chevrons gu. Upon the shield and surcoat of a knightly effigy of a De L'Isle, (temp. Edw. I.), 214 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. at Eampton in Cambridgeshire, the fesse and the two chevrons are sable upon or ; this same shield is blazoned in the Calais Eoll, which also gives, for Sir William Kydesbye, sa., a fesse or, between two chevrons arg. The St. Quintins, on a field of gold, bear either a single chevron, or two chevrons, or three chevronels of the same tincture, always retaining the same chief vairSe; Nos. 461 and 462, PL XXVIL; these shields are drawn from the Brasses to the St. Quintins at Brandsburton and Harpham in Yorkshire. Henry Fitz Hugh bears, az., three chevronels interlaced, and a chief or ; John Boteler, az., a chevron between three covered cups or ; and Piers de Carew, arg., three bars gemelles sa. ; Eoll E. II. 21. The Bordure would enable the early Herald to mark Cadency with the utmost distinctness, and yet without infring ing in the slightest degree upon the original composition of the shield to be differenced ; and also, at the same time, in anticipa tion of marshalling arms, it affords ready facilities for incor porating the distinctive insignia of two different shields into a single composition. The Bordure of France of John Plantagenet of Eltham, (Nor'-332. PL XIX.), is a fine example of both Cadency and Marshalling. The Bordure bezantSe of the Earl of Cornwall, the first of the eight bordered shields that are blazoned in the Eoll of H. III. (No. 194, PL V.), and the Bor- , dure of England that surrounds the banner of John de Dreux of Brittany, in the Caerlaverock Eoll (No. 116, PL V.), are equally characteristic examples of Marshalling and Cadency effected by the same process. The differenced shields of the Plantagenets, Beauforts, Hollands, and Tudors, with their Bordures are described in full in the next Chapter : here, I now proceed to adduce some examples of shields differenced by Bordures and Labels, in addition to those that have been already noticed. Examples of Bordures. Eoll of Henry III. : — Fitz Geoffrey quarterly or and gu., a bordure vairSe ; De Montgomery, erm., a bordure gu., semSe of horse-shoes or : De Aubeny, or, two chevrons C A X> E XT C Y . CHAPTER XV BISHOP LE DESPENCER ABBOT WHEATHAMPSTEDE. PJdte Li CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 215 gu., within a bordure of the last : De Umphraville, or, a cinquefoil gu., within a bordure az. semSe of horse-shoes or. Caer. Eoll : — John de Barr, az., crusily fitchy or, two barbels haurient addorsed gold, within a bordure engrailed gu., No. 329 a, PL XIX. : Hugh de Vere, son of the Earl of Oxford, De Vere, within a bordure indented sa. (this shield occurs in several EoUs), No. 477, PL XXXII. : The Earl of Lothian, gu., a lion rampt. arg., within a bordure of the first, semee of roses of the second, No. 429 a, PL LXXI. Bertram De Montbourchier, arg., three pitchers gu., within a bordure sa. bezantSe, (also EoU of E. II. and Seal), No. 464, PL LI. Eoll of E. I. : — Eoger L'Estrange, gu., two lions pass, in pale arg., within a bordure eng. or, No. 660, PL LXII. Simon de Lybourn, az., six lioncels rampt. arg., within a bordure eng. or. Another Eoll of E. I. : — De Ferrers, vairSe, a boxdure sa. semSe of horse-shoes arg. : this, shield of De Ferrers is more commonly blazoned, vairSe or and gu., a bordure az. semSe of horse-shoes or, No. 463, Bl. LI. EoU of E. II. : John de Hastings, or, a maunche au., within a bordure of Valence, (" de or, a une maunche de goules od la bordure de Valence") No. 661, PL LXII.; this is a remarkable example of the use of the bordure for marshalling, as a prelude to quartering. William de Beauchamp, Beauchamp with martlets, within a bordure indented arg. : Thomas de Pickering, arg., a lion rampt. sa., within a bordure gu. bezantSe; John de Wigtone, sa., three mullets and a bordure indented or ; John de Welle, gu*, six crescents arg., within a bordure componSe or and az. : Nicholas de Eivere, vairee arg. and gu., a bordure az. bezantSe : Eauf de Eoch- ford, quarterly or and gu., a bordure sa. bezantee, which shield John de Eocheford differences by bearing his bordure indented ; Eichard de Bassett, paly of six or and gu., a bordure az. bezantSe ; John de Westone, org., a fesse sa., a bordure gu. bezantSe; and for Johan de Weston, " sun filz," the same shield having the bordure in dented. Calais Boll : — Sir Andrew de Montaulte, of Messenden, az., a lion rampt. arg., a bordure or; Sir Eoger Neville, gu., a fesse dancette arg., a bordure or. Garter-Plates : — Gilbert Lord 216 CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. Talbot, K.G., brother of the Earl of Shrewsbury, gu., a lion rampt., within a bordure engrailed or, No. 662, PL LXII. ; John Grey, K.G., Earl of Tankerville, gu., a lion rampt, within a bor dure engrailed arg. ; Sir John de Cornwall, K.G., Lord Fanhope, erm., within a bordure sa. bezantSe, a lion rampt. crowned or, and charged for Difference with a mullet arg. No. 433, PL LI. EoU of E. II. : John Montagu, arg., three fusils in fesse gu., a bordure sa. ; John Eocheford, quarterly or and gu., a bordure sa. charged with eleven bezants ; Eauff Eocheford, quarterly or and gu., in the sinister chief an annulet arg., a bordure sa. charged with ten bezants ; Nichol Byllynge, gu., three fish naiant in pale or, a bordure eng. arg.:; Edm. Fitz Hugh, gu., three lions rampt, two and one, or, a bordure eng. arg., ; Eauff Cheyne, gu., four fusils in fesse org., each charged with an escallop sa., a bordure of the second. A remarkable Bordure was borne by Henry Courtenay and by his son Edward, the la3t two Earls of Devon of their race. This Henry was the son of William Courtenay, (died 1502,) and his wife Catherine Plan tagenet, youngest daughter of Edward IV. ; his arms are, quarterly, 1, (he marks his mother's royal rank by placing the heraldic insignia which represent her in the first quarter,) France Modem and England quarterly, differenced with a bordure quarterly, of England and France ; 2 and 3, Courtenay ; 4. Rivers, or, a lion rampt. az., armed gu. ; No. 663, PL LXII. When the Constable and Marshal of England pronounced sentence (a.d. 1390) in the famous controversy between Eichard, Lord Scrope of Bolton, and Sir Eobert Grosvenor of Cheshire, in favour of the claim of Lord Scrope to bear the disputed Arms, az., a bend or, the sentence went on to authorize Sir Eobert Grosvenor to bear the same arms within a bordure argent,— this concession being made in consideration of the good presumptive evidence that had been adduced in support of his claim : but the King finally decided, on an appeal to him, that the arms were exclusively those of Scrope, and that they could not be borne simply differenced with a bordure by Grosvenor, considering CADENCY CHAPTER XV B ORDURE S L ESTRANGE. DE HASTINGS FJate LXII. CADENCY AND DIFFERENCING. 217 that " a bordure is not a sufficient .eMomimenTtoBishoT'VJP|7JffiF?H :r. Lincoln !'s.fjiPnTa riate XXAiV royal cadency. 237 special armorial distinction. The Black Prince himself stands at the head of the group of historical Princes of Wales, his grandfather Edward IL, having borne that title only by virtue of a romantic legend. The Caerlaverock Boll, which gives a graphic sketch of Prince Edward, the eldest son of King Edward I., then " a youth of seventeen years of age and bearing arms for the first time," in proclaiming the style of the King himself is careful to entitle him " Prince of Wales." In like manner, Edward HI. before his accession was Earl of Chester, but not Prince of Wales. The Princes of Wales of the House of Plantagenet are as follows : — 1. The Black Prince. 2. Eichard, son of the Black Prince, afterwards Eichard II. 3. Henry, son of Henry IV., afterwards Henry V. 4. Edward, son of Henry VI. 5. Edward, son of Edward IV., afterwards Edward V. 6. Edward, son of Richard III. The last four of these Princes bear the silver label charged upon France Modern and England quarterly, as in No. 487, p. 230, the shield of Henry V., as Prince of Wales, from his Garter-Plate in St. George's Chapel. No armorial insignia appear to have been assigned to Prince William, (20), second son of Edward III., who died young, and was buried in York Cathedral, where his effigy still remains. Lionel, (21), third son of Edward III., Duke of Clarence ; died 1368: — France Ancient and England quarterly, with a label of either five or three points, the label itself being charged with certain devices for secondary difference. One of the shields upon the Burghersh Monument, No. 490, PL XXXIV., has been assigned to Prince Lionel ; this label is of five points, and a single cross is blazoned on each point; and it has been suggested that this may have been a Label of Ulster— that is, or, charged on each point 238 ROYAL CADENCY. with a cross gu. Lionel married the heiress of Ulster in 1352, and in 1355 he became Earl of Ulster, jure uxoris. The same lady, Elizabeth de Burgh, was also co-heiress of the De Clares, and in 1362 her husband was created Duke of Clarence, when he appears to have assumed a silver Label, charged on each point with a canton gules — such a canton being reputed to be an ancient bearing of the family of De Clare. At St. Alban's, as I have already mentioned, there remains a shield of France Ancient and England, differenced with a Label of three points arg., on each point a canton gu. ; No. 473, PL XXXI. Among other authorities for the label borne by this Prince, reference has commonly been made to the small enamelled shield, the third in the series, that remains beneath one of the " Weepers " on the south side of the monument of Edward III., in Westminster Abbey. In No. 489, PL XXXL, I give a facsimile (engraved from my own tracing) of the original of the label blazoned upon this shield, from which it appears that each point is charged with a canton gules (or rather a billet), interposed between two torteaux. The original shield is of metal, and the charges upon the label are formed of a vitreous paste, inlaid in matrices sunk for its recep tion, the paste itself having been raised so as to represent these small charges in relief upon the polished silver of the label. It is singular that a correct description of this remarkable label should not have been before given. The original is open for examination, and it does not appear to be possible that it should have been subjected to any alteration; unless, indeed, in the first instance, this label bore three torteaux ; and afterwards, on the union of the houses of York and Clarence by the marriage of Eichard Plantagenet " of Coningsburgh" with Anne Mor timer, the central torteau of York was cut away, and the canton of Clarence made to assume its place. This suggestion would assign both this shield in its original condition, and the statuette above it, to Edmond Plantagenet " of Langley," and not to his elder brother Lionel. In right of his wife, Elizabeth de Burgh, CADENCY IrABEL-S OP THE PLANTAGENET S. CHAPTER XVI Hale XXXI ROYAL CADENCY. 239 Prince Lionel would impale De Burgh of Ulster — or, a cross gu. : Monuments at Westminster, Langley, and Lincoln. John, " of Ghent," (22), fourth son of Edward III, K.G., Duke of Lancaster and King of Castile and Leon; died Feb. 3, 1399 : — France Ancient and England, with a label of three points ermine. This label may be blazoned " of Brittany," having been derived from the ermine canton borne by John de Dreux, Count of Brittany and Earl of Bichmond, on whose death, in 1342, the Earldom of Bichmond was conferred by Edward III. on his infant son, Prince John. The ermine label is generally blazoned with three spots on each point, as in No. 494, PL XXXL, the spots being in pale : a different arrangement has been shown in No. 468, at St. Alban's ; and again, at Great Yarmouth, in No. 469 ; at Lincoln also, the same label appears charged with two spots only upon each point, No. 491, PL XXXIV. John of Ghent was created Duke of Lancaster in 1362, and in the following year Earl of Derby, Lincoln, and Leicester : also, on his mar riage with Constance of Castile, he assumed the title of King of Castile and Leon. He impales the arms of his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster, No. 488, PL XLV. : he afterwards impales Castile and Leon, No. 135, PL I., placing his Eoyal coat on the dexter side of his shield. He also bears, sa., three ostrich feathers erm., the quills and scrolls or : Seals ; Monuments at Canterbury, Westminster, and Lincoln ; Boll of B. II. Edmond, " of Langley," (23), fifth son of Edward III., K.G. Duke of York ; died 1402 : — France Ancient and England quarterly, with a label of three points arg., charged on each point with torteaux ; these torteaux are generally blazoned three on each point, as in No. 496, PI. XXXL : but in No. 472, from Great Yarmouth, the torteaux on each point of this label are two only. The seals of this Prince and his stall-plate blazon his label with three torteaux on each point ; and his label appears charged in the same manner upon his monument at King's Langley. A label counter componSe or chequSe, (probably derived from the well-known 240 ROYAL CADENCY. shield of De Warrenne, (No. 127 b, PL VI.), carved upon the Burghersh monument, No. 492, PL XXXIV., has been attributed to Edmond of Langley, and is considered to have been borne by him before he assumed what may be distinguished as the Label of York— the silver label, that is, charged with torteaux. The origin of this difference by torteaux is by no means easy to be determined. Three torteaux, however, were borne in chief by Thomas, Lord Wake of Lydel, (or, two bars gu., in chief three torteaux, No, 437, PL L.), whose sister and sole heiress married another Edmond Plantagenet, the youngest son of Edward I. This Edmond was executed in 1329, being then twenty- eight years of age ; . his two sons died without issue, and thus his only daughter became the sole heiress of both her father and her mother. This lady, the Princess Joan, married, first, Sir Thomas Holland, K.G.,- and afterwards, the Black Prince. Sir Thomas Holland was created Lord Wake of Lydel, jure uxoris ; his eldest son, Thomas Holland, bore the same title; and the second daughter of his eldest son, Joan Holland, after the year 1394, married Prince Edmond of Langley, then Duke of York. In default of any more probable theory, I venture to suggest that the torteaux of the York Label may possibly have been derived from the shield of Wake of Lydel, No. 437, through Edmond of Woodstock and the Hollands. Very strange were both the distribution and the combination of titles, and the assignment of estates and properties in those days ; so that in the torteaux of the York Label there may linger evidence of a part, and perhaps by no means an unimportant part of the wealth which supported the Dukedom of York at the time of its first creation. That Prince Edmond of Langley attached very great importance to his alliance with the Hollands is declared by the presence of two shields, charged with the arms, of Holland, upon his monument at King's Langley. These two shields, the one bearing England within a bordure of France, and the other England within a plain bordure, I have recently liberated from the thick coverings of ROYAL CADENCY. 241 mortar which had long completely concealed them; they are admirably drawn and carved with great spirit and delicacy in alabaster, and (thanks to the mortar) they remain in perfect preservation. The exact time in which Edmond of Langley adopted the label charged with torteaux, has not yet been de termined : he sealed with this label, however, before his advance to the Dukedom of York in 1385, (see Vincent, " Nicholas Charles," f. 97, in Coll. Arm.) ; and torteaux are certainly upon the label, No. 489, PL XXXL, blazoned on the Monument of Edward III. The Garter-Plate of Prince Edmond is differenced with a label charged with nine torteaux, and (at whatever period the existing plate may have been executed) its inscription de signates the Prince by his title of Duke of York — " le Duk de York Edmod." StUl further inquiry, perhaps, may positively determine the source from whence the torteaux of the York label were derived, and may also assign an exact date to the assumption of that label, in the place of its compony predecessor, by Edmond of Langley. Prince Edmond was created Earl of Cambridge in the year 1362, and Duke of York in 1385. He impales Castile and Leon, in right of his wife, Isabel, younger daughter of Peter, King of Castile and Leon : EoU of B. II. ; Seals ; Monuments ; Canterbury shields. Thomas, " of Woodstock," (24,) youngest son of Edward III., K.G., Duke of Gloucester : — France Ancient and England quarterly, within a bordure arg., No. 340, PL XX., (from the De Bohun Brass at Westminster) ; also No. 509, PL LXX. (See his other seals). He was created Earl of Buckingham in the year 1377, and, jure uxoris, Earl of Essex and Northampton; and in 1386, he was created Duke of Buckingham. Murdered at Calais in 1397. He impales, for his wife Alianore de Bohun, the arms of the Earls of Hereford, as in No. 340 : Canterbury Shields ; Eoll E. II. Eichard, Prince of Wales, (32,) afterwards King Eichard II ; "in the lifetime of the Black Prince, his father, France Ancient 242 royal cadency. and England, with a label of five or three points arg., charged on the central point only with a cross gu., No. 485, PL XXXL Henry " of Bolingbroke," (33), K.G., Earl of Derby, Here ford and Lancaster, afterwards King Henry IV., only son of John of Ghent : England with a label of France — the shield of the Earls of Lancaster, whom he represented, No. 488, PL XLV., and No. 493, PL XXXIV. This shield appears to have been borne, as an official ensign, by many persons who were in various ways connected with the Lancastrian Princes. A good example occurs in the Brass to Thomas Leventhorpe, a.d. 1433, at Saw- bridgeworth : See Chap. XXIIL The Label of France, assumed after his marriage with Blanche D'Artois by Edmond " Crouch back," was evidently derived from the paternal arms of the French Princess ; and thus it may be grouped with the Bordure of France of John of Eltham, and the Bordure of England of John de Dreux, Count of Brittany, as an example of that early Cadency which anticipated Marshalling. After the death of his father, February 3, 1399, until his own accession on the 30th September following, Henry BoUngbroke bears, France Ancient and England quarterly, with a label of five points per pale of Brittany and of France — that is, the three dexter points ermine, and the two sinister points azure charged with golden fleurs de lys. This label, which is formed by impaling his father's label with his own, appears upon a Seal of Prince Henry to a charter dated 18 Bich. IL, (Vincent, 33 — 96, in CoU. Arm.) Upon the monument at King's Langley, this label has the first and second point ermine, and points three, four and five of France, as in No. 486, at the end of this Chapter. At Great Yarmouth, points one, two and three are ermine, as in No. 495, PL XXXIII. Prince Henry was created Earl of Derby in 1386 ; and in right of his wife, Mary de Bohun, Earl of Hereford and Baron Brecknock, and in 1397 he was created Duke of Hereford : he succeeded his father as Duke of Lancaster, February. 3, 1399. On the Seal already described (p. 164), he impales the royal cadency. 243 Confessor with a label of three points with his quartered shield, and again impales De Bohun, No. 347, p. 165: Canterbury Shields; EoU of E. II. Edward, (34), K.G., Earl of Eutland in 1390, Duke of Al bemarle in 1398, and second Duke of York in 1402, eldest son of Edmond of Langley ; kUled at Agincourt, 1415 : — before the death of his father, — France Ancient and England quarterly, with a label of Castile — a label gu., charged on each point with three castles or, in commemoration of his mother, Isabelle of Castile and Leon, No. 498, PL XXXIII. Vincent (No. 18, f. 88) assigns to this Prince at this period a label per pale of Castile and Leon, as in No. 499; and the Eoll of Eichard IL, (a.d. 1392—1397) blazons the arms of " Le Conte de Buttlande " with a label of five points per pale of York and Castile, — points one, two and three arg. having three torteaux charged on each point ; and points four and five gules having on each point three castles or, No. 499 A, PL LXXIV. After the death of his father, Prince Edward bears the label of York (with nine torteaux) only, and eventually he substitutes France Modern for France Ancient in the first and fourth quarters of his shield. This Prince, for his wife Philtppa, daughter of Lord Mohun, impales, or, a cross engrailed sa. ; Monu ment at Westminster ; Canterbury Bosses ; Seals. Eichard, " of Coningsburgh," (35,) Earl of Cambridge, second and youngest son of Bdmond of Langley: executed in 1415: — before 1402, France Ancient and England quarterly within a bordure of Leon — a bordure arg., charged with lioncels rampt. gu. (or, purpure), in commemoration of his mother. After 1402 he adds the label of York (with nine torteaux) within his bordure; and eventually he changes France Ancient for France Modern, No. 478, PL XXXH. ; Seals ; Canterbury Bosses. For his wife Anne Mortimer, this Prince impales Mortimer and De Burgh quarterly. Thomas, (38,) K.G., Duke of Clarence, second son of Henry IV. ; kiUed in battle in Anjou, March 22, 1421 -.—France Modem and England, with a label ermine, charged on each point with a canton r 2 244 royal cadency. gu., No. 500, PL XXXL Before his advance to the Dukedom of Clarence in 1411, this Prince appears to have borne his label of ermine only without the cantons ; Seals ; Stall-Plate ; Monument at Canterbury. He impales Holland of Kent, No. 477 A. PL XL V., for his wife Margaret de Holland. John (39), K.G., Duke of Bedford (in 1415), Anjou and Alencon, Earl of Bichmond, &c, third son of Henry IV. ; died at Bouen in 1435 : — France Modem and England, with a label im paling Brittany and France, No. 486, p. 253. This label, as I have shown, was "borne by the father of Duke John between February 3, and September 30, 1399 ; consequently it may be assumed that he did not difference his own shield with it until after his father had become king. Duke John without doubt, and his elder brother also, in the first instance bore France Ancient Duke John would bear the label of ermine, as the ensign of his own Earldom of Bichmond, and also to denote his descent from "time-honoured Lancaster," Prince John of Ghent, his grandfather, whose name he himself bore ; and the label charged with fleurs de lys he would also bear, as the distinguishing label of Lancaster, while at the same time the fleurs de lys might further refer to his own aUiances with two Princesses connected with France. His elder brother, the Duke of Clarence, may be considered in like manner to have assumed the ermine label, as a grandson of John of Ghent ; and the cantons he may be considered to have regarded as the difference of Clarence. In the Garter- Plate of the Duke of Bedford, his lion crest is gorged with a label of five points, identical in its character with the label that dif ferences his shield. This Prince was twice married; first, to Anne, sister of Philip, Duke of Burgundy ; and, secondly, to Jaqueline of Luxemburg, who subsequently became the wife of Sir Eichard Widville, and mother of Elizabeth, the Queen of Edward IV. : he, therefore, impales Burgundy— France Ancient, within a bordure gu. ; and Luxemburg— arg., a lion rampt. queue four che'e gu., crowned or. Seals ; Canterbury Bosses, &c. ROYAL CADENCY. 245 Humphrey, (40,) K.G., Duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Henry IV. ; died 1447 : — France Modern and England, within a bordure arg., No. 476, PL XXXH. ; Monument at St. Alban's ; Canterbury Bosses; Seals. Duke Humphrey impales, for his first wife, Jaqueline of Holland, or, a lion rampt. gu. ; and, for his second wife, Eleanor de Cobham, Cobham, No. 377, PL XXV. In his "Pursuivant," (p. 150,) Mr. Planche blazons the bordure of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, as componSe argent and sable : perhaps he has done this on the authority of Upton, who says (De mili. off. p. 238), that the Duke bore such a bordure, which he might have assumed when the Earldom of Flanders was granted to him in the fourteenth year of Henry VI. The shield of the Duke in the cloisters at Canterbury has a plain bordure ; and in his Monument at St. Alban's his shield is repeated again and again, carved in relief, but the bordure is plain. Many of these shields at St. Alban's are in perfect preservation, and they are ensigned with a coronet decorated after a most singular manner. The Duke also differences his Lion Crest with a Collar argent. Eichard, (41,) K.G., Earl of Cambridge and Eutland, third Duke of York in 1426, Begent of France in 1435, only son of Earl Eichard of Coningsburg ; killed at Wakefield December 31, .1460 : — France Modern and England quarterly, with a label of York (nine torteaux) ; Garter-Plate ; Seals — see Vincent, MS. SS., in CoU. Arm. For his wife, Cecilia Neville, this Prince impales, gu., a saltire arg. Edward, (43,) Earl of March, fourth Duke of York (in 1460), afterwards King Edward IV., eldest surviving son of Eichard, third Duke of York : — after his father's death, France Modem and England quarterly, with a label of York.. I have not been able to ascertain what label this Prince bore during the lifetime of his father. Edmond, (44,) Earl of Eutland, second son of Eichard, third Duke of York; killed at Wakefield, Dec. 31, 1460 :— France 246 ROYAL CADENCY. Modern and England with a label of five points per pale of Leon and York, No. 497, BL XXXIII. George (45), K.G., Duke of Clarence, and jure uxoris Earl of Warwick and Salisbury, third son of Eichard, third Duke of York ; murdered in 1477 : — France Modern and England, with a label of Clarence, — a label arg., charged on each point with a canton gu., No. 473, PL XXXL Garter-riate; Canterbury Bosses; Seals. For his wife, Isabelle Neville,- he impales, gu., a saltire arg., with a label of three points componSe arg. and az. Richard, (46,) K.G., Duke of Gloucester, afterwards King Eichard III., fourth son of Eichard, third Duke of York ; killed atBosworth Field, August 23, 1485 : — France Modern and England quarterly, with a label erm., charged on each point with a canton gu., No. 500, PL XXXL ; Garter-Plate ; Canterbury Bosses, &c Eichard, (49,) K.G., fifth Duke of York, Norfolk and War renne, Earl of Nottingham, second son of Edward IV : — France Modern and England, with a label of three points arg., the first point charged with a canton gu., No. 464, PL XXXI; Garter-Plate; Canterbury Bosses. Edward, (52,) Earl of Warwick, eldest and only surviving son of George, Duke of Clarence, the last of the Plantagenets ; exe cuted Nov. 28, 1499 -.—France Modern and England, with a label of Beaufort — a label componSe arg. and az., No. 601, PL XXXL This label Earl Edward derived, through his mother, from the ' Nevilles, Earls of Warwick, who in their turn had assumed it to denote their own alliance with the House of Beaufort. In their Seals, the Plantagenet Brinces both impale the arms of their Consorts with their own, and they also marshal various quarterings. I have not considered it necessary to give quar tered coats, my special object in the foregoing series of shields being to indicate the several Labels that were borne by different members of the Plantagenet family, as Marks of Cadency. I add, as an example of these Quarterings, the arms blazoned on one of the Seals of Eichard, third Duke of York : Quarterly, 1 CADESOY LABELS CHAPTER XVI Plate XXXIII MARSHAI/DLXG &¦ CADENCY CHAPTERS XIV &XV -e LXV ROYAL CADENCY. 247 and 4, York ; 2. Castile and Leon ; 3. Mortimer and De Burgh quar terly ; and, over all, Holland of Kent H. Cadency of the De Hollands. In the time of Edward I., Eobert de Holland married Maud, daughter and co-heiress of Alan de la Zouche. Of their four sons, Thomas the second son, and Otho the youngest, were Knights Founders of the Garter. This Sir Thomas de Holland, K.G., married Joan Plantagenet (who afterwards was the wife of the Black Prince) ; and his two sons, accordingly, were half-bro thers of Eichard H. In the Calais Boll, Sir Thomas bears his paternal arms, az., fieurettSe, a lion rampt. guard, arg., No. 637, PL LXV., differenced with a crescent gu. ; and Sir Otho differences with an annulet gu. Thomas de Holland, K.G., second Earl of Kent, and second Baron Wake jure matris, eldest son of Sir Thomas; died in 1397, having married Alice de Fitz-Alan : England, within a bordure arg., No. 475, Pis. XXXH. and LXV. ; EoU of E. II. ; Canterbury Bosses; King's Langley Monument; Seals, &c. Also, by a special grant from Bichard II. , the same arms, im paled by the Confessor within a bordure erm. ; No. 342, PL XXIL ; Thomas de Holland, third Earl of Kent, and Duke of Surrey, eldest son of Earl Thomas ; executed in 1400 : — England, within a bordure arg. ; No. 475, PL LXV. Edmund de Holland, K.G., fourth and last Earl of Kent, second son of Earl Thomas : the same arms as his father and brother. John de Holland, E.G., Earl of Huntingdon and Duke of Exeter, second son of Sir Thomas; executed in 1400, having married Elizabeth, daughter of John, "of Ghent:" England, within a bordure of France; No. 447 A, Plates XLV. and LXV.; Eoll E. II. ; King's Langley Monument; Canterbury Bosses; Seals. Also, by special grant from Eichard IL, the same arms 248 royal cadency. impaled by the Confessor, differenced by a label of three points arg.; No. 631, PL LXV. John de Holland, E.G., second Duke of Exeter and Earl of Huntingdon, second son of John, the first Duke : the same arms as his father, without the Confessor. John de Holland, third and last Duke of Exeter, only son of the second Duke : the same arms as his father. III. Cadency of the De Beauforts. In the year 1397, the Act for the legitimation of the De Beau- forts, the sons of John of Ghent and Catherine Swynford, was passed and became law, John de Beaufort, E.G., Earl and Marquess of Somerset, and Marquess of Dorset, the eldest son : — before the year 1397, per pale arg. and az., a bend of England ensigned with a label of France ; (see Chap. XXVIII.,' Section 2); after 1397, .France and England, (at first, France^ Ancient), within a bordure componee arg. and az., (the Plantagenet colours), No. 479, PI. XXXII. Henry de Beaufort, Cardinal, Bishop of Winchester, and Lord Chancellor, the second son : — before 1397, the same arms differenced with a crescent ; after 1397, France and England, within a bordure componSe az. and arg., a crescent of the last for secondary Difference ; No. 480, PL XXXII. Nicholas Charles gives a seal of the Cardinal (p. 127), in which his shield has the bordure componee arg. and az., the central az. square in chief being charged with a mitre or. Thomas de Beaufort, K.G., Duke of Exeter, Earl of Dorset and of Harcourt in Normandy, the third son : — before 1397, as his two brothers, for difference a mullet; after 1397, and untU 1417, France and England, within a bordure componee az. and erm.,ov erm. and az. ; after 1417, the bordure componee arg. and of France, or of France and arg. (the fleurs de lys from the Hollands), No. 484, PL XXXII. John de Beaufort, K.G., and Edmond de Beaufort, sons of the CADJEXTC Y - BORDURES. CHAPTERS XYI & XXVI riaie ,WJAl ROYAL CADENCY. 249 first John de Beaufort, and both of them in succession Dukes of Somerset, and also Henry and Edmond de Beaufort, sons of the first Edmond, and Dukes of Somerset, bear the same arms with the bordure compone'e either arg. and az., or az. and arg., with either a label or a mullet charged over all for secondary difference ; Garter-plates ; Seals ; Monuments at Canterbury, and at West minster and Wimborne Minsters, &c. IV. Cadency of the Tudors. Edmund Tudor, "of Hadham," Earl of Bichmond in 1452, eldest son of Queen Catherine and Owen Tudor : France Modern and England, within a bordure az., charged alternately with fleurs de lys and martlets or; No. 482, PL XXXII. He died, a.d. 1456, having married in the previous year Margaret, the only child of John de Beaufort, first Duke of Somerset, and his wife, Mar garet Beauchamp of Bletsho, from whose arms (No. 369. PL XXV), he obtained the martlets of his bordure, as the fleurs de lys were derived from the Hollands; Westminster Monu ment. Jaspar Tudor, K.G., Earl of Pembroke in 1452, and in 1485 Duke of Bedford, second son of Queen Catherine and Owen Tudor : France Modem and England, within a bordure az., charged with martlets or ; No. 483, PI. XXXII. ; Garter-plate ; Seals, &c. A grant of land in the county of Monmouth from Jaspar Tudor bears his seal, charged with his arms ; No. 683 ; see Chapter XXIV, Section 1. Henry Tudor, afterwards King Henry VII : — before his accession, Aug. 22, 1485, the same as his father, Edmund Tudor, No. 482, PL XXXH. ; Monument at Westminster ; Seals. Arthur Tudor, K.G., Prince of Wales, eldest son of Henry VIE, died in 1502 : — France Modern and England, with a label of three points arg. ; Monument in Worcester Cathedral ; Seals. Henry Tudor, K.G., afterwards King Henry VIIL :— before 1502, France Modern and England, with a label of three points erm. ; 250 royal cadency. Stall-plate; after 1502 and until his accession in 1509, as Prince of Wales, the same arms with a silver label. Edward Tudor, afterwards King Edward VI. : — before his accession in 1207, France and England, with a label arg. As nomi nally Prince of Wales also, on one of his seals he bears, as the arms of the Principality, Three lions coward in pale, No. 699, PL LX : and a simUar shield is also blazoned upon a seal of Edward V., as Prince of Wales. See Chapter XXIV. The succession of the Princes of Wales from the last of the Tudors is as follows ; they all difference the Eoyal Arms of their own period with a silver label of three points : — Henry Stuart, Prince of Wales in 1610 ; No. 537, PL LVIII., with the silver label. Charles Stuart, afterwards Charles I., Prince of Wales in 1612 ; the same arms and difference. Charles .Stuart, afterwards Charles IL, Prince of Wales in 1639 ; the same arms and label. George II. ; Frederick Lewis ; and George III ; successively Princes of Wales : No. 542, PL LIX., with the silver label. George IV., the same arms and difference till 1801 ; from 1801 till 1816, No. 543, with the Electoral Bonnet of Hanover, No. 542 a, PL LXXVL, instead of the Eoyal Crown, and the silver label; and from 1816 till his accession 1820, No. 543, and the same difference of a silver label. H.B.H., The Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales, Daughter of Geo. IV. : On a lozenge the Royal Arms (without the Crown of Charlemagne, and withcpt the Electoral Bonnet) with a label of three points arg., on the /central point a rose gu. The Coronet of crosses patte'es, fleurs detys and ducal leaves, (No. 565). The Royal Supporters with the same label and coronet. These arms thus dif ferenced were assigned to the Princess April 16, 1816 : and in 1818 a similar label, but of five points, was granted to the hus band of H.B.H., the Prince Leopold, now King of the Belgians. ROYAL CADENCY. 251 VII. James Stuart, (afterwards James II.,) K.G., as Duke of York : the Royal Arms of the Stuarts, No. 537, PL LXIII., with a label of three points erm. Garter-Plate, a.d. 1642. VIII. Prince George of Denmark, husband of Queen Anne : Denmark, as borne by Anne, Queen of James I., with a label of three points erm. William Stuart, K.G., son of Queen Anne, styled Duke of Gloucester : the Royal Arms of the Stuarts, with a label of three points arg., charged on the central point with a cross gu. Supporters and Crest differenced with the same label, and both the lions en signed with the Prince's own Coronet. Garter-Plate, a.d. 1695. IX. Cadency of the present Eoyal Family. 1. The Family of George IH. :— H.B.H., The Prince of Wales, K.G. : No. 568, PL XXXVI. H.B.H., Frederick, Duke of York : No. 485, PL XXXL H.E.H., William Henry, Duke of Clarence : No. 569. H.E.H.,JEdward, Duke of Kent: No. 570. H.E.H., Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland : on a label of three points arg., a fleur de lys az. between two crosses gu. H.B.H., Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex : on a label of three points arg., two hearts in pale between four crosses all gu. H.B.H., Adolphus Frederick, Duke of Cambridge : No. 577, PL XXXVI. H.B.H., Charlotte Augusta Matilda, Princess Eoyal: No. 572. H.B.H., The Princess Augusta : No. 573. H.B.H., The Princess Elizabeth : No. 574. H.B.H., The Princess Mary : No. 575. H.E.H., The Princess Sophia : No. 576. H.B.H., The Princess Amelia : a rose between two hearts gu. 2. H.B.H., William Henry, Duke of Gloucester, third son of Frederick Lewis, Prince of Wales : on a label of five points arg., a fleur de lys az. between four crosses gu. 252 royal cadency. H.B.H., William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester : the same label as the last ; and, during his father's lifetime, beneath it a second label of three points arg. 3. The Family of Her Majesty, The Queen. H.B.H., The- late Prince Consort: — a label of three points arg., charged on the central point with a cross gu. H.B.H., Albert Edward, K.G., Prince of Wales, K.S.I. : a label of three points arg. The Princes and Princesses, the younger Sons and all the Daughters of the Queen, difference the Royal Arms of England with silver labels of three points, each of which is charged with its own Marks of Cadency in the order following : — H.B.H., The Prince Alfred : on the first and third points, an anchor az., on the central point a cross gu., No. 569. H.B.H., The Prince Arthur : a cross gu., between two fleurs de lys az., No. 570, PL XXXVI. H.B.H., The Prince Leopold : a cross between two hearts, allgu., No. 571. H.B.H., The Princess Eoyal : a rose, between two crosses all gu., No. 572. H.B.H., The Princess Alice: a rose gu., between two ermine spots, No. 573. „ H.E.H., The Princess Helena : a cross, between two roses, all gu., No. 574. H.B.H., The Princess Louisa : a rose, between two cantons, all gu., No. 575. H.B.H., The Princess Beatrice : a heart, between two roses, all gu., No. 576. I presume that in due time his grandfather's label (No. 485, PL XXXL) will be assigned to the infant Prince, Albert Victor, the eldest son of the Prince of Wales, as that same label was borne by Eichard, afterwards Eichard II. , when he was the eldest surviving son of Edward, the Black Prince, Prince of Wales. 4. The label of Cambridge is charged on the central point with ROYAL CADENCY St BRITISH ENSIGNS. CHAPTERS XVIII, XJX H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF WALES. H R.H. THE PRINCESS ROYAL. r H.R.H. THE PRINCE ALFRED. H.RHTHE PRINCESS ALICE. I J .-73 H.R.H. THE PRINCE ARTflrR. H.R.H. THE PRINCESS HELENA. ^ ii- £ ^ g ^ ^ H.RH.THE PRINCE LEOPOLD. H.R H. THE PRINCESS LOUISA IP JL 571 1 f H.R.H. THE DUKE OF CAMBRIDGE. H.R.H. TJIE PRINCESS BEATRICE I 9 1?T RED ENSIGN. . 2*?? RED ENSIGN. .3™ RED ENSIGN. 531. BLUE ENSIGN Mv 532 \ f& /X/ ^\ ^ r^ 532 WHITE.or ST GEORGE S ENSIGN PX ^JL^ Plate XXXVI ROYAL CADENCY. 253 the Cross of St. George, and on each of the two other points with two hearts in pale gu. ; No. 577, PL XXXVI. Marks of Cadency for Princesses were first introduced into England on the accession of the present Boyal Family to the Crown of these Bealms. Before this period, the Daughters and and Grand-Daughters of the Crown bore the Boyal Arms without difference, in a lozenge if unmarried, (see Monuments to Daugh ters of James I., at Westminster); or in impalement with the arms of their Husbands, as in the smaller shields upon the Monument of Edward III. It wiU be understood that the miscellaneous 'examples which I have selected to illustrate the principle and the usage of early Cadency, are to be regarded simply as typical specimens of their several classes. Students will find other examples in abundance, many of them as characteristic and interesting as those that have been blazoned in this Chapter and in Chapter XV. No. 486. — Shield, from the Monument at King's Langley, to Edmond Plantagenet, K.G., Duke of York, borne by Henry Plantagenet of Boling broke, a.d. 1399 ; and, after his accession as Henry IV., by his third son, John Plantagenet, K.G., Duke of Bedford, who died a.d. 1435. No. 511. — De Bohun Badse, from the central Spandrel of the Canopy of the Brass to Alianore de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester, aj>. 1399, in ¦Westminster Abbey. CHAPTEB XVII. BADGES; CRESTS; SUPPORTERS; MOTTOES, AND KNOTS. SECTION I. BADGES. A Badge is an heraldic figure or device, assumed for the pur pose of being borne either absolutely alone, or in connection with a Motto, as the distinctive cognizance of an individual or a family of rank and importance. In the first instance, Badges in all probability were selected with a view to some significant allusion, which they might convey to the name, rank, office, property, personal appearance or character of the bearer ; and thus, to a numerous class of Badges the term Rebus may be cor rectly applied. These Badges may also be considered to have constituted in themselves an early Heraldry, since they certainly were in use before the adoption and recognition of regular coats of arms; they continued, however, to be held in high favour throughout the palmy days of mediaeval Heraldry. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, Badges were habi- BADGES, CRESTS, SUPPORTERS, MOTTOES, AND KNOTS. 255 tually used for the decoration of costume, military equipments, horse trappings, household furniture, and indeed for every variety of decorative purpose; pieces of plate also and other valuable objects were at once adorned and marked by them, and in seals they appear both as the accessories of shields, and some times as diapers. The figures and devices that were adopted as Badges in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, like those of an earlier period, were commonly Bebuses, and they also occasionally had reference to some feudal tenure or alliance. They were sometimes selected from the charges of coats of arms, sometimes they were identical with crests, but more generaUy they appear to have been alto gether distinct from the other heraldic insignia that were borne by the same persons. There is also a marked distinction in many instances to be observed between the Badges that were used, in connection with Livery Colours, to distinguish the armed followers and the retainers and attendants of royal, noble, and knightly personages, and the Badge that any prince, noble, or knight might be pleased to assume, and to bear about his own person. The Badges of the former of these two classes were always well known, and their presence was specially intended to declare a certain definite and intelligible fact : whereas, on the contrary, the use of the personal Badge was generally re stricted to the individual by whom it had been assumed ; and, while it had some occult allusion to the history of the bearer, it was designed rather to disguise than to proclaim his identity — it might be suggestive of a certain individual, but the suggestion was made by means of some quaint or mystic rebus, which would suppress at least as much as it revealed. In the Second part of Henry VI., (Act V., Scene 1, towards its close,) Shakespeare, with characteristic discrimination, has adverted to the use of Badges. He makes Clifford conclude his brief threatening address to Warwick with the words — " Might I but know thee by thy household Badge !" 256 BADGES, CRESTS, SUPPORTERS, To which appeal, returning defiance with defiance, Warwick replies — " Now, by my father's Badge, old Neville's Crest, The rampant bear chained to the ragged statf— ." The epithet " household " here most clearly refers to the usage of distinguishing aU the followers of an eminent personage by his well-known Badge ; and the words of Warwick show that the same device was sometimes borne both as a Crest and a Badge. It is to be observed that a Crest always rises from either a crest-coronet, an orle, or a chapeau, whUe the Badge is never accompanied with either of those accessories. Thus, the famous Badge of Warwick, the bear chained to a ragged staff, No. 206, PI. XXX., if borne as a Crest would be placed upon a coronet, as in No. 512 ; or, it might rest upon either a chapeau or an orle. I may here refer to the singularly fine Brass at Warwick to Thomas de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick, who died a.d. 1401, in which there is a chained bear at the feet of the effigy of the Earl : and the ragged staff appears decorating his basinet, his sword-scabbard and elbow-pieces, and it is also charged upon a small shield upon the pommel of his sword-hilt. This remarkable example of early engraving has been admirably rendered by the Messrs. Waller in their great work on Monu mental Brasses, now happily completed — a work to which I refer all students of Historical Heraldry. The Ostrich Feather Badge. See Archwologia, XXXL, 350. In his wiU, (a.d. 1376), the Black Prince speaks of " our Badges of Ostrich Feathers," " nos bages des plumes d'ostruce ;" and it is evident that these Feathers were held by the Prince in high esteem, and it would also seem that he regarded them in a peculiar light. Thus, the Prince gives directions that, on the occasion of his funeral, two distinct armorial compositions should be displayed in the procession, immediately before his remains ; one, for war — " I'un pur la guerre de nos armes entiers quartelles," BADGES SHIELDS OF JSRMS.&ELECTGRAL BGHNET OF HMOVER CHAPTERS XVII, XIX, XXX Plate LXXVI. knots and mottoes. 257 of his quartered arms of France and England ; and the other, for peace — " et l'autre pur la paix, de nos bages des plumes d'ostruce." Similar shields " for war," and " for peace " (No. 234, p. 70), alternate about the monument of the Prince at Canterbury. The well-known romantic legend which ascribes the origin of the famous Ostrich Feather Badge to a memorable incident at Cresci, (Aug. 25, 1346), requires more positive corroboration before it can be accepted as genuine History. I am not aware that the Ostrich Feathers have been in any way directly identified with John, King of Bohemia, who on his seal displays as his Crest two wings of a vulture of enormous size ; certainly, there is not known to exist any proof that the Black Prince himself asso ciated his favourite Badge with his early exploit at Cresci. The first mention of this Badge that has been observed, occurs in the year 1370. Queen Philippa marked some of her plate with the Ostrich Feather shield, No. 234. Upon two of his seals, the quartered arms of the Black Prince appear between two Ostrich Feathers with scrolls. The same Badge was habi- tuaUy used by the other Plantagenet Princes; so that, in the first instance, it was not held to be either a personal cognizance of the Black Prince, or an ensign of the Prince of Wales. John of Ghent bears the Ostrich Feather sometimes argent and some times ermine ; thus, the idea of differencing this Badge appears to be contemporary with its first adoption. In a remarkable boss at Canterbury, the feathers of Prince John have chains lying along their quills. Henry of Bolingbroke appears to have regarded the Ostrich Feather Badge with especial favour. In the seal which he used immediately before his accession, (see p. 164), his im paled shield is placed between two Ostrich Feathers, each of which has the word Sovereigne, his favourite motto, charged upon a scroll entwined about it, No. 684 ; PL LXXVI. The Ostrich Feather with a scroll entwined about it appears three times repeated upon a very remarkable heraldic slab, dis covered some years ago under very singular circumstances at s 258 BADGES, CRESTS, SUPPORTERS, Venice, and which now is in this country. This slab, No. 684 a, PL LXXIX. (the lithograph was drawn from a photograph of the original) was supposed, in the first instance, to be a me morial of Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, who died in exile at Venice, and under that erroneous impression it is described and figured in the Archosologia, xxix, '387. The slab,' however, evidently commemorates the visit to Venice of the exiled Duke's great antagonist, Henry of Bolingbroke, with whom after his accession to the crown of England the Venetian State was most desirous to maintain friendly relations. Upon this Slab appears the crowned and chained Swan of the Bohuns, with the Collar of SS, favourite ensigDS of Henry : the Boyal Banner also without any Difference, the Eoyal Crest, and the Badge of Henry's Earldom of Derby, the hart lodged, complete this curious composition, the foreign treatment of which is so evident, par ticularly in the crowned lions of the banner and the extra ordinary idea of placing the helm upon the head of the swan. The first Secretum of Henry, as King, displays his quartered shield of France Ancient and England between two scrolled feathers held by lions. A seal of Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, the youngest son of Edward III., No. 509, PL LXX., has two large Ostrich Feathers similarly placed, and upon the quiE of each feather is laid a Garter extended, the buckles being in base. The Great Seal of this same Prince has its field powdered with small swans and feathers, in lozenges, thus forming a diaper for the field of the seal ; No. 510, p. 38. To Thomas Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk, as an augmentation of high honour, Eichard II. granted two Ostrich Feathers, to be borne erect, " in sigillo et vexUlo suo " — in both his seal and his banner. Eichard II. himself has the red barding of his charger semee of Ostrich Feathers, and an azure pennon similarly charged. This same Badge was adopted by the Beauforts; a fine example of it, the feathers having their quills componSe arg. and az., appears in the Garter-Plate of John de Beaufort, K.G., first Duke of Somerset, No. 685> CHAPTER XYII Section 1. Plate LXXIX H° 6 8 4- A Slab of Marble . Learin^ the Armorial Insignia, <£ HENRY or LANCASTER, afterwards KING HENKY", IV. ( ori&nally executed at Venice ) KNOTS AND MOTTOES. 259 PL LXXVI. All the sons of Henry IV. also bear the Ostrich Feathers as a Badge ; and it is retained in use until, with the close of the Plantagenet era, it gradually assumes a distinctive character as the peculiar ensign of the Princes of Wales. Single Feathers with scrolls appear on either side of the shield in the singular seals of Edward V., and Arthur Tudor, as Princes of Wales, (see Chap. XXIV, Section 1). Prince Edward's Feathers are held by two lions, No. 688, and Prince Arthur's by dragons, No. 689. On the obverse of the seals the field is diapered with feathers in lozenges, a rose being at each inter section of the frette ; on the head of Prince Edward's charger is a single feather, but the charger of Prince Arthur has a Crest formed of a plume of three feathers. As one of the devices that diaper the robe of Anne of Bohemia, in her effigy, the figure of an ostrich is introduced. In Harl. MS., fol. 12, in the British Museum, it is recorded that the white Ostrich Feather with its pen golden is the King's : the feather entirely white, or silver, is the No. 688. No. 689. Prince's : the feather golden, with its pen ermine, is the Duke of Lan caster's : and the feather white, having its pen compony, is the Duke of Somerset's. It must be added, that the Ostrich Feathers fre quently appear on Seals of an official or corporate character, s 2 260 BADGES, CRESTS, SUPPORTERS, which were in some way connected either directly or indirectly with the Crown. The three Ostrich Feathers, now so happily familiar to us, as they are grouped together within the circlet of a princely coronet, and borne by our own Prince of Wales, do not date back earlier than the era of the Stuarts. In the Monument of Abbot Bamrydge, at St. Alban's, three Ostrich Feathers appear united in a single scroll, ; and they are also represented precisely after the same manner in the equaUy splendid monu ment of Prince Arthur Tudor, in Worcester Cathedral; No 686, PL LXXVI. Single scrolled feathers are also displayed upon the Worcester monument, and they give the first indication of their tips curling over instead of bending to the sinister. Arthur Tudor, Prince of Wales, the son of Henry VIIL, first ensigned three Feathers with a Coronet, and he charged this group upon a roundle. Henry Stuart, eldest son of James I., established the arrangement of the three feathers within a Prince's Coronet, in place of the scroll, as the Ensign of the Prince of Wales ; No. 235 a, PL XV. On a boss of the vaulting over the steps that lead to the noble hall of Christchurch, Ox ford, the plume of three feathers ensigned with a coronet is sur rounded by the Garter of the Order. Another renowned historical Badge is the Eose, tinctured either argent or gules, or having both the metal and the colour conjoined, and borne sometimes alone and sometimes in association with other devices : (see pages 75 and 76, and PL XIII.). In addition to the examples of heraldic Boses that have been already specified, I must particularly invite attention to the splendid Bose that adorns the monument of Henry VII. ; and I may also refer to a cluster of five Boses grouped with singular skill, that were dis covered a few years ago imbedded in the wall of the ruined chapel of Abbot Wallingford at St. Alban's, No. 690, PL LXXVI. The Swan Badge of the De Bohuns appears upon the Sccretum KNOTS AND MOTTOES. 261 of Thomas of Woodstock, No. 331, p. 152, between the bases of two shields ; and again, in a similar position, upon the seal of Pleshy CoUege, founded by the same Thomas and his Duchess Alianore. In another seal of this Prince, No. 509, PL LXX., a Swan appears acting as a Supporter to the shield ; and, once more, the Swan Badge is introduced into the central spandrel of the Canopy of the De Bohun Brass at Westminster, No. 511, p. 254. Henry of BoUngbroke displays the Swan Badge upon his standard, No. 314, Chap. XVIII., and it also appears on what I may entitle his Venetian Slab, PL LXXIX. p. 258. Henry V., in like manner, held this same Badge in high esteem. Again, besides the Ostrich Feathers, the Black Prince in his Will speaks of several devices that he evidently used as Badges — these are " Swans, Ladies' Heads, and Mermaids of the sea." Mermaids also are Badges of the Berkeleys (see page 68) : good examples are charged upon the Seal of Maurice de Ber keley, where they act as Supporters to the shield. The weU-known seal of John of Ghent, in addition to his achievement of arms, is charged with his Badges — two Falcons holding Fetterlocks in their beaks. The Fetterlock Badge appears again in the Brass to Sir Simon de Felbryge, E.G., a.d. 1416, at Felbrigg; and, with a Sheaf of Arrows and a Portcullis, in the monument to Prince Arthur Tudor ; also in the stained glass at Canterbury. In aUusion to the office of Admiral held by their ancestors, the Buoy of a Ship is a Badge of the Nevilles ; and a Badge of the Lords Zouche is a Rudder sa., the tiller and stays or. ; of this heraldic Budder there is a good example at Eddington in WUtshire. In Section 4 of Chapter XIX. I have given a series of EngUsh Boyal Badges ; here, therefore, I may be content to adduce only a small number of additional examples. Mr. Planche, in his Pursuivant of Arms, has printed from a MS. (marked 2nd M. 16) of the time of Edward IV., preserved in the College of Arms, a list of the Badges borne by some of the principal nobility at the 262 BADGES, CRESTS, SUPPORTERS, time this list was written. Several of the following examples have been selected from Mr. Planche's list. Arundel : — an acorn. Astley : — a cinquefoil ermine. Beaufort : — a portcuUis, with the Motto, Altera Securitas. Brandon : — a lion's head erased gold. Buckingham; — the Stafford Knot, No. 515, PL XXX. Clinton : — a golden mullet. Cobham : — a Saracen's head sable. Compton :— a fire-beacon. Dacre : — a silver escaUop, attached by an intertwined cord to a ragged staff, No. 513, PL XXX. Douglas : — a human heart gules. Fitz- Waryn: — a Bourchier Knot, No. 516. Grey of Euthyn : — a ragged staff — staff ragulee sable. Hastings : — a bull's head erased sable, about the neck a crown or. Howard: — a silver lion, charged on the shoulder with a crescent azure. Hungerford : — a sickle. The Hungerfords also unite their sickle to a garb by a cord. The Seal of Sir B. de Hungerford, a.d. 1445, bears, for the Crest, a garb between two sickles rising from a crest coronet; there is also a sickle on each side of the shield. Mauleverer: — a white greyhound courant. At AUerton Mauleverer in Yorkshire, the Brass (a.d. 1400) to Sir John Mauleverer has the arms — gu., three greyhounds courant in pale arg., collared or, emblazoned upon the knight's jupon. Mowbray : — a mulberry tree. Neville : — a dun bull : also, two staples interlaced, one gold, the other silver; and a frette of gold. Norfolk : — a white lion. Pelham :— a buckle. Percy : — a silver crescent. knots and mottoes. 263 Peverell : — a golden garb. Stanley: — a stag's head argent; also a griffin's leg erased or. Suffolk : — a golden lion queue fourchee. A remarkable instance of the artistic ability and of the ver satile resources of the early Heralds occurs in the interior of Westminster Hall. The string-moulding which is carried be neath the windows throughout the building, is studded along its entire extent with the helm, crown and crest of Eichard II., alternating with his favourite Badge, the white hart lodged ; the figures are all boldly sculptured, and though all are most faith fully rendered, every individual white hart (and they are eighty- three in number), is unlike every other, and each one has some distinct characteristic features of its own. It is the same with the Uon crest and the helm, which are placed between two ostrich feathers having scrolls attached to their quills. Mr. Seton (Scottish Heraldry, p. 259), states that "among the Highlanders a species of Badge has in recent times constituted a mark of clanship, in the shape of a leaf or sprig of a particular tree or shrub (usuaUy an evergreen), which is carried in the bonnet or other portion of the costume — thus, the Badge of the Gordons is _ivy ; of the Campbells, myrtle ; of the Buchanans, birch; of the Camerons, oak; of the Grahams, laurel; of the Murrays, juniper ; of the Eobertsons, fern or brachen ; of the Macdonalds, bell-heath ; and of the Macgregors, lime." 264 BADGES, CRESTS, SUPPORTERS, SECTION III. OBESTS. No. 523. Achievement of Arms of Htjmphbey Stafford, K.G., Earl Stawobb, a.d. 1460. From his Garter-Plate at .Windsor. A Crest is a figure or device which originally was actually worn upon a Basinet and a Helm, and now is represented above a Shield of Arms. From an early period in the era of true English Heraldry, the Crest was held to be an ensign of great dignity and honour. In the first instance, the Crest was usuaUy some figure or device that was also borne in the Arms ; but, in process of time, Crests were more generaUy altogether distinct from the Charges of the Shields, though it was common for them to assimilate to the Supporters. The Crest was worn supported CUES TS. CHAPTER XVn. Plate XXVI. knots and mottoes. 267 frills. In No. 451, PL XLL, the lion-crest of Thomas de Beau fort, K.G., Earl of Dorset, appears gorged with a collar com pone'e arg. and az. In some few instances the devices assumed and worn as Crests, are identical with those that appear in the shields of arms of the wearers ; but the prevailing usage was to assume for the Crest a figure altogether different from the charges of the shield; and uncommonly strange, indeed, must have been the appearance of the figures that were frequently thus displayed by the early knights upon their helms. A Panache, or upright plume formed of a large number of feathers, generally the feathers of the cock or swan, was a favourite Crest. This is the Crest of the De Mortimers, and it is admirably blazoned on their seals. The effigies of Sir Eichard Pembridge, K.G., at Hereford, Sir Eobert de Marmion, at Tanfield, and of Sir Thomas Arderne, at Elford, all of them about a.d. 1400, are good examples. The panache of Sir Edmund de Thorpe, a.d. 1418, at Ashwelthorpe, is formed of peacock's feathers, No. 264, p. 110 ; and such is also the panache of Lord Ferrers of Chartley, a.d. 1425, at Merevale, No. 267 a, PL XXVI. The Garter-plates of Sir Thomas Erpingham, K.G., of Sir William Philip, K.G., of Sir Symon de Felbryge, K.G., of Sir Thomas Felton, K.G., and John, Lord Scrope, K.G. (No- 522, Chap. XXV.,) all of the fifteenth century, display panache- crests. The Contoise, a " lady's favour" or " token," No. 256, PI. XV., is worn with the Crest until about the middle of the fourteenth century, after which time this accessory disappears, and the Crest is placed upon its Wreath (probably derived by the Cru saders from the turbans of the Saracens) Coronet or Chapeau rising above the Mantling. Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, a.d. 1322, on his seal appears having a dragon with a contoise upon his helm, and a simUar monster is upon the head of his charger, No. 524, PL XXXV. : and the seal of Balph de Monthermer, Earl of Gloucester, a.d. 1323, has on his helm an eagle-crest 268 badges, crests, supporters, and a contoise. This eagle-crest was a special grant from Edward III. to William de Montacute. In. Achievements of Arms, and particularly in such as are blazoned on Seals, the group is arranged in the manner represented in No. 301, PL I., the Supporters being added on either side as in No. 707 a. The Crests in these compositions of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries are almost invariably very large in proportion to the Shields ; and the same remark is equaUy applicable to the Crests that are blazoned in the Windsor Garter-Plates. Thus, in No. 523, p. 264, the Swan's head and wings borne by Hum phrey, Earl of Stafford, K.G., are of truly imposing propor tions : and of the same usage in Seals No. 707 a, the Seal of Eichard, Earl of Arundel, a.d. 1330-1375, is an excellent early example. No. 707 a. — Seal of Richard, Earl of Arundel. Another good example from the Garter-Plates I have already given in No. 626, PL LXVI. : this commanding Crest forms a knots and mottoes. 269 part of the Achievement of the maternal ancestor of the Earl of Stafford, Humphrey de Bohun, last Earl of Hereford. In military monumental effigies, the helm of the deceased warrior very generally forms his becoming pillow ; and upon the helm so placed the Crest is constantly represented, with the orle or the coronet and the mantling. I may specify, as additional examples, the sculptured memorials of Ealph de Neville, Earl of Westmoreland, at Staindrop, a.d. 1420 ; of Eichard Beauchamp, .E.G., Earl of Warwick, a.d, 1439, at Warwick ; the Crest, No. 265, PL XLL, a swan's head and neck, is again represented in the Garter-Plate ; of the De la Poles, at Wingfield ; and of Sir Humphrey Stafford, at Bromsgrove : also the Brasses to Lord Stourton, a.d. 1404, at Sawtry, Hunts, (the Crest is a demi-monk grasping a scourge of knotted cords), No, 266, PL XXVI. ; of Lord William de Bryenne, Seal, Kent, No. 267, PL XXVI., (the Garter-Plate of Sir Guy de Bryenne, K.G. a.d. 1370, bears the same Crest — a hunting-horn upon a chapeau) ; and of Sir John de Brewys, a.d. 1426, at Wiston, in Sussex : Lord Stourton!s demi-monk, derived from the family of Moyne, is a canting Crest. The Crest of Beckford is another most cha racteristic example of the same usage, — it is a heron's head erased or, gorged with a collar fleurie gu., in the beak a fish arg. ; the Eebus here is twofold, both the strong sharp beak — bee fort of the fisher bird, and the aUusion conveyed by the captured fish to the ford of the- beck or stream from whence the heron may be supposed to have secured his prey : this Crest is most beautifully engraved in the " Heraldry of Fish," p. 98. The helm of Sir Edmund de Thorpe, No. 264, p. 110, and that of Balph, Lord Bassett, K.G., No. 612, PL XLV. (from his Garter-Plate), may be regarded as models for heraldic helms ; and with them may be associated No. 611, PL XLV., from the monument to the Black Prince. Another fine example of the Crest-Coronet occurs in the Brass 'to Sir Thomas Bromflete, a.d. 1430, at Wimington, No. 268, PL XXVL, but the Crest 270 BADGES, CRESTS, SUPPORTERS, itself is lost : and equally fine examples are blazoned in the Garter-Plates of Sir Hugh de Courtenay, Lord Willoughby, and Sir Thomas Felton, amongst the earliest of the existing series at Windsor. In his Brass at Harpham, a.d. 1420, Sir Thomas de No. 691.— Crest : Sir T. de Saint No. 692.^Crest- Wreath : Lord Quintin. Willoughby D'Eeesby. Saint Quintin is represented with a singular modification of the panache upon his basinet, No. 691 ; and in another Brass at Spilsby, a knight, probably William, Lord Willoughby D'Eresby, a.d. 1409, has his basinet encircled with an orle of roses, No. 692. The Garter-Plate of John, Lord Lysle, K.G. (one of the Knights Founders of the Order), furnishes a striking example of the extraordinary Crests that were worn even by men of most eminent distinction. . Besting immediately upon his basinet, the Crest of Lord Lysle is a mill-stone arg., pecked sa., the inner circle and the rim of the second, the fer-de-moline or, No. 693, PL LXIV. The Crest of the Bourchiers appears in several of the Garter- Plates, with some slight modifications for Difference : it is a Saracen's head in profile ppr., bearded sa., wearing a tall cap gu., which bends towards the dexter, and is tasselled or. This cap, in the Garter-Plate of Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, rises from a crest-coronet which is interposed between the head and the cap itself: this coronet is golden, and has on its circlet three water- bougets sa. In the remarkable monument of Ludovic Eobesart COROTCETS, MANTLINGS X CRESTS. 'HAPTEP? XV XVII, XIX MARQUESS KNOTS AND MOTTOES. 271 K.G., Lord Bourchier, Standard-Bearer to Henry V., the cap or bonnet of the Saracen's-head Crest is surmounted by a Catherine- wheel, derived from the arms of the Boets, with whom he was connected; this, accordingly, is an example of Marshalling in a Crest. The Crest of Sir John Daubygne, a mullet surrounded by holly-leaves, has been already blazoned ; (see pages 47 and 134, and No. 408) ; another curious crest of a somewhat similar cha racter, borne by John de Wydevil, — appears on his monument at Grafton Begis, Northants ; it is a bird sitting on a tuft of oak- leaves, a scroll (now without any legend) issuing from its beak. Seals abound in admirable examples of Crests, and they illustrate many curious modifications of mediaeval heraldic usage. Thus, the Crest of the Mortimers, a lofty panache of many azure feathers rising from out of a crest-coronet, No. 269, PL XXVI., is represented in various seals of members of the House of March : but Edmund Mortimer, a.d. 1372, has a seal charged with his paternal shield, suspended by its guige from a rose-tree, and having the inescutcheon diapered; and, in place of the helm and crest above the shield, on either side of the shield placed as a supporter is one of the white lions of the Earls of March helmed, the two helms almost enclosing the lions, and having mantling, coronet, and crest, and respecting each other; No. 270, Chap. No. 270 a. — Seal of Edmund De Arundel. XXIV. Another seal, that of Edmund de Arundel, who was Earl from 1301 till 1326, has two crested helms similarly placed, but without any animals as supporters, No. 270 a. The 272 BADGES, CRESTS, SUPPORTERS, Crest of Delabere, of Gloucestershire, is another interesting example of what originally was doubtless a panache : this Crest, now borne as a plume of five ostrich feathers per pale arg., and az., issuing from a crest-coronet, is said to have been given to Sir Eichard de la Bere by the Black Prince in acknowledgment of signal service rendered to him at Cresci. Panache or Plume Crests sometimes are differenced ; as by the Tyndalls, with either a martlet or an ermine circlet, No. 267 b. It appears to have No. 267 b.— Crests of Tyndall. been a favourite custom to place the head and neck of a bird or of any imaginary winged creature between two lofty groups of upright feathers, and thus to form a Crest: the Seals of the Earls of Arundel provide good examples of this singular usage, as in No. 694, PL LXIV, the Crest of Eichard Fitz Alan, a.d. 1390. In No. 199 a, p. 62, an ermine, the Crest of Lord Dynham, K.G., stands between two tall spikes that issue from the Cap of Estate. Crests are now generally represented resting upon a wreath ; but the crest-coronet and also the chapeau are still retained in modern blazon : for example, the Crest of the Duke, of Eutland is on a chapeau gu., lined erm., a peacock in its pride, proper. The Duke of Newcastle bears the same crest upon a wreath. Walter Long, of Preshaw House, Hants, Esquire, bears as his Crest, out of a crest-coronet or, a demi-lion rampt arg. Crests, like shields of arms, being held to be hereditary, it necessarily follows that the same person may inherit and may knots and mottoes. 273 rightly bear two or more crests, as he may quarter two or more than two coats of arms : for example, the Earl Fitzwilliam bears these two crests; — 1st, out of a crest-coronet or, a plume of three ostrich feathers org.; and 2nd, on a wreath or and sa., a griffin passant ppr. It must be added, that in this country the strict rule is that only one Crest can be borne, except under the follow ing conditions : — 1st, By a special grant from the Crown, as an augmentation; such are the Crests of Wellesley, Hardinge, Cameron, Bart. : or, 2ndly, When any person may have obtained the Boyal Ucence to bear and use the name and arms of another family in addition to his own, in any such case the Crests of both families are displayed above the quartered arms ; the Crests of the Dukes of Buckingham, Leeds, Bichmond, and Sutherland, the Marquess of Lansdowne, of Dalrymple-Hay, Bart., are examples. For further Illustration, I add a few other examples of Crests. Percy, Duke of Northumberland : — On a chapeau, a lion statant, Ms tail extended or. In No. 185, p. 55, this lion is represented without the chapeau. Howard, representative of Mowbray, Duke of Norfolk : — On a chapeau, a lion statant guardant, his tail extended or, and ducally gorged arg. This Uon of the Howards is represented in No. 186, p. 55, without either the chapeau or the coronet. It was originally granted by Eichard II. to Thomas Mowbray, Earl Marshal. Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel : — Out of a crest-coronet or, a griffin's head arg., beaked gu., between a pair of wings erect; No. 694, PL LXIV. Neville, Earl of Westmoreland : — From a wreath, a dun bull's head and neck erased ppr. (Monument and Seals.) Balph, Lord Bassett, of Drayton, K.G. -.—Out of of a crest- coronet, a boar's head erased sa., armed or. (Garter-Plate.) Stanley, Earl of Derby: — On a chapeau, an eagle, wings ad- dorsed or, hovering over an infant in its nest ppr., swaddled az., banded of the first. (Garter-Plate.) 274 BADGES, CRESTS, SUPPORTERS, The Stanleys have derived this Crest from the Lathams, of whom it is recorded that one of the heads of their house adopted as his heir a child which had been exposed in an eagle's nest in Latham Park, but which the eagle had carefully nurtured, instead of destroying it. Kirkpatrick, of Closeburn : — On a wreath, a dexter hand, couped at the wrist, holding erect a dagger imbrued, all ppr., with the motto, " Tse mak siker." No. 525 A, PL XXX. The historical origin of this Crest and its Motto is well known. Pole, Sir Eichard, K.G., father of the Cardinal : — On a wreath, a cormorant trussing a fish, all ppr.. (Garter-Plate.) Wodehouse, Baron Wodehouse : — On a wreath, a dexter hand holding a club, all ppr. In chief, the words, " Frappez fort." In base, the word " Agincourt" Pelham-Clinton, Duke of Newcastle : For Clinton : — Out of a crest-coronet, a plume of five ostrich feathers arg., banded with a line set chevron-wise az. For Pelham : — On a wreath, a peacock in its pride ppr. An early crest of the Pelhams was a lantern. Drake : — Out of a wreath, a ship, drawn round a globe with a cable-rope by a hand issuing out of clouds, all ppr. ; in chief, the motto, Divino Auxilio. No. 144 B, PL XXVI. Hope : — Out of a wreath, a broken globe, surmounted by a rainbow issuing out of a cloud at each end, all ppr. No. 144 A, PL XXVI. Wellesley, Duke of Wellington : — Out of a ducal coronet or, a demi-lion rampt. gu., holding a swallow-tailed pennon of the last, the fly to the sinister, and at the head charged with the ensign of St. George. Douglas Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton ; — Out of a crest-coronet, an oak-tree fructed, penetrated transversely in the main stem by a frame-saw, all ppr., the saw-frame or. The old Earls of Dunbar and March, who were hereditary Wardens of the Marches of the Scottish border, bore for a Crest a horse's head bridled ; and the Marquess of Annandale, also a knots and mottoes, 275 Lord Marcher, had for his Crest a spur erect, between a pair of wings, both Crests being designed to intimate prompt readiness and speed in pursuit. Crests may be considered to have been occasionally adopted with a view to a species of Marshalling. SECTION III. SUPPOKTEBS. Supporters are figures, whether of human or imaginary creatures, or of living creatures of whatever kind which, as a general rule, stand on either side of a shield, as if in the act of holding it up (supporting it), or guarding it. Supporters, accordingly, in the great majority of instances, and more particularly in the Heraldry of England, appear in pairs, one on the Dexter and the other on the Sinister of the shield. The usage prevalent in early times, with occasional exceptions, was that the two Supporters should be alike ; but in modern English Heraldry they very frequently are altogether distinct from one another, as in the instance of the Royal Supporters of England, the Lion and the Unicorn. French Heralds distinguish Human Figures, when they appear supporting any Shield, by the title of " Tenants," while all Animals dis charging a similar duty are styled " Supporters." Single Supporters, which are by no means uncommon in Con tinental Heraldry, occasionally appear in the early Seals of both England and Scotland ; and in our own times some few relics of this original practice stiU survive ; thus, the Lord of the Manor of Stoke-Lyne, in Oxfordshire, charges his paternal Shield upon the breast of a hawk, by virtue of a special grant of Charles I. I have given examples of early English Single Supporters in No. 201, PL XX.; No. 212 c, PL LXII.; and Nos. 509, 525, PL LXX. : and in his Scottish Heraldry (pp. 260-272), Mr. Seton has shown what Scottish Seals exemplify this usage in the most characteristic manner ; and to some of these, I presently shall more particularly refer. t 2 276 badges, crests, supporters, These honourable accessories of the Heraldic Shield are said to have been introduced, (like Quartering), by Edward III., but they are of uncertain authority until the reign of Henry VI. Supporters are now borne, by right, by all the Peers of the Eealm, by Knights of the Garter, and Knights Grand Crosses of the Bath, also by the Nova Scotia Baronets, and the Chiefs of the Scottish Clans ; and they are conceded to those Sons of Peers who bear honorary titles of Nobility. Supporters are not granted in England without the express command of the Sovereign ; but in Scotland " Lord Lion" enjoys this privilege. Supporters are not borne by any Spiritual Peers. They appear associated with the Arms of many persons of various ranks, who have derived them from some distinguished ancestors. The actual origin of Supporters has been a subject of much speculation with writers on Heraldry. I am disposed to consider that they may be de rived in part from a desire to combine personal Badges with hereditary heraldic compositions, whUe in part Supporters may have resulted from certain early forms of ^either MarshaUing or Differencing. It is highly probable, also, that the introduction of these accessories of Shields of Arms may have been greatly influenced by the grotesque lizards and other figures in such favour with illuminators, and which, with various animals, the early seal-engravers commonly introduced as ornaments — " not, however," as Mr. Planche judiciously remarks, " without some heraldic intention." And again, the early habit of grouping two or more Shields with an Effigy, and more particularly the group ing together a single Shield and Effigy, or the suspending a Shield from a tree upon a seal, might lead by an easy transition to the adoption, first, of a single figure, and afterwards of two figures to support a Shield. Animals, either the same as appear in the blazon of the shields which they "support," or obtained from some allied coat of arms, together with personal and family Badges, are common on Seals long before the regular appearance of true KNOTS AND MOTTOES. 277 Supporters, under the conditions that they still continue to assume ; and hence, from the introduction of these figures on each side of shields of arms upon seals may be directly derived the two figures, that in the fifteenth century become regular accessories of the heraldic Achievements of Boyal and noble personages. From their first appearance, Supporters, like Crests, have been charged with Marks of Cadency. The figures of animals that were introduced into their com positions, and charged by the early heraldic seal-engravers with the duty of Supporters, are placed in various positions, but they always lead more or less directly to the idea of the true Sup porter, that afterwards was accepted with common consent. The earliest indication of the use of an heraldic Supporter to which I am able to refer, occurs in the seal of Eichard, second Earl of Cornwall, about a.d. 1290, (No. 212 c, PL LXII.), in which an imperial eagle holds in his beak the guige of the shield. The seal of Humphrey de Bohun, a.d. 1322, (No. 201, PL XX.), is a second most interesting example of the early seal- engraver's feeling in the matter of a Supporter. The guige, or shield-belt, instead of being passed over a boss or some other architectural detail, in this shield is carried by the swan, that was the Badge of the Earls of Hereford. Another seal, (No. 502, PL LXX.), exhibits the De Bohun Swan in the same position above the shield ; but here the guige is omitted, and in its stead the chain that leads from the collar of the bird is fastened to the chief of the shield; this is one of the seals of Thomas Plan tagenet, Duke of Gloucester, the youngest son of Edward III., who married the elder of the two co-heiresses of the last Earl of Hereford. The impression of this seal from which the wood-cut has been drawn, is attached to a deed bearing the date 1395. The seal of Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent, half- brother of Eichard IL, of a rather earlier date, represents the shield of arms of the Earl — England, within a bordure org., having the guige buckled round the neck of a white hind lodged, 278 BADGES, CRESTS, SUPPORTERS, (No. 525, PL LXX.), an animal closely allied to the white hart which was King Eichard's own favourite Badge. This singularly beautiful seal carries out the idea of a Supporter in a most agreeable manner. The seal of Edmund de Mortimer (see p. 271, and No. 270), is another example that is equally curious, charac teristic, and interesting. The Falcons of John of Ghent, the Ostrich Feathers of his son, the Angels that are grouped around the Shield of Eichard II. at Westminster Hall, the Mermaids of the Berkeleys, with the quaint lizards of the early seal- engravers, all take a part in preparing the way for Supporters. The seal of Henry, first Duke of Lancaster, about a.d. 1350, has the shield placed between two lions sejant guardant, addorsed, and above there is the demi- figure of an Angel with expanded wings. An Angel, again, is represented with singularly impressive effect, supporting the shield on the beautiful seal of Mary of Gueldres, Queen of James II. of Scotland, (a.d. 1459.) The seals of two of the Fitz- Alans, Earls of Arundel, severally a.d. 1375 and 1397, have as Supporters, the former two lions, and the latter two griffins ; and these animals regularly support — that is, they hold up the crested helms above the shield, No. 707 A, p. 271, and No. 707, Chap. XXIV. This series of progressive examples might easily be carried on, until it would merge into the illustration of the sys tematic use of true Supporters in the middle of the fifteenth cen tury. The seals of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, of Edmund de Mortimer, Earl of March, and of the accomplished and unfortunate John Tiptoft, Earl of Worcester, all about a.d. 1470, form a small group of admirable examples of Achievements of Arms having Supporters. The seal of Joh'es D'ns de Segrave — the Segrave of Caerla verock — has his shield charged with a lion rampt. crowned, and on either side of the shield is a garb : thus a Badge is introduced into this composition in such a manner as to render it a prototype of Supporters. In the next century, Eichard de Beauchamp (died in 1439) has bis quartered shield of Beauchamp and Newburgh KNOTS AND MOTTOES. 279 (Nos. 367 and 368) supported by his famous Badges, two chained bears with ragged staves. At the close of this fifteenth century, the monumental chantry of Abbot Bamryge at St. Alban's abounds in admirable examples of Supporters, a truly characteristic speci men of which I have engraved in No. 623, PL LXXVII. : See Rebus in Chap. XHI. and see also Chap. XXX. I may here refer to the singular inanimate canting Supporters which appear upon the Seal of William, Lord Bottreaux (a.d. 1426); the Shield couchee, charged with a Griffin segreant and surmounted by a helm and crest, is supported on either side by an architectural buttress, in evident allusion to the noble bearer's name. In Scottish Heraldry, Supporters, originally entitled " Bearers," appear at about the same period as may be assigned to their ap pearance in England ; and they were developed for the most part under the same conditions, the almost only marked distinc tion being a comparatively more frequent use of a single Sup porter in the earliest examples. Thus, on several Scottish seals of the close of the thirteenth century, the shield of arms is dis played upon the breast of an eagle ; as on the seal of Alexander Stuart, Earl of Menteith, a.d. 1296. David Lindsay, Earl of Crawford, a.d. 1345, has a similar seal; and in 1366, and 1394, the seals of Margaret Stuart, Countess of Angus, and of Euphe- mia Leslie, Countess of Boss, display three shields charged upon the breast and wings of an eagle displayed. Many other varieties of single Supporters were in use at the same period. A second seal of the Earl of Crawford, which is considered to bear the earliest known Scottish Crest — a swan's head and neck issuing from between two tall wings, rising erect from a crest-coronet— also appears to fur nish the earliest example of regular Supporters, two lions ; the shield itself bears two coats quarterly. Two griffins are the Supporters on the seal that takes rank as second in chronological succession — that of Sir Thomas Erskine, a.d. 1364. Upon the seal of Wm. Buthven, a.d. 1396, a tree growing up from a mount appears on each side of the shield. Savage men frequently act as 280 BADGES, CRESTS, SUPPORTERS, Supporters of Scottish shields, as do animals taken from the charges of the shields themselves ; and various human and allegorical figures discharge similar duties. A few Scottish Supporters are allusive after such a fashion as this — two Conies for Cunningham, Earl of Glencairn, and for Lord Oliphant two elephants. The Secretum of King James I., a.d. 1429, is the earliest example of Supporters grouped with a Royal Scottish shield ; these Sup porters are two lions, the unicorn, which now is held to be em phatically the Boyal Supporter of Scotland, not appearing, ex cept in the coinage, before the time of Mary Stuart. In Chapter XIX., Section 3, I have described the changes that have taken place in the Boyal Supporters of England ; this section of this present Chapter I conclude with a few examples, which will show of what character are the various figures that are still in use as Supporters to the Arms of British Peers. Somerset, Duke of Beaufort : — Dexter ; A panther arg., spotted of various colours, fire issuant from his mouth and ears ppr., gorged with a plain collar, and chained or : Sinister ; a wyvern, wings addorsed, vert, holding in the mouth a sinister hand couped at the wrist gu. Graham, Duke of Montrose :— Two storks arg., beaked and membered gu. Campbell, Duke of Argyll : — Two lions rampt. guard gu. Wellesley, Duke of Wellington : — Two lions gu., each gorged with an Eastern crown, and chained or. Chandos Grenville Nugent Temple, Duke of Buckingham : — Dexter ; a lion per fesse embattled or and gu. : Sinister ; a horse arg., semee of eaglets sa. Stafford Jermingham, Baron Stafford :— Dexter ; a lion rampt. or : Sinister; a swan (from the De Bohuns) arg., beaked and legged sa., ducally gorged per pale gu. and of the second. Neville, Earl of Abergavenny -.—Two bulls arg.,pied sa., armed, unguled, collared and chained, and at the ends of the chains two staples or. knots and mottoes. 281 Gascoyne Cecil, Marquess of Salisbury : — Two lions erm. The same Supporters are also borne by the Marquess of Exeter. Stanley, Earl of Derby : — Dexter ; a griffin : Sinister ; a hart ; both or, and ducally gorged and chained az., the hart attired of the last Courtenay, Earl of Devon : — Twer boars arg., bristled, tusked, and unguled or. Cavendish, Duke of Devonshire: — Two stags ppr., attired or, each gorged with a garland of roses arg. and az., barbed vert. Gordon Lennox, Duke of Bichmond : — Dexter ; an unicorn arg., armed, maned, and unguled or : Sinister ; an antelope arg., armed and hoofed or., each Supporter gorged with a collar compone'e arg. and gu. St. Maur, Duke of Somerset : — Dexter ; an unicorn arg., armed, maned and tufted or, gorged with a dftcal collar per pale az. and gold, to which is affixed a chain of the last : Sinister ; a bull az., ducally gorged, chained, armed and hoofed or. Spencer, Earl Spencer : — Dexter ; a griffin per fesse erm. and erminois, gorged with a collar having its edges fleurie counter-fleurie sa., charged with three escallops arg., aad chained of the third : Sinister ; a wyvern, erect on his tail, erm., collared and chained as the griffin. Granville Leveson Gower, Duke of Sutherland: — Dexter; a wolf arg., collared and lined or : Sinister ; a savage man, wreathed about the temples and the waist with laurel, holding in his dexter hand a club, resting on his shoulder, all ppr., and with his sinister hand supporting an ancient shield of Sutherland,— that is, gu., three mullets or, within a bordure gold, charged with a tressure of Scotland. SECTION IV. MOTTOES. The Motto, or Mot — the brief significant saying of a family, which in battle would be their war-cry, appears to have been habitually associated by the early Heralds with the Badge, and also sometimes with the Crest of its owner. 282 BADGES, CRESTS, SUPPORTERS, The present usage is to place the Motto upon a Scroll or ribbon, below the shield of arms ; and modern Heralds generally consider that the Motto-ScroU forms both a convenient and a sufficiently secure standing-place for Supporters, when Sup porters appear with any Achievement. The tincture of the Motto- ScroU has not been determined by any rule or precedent : it is usually white, lined with pink or blue, but it might (at any rate in many instances) be advantageously assimilated to the tincture of the field of the shield. When the Motto has direct reference to the Crest, it ought always to be represented as placed either immediately above the Crest itself, or (which is the better arrange ment) immediately below it." The Motto may be charged upon a garter, and this may be made to encircle a Shield of Arms or a Crest, or Badge, should eithet of these cognizances be blazoned alone. In the middle ages, Mottoes associated with various heraldic devices were constantly employed for decoration. In those days, in addition to other uses of Mottoes, it was not uncommon for the blade of the knightly sword to be charged with some ex pressive legend, motto-like in its character. Thus the famous weapon of the great Earl of Shrewsbury was taught to tell its own tale in the words — sufficiently good Latin to make their meaning intelligible — Sum Talboti 'pro vincere inimicos meos : (I am Talbot's to conquer my enemies.) A somewhat similar, but a more loyal Motto was adopted by the good knight, De Setvans, who bore winnowing fans as his armorial insignia : — Sic dissipabo inimicos Regis mei.— (So wiU I scatter — that is, Uke chaff before the wind — the enemies of my king). As examples of Mottoes, I must be content to adduce the fol lowing small group, which I have selected with a view to illus trate Mottoes of different varieties. England : — Dieu et mon Droit. (God and my rio-ht.) KNOTS AND MOTTOES. 283 Order of the Garter : — Honi soit qui mal y pense. Order of the Bath -.— Tria juncta in uno. (Three — naval, mili tary and civil — united in one.) Order of the Thistle : — (The Badge is a Thistle), Nemo me impune lacessit (No one injures me with impunity). Neville: — Ne vile Velis. (Form no mean wish; or, Desire Neville.) Fortescde : — Forte scutum, salus ducum. (The safety of the chiefs is a strong shield ; or, Fortescue is- the safeguard of the chiefs.) Cholmondeley : — (Two helms are borne on the shield) ; Cassis tutissima virtus. (Valor is the safest helm.) Birtie: — (Three battering-rams are borne on the shield, No. 129 c); Virtus ariete fortior. (Valor is more powerful than a bat tering-ram.) Major Henniker : — (Three columns are borne in the arms) : Deus major Columna. (God the greater column, or support). Hepburn : — Keep Tryste. Scott of Thirlstane : — (With a Crest formed of a group of lances) ; Ready, aye ready. No. 519 a, PL XXXVI. Clifford : — Semper paratus. (Always prepared.) Stuart : — Avant (Forward). Percy : — Esperance. Bruce : — Doe well and doubt not. Bussell : — Che sara, sara. (V\ hat wUl be, will be.) Grey, Earl of Stamford : — A ma puissance. (By my might.) Temple: Templa quam dilecta! (How beloved are the Tem ples !) Hood : — Zealous. (Captain Hood commanded the " Zealous " at " the Nile.") Leslie : — Grip fast, — so said Bartholomew Leslie to Margaret of Scotland, as she clung to his girdle, when he saved her from drowning. Lindsay : — Astra Castra, Numen lumen. (The Stars my canopy, 284 BADGES, CRESTS, SUPPORTERS, Providence my light. The Crest, a military tent, and mullets borne on the shield.) Spring Bice, Baron Monteagle :— Alte fert aquila. (The eagle soars aloft. Two eagles are the Supporters.) Cavendish : — Cavendo tutus. (Safe through Caution.) Home : — Vise a la fin. (Look to the end — to Home.) SECTION V. KNOTS. Amongst the devices that were used as Badges in early Heraldry, certain intertwined cords, distinguished by the title of Knots, may be considered to form a small distinet class of heraldic figures. A Knot, probably designed to convey the idea of a Mono gram, appears amongst the various devices with which the robe of Anne of Bohemia in her effigy at Westminster is diapered : it is represented in No. 514, PI. XXX. The following are the other varieties of Knots that occur in, blazon : — The Stafford Knot:— No. 515, PL XXX. ThE Bourchier Knot :— No. 516 ; also No. 695, .p. 285. The Heneage Knot: — No. 517. The Wake and Ormond Knot: — No. 518, (formed from the initials W and 0 intertwined). The Bowen Knot: — No. 519, (formed oifour bows). The Lacy Knot, which is a rather intricate but an elegant interlaced cord, that thus forms a Bebus of the name, Lacy. Knots sometimes form Badges in combination with other devices : thus, the Badge of the Dacres is formed by a cord entwined about an escallop-shell and a ragged staff, No. 513, PI. XXXIX : in this manner, a compound Badge may significantly indicate the union of two families. Another example is the Badge of Edward, Lord Hastings, which is produced by a simUar process for tying together a sickle and a garb. ' CRESTS, KNOTS, &9 KAPTEKS X, XI & XVI! knots and mottoes. 285 The Stafford Knot is repeated again and again, in association with no less than eighteen Badges of the House of Stafford (which descends by no less than ten different marriages from the Eoyal Blood of both England and France,) upon the curious marble mural slab in the Chapel of St. Edmund in Westminster Abbey — the memorial of John Paul Howard, Earl of Stafford, who died in the year 1762. The Bourchier Knot I have shown (p. 115,) to have been used to decorate the mantlings of one nobleman of the Bourchier famUy; upon the monument of another Bourchjer at West minster, this same Knot is several times repeated, engraved in brass, and attached to a coudiere — the piece of armour that was used to protect the elbow joint, in the panoply of the second half of the thirteenth century, No. 695. jj0_ 695. — Bourchier-Knot and Coudiere, or Elbow-guard: Brass in St. Edmund's Chapel, Westminster Abbey, to Sir Humphrey Bourchier, killed at Barnet a.d. 1471. No. 314.Astandard of Henry Plantagenet, of Bolingbroke. CHAPTEB XVIII. FLAGS. From a very early period Heraldic Devices have been embla zoned upon Flags of various kinds ; and simUar Devices have also been frequently used without any Flag properly so caUed, to discharge the duty of military and official standards. Symbolical Figures we know to have formed the Standards of the Egyptians and Assyrians. Their own heraldic monster, the Dragon, has been the national Ensign of China from time immemorial. The Eagle is identified with the very name of Eome. Of the Flags of our own country, the Bayeux Tapestry of the Conqueror's Consort has preserved for us some of the earliest authentic examples. These are for the most part small in size, and they generaUy terminate in three points. They bear simple and indeed rude Devices, such as a Pale, or a Pale and three Bars, or some form of Cross, with a group of Boundles, generally three in number; Nos. 526, 527, PL XXIX. A figure of a Dragon was in use by the Saxons at the time of the Conquest No. 223 a, PL XII., and it appears to have been retained amongst FLAGS. 287 their Ensigns of War by the early Norman Princes. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries repeated mention is made of Car Standards, which were of such ample dimensions that they required to be displayed from a species of car, which also con veyed them from place to place. I. With the Crusades, when Heraldry began to assume a definite form, Flags became subject to established rules. The earUer Saintly Ensigns, which were simply portraitures of such popular Personages as St. Cuthbert of Durham, St. Peter of York, and St. John of Beverley, stiU were displayed, as of yore ; but the regular MiUtary and National Ensigns in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries were more strictly heraldic, and each had its own proper signification. The three principal varieties of these mediaeval Ensigns were the Pennon, the Banner, and the Standard. 1. The Pennon was small in size, pointed or swallow-tailed at the Fly, and borne immediately below the Lance-head of the knight whose personal Ensign it was. It was charged with the Badge, or other armorial Device of the Bearer, and sometimes richly fringed with gold. The Devices were charged upon the Pennon in such a manner, that they would appear in their proper positions when the weapon was laid for the Charge. The Brass to Sir J. D'Aubernoun, a.d. 1279, affords a good example of this symbol of Knightly Bank ; No. 31.0, PL XXIX. Other early examples of Pennons occur in the Elsyng Brass to Sir Hugh de Hastings, and in the well-known iUumination in the Louterell Psalter. 2. The Banner was square in form, or nearly so, and was charged with the Coat of Arms of the owner, and not with any other Device. It was borne by Knights Bannerets, who ranked higher than the Knights of the Mediaeval Chivalry, and also by Barons, Princes, and Sovereigns themselves. A Pennon with its points torn off would make, or at any rate would represent, a Banner ; and this was the form of ceremonial observed when a 288 FLAGS. Knight, in reward for his gallantry, was advanced to the rank of of Banneret on the field of battle by the Sovereign himself, present in person, under his own Boyal Banner displayed. The Eoll of Caerlaverock gives the Blazon of the Banners of nearly one hundred of the Nobles and Bannerets who were present with Edward I. in his Campaign against Scotland in 1300. The first on the BoU is the Banner of Henry de Laci, who is thus introduced by the Chronicler : — " Henry, the good Earl of Lincoln, burning with valour, which is the prevailing sentiment of his heart, the Leader of the First Division, had a Banner of yellow silk with a purple Lion rampant;" No. 528, PL XXXV. The Brass to Sir Symon de Felbryge, K.G., has preserved an example of a Boyal Banner. It is that of Eichard II. , to whom Sir Symon (as the inscription at his feet declares) was Banner-Bearer. It shows the Boyal Arms quartering France and England, and impaled with the arms of the Confessor; No. 529, PL XXXV. (For further notices of Boyal Banners, see Chap. XIX., Sec. 2.) The Banner, it will be observed, was the Ensign of both the Banneret himself, and of his own retainers and followers, and also of the Division of an army that was under his command. In the early days of Heraldry, Bannerets of high rank appear occasionaUy to have borne Banners charged with insignia alto gether different from their Shields of Arms. Thus Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester (temp. Henry III.), whose shield is, gu., a lion rampt. arg., the tail fourchSe, bears a Banner per pale indented arg. and gu., the tinctures of his shield. This Banner is considered to refer to one of the great Baron's many lordships, the Honour of Hinkley in Leicestershire : (see Introduction to Sir Harris Nicholas' Roll of H. III., p. xiii.) Banners were in use in the middle ages at sea, as well as on land; and in addition to these regular Ensigns, it was a pre vailing custom to emblazon the sails of the shipping of those days IfANTOE ElfAGS, PENNONS, STANDARDS. &c CHAPTERS XIV XVIII Plate XXIX flags. 289 with armorial insignia, and thus the sails themselves became Flags, as in No. 530, PL XXXV. Many equally curious and interesting iUustrations of this practice occur in early seals. During the times of the Tudors, and indeed towards the close of the Plantagenet era also, the Banners of Princes and Nobles displayed many quarterings, but they retained their distinctive character in being identical in their blazoning with shields of arms. Two remarkable examples of these Banners are carved in bold relief, as accessories of the monument of Ludovic Bobsart, K.G., in Westminster Abbey : these Banners wrought in stone have four quarterings, and their staves are so adjusted that they form mouldings of the canopy-shafts, while at the base of the monument they are held by a lion and a falcon. In the Heralds' CoUege numerous curious drawings of Banners are preserved, all of them having their staves held by some Supporter, while the Banners of Nobles and Princes are represented as being ensigned with Coronets of ample size. 3. The Standard, in use in the reign of Edward III., and in especial favour in the times of the Tudors, was of large dimen sions, and always of considerable length in proportion to its depth, and tapering towards the extremity ; and it was divided per fesse into two tinctures. (See p. 128, and Nos. 312, 315, 316, PL XXIX.) Standards were also generally divided bend- wise into compartments by Motto-Bands— that is, by Bands charged with some Motto of the owner: these Standards also varied in their size in accordance with the rank of the personage to whom they belonged. No. 313 in Plate XXXV. represents the ship standard of the Earl of Warwick, noticed at p. 129. And No. 314, p. 286, is one of the Standards of Henry Plan tagenet, of Bolingbroke, (emblazoned in Harleian MS., 4632), which is a peculiarly characteristic example of the heraldic flags of the middle ages; it is per fesse arg. and az., the livery colours of the Lancastrians, having at the head the Cross of St George, and semSe of Badges of Prince Henry, red roses, the De Bohun 290 FLAGS. white swan, golden wood-stocks (or roots of trees,) and fox's tails proper. Standards appear to have been used solely for the purpose of display, and to add to the splendour of military gatherings and royal pageants. In a " Book of Standards," (a.d. 1590, in Coll. Arm.), one example of Edward IV. is per fesse az. aud gu., fringed arg. and vert ; it has at the head the Cross of St. George, followed by a white lion pass, guard, royally crowned, the motto — Dieu et mon Droyt, and twelve roses, six gules in chief, and six arg. in base, all of them irradiated. Another Standard of the same Prince, is semee of white roses; and a third has one very large white rose-en-soleil and eight smaller ones. Upon a field arg. and az., semSe of red roses, Henry V. displays his chained antelope. Henry VII. has his banners arg. and vert, semee of red and white roses, with a dragon gu. (See also Excerpta Historica.) II. The National Banners of England, Scotland, and Ireland are severally the Crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick, Nos. 60, 61, 62, PL III. From the Crosses of St. George and St. Andrew in combination, the First " Union Jack," No. 63, p. 26, was formed, and declared to be the National Ensign of Great Britain by James I., April 12, 1606. The era of the Second " Union Jack," No. 64, p. 26, the glorious Flag that we now know as " the Flag of England," dates from the commencement of the present century. It is a combination of the three Crosses, Nos. 60, 61, 62. The Standards of the Middle Ages are evidently the proto types of English Ensigns of later times. These Ensigns, three in number, their tinctures, Red, White, and Blue, were first can toned with the Cross of St. George, No. 531, PL XXXVI. ; then the " St. George '' was superseded by the first Union Jack, No. 532 ; and finally, when the present '- Jack " was adopted, it took the place of its predecessor in the National Ensigns, where it still remains. The " White Ensign," however, now is not a plain white Flag, but a " St. George" cantoned with the BJOLNERS, STANDARD, SEDU & SSLU. CHAPTERS XIV XVII, XVIII 8, XIX Plate XXXV FLAGS. 291 " Jack :" Nos. 533, 534, 535, PI. XXXVI. The " White " and the " Blue Ensigns " are restricted to the Boyal Navy and the Yacht Clubs, the " Bed Ensign" being in universal use as the " Ensign of England." This same Bed Ensign has also been worn by the Bed Squadron of the Eoyal Navy, as the White and the Blue Ensigns have severally been the distinctive insignia of the White and the Blue Squadrons. Early in the present year (1864), however, by the authority of the Lords of the Admiralty, and with the sanction of the Crown, a very irr%ortant and equally singular change has been made in the use and sig nification of our national naval Ensigns. Hitherto the Navy has been divided into three " Squadrons," the "Bed," the " White," and the " Blue," under the orders of Admirals, Vice-Admirals, and Bear-Admirals, also distinguished by the same three Colours : the Flags of all " Admirals of the Bed " have been plain red ; those of aU " Admirals of the White " have been the St. George ; and the Flags of all Admirals of the Blue Squadron of the Boyal Navy have been plain blue. The recent change has assigned the Blue Ensign to the "Naval Beserve;" and thus, the White Ensign has become the Ensign of the Eoyal Navy, and the Bed Ensign is now the Flag of the Mercantile Marine. This new arrangement virtually abolishes the long-established and well- known " Squadrons " of the Navy and of the Admirals of England. The Flag of the Admiralty is red with a yellow anchor and cable set fesse-wise, No. 128, p. 39. Pendants, long and very narrow streamers, either red, white, or blue, and charged at the head with a Cross of St. George, are the symbols of command in the Boyal Navy, and indicate that a vessel is in commission, but commanded by an officer of lower rank than an Admiral. The Military Flags of England now in use may be grouped in the two grand Divisions of " Cavalry Banners;" (they are styled " Standards," but they are, and they ought to be entitled " Banners "), and " Infantry Colours." The Banners of the u 2 292 FLAGS. Cavalry are small in size; their colour is determined by the colour of the regimental Facings ; they are charged with the Cypher, Number, peculiar Heraldic Insignia, and the " Honours " (such significant words as " Waterloo," " Alma," " Sobraon," &c.) of each Begiment. The Banners of the Household Cavalry, however, are all crimson, and are richly embroidered with the Boyal Insignia of England. Every Infantry Eegiment or Battalion of the Line has its own " Pair ©f Colours." Of these, one is the " Queen's Colour " — a " Union Jack" charged with some of the regimental Devices the other is the " Begimental Colour," and its Field is of the • same tincture as the Facings; it is cantoned with a small "Jack," and bears the Cypher, Number, Device, Motto, and Honours of the Corps. At the first, each Infantry Eegiment had one " Colour " only ; then there were three to each Begiment ; and in the Beign of Queen Anne the " Colours " were reduced to their present number of a " Pair." The " Colours " of the Foot-Guards reverse the arrangement observed in the Line. Their " Queen's Colour " is crimson, either with or without a cantoned Jack, but, always charged with the Boyal Cypher and Crown, and the Begimental Devices. The " Begimental Colour " of the Guards is the Union Jack. The Guards also have smaU " Company Colours." The Boyal Artillery and the Bines of the Line have no Colours. The Volunteer Begiments have at present been left to deter mine both whether they should carry " Colours," and also what should be the character of their " Colours" whenever they may decide to adopt them. What may be termed " the Volunteer Banner," is worthy of the Force. It is charged with the figures of an archer of the olden time and a rifleman of to-day, with the admirable motto, " Defence, not Defiance." The Flags of England, it will be understood, are the Flags of the entire British Empire. No. 242. No. 247. No. 243. Boses of York and Lancaster. CHAPTEB XIX. THE ROYAL HERALDRY OF ENGLAND. SECTION I. ARMS OP THE REIGNING SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND. Definite Heraldic Insignia have been assigned by more than one writer on English Heraldry to those Saxon Princes who ruled in England before the Norman era ; the early shields, however, must be regarded simply as evidences of comparatively modern ingenuity, since the genuine Eoyal Heraldry of England unquestionably dates its origin from a period subsequent to the successful invasion of William of Normandy. Even the Heraldry of the Norman Sovereigns themselves can scarcely be accepted as altogether free from doubt or uncertainty. After the Conquest, William I. is said to have assumed the " Two golden Lions, or Leopards, of his Norman Duchy," as the Arms of his Kingdom of England; and these two lions (it does not seem necessary to retain their other probable title of " Leopards," see p. 57), are considered to have been borne by William's successors, until 1154; when, on his accession, Henry II. is supposed to have added the one golden Lion of Aquitaine, (in right of his Queen, Alianore of Aquitaine), to his own paternal and royal shield. Stephen is sometimes said to have borne on a 294 THE ROYAL HERALDRY red shield, three golden centaurs armed with bows and arrows, or " Sagittaries ;" it has been conjectured, however, that this idea may have arisen from the circumstance of the " Sagittary " having been Stephen's Badge, and that it was mistaken for his arms. Since the time of Henry II. , the three golden lions upon a field of red have always been held to be the Boyal Arms of England. They have been associated with other devices, as will presently be seen ; but still in a peculiar sense, the " three lions passant quardant or," have been, as they still are, the " three Lions of England." It must be added, that Eichard I. for some time after his accession retained the arms he had borne, as Count of Aquitaine, gules, two lions combattant or, as appears from his first Great Seal. After his return from the Crusade, Eichard adopted the three lions, as they probably were borne by his father. As the Kingly office exalts a Sovereign Prince above all other ranks of men, so are the Eoyal Arms of a Sovereign distinguished in a peculiar manner from all other heraldic insignia. This distinction is clearly conveyed by the term Arms of Dominion. These arms thus symbolize the Boyalty of a Prince Begnant, as well as declare his personal individuality. Accordingly, these Boyal Arms are inseparable from the rank and office of Boyalty ; and they can be borne, without some Difference, by no person whatever except the Sovereign. In the case of the Daughters of the Sovereign, until a comparatively recent period, it was held to be a sufficient distinction that the Boyal Arms should be borne by them charged upon a lozenge, or impaled with the arms of their husbands. It must be distinctly understood, that Heraldic Law forbids the Boyal Arms to be quartered, without some Difference, under any circumstances whatever— unless, indeed, the person quartering the Eoyal Arms might be able to advance a title to the Crown itself, as in the instance of Eliza beth Plantagenet, Queen of Henry VII. In the persons of Sovereigns, all minor ranks and titles are OF ENGLAND. 295 merged in their Boyalty; and, in like manner, whatever arms they may have borne before their accession, are merged in their Boyal Arms and absorbed by them ; and no other arms can be quartered with the Boyal Arms. Boyal Consorts may impale the arms of the Sovereigns to whom they may have been united in marriage ; and a Sovereign may impale, on a separate shield, the arms of his or her Consort. The Modifications and Changes that have taken place, from time to time, in the blazonry of the Boyal Shield of England, may be briefly described as follows : I. The Norman Princes, William I., William IL, Henry I., and Stephen, a.d. 1066-1154: gules, two lions passant guardant, in pale, or; No. 536, PL LVIII. II. The Plantagenet Princes, Henry II. , Eichard I., John, Henry III., Edward I., Edward IL, and Edward III., till the thirteenth year of his reign, a.d. 1154-1340, gu., three lions pass. guard., in pale, or, No. 536 A, PL LVIII. ; and No. 198, p. 61. The three lions appear on the second Great Seal of Eichard I. ; on the Great Seals of John, Henry III., Edward I., (on the bardings of the King's charger, as well as on his shield), and of Edward II. ; and on the first and second Great Seals of Edward III. It is a singular circumstance, that the legends on the Great Seals altogether omit any notice of England and of England's Boyal Estate, until the second Great Seal of Henry III., which for the first time bears the words — dei : gratia: anglie: rex: &c.| HI. In consequence of the claim advanced by Edward III., in the tenth year of his reign, to the Crown of France, the Royal Arms of the French Kings (No. 2, p. 12) were introduced, a.d. 1340, into the English shield, and (by what was then a new heraldic process) they were quartered with the Lions of England, and precedence in this heraldic arrangement was given to the Fleurs de Lys, which were charged upon the first and fourth quarters of the English shield, semee over their azure field, exactly 296 THE ROYAL HERALDRY as they were borne by the Sovereigns of France ; No. 536 b, PL LVIII. The third Great Seal of Edward III., published in England, Feb. 21, 1340, and the noble Seal which superseded it in the following June, both bear shields charged with France and Eng land quarterly, the France being semee de lys. It is to be observed that Edward III. had placed a fleur de lys on either side of his first Great Seal, a.d. 1327. IV. The Plantagenet Princes, Edward III., Eichard II. , and Henry IV. (Lancastrian Plantagenet) during the earlier years of his reign, a.d. 1340 to about 1405 ; Quarterly : — 1 and 4, France Ancient (semee de lys) ; 2 and 3, England ; No. 536 b, PL LVIII. This quartered shield is blazoned in the Boll of Arms of the 20th Edward III. ; and it appears upon the person of the King in the Brass to Sir Hugh Hastings at Elsyng, Norfolk, in the same year 1347. This shield also appears upon the Burghersh monument in Lincoln Cathedral, and it remains upon the monument of Edward III. himself at Westminster ; No. 536 b, PL LVIIT. ; and No. 286, Chap. XX. Upon his Great Seal, Eichard II. retained the arms of his grandfather without any change; but elsewhere he delighted to associate with this shield the armorial insignia (No. 78, PL I.) attributed to Edward the Confessor. Over the entrance to Westminster HaU the two shields appear on either side, admir ably sculptured in bold quatre-foiled circles. Each shield rests upon a white hart lodged, and is supported by figures of angels. Sometimes Eichard II. impaled his hereditary quartered shield with the arms of the Confessor. An example occurs in the Brass to Sir Symon de Felbryge, E.G., the King's Banner- Bearer, who is represented with the Eoyal Banner (impaled and quartered) resting or his arm; No. 529, PL XXXV. and No. 536 c, PL LVIII. About the year 1365, Charles V. of France, with a view OF ENGLAND. 297 apparently to distinguish between his own arms and the fleurs de lys borne by the English claimants of his crown, reduced the number of his fleurs de lys to three only. The same change was effected by Henry IV. in the 1st and 4th Quarters of the Arms of England; and impressions of his Great Seal, taken in the years 1406 and 1409 exist, which bear the quartered arms, (on banners instead of shields), charged with three fleurs de lys only. This modification of the French shield, which bears three fleurs de lys only, is styled in Heraldry, " France Modern," and thus is distinguished from the shield semee de lys, or " France Ancient." See Nos. 536 d, and 536 b, PL LVIII. V. The Lancastrian Plantagenet Princes, Henry IV., after the first few years of his reign, Henry V., and Henry VI. ; the Yorkist Plantagenet Princes, Edward IV., Edward V., and Eichard HI. ; and the Tudor Sovereigns, Henry VII., Henry VIIL, Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth, about a.d. 1405 — 1603 ; Quarterly : — 1 and 4, France Modern ; 2 and 3, England ; No. 536 d, PI. LVIII. Queen Elizabeth also sometimes bore Ireland, No. 537 a, PL XLVI. Thus, in her Funeral Procession the Banner of Ireland is associated with the Banners of Wales, Chester, and Cornwall ; (Vetust. Mon. iii., 18, &c.) See also Section 7 of this Chapte^, Edward IV. sometimes quartered the arms of the Confessor with France and England quarterly. Many fine original examples of the quartered shield of France Modem and England are still pre served. Amongst the most characteristic, in addition to those upon seals, are the shields in King's College Chapel, Cambridge, upon the Percy shrine at Beverley Minster, and upon the monu ments of Henry VII. and of his mother, in Westminster Abbey. In a very few instances this shield may be observed quartering England and France instead of France and England —having Eng land, that is, in the 1st and 4th quarters : such a shield is in the south porch of Gloucester Cathedral, which was built between the years 1420—1437. 298 THE ROYAL HERALDRY When James I. ascended the English throne, the arms of both Scotland and Ireland were incorporated into the Eoyal Shield of England. The arrangement then adopted involved Quarterly quartering. The arms of Scotland are blazoned in No. 103, PL V. ; and those of Ireland are, azure, a Harp or, stringed argent, No. 537 a, PL XLVI. For a Paper on the Origin of the Tressure of Scotland, see Archceologia, xxx., 388; and for a Paper on the Harp of Ireland, see Notes and Queries, Series 1, xii., pp. 328 — 350 : also see Seton's Heraldry of Scotland, p. 425. Fine ex amples of the Boyal Shield of the Stuarts appear upon the plinth of the Statue of Charles I., at Charing Cross, and in the second quadrangle of St. John's College, Oxford. VI. The Stuart Princes, James I., Charles I., Charles IL, and James IL, a.d. 1603—1689, Quarterly :—l and 4 Grand Quarters, France Modern and England quarterly ; 2nd Grand Quarter, Scotland; 3rd Grand Quarter, Ireland; No 537, PL LVIII., from the Stuart Monuments in Westminster Abbey. In Scotland precedence has frequently been given to the Scot tish insignia in the National Arms, in Seals, Banners, &c. ; but certainly the same marshalling of the Boyal Arms and their accessories ought to obtain, without any modification or differ ence whatever, as well in North and South Britain as through out the British Colonial Empire. See Seton, pp. 425 — 446. VII. William III. retained the same shield, but, as an elected King, he placed upon it in pretence his paternal arms of Nassau, az., billetee, a Lion rampant or, No. 538, PL XLVIL Mary bore the Stuart shield ; and, during her lifetime, the Boyal Arms appeared impaled, to denote the joint sovereignty of the King and Queen. The Eoyal Shield, accordingly, was charged on both the Dexter and the Sinister half with the same Stuart arms, those on the Dexter having Nassau in pretence ; No. 539, PL L1X., from the Great Seal. William and Mary ascended the throne, Feb. 13, 1 689. Mary died, Dec. 28, 1694, when William bore No. 539 a. PL LIX. OF ENGLAND. 299 On her accession, a.d. 1702, Anne bore the Stuart arms No. 537, PL LVIII., and retained them until the union with Scotland, May 1, 1707, when another change took place in the Eoyal blazonry. VIII. The Stuart Queen Anne, a.d. 1707 — 1714: Quarterly: — 1 and 4, England impaling Scotland ; 2, France Modern ; 3, Ireland. The shield upon the Great Seal adopted on the occa sion of the Union with Scotland, bore only England impaling Scotland. In this impalement the Tressure of Scotland extends only to the chief, sinister side, and base of the field. The ex ample, No. 540, PL LIX., is from the shield upon the base of the statue of Queen Anne, before St. Paul's Cathedral ; other good examples are at Blenheim Palace. The Succession of the House of Hanover led to a place being assigned for the Arms of Hanover in the Boyal Shield of England. The Arms of Hanover are thus blazoned : Per pale and per chevron : 1, gules, two Lions passant guardant, in pale, or, for Brunswick, (the same as the Norman Shield of England); 2, or, semee of Hearts, a Lion rampant azure, for Lunenburgh ; 3, gules, a Horse courant argent, for Westphalia ; and, over all, an inescutcheon gules, charged with the golden Crown of Charlemagne ; No. 541, PL XL VII. IX. The Sovereigns of the House of Hanover, George I., George II. , and George III., from August 1, 1714, till January 1, 1801. Quarterly : — 1, England impaling Scotland; 2, France; 3, Ireland ; 4, Hanover ; No. 542, PI. LIX. ; from the tympanum of the portico of the Church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London. In this composition one half only of the 1st quarter is assigned to the Lions of England. Upon the first of January, 1801, by Boyal Proclamation, the French fleurs de lys were removed from the Arms of England, and the Eoyal Shield of England assumed the general aspect with which we have long been familiar. X. The Sovereigns of the House of Hanover, George III., 300 the royal heraldry George IV., and William IV., from January 1, 1801, tiU June 20, 1837 ; Quarterly .-—1 and 4, England; 2, Scotland; 3, Ireland; and over all in pretence, Hanover. From 1801 till 1816, the Ines cutcheon of Pretence was ensigned by George III. with the Electoral Bonnet of Hanover, No. 542 A, PL LXXVI. ; but from 1816 till June 20, 1837, the same shield was ensigned with a Royal Crown ;* No. 543, PL LIX. XL On the happy accession of Her Majesty, Queen Victoria, June 20, 1837, the Arms of Hanover were removed from the Boyal Shield ; and thus the Royal Arms of England are now simply a combination of the insignia of the Three Bealms of the United Kingdom, England, Scotland, and Ireland, as in No. 543 a, PL LIX. This noble shield, I venture to suggest, might assume a still more impressive aspect, were a ship to appear in the fourth quarter, in place of the repeated lions, as the cognizance of the British Colonial Empire. From the time of Edward III., the shield charged with the Boyal Arms of Eng land has been encircled with the Garter, charged with the Motto of the Order. See Nos. 286, 289. In Plates LVIII., and LIX., I have placed before students of Heraldry the entire series of the Boyal Shields of England, with the sole exception of that modification of No. 543, which would be charged with the Electoral Bonnet of Hanover instead of an Imperial Crown. SECTION II. THE EOYAL BANNERS OP ENGLAND. The Eoyal Banners of England have always borne the same blazonry as the Boyal Shields. The earliest blazon of a Eoyal Banner of which I am aware, appears in the Boll of Caerlaverock, a.d. 1300. The Chronicler styles the animals " Leopards," and not Lions, (see p. 57); and he uses the descriptive epithet "courant" instead of passant. The Eoyal Banner of Edward I. the Chronicler of Caerlaverock describes after this characteristic THJi B.OYKI1 -XHXIS OP EXGI/ANTJ. CHAPTER XIX A.D. 1066 to 1I54-. AD 1154 to 1340 -VIII. THE ItOYXLP/ XBJVIS OF EXIGIlXXI). CHAPTER XIX WTUI.IAMIH A MARY IB WILLIAM TH. A.D. 1707 to 1714. A D. 1714 to 1801 AD. 1810 to 1837. H.M. THE QUEEN. 'late LIX. OF ENGLAND. 301 manner : " On his Banner were three Leopards, courant, of fine gold, set on red ; fierce were they, haughty and cruel, thus placed to signify that, like them, the King is dreadful to his enemies. Eor his bite is slight to none who inflame his anger ; and yet, towards such as seek his friendship or submit to his power, his kindness is soon rekindled." Edward m. on his Standards placed his quartered shield at their head, and powdered them with Eleurs de lys and Lions, as in No. 312, PL XXIX. Drawings of many curious examples of both these Banners and Standards are preserved amongst the coUections at the Heralds' College; see p. 290). Several pf the Sovereigns, in addition to the Banner of their Boyal Arms, used other Banners and Standards charged with their Badges. It is to be observed that the Boyal Banners of Arms charged their insignia upon their entire field, without any accessories, until the time of the Stuarts, when the Arms were sometimes either associated with other Devices, or the Flag bore the entire Royal Achievement charged upon the centre of its field. Curious examples of Boyal Standards thus emblazoned appear in the pictures, now at Hampton Court, representing the embarkation of Charles IL, in 1660, and of William III., in 1688. More recently the Boyal Banner has always displayed the Arms of England, after the early habit, blazoned over its entire field, and without any. accessory. See Chap. XVIII. SECTION III. ROYAi, SUPPORTERS. With the Blazonry of the Boyal Shield itself, the Supporters, which appear on either side of it, as if discharging sentry duty, are habitually associated by the students of historical Heraldry. Supporters are said to have been introduced by Edward III. ; the. fact, however, is doubtful. The Supporters that have been 302 THE ROYAL heraldry assigned to Edward III., are a Lion and a Falcon. Two white Harts (Vincent, 152, f. 51, in Coll. Arm.), have been assigned to Eichard IL, if he can be considered to have borne them as true Supporters. A Lion and an Antelope, and also an Antelope and a Swan (f. 52), have been attributed to Henry IV., though with uncertain authority ; and there is some uncertainty about the Lion and Antelope, that are said to have been the Supporters of the Arms of Henry V. After this reign the Supporters are as follows : Henry VI. Two Antelopes argent; sometimes the Dexter, a Lion ; the Sinister, a Panther, Antelope, or Heraldic Tiger. Edward IV. Dext., a Lion or ; Sin., a Bull sa., (Vinct. 152, f. 53) : also a Lion arg., or two Lions arg., or a Hart arg. Edward V. Dext., a Lion arg. ; Sin., a Hart arg., gorged and chained or. Eichard III. Dext., a Lion or ; Sin., a Boar arg.; but more generaUy, two Boars arg., (Vinct. 152, f. 54). Henry VII. A Dragon gu. and a Greyhound arg., sometimes the one and sometimes the other being the Dexter ; also, occa sionally, two Greyhounds org., as at the Bishop's Palace, Exeter : also, Dexter, a Lion or. ; Sin., a Dragon gu., (Vinct. 152, f. 54). See the Achievements of Arms in King's College Chapel, Cam bridge. Henry VIII. Generally, Dext., a Lion or ; Sin., a Dragon gu. Sometimes, Dext., a Dragon gu. ; and Sin., a Bull, a Greyhound, or a Cock, all argent. Edward VI. A Lion or, and a Dragon gu. Mary and Elizabeth. Dext., a Lion or ; Sin., a Dragon or, or a Greyhound arg. (Mary's shield when impaled is supported by an Eagle and a Lion.) James I. A Lion or, and a Unicorn arg. Two Unicorns had succeeded to two Lions as the Supporters of Scotland before Mary Stuart's son was born ; and the first Stuart King of Great Britain assumed, as his Supporters, a golden Lion OP ENGLAND. 303 for England on the Dexter, and one of the silver Unicorns of Scotland on the Sinister side of his Shield. Upon the Monument of Queen Elizabeth at Westminster this order is reversed, the Unicorn being to the Dexter. The Supporters of the Eoyal Shield of England have remained unchanged since the time of James I. They are now blazoned as follows : Dexter Boyal Supporter : A Lion rampant guardant or, impe rially crowned ppr. Sinister Boyal Supporter : An Unicorn arg., armed, unguled and crined or, gorged with a coronet composed of crosses patte'es and fleurs de lys gold, a chain affixed thereto of the last, passing between the fore legs, and reflexed over the back. SECTION IV. ROYAL BADGES AND MOTTOES. At the head of the Heraldic Devices and Figures, adopted and borne by the Sovereigns of England as Badges, stands the Planta Genista — that simple sprig of Broom-plant, which gave a name to one of the proudest and most powerful Families that ever rose to eminence amongst their fellow-men. The motive that induced Geoffrey of Anjou to assume as his cognizance the Sprig of Broom is uncertain, though very probably it had its origin in some religious sentiment ; the Device itself, however, its Latin name, and its associations, will live and be remem bered so long as Heraldry exists, or History itself is held in esteem. The Effigy of Eichard II. at Westminster, has the robes diapered with the Planta Genista, No. 210, PL XII., and with other Badges of that unfortunate Prince. The Seal of Jaspar Tudor also has the field of the Seal itself diapered with the Planta Genista. Second only to the Planta Genista in interest are the White and Red Roses of the rival Plantagenets of York and Lancaster, (See pp. 75, 293, and PL XIII.) and the famous Ostrich Feathers. 304 the royal heraldry Badges : Henry II. The Broom, showing the leaves and seed- pods of the plant : an Escarbuncle : a Sword : and an Olive- branch. Eichard I. A Star issuing from a Crescent, No. 544, PL XLVn.: a Star and Crescent separately : a mailed Arm, the hand grasping a broken lance : a Sun on two Anchors, with the motto, " Christo Duce." John and Henry III. A Star issuing from a Crescent, No. 544, PL XL VII. Edward I. A Rose or, stalked ppr. Edward II. A Castle of Castile. Edward III. Rays descending from a Cloud : the Stock or Stump of a Tree, couped : a Falcon : a Griffin : an Ostrich Feather : a Fleur de lys : a Sword. Eichard II. An Ostrich Feather : the Sun behind a Cloud : the Sun in splendour : a white Hart lodged, (from his mother, Joan of Kent, see No. 525) : the Stump of a Tree : a white Falcon. (Examples on his Effigy, and at Westminster Hall.) Henry IV. The Monogram SS : a Crescent ; a Fox's Tail : a Stock or Stump of a Tree : an Ermine or Gennet : a crowned Eagle : . a crowned Panther : an Ostrich Feather : an Eagle displayed : a Columbine Flower : the Lancastrian red Rose, and the white Swan of the De Bohuns. Henry V. An Ostrich Feather": a chained Antelope : a chained Swan : a Fire-Beacon. These Badges are sometimes grouped together, as in the Monumental Chantry of the King at West minster. Henry VI. A chained Antelope : a spotted Panther : and two Ostrich Feathers in saltire. He first assumed as a regular Motto the ancient royal war cry of England, Dieu et mon Droit. Edward IV. A black Bull, (Clarence): a black Dragon, (Ulster) : a white Wolf and a white Lion, (Mortimer) : a white Hart : a Falcon and Fetter-lock : the Sun in splendour : a white Rose with Rays. OF ENGLAND. 305 Eichard III. A White Rose : the Sun in splendor : a White Boar : and a Falcon with a Virgin's Face, holding a White Rose. Henry VII. A Portcullis : a White Greyhound courant : a Red Dragon, (Cadwallader) : a Dun Cow, (Warwick) : a Haw thorn Bush royally crowned, with Cypher, h.r., No. 545, PL XL VII. : a Rose of York and Lancaster, No. 248, PL XIH. : and a crowned Fleur-de-lys. Henry VHP A Portcullis : a Fleur-de-lys : a Rose of York and Lancaster : a WJiite Cock : a White Greyhound courant. Catherine of Arragon had for Badges the Pomegranate, the Rose, and the Sheaf of Arrows; (See the Monument of Prince Arthur Tudor, at Worcester). Anne Boleyn had a Falcon crowned and holding a Sceptre ; Jane Seymour had a Phosnix rising from a Castle, between Tudor Roses ; and Katherine Parr had a Maiden's Head crowned, rising from a large Tudor Rose. Edward VI. The Sun in splendor, and the Tudor Rose. Mary. A Pomegranate : a Pomegranate and Rose conjoined : the Tudor Rose impaling a Sheaf of Arrows, ensigned with a Crown, and surrounded by Rays. She sometimes used as a Motto the words, " Veritas Temporis Filia." Elizabeth. The Crowned Falcon with a Sceptre (of her mother), and the Tudor Rose, with the Motto, " Rosa sine spina." In addi tion to the established Boyal Motto, " Dieu et mon Droit," she often used as her own Motto, " Semper Eadem." James I. The Thistle, and the Rose and Thistle dimidiated and crowned, No. 546, PL XLVIL, with the Motto, " Beati Pacifici." Charles I., Charles IL, and James II. The same Badges as James I., without his Motto. Anne. A Rose-branch and a Thistle growing from one stalk, and crowned; on the Great Seal of the year 1707. From this time personal Badges ceased to be adopted; but the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock, all of them imperially crowned, as the Badges of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the Motto, " Dieu et mon Droit," have permanently taken their becoming 306 THE ROYAL HERALDRY parts in blazoning the Boyal Achievement of England. The Red Dragon also, with his wings elevated, and passant upon a mount vert,- is still the Eoyal Badge for the Principality of Wales. SECTION V. THE ARMS OE EOYAL CONSORTS. With the Eoyal Arms of the Eeigning Sovereigns of England, the student of Historical Heraldry will frequently desire to asso ciate those that were borne by the Consorts of these Sovereigns. They constantly occur in connection with those records of English History, of which Heraldry is at once the Chronicler and Illustrator. 1. Matilda of Flanders : GyronnSe or and az., an inescutcheon gu. 2. Matilda of Scotland : Scotland : No. 103, PL V. 3. Adelais of Louvain : Or, a Lion rampt. az., langued gu. 4. Matilda of Bologne : Or, three torteaux. 5. Eleanor of Aquitaine and Guyenne : Gu., a Lion passant guar dant or. 6. Berengaria of Navarre : Az., a Cross arg., afterwards super seded by Navarre Modern : See " Arms of Navarre " in Chap. XXXII. 7. Isabel of Angouleme : Lozengy, or and gu. 8. Alianore of Provence : Or, four Pallets gu. ; No. 7, PL I. 9. Alianore of Castile : Quarterly, Castile and Leon ; that is, 1 and 4, gu., a Castle triple-towered or : 2 and 3, arg., a Lion rampt. gu., No. 135, PL 1. She also bore Ponthieu, in right of her mother, and this shield on her monument at Westminster alter nates with England and Castile and Leon. Ponthieu is, or, three Bendlets az., within a Bordure gu., No. 547, PL XL VII. On her seal, her Effigy stands between a Castle surmounting a Lion on her Dexter side, and on her Sinister side a Lion surmounting a Castle; the reverse has a shield of England suspended by its guige from a Tree. OF ENGLAND. 307 10. Margaret of France : France Ancient dimidiated by England, No. 322, PL XVIII. ; also a shield of England upon a seal, the field of which is semSe de lys, No. 332 a, PL LXXX. 11. Isabelle of France: France Ancient dimidiating Navarre, (in right of her mother) : See Navarre in Chap. XXXII. She bore England on one shield, and France with Navarre on another ; see No. 335 a, and p. 152. 12. Philippa of Hainault : Quarterly, 1 and 4, or, a Lion rampt. sa., for Flanders ; 2 and 3, or, a Lion rampt. gu., for Holland : (See p. 159.) She bore these, her paternal arms, quartered with England only : No. 337, p. 159. Her arms were also impaled by England and by France and England quarterly. 13. Anne of Bohemia : Quarterly ; 1 and 4, Germany, arg., an Eagle displayed, with two heads, sa. ; 2 and 3, Bohemia, gu., a Lion rampant, queue fourchSe, arg., crowned or. She impaled these arms with the shield of Eichard II. , upon which the arms of the Confessor were marshalled per pale with France and England ; consequently the complete shield would be blazoned tiercSe in pale, &c. ; No. 349, PL XXIIL 14. Isabel of France : France Modern : impaled, a.d. 1397, by Eichard II. ; No. 350. This Impalement may be considered to have first suggested to Henry IV. the change in his own arms from France Ancient to France Modern. 15. Joanne of Navarre: Quarterly; 1 and 4, Eureux, az., three fleurs de lys or ; over all, a Bendlet, compony arg. and gu. ; 2 and 3, Navarre ; see Navarre in Chap. XXXII. Impaled by Henry IV. : See monument at Canterbury, and Chap. XXIL 16. Catherine of France: France Modern. Impaled by Henry V. 17. Margaret of Anjou : Quarterly of six : — 1. Hungary : Barry of eight arg. and gu. 2. Naples : France Ancient, with Label of three gu. 3. Jerusalem .- Arg., a Cross potent between four plain Crosses or. 4. Anjou : France Ancient, within a Bordure gu. x 2 308 THE royal heraldry 5. De Barre: Az., two Barbels haurient addorsed and crusiUy fitchSe or, all within a Bordure gu. 6. Lorraine: Or, on a bend gu., three Eaglets displayed arg. Impaled by Henry VI. : No. 352, PL XXIIL 18. Elizabeth Widtille, or Woodville : Quarterly of six : — 1. Luxembourg: Arg., a Lion rampt. double tailed gu., crowned or; for Peter, Count de Luxembourg, her maternal grand father. 2. De Baux : Quarterly ; 1 and 4, gu., an Estoile of 1 6 rays arg. ; 2 and 3, az. ; semSe de lys or ; for her grandmother, Margaret, daughter of Francis de Baux, Due d'Andree. ! 3. Cyprus : Barry of ten arg. and az., over all a Lion rampt. gu. 4. Ursins: Gu., three Bendlets arg.; a Chief per fesse of the second and or, charged with a Bose of tlie first : for her great-grand mother, Susan, daughter of the Count des Ursins. 5. St. Paul : Gu., three Pallets variSe ; on a Chief or a Label of five points, az. 6. Widville : Arg., a Fesse and a Canton conjoined gu. Impaled by Edward IV. 19. Anne Neville : Gu., a Saltire arg. ; differenced with a Label of three points compony of the second and az. Impaled by Eichard III. In the " Warwick Boll " she quarters, Beauchamp, Montagu, and Monthermer with Neville. 20. Elizabeth of York: Quarterly; 1 and 4, Ulster, Or, a Gross gu. ; 2 and 3, Mortimer. Impaled by Henry VII. Emblazoned on the Monuments of the Countess of Bichmond, and of Henry VII. and Elizabeth of York, Westminster Abbey, No. 351, PL XXIIL 21. Catherine of Arragon : Quarterly ; 1 and 4, Grand Quarters, Castile and Leon, quarterly ; 2 and 3, Grand Quarters, Arragon, Or, four Pallets gu., impaling Sicily, per Saltire, 1 and 4, Arragon, 2 and 3, arg., Eagle displayed sa., beaked and membered gu. In the Base Point, the Badge of Grenada, arg., a Pomegranate slipped ppr. OF ENGLAND. 309 The Supporters of Queen Catherine of Arragon were a Lion and an Eagle. Impaled by Henry VIII. 22. The Anns of Queen Anne Boleyn are the first which exemplify the usage, introduced by Henry VIIL, of granting to his Consorts " Augmentations " to their paternal arms. It is a striking Illustration of the degenerate condition of Heraldry under the second Tudor Sovereign. Anne Boleyn : Quarterly of six : — !1. Lancaster. 2. Engoulesme, or Naples. 3. GUYENNE. 4. Quarterly, 1 and 4 ; or, a Chief indented az., for Butler ; 2 and 3, arg., Lion rampt. sa., crowned gu., for Bochfort. 5. Brotherton. 6. Warrenne. Impaled by Henry VIII. (See the choir-screen of King's CoUege Chapel, Cambridge.) Supporters : a Leopard, and a male Griffin. 23. Jane Seymour: Quarterly of six : — 1. Or, on a Pile gu., between six Fleurs de lys az., three Lions of England. An Augmentation. 2. Seymour. 3. Beauchamp of Hache : VairSe. 4. Sturmy, or Esturmi : Arg., three demi-Lions rampt. gu. 5. Mac Williams : Per bend arg. and gu., three Roses, bendwise, counterchanged. 6. Coker : Arg., on a Bend gu., three Leopard's Heads or. Impaled by Henry VIIL, and blazoned frequently at Windsor and Hampton Court. Supporters : A Lion and a Unicorn. 24. Anne of Cleves : Gu., an Inescutcheon arg., over all, an Es carbuncle of eight rays or. Impaled by Henry VIII. 310 the royal heraldry 25. Catherine Howard : Quarterly :— 1. Az., three Fleurs de lys, in pale, or, between two Flanches erm., each charged with a Rose gu. 2. Brotherton. 3. Howard Modem. 4. Az., two Lions of England ; the Verge of the Escutcheon charged with four half Fleurs de lys or. 1 and 4 are Augmentations. Impaled by Henry VIII. 26. Catherine Parr : Quarterly of six : — 1. Arg., on a Pile gu., between six Roses of the 2nd, three other Roses of the 1st. (Augmentation.) 2. Arg., two Bars az., within a Bordure engrailed sa. 3. Boss of Kendall : Or, three Water-bougets sa. 4. Marmion : VairSe, a fesse gu. 5. Fitz Hugh : Az., three Chevrons, interlaced in base; a Chief or. 6. Green : Vert, three Harts at gaze or. Impaled by Henry VIII. 27. Philip, King of Spain. The sams arms as those of Catherine of Arragon. (See 21.) Impaling the arms of Mary. 28. Anne of Denmark. The arms borne by Anne, daughter of Frederick II. , King of Denmark and Norway, are a complicated example of the elaboration of details held in such high esteem amongst the continental Heralds of comparatively recent times. These arms may be described as follows : A Cross gu., surmownted of another arg. In the Dexter Canton, or, semee of hearts ppr., three lions pass, guard, in pale az., crowned or, for Denmark ; in the sinister canton, gu., a lion rampt, crowned or, holding in Ms paws a battle-axe arg., for Norway ; in the dexter base quarter, az., three crowns ppr., for Sweden ; and in the sinister base quarter, or, ten hearts, 4, 3, 2, and 1, gu., in chief a lion pass, guard, az., for Jutland. In the base of the shield, beneath the Cross, the ancient ensign of the Vandals, gu., a wyvern, its tail nowed and wings expanded or. Upon the centre of the Cross an escutcheon OF ENGLAND. 311 of pretence, charged with Quarterly, 1 . Or, two lions pass, guard. az., for Sleswick ; 2. Gu., an inescutcheon, having a nail in every point thereof, in triangle, between as many holly-leaves, all ppr., for Holsteen ; 3. Gu., a swan arg., beaked sa., gorged with a coronet ppr., for Stormerk ; and 4, Az., a chevalier, armed at all points, brand ishing his sword, his helm plumed, his charger arg., the trappings or, for Ditzmers. Over the whole, on an inescutcheon, or, two bars gu., for Oldenburgh, impaUng for Dalmenhurst, az., a cross patSe fitchSe or. Borne on a separate shield, and marshalled with the Boyal shield of James I. This shield, with some modification of its marshalling, (see Section 7 of this Chapter), is already well known and honoured in England, through the auspicious and happy alliance between our own Prince of Wales, and the Princess Alexandra of Den mark. 29 . Henrditta Maria of France : France Modern. This shield was sometimes borne impaled by St. George. Impaled by Charles I. A very fine example of this impaled shield is carved above one of the archways in the inner quadrangle of St. John's College, Oxford. 30. Catherine of Braganza: Arg., on each of five escutcheons, in cross, az., as many plates, in saltire, the whole within a bordure gu., charged with eight castles or, for Portugal. Impaled by Charles II. 31. Mary D'Este, of Modena: Quarterly: — 1 and 4, Este, arg., an eagle displayed sa., crowned or ; 2 and 3, Ferrara, az. three fleurs de lys or, within a bordure counterindented or and gu. Impaled by James H. 32. Prince George of Denmark : The same as 28. 33. The arms of the unhappy Consort of George I. do not appear ever to have been exhibited in England. As she was her husband's cousin, her arms were probably the same as those which he himself bore before his accession to the English crown. 312 the royal heraldry 34. Caroline Wilhelmina of Brandenburgh Anspach : The arms of his Consort, impaled by George IL, are quarterly of fifteen pieces; the following blazon from German authorities differs in several particulars from that given, from a contemporary print, by Mr. Willement in his most excellent work on "Eegal Heraldry :"— Quarterly of fifteen : — 1. Magdeburg, per fesse gu. and arg., each bordered : 2. Brussia : 3. Stettin, az., a griffin segreant gu., crowned or : 4. Pomerania, arg., a griffin segreant gu. : 5. Wenden, arg., a griffin segreant bendy gu. and vert : 6. Cassuben, or, a griffin segreant sa. : 7 and 9, Crossen, arg., an eagle disp. sa. : 8. Halberstadt, per pale arg. and gu., bordered : 10. Nuremberg, or, a lion rampt sa., crowned, within a bordure componSe arg. and'gu. : 11. Minden, gu., two keys in saltire arg. .-12. Hohenzollern, quarterly arg. and sa., bordered ; 13. Halberstadt, per pale arg. and gu. : 14. Star- gard, per fesse gu. and or : 15. Gu., for right of Regalia : and, over all, on an inescutcheon, Brandenbdrgh, arg., an eagle disp. gu. Impaled by George II. 35. Charlotte of Mecklenburgh Strelitz : Quarterly of 6: — 1. Mecklenbdrgh, or, a buffalo's head cabossed sa., armed arg., through the nostrils an annulet of the last, ducally crowned gu., the attire pass ing through the crown: 2. Wenden, az., a griffin segreant or: 3. Schwerin Principality, per fesse az. and vert, in chief a griffin segreant or, the base bordered round the entire field arg. : 4. Eatz- burgh, gu., a cross couped arg., ducally crowned or : 5. Schwerin County, gu., an arm embowed, in armour to the wrist, issuing from clouds on the sin. side, and holding between the finger and thumb a gem ring, all ppr., round the arm a riband tied az. : 6. Eostock, or, a buffalo's head in profile sa., armed arg., ducally crowned gu., over all an escutcheon of pretence, per fesse, gu. and or, for Stargard. Impaled by George III. 36. Caroline, daughter of Charles Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick, K.G. The following blazon of the arms of Brunswick is from the German authorities, Spener, Liebmacher OF ENGLAND. 313 and Triers : in the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 9th quarters, this Shield thus blazoned differs from the Shield of the Duke, which is displayed upon his Garter-Plate at Windsor. Quarterly of 12:— 1. Lunenburgh, or, semSe of hearts gu., a lion rampt. az. : 2. Bruns wick, gu., two lions pass, guard, in pale or : 3. Eberstein, arg., a lion rampt az., crowned gu. : 4. Homberg, gu., within a bordure com ponee arg. and az., a lion rampt or : 5. Diephold, az., a lion rampt. org., crowned or : 6. Lauterbergh, gu., a lion rampt. or : 7. Hoja and Bruckhausen, Quarterly, 1 and 4, or, two bear's paws couped and addorsed in pale sa. ; 2 and 3, gyronny of eight arg. and az., a chief barry of four gu. and of the first : 8. Diephold, az., an eagle disp. arg., (or, very commonly, org., an eagle disp. az.) : 9. Hohn- steln, or, two bars gu., a chief chequSe arg. and gu. : 10. Begen- stein, arg., a stag's attire gu. 11. Clettenberg, org., a stag trip ping sa. : 12. Blanckenberg, arg., a stag's attire sa. : the stag's attires in the 10th and 12th quarters are so disposed as to follow the contour of the escutcheon, and ' therefore they are either in fesse or in bend, as the case may be. Impaled by George TV. 37. Adelaide of Saxe Meinengen. Quarterly of 9:— 1. Thu- ringia, az., a lion rampt. barry of eight arg. and gu., crowned or : 2. Cleves, gu., an escarbuncle of eight rays or, the rays issuing from an inescutcheon arg. : 3. Juliers, or, a lion rampt sa., crowned gu. : 4. Meissen, or, a lion rampt. sa., crowned gu. : 5. Saxony : 6. Berg, arg., a lion rampt. gu. crowned or : 7. Westphalia, arg. an eagle displayed gu., crowned or : 8. Landesberg, or, two pales az. : 9. Thuringia Pfalz, sa., an eagle displayed or : 10. Orlamunde, or, a lion rampt. sa., crowned gu. : 11. Eisenberg, arg., three bars az. : 12. Pleissen, az., a lion rampt. or : 13. Altenberg, arg., a rose gu., seeded and barbed ppr. : 14. Gu., for right of Begalia : 15. Brehna, or Engern, arg., three boterols (scabbard-tags) gu. : 16. Marck, or, a fesse chequSe arg. and gu. : 17. Anhalt, gu., a column in pale arg., crowned or, the pedestal of the last : 18. Hennebergh, or, on a mound 314 the royal heraldry vert a cock sa., crested and wattled gu. : 19. Eavensbergh, arg., three chevronels gu. Impaled by William IV. 38. His late Boyal Highness, Albert, the Prince Consort, bore the Arms of Saxony, quarterly, with the Boyal Arms of England differenced with his own Label— a Label of three paints arg., charged on the central point with a cross gu; (See p. 167). It is customary in England to blazon the foliated bend of Saxony, as a bend treflSe vert, or as a bend archSe coronettSe, or a coronet ex tended in bend; this very beautiful Charge, however, which admits of rich and varied ornamentation, is a Chaplet or Wreath No. 353.— Shield of Arms of H.B.H. the late Prince Consort. of Rue, and on the Continent it is blazoned a Crancelin, from the German Kranzlein, 'a small garland.' The ancient Arms of Saxony were barry of ten or and sa. : as an Augmentation to these OF ENGLAND. 315 Arms, when he conferred the Dukedom of Saxony upon Bern- hard, Count of Ascania, the Emperor Babbarossa took off the Crown of Bue which he wore upon his head, and threw it ob liquely across the shield of the newly-created Duke. (See Notes and Queries, 3rd Series, No. 130, p. 522.) The Shield of His late Eoyal Highness, No. 353, is encircled with the Garter of the Order, and ensigned with his own Coronet (No. 623) ; it is also supported by the Lion and Unicorn Supporters of England, both of them differenced with the same Label as the Arms, and the Lion crowned with the Prince's own Coronet ; the Crest is the Crest of England, but the Lion is differenced with the same Label and ensigned with the same Coronet ; the Achievement may be further augmented with the insignia of the various Orders of which the Prince was a Knight. The Motto is, Treu und Fest, No. 353. SECTION VI. THE IMPERIAL CROWN, AND THE CORONETS OP THE PRINCES AND PRINCESSES OE THE PRESENT ROYAL FAMILY. The Emblem and Ensign of Sovereignty, the Imperial Crown of Great Britain, has undergone several very decided changes in its form and enrichments, all of which come under the direct cognizance of the historical Herald. Many original authorities exist, which in this matter naturally illustrate and corroborate each other's contribution to heraldic History. These authorities are the Great Seals, the Coinage, Monumental Effigies, and mis cellaneous Hluminations, Paintings, and Sculptures. The earliest form of the Crown worn by the English Kings after the Conquest, (which appears from various Illuminations closely to resemble the Crowns of the Anglo-Saxon Princes), is exemplified in the effigies of Henry IL, and his Queen Alia nore ; of Eichard I., and Isabella of AngoiilSme, at Fontevraud ; of Berengaria, at l'Espan, near Mans, and of John, at Worcester. This Crown is a richly jewelled Circlet of gold, heightened with 316 the royal heraldry" what may be entitled heraldic Strawberry Leaves. These sculptured Crowns are all much mutilated, but still they plainly declare their original character. The Crowns of Eichard and Berengaria have four large leaves only. Those of Henry, Alianore, and Isabella have four smaller leaves alternating with the four larger ones. The Crown of John has also eight leaves, alternating large and small, and in form they are almost true trefoils. Of this group of examples, the most perfect are the Crowns of Eichard I. and Berengaria, Nos. 548, 549, PI. XLII. The Effigies of Henry III. and Alianore of Castile have Crowns of trefoil-leaves of two sizes, a slightly raised point intervening between each pair of the leaves. These Crowns doubtless were once enriched with real or imitative jewels and other adornments, which now leave no other traces of their former existence than the small holes for attaching them to the Crowns themselves; No. 198, p. 61. The Coins of Edward I. show that his Crown was similar in character to those of his Consort and his Father. The Effigy of Edward IL, at Gloucester, still retains, almost uninjured, its sculptured enrichments. The Crown is formed of four large, and four small Strawberry Leaves, rising with graceful curves from , the jewelled Circlet, and having eight small flowers alternating with the leaves ; No 550. The Crown appears to have remained the same as that which I have last described, until the accession of the first Lancastrian Sovereign, Henry IV. The elaborately sculptured Effigies of this Prince and of his Queen, Joanna, at Canterbury, wear magnificent Crowns, No. 551. Both have the same general character, the Crown of the Queen being distinguished by its smaUer size and more delicate workmanship. In each, the jewelled Circlet is heightened by eight Strawberry Leaves, and as many Fleurs de lys, the whole alternating with sixteen small groups of pearls, three in each. These sculptured images of OF ENGLAND. 317 that " golden care," which was the one aim of Henry of Lan caster, may be supposed to be faithful representations of the splendid " Harry Crown," broken up and employed as security No. 550. — Crown, Edward II. No. 551. — Crown, Henry IV. for the loan required by Henry V., when about to embark on his expedition to France. Bymer records that the costly fragments were redeemed in the eight and ninth years of Henry VI. The next change in the Crown of England is one which com pletely alters its general aspect. This new feature consists in arching over the enriched Circlet with jewelled Bands of gold, and surmounting the enclosed Diadem with a Mound and Cross. The enrichments of the Circlet itself at the same time are so far changed, that Crosses patees occupy the positions before filled by the Strawberry Leaves, and Roses, or Fleurs de lys ap pear instead of the smaU clusters of Pearls. The arched Crown at first has the arches elevated almost to a point; after a while, the arches are somewhat depressed at their intersection ; then this depression is considerably increased; and at length, in the Crown of Her Majesty, Queen Victoria, the arches, which bend over almost at right angles, are flattened above at the intersection where the mound rests upon them. At first, also, the arches recede inwards from their spring from the Circlet ; then they slightly project beyond the Circlet ; and now they rise almost vertically. The arches, in the first instance, are numerous, but in the Great Seal of Eichard III. there are 318 THE ROYAL HERALDRY , four arches only. Their number in the Crown that ensigns the Hawthorn Bush Badge of Henry VIE, is six, No. 545, PL XL VII. ; but. by Henry VIH. they are reduced to four. The Crown remained without any change during the Beigns of Edward VI., Mary, and Elizabeth; except that in the Great Seal of Elizabeth she appears wearing a smaU Diadem having eight arches. The Crown of the Stuart Sovereigns, James I. and Charles I., has eight arches. On the Great Seals of Charles II. , James II., and Anne, the Crown has four arches; and that number has since remained unchanged. The arched Crown was introduced by Henry V., probably when a simpler emblem of Boyalty was constructed on the breaking up of the more costly and precious Crown of his Father. It will be understood that until the close of the Beign of Edward IV., arched and unarched Crowns are both represented in sculpture, illuminations, and other works. The arched Crown, the arches having an ogee curvature, appears for the first time upon the Great Seal of Edward VI., and we learn from illuminations that a Crown similar to his own was worn by his Queen. The arches of the Crown always spring from behind the crosses patees that heighten the circlet. The crosses on the Great Seal of Henry VIII. appear to be only four in number ; but the Tudor Crown generally is represented with eight crosses and as many fleurs de lys. Upon the monument of the Countess of Bichmond, the mother of Henry VIE, there are seven shields and one lozenge of arms; of the former, three are ensigned with large crowns heightened with eight crosses, as many fleurs de lys, and sixteen small roses, and the crowns are arched with two depressed arches which support a mound and cross patee ; three more of these shields have similar crowns without the arches ; and one shield and the lozenge are without crowns, No. 557, Chap. XXIIL At the head and feet of the monument of Henry VII. there are crowns of four arches splendidly en- cjrowjsts. CHAPTER XIX BERENGARIA. Plate XLII OF ENGLAND. 319 riched. The Crown of James I., represented on his Great Seal, retains eight crosses and eight fleurs de lys, without any roses ; and Charles II. reduces both crosses and fleurs de lys to four, the same number as the arches. The velvet cap, worn within the Crown, appears for the first time upon the Great Seal of Henry VIII. The successive changes in the Crown of England are ex emplified in No. 552, PL XLII., Henry V., from Westminster Abbey; No. 553, Henry VI.; No. 554, Edward IV., and No. 555, from the Great Seal of the same king; No. 556, Chap. XXIL, Henry VII., from King's CoUege Chapel, Cambridge ; it wUl be observed that the Eoyal Motto in this splendid Crown is charged upon the circlet of the diadem; No. 557, Chap. XXTTL, Crown from the monument of Margaret, Countess of Bichmond, in Westminster ; No. 558, PL XLII., Henry VIII. ; at Norwich on a building, a shield of Henry VIII. is ensigned with a Crown of the simple form shown in No. 558 A; Nos. 559, and 560, PL XLH., Charles I., and Charles II. , both from their Great Seals. Thus the Crown is brought to assume the character shown in No. 562, which has four crosses patees, and No. 562. — The Imperial Crown. four fleurs de lys, set alternately on the circlet, and four pearl- studded arches which rise from within the crosses, and carry at their intersection the Mound and Cross. The arches in this 320 THE royal heraldry example are depressed, and their sweep projects somewhat be yond the circlet. The Crown of Her Majesty's immediate predecessors, No. 562, has already become historical, having been superseded by the new State Crown, No. 624, made for the Coronation of the Queen, and in use on those occasions of high state ceremonial which require the presence of this emblem of Boyal Dignity. This Crown differs from No. 562 rather in enrichment than in its No. 624. — The State Crown of Her Majesty the Queen. arrangement. There is, indeed, a decided difference in the contour of the arches, which rise almost perpendicularly from within the crosses patees, and are somewhat elevated (instead of being depressed) at their intersection. The Crown is completely covered with diamonds, and is also richly studded with various other costly gems. The arches assume the form of wreaths of the rose, thistle, and shamrock formed of briUiants. The cap is of purple velvet, lined with ermine. The Heraldic Crown which enjoys the Boyal favour, differs from both No. 562, and the State Crown, No. 624, and inclines to the type of an earlier time ; this Heraldic Crown of our Most OF ENGLAND. 321 Gracious Sovereign is represented in No. 334, page 332, ensigning the Boyal Shield of Arms. The Coronet of H.E.H., Albert, the late Prince Consort, differs from the Imperial Crown in having eight instead of four arches ; these arches rise from strawberry leaves and are curved. The detaUs of the enrichments are also peculiar : No. 562 a. No. 562 a. — Coronet of the late Prince Consort. The Coronet of H.E.H., Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, has two arches only, which rise from a jewelled circlet, heightened as the Imperial Crown. The arches are surmounted by a mound and cross. The cap is of crimson velvet : No. 563. No. 563.— Coronet of H.R.H., the Prince oe Wales. The Prince of Wales also bears, as the ensign of that Prin cipality, a jeweUed circlet heightened with four crosses patees and as many fleurs de lys, which encloses a plume of three ostrich feathers rising above the circlet itself. Below, on a ribbon, the motto, " Ich Dien." No. 235 a, PL XV. See also pages 256 and 328, and Chap. XXIV., Sect 1. 322 the royal heraldry The Coronets of the other Princes, the Sons of the Queen, and of the Princesses, the Daughters of Her Majesty, have the circlet heightened with four crosses patees, and four fleurs de lys. The cap, of crimson velvet, is lined with ermine, and is surmounted by a golden tassel ; No. 564, PL XLL The Coronets of the Princes and Princesses, the Grandsons and Granddaughters of the Queen, differ from those of their Boyal Uncles and Aunts, only in having the circlet heightened with two crosses patees, as many strawberry leaves, and four fleurs de lys; No. 565. The Coronets of the Boyal Cousins of the Queen have the circlet heightened with crosses patees and strawberry leaves only; No. 566, PL XLL SECTION VII. ARMS OE THEIR ROYAL HIGHNESSES, THE PRINCE AND PRINCESS OE WAXES, AND OE THE OTHER MEMBERS OE THE ROYAL FAMILY. I. Arms of T.B.H., The Prince and Princess of Wales. 1. H.B.H., Albert Edward, E.G., K.S.I., The Prince of Wales, is also Duke of Cornwall and of Bothsay, Earl of Chester, of Dublin, and of Carrick, Baron Benfrew and Lord- of the Isles ; also, in right of his lamented Father, the Prince is Duke of Saxony. The Armorial Insignia of His Boyal Highness, ac cordingly, assume a threefold division, and they are blazoned with an aggroupment which exemplifies three distinct yet united orders of Marshalling. The happy alliance formed by the Prince of Wales with the Princess Alexandra of Denmark, now Princess of Wales, adds a fourth to these three orders of Marshalling. The Arms usually borne by the Prince of Wales are thus blazoned : — The Royal Arms of England, differenced with the Label of the Heir Apparent — a Label of three points arg. ; over all, Saxony : Supporters, — The Lion and Unicom of England, differenced with the OF ENGLAND. 323 Label and ensigned with the Coronet of the Prince ; Crest, — The Crest of England, but the Lion differenced and crowned as the dexter Sup porter : in association with the Crest, above the Arms, is placed the Feather Badge of the Prince ; Motto, — Ich Dien : the shield is encircled with the Garter of the Order, and ensigned with the Prince's own Coronet. The early usage of Heraldry would require that the dexter Supporter and the Crest should be ensigned with the Imperial Crown, while differenced with the Label of the Heir Apparent. It also ap pears to be at variance with both the spirit and the practical usage of the true Historical Heraldry of England, that the Arms of Saxony, the paternal and hereditary Insignia of his Boyal Father, should be marshalled upon an escutcheon of pretence with the shield of the Prince of Wales, when that Shield does not display the Ensigns of the Prince's Dignities of the second order. The Arms of the Prince of Wales as Heir Apparent have a distinct individuality of their own, with which nothing, except the Arms of the Boyal Consort of the Prince, ought to be directly associated. It would, however, be both strictly correct and much to be desired that the Prince should bear a Second Shield, charged in the first grand quarter with his own quartered Arms duly differenced as Heir Apparent, and having in the other grand quarters the Arms of aU the other Dignities enjoyed by His Eoyal Highness marshalled in becoming order. Or, what on the whole would seem to be still more desirable, the Prince might bear upon a single shield, (with a quartered inescutcheon itseU charged with a Shield of pretence,) all his armorial in signia duly marshalled in conformity with their historical sig nificance. The Arms of the Second Order borne by the Prince of Wales are these : — 1. Cornwall:— sa., ten bezants, four, three, two, and one. 2. Bothsay : — Scotland, differenced with a label of three points arg. 3. Chester : — az., three garbs or. y 2 324 the royal heraldry 4. Dublin : — Ireland, differenced with a label of three points arg. 5. Lord of the Isles : — arg., on waves of the sea ppr, a lymphad sa. 6. For the feudal Earldom of Carrick, and Barony of Eenfrew, ancient dignities of the Heir Apparent to the Scottish Crown,— or, a chevron gu. 7. To this group I add the Arms of the Principality of Wales, — quarterly, 1 and 4, gu., a lion pass, guard, or ; 2 and 3, or, a lion pass, guard, gu., No, 697, PL LX. The Arms of the Prince's Dukedom of Saxe Coburg Gotha con stitute a distinct Order in themselves : see p. 314. In No. 720, PL LIII., I have marshalled the Arms of the Prince, the three Orders of -the Arms being displayed upon a single Shield, with an Inescutcheon bearing a Shield of Pretence. This shield — that is, the primary shield in this composition — bears the Arms of the Prince as Heir Apparent : these are the Boyal Arms of the reigning Sovereign differenced with a silver label, — as the Eoyal Arms for the time being, thus differenced, have been always borne by the Heirs Apparent of England, the Princes of Wales, since the time of the Black Prince. Upon the Secondary Shield — the Inescutcheon in No. 720 — are marshalled all the armorial Insignia of the second order borne by the Prince of Wales, including the Arms of the Principality, to which in deference to their rank I have yielded the first quarter : thus this Ines cutcheon bears, 1. Wales; 2. Cornwall; 3. Bothsay; 4. Chester; 5. Carrick; '6. The Isles; 7. Dublin. The third Shield, marshalled in pretence over all, is charged with Saxony, the foreign Duke dom of the Prince of Wales. It is a very singular circumstance that the Arms of the Prin cipality of Wales should heretofore have been omitted, as if by universal consent, from the Quartered Shield of tlie Prince of Wales. The ancient Arms of Wales are not marshalled upon the Boyal Shield with England, Scotland, and Ireland; but, I presume, Wales is held to be included within the realm of England and ARMS OF H.R.H. THE PRINCE OF "WALES K.G. PUKE OF SAXONY OF CORNWALL, & OF ROTHSAY; EARL OF CHESTER, OF CARRICK, & OF DUBLIN; BARON RENFREW. LORD OF THE ISLE, fcc.&c.&c. ARMS OF THE IX" DIGNITIES OF THE PRIXCE OE WALES, AND OF THE PRINCIPALITY OF WALES . CHAPTER- XIX Plate LX OF ENGLAND. 325 therefore it is considered to be represented heraldically by the Lions of England. Accordingly, when he differences the Boyal Shield with his own silver label, the Prince of Wales would bear the Arms of Wales as Prince — precisely as his Boyal Mo ther bears the Arms of Wales expressed with those of England, as the Sovereign, in Her own Boyal Arms. At the same time, it appears altogether to be desired that the distinct Arms of the Principality of Wales should be marshalled in the first quarter of the Quartered Arms of the Prince of Wales. Upon the base ment of the monument of Queen Elizabeth, as I have shown, (Chap. XXIIL) are four Shields of Arms ; one of this group is Wales ; the three other Shields of the group are Ireland, Corn wall, and Chester : thus the Arms of the Principality have a recognized place with the separate Shields of Cornwall and Chester and also of Ireland. The Arms which I have just blazoned for the Principality of Wales, No. 697, PL LX., are taken from an Achievement of Queen Elizabeth which is engraved in " Begal Heraldry:" I am bound, however, to add that Owen Glendwyr, as Prince of Wales, a.d. 1404, blazons the Lions on his Secretum as rampant, No. 698, PL LX., (see also Archosologia, xxv., 619, and xxix., 407.) As Princes of Wales also, Edw. Plan tagenet, son of Edward IV. , and Arthur Tudor, son of Henry VII. , bore separately for the Principality, arg., three lions coward in pale gu., No. 699, PL LX. : this coat is said sometimes to have been assigned specifically to North Wales, while the Arms of South Wales would be No. 698. 2. H.B.H., Alexandra, Princess of Wales, as Daughter of the King of Denmark, bears the Royal Arms of Denmark without any Difference. The Arms of Denmark proper are, or, semSe of human hearts gu., three lions pass, guard, in pale az., crowned gold : but the Shield of the Princess, after the manner of Continental Heraldry, is one of many Quarterings ; and it is very remarkable that this Shield, when blazoned with all its various Bearings, in its Marshalling 326 THE ROYAL HERALDRY exhibits precisely the same order of arrangement as distinguishes the Shield, No. 720, PL LIII., of the Prince of Wales himself. The Quartered Shield of the Princess of Wales will be readily understood by the aid of the annexed diagram, No. 687. Several of these quarterings have been blazoned in Section 5 of this Chapter. No. 687. Diagram, No. 687 : — a, a, a, a, the white Cross of Denmark upon red : 1. Denmark : 2. Schleswig : 3. Sweden Modern : 4. Iceland, gu., a stockfish arg., crowned or, (See Heraldry of Fish, p. 174): 5. Faroe Islands, az., a cock passant arg. : 6. Greenland, az., a polar bear rampt. arg. : 7. Jutland : 8. Ensign of the Vandals. On the secondary Shield, or Inescutcheon, — 9. Holstein : 10. Stor- merk: 11. Dtetmarschen (Ditzmers) : 12. Lanenburg, gu., a horse's head couped arg. On the third Shield, in pretence over all, —13. Oldenburg : 14. Delmenhurst. These Arms are blazoned in Plate LXXV, No. 710. The two shields in this Plate show, (No. 709) the quartered shield of Denmark from a Garter-Plate of the year 1581, and (No. 710) the quartered shield of the Den mark of to-day ; thus the changes which have taken place in the course of nearly three centuries are evident at a glance. These ROYAL ARMS OF DENMARK. CHAPTER XLX. SECTIONS 5 & 7; & CHAPTER XXXH ARMS NOW BORNE BY THE PRINCESS OF "VYALES. ARMS BORNE BY FREDERICK II, KG, KING OF DENMARK. Fr oxo. the Garter Plate at Windsor Plate LXXY IMPALED LOZENGE & SHIELDS OF ARMS. CHAP TEE. S XIX, XXXTI & XXXI II. MARGARET, QUEEN OF JAMEKJD. A.D. W85 Plate III OF ENGLAND. 327 'two shields may also be compared with the blazon of the Arms of Prince George of Denmark in page 311. It would seem that still further changes in the shield that is so closely allied with his own, may now be expected by our Prince op Wales. A (Dentury before the Garter-Plate of Frederick II. was fixed at Windsor, the Arms of Denmark appear under different conditions of aggroupment impaled with Scotland upon the Lozenge of Arms of Margaret, daughter of Chkistiern I., the Queen of James III. of Scotland, who was kUled a.d. 1488 ; No. 719, IT. LIE This Lozenge, which is blazoned in a -highly interesting contemporary paii+ting now in the Palace of Holyrood, containing the por traitures of King James and Queen Margaret with various other persorxages, bears Scotland, the tressure not dimidiated, impaling Denmark marshalled as follows — the field divided into four quarters by the Cross of Dannebrog ; in the first quarter, Scandi navia or Sweden ; in the second, Denmark proper ; in the third, Norway Ancient ; the Sclavonic Dragon of the Vandals being in the fourth quarter. The Escutcheon of pretence bears, 1 and 4, on a field gules a device which appears to have been mistaken by the painter for the arms of Holstein ; and 2 and 3, Schleswig ; over all, on a second Inescutoheon, Oldenburgh alone. 3. No. 568 represents the Arms of Denmark proper impaled by the Arms of the Prince of Wales without his secondary Ines cutcheon, but charged in prefer} ce with Saxony : this impaled shield, ensigned with the Coronet,! Badge, and Crest of the Prince, and at its base having hisj Motto, may be accepted as the popular form of representing th$ united Arms of their Eoyal Highnesses. I The early and long sustained uscjige of impaling the Arms of a married Prince and Princess has b,een set aside by high authority in marshalling the Arms of the present Prince and Princess of Wales. The authorized arrangeiment is such as this: — The Shield of the Prince, as it is blazoned at the commencement of this Section, encircled with the (Garter of the Order, to the 328 THE ROYAL HERALDRY Dexter of the composition ; to the Sinister the quartered Shield oj t the Princess encircled by a Garland ; these two Shields supported! 1 by the Supporters of the Prince, ensigned by his Coronet, hid ; Crest, and his Badge, and with his Motto in base. The Impalecj 1 Shield, No. 568, marshalled in exact accordance with early print .- ciples and early practical usage also, appears in every respect t« j be preferable to the present system of two distinct ShielcViS. { No. 568. The Garter-Plate of Prince William, the son of Queen Anne and Prince George of Denmark,' marshals in pretence o Shield of Denmark proper only, without 'any quarterings : and, accordingly, this Garter-Plate, as far as it, may be accepted as an authority, sanctions the presence of the Shield of Denmark as I have mar shalled it, without the othe.r quarterings borne on his Eoyal Shield by the King of Denmark himself; it must be admitted, at OF ENGLAND. 329 the same time, that this Garter-Plate in like manner affords a precedent for charging Saxony in pretence upon the Arms of the Prince, as in No. 568. 4. To the great interest naturally felt in the armorial insignia of the Prince and Princess of Wales, I am indebted for many valuable and gratifying communications having reference to the Arms of their Eoyal Highnesses ; but I am not able to adduce any example of a Shield of the Prince of Wales, marshalled by No. 718. — Design for Marshalling the Arms of the Peince of Wales, K.G. authority with all its quarterings. My own quartered Shields, I need scarcely add, are merely suggestions — suggestions, however, based upon early precedent, and aspiring to be faithful expres sions of Historical Heraldry. In order more fully to exemplify to Students of Heraldry the suggestive as well as the directly historical character of the Armorial Ensigns of the Prince of Wales, I now add one or two other compositions as heraldic studies. No. 718 marshals the Arms of the Prince of Wales 330 the royal heraldry differenced with his own Label quarterly, with Saxony. That is, it represents the Prince as the Eldest Son and Heir of the Queen and of the late Prince Consort. In this Shield, Saxony appears alone in the 2nd and 3rd quarters, because the differenced Arms borne by the late Prince Consort in the 1st and 4th quarters of his own Shield may claim to have been in a peculiar sense personal to himself alone. The Escutcheon of Pretence in No. 718 quarters Cornwall, Chester, Bothsay, and Dublin (the label improperly omitted) only, and it bears the feudal Shield of the Isles in pretence. Again, in No. 696, PI. LX., the Shield, which is quarterly of five, bears Cornwall, Rothsay, the two Duke doms, in chief; Chester, the Isles, and Dublin, the three Coats in base, being marshalled in their order of heraldic seniority; Carrick, as the Shield of a feudal Earldom, is in pretence. In this composition, which is merely a study for marshalling the British and Irish Arms of the Prince of Wales, Saxony is not introduced. In Plate LIII., the Shield which corresponds with the No. 696 of Plate LX. appears in its proper position, in pretence upon the Boyal Shield duly differenced with the silver Label of the Prince of Wales. The Shield of Pretence in No. 720, PI. LIII., differs from No. 696, only in these three respects : it bears Wales in the first quarter; it marshals Carrick in the fifth quarter; and it displays Saxony over all upon a second Inescutcheon. The Arms of Carrick I have given upon official authority, as being, gu., a chevron or. The Bruces, Earls of Carrick, before their family attained to the Eoyal Dignity, bore, arg., a saltire and a chief az., (Eoll Henry III.); and Mr. Seton (pp. 191, 195), with a reference to Laing's Catalogue (Nos. 164 and 783), gives the Seals, of Duncan, Earl of Carrick, a.d. 1180, charged with a dragon; and that of John, Earl of Carrick, a.d. 1380, after-- wards Eobert III., bearing Scotland with a Label. I observe that Mr. Seton, at the end of his Preface has a Shield of Scotland thus differenced with a silver Label of three points, impaling Den- CORONETS .JLND CRRSTS. CHAPTERS XIV XVi: & XIX \Lale XLI OF ENGLAND. 331 mark proper alone, the whole being charged upou the Plume of the Prince of Wales. A Scottish Herald might also marshal for the Prince a Shield quarterly of Bothsay, Carrick, and the Isles. II. Their Eoyal Highnesses, the Princes Alfred, Arthur, and Leopold : — the Royal Arms differenced with their own Labels, Nos. 569, 570, 571, PI. XXXVI. ; the Crest and Supporters being differenced in like manner, and the Shield ensigned with the Coronet; No. 564, PL LXI. Their Eoyal Highnesses, the Princess Eoyal, and the Prin cesses Alice, Helena, Louisa, and Beatrice : — the Royal Arms differenced with their own Labels, and impaled by Prussia and Hesse for the Princess Eoyal and the Princess Alice; No. 572 and 573, PL XXXVI. ; see also Chapter XXXII. The Boyal Arms upon Lozenges, differenced with their own Labels, Nos. 574, 575, and 576, and the Supporters differenced with the same Labels, by the younger Princesses. Their Eoyal Highnesses all ensign their Arms with their own Coronet, No. 564, but they do not bear any Crest. H.E.H., the Duke of Cambridge, E.G., differences the Eoyal Arms, Supporters, and Crest, with his own Label, No. 577, PL XXXVI. ; and he ensigns his Shield with his own Coronet, No. 566, PL XLL The Princess Mary of Cambridge charges the same Label upon her Lozenge of Arms. suction vin. The Eoyal Achievement of Arms of Her Majesty the Queen is composed of The Eoyal Shield, bearing England, Scotland, and Ireland, quarterly ; the Shield being encircled with the Garter, charged with the Motto of the Order : The Supporters, the Lion and Unicom : The Helm, with its Mantling, ensigned with the Crown, and thereon the Crest of England, a Lion statant guardant or, im perially crowned : The Motto being the words, Dieu et mon Droit, upon a ribbon beneath the shield, from which issue 332 THE ROYAL HERALDRY OF ENGLAND. The Badges, the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock, aU of them en grafted on the same stem. It would be strictly correct to add other Badges, for England, a red and a white Rose ; for Scotland, a Thistle ppr. ; for Ireland, a Shamrock-leaf vert, and a Harp or, stringed arg. ; for Wales, a Dragon, wings addorsed, gu., passant on a mount vert. All these Badges to be ensigned with the Imperial Crown. Also, the Crest for Scotland, on an Imperial Crown, a Lion, sejant affronts gu., imperially crowned, holding in the dexter paw a sword, and in the sinister paw a sceptre, both erect and ppr. ; No. 567, Plate XLVI. : and The Crest for Ireland, on a wreath or and az., a Castle triple- towered of the first, a Hart org., attired or, springing from the gate. The Badges of the several Orders of Knighthood might also be introduced into this composition. No. 334. — Her Most Gracious Majesty, Victoria, the Queen. No. 286. — Shield of Edward ILL, from his Monument in Westminster Abbey, the Garter being added. (See pp. 107 and 295.) CHAPTEE XX. ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD, AND INSIGNIA AND AUGMENTATIONS OF HONOUR. Early in the middle ages, the Insignia of knightly rank, worn alike by every member of the chivalry of those days, were the Enight's own Sword and Lance — the latter with its Pennon, — his Shield of Arms, and his golden Spurs. Then the Crusades led to the formation of the Orders of priestly soldiers, so well known as the Hospitallers, or Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, and the Knights Templars. These Orders possessed distinctive In signia peculiar to themselves. 1. The Hospitallers, instituted about a.d. 1092, and intro duced into England about the year 1100, wore over their armour a black habit, charged with a silver cross of eight points, No. 578, PL XXXV. ; but between the years 1278 and 1289, 334 ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. when engaged in military duties, they assumed a red surcoat bearing a silver cross straight. 2. The Templars, instituted a.d. 1118, were introduced into England during the reign of Stephen, about the year 1140. Their habit was white, with a red cross of eight points, the form of this cross being identical with the white cross of the Hos pitallers, No. 578, PL XXXV. The Cross of the Templars was worn on the left shoulder. Their war-cry was " Beau Seant !" Their Banner, which bore the same name, was per fesse sa. and arg. It is represented in the Temple Church, London, as in No. 579. They also displayed above their formidable lance a second Banner of their own colours, white, charged with the Cross of the Order, No. 580. As Badges, the Templars bore the Agnus Dei ; and a device representing two knights mounted on a single horse, to denote the original poverty of the Order. The present Arms of the Barrister Templars of the Inner Temple, which are derived from the Badge last named, are, az., a pegasus salient, winged arg., (some say or), the two horsemen of the early device having in later times been mistaken for wings. In the year 1309 the Knights Templars were suppressed, and, by a papal bull dated April 3, 1312, their Order was abolished. It is remarkable that amongst the numerous knightly effigies that are in existence, and of which many fine examples belong to the Templar era, not a single individual commemorates any brother of the chivalry of the Temple. It is highly probable that some now forgotten rule prohibited monumental commemo ration amongst those priest-soldiers, or else their ill repute led to the complete destruction of every personal memorial of them. The idea that crossed-legged mUitary effigies represent and commemorate Templars, though still retained by many per sons who prefer fanciful theories to more sober facts, has long been proved to be without any foundation. ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 335 3. The peculiar form of Cross, entitled, from its resemblance to the Greek T, the Tau Cross, No. 57, PL III., appears worn as a knightly ensign upon a small number of monumental effigies. This is the symbol of an Order established on the Continent, and styled the Order of St. Anthony. At Ingham, in Nor folk, the curious effigies (now sadly mutilated) of Sir Eoger de Bois and his Lady, wear mantles charged with the Tau Cross within a circle, and having the word anthon in chief, No. 481, PL XXXIX. ; the date is about 1360. In the sixteenth century, this same cross is occasionally found attached to a chain that is worn about the neck, as in the brass to Henry Stanley, a.d. 1528, at HiUingdon, Middlesex. The Tau Cross is borne by , the family of Drury between two mullets on a chief. 4. Collars, composed of various heraldic devices, and worn about the neck, were in use in the time of Eichard II. These Collars, however, were not regarded as insignia of any Order of Knighthood, as that expression is now understood by ourselves, and as the Order of the Garter was understood at that period. They were decorations of honour, and they also very generally denoted poUtical partizanship. The rival Houses of Lancaster and York had their Collars, of which many characteristic examples yet remain. Private Collars were also worn, as a species of Badge, at the same period ; they were charged with the personal devices of the wearers. Thus, in his Brass at Wootton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire, a.d. 1392, Thomas, fourth Baron Berkeley, wears, over his camail, a collar composed of Mermaids — a Badge of his House, which may possibly have been derived from the " Mermaids of the Sea " of the Black Prince and so may indicate attachment to that illustrious personage; No. 225 a, p. 68. 5. The Lancastrian Collar of SS is composed of a series of the letter S in gold, the letters being either linked together, 336 ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. or set in close order upon a blue and white ribbon. The ends are always connected by two buckles and a trefoil-shaped link, from which a jewel depends. This Collar was worn by persons of both sexes, and of various ranks. It appears, amongst many others, in the sculptured effigies of Queen Joanna, at Canter bury; of Ealph Neville, Earl of Westmorland, and his two Countesses, at Staindrop, Durham ; of Thomas and John Fitz- Alan, Earls of Arundel, at Arundel ; of Eobert, Lord Hunger ford, at Salisbury Cathedral ; of Eobert de Marmion, at Tanfield, Yorkshire ; of Sir Humphrey Stafford, at Bromsgrove, Worces tershire; of Sir Edmund and Lady De Thorpe, at Ashwell- Thorpe, Norfolk; and of Sir William Phillip, K.G., styled Lord Bardolf, and his Lady, at Hoveringham, Notts ; also in the Brasses to Lord Camoys, K.G., at Trotton, Sussex; to Sir Thomas and Lady Massyngeberde, at Gunby, Lincolnshire ; and Sir William and Lady Bagot, at Baginton, Warwickshire. An early example of this Collar occurs in the Brass to Sir Thomas Burton, at Little Casterton, Eutland : it is certain, however, that this Brass is several years later than the date usually given to it — a.d. 1382, the fifth of Eichard II. Another early example, in the sculptured effigy of John. Gower, the poet, at St. Saviour's Church, Southwark, has the De Bohun Swan, the favourite Badge of Henry of Bolingbroke, attached as a pendant to the Collar ; No. 585 a, PL XLIII. The SS Collar of Queen Joanna, No. 583, has been slightly injured, but it still very clearly shows the character of this decoration. The Collars of Lord Hunger ford, a.d. 1455, No. 582, and of Sir Eobert de Marmion, about a.d. 1400, No. 584, both of which have received some injuries, and that of Sir William Phillip, (whose effigy is also deco rated with the Garter of the Order), which is very perfect and of elaborate richness, No. 585, PL XLIII., are all eminently charac teristic examples. The SS Collar was assumed by Henry IV., probably many years before his accession, and by him it cer tainly was distinguished as a Lancastrian ensign. iiJUsrcxsTniJor coi/lxxpis oe ss & INT SIGHTS OE TTLE G1B.TXR. CHAFTIRS XIV & XX Plate XLIII ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 337 In th'e centre of the Canopy above his monument at Canter bury, the Shield of Henry IV. is encircled with a Collar of SS, after the manner of the Garter of the Order. This shield bears France Modern and England, impaling Navarre and Eureux, No. 348, PL XXIIL ; upon the CoUar the S is repeated twenty- three times, and the customary trefoU clasp is charged with a smaU Eagle displayed, apparently a subsequent addition. The letters SS are richly ornamented and linked together. Two other larger Shields, one of France and England, and the other of Navarre, are also encircled with similar Collars of SS ; and the field of the Canopy is semSe of the same Collars, small and on ribbons, on a ground azure powdered with golden cinquefoils. Eagles, Greyhounds and Gennets, with the Mottoes Soverayne and Atemperance, also take a prominent part in the heraldic decora tion of this remarkable Canopy. The monument of Catherine Swynforde, the third wife of John of Ghent, mother of the Beau- forts, was originally adorned with shields of arms encircled by Collars of S. When I last examined the original in Lincoln Cathedral, the panels of the monument, which are deeply scored with the matrices of the lost Brasses, were standing reversed, so that the pendants of the Collars of S were in chief. In the church of St. Mary, at Bury St. Edmunds, the ceiling of the eastern compartment of the south aisle, once the Chantry of John Baret, is richly painted and diapered with beautifully- drawn Collars of SS, each Collar enclosing the Monogram of this zealous Lancastrian, LB. The origin of the device itself still remains uncertain. It is generally supposed to have been intended to represent Henry's favourite motto, Soveraygne, by repeating the initial letter of the word. Mr. John Gough Nichols, however, has suggested the word Seneschal, (John of Ghent was Seneschal, or High Steward of England), to be substituted for Soveraygne; and Mr. Planche hints that the Swan Badge may have had something to do with the SS of the Collar. Possibly, after all, the repeti- 338 ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. tion of the letter S may denote rather the initials of' several words, than the initial of any single word, though I myself incline to the opinion that the S is the initial of Soveraygne. Henry VIE, under whom the SS Collar had by no means alto gether lost its Lancastrian character, introduced his Tudor Badge, the Portcullis, alternating with each S ; and he further added either a Tudor Eose or a Portcullis, as a Pendant to the Collar thus modified. A good example occurs in the effigy of Sir John Cheyney, K.G., a.d. 1489, in Salisbury Cathedral. At Coleshill, in the very perfect alabaster effigy of a knight, a.d. 1519, the Collar of SS has a George depending from it. Other late examples of this Collar occur at Elford in Stafford shire ; the latest there appears upon the effigy of Sir William Smythe, a.d. 1526 ; the pendant is a cross patee. A still later example, a.d. 1548, at Sefton, in Lancashire, is the CoUar repre sented on the Brass to Sir William Molineux, who at Flodden " duo armorum vexilla Scotis strenue resistentibus sua manu ccepit." By Henry VIII. the wearing the Collar SS was restricted to the degree of a Knight. This Collar with certain modifications, is still worn by the Heralds, by the Lord Mayor of London, and by the Lords Chief Justices, and some others of the Judges. 6. The Yorkist Collar of Suns and Eoses, significantly characteristic of the rival House of the Plantagenets, has not left so many examples as there exist of the Collar of SS. In the chancel of Aston Church, near Birmingham, are two Effigies, both 'finely sculptured in alabaster, and resting within a yard or two of each other upon raised tombs. The figures are those of knights, and their armour is such as two brothers might have worn when Edward IV. fought his way to the throne. In life, these knights were certainly contemporaries; probably they were near neighbours, and possibly near kinsmen also : but that they were mortal enemies is clearly indicated by the circumstance that one wears the Collar of SS, while the YORKIST COLLARS OF SUNS 8b ROSES &: INSJGNTX ( ' THE GXRTER. CHAPTERS XIV £ XX lathXLI orders of knighthood. 339 Collar of the other is charged with the Suns and Eoses of York. Long have these " Knights been dust. And their good swords rust :" their effigies, however, silently though they repose beneath the same consecrated roof that has sheltered them both for four centuries, have a tale of English History which they tell eloquently enough to every observant student of historical Heraldry. The Yorkist Collar is formed of suns and roses, which are set, like the SS letters, upon a ribbon, or sometimes they are either Unked together with chains, or placed in immediate con tact. The white lion Badge is generaUy attached to the Collar, and forms a pendant from it. The Collar of the Yorkist Knight at Aston is represented in No. 586, PL XLIV. From amongst other examples in sculptured effigies I select for particular notice the Collars of Sir Eobert Harcourt, K.G., a.d. 1471, at Stanton Harcourt, Oxfordshire, No. 291 ; of one of the Nevilles and his Lady — probably Ealph Neville, second Earl of Westmorland, who died in 1484, and one of his two Countesses, at Branspeth, Durham, No. 587 ; of the Countess of William Fitz-Alan, Earl of Arundel, a.d. 1487, at Arundel, No. 588, PL XLIV.; and of Sir John and Lady Crosby, a.d. 1475, at Great St. Helen's Church, London. In the Collar of the Countess of Arundel, the Suns and Eoses are Unked together with clusters of oak-leaves — a Badge of the Fitz-Alans. Ealph Neville has his Collar formed of Roses en Soleil, with a white boar, the Badge of Eichard III., as the pendant ; and his Countess has both the suns and roses, with a pendent jewel. The Yorkist Collar is also introduced into the Brasses to Henry Bourchier, K.G., Earl of Essex, and his Countess, a.d. 1483, at Little Easton, Essex, No. 589, PL XLIV. ; to Sir Anthony Grey, at St. Alban's ; and to Eoger Del Bothe, Esquire, a.d. 1467, at Sawley, in Derbyshire. z 2 340 ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 7. The Most Noble Order of the Garter, the first, the most renowned, and the most honoured of the Orders of Euro pean Knighthood, was instituted by Edward III. about the year 1350. The exact occasion and period of its institution, and the actual circumstances that attended the foundation of the Order cannot now be traced out with precision and certainty. That the Order was in existence in the middle of the fourteenth century, cannot be questioned. It is equally beyond dispute, that the Order from the first has borne the same title, has numbered twenty-five Knights, including the Prince of Wales, the Sovereign being the twenty-sixth, and that it has ever re tained its iUustrious reputation. Whatever else might be wanted to complete the details of the early History of the Order of the Garter, has been provided by such Legends as are certain to be come popular Traditions. See Archosologia, xxxi., 104. The original statutes of the Order have undergone continual changes; but none of these changes have affected the funda mental character of the Institution itself. By a Statute of Jan. 17th, 1805, it was ordained that the Order should consist of the Sovereign, and twenty-five Knights Companions, always including in their number the Prince of Wales, together also with such lineal descendants of George III. as might be elected from time to time. Special Statutes have since been adopted for the admission of Sovereigns and extra Knights, the latter of whom have, however, always been incorporated into the number of the " Companions" on the occasion of vacancies. The Stalls of the Knights of the Garter are in the Chapel of St. George, at Windsor. There their Stall-Plates are charged with their arms, and overhead are displayed their Banners. The Stall-Plates (369 in number in the jear 1757) now at Windsor were evidently emblazoned and fixed in the time "of Henry VI. • their Helms alone would determine the period; and they are amongst the most valuable and interesting of our national heraldic records. See Chap. XXXIII. PLATE LIV. CnArrtu xx., p. 341. • Insignia of tho Order oe the Garter . Nos. 590a., 590d., 590b., 590c, and 590.— The Star, the Lesser George, the Collar and the George, and the Garter of the Order. ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 341 These most valuable and interesting Garter-Plates are offi cially under the guardianship and care of Garter King of Arms ; and aU that can be desired on their behalf is, that they always may find such a guardian and protector as they now possess in Sir Charles George Young. See Archcsologia, xxxi., 164. The Insignia of the Order are the Garter and Motto, the Star, the Ribbon and Badge, and the Collar with the George ; and the costume consists of the Surcoat, Hat, and Mantle. See Plate LIV. The Garter, No. 590, PL LIV., charged with the Motto " Honi soit qui mal y pense," in letters of gold, with golden borders, buckle and pendant, was originaUy of light blue, but now (as it has been since the commencement of the reign of George I.) it is dark blue. It is worn on the left leg below the knee, Nos. 288 a, and 591 a, PL XLIII., and No. 290, PL XLIV. ; but by Her Majesty the Queen, the Sovereign of the Order, the Garter is worn on the left arm above the elbow, as in No. 292, PL XLIV. The Mantle is of blue velvet, Uned with white taffeta. It has the Badge upon the left shoulder, and is fastened with a rich cordon and tassels. The Hood and the Surcoat are of crimson velvet, the latter being lined Uke the Mantle. The Hat is of black velvet, lined with white taffeta. It is decorated with a lofty plume of white Ostrich Feathers, in the centre of which is a tuft of black Heron's Feathers, the whole being attached to the Hat by a clasp of Diamonds. The Badge is circular, and is formed of a buckled Garter, with the Motto, enclosing the Cross of St. George on white enamel ; Nos. 591, 592, PL XLIII. The Star is the Badge irradiated with eight rays, first ordered by Charles I. The rays are of silver, or diamonds. The Star is worn on the left breast; No. 590 a, PL XLIII. The Collar and the George were added to the Insignia by 342 ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. Henry VII. The Collar is of gold, weighing thirty-six ounces, and consists of twenty-six pieces, alternately buckled garters, and interlaced knots of cords. The garters encircle alternately a red rose charged with a white one, and a white rose charged with a red one ; No. 590 b, PL XLIV. The George, executed in coloured enamel, is a figure of St. George on his charger, in the act of piercing the dragon wUJh his lance. It forms a Pendant to the Collar; No. 590 o. A. second George, distinguished as the " Lesser George," has the same device of gold, charged upon an enamelled ground, and encircled by a buckled Garter, the ;whole forming an oval ; No. 590 d. This George is worn depending from the Ribbon of the Order. It appears originally to have been black, but Queen Elizabeth changed the Eibbon to a Ught ^blue, and by George I. it was again changed to the dark blue, of which hue it still continues. The Eibbon passes over the left shoulder, and crosses the figure both in front and behind. The Eibbon with its George are now commonly worn by Knights of the Garter as accessories of their ordinary costume ; the Star and the Garter are also added in evening dress. The Officers of the Order are The Prelate, always the Bishop of Winchester. The Chancellor, now the Bishop of Oxford. (The First Chancellor of the Order was Eichard Beauchamp, Bishop of Salisbury, to whom and to his successors in that See the ChanceUorship was granted by a Charter of Edward IV. From the year 1534 tUl 1671, the dignity was in the hands of laymen ; but it was recovered from Charles II. for the See of Salisbury by Bishop Ward. In 1836, Berkshire, in which St. George's Chapel is situated, was attached to the Diocese of Oxford, when the Chancellorship of the Garter passed to the Bishops of that See.) Both the Prelate and the Chancellor wear their own proper Badge of the Order attached to a blue Eibbon, with their epis- ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 343 copal robes : the Badge of the Prelate is St. George on horse back killing the dragon, of gold enamelled, encompassed by the Garter, and ensigned by an episcopal mitre : and the Badge of the Chancellor is a red rose enamelled in gold, having on the reverse the Arms of St. George, and on both sides encircled by the Garter. In the time of Edward VI. the Badge of the Chan cellor was a Cross of the Order, with a red rose charged upon a white one of gold, and encompassed with a garland of red and white roses. The other Officers of the Order are, The Registrar : the Dean of Windsor. His Badge is of gold, with a representation of the Begister of the Order enamelled in crimson, relieved with gold, charged with two gold pens in Sal tire enamelled proper, the whole surmounted with a Crown, over a smaU compartment with the letters G. E. III. The Herald : Garter King of Arms. His Badge is of gold, having on both sides the Arms of St. George impaled with those of the Sovereign, encircled with the Garter, the whole en amelled, and ensigned with the Imperial Crown. And, the Usher of the Black Rod. Knights of the Garter place after their names the Initials K. G., which take precedence of aU other titles. On the death of any Knight, the Insignia which he had worn are returned by his nearest representative to the Sovereign ; a usage which has prevailed since the time of Charles II. Several fine examples of the monumental Effigies of Knights of the Garter have been preserved ; but it is singular that the Effigies of Edward IH. himself, and his eldest Son, the Black Prince, are without any of the Insignia of their famous Order ; in his Will also the Black Prince takes no notice whatever of the Order of the Garter. The effigies of Sir William Fitz- Waren, K.G., a.d. 1363, at Wantage, and of Sir Eichard Pem- bridge, K.G., about 1380, in the nave of Hereford Cathedral, are memorials of Knights Founders of the Order. Other fine sculp- 344 ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. tured Effigies are those of Eichard Beauchamp, K.G., Earl of Warwick, 1439, at Warwick; of Sir William Phillip, K.G., styled Lord Bardolf, 1441, at Hoveringham, Notts ; of John Beaufort, K.G., 1444, at Wimborne Minster, Dorsetshire ; of John Talbot, K.G., the great Earl of Shrewsbury, 1453, at Whitchurch, Salop ; of Sir Eobert Harcourt, K.G. (who also wears the Yorkist Collar,) 1471, at Stanton Harcourt; of John De la Pole, K.G., Duke of Suffolk, 1491, at Wingfield ; and of Sir Giles Daubeney, K.G., in Westminster Abbey, a.d. 1507. The Knight last named is represented, sculptured in alabaster, (the alabaster stiU retains much of its original colouring,) with the Garter, Collar, George, Mantle and Badge of the Order, worn over his armour ; and on the pommel of his sword-hilt he has a small shield of Daubeney — gu., four fusils conjoined in fesse arg. The Effigy of Sir William Phillip also is a very noble work, and I must particularly notice the adjustment of the Garter about the leg, which is admirably shown : this Knight shews his aUiance with the House of Lancaster by wearing the Collar of SS. There also are Brasses to Sir S. de Felbryge, K.G., a.d. 1416 ; to Lord Camoys, K.G., (" Strenuus miles de gartero,") a.d. 1424; to the Earl of Essex, K.G., 1483, No. 591 a, PL XLIII. ; and to Sir T. Boleyn, K.G., a.d. 1538, at Hever, who is habited over his armour in the full insignia of the Order. No. 290, PL XLIV., represents the adjustment of the Garter about the leg of the effigy of the Duke of Suffolk ; and No. 288 a, PL XLIII., is the Garter of Lord Camoys. In the middle ages, the Ladies of Knights were occasionally associated with the Order of the Garter, but before the close of the sixteenth century, this singular association fell into disuse. The effigies of Lady Harcourt, the wife of Sir Eobert Har court, K.G., and of the Duchess of Suffolk, at Euelme in Oxfordshire, have the Garter; the former lady wears it upon her left arm, No. 292, PL XLIV., and the latter adjusts it about her wrist after the manner of a bracelet. PLATE LV. Chaiteu xx., p. 345. Insignia of the Order op the Thistle. Nos. 593, 593b , 593a., and 593c. — The Star, the Badge, the Collar and the Jewel of the Order. orders of knighthood. 345 8. The Most Noble and Most Ancient Order of the Thistle, of Scotland. This Order is supposed to have been originally instituted at an early period of Scottish History. % It now exists in conformity with the Statutes of James II. and Queen Anne, the latter dated 1703. By a subsequent statute of the year 1827, the order con sists of the Sovereign and sixteen Knights. The Star of this Order, worn on the left side, is formed of a St. Andrew's Cross of silver, with rays issuing from between the points so as to form a lozenge ; in the centre, upon a field of gold, is a Thistle proper, surrounded by a circle of green enamel, charged with the Motto in golden letters ; No. 593, PL LVi The Collar, of gold, consists of sixteen Thistles, alternating with as many sprigs of Eue, four in each group, interlaced, all enamelled proper ; No. 593 a, PL LV. The Jewel or Badge, attached to the Collar, or worn depending from a broad dark green Eibbon which crosses the left shoulder, is formed of a Figure of St. Andrew of gold enamelled, his sur coat purpure, and his mantle vert, bearing before him his own Cross Saltire, the whole being irradiated with golden rays, and surrounded by an oval bearing the Motto, "Nemo me impune lacessit;" No. 593 b, PL LV. The Jewel is also worn as. in No. 593 c. The Order is indicated by the Initials K.T. The Insignia are returned to the Sovereign on the decease of a Knight. The Officers of the Order are the Dean, the Lord Lion King of Arms, and the Gentleman Usher of the Green Rod. 9. The Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick, of Ireland, instituted by George III., Feb. 5, 1783, now consists of the Sovereign, the Grand Master, and twenty-two Knights. By the original Statutes the number of Knights was fifteen, and the Lord-Lieu tenant was Grand Master. See Chap. XXXIII. The Insignia are, The Mantle, made of rich sky-blue tabinet, lined with white 46 ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. sUk, and fastened by a cordon of blue silk and gold with tassels. On the right shoulder is the Hood, of the same materials as the Mantle, and on the left side is the Star. The Ribbon, of sky-blue, four inches in width, is worn over the right shoulder, and sustains the Badge when the Collar is not worn. The Collar, of gold, is composed of Eoses alternating with Harps, tied together with knots of gold, the Eoses being en amelled alternately white within red, and red within white, and in the centre is an Imperial Crown surmounting a Harp of gold, from which the Badge is suspended ; No. 594, PL LVI. The Badge or Jewel, of gold, is oval in form. It is surrounded with a Wreath of Shamrock, proper, on a gold field; within this is a band of sky-blue enamel, charged with the Motto in golden letters ; and within this band the Cross of St. Patrick, No. 61, surmounted by a Trefoil or Shamrock vert, having upon each of its Leaves an Imperial Crown. The field of the Cross is either argent, or pierced and left open; No. 594b, PL LVI. The Motto is " Quis Separabit, mdcclxxxiii." The Star, worn on the left side, differs from the Badge only in being circular in form instead of oval, and in substituting for the exterior wreath of Shamrocks, eight rays of silver, four of which are larger than the other four ; No. 594 A, PL LVI. The Order is indicated by the initials, K.P. The Officers of the Order are, The Prelate, the Archbishop of Armagh. The Chancellor, the Archbishop of Dublin. The Registrar, the Dean of St. Patrick's. The Genealogist. The Usher of the Black Rod, The Ulster King of Arms. Two Heralds, and Four Pursuivants. 10. The Most Honourable Order of the Bath. Amongst the various Eites and Ceremonies attending the PLATE LVI. Chapter xx., p. 346. Insignia of tlie Order op St. Patrick. Nos. 594a., 594b., and 594— The Star, the Badge, and the Collar and the Badge of the Order. ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 347 ancient admission of Aspirants to the Order of Knighthood, one of the most important was the symbolical act of Bathing. The memory of this usage is still preserved in the title of the renowned Order of the Bath, though the rite itself has long ceased to be administered. The last lingering instances of conformity with the primitive observances are recorded to have taken place on the occasion of the Coronation of Charles IL, April 23, 1661. From that period till the year 1725, the old Institution had faEen into total oblivion ; and accordingly, the Order as it now exists, may be said to have been founded by George I., May 25, 1725. In 1815 the Order cwas completely [remodelled, and it was decreed that it should consist of Three Classes ; and in 1847 it was further extended, and new statutes for the government of the Order were promulgated. The Order was again enlarged on the 31st of January, 1859, when it was ordained that the mem bers should be 985 in number. The name of Sir Thomas Esturmy, who was created July 17th, 1204, stands at the head of the chronological Eoll of the Knights. The earUest notice of the Badge of the Order being worn is in 1614: and the present Motto of the Order first occurs upon the Badge of Sir Edward Walpole, created a Knight of the Bath, April 23rd, 1661. The Order of the Bath is now composed of, I. Knights Grand Cross, (G.C.B.), who form the " First Class," for both naval, military, and diplomatic service. In their number, the Sovereign, the Eoyal Princes, and certain dis tinguished Foreigners are included ; the Knights themselves are 50 Naval and Military, and 25 Civil. H. Knights Commanders, (K.C.B.), also for civil as well as mili tary and naval service. Foreign officers may be admitted as honorary K.C.B. AU Knights of this " Second Class " have the distinctive appellation of Knighthood, and they wear the Insignia of the Order ; their numbers are 102 Naval and Military, 348 ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. and 50 Civil ; and it is provided that these numbers may be in creased. III. Companions of the Order (C.B.), both civil, naval, and military, constitute the " Third Class," and take precedence of Esquires, but are not entitled to the style and title of Knight hood; their numbers are 525 Naval and Military, and 200 Civil. The Naval and Military Insignia are, The Collar, of gold, in weight thirty ounces, No. 595, PL LVII. ; it is composed of nine Imperial Crowns, and eight Eoses, Thistles, and Shamrocks, issuing from a Sceptre, and enamelled proper, all linked together with seventeen knots enamelled argent, and having the Badge as a Pendant. The Star, worn by the G.C.B., is formed of Bays of Silver, or No. 595A.^3tar of Knights G.C.B. Jewels, thereon a golden Maltese Cross, charged with the same Device as the Badge ; No. 595a. The K.C.B Star omits the Mai. tese Cross, and is itself in its form a Cross Patee ; No. 595 b. PLATE LVII. Chapter xx , p. 348. Insignia of the Order op the Bath. Nos. 595n., 595, and 595c. — The Diplomatic and Civil Badge, and the Collar and the Naval and Military Badge of the Order. ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 349 The Badge is a gold Cross of eight points, enamelled argent. In each of the four angles, a Lion of England. In the centre, within a circle, gules, charged with the Motto, the Rose, Thistle, and Shamrock, issuing from a Sceptre, and alternating with three No. 595 b.— Star of the Knights K.C.B. Imperial Crowns ; the circle is encompassed with two branches of Laurel, which issue from an azure scroll in base, bearing in golden letters the words, " Ich Dien ;" No. 595 c, Plate LVII. This Badge is worn by the G.C.B. pendent from a broad red Bibbon across the left shoulder, and by the K.C.B. from a narrower red Ribbon from the neck ; and by a still narrower red Ribbon from the button-hole.. The Cross engraved in PI- LVH. is worn by the C.B. as their Badge. The Diplomatic and Civil Insignia are, The Badge, of gold, an oval, having the external fillet charged with the Motto and encircling the central Device of the Order. It is worn by the Three Classes with the same distinctions as the Military Badge ; but the C.B. Civil Badge is smaUer than the Badges of the two higher Classes ; No. 595 d, PL LVII. The Star of the G.C.B., of silver, has eight rays, and in its centre is the red circle with the Motto, enclosing three Imperial 350 orders of knighthood. Crowns upon a Glory of silver rays. The Star of the K.C.B. is the same in form and size with that of the military K.C.B., only omitting the Laurel-Wreath round the circle with the Motto, and the small Scroll with the Legend, " Ich Dien." The Motto of the Order is " Tria Juncta jn Uno," — " Three united in one," and refers as well to the union of the three realms the United Kingdom, as to the three branches of the National Service, namely, Naval, Military, and Diplomatic or Civil. The Companions of the Order, (C.B.) do not wear any other Insignia than their Badge with its Eibbon. The Stalls of the early G.C.B. are in Henry Vllth's chapel, Westminster, with the Stall-Plates and the Banners of the Knights, and the Stall-Plates of the Esquires; but since 1815 there has not been any installation of the Knights," who have be come too numerous a body to be accommodated in the Stalls at Westminster. 11. The Most Distinguished Order of St. Michael and St. George. This Order was founded in the year 1818, for the purpose of bestowing honourable Distinctions upon the Natives of Malta and the Ionian Islands. The members of 'the Order enjoy Eank and Precedence immediately after the corresponding Classes of the Bath, for this Order, like the Bath, is divided into Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commanders, and Companions. The Star of tho Knights Grand Cross is formed of seven rays of silver, alternating with as many small rays of gold, and having over all the Cross of St. George. In the centre, within an azure circle inscribed with the Motto, is a Figure of St. Michael encountering Satan. The Collar of the same Class of Knights is composed of Lions of England and Maltese Crosses alternating, and of the Mono grams S.M. and S.G. ; in the centre it has the Imperial Crown, over two winged Lions, counter-passant guardant, each holding ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 351 a Book and seven Arrows. Opposite to these are two similar Lions. The whole is of gold, except the Crosses, which are enamelled argent; and the several pieces are linked together with small gold chains. The Badge is a Cross of fourteen points, of white enamel edged with gold, having in the centre on either side an azure circle with the Motto. On one side, this circle encloses a " St. Michael," and on the other side a " St. George." The Badge is ensigned by an Imperial Crown, and it is -worn by Grand Crosses attached to the Collar, or from a broad dark blue Eibbon with a scarlet stripe, passing from the right shoulder to the left side. The Mantle is of dark blue satin, lined with scarlet silk, fastened with cordons of blue, scarlet and gold, and on the left side it has the Star. The Chapeau is of blue satin, lined with scarlet, and surmounted by a plume of white and black Ostrich Feathers. The Star of the Knights Commanders is silver of four rays, having a Cross of eight points set saltire- wise, and surmounted by a Cross of St. George, and having the same centre as the other Star. The Badge is the same, and is worn suspended to a narrow Ribbon, of the same colours, from the neck. The Companions wear the same Badge, of smaller size, from a stiU narrower Ribbon at the button-hole. The Motto of the Order is, " Auspicium Melioris iEvi." In addition to the Sovereign and the Grand Master, the Officers of the Order are the Prelate, Chancellor, Secretary, and King of Arms. 12. The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India. In the month of June of the year 1861, The Queen instituted the new " Order of the Star of India," for the express purpose of rendering high Honour to conspicuous Loyalty and Merit in the Princes, Chiefs and People of Her Indian Empire. The Order 352 ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. consists of the Sovereign, a Grand Master, always to be the Governor-General of India, and twenty-five Knights with such Honorary Knights as the Crown may appoint. The Knights are to include both military, naval, and civil officers, and natives of India. See Chap. XXXIII. The Insignia are, The Collar, No. 596, PL LIX., which is composed of the heraldic Eose of England, and the Lotus Flower, and two Palm- Branches in saltire tied with a Eibbon, alternately, all of gold enamelled proper, and connected by a double golden chain. In the centre is the Imperial Crown, from either side of which the series of Devices commences with a Lotus. From the Crown depends the Badge, consisting of a brilliant Mullet, or Star of five Points, to which is suspended an oval Medallion containing an onyx cameo profile Bust of the Queen, encircled by the Motto in letters of gold on an enriched Border of light blue enamel ; No. 596 a, PL LIX. The Investment Badge, to be worn pendent from a Ribbon of pale blue with white borders, is the same in design as the Collar Badge, but the Star, the setting of the Cameo, and the Motto are all of diamonds. The Star, of diamonds, is also a mullet, on an irradiated field of gold. It is surrounded by an azure fillet, bordered with gold, and charged with the Motto in diamonds. The whole is encircled by wavy Rays of gold ; No. 596 b, PL LIX. The Motto is, " Heaven's Light our Guide." 13. Decorations of Honour. Crosses, Medals, and Clasps, with Ribbons to which they should be attached, have been conferred for signal services, both naval and military. These Medals commemorate the services and the gallant actions of the Navy and Army of England in all parts of the world. Clasps, or small Bars, are attached to the Medal- Ribbons, each bearing the name of some particular action. PLATE LXI. Chapter xx., p. 352. Insignia of the Order op the Star op India. Nos. 596b., 596, 596a.— The Star, the Collar and the Badge of the Order. ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD. 353 The Waterloo Medal, now rarely to be seen, is of silver, with the Head of the Prince Regent, and a winged Victory, and the words, " Waterloo," " Wellington." The Ribbon is crimson, with a narrow stripe of blue near each edge. The Crimean Medal is silver, and is worn from a blue Ribbon with yellow edges for the Crimea itself, and from a yellow Ribbon with blue edges for the Baltic. There are separate Clasps for Sevastopol, Balaclava, Inkerman, and Alma. In 1830 and 1831, " Good Service Medals" of silver were instituted, and Rules were framed for their distribution to meritorious soldiers, seamen, and marines. The Naval Medal is worn from a blue, and the Military from a crimson Ribbon. There are many other Medals for various services in the Peninsula, in India, &c. &c. The Name, Rank, and Regiment or Ship, of every recipient of a Medal is engraven upon it. 14. The Victoria Cross, instituted by Her Majesty the Queen in 1856, is the decoration of eminent personal valour in actual conflict with the enemy. It is a Maltese Cross of bronze, charged with the Imperial Crown and Crest, and has the words " for valour" upon a scroU, No. 597, PL XLVI. This Cross is worn on the left breast attached to a blue Ribbon for the Navy, and to a red Ribbon for the Army. A Bar is attached to the ribbon for every act of such gaUantry as would have won the Cross. This noble decoration is given only for " conspicuous bravery," without any distinction whatever of rank or other circum stances. In the collection of Pictures entitled the " Victoria Cross Gallery," painted by Mr. Desanges, the incidents — memorable in English History, which have been rewarded with Victoria Crosses, are set forth with vivid and graphic effect. 15. Foreign Orders and Medals. The Insignia of Foreign Orders of Knighthood and Medals of Honour, the gift of Foreign Sovereigns, cannot be accepted and 2 A 354 DECORATIONS OF HONOUR. worn by any British subject, without the express and especial sanction and authority of the Queen. The Foreign Insignia and Medals that of late years have been bestowed in considerable numbers upon British officers, soldiers, seamen, and marines, are those of the Legion of Honour of France, and the French Military Medal ; the Sardinian War Medal, and the Order of the Medjidie of Turkey. 16. The Legion of Honour comprehends " Grand Crosses," " Grand Officers," " Commanders," " Officers," and " Knights." The Decoration is a Cross of ten Points of white enamel edged with gold; the Points are connected by a Wreath of Laurel proper, and in the centre, within an azure circle charged with the words, " Napoleon III., Emp. des Franqais," is a Head of the Emperor. The Cross is ensigned by the Imperial Crown of France, and is worn attached to a red Eibbon. The Grand Officers also wear upon the right breast a silver Star, charged with the Imperial Eagle. The same Star is worn on the left breast by the Knights Grand Cross, and their Cross is at tached to a broad red Eibbon which passes over their right shoulder. The French Military Medal is worn from a yeUow Ribbon with green Borders. 17. The Sardinian War Medal is charged with the Cross of Savoy, and is suspended from a sky-blue Ribbon. 18. The Turkish Order of the Medjidie has five Classes. The Badge is a silver Sun of seven triple Rays, the Device of the Crescent and Star alternating with the Rays. In the centre, upon a circle of red enamel, is the Legend, (in the vernacular), " Zeal, Honour, Loyalty," and the date 1852, (Turkish, 1268) ; within this, on a golden field, the name of the Sultan. This Decoration varies in size for the various " Classes " of the Order. The First three Classes suspend the Badge round the neck from a red Ribbon having green Borders ; and the Fourth and Fifth Classes wear it upon the left Breast by a similar Ribbon. foreign orders of knighthood. 355 A Star, closely resembling the Badge, is also worn by the First Class on the left, and by the Second Class on the right breast. 19. The Austrian and Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece, having numbered many Englishmen amongst its Members, claims a brief notice in this place. Established in the year 1429 by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, the Order received its statutes in 1431 ; and on the marriage of Mary, daughter of Charles the Bold of Burgundy, with Maximilian of Austria, it became an Austrian in place of a Burgundian Order. Since the year 1748, this celebrated Order has been claimed, and its pri- vUeges have been exercised by both Austria and Spain. The original motto, " Autre n'auray," declaring that a Knight of the Golden Fleece would accept no other knightly distinction, shows the high estimation in which this Order was held from the time of its foundation. The decoration of the Golden Fleece itself is worn suspended from a red ribbon, or from a splendid collar composed of steels and flints represented as in the act of emitting sparks of fire. 20. The Danish Orders of the Dannebrog and the White Elephant, the latter eminently distinguished throughout Europe, are now regarded with peculiar interest in England. The Order of the Dannebrog, or " the Banner of the Danes," was originally founded, a.d. 1219, by Waldemar IL, to comme morate his having received from heaven a red banner charged with a white cross, while fighting with the pagans of Esthonia. The Cross of this Order is patee, enamelled white with red edges, surmounted by the King's cypher crowned, and having within each angle a Royal Crown. In front of the Cross, at the centre, is a crowned W, the initial of Waldemar ; and at its extremities the words, Gud og Kongen, " God and the King." On the re verse are the three dates of the foundation of the Order, its re newal and reform, 1219, 1671, 1808. The Collar is formed of the letter W and the Cross alternately, linked together with 2 a 2 356 FOREIGN orders of knighthood. chains of gold. This Order has four Classes : — Grand Com manders, Grand Crosses, Commanders, and Knights. The Order of the White Elephant, said to have been founded early in the fifteenth century, was renewed in 1458 by Chris tian I., and by him ordained to consist of thirty knights in addition to the Princes of the Royal Family. The Badge is an Elephant of white enamel with golden tusks, having a castle on its back. It is worn from a broad sky-blue watered ribbon, pass ing over the right shoulder, or from a collar formed of white elephants and castles. The Star, of eight points of brilliants, has its centre charged with the Danish Cross within a wreath of laurel in enamel. No. 627. — White Hart lodged. Badge of Richard II. , from his at Westminster. See page 263. No. 298. — Crown of Herald Kings-op- Arms. CHAPTER XXI. official and corporate heraldry. At an early period in the History of Heraldry, Shields of Arms were assigned to certain Officers, and also to Corporate Bodies whether Civil or Ecclesiastical. Armorial Insignia of this Class possess many quaUties and associations, which render them peculiarly attractive to students of Heraldry. So numerous are the Arms that would be comprehended under this Class, that within the Emits of a general Handbook it is not possible to describe and blazon more than a very few illustrative examples. A tolerably complete Manual of Official and Corporate Heraldry would form a goodly volume in itself. 1 . Arms of the Archbishops and Bishops, and of their several Sees. The Arms are the Insignia of the Sees, and each Prelate impales the arms of his own See on the dexter side, with his own paternal arms on the sinister side. 1. Archbishops. Canterbury : Az., an archiepiscopal staff, in pale, or, ensigned with a cross patSe arg., surmounted by a pall of the last, fimbriated and fringed gold, and charged with four crosses formees fitchSes sa. No. 255, PL XIV. 358 OFFICIAL AND CORPORATE HERALDRY. Fine examples exist at Canterbury, Croydon, Guilford, and All Souls College, Oxford. York : Gu., two keys in saltire arg., in chief an Imperial Crown of England. The arms of the See of York were originaUy the same as those of Canterbury. The change was made about a.d. 1540. Armagh : Az., an archiepiscopal staff, in pale, arg., ensigned with a cross patSe or, surmounted by a pall of the second, fimbriated and fringed gold, and charged with four crosses formees fitchees sa. Dublin : The same as Armagh. The student will observe the difference between the arms of the See of Canterbury and those of Armagh and Dublin. 2. BisHors. London, Durham, Winchester; see p. 96. Bangor : Qu., a bend or, guttee-de-poix, between two mullets arg., pierced of the field. Bath and Wells : Az., a saltire quarterly quartered or and arg. Carlisle : Arg., on a cross sa., a mitre labelled or. Chester : Qu., three mitres, two and one, labelled or. Chichester : upon a shield azure a seated Figure, represented as in the act of benediction, and having a sword proceeding out of his mouth. This Figure without doubt is that of the Saviour, and the sword has direct reference to the passages in the Book of Revelation, Chap, i., 16, and xix., 15 and 21. The blazon given in the Peerages, which T do not profess to comprehend , is as follows : az., a Prestei- John sitting upon a tombstone, in his left hand a mound, his right extended, all or ; on his head a linen mitre and in his mouth a sword ppr. This mysterious sentence must have been the result of a strange misapprehension ; possibly the figure may have been considered to be that of St. John the Evangelist, " the Elder." See Notes and Queries, 2nd Series, iv., 376, for a notice of a Pr ester John, who certainly has no con nection with the See of Chichester. OFFICIAL AND CORPORATE HERALDRY. 359 Ely : Gu., three crowns, two and one, or. Exeter : Gu., a sword, in pale, ppr., hilt or, surmounting two keys, in saltire, gold. Gloucester and Bristol : Az., two keys, in saltire, or, for Glou cester; impaling, Sa., three open crowns, in pale, or, for Bristol. Hereford : Gu., three leopard's faces reversed, jessant de-lys, or. Lichfield : Per pale gu. and arg., a cross potent and quadrate, (No. 91), between four crosses patSes, all counterchanged. Lincoln: Gu., two lions of England; on a chief az., the Blessed Virgin, sitting, crowned and sceptred, and holding the Holy Child, or. Llandaff : Sa., two pastoral staves, in saltire, or and arg. ; on a chief az., three mitres labelled gold. Manchester : Or, on a pale engrailed gu., three mitres labelled gold ; on a canton of the second, three bendlets enhanced arg. Norwich : Az., three mitres labelled, two and one, or. Oxford : Sa., a fesse arg. ; in chief, three lady's heads, issuant arrayed and veiled, org., crowned or ; in base, an ox of the second, passant over a ford ppr. Peterborough : Gu., between four crosslets fitchees, two keys, in saltire, or. Ripon : Arg., on a saltire gu., two keys, in saltire, wards towards the base, or ; on a chief of the second, an Agnus Dei. Rochester : Arg., on a saltire gu., an escallop-shell or. St. Asaph : Sa., two keys, in saltire, addorsed arg. Sr. David's : Sa., on a cross or, five cinquefoils of the first. Salisbury : Az., the Blessed Virgin and Child, in her left hand a sceptre, or. Worcester: Arg., ten torteaux, 4, 3, 2, 1. For the arms of the Sees of Ireland and of the Colonies, I must refer to the Peerages. 3. Deans and Chapters. Of this group of arms I must be content to give four examples as specimens of their class. 360 • OFFICIAL AND CORPORATE HERALDRY. Deanery of Canterbury : Az., on a cross arg. the letter X sa., surmounted by the letter I of the last. Deanery of York : Gu., two keys, in saltire addorsed, arg., between three plates, two in fesse and one in base, in chief a Boyal crown or. Deanery of Westminster : The arms of the Confessor, No. 78, PL I. ; on a chief or., between two roses gu., a pale charged with France Modern and England quarterly ; No. 598, PL XLVII. Deanery of St. Paul's : the arms of the See, having in chief the letter D gold. 4. Monasteries of the Middle Ages. Of the Arms of these Institutions, often of great interest to the student of historical Heraldry, I have space for three examples only. The Abbey of St. Alban : Ax., a saltire or, No. 633, PI. LXXVII. and No. 466, PL LI. Westminster Abbey: Az., on a chief indented or, to the dexter a pastoral staff in pale, and to the sinister a mitre gu. ; No. 599, PL XLVII. Castle-Acre Priory, Norfolk : Arg., a cross chequSe or and az., between twelve crosslets fitchees sa. This cross chequee indicates the close connection that existed between Castle-Acre Priory and the family of the De Warrennes. 5. Universities and Colleges. University of Oxford : Az., on a book open ppr., garnished or, having on the dexter side seven seals gold, the words Dominus Illuminatio Mea, between three crowns of the last ; No. 600, PL XLVII. University College, Oxford, (a.d. 872 and 1219) : Az., a cross patonce between four martlets or. Balliol College, (a.d. 1263 and 1284) : Gu., an orle arg. Merton College, (a.d. 1274): Or, three chevronels, per pale, the SHIELDS OE JffiMS & ROYALi XiKDGES. cxvrtv.5 -xix xx HANOVER PONTHIEU 0 LL-,] D ^.4 Vii OFFICIAL AND CORPORATE HERALDRY. 361 first and the third az. and gu., the second counterchanging the same tinctures. Worcester College, (a.d. 1283 and 1713) : Or, two chevrons gu., between six martlets sa, 3, 2, and 1. Exeter College, (a.d. 1316 and 1404) : Arg., two bends nebulSe sa., within a hordure of the second, charged with eight pairs of keys, addorsed and interlaced in the rings, the wards in chief, or. Oriel College, (a.d. 1323) : England, within a bordure engrailed arg. Queen's College, (a.d. 1340) : Or, three eagles displayed gu. New CoUege, (a.d. 1379) : Arg., two chevrons sa., between three roses gu., impaling the arms of the See of Winchester, the whole within a Garter of the Order ensigned with a Mitre. Lincoln CoUege, (a.d. 1429 and 1479): Per pale of three ; 1. barry of six arg. and az., in chief three lozenges gu., for Hugh Fleming, Bishop of Lincoln, first Founder; 2. on a field arg., the arms of the See of Lincoln, ensigned with a mitre ; 3. vert, three stags tripping arg., attired or, for Thomas Scott, Archbishop of York, second Founder. All Sodls College, (a.d. 1437): Or, a chevron between three cinquefoils gu. Magdalen College, (a.d. 1456) : Lozengee erm. and sa., on a chief of the last three lilies slipped arg. Brazen-Nose College, (a.d. 1515): Per pale of three; 1. arg., a chevron sa., between three roses gu., barbed vert, seeded or, for William Smith, Bishop of Lincoln, Founder ; 2. See of Lincoln ; 3. quarterly, 1 and 4, arg., a chevron between three bugle-horns stringed sa. ; 2 and 3, arg., a chevron between three crosses-crosslets sa. Corpus Christi College, (a.d. 1516): Per pale of three ; 1. az., a pelican in its piety or, for Richard Fox, Bishop of Winchester, Founder; 2. See of Winchester; 3. sa., a chevron or, between three owls org., on a chief or as many roses gu., for Bishop Oldham. Christ Church College, (a.d. 1532 and 1546) : Sa., on a cross engrailed arg., a lion pass, gu., between four leopard's faces az. : on 362 OFFICIAL AND CORPORATE HERALDRY. a chief or, a rose of the third, barbed vert, seeded of the fifth, between two Cornish choughs ppr. Trinity College: (Founded— the first after the Reformation — by Sir Thomas Pope, in 1556) : Arms : Per pale or and az., on a chevron between three griffin's heads erased, four fleurs de lys, all counterchanged. • Crest : Two griffin's heads addorsed, issuing from a crest-coronet, per pale or and az., counterchanged. St. John's College, (a.d. 1557): Gu., on a canton erm. a lioncel rampt. sa. ; a bordure of the last, charged with eighty estoiles or ; on the fesse point an annulet gold, for difference. Jesus College, (a.d. 1571) : Az., three stags tripping arg. Wadham College, (a.d. 1613): Gu., a chevron between three roses arg., for Wadham; impaling, gu., a bend or, between three escallops arg., for Petre. Pembroke College, (a.d. 1620) : Per pale az. and gu., three lions rampt. arg. ; a chief per pale or and arg., charged with a rose gu. to the dexter, and to the sinister a thistle vert. University of Cambridge : Gu., cm a cross erm., between four lions of England, a Bible lying fesse-wise of the field, clasped and garnished gold, the clasps in base; No. 601, PL XLVII. St. Peter's College, Cambridge, (a.d. 1256): Or, three pallets gu., within a bordure of the last, charged with, eight ducal coronets or. Clare Hall, (a.d. 1326 ; Foundress, Elizabeth, daughter of Earl Gilbert de Clare, and wife of John de Burgh, Earl of Ulster) : De Clare impaling Ulster, the whole within a bordure sa., guttSe d'or. Pembroke Hall, (a.d. 1343) ; Foundress, Mary de Chastillon, wife of Earl Aymer de Valence) : De Valence dimidiating Chas tillon, — vair, three pallets gu., on a chief or a label of three points az. Corpus Christi College, (a.d. 1351): Quarterly, 1 and 4, gu., a pelican in its piety ppr. ; 2 and 3, az., three lilies arg. OFFICIAL AND CORPORATE HERALDRY. 363 Trinity Hall, (a.d. 1351) : Sa., within a bordure engrailed, a crescent erm. Queen's College, (a.d. 1441) : The Arms of the Foundress, Queen Margaret of Anjou, No. 352, PL XXIIL : see p. 307. King's College, (a.d. 1441 ; the Grant of Arms direct from King Henry VI., by patent under the Great Seal, a.d. 1449), — So., three roses arg., barbed vert, seeded or ; on a chief per pale az. and gu., a fleur-de-lys and a lion or. Catherine Hall, (a.d. 1497) : Gu., a Catherine-wheel or. Jesus CoUege, (a.d. 1597) : Arg., on a fesse between three cock's heads erased sa., crested and wattled gu., a mitre or, all within a bordure of the third, charged with eight ducal coronets gold. Christ's CoUege, (a.d. 1 505) : France Modern and England, within a bordure componSe arg. and az. ; No. 479, PL XXXII. St. John's College, (a.d. 1508) : No. 479, PL XXXII. Magdalen College, (a.d. 1541): Quarterly, per pale indented or and az. : in the 1 st and 4th quarters, a bend of the second, frettSe, between two martlets, gold ; in the 2nd and 3rd quarters, an eagle dis played of the first. Trinity CoUege, (a.d. 1546 :) Arg., a chevron between three roses gu., barbed vert, seeded or ; on a chief of the second, a Lion of England between two Bibles pale-wise gold, clasped and garnished of the last, clasps to the dexter. Gonville and Caius CoUege, (a.d. 1548) : Arg., on a chevron between two couple-closes sa., three escallops or, for Gonville ; impaling the arms of Caius, of which the original grant from Dalton, Norroy of Arms, runs thus — " Golde, semyed with flowre gentle, in the myddle of the cheyfe sengrene, resting upon the heads of ij serpentes in pale, their tayles knytte together, alle in proper color, restinge upon a square marble stone vert, betwene their brestes a book sable, garnished gewles, buckles or : betokening by the book Learning ; by the ij serpentes uppon the square marble stone Wisdom and Grace, founded and stayed upon Vertue's stable stone ; by sengrene and flowre gentle Immortalitie that never shall fade, as though 364 OFFICIAL AND CORPORATE HERALDRY. thus I shulde say, Ex prudentia et Uteris, virtutis petra firmatis, immortalitas ; that is to say, By wisdome and learning, graffted in grace and vertue, men come to immortal itie." The impaled arms are within a Bordure componSe arg. and sa. Emmanuel College, (a.d. 1584): Arg., a lion rampt. az., holding in his dexter paw a chaplet of laurel vert, in chief the word Emmanuel gold charged upon a scroll sa. Sidney Sussex College (a.d. 1595): Arg., a bend engrailed sa., for Radcliffe ; impaling, or, a pheon az., for Sidney. Downing College, (a.d. 1800) : Barry of eight arg. and vert, a griffin segreant or, within a bordure az., charged with eight roses of the first, barbed and seeded ppr. 6. Public Schools. Eton College, (a.d. 1440) : Az., three lilies, slipped, and leaved, 2 and 1, arg.; on a chief per pale az. and gu., a fleur-de-lys of France, and a lion of England. Amongst the Archives of Eton is the original Grant of Arms by Hesry VI. It is one of tho most beautiful examples of Blazonry that I have ever seen, and it remains in perfect pre servation. The Seals appended to this and to other documents at Eton are of the highest interest. Winchester School : The same arms as New College, Oxford. 7. The College of Arms, or Herald's College, London ; and the Lyon Office of Arms, Edinburgh. The College of Arms: — Arms: Arg., a cross of St. George, cantoning four doves, their dexter wings elevated and inverted az. No. 602, Chap. XXVII. Crest : From a crest-coronet or, a dove rising az. Supporters : Two lions rampt. guard, arg., ducally crowned or. These insignia are derived from Wriothsley, one of the early Garters. CREST, SHIELDS & XTC TORTS. CROSS. CHAPTERS XX, XX, XXI VICTORIA CROSS. ARMS of the HERALDS. GARTER NORROY: CLARTENCIEUX. ULSTER. Tate XLVI. OFFICIAL AND CORPORATE HERALDRY. 365 The Heralds' Office, or Lyon Office, of Scotland : Arg., a lion sejant affronte gu., holding in his dexter paw a thistle slipped vert, and in the sinister an escutcheon of the second ; on a chief az., the cross saltire of St Andrew. These arms date from the year 1681. 8. The Herald Kings-of-Arms. Garter : Arg., the cross of St. George ; on a chief az., a ducal coronet encircled with a- garter of the Order, between a lion of Eng land and a fleur-de-lys, all or. No. 603, PL XLVI. Norroy : Arg., the Cross of St. George ; on a chief per pale az. and gu., between a fleur-de-lys and a key, the latter pale-wise, a lion of England crowned, all or. No. 604, PL XLVI. Clarencieux : Arg., the cross of St. George ; on a chief gu., a lion of England, crowned or. No. 605, PL XLVI. Lyon : The Arms of the Lyon Office of Arms. Ulster : Arg., the cross of St. George ; on a chief az., between a harp and a portcullis, a lion of England, all or, the harp stringed of the first. No. 606, PL XLVI. 9. Public Institutions. The Eoyal Society of London: a.d. 16tf3. Arg., a quarter of England. The Society of Antiquaries of London: Arg., on a cross of St George a Royal Crown or. Crest : An antique Roman lamp or, inflamed ppr.; with the Motto, above the Crest, " Non Ex- tinguetur." 10. Municipal and other Corporations. London. Arms, No. 139, p. 54 : Arg., the cross of St. George cantoning in the first quarter a sword erect gu. See Sword in Chap. IX. Crest: A dragon's wing, expanded to the sinister, org., ensigned with a cross of St George. 366 official and corporate heraldry. Supporters : Two dragons vert, their wings expanded arg., and each charged with a cross gu. Motto : Domine, Dirige Nos. Examples: Brasses at Standon, a.d. 1477; Walthamstow, a.d. 1545; and Much Hadham, a.d. 1582: The Guildhall, London, &c. Westminster : Az., a portcullis or ; on a chief of the second, the arms of the Confessor blazoned on a pale, between two roses gu. No. 607, PL XLVII. Canterbury : Arg., on a chevron gu., between three Cornish choughs ppr., a lion of England. York: Arg., on a cross of St. George, five lioncels of England, (See a Brass in St. Cross Church, York). The Great Seal of the City has this Seal between two Ostrich Feathers scrolled. Oxford : Per fesse arg. and barry wavy az. and of the first, an ox passant gu., armed and unguled or. Or thus, Arg., in base a ford of water ppr., through which an ox gu., armed and unguled or, Norwich : Gu., a castle triple towered arg., and in base a lion of England. Bristol : Gu., a castle on a mount by the sea-side, a ship under full sail passing by, all ppr. See the Brass to John Cutte, Mayor of Bristol, a.d. 1575, at Burnet, Somersetshire. The Crests, Supporters, and Mottoes, except in the instance of London, are omitted, and it must be understood that the examples blazoned are simply specimens of their several classes. The Fraternity of the Trinity House, London ; Incorporated by Henry VIIL, a.d. 1515. Arms : Arg., a cross of St. George, between four ships of three masts under full sail, upon waves of the sea ppr., each bearing an ensign and pendant gu. Crest : A demi-lion rampt. guard, regally crowned or, holding in OFFICIAL AND CORPORATE HERALDRY. 367 his dexter paw a sword erect gu., hilted and pomelled or: No. 168, PL XIV. 11. Commercial Companies and Guilds. These important Institutions, the sources from which the great stream of English Commerce has flowed onwards with ever-increasing strength, take us back to the grand heraldic era of King Edward III., by whom regular Armorial Bearings were assigned both to the Associations of Merchants, and to the Fraternities of Craftsmen and Traders. And these Coats of Arms of the Companies to which they belonged, were quartered; in many instances, with their Merchants' Marks, by enterprising individuals, a practice that was regarded with much jealousy by the Heralds, inasmuch as thus Merchants' Marks indirectly vin dicated their claim to be regarded as a species of heraldic Bla zonry, and Heraldry itself was constrained to extend its range beyond the exclusive limits of Chivalry. Many examples of the Arms of the Early Companies or Guilds exist, particularly in Brasses, to which I refer the student. I proceed to blazon the arms of the more important of these insti tutions. 1. The Merchants of the Staple of Calais, incorporated by Edward III. : Barry undee of six arg. and az., on a chief gu., a lion of England. Example : Standon, Herts, a.d. 1477. No. 304, PL XTII. 2. The Merchants Adventurers, or Hamburgh Merchants, received their original Charter from Edward I. : Barry undSe of six arg. and az., a chief quartered gu. and or ; in the 1st and 4th quarters a lion of England, and in the 2nd and 3rd quarters two iMncastrian roses. Example : The Brass to John Terri, a.d. 1524, St. John's, Maddermarket, Norwich, which has the arms of the Company quartered with the " Mark " of John Terri himself : No. 305, PL XIII. 3. The East India Merchants, incorporated by Queen Eliza- 368 official and corporate heraldry. beth : Az., three Ships under full sail on the sea ppr., their sails, ensigns, and pendants all charged with the cross of St. George ; on a chief arg., between two Lancastrian roses, a pale quarterly of the first and gu., bearing a fleur-de-lys of France and a lion of England. Example : The Brass to the Navigator, John Eldred, a.d. 1632, at Great Saxham, Suffolk. Upon this same Brass are the Arms of the Levant and Bussia Merchants' Companies. 4. The Levant, or Turkey Merchants : Az., between two rocks, a ship under full sail on the sea ppr., the sails, ensign, and pen dants charged with the cross of St. George ; a chief engrailed or ; in base, a sea-horse. 5. The Russia Merchants : Barry wavy of six arg. and az. ; over all a ship under full sail ppr., the sails, &c, charged with the cross of St. George, all between three bezants; on a chief or between two Lancastrian roses, a pale gu., bearing a lion of England. 6. The Merchants Adventurers of Bristol : Barry wavy of eight arg. and az., over all a bend or, charged with a dragon passant, with wings addorsed and tail extended, vert ; on a chief gu., between two bezants, a lion of England. The Arms of the Twelve Great London Companies or Guilds, are as follow : 1. The Mercers' Company, incorporated a.d. 1394: Gu., a demi virgin, couped below the shoulders, ppr., vested or, crowned with an eastern crown, her hair dishevelled, and wreathed about her temples with roses of the second, issuing from clouds, and all within an orle of the same, ppr. Example : Higham Ferrers, Northants, a.d. 1504. 2. The Grocers, (a.d. 1346) : Arg., a chevron gu., between nine cloves sa. Example: Finchley, Middlesex, a.t>. 1610. 3. The Drapers, (a.d. 1332 and 1364; Arms 1439) : Az., three clouds, radiated, ppr., each adorned with a triple crown or, cap gu. Example : Walthamstow, Essex, a.d. 1543. 4. The Fishmongers. (The Stock and Salt Fishmongers' ancient OFFICIAL AND CORPORATE HERALDRY. 369 Companies combined, and their separate Arms united on a single Shield, a.d. 1534) : Az., three dolphins naiant, in pale, arg., finned and ducally crowned or, between two pairs of 'lucies in saltire, (the sin. surmounting the dext.), over the nose of each lucy a ducal coronet gold : on a chief gu., three pairs of keys, endorsed in saltire, of the last. Example : Woburn, Bucks, a.d. 1520. 5. The Goldsmiths, (a.d. 1327): Quarterly; 1 and 4 gu., a leopard's face or ; 2 and 3, az., a covered cup, and in chief two buckles, their tongues fesse-wise, points to the dext, all of the second. Example: Datchet, Bucks, a.d. 1593. 6. The Merchant Tailors, (a.d. 1466 and 1503) : Arg., a royal tent, between two parliament robes, gu., lined erm., the tent garnished and the tent-staff and pennon all or ; on a chief az., a lion of England. Example : St. Martin Outwich, London, a.d. 1 500. 7. The Skinners, (a.d. 1327 and 1395) : Erm., on a chief gu., three Prince's coronets, composed of crosses patSes and fleurs de lys, or, with caps of the first, and tasselled %f the last. Example : Skinners' Hall. 8. The Haberdashers, (a.d. 1447, Arms in 1571): Barry nebulee of six arg. and az., over all a bend gu., charged with a lion of England. Example : St. Andrew Undershaft, London, a.d. 1571. 9. The Salters, (a.d. 1364 and 1530, Arms in 1530): Per chev. az. and gu., three covered cups, or salt-sprinklers, arg. Example : AU HaUows, Barking, London, c. 1535. 10. The Ironmongers, (a.d. 1462): Arg., on a chevron gu., three swivels or, (the central one pale- wise, the other two in the line of the ordinary,) between as many steel gads az. Example: Iron- * mongers' Hall. 11. The Vintners, (a.d. 1365 and 1437) : Sa., a chevron between three tuns arg. Example : Vintners' Hall. 12. The Clothworkers, (a.d. 1482 and 1528, Arms in 1530) : Sa., a chevron erm., between two hdbicks in chief arg., and a tezel in base or. Example : Clothworkers' Hall. 2 B 370 official and corporate heraldry. To these, as examples of the other Companies of London, I add the Blazon of three other Shields of the same class. 1. The Painters-Stainers, or Painters : Quarterly; 1 and 4, az., three shields, 2 and 1, arg. ; 2 and 3, az., a chevront between three phoenix' heads erased, or. Example : Painters' Hall. 2. The Stationers, (a.d. 1556): Az., on a chevron or, between three Bibles lying fesse-wise gu., garnished, leaved, and clasped gold, (clasps to the base), an eagle rising ppr., enclosed by two Lancastrian roses ; from the chief of the shield, a demi-circle of glory edged with clouds ppr., therein a Dove displayed, about its head a circle arg. Example : Brass to John Day, printer, a.d. 1564, Little Bradley, Suffolk. 3. The Brewers : Gu., on a chevron arg., between three pairs of barley garbs, in saltire, or, three tuns sa., hooped of the third. Ex ample : at All HaUows Barking, London, a.d. 1592. Arms were also granted, at the following periods, to several other Civic Companies f as, to the Tallow Chandlers, a.d. 1456 ; to the Upholders, in 1465 ; to the Carpenters, in 1466 ; to the Wax-Chandlers, in 1484 ; to the Weavers, in 1490 ; to the Coopers, in 1509 ; to the Plasterers, in 1546 ; to the Armourers, in 1556 ; and to the Apothecaries, in 1617. Shields of Arms are considered to belong to the different Counties of the United Kingdom, and they are habituaUy used in documents and publications having a direct reference to the several Counties. It is difficult, however, to understand how a County can be supposed either to have a corporate existence, or to be able to bear arms. Accordingly, I do not include in this chapter the so-called Arms of the Counties— arms which appear to have been adapted from the heraldic insignia of the ' early Earls or Counts. In this Chapter, had I been enabled to have extended it as fully as I should have desired, I should have included a com plete series of those arms of which I have given only a few official and corporate heraldry. 371 selected examples ; and I should also have added several other groups, that would have comprehended the heraldic insignia of the Regiments of the British Army, of our various National and Public Institutions and Associations, and of the most im portant of the incorporated Companies of our own times. I cannot resist adding the Mottoes of the Royal Artillery and the Royal Marines — the former, with the Royal Aims and a gun, have the words Ubique, and Quo Fas et Gloria Ducunt; and, with a representation of the terrestrial globe, the latter have these words — Per Mare, per Terras. yi@DoiDifflQva Biahef No. 723. — Munghldass Ndthoobhoy, of Bombay. (See the end of Chap. XXIX.) 2 b 2 No. 556.— Crown of Henry VII., King's College Chapel, Cambridge. See p. 319. CHAPTER XXIL ARCHITECTURAL heraldry. English Heraldry and the Gothic Architecture of England arose and flourished together, From the first they acted in concert, and their aUied action has always been productive of the hap piest results. From the edifices that the Gothic of the middle ages has left, as its own most fitting memorial, we learn many of not the least valuable of our lessons in early Heraldry. And it is from a thoughtful study of the manner in which the old alliance between Heraldry and Gothic Architecture expressed itself in the Architectural Heraldry of the Plantagenet and Tudor eras, that we determine both the character and the range of our own Architectural Heraldry, in the revived Gothic Archi tecture of the present day. Itself essentially an historical Art, Architecture, through the agency of other Arts working in close association with it, aspires to become a stone-inscribed History. Such co-operation neces sarily implies that every historical accessory should be in con- ARCHITECTURAL HERALDRY. 373 sistent harmony with the style of Architecture with which it would be associated. Classic Architecture, accordingly, requires that every historical allusion should be made through its own medium. Whatever Heraldry it may recognize, must be a Heraldry that derives its imagery from classic sources, and em bodies its symbolism in classic guise. Alike in sentiment, in feeling, and in expression, the historical element of Classic Architecture must be thoroughly classic, and consequently it is impossible that any edifices erected in this style should be ren^ dered historical of England. At any rate, it is not possible to write English History upon a classic edifice, with a Tree and a legible hand, or even in English characters, and in keeping with EngUsh traditions and associations. The style peremptorily refuses to concede to English History more than a paraphrase and a translation after the classic manner. On the other hand that Architectural Heraldry which re cords ..English History with the most consistent and emphatic expressiveness, is an element of Gothic Architecture. Without it the style is imperfect. It carries out its ideas. It is the inexhaustible source of its happiest decorations. By it the Gothic realizes the peculiarly historical attributes of its own character. And, as the style is itself of universal applicability, free in action, and elastic in the development of its principles — so also Heraldry provides for the Gothic Architect, (and par ticularly when employed upon public and national works,) the most comprehensive and the most plastic of symbolism. Such being the case, it is a matter for equal surprise and regret that Architectural Heraldry should hitherto have been so generally neglected, even by some of our Gothic Architects. It is to be hoped that the time at length has come, in which both Archi tects themselves, and aU who feel a real interest in their great Art, wiU bestow at least a portion of their regard upon Heraldry in its special relation to Architecture. From mediaeval Heraldry they wUl find that the Heraldry, which it is for them to intro- 374 ARCHITECTURAL HERALDRY. duce and to incorporate into their Gothic Architecture, must be derived. But here, as in the instance of the Architecture itself, it is not a blind foUowing, and much less is it a mere inanimate reproduction of mediaeval Heraldry, and a reiteration of its forms and usages, that wUl enable our Architects to render their Architecture historical through a Heraldry of its own. What they have to do is to study the old Heraldry, to familiarise them selves with its working, to read its records with ease and fluency, and to investigate the principles upon which it was carried out into action. And having thus become Heralds through having attained to a mastery over mediaeval Heraldry, our Architects will devote themselves to the development of a fresh application of Heraldry in their own Architecture. The medieval autho rities will have taught our Architects both what Heraldry is able to accomplish, and the right system for its operation ; and then with themselves will rest the obligation to produce a Heraldry that shall be truly their own, and to associate it with the Gothic Architecture of to-day. In their treatment of heraldic devices and compositions, I assume that our Architects would avoid every early convention alism, which could detract from the artistic exceUence of their works. Good drawing and truthful expression are in perfect keeping with the best and purest Heraldry, as an absolute harmony necessarily exists between the noblest of Architecture and of Sculpture and Painting. What I venture to designate an archaic system of rendering their figures, certainly does not vitiate the Heraldry of the early Heralds: but then their Heraldry would have been equally good, had their figures been faultless as works of Art. And though we may produce good Heraldry without good Art, stUl our Heraldry will never lose anything through an alliance with the most perfect Art ; and in the instance of our Architectural Heraldry, the very highest artistic merit is a positive condition of excellence. I am aware that there exist individuals prepared to maintain that good ARCHITECTURAL HERALDRY. 375 Heraldry implies bad Art. To such persons I cannot concede any authority to pronounce an opinion even upon good Heraldry ; but, in Ulustration of my own sentiments,1 1 refer them to tho Supporters of the Royal Shield of England, as they appear at the entrance to Buckingham Palace ; and I ask whether in their opinion that Lion and that Unicorn would discharge their heraldic duties with less complete heraldic efficiency, had they been sculptured after drawings by Sir Edwin Landseer, (sup posing that great artist sometimes to be in an heraldic mood,) instead of being such outrageous burlesques upon both Art and Heraldry as have been permitted to intrude themselves under the very eyes of their Sovereign ? It is a singular circumstance, the causes of which it is by no means necessary now to investigate, that Heraldry is invariably felt to be one of the most interesting of studies by those who have bestowed some thought upon it, while by almost all who are absolutely unacquainted with it it is held to be dry and uninviting, if not actuaUy repulsive. Whatever the feeling generaUy entertained for them, the peculiar value of heraldic devices for purposes of decoration in Gothic Architecture, and their happy faciUty for adaptation to almost every possible condition, may justly claim for Architectural Heraldry the studious, and therefore the cordial regard of every Gothic Architect. Without Heraldry, historical sculpture in Architec ture must ever act at disadvantage. The two in union enable the Architect to work with full powers. For Heraldry comes in readily on innumerable occasions when sculpture, properly so called, would be inadmissible. It enriches subordinate archi tectural detaUs with characteristic decoration, by the very process which gives to them a meaning ; and thus it inscribes those details with an historical record. In the more, important members of an edifice, also, Heraldry is equally ready to exert faculties fuUy adequate to all that they can require. If it be desired to identify an architectural work with a single person or 376 ARCHITECTURAL HERALDRY. with a particular family, Heraldry knows well how to symbolize with distinctness and precision the solitary impersonation, or the kindred group. Or should the edifice be one directly con nected with the nation, either in some department of the Government, or in the administration of some far-off colony or dependency — Heraldry here is not found wanting; but, in union with sculpture, it carries around the entire building its historical series of much-conveying symbols; and from base ment to parapet the Architecture is eloquent of the men who have taken a part in rendering their country the great and honoured England that she is. Amongst the practical lessons that Architects will learn from the early Heralds, when they worked with the Architects of their own day, are those that will impress upon their minds the rule that shields and niches are never to be introduced into architectural compositions for their own sake alone, but that every shield is to be charged with its proper bearings, and every niche is to contain a becoming statue. They will also learn that heraldic insignia are always to be introduced with a definite purpose ; that each class of devices has certain functions peculiar to itself, and that the skilful architectural Herald will always be able to adapt the devices and compositions of Heraldry to every condition and circumstance of each particular edifice. In the accessories of buildings also, as well as in then- structural decorations, Heraldry is ever ready to provide the most felicitous of ornamentation. In Stained Glass, heraldic designs, and the heraldic treatment of all designs are of the utmost value and the greatest interest. In Tile Pavements, Heraldry is equally efficient. The Heraldry of the early tiles at Malvern, Gloucester, Worcester, Westminster, and. many other places, abounds alike in historical information, and in practical suggestions. And again, the engraven and inlaid stone pavements that have just been revived by Clayton and Bell with such happy effect, may derive from Heraldry an ARCHITECTURAL HERALDRY. 377 infinite series of always appropriate and graphic designs. Archi tectural Wood-carvers, in like manner, will find similar advan tages in a close alUance with Heraldry. It is the same with architectural Metal-workers, and with every artist and crafts man that the Architect summons to work with him in the realization of his compositions : Architectural Heraldry abounds with direot teaching and indirect suggestions available alike by them aU. Throughout the Gothic era, the custom" prevailed to intro duce shields of arms of the Sovereign and the several members of his farrdly into the architectural decorations of the more important edifices, and in many instances also the armorial insignia of benefactors and persons of eminence at the time in the realm. Some relics of this usage remain in all our cathedrals, and in almost every early building that still exists. The shields were generaUy placed in the spandrels of some of the arcades and arches, in bosses of the vaulting or of the timber roofs, or in the stained glass of the windows; some times they occur below niches, as on the altar-screen at St. Alban's ; and in other instances in various other positions. Amongst the most interesting and valuable of the collections of early Architectural Heraldry to which I am able to direct the attention of the student, are those in the Cathedrals, and especially in the Cloisters of Canterbury Cathedral, in West minster Abbey and Hall, St. Alban's Abbey, King's College Chapel, Cambridge, and St. George's Chapel, Windsor, and also many of the CoUegiate Buildings at both Oxford and Cam bridge ; and with them I may associate, as examples of parish churches rich in Heraldry, the churches of Great Yarmouth and Fotheringhay. The Architectural Heraldry of Westminster Abbey commences with the series of shields that were sculptured by Edward I., or perhaps by Henry III., in the spandrels of the wall arcades of the choir aisles. These noble shields have suffered grievously 378 architectural heraldry. from the barbarous mutilations that, from time to time, have been permitted to outrage the Church, which stands at the head of the ecclesiastical edifices of England. Of the original series there stiU remain, on the south side, the shields of the Confessor, Provence, Winchester (De Quincy), Lincoln (De Lacy), Corn wall and Essex (Fitz Piers) ; and on the north side, those of the Emperor, France, Gloucester (De Clare), Kent (De Burgh), De Montfort, and De Warrenne. More towards the west, in Henry V.'s work, there are remains of some other shields that are painted (and not sculptured in relief) in the aisle- arcades of that portion of the Abbey. There is also a fine early shield of the Confessor in the south-west window. Of the rest of the Architectural Heraldry of Westminster Abbey, it wiU be sufficient for me to specify the Badges of Henry V. in his monu ment ; the Stall-Plates of the Knights and Esquires of the Bath in Henry VII.'s Chapel, and various Royal Badges scattered in rich profusion throughout both the exterior and the interior of that chapel, together with two fine shields of France Modem and England, one without, and the other with a Label, carved beneath the dark vaulting that covers the- approach to it. In West minster Hall, in addition to the remarkable series of Royal Crests and Badges, and to the fine Shields at the entrance, shields charged with the arms of Richard II. and of the Confessor alter nate upon the corbels, that carry the principal trusses of the noble roof. The Royal Shield of Henry VII. with its Supporters, and the Crown, and also with the Badges of that Prince, are sculptured at King's Chapel in a truly splendid style, notwith standing the decided decline of heraldic art that prevaUs during the period of the Tudors : and the entrance gateway to St. John's CoUege in the same University, displays another admirable example of Tudor Architectural Heraldry. In concluding this chapter, I again refer students to that treasury of historical Heraldry, the coUeotion of Stall-Plates of the Garter at Windsor : and I must suggest a visit to the chantries of Abbots ARCHITECTURAL HERALDRY. 379 Wheathamstede and Ramrydge in St. Alban's Abbey, to stu dents who would desire to see with their own eyes how admi rably the Heralds and the Architects of the olden- time worked together. The remains of the gate-house also of Kirkham Priory in Yorkshire, and the architectural monument of Bishop Hadfield at Durham, must be added to the series of structures that are specially rich in the Heraldry of Gothic Architecture before its faU. No. 657.— Shield of Effigy of a Knight of the time of Edward II., at Clehongre, Herefordshire. See Chapter XXX. No. 557. — Crown from the Monument of Margaret, Countess of Richmond, a.d. 1509, Westminster Abbey. See pp. 318 and 392. CHAPTER XXIIL MONUMENTAL HERALDRY. As a general rule, the Monuments of the middle ages are appropriate, characteristic, and deeply interesting, both as works of Art, and as commemorative memorials. In the degree also that these early monuments increase in their importance, in that same degree do they claim an increased measure of admiring approval. On the other hand, in our modern monuments the converse of this rule obtains ; and particularly in the circum stance that the more important the monument, the more de plorably unworthy it is almost certain to be. The earlier and the more recent monuments in Westminster Abbey exempUfy the two eras in a significant manner. The competitions that within the last few years have brought together collections of designs for certain public memorials, have been no less conclu sive in demonstrating the fact, that the nobler the required monument, the more ignoble is the prevailing character of the compositions that are submitted for it. The evidence of the Abbey and of the competitions is corroborated in every direc tion by the innumerable objects that act as monuments in our MONUMENTAL HERALDRY. 381 cemeteries, and by their contemporaries, the marble pyramids, and mural tablets, and tall white monotonous slabs of our churches and churchyards. Upon consideration, the early monuments are found to be thoroughly heraldic, while it is evident that Heraldry knows nothing of those that so clearly indicate the lapse of intervening centuries. I believe that to this presence of Monumental Heraldry with the memorials of the one era, and to its absence from those of the other, may be attributed the painful contrast that exists between them ; and I am persuaded that true Monumental Heraldry alone is competent to render the com memorative memorials of our own times worthy to take rank with such monuments, as our predecessors of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries were in the habit of erecting. It must be added that, as a matter of course, a preliminary step to the adoption of a genuine and reaUy effective Monumental Heraldry must be the absolute exclusion of the pagan element from our Monuments — the exclusion of all mythological allegories and emblems, from inverted torches to the semi-nude figures whose identity has to be determined by their names being inscribed beneath their feet. The study of Monumental and of Architectural Heraldry may be most advantageously pursued together. Indeed, the one study may be said to imply the other ; so that what has been said in the preceding chapter upon Architectural Heraldry, is equally applicable to the Heraldry of Monuments. The old monuments are to be studied as authorities for their Heraldry ; but they are not to be copied, neither is their Heraldry to be reproduced once more in fac-simile. There is much, for ex ample, that the modern designer of engraven monumental slabs may learn from the Brasses of the reign of Richard II. ; and yet who can forbear to smile when he finds a figure of a knight, armed and appointed as Bolingbroke and Mowbray were when they met for their famous combat, laid down in the year 1861, 382 monumental heraldry. to commemorate a veteran officer, who had for some time been a metropolitan member of Parliament since the passing of the Reform Bill ? This is a companion work to the Dr. Johnson in a Roman toga. Very small is the number of the early monuments that are altogether unable to repay the inquiries of the student of Heraldry, while fine and eminently instructive examples exist in very considerable numbers. The cathedrals and both the greater and lesser churches are alike celebrated for their ad mirable monuments. None surpass those of Edmund of Lan caster and his Countess, of the De Valences, of Alianore of Castile, of John of Eltham, and of Edward III. and his Queen Philippa, in Westminster Abbey. The monuments also of the Black Prince, of Henry IV. and his Queen Joanna, and of Archbishop Arundel, at Canterbury; of the Beauchamps, at Warwick ; of the Nevilles, at Staindrop ; of Bishop Burghersh and his brother, at Lincoln ; of Edward IL, at Gloucester ; of the Countess of Richmond and her son, Henry VII., at West minster ; of the two Abbots and Duke Humphrey Plantagenet, at St. Alban's, and of Prince Arthur Tudor, at Worcester, are inferior to none in heraldic interest. From a long series of other examples, which invite the special attention of the student of Monumental Heraldry, I may specify those that are at Beverley, Tewkesbury, St. Alban's, Christchurch, Arundel, Win- chelsea, Trotton in Sussex, Elsyng in Norfolk, and Cobham in Kent. Whatsoever especial points the student may desire to investi gate, he will find examples that will place before him the information that he requires. The earliest known quartering of arms appears upon the monument of Alianore of Castile ; and very early quartering by a subject is shown in the shield of the Earl of Pembroke on the monument of his royal mother-in-law, Queen Philippa, and also upon the surcoat of the Earl himself in the Elsyng Brass, a.d. 1347. The shields of arms with MONUMENTAL HERALDRY. 383 their accessories upon the Eamrydge monumental chantry at St. Alban's, are exquisite examples of pure taste, exuberant fancy, and delicate treatment. The shields of the Percy Shrine at Beverley exempUfy the most effective drawing, the boldest sculpture, and diapering equally simple and beautiful. The monument to a priest of the same family, also in Beverley Minster, illustrates in a remarkable manner the usage of em broidering a series of shields of arms upon ecclesiastical vest ments. The effigy at Worcester, and the Brass at Trotton, are examples of a simUar application of shields of arms to the deco ration of female costume. And, again, the Heraldry of dress is shown in all its curious and sometimes fantastic varieties in almost innumerable brasses and sculptured effigies. A profusion of heraldic insignia adorns the monument of Ludovic Robsart, Lord Bourchier, Standard, Bearer of Henry V., at Westminster Abbey. On either side of this last monument two large banners are carved in stone, with quartered arms in relief, their staves forming mouldings of the canopy, and being held severally by a Eon and a falcon, or perhaps an eagle. Other examples might be adduced in vast numbers of monuments of every class, the simplest as weU as the most elaborate and costly, all of them competent to bear witness to the justice of the highest encomiums that may be bestowed upon early Monumental Heraldry. II. The Royal Monuments of England. At Fontevraud, in Normandy, there are original monumental effigies of Henry IL, Alianore of Guienne, Eichard I., and Isabelle of Angoule'me. At Rouen is a second monumental effigy of Eichard I. At the Abbey of L'Espan, near Mans, is a monumental effigy of Berengaria of Navarre. At Mans is a curious enamelled tablet, supposed to be monu mental, to Geoffrey of Anjou, the Founder of the House of 384 monumental heraldry. Plantagen-et. Engraved by Stothard, and again in Labarte's Handbook. The following are in England : — 1. William Eufus, died 1100. Winchester Cathedral. Stone coffin. 2. John, died 1216. Worcester Cathedral. Effigy and coffin- lid of the period of his death, now on an altar-tomb of about a.d. 1500. This is the earliest Eoyal Effigy in England. 3. Henry III., died 1272. Westminster Abbey. Tomb and Effigy, with mosaic work. 4. Edward I., died 1307. Westminster Abbey. Plain Tomb. 5. Alianore of Castile, died 1290. Westminster Abbey. Tomb, Effigy, and Canopy. 6. Edward IL, died 1.327. Gloucester Cathedral. Tomb, Effigy, and Canopy. 7. Edward III., died 1377. Westminster Abbey. Tomb, Effigy, and Canopy. 8. Philippa of Hainault, died 1369. Westminster Abbey. Tomb, Effigy, and Canopy. 9 and 10. Eichard IL, deposed 1399 ; and Anne of Bohemia, died 1394. Westminster Abbey. Tomb, two Effigies, and Canopy. 11 and 12. Henry IV., died 1413 ; and Joanna of Navarre, died 1437. Canterbury Cathedral. Tomb, two Effigies, and Canopy. 13. Henry V., died 1422. Westminster Abbey. Tomb and mutilated Effigy. 14 and 15. Henry VII., died 1509; and Elizabeth of York, died 1503. Westminster Abbey. Tomb, two Effigies and En closure. • 16. Elizabeth, died 1603. Westminster Abbey. Renaissance Monument and Effigy. To the foregoing the following monuments of Eoyal Personages may be added : — monumental heraldry. 385 1. William Longespee, Earl of Salisbury, died 1226. Salisbury Cathedral. Tomb and Effigy. 2. Edmond Plantagenet, First Earl of Lancaster, (second son of Henry III.), died 1296. Westminster Abbey. Tomb, Effigy, and Canopy. 3. Aveline, Countess of Lancaster, died 1269. Westminster Abbey. Tomb, Effigy, and Canopy. 4. William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, (son of Isabelle of Angouleme), died 1296. Westminster Abbey. Tomb and Effigy, with rich Enamels. 5. Aymer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, (son of Earl Wil liam), died about 1320. Westminster Abbey. Tomb, Effigy, and Canopy. 6. John Plantagenet, of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall, (second son of Edward IL), died 1334. Westminster Abbey. Tomb and Effigy ; Canopy destroyed. 7. William Plantagenet, of Hatfield, (second son of Edward in.), died about 1340. York Cathedral. Tomb and Effigy. 8. Edward Plantagenet, K.G., the Black Prince, died 1376. Canterbury Cathedral. Tomb, Effigy and Canopy ; also a Shield, Helm, &c. 9. Alianore de Bohun, (widow of Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester, youngest son of Edward III.), died 1399. West minster Abbey. Tomb and Brass. 10. Edmond Plantagenet, K.G., Duke of York, (fifth son of Edward IIL), died 1402. King's Langley, Herts. Tomb and Shields of Arms. 11. Humphrey Plantagenet, K.G., Duke of Gloucester, (fourth son of Henry IV.), died 1447. St. Alban's Abbey. Architectural and Heraldic Monument. 12. Catherine, (third wife of Prince John Plantagenet of Ghent), died 1403. Lincoln Cathedral. Tomb, now despoiled of its Brasses. 13. Isabelle Plantagenet, (only daughter of Richard Plan- 2 c 386 MONUMENTAL HERALDRY. tagenet, of Coningsburgh), and her husband, Henry Bourchier, K.G., Earl of Essex and Eu, died 1400. Little Easton, Essex. Brass with two Effigies. 14. Elizabeth Plantagenet, (sister of Edward IV.), and her husband, John de la Pole, E.G., Duke of Suffolk, died, 1400. Wingfield, Suffolk. Tomb, with two Effigies. 15. Arthur Tudor, K.G., Prince of Wales, (eldest son of Henry VII.), died 1502. Worcester Cathedral. Architectural and Heraldic Monument. 16. Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, (mother of Lord Darnley, and grand-daughter of Henry YIL), died 1577. West minster Abbey. Tomb and Effigy. 17. Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond, (mother of Henry VII.), died 1509. Westminster Abbey. Tomb and Effigy. 18. Margaret Plantagenet, Countess of Salisbury, (daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence), died 1541. Christ Church, Hampshire. Architectural Monument. 19. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, died 1587. Westminster Abbey. Renaissance Monument and Effigy. Amongst the Crystal Palace Collections there are casts of all the Eoyal effigies, including those at Fontevraud, Rouen and Mans, except the mutilated No. 13 of the former of the fore going lists; and also casts of Nos. 1, 6, 8, 17, and 19, in the second list. The early usage of placing various shields of arms upon monu ments leads naturally to inquiries into the rules, if any ever existed, by which the selection of such shields might have been determined. So far as my own observation has extended, I have not yet been able to detect any rule that was generally recognized upon this subject, except the simple and obvious one of placing about a monument the shields of the persons who were nearest MONUMENTAL HERALDRY. 387 of kin to the individual commemorated. In the monuments of Royal personages, considerations of state policy might often influence this selection ; and it is evident that the propriety of placing about certain other monuments the shields of the Sove reign and of the Princes of the blood royal, was regarded as beyond all question. The monuments of Bishop Burghersh and his brother at Lincoln exemplify this practice ; as do the Brasses to Archbishop De Waldeby at Westminster, to Sir Symon de Felbryge, E.G., to Canon Sleford at Balsham, and to Thomas Leventhorpe at Sawbridgeworth. When statuettes, or " weepers," as they were called, were placed about monuments in niches or beneath canopies, the shields associated with the figures would naturally be identified with the personages repre sented. This is the case in the Beauchamp Monument at Warwick ; and, so far as there exist remains of the original memorials, it is the same in the two fine monuments of King Edward III. and his Queen Philippa, in Westminster Abbey. The statuettes and shields upon the magnificent monument of Edmond of Lancaster and Aymer de Valence now are by no means easily identified; but they are second to none in either artistic excellence or heraldic interest. In very many instances the arms were originally blazoned in colour only, without any carving in relief, or any incised outlines; and in such shields the blazon is commonly lost, or perhaps it has been repainted, and so all traces of the original- Heraldry in all probability have been destroyed. It was customary to repeat the same shield, or the same group of shields, upon early monuments ; and it is found that prece dence in arrangement was secured for the most important shield, which same shield was sometimes the only one in a series that was repeated; an example occurs in the monument to Earl William de Valence, where the shield of England is the one that has precedence and is repeated. Upon the Monument of Alianore of Castile, the shields of England, Castile and Leon, and 2 c 2 388 monumental heraldry. Ponthieu, (her husband, her father, and her mother,) alternate, and all are repeated. And again, upon the basement of the monument of Edward IIL, a shield of France Ancient and England is repeated, alternating with one now charged with the red cross upon a golden field; and, in like manner, his shields of arms " for war and for peace " in alternation surround the monument of the Black Prince. See p. 256. Without attempting any further to suggest what usages may have been recognized and adopted in the arranging and placing of heraldic insignia upon mediaeval monuments, I wiU now briefly describe the arrangement of the shields that are stUl in existence upon a few remarkable early examples. The monument to King Edward III. Upon the south side, each placed beneath a bronze statuette, and aU fixed to the body of the monument itself, there remain four shields enamelled upon copper in their proper blazonry; two other shields are lost from the series, but the group of six statuettes is complete. 1. France Ancient and England, with a silver label of three points. 2. Castile and Leon impaling France Ancient and England. 3. France Ancient and England, with the Label represented in fac simile in No. 489, PL XXXL 4. Lost, (the statuette represents a bearded man). 5. Brittany, (ermine), impaling France Ancient and England. 6. Lost, (the statuette a youth). The shields yet existing are for the Black Prince, the Princesses Joan and Mary, and apparently for Edmond, the first Duke of York. As I have already stated, upon the basement of this monument there are two large enamelled shields of France Ancient and England, and two others bearing, or, a cross gu. ; probably these last were originally shields of St. George. The Brass to Sir Hugh Hastings, a.d. 1347, Elsyng, Norfolk. The principal effigy has both a surcoat and a shield of Hastings, the maunche being beautifully diapered, with a label of three points. The shafts of the canopy are formed of eight compart ments, each of them having a canopied effigy, or " weeper ;" monumental heraldry. 389 these figures, of which three are now lost, have their armorial insignia upon their surcoats. The figures that remain represent Edward IIL, Henry, Earl of Lancaster, No. 488 a, PL LXIII. ; Thomas Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick; Ralph, Lord Stafford; and Lord St. Amand : the effigies that are lost are those of Law rence Hastings, Earl of Pembroke, No. 338, PL XXL; a Le Despencer ; and Roger, Lord Grey of Ruthyn. In the central spandrel of the canopy is a mounted St. George, his shield (No. 311, PL XXIX.) and surcoat and the barding of his charger being charged with his cross ; and above all are the helm, mant ling and crest of Sir Hugh Hastings. The entire remains of this fine Brass have just been engraved by Mr. Utting for the Norfolk Archaeological Society. The Brass to Alianore de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester, a.d. 1399, Westminster Abbey. Six shields of arms, suspended from the shafts of the canopy. On the dexter side : 1. Her husband, Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of Gloucester ; 2. Her father, Hum phrey de Bohun, last Earl of Hereford ; 3. Milo of Hereford. On the sinister side : 1. Her husband, impaling De Bohun and Milo, quarterly; 2. De Bohun impaling Fitz-Alan and War renne, quarterly : the third shield on this side is lost. In the central spandrel of the canopy, the Swan Badge of the De Bohuns. See PL XX., and No. 511, p. 254. The Brass to Joice, Lady Tiptoft, a.d. 1446, Enfield Church) Middlesex. There are six shields in this Brass, and they are arranged precisely in the same manner as in the last example, the De Bohun Brass. On the dexter side : 1 . Her father, Edward Charlton, Baron Charlton de Powys ; 2. Her husband, Sir John Tiptoft, impaling the impaled shield of her father and mother, in which impalement her mother's arms appear to the dexter : she was Alianore, daughter of Thomas Holland, Earl of Kent, and widow of Roger Mortimer, fourth Earl of March, and pre cedence was evidently given to her arms in the marshalling of this shield in consideration of her exalted rank ; 3. Tiptoft, her 390 MONUMENTAL HERALDRY. husband. On the sinister side : 1. Tiptoft impaling Powys, her husband and herself; 2. Powys and Holland quarterly, her father and mother; 3. Powys, her father and herself. See PL XVIL, and No. 364 a, PL XXIIL Edmond Plantagenet, K.G., Duke of York, a.d. 1402, at King's Langley, Herts. An elaborate altar-tomb, supporting a massive plain slab of black marble, which evidently does not belong to the monument. On the destruction of the monastic church at Langley, this tomb was placed in its present position in the north-east angle of the parish church. The monument is panelled, and in each foliated panel is a shield of arms carved in relief upon the alabaster. At the head are, St. Edmond, France ancknt and England, and Edward the Confessor. At the feet the only remaining shield is Hol land of Kent, the bordure plain. On the north side, com mencing' from the west end, Leon, (a lion rampant) and Holland of Exeter, the bordure semSe de lys. On the south side, com mencing from the west end, the Emperor, the eagle having two heads, but not crowned ; then two shields of France ancient and England, each with a Label of three points ; then the same impaling Castile and Leon ; again, France ancient and Eng land, with a Label of three points ; and the same shield, without any Label, but within a bordure ; and the series is completed with the same quartered shield, with a Label of five points of Lancaster and France. The charges on the other Labels are no longer to be distinguished ; all that may be certainly affirmed is that, with the exception of the second shield of the series, these Labels have all borne charges. See Nos. 477 A, PL XLV., 486, p. 253, and 678 A, Chap. XXXII. The Brass to Sir Simon de Felbryge, K.G., a.d. 1416. Two achievements of arms are lost. There remain, the Banner of Richard IL, No. 527, PL XXXV. ; the same arms blazoned upon a shield; the same arms impaling those of Anne of Bohemia ; and Felbryge, (or, a lion rampt. gu.), impaling Teschen, MONUMENTAL HERALDRY. 391 (a German coat, arg., an eagle displayed sa.) : also on two shields & fetterlock. The cresting of the monument of Henry IV. and his Queen at Canterbury, formed of delicately-carved Tudor flowers, originally had a smaU shield of Arms blazoned in colour between each pair of the flowers ; of these shields 16, with two half-shields at the extremities, yet remain on the south side ; from which side 18 other shields have been lost. On the north side 1 0 shields only, with one half-shield remain, and 24 are lost : and all are lost at the head and the foot of the monument. Figures of angels also once held larger shields, one at each angle, and one in the centre of each side : of this series one mutilated shield only, that of Scotland, yet remains. The flat canopy itself which covers the effigies has evidently been twice painted, the decora tion in both paintings having been heraldic. I commend this very interesting monument to the careful consideration of stu dents of Historical Heraldry : and, at the same time, I am unable to resist a suggestion, which I would gladly have reach those who are in high authority, to the effect that this Eoyal monument, like its fellows at Westminster, is not quite in such a condition as will be satisfactory to those who know the value of our national historical monuments of the higliest rank. Let no one presume to " restore " these precious relics of departed centuries, since " restoration " and " destruction " are in reality interchangeable terms : but, without any destructive restoring, our Eoyal (and other national) monuments might be kept with reverent and vigilant care, and they might be empowered to proclaim, even to casual observers, that their worth is under stood by those who, beyond all others, are bound to understand and to appreciate it. Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Richmond, a.d. 1509, West minster Abbey. An altar-tomb in the early Renaissance style, with an effigy, the work of Torregiano. The Heraldry is sin gularly interesting, and the whole is boldly executed in relief in 392 monumental heraldry. bronze. At the head, Edmond Tudor impaling Beaufort, her first husband and herself, the shield surmounted by a crown not arched. On the south side : 1. Her son and his consort, Henry VII. and Elizabeth of York ; the shield ensigned with an arched crown ; 2. Her husband's mother, and her first husband, Henry V., and Katharine of France, the«crown arched ; 3. Her grandson, Arthur Plantagenet, Prince of Wales, the crown not arched. On the north side : 1. The shield lost, but the arched crown remains ; 2. Her father and mother, John Beaufort, E.G., Duke of Somerset, and Margaret Beauchamp of Bletsho, the crown not arched ; 3. Her paternal grandfather and grandmother, John Beaufort, E.G., (son of John Plantagenet of Ghent), and Margaret Hol land; this shield is without any coronet. At the feet, her third husband and herself, Stanley impaling Beaufort, without any coronet. In this shield, Stanley is quarterly, 1 and 4 grand quarters, Stanley, Latham, and Warrenne, quarterly ; 2 and 3, Isle of Man; in pretence, Montault See Plates XXIL and XXXII. , and No. 557, p. 380. The monument erected by James I. to the memory of Queen Elizabeth, in Westminster Abbey, is in itself a complete chapter of Royal Heraldry, as such a chapter would be written by the Heralds of the first Stuart who wore the crown of Great Britain. About the cornice of the architectural canopy of the monument is placed a series of thirty-two shields, the shields themselves being carved in reUef, but their charges are blazoned in gold and colours only on flat surfaces ; and as some, if not aU of these shields have been painted again at no distant period, there is consequently a degree of uncertainty as to their exact fidelity. As they now appear these shields, with two exceptions, are severally charged with two impaled coats of arms, and they are arranged in the order following. 1. The Confessor : 2. William I., England (two lions), and Flanders: 3. Henry I., England and Scotland: 4. Geoffrey Plantagenet, Anjou and England: 5. Henry IL, England and Aquitaine: 6. John, England, (three monumental heraldry. 393 lions), and Angouleme, (lozengy or, and gu) : 7. Henry IIL, Eng land and Provence : 8. Edward I., England, and Castile and Leon : 9. Edward II. , England and France Ancient: 10. Edward IH., France Ancient and Hainault: 11. Lionel, Duke of Clarence, (label with three cantons), and De Burgh : 12. Mortimer and Cla rence : 13. Mortimer and Holland, (plain bordure) : 14. Edmond, Duke of York, (label with nine torteaux), and Castile and Leon : 15. Richard Plantagenet, " of Coningsburgh," (bordure of Leon), and Mortimer and De Burgh quarterly : 16. Richard, Duke of York, (label with nine torteaux), and Neville : 17. Edward IV., France Modern and England, and Widville : 18. Henry VII. and Eliza beth of York: 19. Henry VIIL and Anne Boleyn: 20. John Plantagenet " of Ghent," (label, with nine ermine spots): 21. John " of Ghent " and Roett — (gu., three Catherine wheels or) : 22. Beaufort and Holland : 23. Beaufort and Beauchamp : 24. Edmond Tudor, and Margaret Beaufort : 25, 26, 27, three impaled shields of Boleyn : 28; 29, two impaled shields of Howard ; the bend is plain, but the Scottish shield was probably painted out when the last re-blazoning took place : 30. Douglas of Angus, and Margaret Tudor: 31. Stuart of Lennox and Margaret Douglas, (the father and mother of Lord Darnley) : 32. Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland. Upon the canopy, at its four angles, four small shields, held by two dragons and two crowned lions, are charged with a rose, a fleur de lys, a portcullis, and a harp, all crowned. On the basement are four other shields severally bearing, az:, three garbs or, (Chester :) az, a harp or, stringed arg., (Ireland) : sable, ten bezants in pile, (Cornwall) : and Wales. Also, on either side of the canopy there is an achievement of arms ; that to the south has France Modern and England upon a large shield, with a golden lion and dragon as supporters, and the motto, Dieu. et. mon. droit, but without any crown ; and on the north side, upon another large shield, Scotland impaling France Modern and Eng land, with a unicorn and lion crowned as supporters, the arms of 394 monumental heraldry. Scotland and the unicorn being on the dexter side ; the motto is King James's own, " Beati Pacifici." There is no crown above the shield. The monument of Ludovic Robsart, K.G., Lord Bourchier, Standard-Bearer to Henry V., at Westminster, has shields surrounded with the Garter of the Order. Several slabs, now despoiled of their Brasses, in Winchester Cathedral, to Prelates of the order, show traces of having once been enriched with gartered shields of arms. And in Lincoln Cathedral, upon the monument of Catherine, the last wife of John Plantagenet of Ghent, the shields of arms were originally surrounded with the collar of SS. The use of Badges in the heraldic decoration of monuments is exemplified at Westminster in the sculptured figures in the chantry of Henry V. : and again, upon the slab that covers the tomb of Sir Humphrey Bourchier, a.d. 1471, which bears four richly-quartered shields with labels, and six Bourchier-knots, each one of them surmounting a piece of armour for guarding the elbow, No. 695, p. 285 ; these knots are formed of straps, one of them distinguished from the other by being studded, and both ending in buckles ; the slab also, which still retains the brass effigies of Henry Bourchier, Earl of Essex, and Isabella his Countess, at Little Easton, was originally powdered with Bourchier-knots and fetterlocks. In Brasses at Tong, Salop, an elephant appears as a Badge, and an elephant and castle at Wiven- hoe in Essex ; the Beauchamp bear is introduced into the Brass of the Earl of Warwick ; a slab at Biggleswade is semSe of cres cents and escallops ; at Digswell, Herts, Lady Perient has her swan Badge embroidered upon her collar ; and at Burnhamthorpe, in Norfolk, in the spandrels of the canopy of the Brass to Sir William Calthorpe, is the Knight's Badge, a hawk belled and jessed, on a mount, having a scroll in his beak with the motto, Penser de fyner. Examples of arms emblazoned on Lozenges occur in the monu- MONUMENTAL HERALDRY. 395 ments to Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, a.d, 1577 ; to the Duchess of Suffolk, a.d. 1563 ; and to Mary Stuart, the infant daughter of James I., aU of them in Westminster Abbey. There is another class of early monuments of a simple character, which wiU always be regarded with much interest by the Herald. I refer to the monumental slabs, either incised or sculptured in relief, that bear certain significant symbols to denote the rank, profession, or occupation of the persons com memorated. In almost every instance, the Christian symbol, the Cross, appears with the other devices, and occasionally there is also a shield of arms. Memorials of this description are charged with the mitre, staff, chalice, and book of ecclesiastics ; with the warrior's sword, and the pilgrim's staff; with keys, bows and arrows, axes, ships, fish, penners and ink-horns, trumpets, implements for bell-founding, horse-shoes, hammers, nails and anvils, shears, scissors, gloves, shoemakers' imple ments, (these last at Kilkenny) and various other devices of a similar character. I have engraved a numerous series of these slabs in my " Christian Monuments." There stUl remains a group of symbolical devices, that appear in early monuments, and sometimes in both architecture and seals, which may be appropriately noticed at the conclusion of this chapter. These are what may be entitled devices of a sacred character, and they comprise : 1. The Emblems of the four Evangelists : the angel of St. Matthew, the winged lion of St. Mark, the winged ox of St. Luke, and the eagle of St. John ; these figures were constantly placed at the four angles of Brasses, and other commemorative memorials. 2. The emblems of our Lord's Passion : the cross, nails, scourges, crown of thorns, reed with hyssop, the dice of the soldiers, and some others, which are arranged in groups and charged upon shields. And, 3. The singular shield designed to symbolize the Holy Trinity, which is represented in No. 608 ; the example is drawn from the Brass at St. Cross, near Winchester, a.d. 1382, to John de Campeden. In the same 396 monumental heraldry. Brass there is also a striking example of the shield of the Passion ; and other good examples occur in the inlaid pavement tiles at Great Malvern. Amongst many others, I may specify some No. 608. beautiful smaU shields of the Passion that are sculptured upon the Eamrydge monument at St. Alban's. No. 610. — Secretum of Henry Plantagenet, second son of Edward first Earl of Lancaster. CHATTER XXIV. THE HERALDRY OF SEALS AND COINS. SECTION I. The Art of Seal Engraving, in the first instance singularly rude, but from the first giving promise of future excellence, attained to its highest perfection in England during the reign of Edward IIL, when it was very extensively practised, and enjoyed the greatest popularity. Figures of every kind, architecture, heraldic and other de vices, with every conceivable variety both of accessory and of legend, were introduced into these early Seals. Hence they afford such varied illustrations of the taste, feelings, fancy and humour, of the religion also, and of the superstitions of their times. History, Genealogy and Biography derive from them both evidence and facts of peculiar importance ; and, above all, Heraldry might be content to rely upon Seals alone to exemplify its principles and to illustrate its practice. Seals were not introduced into England until the reign of 398 THE HERALDRY of Edward the Confessor, from whose time the Royal Seals of Eng land form an uninterrupted series of surpassing interest and value. Within a few years after the Norman Conquest, the use of Seals became generally established; and early in the twelfth century they were universally adopted for authenticating all written documents. On June 15, 1215, Magna Charta was sealed by King Jomrfnor is a royal signature known to have confirmed a document until the time of Richard II. , at the close of the fourteenth century. Perhaps the earliest approxi mation to the signature of a royal personage appears upon a warrant of the Black Prince, a.d. 137CT, under his privy-seal, which is subscribed by the Prince himself with the words, Houmout, Ich Dien. y Signet-rings were made either by engraving the , required designs upon gems, agates, and other hard stones, or by catting the devices and legends on the metal of the rings themselves. The larger Seals (and many of the early Seals are of very con siderable size) were engraven on suitable pieces of gold, silver, latten or brass, or steel. Jet is found to have been sometimes employed, with some other materials. In form the Seals are either circular or pointed ovals, the latter shape being that generally adopted by Ecclesiastics, though not by any means restricted to them. The Royal Seals are circular. In rare instances Seals are found lozenge-shaped, triangular, or cut to the form of an heraldic shield. The impressions were taken in wax of various colours, green, red, different shades of brown, a dull yellow, and white. Like Coins, the more important Seals were very commonly impressed on both sides. Such impressions were appended to documents, and not stamped upon them. In taking these impressions, consequently, two dies or matrices, each having its own device and legend, were employed ; these were severally called the Seal and Counter-Seal ; but the double impression constituted a single Seal, its two sides being distinguished as its obverse and reverse. In the fifteenth century, it became SEALS. 399 customary to cover the wax for the sake of preserving it with a wrapper of paper ; or various ingenious devices were employed for securing the wax from injury, by encircling the impression withl " fenders " formed of rushes, leaves, or plaited paper. *' Fenders" of this kind have been found attached to Seals as early as 1380. Sovereigns and persons of high rank, in addi tion to their official Seal, had a personal or private Seal, desig nated a Secretum. The same individual also occasionally pos sessed and sealed with more than one Secretum, and where several offices were held by one person, he would use a separate Seal for each office. A very superficial classification of Seals is sufficient to convey a correct idea of the comprehensive range of Seal Heraldry. Thus, Seals may be classified as, I. Ecclesiastical, and II. Lay or Secular. Each of these primary groups is divisible into (1). Official, and (2). Personal Seals. The Personal Seals necessarily comprise unlimited varieties; and the Official Seals, both Ecclesiastical and Secular, may be sub-divided into those Seals of individuals which make a refer ence to the dignities, offices, or preferments that may be held by them ; Common Seals of bodies corporate, and the like ; and Seals of office, that are not identified with any individual officer. Thus almost every possible application and expression of Heraldry appears in association with Seals. The student of Heraldry will do well to take up Seals with the intention to deal with them upon some definite system. His study, to prove really satisfactory to him, had better be devoted, first, to one class of Seals, and then to other classes, in such order of succession as he may find to be most desirable. For example, the Great Seals of England, Scotland, and France form three kindred groups for separate and yet connected study. Other groups may be formed somewhat after the following manner : — The Seals of the Archiepiscopal and Episcopal Sees, with the Arms of the Archbishops and Bishops: Monastic 400 THE HERALDRY OF Seals : Royal Secreta : the Seals and Secreta of certain noble families, as the De Bohuns, the Fitz-Alans, the Mortimers, and others : the Seals of knights and esquires : the several classes of Seals of a particular period : or miscellaneous Seals of any period. Or again, Seals may be selected for study with reference to certain special heraldic qualities in the Seals themselves — such Seals, for example, as illustrate Marshalling Arms, or Cadency, or Military Heraldry, or Supporters, or Crests, or Badges in associa tion with shields, or varied forms of Shields, or Legends, or Architectural and other Accessories. In every instance Seals will more than satisfy the student's highest expectations. Seals were evidently the delight of the early Heralds ; and Seal-Heraldry, accordingly, is Heraldry thoroughly in earnest. Such Achieve ments of Arms as abound in Seals, so complete, so spirited, so full of heraldic life and energy, rarely occur elsewhere. The History of Heraldry also is written in Seals with a compre hensiveness, ah accuracy, and a copious richness of illustration, that leave very little to be desired. I have already shown, (Chap. XIV.), in what manner the aggroupment of several dis tinct shields of arms upon a single Seal led to Marshalling; and Marshalling, in its most expressive historical forms, is exempli fied in multitudes of Seals. The Great Seals constitute a truly important chapter in Historical Heraldry. Every Seal has two distinct designs. In one the Sovereign is represented on horseback, and in the other as enthroned. The mounted figures appear always to have been regarded as the Obverse, or Seal, and those enthroned as the Reverse, or Counter-Seal. UntU the time of John, the throne in these Seals is a mere stool, with certain ornamental accessories. In the second Seal of Henry III., the royal seat assumes a more dignified character. Edward I. copied his father's Seal, but the design is better executed. The same Seal was used by Edward IL, with a Castle of Castile added on each side of the throne. Great improvements in design, SEALS. 401 including elaborate architectural enrichments, with peculiarly interesting Heraldry, were introduced into the different mem bers of the series of Great Seals made by Edward III. He commenced by placing two fleurs de lys (his mother, it wiU be remembered, was Isabella of France) above the castles in the ¦ Seal of his father and grandfather ; then he substituted for the old Seal (in the year of his accession, in the October of 1327) a new one, of improved general design, with the fleurs de lys much more emphatic. In 1340, a Seal appeared charged with two shields of France Ancient and England quarterly. After this, two Greal Seals of Edward III. were in use, sometimes concur rently — one by the King himself, in which the legend runs Rex Francee et Anglte ; and the other, used in England when the King was absent in France, with the legend Rex Anglie et Francie. Another Seal, made in accordance with the peace of Bretigny, a.d. 1360, omits the "Francie" altogether from the legend, but retains the quartered fleurs de lys in the shield as before. The " Francie," however, resumes its original place before the close of the reign. Richard II. and Henry IV. merely sub stituted their own names for the " Edvardus," and they used the same Seal as Edward III. In or about 1408 Henry IV. added another Seal, the largest and richest of all the mediseval Seals of England, in which the fleurs de lys are reduced to three in each quarter of the shield. Edward IV. placed a Rose of York in alternation with each word of the legend of his Seal, and afterwards a Fleur de lys, the whole being encircled with a bordure of Roses. Henry VII. introduced a Rose on a Branch : and Henry VIII. separated the words of his legend by alternate Roses and Fleurs de lys ; he added a Fleur de lys and a Lion to the obverse of his Seal, and eventually he adopted a Seal designed after the manner of the Renaissance. The equestrian figures of the obverse of the Great Seals afford characteristic illustrations of arms and armour, and also of horse equipments. In the second Seal of Richard I., the three lions 2 D 402 THE HERALDRY of of England for the first time make their appearance on the royal shield. Edward I. places them on the bardings of his charger, as weU as upon his shield, but not upon his surcoat; and Edward III. appears with a full display of royal blazonry upon .the appointments as well of his horse as of his own person. The succeeding heraldic changes in the Great Seal of England I leave to the researches of students, The Great Seal of the Common wealth, however, I may describe, as a curious example of Puritan- Heraldry. This Seal, which was voted by the Commons, January 9th, 1649, was adopted on the 8th of the following mouth, when it was formally declared to be " the Great Seal of England." Two years later this same Seal appears in such a form as this : Obverse, — A Map of England and Ireland ; in the Channel a Fleet ; in chief a Shield of St George ; in base a Shield of Ireland : Legend, — " The Great Seale of England, 1651 :" Reverse, — The House of Commons sitting : Legend, — " In the third Yeare of Freedome by God's Blessing restored, 1651." Upon his own Seal Oliver Cromwell bore, quarterly, 1 and 4, the Cross of St. George; 2, the Cross of St. Andrew ; 3, Ireland, (az., a harp or) ; over all in pretence, for Cromwell, sa., a lion rampt guard, arg. : with these arms the Protector assumed as Supporters the Crowned Lion of England with a Sea-horse; and he also borrowed the Helm, Crown, Crest, and Mantling, from the Royal Seals. Below his Shield is the motto, Pax. qu^ritur. bello. ; and the circum scribing Legend is, Olivarius: Dei: gra: Reipub: Anglice : Scotice: et : Hibernai : &c. : Protector. This Seal was engraved with much delicacy, in the heraldic feeling of his time, by Thomas Simon. The Great Seals of several other personages of importance in the mediaeval history of England abound in heraldic accessories and devices ; amongst them, as an example of the greatest in terest, I may specify the Great Seal of John of Ghent, as King of Castile. The Great Seal of Thomas, second Earl of Lancaster, is a very noble work. On his own helm and on the head of his charger, the Prince displays a dragon as his crest, No. 524, C 1DEK c~r. "APTEPc XU & XXI Y SEAL OF WILLIAM DE ROMARE EARL OF LINCOLN 1198 Froji. Xe Monument at King's Langley. PlaleXLY SEALS. 403 PL XXXV. The Counter-Seal is also large and very fine. The shield is differenced with a label of five points " of France," and on either side of it there is a dragon. The Great Seal of Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, is another fine ex- ample of its class. The practice prevalent with the early seal-engravers to intro duce some figure or figures of animals, all of them without doubt Badges, on each side of either the Shield or the Crest, I have already stated to be in all probability instrumental in intro ducing regular Supporters as accessories of Achievements of Arms (see p. 277) ; and I have also referred to many fine and interest ing examples of early Seals. It will be necessary for me here to adduce only a few other examples in further illustration of the " Heraldry of Seals." ,No. 609, PL XLV., is copied from Mr. Planche's enlarged representation of the shield of William de Romare IIL, Earl of Lincoln, who died as early as 1198. This shield is held by the Earl, armed in mail, with a cylindrical helm, and on horseback. The original appears to have been lost, but a drawing of this very curious Seal is preserved in an heraldic MS. in the City Library at Chester. The crosslets are undoubtedly very early " differences." A Secretum of William Longespee, Earl of Salisbury, (" Fair Rosamond's " son), who died a.d. 1226, is simple and significant; it is charged with his long sword and its belt : the Seal bears the mounted figure of the Earl, with his shield of six lioncels, and with two similar lioncels on the barding of his charger ; his Countess, Ela, is represented on her Seal standing between two lions, the Counter-Seal being charged with the six lioncels of her husband. These Seals are engraved in the Salisbury Volume of the " Archaeological Institute," where they illustrate an admirable paper (one of an equally admirable series of papers of the same class) on " The Earldom of Salisbury," by Mr. John Gough Nichols, F.S.A. Eanulph de Blondeville, Earl of Lincoln and Chester, a.d. 1217-1232, on his Seal carries a shield charged with three garbs, and the 2 d 2 404 THE HERALDRY OF same bearings appear upon the barding of his charger; the Counter-Seal has a similar shield. The Seal of Roger de Quenci, Earl of Winchester, a.d. 1220-1264, displays his shield masculSe. And Henry de Laci, Earl of Lincoln, a.d. 1272, on both his Seal and his Secretum has his shield charged with his rampant lion. Two early Seals of the Nevilles exemplify both the forms of the shields that were represented by the Heralds of Henry III. and Edward I., and their treatment of the Label as a mark of Cadency ; Nos. 667 and 668, Chap. XXXL Another Seal of the No. 703. — Seal of Mauger le Vavassotjr. No. 238 a .—Seal of the Dauphin Louis. No. 702.— Seal of Thtjrstan. seals. 405 same early period is charged with a similar shield of St. John, No. 700, Chap. XXXL; and in the corresponding Seal, No. 701, of a St. John of Sussex, the shield has its own chief with its six- pointed mullets charged upon a field of Warrenne, a remarkable in stance of heraldic combination. The shield in this interesting Seal is supported, after a very rude fashion, by three dragon-like monsters. Again : the heraldic Seal of Thurstan, " Dispensatoris Regis," No, 702, is another early example, with which may be associated the Seal of Mauger le Vavassour, No. 703 : this last shield bears the letter M, the initial of the owner's name ; or, possibly the device, which afterwards was modified into the well known fesse dancette of the Vavassours, was originally designed to be a monogram of the two initials, M V. With this early group may be associated the Seal of the Dauphin Louis, a.d. 121 6, which bears a shield semee de lys, No. 238 a, p. 404 ; (See also p. 73.) About the same period, Alice, Countess of Eu, the wife of Ealph, brother of Hugh de Lusignan (father of Earl William de Valence, see p. 188,) on her Counter-Seal bears a shield of Lusignan — barruly arg. and az. — differenced with a label of seven points : she died in 1227, her daughter Maude having married the Humphrey de Bohun of that time, and thus the two families of the powerful Earls of Hereford and Pembroke were connected. Nearly a century later, the Seal of John de Warrenne, Earl of Surrey, bears his shield— chequSe or and az. — surmounted by a lion of England, and between the two barbels and the crosslets fitchees of the house of De Barr, No. 329 c, PL LXXXI. This great Earl had married Joan, daughter of Henry, Count De Barr and his Countess Alianore, eldest daughter of Edward I., and he was himself the lineal descendant of Geoffrey of Anjou. The Seal of the Countess Joan I have described, with a diagram, No. 329, at page 150. Sandford has engraved this Seal (p. 122, 2nd edition), and it is also represented with its Charges in Heraldry of Fish, p. 70. 406 THE HERALDRY OF Joan, the second daughter of Edward II. was married to Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford, and their youngest daughter, Elizabeth de Clare, became the wife, first, of John de Burgh, eldest son of Eichard, Earl of Ulster; secondly, of Theobald de Verdun ; and thirdly, of Roger d'Amori. Her Seal, No. 705 A, PL LXXXI., is another interesting and characteristic example of the aggroupment of several distinct Coats, so as to form a single compound composition, (see p. 150) : thus, in the central compartment of the Seal is the shield of Roger d'Amori — barry nebulie of six arg. and gu., a bend sa. (Roll of E. II.) — environed by the three lions of England ; in chief is Ulster, differenced by a label : in base is Verdun — or, frettSe gu., (RoUs of H. III. and of E. IL, and Seal to the Barons' Letter) ; to the dexter and sinister are Glare ; and at the four angles the castle and lion of Castile and Leon appear alternately. The Seal of Elizabeth, daughter of the Joan last named by her last marriage with Eoger d'Amori, bears a close resemblance to the Seal of her mother, and may very advantageously be compared with it as an iUustration of the heraldic feeling and usage of the first half of the fourteenth century. This Seal, No. 705, which, No. 704.— Seal of John, Lord Bardolf. No. 705.— Seal of Eliza- No. 706.— Seal of beth, Lady Bardolf. Matilda de Pilliol. with the Seal of the husband of Elizabeth d'Amori, John, Lord Bardolf, is attached to a deed, dated 1340, has a central circular compartment surrounded by eight others, the whole being on a SEAI/S. CHAPTER XXIY MARGARET QUEEN OF EDW.I. JOHN DE TVMRRENNE. EARL or surrey; Plate LXXXI. seals. 407 field of what I may describe as Gothic architectural diaper : in the centre is a shield of Bardolf, (No. 388 b, PL XXVIL— az., three cinquefoils or.), with Ulster (without any label) in chief and base, to the dexter Clare, to the sinister d'Amori, and Castile and Leon as before in the compartments of the angles. The Seal of John, Lord Bardolf himself (he married Enz. d'Amori in 1337) is remarkable for its elaborate traceries, No. 704, and the exquisite skiU with which the seal-engraver has executed his rich design : the impression of this beautiful Seal which lies before me also shows that, without considerably enlarging the scale of the original, it is not possible to give a perfectly satis factory engraving of it. The Seal of Elizabeth de Bury, figured in Norfolk Archceol., (v., 301,) is another good specimen of a compound heraldic Seal. The small Seal of Matilda, daughter of Roger de Lascelles, No. 706, is another graceful variety of this same interesting class : in the years 1288 and 1293 she was married, first to Sir W. De Hilton, and secondly to Sir R. De Filliol; accordingly, her Seal has the shield of Lascelles — arg., three chaplets gu. ; Hilton — arg., two bars az. ; and Filliol — gu., a lion rampt. arg., over all a bendlet az. (Another shield of Filliol is vairee, a canton gu.) Two other equally cha racteristic examples of Seals of this class, Nos. 329 b, and 331, are described at page 152. The dimidiated Seal of Margaret, second Queen of Edward I., for the first time exhibits a shield charged with the arms of England and France united in a single composition, No. 322, PL XVLH. ; and the second Seal of this same Royal Lady, No. 332 a. PL LXXXI., shows the Royal Shield of England environed with the fleurs de lys of France on the field of the Seal itself, after the manner of a bordure ; (See p. 152.) The Seal of William de Clinton, Lord of Allesley, who in 1337 was created Earl of Huntingdon, exemplifies precisely the same usage at a somewhat later period — a.d. 1333. This William de Clinton was the second of the two sons of Sir John de Clinton and Ida his wife, 408 THE HERALDRY OF one of the co-heiresses of William de Odingsells, of Maxworth Castle, and he married Juliana, sole heiress of Sir Thomas de Leybourne. His Seal is charged with a shield of Clinton, (as it is blazoned for him in the Calais Roll) — arg., six crosslets fitchees sa., and on a chief az. two mullets or., within an octofoil ; and the field of the Seal itself displays eight lioncels, which form a bordure about the shield, No. 332 b., PL LXXXI. ; see also No. 400, PL XXXVIL The Arms of Leybourne are, az., six lioncels arg., RoU of H. III.; (See Archceol. Cantiana, L, 1, and v., 192.) A deed, dated June 13th, 1350, executed by this same Earl of Huntingdon, has the same shield, with the six lioncels of Ley bourne upon the field of the Seal, and in base two small slips of oak ; (Archosologia, xxxviii., 272.) In the Roll of E. III., three mullets are charged on the chief of William Clinton, and also on the chief of his elder brother John, Lord Clinton, whose shield is without the crosslets : and in the Roll of R. II. , John de Clynton bears, arg., on a chief az., two mullets or, pierced gu. ; (See p. 183). The Secretum of Henry, second son of Edmond, the first Earl of Lancaster, who afterwards succeeded his father and his elder brother in that Earldom, claims particular atten tion, No. 610, p. 397 ; (see also p. 235). It bears the shield of the Earl — England differenced with an azure bendlet, as he displayed the same composition upon his banner at Caerlaverock. This adoption of a bendlet " for Difference " by a younger son, in the early days of Cadency, shows a disinclination at that time to multiply the differencing charges upon labels. Henry, first Duke of Lancaster, the only son of Earl Henry, also differenced during his father's lifetime with a bendlet, as appears from his Seal, with the legend, s: henrici : lancastrie: comitis: derbeye, engraved in the Archeeol. Journal, vol. x. p. 329. In the Roll of E. IIL, the Arms of this Prince are thus blazoned, " Le Count de Darby port les armes d'Engleterrea une baston d' assure : he was created Earl of Derby in 1337, succeeded to the Earldom of Lancaster on the death of his father in 1345, and became Duke PLATE LXX. Chapter xxiv. Heraldic Seals. No. 509. (1.; — Seal of Thomas Plantagenet, K.G., Duke of Gloucester ; a.d. 1395: pages 241. 258, 277, 409. No. 397a. (2.) — Seal of William de Bohun, K.G., Earl of Nokthamiton ; a.d. 1350: pages 186,409. No. 398a. (3.)— Seal of Humphrey de Bohun Earl of Hereford ; a.d. 1320 : page 409. Xo. 525. '4.) — Seal of Thomas Holland, K G., Earl of Kent ; a.d. 1380 : pages 247, 278, 409. SEALS. 409 in 1352. The Seal of Queen's College, Oxford, one of the most beautiful heraldic Seals in existence, is charged with three shields ; to the dexter a shield of France Ancient and England ; to the sinister a shield of Queen Philippa, of Hainault, bearing England quartering Hainault, as in No. 337, p. 159 ; and in base the Arms of the College, or, three eagles disp. gu. Again, the fine Seal of Thomas Arundel, Archbishop of Canterbury, a.d. 1396- 1414, in the base of the composition is charged with the Royal Shield of Richard IL, France Ancient and England impaled by the Confessor, No. 536 c, PL LVIII., and with the shield of the Archbishop himseU; Archceologia, xxvi., 297. The beau tiful Seals of Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester, and of Thomas Holland, E.G., Nos. 509, 525, PL LXX., I have already described ; see pp. 241, 258, 277. In Nos. 397 a, 398 a, also in PL LXX., two Seals of the De Bohuns, Earls of Hereford and Northampton, are represented ; the mullets of Northampton here have six points, and the Earl of Hereford shows his close alliance with the Crown of England by introducing three lions passant guardant into the composition of his Seal. Again, at p. 271, I have described the remarkable Seal of the Mortimers, No. 270, which appears at the end of this Chapter, together with the curious Seal of Edmund de Arundel, No. 270 a, which I am enabled to show side by side with No. 270. About a.d. 1400, the Seal of Sir William de Braose displays in the centre of the com position his own achievement of arms, with the separate shields of Andevllle, St. Leger, St. Omer and Malmains on either side. In his excellent and judicious " Guide to the Study of Heraldry " (page 38), Mr. Montagu refers to] another most interesting Seal of the same family of De Braose or De Brewys, which bears on a shield, az., crusilSe, a lion rampt or, (See p. 175 and No. 390 a, PL XXXVIL), dimidiating Mortimer (No. 99, p. 31), and having in chief, charged on a roundle, the Arms of England. This Seal, attached to a deed dated 1373, (Harl. MS. 5805,) was adopted by Beatrice, youngest daughter of Roger Mortimer, first Earl of 410 the heraldry of March, who was married, first to Edward, only son of Thomas de Brotherton, son of Edward I., and secondly to Sir Thomas de Braose. The son of Earl Thomas de Brotherton died, without issue, in his father's lifetime, and I know no evidence to show in what manner he may have differenced the arms of his grand father; Thomas de Brotherton himself, however, differenced England with a label of three points arg. In his notice of this Seal Mr. Montagu omits the very important label from the arms which he assigns to this Earl and also to his son, the youthful first husband of Beatrice de Mortimer : in the Roll of E. III. the arms of Braose are blazoned with crosslets fitchees. Some few of the most effective heraldic Seals display the armorial insignia charged upon Banners instead of shields. Thus, the Seal of Sir Henry Percy, eldest son of Henry, Earl of Northumberland, a.d. 1445, bears a lion holding a quartered Banner of Percy and Lucy, (see Chap. XXXL, Examples from EoUs of H. III. and Caerlaverock,) differenced with a label of three points : this Seal is executed in the most spirited manner, in unusually bold relief; see Surtees' "Durham," Vol. I., Part 1, p. 158. One of the Seals of Walter, Lord Hungerford, E.G., attached to a deed dated 1432, bears a noble helm and crest-coronet with a garb between two sickles for the crest, and below the helm the shield couchSe is charged with, sa., 2 bars org., in chief 3 plates, for Hungerford ; on either side of this shield is a large sickle, the well-known Hungerford badge ; and above these sickles there rise two Banners, like the badges respecting each other, the one on the dexter bearing Heytesbury, per pale indented gu. and vert, a chevron or, and that on the sinister bearing Hussey, barry of six erm. and gu. Another Seal of Lord Hungerford (a.d. 1418) bears Hungerford and Heytesbury quarterly, with two swans having their wings addorsed as supporters, and the crest a talbot's head issuing from a crest-coronet. The same quartered shield of Hungerford and Heytesbury appears in the vaulting of the Canterbury cloisters, on a square panel, which is charged at each of its angles with a seals. 411 sickle. Lord Hungerford married Catherine, daughter and even tually sole heir of Thomas Peverel, and thus he assumed the Peve- rel badge, the golden garb, and he also bore their garb as his crest ; and this garb he associated with a most appropriate companion — the silver sickle, already his hereditary badge from the House of Heytesbury. Lord Hungerford derived the second Banner of his Seal from his own mother, Joan, co-heiress of Sir Edmund Hussey, which lady died in 1412, having survived her husband, Sir Thomas de Hungerford, the first " Speaker '' of the Commons of England, since 1 398. The Seal of Sir Eobert, second, but then (a.d. 1445) eldest surviving son of Lord Hungerford, is smaller than his father's, but the heraldic composition is precisely the same, with the addition of a label to the shield and to each of the Banners, while the blade of each of his sickles is charged with an ermine spot, for difference — a remarkable example of cadency marked upon badges. This Sir Eobert died in 1459, ten years only after his father, leaving his widow, Margaret, only child and sole heiress of Lord Bottreaux and of Margaret de Beau mont, to found in Salisbury Cathedral the " Hungerford Chan- trey." On her Seal (a.d. 1465) this lady styles herself " Lady of Hungerford and Bottreaux," and she displays, as if they were forming a canopy over her own kneeling figure, two Banners, the one on the dexter supported by a lion, and bearing Hunger ford impaling Bottreaux, for her husband and herself; and the one on the sinister supported by a griffin and charged with Bottreaux impaUng Beaumont, for her father and mother : see No. 427, PL XXVIIL, and p. 279, for Bottreaux . The Seal of Eoger de Leyburn, as early as the time of Henry IIL, with his shield of arms, az., six lioncels arg., (Eoll H. III.,) has on the dexter side a small Banner charged with a cross : (Archoeol. Can- tiana, v., 192. Mounted Effigies of the Princes, Nobles, and Enights of the middle ages, with their surcoats, jupons and tabards of arms, their carefully-blazoned shields and their crested helms, and the 412 THE HERALDRY OF bardings of their chargers also rich with heraldic devices, abound in the Seals to which the student of Heraldry will be certain to assign a place of honour in his collection. As typical examples of this most interesting class, in addition to the Great Seals, I have selected the Seals of William Longespee, Earl of Salisbury, (died 1226) ; of Henry de Laci, Earl of Lincoln and Salisbury, (died 1272); of Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford, No. 728, PL LXXXIL, (died 1296) ; of Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford, (killed 1322); of William Montacute, Earl of Salis bury, No. 729, (died 1343) ; and of Jaspar Tudor, K.G., Earl of Eichmond and Duke of Bedford, (died 1497). Representations of the shipping of the olden time, which were taught to share in the heraldic sentiment of their era, are not un common in mediaeval Seals. In many of these Seals the drawing is curiously imperfect in the proportions of the crews and of the ships that carry them, and also in the comparative sizes of these ships and the fish that are represented as swimming in their own proper element beneath the keels. The special characteristic of these vessels when they carry sail is the heraldic blazonry, which is displayed upon the sails themselves ; see p. 288, and No. 530, PL XXXV. The armorial compositions cover the entire area of the sails, making them sails of arms, until in the six teenth century shields of ample dimensions were charged upon the sails, as in the Seal of Charles, Lord Howard of Eflrngham, the Lord High Admiral of England who encountered and, aided by the winds, gave so good an account of the Armada. In the Seal of Thomas Beaufort, Duke of Exeter, an earlier " High Admiral," (about 1416,) the sail of his ship is charged over its entire surface with the Arms of Beaufort, No. 479, PL XXXII. : at the stern of the vessel also there is a banner of France and England, and forward another banner bearing a simple cross. John Holland, Earl of Huntingdon, (a.d. 1436,) upon his Seal as "Admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine," displays a much nobler looking ship, with a splendid sail of Holland of Exeter ; SEAL'S. CHAPTER XXTV. WILLLAM MONTAGUTE , EARL OF SALISBURY. Plate LXXXII. SEALS. 413 No. 477 a, Plates XLV. and LXV. Another Seal of the same order, thirty years later, is charged with the splendid ship of Louis of Bourbon, Admiral of Erance : (See Archosologia, xxvi., 479 ; also xiv., and xviii., 434.) The Seals of the Cinque Ports of Kent and Sussex exhibit several curious ships, which display their own proper banner, the lions and ships dimidiated, as in No. 326 A, PL LXXX., with the Banner and the Shield of England ; (see Sussex Archosol., 1. 14, and Heraldry of Fish, 178). The. original Seal of Great Yarmouth in Norfolk, again, with its three very fine herrings in base, is charged with a fishing-vessel of the middle of the 14th century; (Heraldry of Fish, 150). The Counter-Seal of Jaspar Tudor, K.G., uncle of Henry VIE, No. 683.— Arms of Jaspar Tudor, K.G., from Ms Seal. (See p. 249.) an impression of which is attached to a grant of land in the county of Monmouth, bears his shield of arms, supported by a dragon and a wolf, and ensigned by a cap of estate of very large dimensions, closely resembling the caps that are sculptured upon the Monuments of Duke Humphrey Plantagenet and Abbot 414 the heraldry of Ramrydge, at St. Alban's. It is remarkable that in this shield the quarters of France Modern have the fleurs de lys arranged one and two, instead of two and one; (Archceol. xviii., 429,) No. 683. In a Seal of the " White Carmelites of Hitchin," Hertford shire, a quartered shield of England and France Modem, England being in the 1st and 4th quarters, is introduced, with another shield of England only ; (Archceol. xviii., 447.) The Seal of Edward IV. for his Chancery of Monmouth bears England with a label of France, and is a fine example of Seal Heraldry ; (Archceol. Journal, xiv., 55.) The two curious Seals of Edward Plantagenet and Arthur Tudor, as Princes of Wales, already described, (see pp. 259 and 325, and PL LX., No. 699), must be here specified as valuable examples of their class; and with them may be associated the judicial Seal — " s. ivdiciale" — of Queen Elizabeth, for the Counties of Caermarthen, Glamorgan, and Pembroke, on the reverse of which, beneath the quartered shield of France Modern and England, (the fleur de lys two and one), supported by a dragon and an heraldic antelope, is a scroll with the] motto ic : den, and the badge of three feathers grouped together, and having their tips bending over ; (Archo3ol. xxxi., 495.) At page 279, I have referred to a few early Scottish Heraldic Seals of great interest, and amongst others to the Secretum of James I., a.d. 1429, which bears the Eoyal Shield of Scotland ensigned with a crown of beautiful design, and regularly sup ported by two lions rampant guardant. -These, the earliest Eoyal Scottish Supporters, continued in use until James V. substituted two unicorns for the two lions their predecessors. In the Garter- Plate of James V. of Scotland, who was elected a Knight of the Garter in 1533, the shield is supported by two unicorns argent, royally gorged and chained or. In this achievement the crest is a lion passant gu., upon a coronet or, holding in his dexter paw a naked sword erect ppr., with the motto, " in my defence." Upon the Great Seal of this Prince the lion of the crest is passant guardant ; and it was so borne by James IV., and his three immediate pre- SEALS. 415 decessors. The present Crest of Scotland, No. 567, PL XLVI., was first adopted by James VI. of Scotland, the first King of Great Britain. I must be content here to adduce only three other examples of early Scottish Seals ; the first of these, the Seal of Walter Leslie, Lord of Ross, a.d. 1367, is perhaps the earliest compo sition in which ^quartering arms is known to have been intro duced into Scottish Heraldry ; it bears, first and fourth, a bend charged with three buckles, for Leslie, and second and third, three lions rampt, for Ross. The next Seal, that of William, first Earl of Douglas and Earl of Mar, bears, 1 and 4, for Douglas, a human heart, and on a chief three mullets ; 2 and 3, for Mar, a bend between six crosslets fitchees. And lastly, the Seal of Joan, daughter of John de Beaufort, Earl of Somerset, the widow of James I. of Scotland, which bears the arms of Scotland impaling those of Beaufort upon a lozenge. The first and the last of these three Seals are engraved in Mr. Seton's " Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland," a work which was pubUshed early in the last year, and shortly after the appearance of the first edition of my own volume. I gladly avail myself of this opportunity for recording my admiration of Mr. Seton's most excellent work, which cannot fail to command the cordial sympathy of every true lover of Heraldry, on whichever side of the Tweed he may have his home. Mr. Seton has the true feeling of a Herald, coupled with the resources of a sound and learned lawyer and an accomplished scholar, and he writes with an earnestness and also with such a thorough mastery of his subject, that his book at once takes rank as a standard authority. The woodcut which follows, No. 707, drawn from the Seal of John, Earl of Arundel, exemplifies the spirited manner in which the heraldic artists of the fifteenth century introduced Supporters into their compositions. The shield quarters Fitz-Alan and Mal- travers — gu., a lion rampt. arg., and or, frettSe sa. (See p. 278.) I may here refer students to the learned paper by Sir Harris 416 THE HERALDRY OF Nicholas on the Seals affixed to the Barons' Letter to the Pope in 1301, printed in the Archasologia, vol. xxi., pp. 192-231 ; to some " Observations on the use of Seals in England," in Archmol., xviii., pp. 12-20, and 47 ; to various curious and valuable papers on No. 707.— Seal of John, Earl of Arundel. Seals in the publications of the Archaeological Institute and the Archaeological Association; and to the numerous and varied en gravings of Seals that illustrate Surtees' History of Durham. SECTION II. COINS. The Heraldry of the Coinage in its general capacity may be said to be identical with other expressions of the Royal Heraldry of England. The Shield of Arms of the reigning Sovereign, with certain significant Devices as accessories, would naturally be expected to appear on English Coins ; and such an expectation in many instances would be realized. In such Coins the Herald finds authoritative examples both of the Royal Shield and the favourite Royal Badges of each successive period. The Heads of the Sovereigns also place before him the changes in the form of coins. 417 the Royal Crown which took place from time to time. But our Coins have other types, also heraldic, which possess great his torical interest. The Noble, (introduced by Edward IIL), the Rose-Noble or Rial, (Edward IV.), the Angel, (Henry VI.), the Sovereign, (Henry VIE), the George Noble, (Henry VIE), all in gold, and the Crown in both gold and silver, (Henry VIIL), stand fore most amongst those English Coins which do not bear the Eoyal Shield of Arms. The Noble of Edward III. is charged with a figure of the King, crowned, in armour, and with his sword, his shield bearing France Ancient and England quarterly, standing in a ship which carries at its mast-head a pennon of St. George. This type is found to have been slightly modified under the succeeding princes. Thus, Queen Elizabeth is seated in her ship, and holds a sceptre ; and the ship itself is charged with a Tudor Rose, and carries at the bow a banner bearing the initial, a Gothic E. The Rose-Noble has one or more Eoses added to the type of the Noble itself. Both these Coins have on their reverse a group of Royal Devices with Crowns. The type of the obverse of the Nobles gave rise to the following couplet, the significance of which will be felt by every student of English Heraldry : " Four things our Noble showeth unto me, — King, Ship, and Sword, and Power of the Sea." The Angel, on the obverse, bears a figure of the Archangel St. Michael thrusting down the Serpent ; on the reverse is a ship with a Cross for a mast, with the Royal Shield, a rose, and an initial. The George Noble has St. George mounted, and the Dragon. The Sovereign has a figure of the reigning Prince, generaUy enthroned, the reverse bearing the Royal Shield, with various accessories. The Crown in gold of Henry VIII. has a crowned rose, and a crowned shield of arms, with the royal cypher. The silver Crown of Edward VI. has the King on horseback, and the Eoyal Shield ; but that of Elizabeth sub stitutes a crowned bust for the equestrian figure. In both of 2 E 418 THE HERALDRY OF COINS. these sUver coins the Royal Shield is charged in pretence with a floriated Cross, which extends beyond the shield, and divides the legend into four parts. This arrangement of the Cross was a prevailing type of the earlier Coins ; it first appears with the shield of arms upon the shilling of Henry VH., and it was dis continued by James I. The Eifteen-Shilling piece of that King is charged with the Royal Arms as borne by the Stuarts. The Crown of Charles II. has four crowned shields of England, Scotland, France, and Ireland in cross, the shields in the earlier examples alternating with the Royal Cypher. Eour shields placed in the same manner also appear on the Crowns and Shillings of William III. and Anne, and they are reproduced upon Queen Victoria's Florins. It is remarkable that, until a comparatively recent period, tho types of all the Coins, whatever their size or value, are of equal artistic excellence ; nor is it less worthy of remark, that in our own times the types 'of the Coinage should be distin guished by such excessive degradation. With the sole exceptions of the Sovereign and Crown that bear the St. George upon their Reverses, and the recent bronze coinage, our modern Coins appear in most unfavourable contrast with the Angels and Nobles that have long ceased to be current in this country. I still retain, however, a long-cherished hope that the Art of the Numismatist may at length revive, and again demonstrate its ability to execute truly noble Coins in the Royal Mint of England. No. 270.— Remains of the Seal of Ed- No. 270 a.— Seal of Edmund de Arun- mund Mortimer, a.d. 1.372. See p. 271. del, afterward Earl, 1301-1326. No. 522 — Panache-Crest of John, Lord Scrope, K.G., from bis Stall-Plate. See pp. 121 and 267. CHAPTER XXV. THE HERALDRY OF ILLUMINATIONS. The Illuminations which at once illustrate mediaeval Manu scripts, and take so important a part in conveying the historical information that we derive from them, abound both in direct heraldic records, and in those practical suggestions which are of such great utUity to modern Heralds. Authorities for a very considerable number of early shields and badges are supplied by these IUuminations, and, at the same time, they are rich in diapers, and other heraldic accessories. So that the student of Heraldry may always look to these early works, as to treasuries weU stored with objects of value and interest. In like manner, Heraldry provides for the Hluminators of our own times abundant materials exactly adapted to their use. The revival of the early Art of Illumination, and the degree of popularity which it now enjoys, naturally lead to inquiries relative to the means that may be best calculated to render the 2 e 2 420 THE HERALDRY revived Art permanently popular. I believe that this can be accomplished only by rendering it an Art really our own. The mere copying early Illuminations, however attractive in itself and really useful as a system of study, will not suffice to produce a school of modern Illuminators. Neither wUl the Art of Hlu- mination rise even to be recognized as an universally desirable accomplishment, unless it be made to lead beyond the most careful colouring of certain sentences and words more vetusto. Our Illuminators must embody some thought of their own in their works ; they must make their works vehicles for recording something and conveying something, that they have themselves imagined and devised ; and their illuminated details and acces sories must have a genuine art-character, and a true feeling for the particular art of Illuminating as it is practised by themselves. I do not desire to suggest that all modern IUuminators should aspire to becoming independent designers of whatever they may illuminate. But while the great majority of them freely avaU themselves of the aid that lithography is always ready to render, (an aid which their mediaeval predecessors would have been but too thankful to have secured, had it been placed within their reach), it is most important that modern Illuminators should seek, not only for those printed outlines that are complete in themselves and require only the application of gold and colour, but such others also as may be of a suggestive character, and which the Illuminators may apply in carrying out certain ideas of their own. There appear to be four distinct classes of modern Illumina tions. The first consists of Texts from the Holy Scriptures, or other brief passages of a directly religious character. The second class comprises choice brief extracts from various authors, both poets and prose writers. To the third class belong complete illuminated metrical works. And in the fourth class I would comprehend every such extract, version, copy, or composition as may be directly either historical, or biographical, and which OF ILLUMINATIONS. 421 consequently may obtain from Heraldry its happiest and most appropriate iUustrations. Heraldry, it is true, will provide much that will prove to be eminently attractive, and truly con sistent also, in IUuminations of every class ; for, if it does not always offer Shields of Arms, or Banners, or Badges, it is certain to suggest treatment and to supply accessories. But in all historical subjects, Heraldry is the Hluminator's most valuable ally. And these are subjects that are certain to be held in esteem. Passages from the old chroniclers, brief but emphatic summaries of great historical periods, graphic records of cele brated historical incidents, or similar biographical sketches of the representative Personages of History ; historical charts and genealogies of every kind, and, in many instances, family gene alogies, records and traditions, are all equally well suited to form materials for Hlumination ; and, in every case, Heraldry is replete with exactly what the Illuminator will find to be best qualified to illustrate his work, and also to impart to it the most brilliant of decoration. Groups of historical shields, derivable from early EoUs of Arms, with appropriate borders and brief legends, form beautiful pages for IUumination. Groups of such shields and borders, with certain other compositions of a somewhat similar class, amateurs may desire to obtain in outline, and also various acces sories and iUustrations which are well adapted to be made popular through the agency of lithography. I venture to pro mise to Heraldic IUuminators that trustworthy outlines of this description shall be provided for their use. The promise con tained in the last sentence yet remains, while the third Edition of this Volume is in the press, to be fulfilled : it has not been forgotten, however, and I trust that it will be speedily realized. No. 602.— Arms of the Heralds' College, from the Shield blazoned in the College. See p. 364. CHAPTER XXVI. GENEALOGIES. Amongst the most important of the professional duties of the Herald who holds Office in the College of Arms, are the investi gation, the display, and the faithful enrolment of Genealogies. And in tracing out and arranging Historical Genealogies, the Amateur Herald wiU find that he is enabled to elucidate and to illustrate History in the clearest and most impressive manner. In the History of England, indeed, there occur many important chapters and no less numerous episodes, all of which absolutely rely upon genealogical iUustration to render them clearly intel ligible. And the genealogical form of tabular arrangement is peculiarly adapted to convey historical teaching with emphatic distinctness, while it is always available for prompt reference. I much question whether the History of the " Wars of the Roses" can be either written or read satisfactorily without his torical Genealogies. Similar Genealogies are most valuable allies to the Student of History, when his attention is directed to GENEALOGIES. 423 the claim of Edward III. to the Crown of France ; or when he is reading the record of the struggles between Stephen and Matilda ; or when he desires to see very clearly what was the relationship between Mary Stuart and Lord Darnley ; or how far Elizabeth of York had in her own person a title to the Crown ; or the relative positions of Mary and Jane Grey, and those of James I. and his unhappy kinswoman, Arabella Stuart. Various other examples will readily occur to the student of English History. The heraldic laws of exact definition, simple statement, and rigid conciseness, have full force in the arrangement and drawing up of Genealogies. The system which the student may adopt with advantage may be briefly explained. The materials which are to be used for the formation of any historical Genealogy consist, first, of notes of the facts that are to be set forth in it, and secondly, of a recognized series of abbreviations and signs. The notes wiU always comprise the names of every person who is to take a part in the Genealogy, with all dates and every circumstance that it may be desirable to record. The following abbreviations and signs have been found to work well : Son, son of : dau., daughter of : S. and H., son and heir of: dau. and H, or coh., daughter and heiress, or co heiress : W., wife of: M., was married : =, placed between their names, signifies that the two persons specified were husband and wife : 4, signifies that such persons had chUdren : under any name, signifies that the person had children : S. P., (sine prole), without children : V.P. (vita patris), in his, or her father's lifetime; d., died, at and on: bu., was buried at: mon., has a monument stiU existing : eff., has a monumental effigy : k., killed in battle:' ex., executed: murd., murdered: ban., banished: ac., accession, or came to the crown : cr., coronation, or crowned : dep., deposed : K., King : Q., Queen : P. and Pss., Prince and Princess : Archbp. and Bp., Archbishop and Bishop : D. and Dss. 424 genealogies. Duke and Duchess : E., Ct, Ctss., Earl, Count, and Countess : Ba., Bnss., Baron, Baroness : Id., Lord : Ly., Lady : Kt, Knight : PL, Plantagenet: Tu., Tudor: Stu., Stuart: La., Lancastrian: Yk., Yorkist : W. A., Westminster Abbey : Cath., Cathedral : Ch., Church : Ab., Abbey. In arranging a Genealogy, the main line of descent is to be indicated by keeping the successive names in a vertical column. All persons of the same generation are to have their names in the same horizontal line. Spaces of equal depth are to be allotted to each generation. The members of the same family are to be arranged in their order of birth in two groups, the sons first, then the daughters, each series commencing from the heraldic dexter side of the paper. Should it be necessary especially to denote that any individual is the eldest, or the second, or any other son, this may be done by placing the heraldic mark of Cadency over the name. Continuous Lines carry on and denote the descent, and the formation, and the connection of the families ; and, in placing these Lines, great care must be taken, lest a connecting line should point to any name not included in the order of blood - relationship. In extended Genealogies, distinct groups, (as Lancastrians and Yorkists) , may be indicated by inks of different colours ; Eoyal personages may have their names in peculiar letters ; and the direct line of descent and succession may also be indicated by capital letters, with initials in red. Badges may advantageously be placed with the names, as may shields of arms in some instances ; other shields and heraldic insignia, with references, &c, may be placed in the margin. The figures 1 and 2 may be introduced to denote first and second marriages : and, in like manner, any simple expedient may be adopted that may express a circumstance necessary to be indicated and observed. It will be noted, that the rule for arranging the names of brothers and sisters does not exclude the heir from occupying a central position in the vertical column of succession; also that where the same father or mother may have families by more genealogies. 425 than one marriage, the children of each marriage are to form distinct groups. I must add, that the actual arrangement of any historical Genealogy must be determined in a great measure by the leading object which it is intended to iUustrate. Thus, I have arranged the accompanying brief example upon two different plans, each of them having its own especial aim. This example is a portion of the Royal Genealogy of England. It traces the descent of James I. upwards for four generations; and it indicates the blood-relationship that existed between the parents of that prince, and shows his own relative position with reference to both his predecessor on the English throne, and his kinswoman, Arabella Stuart. My Genealogy, No. 1, treats of the first Stuart Sovereign of Great Britain as the descendant of the Tudors, and as their heir and representative ; but in No. 2, he appears as the representative of the Stuarts who, happening also to represent the Tudors, became the heir of both those Royal Houses. The same historical teaching is conveyed by both Genealogies, of which No. 1 takes the English view, while in No. 2 the Scottish aspect of the subject is taken. In No. 1 the relationship between Elizabeth and Mary Queen of Scots is shown, and also that between Elizabeth (and therefore between her sister, Mary,) and Lady Jane Grey. The space at my disposal has compeUed me to omit many details, and in No. 2 I have given the names only : stiU these genealogical sketches may serve to exemplify the system for forming historical Gene alogies. Of course, these sketches might be rendered more graphic by the use of coloured inks, and by the addition of Shields of Arms and Badges. See pages 426, 427. GENEALOGY, No. 1. to HENRY VII. = ELIZABETH Pl. Tudor : b. 1456 : I of York : b. 1465 : ao. 1485 : cr. Oct. 30 : m. 1486 : d. 1503 : d. 1509 : bu. W. A. : mon. & eff. I bu. W.A. : mon. & eff. Catherine: .of Arragon. I (2-) Henry VTH.=Anne Tudor: d. I Boleyn, 1546 : bu. m. 1532 : Windsor. ex. ]536. (1.) I (20 James IV.=MARGARET=Archibald Stuart, ac. 1433 : k.Flodden, 1513. Tudor : 1489 : m. 1503, and 1514. Douglas, E. Angus. (1.) I (20 Louis XII.=MART=Charles K. France, Tudor I Brandon, d. 1516. b. 1498 : D. Suffolk. d. 1533. I (2-) Mart Tudor. b. 1516: ac. 1553. d. 1558. bu. W.A.: S.P. ElizabethTudor: b. 1533: ac. 1558: d. 1603. bu. W. A. : mon. &eff.: S. P. Magdalen=Jambs V.=Mary, dau. dau. Francis I. Stuart : I Claude, D. K. France, ac. 1513 : Guise. d. S. P. d. 1542. Margaret=Matthew Frances= Henry Douglasd. 1579 : bu. W.A. mon. Stuart, Brandon I Grey, Regent of I D.Suffolk: Scotland: I ex. 1554. d. 1586. OIS K>¦O (10 I „l (*¦) James = Francis II. = Mary Stuart = Henry .(3.) I Hepburn, E. Both- well. K. France, m. 1558 : d. 1560. S.P. b. 1542 : ac. 1542 : ex. 1586 : bu.W.A.:mon. &eff. Stuart L.Damley, m. 1565 : k. 1567. Charles=Elizabeth Stuart, 1 Cavendish, E.Lennox | of Cbats- I worth and Hardwick. Jane=Guildford,Grky. Dudley, ex. Feb. 12, 1554. S.P. James I. & VI.=Anne, dau. b. June 19, 1566: ac (Scotland) 1567 : ac. (England) 1603 : d. 1625: bu.W.A Arabella = Wm. Seymour, Fred. "II, StuaTt, E. &. M. Hertford, K. Denmark : d. Tower, D. Somerset. b. 1574 : m. 1607 : bu. W.A. 1593: d. 1619: S.P. bu. W. A. GENEALOGY, No. 2. James III.=Maegaret Stuart. I of Denmark. James ..Stuart. i£ Margaret: Tudor, eldest dau. Hbk.VIII. (2.) = Archibald Douglas. i Matthew Stuart, E. Lennox and Lord Darnley; k. Floaden. John Stuart. Mary =Henry Stuart. | Stuart. James V.=MARr of Margaret= Matthew Stuart. | Lorrain. Douglas. | Stuart. S Francis II.=Mary =Henry K. France. Stuart. I Stuart, j L. Darnley. James VI. S Stuart. I.=Annk of Denmark. Charles=Eliz. Cavendish. Stuart. I Arabella=Wm. Seymour. Stuart. to No. 299. — Arms of the Duke or Nokpolk, the Earl Makshal, from the Shield blazoned in the Heralds' College. See p. 168. CHAPTEE XXVII. PRECEDENCE. The Order of Precedence, a matter of no inconsiderable im portance in a highly civilized and equally complicated condition of society, was first established upon a definite system by a statute of Henry VIII., in 1539. Various subsequent regula tions have taken effect, and have contributed, in connection with Eoyal Letters Patent, to produce the Precedence now regarded as established and practicaUy in force amongst us. This order of Precedence may be considered to be based upon the following fourfold principle; first, that persons of every degree of rank, except descendants of the blood royal, who always have precedence, should take place according to the seniority of the creation of such rank; secondly, that the PRECEDENCE. 429 younger sons of each preceding degree of rank should take place immediately after the eldest son of the next succeeding rank ; thirdly, that in certain cases the tenure of office should con stitute actual rank so long as such tenure should continue ; and, lastly, that whUe a married woman participates in her husband's rank, (though not always in his official rank), the same pre cedence is due to all the daughters of a family that is enjoyed by the eldest son of that family. The Order of Precedence. The Sovereign. The Prince of Wales. The Sovereign's Younger Sons. The Sovereign's Grandsons. The Sovereign's Uncles. The Sovereign's Cousins. The Archbishop of Canterbury. The Lord ChanceUor. The Archbishop of York. The Archbishop of Armagh. The Archbishop of Dublin. The Lord High Treasurer, (now represented by the " Lords of the Treasury," of whom the " First Lord" is popularly entitled the " Prime Minister.") The Lord President of the Council. The Lord Privy Seal. These great Officers of State precede all Peers of their own Degree, (that is, if Dukes, they rank above aU other Dukes ; if Earls, in like manner, &c), in the following order : — The Lord Great Chamberlain. (When in the actual per formance of official duty.) The Lord High Constable. The Earl Marshal. 430 precedence. The Lord Steward of the Queen's Household. The Lord Chamberlain of the Queen's Household. The Secretaries of State. Then the Peers according to their Patents of Creation : — The Dukes. The Marquesses. The eldest Sons of Dukes. The Earls. The eldest Sons of Marquesses. The younger Sons of Dukes. The Viscounts. The eldest Sons of Earls. The younger Sons of Marquesses. The Bishops of London, Durham, and Winchester. The Bishops according to seniority of Consecration. The Barons. The Speaker of the House of Commons. The Treasurer and the Comptroller of the Eoyal Household. The Master of the Horse. The Secretaries of State, being under the degree of Barons. The eldest Sons of Viscounts. The younger Sons of Earls. The eldest Sons of Barons. The Knights of the Garter, the Thistle, and St. Patrick, (not being Peers). The Privy Counsellors. The Chancellor of the Exchequer. The ChanceUor of the Duchy of Lancaster. The Lord Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench. The Master of the EoUs. The Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas. The Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer. The Judge Ordinary. The Lords Justices of Chancery. precedence. 431 The Vice Chancellors. The Judges of the Queen's Bench and Common Pleas. The Barons of the Exchequer. The younger Sons of Viscounts. The younger Sons of Barons. The Baronets. The Knights Grand Crosses of the Bath. The Knights of the Star of India. The Knights Grand Crosses of St. Michael and St. George. Knights Commanders of the Bath and other Orders. Knights. Serjeants-at-Law.Masters in Chancery and in Lunacy. Companions of the Bath and other Orders. Eldest Sons of the younger Sons of Peers. Eldest Sons of Baronets. Eldest Sons of Knights. Esquires : including Esquires to Knights of Orders of Knighthood ; the eldest Sons of all the Sons of Viscounts and Barons, and the eldest Sons of all the younger Sons of Peers, and their eldest Sons in perpetual succession : The Sons of Baronets : Persons holding the Queen's Commission, whether in a civil, naval, or military capacity : Members of the Eoyal Academy of Arts : Barristers : Masters of Arts, and Bachelors of Law : Clergymen : Gentlemen. Before marriage, Women take Precedence by the rank of their father, and all the sisters of any family have the same degree. By marriage, women participate . in the dignities of their hus- 432 PRECEDENCE. bands, except in the case of certain dignities that are strictly official ; but the dignities of wives are not imparted by marriage to their husbands. Marriage with an inferior does not affect the Precedence that any woman may enjoy by birth or creation ; but the wife of any Peer always takes her rank from her husband. Women ennobled by marriage, retain their rank as widows; but, should they contract second marriages, that rank ceases, and their Precedence is thenceforward determined absolutely either by the rank of their second husbands, or by their own personal dignity of birth. The wife of the eldest son of any degree precedes the sisters of her husband, and also all other ladies of the same degree with them, such ladies having place immediately after the wives of their eldest brothers. This principle of Precedence obtains in all families of the same degree amongst themselves. <* ItH Fit* No. 627 a.— Badge of Eichard II. From his Effigy at Westminster. (See p. 304.) No. 613. — Howard Modern. See p. 434. CHAPTEE XXVIIL AUGMENTATION AND ABATEMENT; SECTION I. AUGMENTATION'. An "Augmentation" I have defined to be "an honourable addition to an heraldic composition, which is complete and dis tinct in itseff, and conveys emphatically a definite signification of its own ;" (p. 93). In the olden time these Augmentations were granted, Camden tells us, " some of mere grace and some of merit ;" and he instances the grant of the Arms of the Confessor to the Hollands and to Thomas Mowbray, (see pp. 126, 153, and 247), as examples of Augmentation by the "mere grace " of King Eichard II. ; but, on the contrary, Henry VIIL, " for merit," granted to Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, and his posterity, for his victory at Flodden Field, wherein King James IV. of Scotland was slain," September 9, 1513, as a commemorative Augmenta tion, the Eoyal Shield of Scotland, having a demi-lion only, which is pierced through the mouth with an arrow, to be charged upon the silver bend of Howard. The two shields of this noble House, 2 F 434 AUGMENTATION AND ABATEMENT. the one without, and the other with the Flodden Augmentation, may be severally distinguished as Howard Ancient, No. 394, PL XXXVIL, and Howard Modem, No. 613, p. 433. Differencing by Augmentation, even when the fresh acces sions to a Shield have resulted from " mere grace," is eminently historical in its character : and this association between Coat- armour and History thus affected in augmented Arms, neces sarily becomes peculiarly interesting as well as decided and emphatic in the case of every Augmentation which refers to some well-known event, or which arose out of some memorable incident. The Augmentations granted out of his " mere grace " by Henry VIII. to some of his Consorts are blazoned in pp. 309-10. Another most remarkable example, of an earlier period, is the Augmentation granted by Eichard II. to his favourite, Eobert de Vere, K.G., ninth Earl of Oxford, Marquess of Dublin and Duke of Ireland: az., three crowns or, within a bordure arg., being a differenced Coat of St. Edmund, to be borne quarterly with the Arms of de Vere. This Augmentation appears to have been regarded as the Arms of Ireland; (See Mr. J. Gough Nichol's Paper on the Earldom of Oxford in vol. ix. of Archceol. Journal.) Again, to Thomas Manners, K.G., first Earl of Eutland (grand son of Anne Plantagenet, sister of Edward IV.), Henry VIII. granted a chief of France and England, — that is, quarterly 1 and 4, az., two fleurs de lys or ; 2 and 3, gu., a lion of England. I add a small group of examples of augmented shields of Camden's second division-»that " of merit:" — 1. Pelham, an Augmentation quarterly, in commemoration of the capture of John, King of France, at Poictiers, by Sir William Pelham : — gu., two demi-belts palewise, in fesse, their buckles in chief, org., in the 2 and 3 quarters with Pelham — az., three pelicans arg., vulning themselves ppr., No. 132 c, p. 436. 2. Wodehouse, Baron Wodehouse, in Memory of Agincourt : — sa., a chevron or gontte'e du sang, between three cinquefoils erm. : . augmentation and abatement. 435 Crest, a dexter hand issuing from clouds, holding a club, all ppr., en signed with the Motto, " Frappez fort :" below the shield the word, " Azincourt." 3. Scott of Thirlstane (a.d. 1542 :) the Royal tressure of Scot land, charged upon afield or; on a bend az., between two crescents a mullet gold; Crest, " a bundle of lances, with the words, ' Ready, aye Ready.' " Many other Scottish shields, in like manner, are augmented with the Eoyal tressure : as those of Gordon, Fleming, Living stone, Maitland, Montgomery, Charteris, Primrose, Bellenden, and others : (See Seton, p. 451). 4. Sir John Clarke, on his taking the Duke of Longueville at the " Battle of Spurs," near Theronenne, (24 days before Flodden, Aug. 16, 1513) : the arms of the captured Duke, to be charged on a sinister canton upon the paternal shield of Sir John, — on a sin. canton az., a demi-ram salient arg., armed or ; in chief, two fleurs de lys gold, over all a baton dexter : and for Clarke, arg., on a bend gu., between three pellets, as many swans, ppr. 5. Lane of Bently, Staffordshire, in memory of the escape of Charles IL, after Worcester, through the devoted Courage of Jane Lane : on the shield of Lane, per fesse or and az., a chevron gu., between three mullets counterchanged, a canton of England : Crest, a strawberry-roan horse salient, couped at the flanks, bridled sa., bitted and garnished or, supporting between his feet a regal crown. 6. Keith, Earl of Kintore, (a.d. 1677), in remembrance of the safe keeping and restoration of the Scottish Eegalia : — quarterly, 1 and 4, gu., a sceptre and sword in saltire, with an imperial crown in chief, within an orle of thistles or; with 2 and 3, arg., a chief paly of six or and gu. > 7. Sir Cloudesley Shovel, (a.d. 1692,) to commemorate two naval victories over the Turks and one over the French;—^., a chevron erm., augmented with, in chief, two crescents, and, in base, a fleur-de-lys or. 8. John Churchill, K.G., first Duke of Marlborough :— an 2 f 2 436 abatement. inescutcheon of St. George, charged with another of France Modern ; No. 615, p. 439, and Chap. XXXL 9. Eichard, Marquess Wellesley, K.G., K.P. : — an inescutcheon of Mysore, that is, purpure, an estoile vert, bordered and radiated or, between eight stripes of the royal tiger of Tippoo Sultaun, saltire-wise, gold; with other appropriate Augmentations to his Crests and Supporters. 10. Arthur Wellesley, K.G., first Duke of Wellington : An inescutcheon of England ; No. 614, p. 439, and Chap. XXXL 11. William Carnegie, seventh Earl of Northesk : In chief, the word Trafalgar, and upon the breast of the Carnegie eagle a naval crown. Amongst the noblest Augmentations " for merit," •• may be numbered accessions of fresh " Honours,'' to the Colours of our Eegiments, and every " Clasp " that is added to the Medals of our sailors and soldiers; (See pp. 291 and 352). No. 132 c. — Pelham. See p. 434. SECTION II. abatement. The term Abatement first appears in the heraldic writings of the sixteenth century, and it is then assigned to certain marks said to be designed to indicate the reverse of honourable Aug mentations. In practice any such thing as an heraldic Abate ment is unknown, with the sole exception of the distinctions adopted for the purpose of indicating illegitimate descent. In modern Heraldry, the Abatement of Illegitimacy that has abatement. 437 been generaUy recognized, is a bendlet or baton sinister : and this bendlet is represented as couped at its extremities, so that it does not extend across the entire field of any shield. But the early Heralds, whatever their feelings may have been upon this point, certainly never promulgated as a law of heraldic usage any par ticular difference that should distinguish the arms of persons not of legitimate birth, or those of the descendants of such persons. It would appear, indeed, that this Abatement was generally if not always determined in accordance with the wishes of different individuals. Some Abatement of Ulegitimacy was held and admitted to be necessary ; and provided that the Abatement appeared on the shield, it might assume whatever form might be considered best suited to each particular occa sion. Two or three early examples will illustrate the practice of the old Heralds with sufficient clearness. Sir Eoger de Clabendon, son of the Black Prince, bore, or, on a bend sa., three ostrich feathers, labelled, arg. His near kinsman, the son of John of Ghent, John de Beaufort, before the Act of Legitimation in 1397, bore a somewhat similar parody of the arms of his father — a simUar parody, at any rate, of the second and third quarters of his father's shield, retaining his label : per pale arg. and az., on a bend gu., three lions of England, ensigned with a label of France. The tinctures of the field, argent and azure, were the Livery Colours of the Lancastrian Plantagenets. John de Beaufort afterwards retained these same tinctures in his bordure compony : see p. 248. Sir John de Clarence, son of Thomas, Duke of Clarence, (himself the son of Henry IV.), bore, per chevron gu. and az., in chief two lions counter-rampant, and in base a fleur-de-lys, all or. Glover gives as the arms of a natural son of one of the Fitz-Alans, Ealph de Arundel, a shield of Fitz-Alan, flanched arg. : that is, a shield arg., having flanches of Fitz-Alan and Warrenne quarterly, as they were quartered by the Earls; No. 622, p. 438. The baton sinister was borne by Arthur, Viscount Lisle, son of Edward IV. : by Henry, Duke of Eichmond, son of Henry VIII. ; 438 abatement. and by Charles Somerset, Earl of Worcester, son of Henry Beaufort, third Duke of Somerset. The seal of this Charles Somerset shows that his baton crossed his quartered aims, but was couped by his bordure : the baton itself is plain and very narrow. The eldest son of this Earl removed his father's baton from his arms, and charged Beaufort upon a fesse on a silver shield, thus recognizing the heraldic propriety of retaining an Abatement, though rejecting the baton. The arms of the natural sons of Charles II. were all abated with the baton sinister, which was differenced after the manner of a label ; except in the case of the Duke of Bichmond, who differenced with a bordure. At the present day, the baton of the Duke of St. Alban's is, gu., charged with three roses arg.; that of the Duke of Cleveland is, ermine ; and the baton of the Duke of Grafton is, compony arg. and az. The Duke of Eichmord bears the arms of Charles II., (No. 537, PL LVIII.), within a bordure componSe arg. and gu., charged with eight roses of the last, barbed and seeded ppr. Except in instances such as these, in which the Abatement is charged upon the Eoyal Arms, there appears no reason for trans mitting the baton sinister with its peculiar signification ; in aU less exceptional cases some mark of cadency might very pro perly be substituted in its stead, or all traces of Abatement might be removed from their shields of arms by the descendants of persons, to whom arms had been granted abated with a sinister baton. No. 622.— Sir Ealph de Arundel, p, 437. No. 614. — Arthur Wellesley, No. 615. — Spencer Churchill, Duke of Wellington. Duke of Marlborough. See pp. 435, 436 and 443. CHAPTEE XXIX. modern heraldry. When not historical of the past, it is the office of all true Heraldry to be historical for the future. Our Modern Heraldry, accordingly, if it would be consistent with both its character and its traditions, must take a becoming part in producing that Chapter of English History which we shall hand down to succeeding generations. It is indeed true that the state of things has undergone a marvellous change since Heraldry reigned in its full glory under the Plantagenets, and also since Henry VIII. held the assumption of the Arms of the Confessor by a Duke to be an overt act of high treason ; and yet the office of the Herald has by no means fallen into abeyance amongst ourselves. Our Heralds have still to record and to preserve the memory of both public and private Genealogies. They have to take note of the Succession of the Inheritors of old Titles, and of the creation of new ones. They have to preside over and to confirm the Assumption and the Bearing of Armorial Insignia 440 MODERN HERALDRY. of whatever kind : and all new Grants of Arms come under their cognizance, and are enrolled in their College. They also direct all royal and national Solemnities and Pageants ; and they are at once the guardians and the exponents of the heraldic Eecords of their predecessors. In some particulars our Heraldry must inevitably suffer, when it is brought closely into contrast with the Heraldry of the olden time. For example, when Helms were really worn, and when Shields were in actual use, a Shield of Arms and a Crest had a significancy which now it is not possible for them to retain. We must be content to accept Shields and Crests as heraldic accessories, the bequest of the early Heralds, which we can only employ in reference to Heraldry itself. Shields and Crests, however, come to us possessing hereditary claims to recognition and acceptance in their heraldic capacity ; and so we recognize and accept them. And, at the same time, we cer tainly have it in our power to render our Heraldry both dignified and useful. We can adjust our Heraldry to early usage, as we must build it up upon early principles. We can reject any Heraldry that is not true as Heraldry, that does not accord with early precedent, and that is not also consistent with existing circumstances and associations. We are able to follow the ex ample of the early Heralds, in adhering to sound heraldic rule ; in preserving the simplicity which distinguished the best Heraldry of the past; in jealously maintaining the rule of Marshalling ; in adopting a judicious system of Cadency ; and in drawing a broad line of distinction between Arms that are borne by right, and therefore have authority, and those which are either copied, or parodied, or improvised in accordance with the fancy or the caprice of unauthorized individuals. In blazoning heraldic devices which in a peculiar sense are of an historical character, it is important that true Coats of Arms should be clearly distinguished from Badges ; and, except under very special circumstances, it would be well to avoid charging MODERN HERALDRY. 441 Badges upon shields. The general adoption and use of Badges, however, as Badges, would be altogether consistent and right; and particularly whenever it now is customary to use a Crest for heraldic decoration, a Badge (which might be the same Charge or Device as the Crest) might be adopted in Modern Heraldry with good effect. I may adduce the heraldic jewellery, now much and deservedly in favour, as an illustration of the class of objects in which Badges might supersede Crests. The simplicity of the early compositions and their heraldic con sistency ought always to be kept in remembrance. These are points that may be strongly urged upon all who are desirous to advocate the worthiness of Modern Heraldry. All pictorial Heraldry, with the whole order of compositions that aspire to comprise within the limits of a single Shield both the greatest possible variety and the greatest possible number of Charges, must be resolutely excluded from our Heraldry. The historical value of the Heraldry of the new Palace at Westminster is most seriously prejudiced by the injudicious association of true Shields of Arms with other Shields charged with devices, the aim and purpose of which I am not able to conjecture, but which certainly have no title to appear where they have been dis played. The Peerage will supply iUustrations of the style of composition that happily is passing away, but which must still be regarded as in some degree illustrative of modern Heraldry ; two examples of this class will be sufficient to act as warnings. The Arms granted to Horatio, Viscount Nelson, are blazoned in Sir Bernard Burke's Peerage after the following fashion : Or, a cross fleurie sa. a bend gu., surmounted by another engrailed of the field, charged with three bombs, fired, ppr. ; on a chief, (of honourable augmentation), undulated arg., waves of the sea, from which a palm- tree issuant, between a disabled ship on the dexter, and a battery in ruins on the sinister, all ppr. Crests : on the dexter, (as a Crest of Honourable Augmentation), or, the chelengk, or plume of triumph, presented to Horatio, Viscount Nelson, by the Grand Signior or Sultan, 442 MODERN HERALDRY. Selim III. ; and on the sinister, (the family Crest), on a wreath of the colours, upon waves of the sea tlie stem of a Spanish man-of-war, all ppr., thereon inscribed, " San Joseff." The sailor and the lion which form the Supporters are not so bad ; but what ideas of Heraldry could have been entertained by those who devised the Nelson Crest, and placed " waves of the sea " and the stern of a Spanish line-of-battle ship upon a Helm ? The Arms granted to General, Sir Edward Kerrison, which are thus blazoned, require no comment whatever : Or., a pile az., charged with three galtraps of the field : the augmentation following, on a chief embattled erm., a wreath of laurel, encircling a sword erect ppr., pommel and hilt gold, between on the dexter, pendent from a ribbon gu., fimbriated of the second, a representation of the gold medal presented to Sir Edward for his services at the battle of Orthes, beneath it the word " Orthes," in letters sa. ; and on the sinister, pendent from a like ribbon, a repre sentation of the silver medal presented to him in commemoration of his services at the battle of Waterloo, beneath it the word " Waterloo," in letters also sa. Mr. Seton (Scottish Heraldry, p. 134), has treated the " Heraldic Debasement " of modern times after a fashion which must rejoice the heart of every true Herald. Had my space permitted, I would gladly have quoted from his pages at considerable length upon this matter, so cordially do I sympathize with his indig nant vindication of the " noble science :" I must be content, however, to borrow from him a single specimen of the " fright ful perversions " which he lashes with just severity. " The following Arms, granted in 1760, to the family of Tetlow, seated at Haughton in Lancashire," says Mr. Seton, " are as suredly a delightful specimen : Azure, on a fess argent, five musical lines sable, thereon a rose gules, between two escallops of the last ; in chief, a nag's head erased of the second, between two crosslets or ; in base a harp of the last. Crest : on a wreath, a book erect gules, clasped and ornamented or, thereon a silver penny, on which is written the Lord's Prayer ; on the top of the MODERN HERALDRY. 443 book a dove proper, in its beak a crow-quill sable. Motto : " Prosmium virtutis Honor J" It appears that the hero par excel lence of the family once accomplished some such an achievement in penmanship, as is indicated in this Tetlow Crest. The Augmentations of Honour that grace the Shields of the two great military Dukes, Wellington and Marlborough, are such as the old Heralds would have devised. The Insignia of the United Kingdom, and a Shield of France charged upon another bearing the Cross of St. George, when blazoned in pretence on the honour point by the two Dukes, are as signifi cant and expressive as the Howard Shield of the days of Flodden, or as the quartered Shield of Edward III. himself; see Nos. 613, 614, 615, and also 286. In the first and fourth quarters the Duke of Marlborough marshals the Arms granted to the first Duke of his* name, Churchill, and here the Cross of St. George appears on a canton ; see pages 435 and 439. In modern Heraldry Cadency is but little used, since its operation is almost superseded by the simple process of assuming arms without any shadow of claim to them, beyond such claim as is supposed to exist through the fact of bearing a particular name. In early Heraldry distinctions were carefully marked in the arms borne by members of the same family, who had in common the same name. Now, on the contrary, when a person determines to have " arms," he looks out his own name in an armory, and the arms he chances to find assigned to some one having the same name he forthwith assumes and uses as his own. Or he may obtain assistance, and his own consciousness of heraldic inexperience may be satisfactorily set at rest by gentle men who, for a consideration, and a very trifling consideration too, find arms for hesitating aspirants to heraldic honours. The value of "arms" that are "found" on payment of certain shillings, under the guidance of a surname correctly spelt and legibly written, is precisely the same as the value of those which Messrs. A, B, and C may so easily find for themselves ; or, if 444 MODERN HERALDRY. they should happen to be of an imaginative turn of mind, which they may amuse their leisure by devising on their own account. It is indeed true that every one is at liberty to call anything whatever his " arms," as h% may determine either the colour and fashion of his costume, or the shape of his house ; but, neverthe less, the Heralds' Gollege still exists, and is the fountain head of true Heraldry ; and, until it is true to itself, Modern Heraldry must continue to be but a degenerate representative of what Heraldry was about half a thousand years ago, when the mar riage of a Prince of Wales was an event that for the first time took place in England. There is One occasion on which in our own times a public display of heraldic blazonry is expected, and when accordingly such a display is regularly made. I refer to the practice of placing Hatchments upon the residences that had been occupied by personages of eminence and distinction, at the time of their decease. The rules that have been adopted for the composition of these Hatchments I have described at page 108. I now advert to these funereal displays, because so very generally they are both conceived and executed in the worst possible taste, and in a style that might be supposed to aim at demonstrating the impossibility of any alliance between Art and Heraldry. Probably the actual shield that is charged upon any hatch ment may be heraldically correct in its marshaUing, and also in its blazonry ; the favourite accessories, however, of these shields, with rare exceptions, are such as the early Heralds would have regarded with indignant surprise. Shields hideous in outline, and rendered still more offensive by what I suppose is intended to be accepted as ornamentation, the most execrable scroll-work, with ribbons as bad in their own way and, to crown the whole, those painful winged infantine heads that are at once so absurd and so offensive, but too commonly are the charac teristics of modern hatchment-painting. I have engraved an average specimen, No. 616, because I have felt unable in un- MODERN HERALDRY. 445 assisted words to do full justice to these outrages upon Heraldry. May I venture to hope for support from all who love the Herald's Art, when I claim for Modern Heraldry immunity from such systematic efforts to render it contemptible ? Dignified hatch- No. 616.— Hatchment. The Middle of the Nineteenth Century. — Abatement of Heraldry. ments may be produced with ease by any true Herald ; and without doubt the services of a true Herald may always be secured, when the production of a really dignified composition of this class may be required. And so also in all other matters connected with the practical working of Heraldry in our own times, we now are fully com petent to emulate the example bequeathed to us from "the brave days of old." We have already learned to form a just estimate of both heraldic debasement and heraldic dignity, and a better feeling for a true and a noble Heraldry is beginning 446 MODERN HERALDRY. to prevail. Heraldry is popular too; and, accordingly, I am sufficiently sanguine to look for such an heraldic revival, as will cause Modern Heraldry and good Heraldry to become inter changeable terms. (See Chap. XXX.) As examples of very recent Grants of Arms, which have passed through my own hands from the Heralds' College on their way eastwards, I have added to my Illustrations the Armorial Insignia now borne by authority by two subjects of Her Majesty, who are natives of India, both of them men of wealth and influence and also of munificent liberality, magistrates, and fellows of the University of Bombay. These arms, with those of a third native gentleman of India, in every respect equally worthy, as a British subject, to bear Armorial Insignia, I now describe. I must add that in their religion these gen tlemen, to use the expression used by themselves, are Zoroas- trians. Mr. Munguldass Nuthoobhoy, of Girgaum House, Bombay, is a banker in that city : he bears, — arg., environed by two sickles inter laced, a garb of ripe rice all ppr. ; on a chief indented az., between two bezants, a mullet or : Crest, — on a mound vert an elephant statant, holding in his trunk a palm-branch all ppr., charged on his side with two mullets in fesse or : Motto, — " Wisdom above Riches ;" No. 723, p. 432. Mr. Cowasjee Jehanghier, of Bombay, bears, — az., within am orle of eight mullets, the sun in splendour or; on a canton arg., the rose of England and the lotus of India in saltire ppr. : Crest, — on a mound vert., a low pillar, the base and capital masoned, flames of fire issuing therefrom : Mottoes, — " My Life is His who gave it," and above the Crest, "Burning I shine ;" No. 724. Mr. Curzetjee Furdoonjuier Paruk, of Bombay, bears,— arg., a chevron gu., between three ancient galleys sa. ; on a chief az., between two estoiles, the sun in splendour or : Crest, — on a mound vert, a winged lion passant or, charged on the shoulder with an estoile az., and behind him apalm-tree ppr. : Motto,—" A good Conscience is a sure Defence.' MODERN heraldry. 447 These ancient galleys and the winged lion refer to the early migration of the Parsees of India from Persia, as the rice-garb and sickles may be supposed to denote the former agricultural avocations of the family of the Bombay banker. w ¦I No. 724. — Cowasjee Jehanghier, of Bombay. No. 617.— Pommel ot the Sword-hilt of the Black Prince Canterbury Cathedral. CHAPTEE XXX. heraldic treatment, drawing, and colour. I believe it to be a prevalent misapprehension, either that no early Heraldry has any title to be regarded as an Art, or that in its artistic capacity aU early Heraldry is alike. The student who desires thoroughly to understand the Heraldry of the olden time, will speedily discover that very many of the Heralds who flourished some centuries ago were true Artists ; nor will he be long before his attention is attracted to the marked differences in heraldic Style and Treatment which dis tinguish the armorial insignia of different periods. In fact, the Art of Mediseval Heraldry attained to its highest excellence, and it declined and sunk down to a condition of lowly humility, con temporaneously with the Art of Architecture, and with the other Arts of the middle ages. A series of heraldic Seals, ranging in their dates from 1300 to 1550, will very clearly elucidate this statement. Or an heraldic monument of the time of Edward I., compared with others severally of the eras of Edward IIL, Henry VI., HeniSt VIIL, and James I., will be heraldic treatment. 449 equally explicit in illustrating the progress of Heraldic Art. And, again, much may be learned through a comparison con ducted within much narrower limits. Thus, the Brasses to Alianore de Bohun, a.d. 1399, at Westminster, and to Lady Tiptoft, a.d, 1446, at Enfield, show how striking is the difference in heraldic Art that at that period was produced by the lapse of. half a century. The two memorials resemble each other very closely even in minute particulars of composition and arrange ment; and yet in treatment and in Art-feeling it is scarcely possible that any two works of the same order should exhibit more decidedly marked differences. These differences extend to the forms of the shields, and their adjustment to the canopies of the two Brasses. In PL XVII. I have given faithful represen tations of the Tiptoft shields and lions, which may be compared with those in PL XX., and at page 253 ; and the effect of this comparison wiU be confirmed by extending it to the earlier shields engraved at pages 61 and 89. The study of early Heraldry will enable the student, perhaps to his surprise, but certainly to his gratification, to determine at least the approximate period of any Shield of Arms, with almost as certain accuracy as an archaeological architect is able to read dates in chisel-cut mouldings. The conventional system of treatment adopted by the early heraldic Artists, when care fully considered under the different aspects which it assumed at different periods, will also enable us to develop for ourselves such a style of heraldic Art as may be consistent with the general condition of Art in our own era, whUe at the same time it harmonizes with the best and most artistic Heraldry of the past. The reaUy important consideration for us is, that our Style should be at once our own, and also in itself equally true to Art and to Heraldry* If we assign a due measure of our regard, on the one hand to the requirements of modern Art, and on the other hand to the authority of early Heraldry, we may confidently 2 G 450 HERALDIC TREATMENT. anticipate complete success. Rejecting the idea that the Art of all early Heraldry is of equal authority, we must take as our guide only the early Heraldry of the best and most artistic period — that is, before 1450 ; and having thus determined what early Heraldry we may most advantageously study, we shall ¦conduct our inquiries in the spirit of Artists, and not as imitators merely and copyists. We must aspire higher than to succeed in reproducing even the best early heraldic composi tions. A certain degree of Conventionalism will be necessary in our treatment of all heraldic figures and objects ; but this conven tionalism imposes no restrictions upon our freedom of design, and much less does it require a monotonous adherence to any particular type. Our Heraldry must repudiate interminable repetitions of the same composition or the same device, all exactly alike, as if they were cast from a single mould. Nor, because our designs must be conventional in some degree, is it at all requisite that they should be unnatural. Good drawing also must be a condition of our Heraldry ; so that our Lions may be well and artistically drawn, both thoroughly lionish and tho roughly heraldic, and yet they may decidedly differ from such figures of lions as we should expect to find in an illustrated treatise on mammalia. The heraldic Lion is certainly the sovereign of the animals who take a part in the Herald's compo sitions ; and he is also the most difficult to treat. I know no early examples superior to those that appear ready to spring out of their Shield at Beverley. The Lions of the monuments of John of Eltham also, of the Black Prince, and of Edward IIL, are excellent heraldic lions ; their conventional treatment, bow- ever, is somewhat exaggerated. We may avoid such exaggeration, without either drawing lions as the Heralds of James I. would have drawn them, or reproducing the grotesque water-spouting felines of the majolica fountain in the 1862 Great Exhibition. Those dions dansant disposed of strict naturalism in heraldic No. 663. No. 711. ;^$^seS2&ss33S7a3£&£S£S£3i£ ^&v2&2&x&z> spat OK (isnpCSxtir ^^t^^f 1 l?>.CVlif;|N''*- 's^QP; Js| iyPfljil J\^4sS!Sp% jc i5 5*SS *S^>«&^^^-^5S?S£^^ ^S^2i*fe^ £*as2K3£Sb^ &^^£ L rwf. • No. 712. PLATE LXXVII. Chaiteu xxx„ p. 451. No. 633.— Shield of Arms of the Abbey of St. Alban, with the Supporters of Abbot Thomas Eamryge. No. 711. — Collar of one of the Earn Supporters. No. 712. — Head of one of the Earn Supporters. From tlie Monumental Chantry of Abbot Eambyge, in tlie Abbey Churcli, at St. Alban's ; about a.d. 1500. See also p. 123. DRAWING AND COLOUR. 451 animals. The Powys lions, Nos. 300 b, 300 c, PL XVIL, and 364 a, PI. XXIIL, dispose in' no less peremptory a manner of pure conventionalism. At the head of this Chapter I have placed a small cu.t, No. 617, representing the pommel of the sword-hilt that is sculp tured with the Effigy of the Black Prince at Canterbury, and which is charged with a most spirited representation of a lion's face, the face of a true heraldic Lion ; and at p. 340 there is a much earlier group of lions' faces, charged upon the shield of an effigy of a Knight, at Clehongre in Herefordshire. This is a splendid example of the monumental sculpture of the time of Edward IL, about a.d. 1320; the Shield is barry of six, the bars being alternately carved in relief, and over all on a bend are the three-lion's faces; No. 657, p. 379. The Bams that Abbot Eamrydge of St. Alban's assumed and bore as his Supporters, and which are sculptured again and again upon his monumental chantry in his Abbey Church, with a freedom and boldness that cannot be described in terms of too decided admiration, may be accepted by modern Heralds as examples of heraldic animals, to be studied with thoughtful care, and foUowed with implicit reliance. The originals have all suffered in a greater or a lesser degree, some few of them having almost escaped the injuries that have very nearly destroyed others. In Plate LXXVII. I have represented one of the Shields supported by two rams, and ensigned with a rich coronet-like cap, No. 633. The arms are those of the Abbey of . St. Alban, az., a saltire or. It will be observed that the sculptor has couped the extremities of the ordinary within the shield, and this he has done in every shield upon the monument. Some of these shields are ensigned with rich mitres, aU of them now grievously mutilated ; and in many instances two beautiful pastoral staves cross behind the shields in saltire, their shafts interpenetrating the mouldings of the panels and tracery. In addition to the ram-supporters, rams' heads are several times 2 g 2 452 heraldic treatment. sculptured amongst the smaller decorations of this beautiful memorial. No. 711, like the rest of the examples from St. Albans, carefully sketched from the original by the engraver himself, represents one of these heads ; and in No. 712, PL LXXVII., the collar, with the letters ryge, to complete the Abbot's charac teristic rebus, is shown at length. In his great delight in this rebus of his, the Abbot appears to have charged a ram rampant upon his paternal shield of arms, as in No. 715, PL LXXVIII. : this same shield is more than once repeated,- and sometimes it is impaled by the saltire of the Abbey. Amongst heraldic birds, the Eagle holds the same rank that the Lion maintains amongst beasts ; and the early Heralds evi dently delighted to make their Eagles thoroughly heraldic. We may accept their style of Eagle drawing, while -subjecting it to some little modification after what Nature has to teach us. Nos.. 677, 678, PL LXXVI., shields severally charged with an eagle having a single head and a double-headed eagle, are taken from drawings of the period of Edward I. The Eagle of the Emperor, charged in relief upon the early shield in the north choir aisle of Westminster Abbey, is cast in the same mould ; it has a single head, and is not crowned : but at Great Yarmouth there is a similar eagle having two heads. One of the shields that were originaUy blazoned on the monument of No. 677 a. Earl William de Valence, No 677 a, places before us an excel- No. 713. No. 715. No. 714. PLATE LXXVIII. Chapter xxx., p. 451. Shields op Arms. — The Abbey Church op St. Alban. No. 714. - From the Monumental Chantry of John de Wheathamstede, 33i'd Abbot of St. Alban's, a.d. 1421—1460. Nos. 713, 715. — From the Monumental Chantry of Thomas Iiamryge. 37th Abbot of St. Alban's, a.d. 1484—1524. See pp. 123, 451—453. DRAWING AND COLOUR. 453 lent example of the Imperial Eagle having one head only. Another example, exaggerated in the drawing, but admirably sculptured in alabaster, appears upon the monument of Prince Edmond of Langley, at King's Langley; No. 678 A, Chap. XXXH. Again I refer to the monumental chantry of Abbot Ramrydge, at St. Alban's, for a model specimen of both heraldic- design and heraldic sculpture. The shield bearing the eagle displayed, No. 713, PL LXXVIII., will be sufficient to show the artistic feeling of the Heralds who flourished late in the Gothic era ; nothing can exceed the combined spirit and delicacy with which this sovereign of heraldic birds is executed. There are several other shields charged with eagles upon this monu ment, in addition to this No. 713 ; one of them bears three eagles displayed, two and one. The date of Abbot Ramrydge's monument is 1524 ; it is an exception, therefore, and a truly noble one, to the style of Heraldry prevalent at its own era. Fleurs de lys of elegant form abound ; I know no better examples than those upon the monument of Edward III. It is always desirable to seek for weU drawn and carefully executed examples of every Charge, and I commend this matter of heraldic Drawing to the careful consideration of students of Heraldry. As an illustration of the care bestowed by the early Heralds upon the treatment of every Charge, I adduce one of the clusters of wheat-ears that he appears to have used as a Badge, from the monument of Abbot John of Wheathamstede, a.d. 1460, No. 717, p. 457. Upon a frieze of the chantry of this emiment ecclesiastic in St. Alban's Abbey, his Motto, (a rebus, like his badge,) is repeated, the Badge alternating with the words, valles abovndabunt. One of the shields upon the south side of this very interesting piece of monumental architecture is charged with three crowns, two and one; I engrave this Shield, No. 714, PL LXXVIII., as a very beautiful early example of crowns having their circlets heightened with alternate crosses patSes. and fleurs de lys. Having mentioned Abbot John, I may add that in 454 HERALDIC TREATMENT. the Church of Wheathamstead, near St. Alban's, the Brass to the father and mother of the Abbot is preserved ; it has their arms, those of his mother, who was a Hetworth, being arg., three bats with wings extended sa. I must again refer to the white harts of Richard II. , in West minster HaU, as models for the treatment of animals of every kind in Heraldry (see p. 263) ; and, with them, to the admirably sculptured Supporters of the Shields in King's College Chapel, Cambridge. The practice of the early heraldic artists even in representing ermine-spots we may study with decided advantage : in No. 721, 1 give two exam ples of ermine-spots from early shields ; a, from one of the smaller enamelled shields on the Monument of Edward IIL, and b, from the effigy of Sir Robert du Bois, temp. Edw. I, at Fersfi'eld, Norfolk. a. b. In our drawing of Helms and Shields, No- 721' since we no longer derive our- ideas of Early Ermine-spots. such objects from examples of them that are in actual use by ourselves, we are at liberty to select such varieties as may be most appropriate to the purposes for which we require them, and also those that are most pleasing in their forms. I have engraved several good and effective varieties of shields at pp. 13, 15, 61, and 230; the example which foUows, No. 716, charged with the saltire of St. Alban, is from the interior of the chantry chapel of Abbot Eamrydge. A somewhat similar Shield has been engraved at p. 230 : and I may refer to another of the same class above the monument to Sir John Spencer at Great Brigton. The unsightly and inconvenient Lozenge, I think, might be superseded in our Heraldry. Sim plicity in Helms and Mantlings appears to be most desirable ; and Helms certainly may always be advantageously set in profile. Two fine examples of early Helms are represented in PL XLVI., DRAWING and colour. 455 Nos. 611, 612, the former from the monument of the Black Prince, and the latter from the StaU-Plate of Ralph, Lord No. 716. Basset ; and with them may be associated, as a model heraldic helm, No. 264, p. 110. The Label that has its points formed after the early manner, as I have invariably drawn it, appears to be preferable to the later form in which the ends of the points or pendants are made to expand ; it is also always productive of a good effect that the Label itself should traverse the entire field of the shield from dexter to sinister. Modern Labels are generally couped at both extremities, and their points are distorted into a species of dove-taUing. In No. 618 I give three varieties of the points of Labels : the first, A, is the early type ; the second, B, represents the form of the label introduced in the beginning of the sixteenth century; and the third, C, is the more modern form, which is altogether objec tionable. In many early quartered shields the Quarter ings are not indicated by any dividing lines, as in No. 486, p. 253 ; this is certainly an error, which we shall do well to avoid. TIT r7A~7V" No. 618. 456 HERALDIC TREATMENT. I here refer with cordial satisfaction to two works, both of them rich in illustrations, which exemplify in a truly happy manner such Treatment and Drawing as students of Heraldry may accept with confidence. Again I direct attention to a volume, already more than once quoted — Mr. Moule's Heraldry of Fish, published in 1842 by Van Voorst, The wood-cuts, 205 in number, are engraved with singular feeling and effectiveness, the drawings themselves having all been made on the wood, as he tells us, " under the Author's own inspection, by his daughter, Sophia Barbara Moule;" and of these drawings it may be affirmed that they possess every quality of genuine excellence and appropriate beauty. The other Work, which also is Ulus- trated in the true heraldic spirit, is Mr. Seton's Heraldry of Scot land. By way of contrast, Students may turn from the illustra tions of Moule and Seton to those that have just appeared with Anecdotes of Heraldry, a little volume that would have been really useful, had it not been as destitute of arrangement as it is of indexes, while it contains a numerous collection of engraved examples, all of them treated and drawn in exact conformity with the heraldic feeling and spirit that I have endeavoured to illustrate in the Hatchment, No. 616, p. 445. In the disposition and arrangement of Charges, and in the laws of Tincturing, the usage of the early Heralds may be accepted as our best guide. Perhaps we may enrich our compositions with less cautious and sparing hands than they did ; and cer tainly we may emulate their system of Diapering both in surface- carving and in colour. Colours have been produced for us by the chemical science and the mechanical skill of our times, far superior both in hue and in variety of tint to anything that was known to the Heralds of the middle ages. It will be well for us to avail ourselves of our advantages, and to introduce into our blazon the most brilliant and lustrous colours. With the special view to provide for students of Heraldry and amateur heraldic artists the very best materiel for their use, I have suggested the preparation of a box of heraldic gold and heraldic colouring. 457 colours, with drawing implements, that may satisfy their most fastidious requirements ; and my suggestions have been carried into effect by Messi-s. Winsor and Newton, of Rathbone Place, my original publishers, in a manner that leaves nothing to be desired. I may add that the same materials are equally adapted for the use of professional Heralds, and of the artists who work under their immediate direction. No. 717. — Badge of Abbot John de Wheathamstede, St. Alban's Abbey, a.d. 1440. See p. 453. No. 667. No. 668. Shields from early Seals of De Nevilles. See p. 404. CHAPTER XXXL examples of shields of arms. In this Chapter I place before students of Heraldry the blazon of a series of Shields of Arms, the greater number of them in addition to those that have been already described. The series comprehends the Arms of various historical Personages, together with those of several Families of eminence amongst ourselves at the present day. From the Eoll of Henry III. : Bigod, Earl of Norfolk : or, a cross gu. ; No. 639, PL LXXI. Fitz Geoffrey : within a bordure vair, quarterly or and gu. De L'Isle : or, a lion rampt. gu. De Lucy : gu., three lucies haurient in fesse arg. De Mandeville and De Say : quarterly or and gu. Le Mareschal : per pale or and vert, a lion rampt. gu. De Montfichet : gu., three chevronels or, a label az. De Segrave (Ancient) : sa., three garbs or. ekamples of shields of arms. 459 From the Roll of Edward I. : Arragon : or, three pallets gu. Chester : az., three garbs or. L'Estrange: gu., two lions pass, in pale org., within a bordure engrailed or ; No. 660, PL LXII. From the Eoll of Caerlaverock : D'Aubigny : gu., a fesse eng. arg. Anthony Bec : gu., a cross moline (or recercelSe) erm. De Carew : or, three lions pass, in pale sa. L'Estrange; gu., two lions pass, in pale arg. De Leyburne : az., six lioncels, 3, 2, 1, arg. De Mohun : or, a cross eng. sa. De Montault : az., a lion rampt. or. De Multon : org., three bars gu. De Percy : or, a lion rampt. az. Fitz Roger : quarterly or and gu., a bend sa. De Toni : org., a maunche gu. Le Vavasour : or, a fesse dancette sa. Fitz Walter : or, a fesse between two chevrons gu. De Willoughby : or, frettee sa. From the Eoll of Edward II. : Blount : gu., a fesse between six martlets arg. Fauconberg : org., a lion rampt. az. De la Mere: arg., on a bend sa., three eaglets vert. De Montfort : arg., crusilSe gu., a lion rampt. az. De Montgomerie : or, an eagle disp. az. Rauf de Mortimer : or, an eagle disp. vert. From the Calais Roll of Edward III. : Bur wash : or, a lion rampt. queue fourchSe gu. De Couci : barry of six vair and gu. • De Holland (Ancient) : az., fleurettee, a lion rampt guard, arg. ; No. 637, PL LXV Maltravers : sa., frettee or. 460 EXAMPLES OF Poynings : barry of six or and vert, over all a bend gu. Radcliffe : arg., a bend eng. sa. Talbot : gu., a lion rampt. or : No. 662, PL LXII. DTJfford : sa., a cross eng. or. Fitz Waryn : quarterly per fesse indented arg. and gu. From the Roll of Richard II. : Asteley : az., a cinquefoil erm. pierced. Bagot : arg., a chevron gu., between three martlets sa. Blount : barry nebulSe of eight or and sa. Boteler : az., a bend org., between six covered cups or : and, gu., a fesse counter-componSe or and sa., between six crosslets arg. : also, az., a chevron between six covered cups or. Braybrok : arg., seven mascles, 3, 3, and 1, gu. Charleton : or, a lion rampt sa. Manners : or, two bars az., a chief gu. Rokeby : arg., a chevron sa., between three rooks ppr. Saint Amand : or, frettSe sa., on a chief of the last three bezants. De la Warre : gu., crusilee fitchee, a lion rampt. or, armed az. De Wyloughby : quarterly, 1 and 4, sa., a cross eng. or : 2 and 3, gu., a cross moline arg. Brandon : barry of ten arg. and gu., a lion rampt or, crowned per pale gold and of the second. De Crevecceur : or, a cross gu., voided of the field. Devereux : arg., a fesse gu, in chief three torteaux. Dobell, of Sussex : sa., a doe tripping, between three bells arg. Dudley : or, a lion rampt. queue fourchSe vert. Glendour : paly of eight arg. and gu., over all a lion rampt. sa. Astley, Baron Hastings : az., a cinquefoil erm., within a bordure eng. or : No. 726. p. 229. Harpur Crewe, Bart, : org., a lion rampt, within a bordure eng. sa : No. 727, p. 229. Molesworth, Bart. : vair, a bordure gu., charged with crosslets or: No. 725, p. 229. SHIELDS OF ARMS. "" CHAPTERS VI, LX, XV &XXXI. ROCETTN. MARTELL BOURDON. CHAUCER. FITZ SIMON. FRERE AVENEL . D AiIBEKX HURSTHELVE. SHAKESPEARE. Plate L"LX T OP CLIFFE. GffWER, shields of arms. 461 Henlington, of Gloucestershire : arg., a label of five points az. Heron .- az., three herons, two and one, arg. ; and " the reverse." De Hertz, (afterwards Harris) : az., three hedgehogs (French, "herrison") arg.; blazoned on the Shield of an Effigy of the period of Edward I. at Gonaldston, Notts. Neville (Ancient) : or, frettee gu., on a canton sa. an ancient ship gold, — in remembrance, of Gilbert de Neville, William the Conqueror's Admiral, No. 725, p. 481. Sergeaux, of Cornwall: arg., a saltire between four (or twelve) cherries (" cerises ") gu., slipped vert. Sydney : or, a pheon az. De Toplyffe : (Brass, a.d. 1391, at Topcliff, in Yorkshire,) arg., a chevron between three peg-tops sa. ; No 682, PL LXIX. Vernon : arg., frettSe sa. Chaucer : per pale arg. and gu., a bend counterchanged ; No. 680, PL LXLX. Gower : (monument at St. Saviour's, South wark, a.d. 1408), arg., on a chevron az., three leopard's faces or ; No. 681, PL LXIX. Shakespeare, (granted 1 546 :) Arms, — or, on a bend sa. a spear gold : Crest, — a falcon displayed arg., holding in its beak a spear in pale or ; No. 679, PL LXIX. Milton : arg., an eagle displayed with two heads gu., beaked and membered sa. Scott : quarterly, 1 and 4, or, two mullets in chief, and a cres cent in base, az., within an orle of the last, for Scott : 2 and 3, or, on a bend az., three mascles gold, in the sinister chief point an oval buckle erect of the second, for Haliburton. Macaulay, Baron Macaulay : gu., within a bordure eng. or, a pair of arrows saltire-wise, their points to the base, arg., surmounted by two barrulets componee gold and az., between as many buckles in pale of the second. Wellesley, Duke of Wellington : quarterly, 1 and 4, gu., a cross arg., between five plates in saltire in each quarter, for Wellesley ; 2 and 3, or, a lion rampt gu., ducally gorged for Colley : as an aug mentation, on the honour-point an inescutcheon charged with the Union 462 examples of Device of Great Britain and Ireland; No. 614, Chap. XXIX. (Garter-Plate.) Spencer Churchill, Duke of Marlborough : quarterly, 1 and 4, Churchill, sa., a lion rampt. arg., on a canton of the seiond, a cross gu. ; 2 and- 3, Spencer, (No. 107): as an augmentation,, On the honour-point an inescutcheon of St. George, charged in pretence with another of France Modern ; No. 615, Chap. XXIX. Pelham Clinton, Duke of Newcastle: quarterly, 1 and 4, Clinton, (No. 400, PL XXXVII) ; 2 and 3, quarterly, 1 and 4, az., three pelicans arg., vulned ppr. ; 2 and 3, gu., two demi-belts with. buckles erect arg., all for Pelham, No. 132 c, p. 436. Manners, Duke of Rutland : or, two bars az. ; a chief, quarterly of the second and gu., charged in the alternate quarters with two fleurs de lys of France, and a lion of England. Russell, Duke of Bedford : arg., a lion rampt. gu. ; on a chief sa., three escallops of the first. Graham, Duke of Montrose: quarterly, 1 and 4, Graham, (No. 409, PL XXVIII); 2 and 3, for the title, Montrose, arg., three roses gu., barbed and seeded ppr. Campbell, Duke of Argyll: quarterly, 1 and 4, Campbell, (No 356, PL XXIV.) ; 2 and 3, for the lordship of Lorn, arg., a lymphad sa.. sails furled up, flag and, pendants flying gu. Granville Leveson Gower, Duke of Sutherland: quarterly, 1 and 4, Gower, barry of eight arg. and gu., over all a cross patonce sa. : 2 and 3, Leveson, No. 239, p. 70 : in pretence, the shield of the ancient Earls of Sutherland, ensigned with the Earl's Coronet, bearing gu., within a bordure or charged with a tressure of Scotland, three mullets gold. The Duke of Sutherland also quarters Gran ville, gu., three clarions or : Egerton, arg., a lion rampt. gu., between three pheons sa : Stanley, No. 205 a, PL XIV. : Brandon : Clif ford, No. 373, PL XXV.: Strange or L'Estrange, without the bordure, and the Royal Arms of the Tudors. Fitz-Gerald, Duke of Leinster : arg., a saltire gu., being the armorial insignia of St. Patrick. Scott, Earl of Eldon: arg., between two lion's heads erased gu., SHIELDS of arms. 463 an anchor erect sa. ; on a chief wavy az., a portcullis or, a mullet for difference. Erskine : arg., a pale sa. Stuart : or, within a tressure of Scotland, a fesse chequSe arg. and az. ; No. 620, PL LIL Stuart of Bonhill : Stuart, the fesse surmounted by a bend gu., charged with three buckles gold. Stuart of Davingstone : or, within a bordure eng. gu., a fesse chequSe arg. and az. Lindsay : gu., a fesse chequSe arg. and az. Pitt : sa., a fesse chequSe arg. and az., between three bezants. This shield alludes to the official connection of the Pitt family with the Exchequer, as the same fesse was borne by the Stuarts in allusion to the chequered board of the High Stewards of Scotland. Seton : or, within a tressure of Scotland, three crescents gu. ; No. 625, PL LIT. Hepburn : gu., on a chevron arg. a rose between two lioncels rampt. of the field. No. 700.— Shield from an early Seal of St. John ; see p. 405. No. 701. — Shield from an early- Seal of St. John, of Sussex ; see p. 405. No. 678 A. — The Emperor : Monument at King's Langley, a.d. 1402. See pages 390 and 453. CHAPTER XXXII. FOREIGN HERALDRY. Foreign Heraldry differs chiefly from the Heraldry of our own Country in being less severe in its prevailing style, and less exact in its details and usages, but more elaborate and gorgeous in both the character and the treatment of its compo sitions. The Heraldry of Germany, in particular, is very splendid ; and, in accordance with the German sentiment of modern times, it indulges in an almost infinite variety of subor dinate details, elaborate combinations, and subtle distinctions. The Heraldry of France also is rich, and often fanciful, and yet almost always eminently artistic. I have already given, in the preceding chapters, the blazon of a numerous series of foreign Shields, all of them in some degree associated with the Armory of England ; so that in this present Chapter it remains for me to do little more than briefly to notice some characteristic usages of FOREIGN HERALDRY. 465 Foreign Heraldry, and to blazon a few other examples to which reference has not yet been made. In Foreign Heraldry a free use is made of Shields of Arms for the purpose of decoration, whereas this use of heraldic decorative accessories is rare in England. Thus, there are small Shields of his Arms semee over the bardings of the charger of John, King of Bohemia, who fell at Cresci (in his Seal) ; and the King him self has as his Crest the two wings of a vulture, spread and of very large dimensions. The Effigy of Earl Wm. de Valence is an example of this method of decoration, but it is the work of a foreign artist. The Shield which is represented in foreign Military Effigies, ' is almost invariably placed in front of the figure, and in such a position that its base is raised but little above the ground ; with one hand the Knight supports the Shield, while with his other hand he generally either grasps his Sword or holds his crested Helm. Foreign Heralds regard with comparative indifference the number of the repetitions of any repeated Charge ; and they also are generally content to adjust the arrangement of their Charges, exceptjn the case of the Ordinaries and other principal Charges, to the form of their Shield and the space at their disposal. In foreign Shields of Arms metal is occasionally found charged on metal, and colour upon colour : thus the Arms of the Spanish Inquisition are, sa., a cross vert. The French Heralds indicate any such blazon by the term cousu or cousue : and such arms are distinguished as," armes pour enquerir," such, that is, as will ex cite inquiry into the causes which led to this deviation from the prevailing rule. In French Heraldry, the Saltier is often couped, and it sometimes has its ends floriated. The Cross is sometimes ¦couped, and the other Ordinaries also. When one Charge rests upon any others, as in the instance of a Shield paly of six or and az. charged over all with a bend gu., or in any similar case, the French Heralds use the phrase brochant sur le tout ; they also 2 h 466 FOREIGN HERALDRY. apply the term Brisure to any mark of Cadency, and a shield that is in any way differenced is said to be brisS. Two lions (or other animals) rampant are placed face to face by continental Heralds, when two Shields bearing such Charges are impaled; as in No. 722, PL LIT., the Shield of Gueldres. In this example the crowned lion faces to the Sinister because of the impalement; had he been borne alone, this lion would have faced to the Dexter, as a matter of course. This same usage is also extended to quartered Shields, in which lions (or other animals) rampant appear in the repeated quarters : thus, had the two coats that are impaled in No. 722, been quartered, the quarterly Shield would have borne the crowned lion facing to the Sinister in the 1st quarter and to the Dexter in the 4th, and the other lion would have faced to the Dexter and to the Sinister in the 2nd and 3rd quarters respectively. In like manner, the Arms of Queen Philippa of Hainault, No. 337, p. 159, in foreign blazon would have the 1st and the 3rd lions facing to the Sinister. The Arms of Wallenstein, Due de Eried- land,&c, a characteristic example of theusage under consideration, are thus blazoned : quarterly, 1 and 4, or, a lion rampt. crowned az. ; 2 and 3, az., a lion rampt. or. ; over all, on an escutcheon of pretence (or, sometimes, in an oval encircled by a wreath of laurel), the Arms of the Empire : the Crest is, out of a crest-coronet a vol az. and or : the Lambrequins are or and az. M. Bouton gives (page 300), with a woodcut, an example of two lions passant upon a chief, which are face to face : the Shield is that of " Le Sieur de Dam- pierre," who bears, " de gueules a trois pals de vair, au chef d'or a deux Lions affrontSs de sable sur le chef." The same feeling, which thus expresses itself in the disposition of lions, &c, is apparent in the desire generally to have the quarters of a Shield corre spond with one another, and also in a prevailing use of counter- changing in the tinctures of Foreign Heraldry ; and it extends, in the Heraldry of Germany, to what may be designated counter charging—the blazoning the same Charge under reversed condi- foreign heraldry. 467 tions, when it is repeated in Quartering : thus, the German Coat of Die Schrotenegger is, quarterly, 1 and 4, or, an eagle disp. having two heads sa. ; 2 and 3, arg., a bend sinister embattled sa. ; this bend is counter-charged, — that is, the under side of this bend is embattled in one quarter, and the upper side in the other quarter. It is also a custom prevalent with the Heralds of Ger many to devote the Shield itself to the quartered insignia of the lordships or territorial possessions of any noble House, while they charge upon an inescutcheon, in pretence over these insignia, the arms of the Family. The old practice of Dimidiation, which appears to have pre vailed much more generally at an early period in the Heraldry of the Continent than it ever did in England, is still retained by modern Foreign Heralds ; so that Dimidiated Shields, and par ticularly such as bear an Eagle, are of common occurrence. In many instances, the effects of the dimidiating process are very singular and curious. I must be content to adduce a very few examples : — 1. Die Brodsorg, az., a fleur de lys arg., dimidiated by a Shield arg. : this appears as a Shield per pale az. and arg., in the dexter half a fleur de lys of the last dimidiated per pale. 2. Die Eustochen of Pomerania, the Shield per pale arg. and sa., charged with an Imperial Eagle and a fleur de lys counter-changed in their tinctures, dimidiated per pale and conjoined. 3. Morglin, per pale arg. and gu., in the dexter half a dimidiated eagle of the second. 4. Die Tappen, or, a dimidiated eagle to the sinister sa. 5. Von Meggenheim, barry of six sa. and or, dimidiating or, an eagle disp. sa. 6. Siradia, a Province of Poland, or, an eagle disp. and a bear rampt, both dimidiated and conjoined in pale, sa., under the same Crown gold; (See also Nos. 327, 328, PL XVIII.) In the stained glass of the Church of St. Etienne du Mont, at Paris, are these two remarkable examples of Dimidiation ; — or, a tree eradicated, having a serpent entwined about its stem, all ppr., dimidiating gu., two bar bels embowed and addorsed, — the tree is dimidiated per pale down the stem, and one barbel only is seen : again (in a window of a 2 h 2 468 foreign heraldry. chapel of the south aisle), az., a lion rampt. or, a chief gu., dimi diating, or, three hedges in pale vert, out of each as many trees ppr. And, once more, in a miniature in the Imperial Library at Paris, the Lozenge of Arms of Louise d' Savoie, Duchess d'ANGOULEME, Regent, and mother of Francis I., is dimidiated thus, the two Coats being misplaced, — to the Dexter, Savoy, the Cross being couped ; to the Sinister, France Modern : one half of the Cross, which is dimidiated per pale, is shown, with one fleur de lys in the sinister chief and one half of the fleur de lys in the base. Instances of dimidiated Arms occur on some of the Continental postage-stamps ; as in the stamp of Bergedorft, which bears an Imperial Eagle and a Castle, both dimidiated and conjoined in pale, with a Bugle-horn in base. Supporters generally appear in Foreign Heraldry in pairs, both figures being alike : a single Supporter also frequently occurs. The Heralds of France distinguish between the figures of human beings, when they act as Supporters, as also those of beings in human form, and the figures of animals of every kind, the former being entitled " les tenants," and the latter " les supports ;" and further,- to trees and other objects from which Shields may be suspended, they have given the name of " les soutiens." The Mantlings or Lambrequins of the Foreign Heralds, as a general rule, follow the tinctures (the principal metal and colour) of the Arms ; and in the case of an impaled or quartered Coat, the Lambrequins would vary as the Arms : thus, for the Coat, arg., a cross sa., impaling, gu., a fesse or, the dexter Lambrequins would be sa., doubled arg., and the sinister gu., doubled or. ; but if two Helms were placed above this Shield, the dexter Helm would have Lambrequins of the first Coat, and the Sinister of the second. Lambrequins armoyees, or charged with the Arms of the Shield, are also in use. In the Heraldry of Fish (p. 72), the Achievement of Lorraine is engraved with the Lambrequins thus armoySes. Collars of Knighthood encircle impaled Shields in Foreign foreign heraldry. 469 Heraldry ; and, when there are two shields accolSes, a Collar may encircle them both, and a single Coronet may ensign them both. See p. 168. The Label, which occurs in Foreign Shields, in several in stances as a sole Charge, varies, in the number of its points, from a single point to six ; and it constantly appears in blazon as a Charge with other Charges. Thus, the Spanish family of Berenguer bears, quarterly, 1 and 4 ,or, a label of one point az. : 2 and 3, arg., a tower gu., the port or : the family of Chignin, of Savoy, bears, gu., a chevron arg., charged with six ermine spots sa., in chief a label of as many points of the last. The Arms of Dje Westphalen, of Saxony, are, arg., a fesse gu., in chief a label of five points sa. ; and a simUar label ensigns the Crest. The Arms of Die Brambach are, arg., a bend sin. gu., in chief a label of three points az. in bend : and those of Von Mondet, of Burgundy, are, az., an ostrich-feather erect arg., in chief two labels of three points in pale or. And again, the Arms of Maussabre, of Touraine, are az., a label in chief or : and those of Du Rozon, of Bretagne, gu., a label arg. FRANCE. France Ancient,— az., semSe de lys or: France Modern, — az., three fleurs de lys, two and one, or. In our own times the Arms of France have undergone a complete change ; so that the well-known heraldic term France Modern has become as completely historical as France Ancient, having, in its turn, been superseded by France Present. The Golden Eagle of the Emperor Napoleon, sitting calmly vigilant in an azure field, has succeeded to the Fleurs de Lys of gold that for so many centuries were identified with the Heraldry of France. The English Lions, accordingly, have survived their French rivals and associates, unchanged in their blazonry ; and, still as of old, representing the Eoyal Dignity and the Realm of England, they are passant guardant in the front of the Heraldry of Europe. 470 FOREIGN HERALDRY. The Shield of the French Empire is thus blazoned — az., an eagle rising and respecting to the sinister, grasping in both his claws a thunder-bolt, all or ; or, in the words of M. Victor Bouton, '' Les Napoleons portent : de L'Empire Francais, qui est d'azur, h, l'aigle a la tete contournee d'or, tenant un foudre de meme." I quote from " Nouveau Traite de Blazon," by M. Bouton, published last year by the Brothers Garnier of Paris, — a work of singular interest and value, clear, explicit, comprehensive, and profusely illustrated, which may claim to be popular with the Heralds as well of England as of France. The National Flag of France, " the Tricolour," has its colours arranged vertically, the blue being next to the staff, and the white in the centre. The Imperial Standard is semSe of golden bees, and it charges the Eagle of the Empire upon the central white division of the field. Before the Great Revolution, the French Flag was white, and it was charged with the national Achievement of Arms. Under the First Empire the Great Dig nitaries received as a special augmentation of honour, to be borne by them all, a chief az., semSe of golden bees ; and, in like manner, the Dukes of the Empire all bear a chief of their ducal rank — that is, a chief gu., semee of mullets arg. French Royal Cadency. — Unlike our own Princes of Wales, the Dauphin of France did not difference his arms with a Label ; but he bore France in the 1st and 4th quarters of his Shield, quarterly with Dauphiny, or, a dolphin embowed az. The circlet of his Coronet was heightened with fleurs de lys, and arched with four (or sometimes eight) dolphins. The Due d'Orleans : France, a Label of three points arg. The Due d' Anjou : France, a Bordure gu. The Due d'Alencon: France,aBorduregu.,chargedwitheightplates. The Due de Berri : France, a Bordure eng. gu. The Comte d'Artois : France, a Label of Castile. The Due d' Angouleme : France, a Label arg., on each point a crescent gu. foreign heraldry. , 471 The Dukes of Burgundy : France, a Bordure componSe arg. and gu. (Coll. Arm., MS. L. xiv.) The Crown of Henry II., King of France, K.G., on his Garter- Plate at Windsor, has eight fleurs de lys upon the circlet, and another large fleur de lys rises from the intersection of its eight arches. AUSTRIA. Arms, — Or, an Eagle with two heads disp. sa., crowned armed and membered gu., having an Imperial Crown placed above it in the Sliield, holding in its dexter claw a Sceptre and a Sword, and in the sinister a Mound ; charged cm the breast with a Shield, tiercSe in pale : 1. Hapsburgh, or, a lion rampt. gu. : 2. Austria, gu., a fesse arg. : 3. Lorraine, or, on a bend gu., three eaglets (or allerions) arg. Supporters, — Two Griffins or, winged sa. The Shield of Austria is surrounded with the Collars of the Austrian Orders of Knighthood, and ensigned with the Imperial Crown, No. 620, which is very singular in its form, being cleft somewhat after the manner of a mitre. The Arms of the Em peror Francis of Austria, K.G., are blazoned at Windsor, on his Garter-Plate. No. 620. — Imperial Crown of Austria. The Imperial Eagle of Austria claims to be the successor to the eagle of the German Emperors, which, in its turn, succeeded 472 , foreign heraldry. to the eagle of Ancient Rome ; and it still bears the two heads, which were significantly symbolical of the Eastern and Western Roman Empires, but are not particularly happy in their symbolism when associated with the Austrian Kaiser. The Imperial shield, as I have shown, was commonly blazoned in England ; a characteristic example I have placed at the head of this Chapter, No. 678 a, from the Plantagenet Monument at King's Langley. The field of the Imperial Standard of Austria is yellow, with an indented border of gold, silver, blue and black, and it dis plays the Eagle of the Empire. The National Flag is formed of three equally wide horizontal divisions, the central one white, and the two others red ; on the central division, towards the dexter, is a Shield charged as the Flag itself, having also the Im perial Cypher within a narrow golden border, and ensigned with the Imperial Crown. The Flag of the Merchant Service omits the Shield and Crown. HUNGARY. Arms, — Gu.,four bars arg., impaling, gu., on a mount vert, issuing from a ducal Coronet or, a patriarchal Cross arg. The Hungarian Crpwn, or St. Stephen's Crown, is very peculiar in its form. Supporters, — Two Angels holding the crown of St. Stephen over the shield. The National Colours are red, white and green, arranged horizontally, the green in chief, and the red in base. PRUSSIA. Arms, — Arg., an Eagle disp. sa., crowned, armed, mem bered, and having on each wing a trefoil slipped, all or, charged on the breast with the Royal Cypher V crowned, and holding in the dexter claw a sceptre gold ensigned with a similar Eagle, and in the sinister claw a mound az. the circle and cross of the third. This . shield is occasionally charged upon an Eagle of Prussia, after the manner of the Seal of Eichard, Earl of Cornwall, No. 212 c, PL LXII Supporters, — Two savage Men, wreathed, and holding clubs, all ppr. The Prussian Crown, No. 621, has eight arches, and after the custom prevalent on the Continent it does not enclose any cap. The Prussian Eagle is displayed in the National Flag, the foreign heraldry. 473 naval Ensign having in the dexter chief angle a cross patSe sa., voided of the field. The Royal Standard has the field semSe of Prussian Eagles. No. 621.— The Prussian Crown. The Arms of the Princely House of Hohenzollern, are, quar terly arg. and sa. John George, Prince of Hohenzollern, Knight of the Golden Fleece, in the reign of Philip IIL, bore, quarterly, 1 and 4, Hohenzollern ; 2 and 4, Sigmaringen, on a mount vert, a stag tripping or; and, over all, as Hereditary Chamberlain of the Empire, gu., two Sceptres in saltire or. RUSSIA. The Russian Arms differ from the Austrian in the Eagle holding only a Sceptre in its dexter claw, and being charged with a shield gu., bearing a figure of St. George mounted, and piercing the Dragon. This Shield is encircled with the Collar of the Russian Order of St. Andrew ; and the wings of the Eagle are also charged with two groups of small Shields representing the Provinces of the Empire. The Czar of " all the Eussias " considers himself entitled to bear the double- headed Eagle, as an imaginary successor to the Roman Cassars, (see Triers, Einleitung zu der WapenKunst, p. 312) ; the two heads of his Eagle, however, might denote European and Asiatic Eussia — his Western and Eastern Empires. The Garter-Plates of the Czars Alexander I., E.G., and Nicholas, K.G., are at Windsor. The Eussian Flag has three horizontal divisions, the uppermost white, the central blue, and the lowermost red. The 474 foreign heraldry. Naval Flag is white, with a blue diagonal cross ; and this Flag is charged in the dexter chief quarter of larger Flags of red, white, and blue, for the three Squadrons of the Eussian Navy. POLAND. Arms, — Gu., an eagle disp. arg., crowned or., quar tering Lithuania, — gu., a knight armed cap-a-pie, mounted upon a horse arg., caparisoned az., holding in his right hand a sword proper, and in the left a shield of the third charged with a cross of Lorraine or. Upon this the national Shield, when Poland had Kings of her own, the Family Arms of the reigning Sovereign, being the arms of an elected King, were charged on an In escutcheon in pretence. The German Emperors, when there were Emperors of Germany, bore their own Arms after the same manner. BADEN. Arms, — Or, a bend gu. Supporters, — Two griffins reguardant sa., crowned or. BAVARIA. Arms, — Paly bendy arg. and az. Supporters, — Two lions reguardant queue fourchSe ppr., crowned or. BELGIUM. Arms, — Sa., a lion rampt or, armed and langued gu. Supporters, — Two lions or. The Standard is black, yellow, and red ; the colours arranged vertically, the red to the fly, and the Arms with the Supporters and Crown are charged on the central yellow division. The Ensign is the same without the Arms. The Garter-Plate of King Leopold, K.G., bears, sa., a lion ramp, facing to the sinister or, charged on his shoulder with a shield, quarterly, 1 and 4, England (as borne by George IV., No. 543, PL LIX.), differenced with a label of five points arg., on the central point a cross gu. ; 2 and 3, Saxony. Each Supporter, a golden lion, holds a fringed Banner of Belgium. The motto is " L'Union fait la force." BRUNSWICK. Arms,— Gu., two lions of England in pale, with sixteen quarterings. (See p. 313; also the Garter-Plate of Christian, Duke of Brunswick, K.G., a.d. 1624, which quarters, 1. Brunswick; 2. Lunenburgh ; 3. Eberstein; 4. Homberg ; b.Hoja; FOREIGN HERALDRY. 175 6. Lauterberg and Bruckhausen quarterly.) Supporters, — Two savages, wreathed, and holding clubs, ppr. DENMARK. Arms, — Or, semSe of hearts gu., three lions pass. guard, in pale az. These are the Arms of Denmark proper, as the Arms of England are the three golden lions on a field gules. The national Shield of the Kingdom of Denmark has numerous quarterings, and it is a characteristic illustration of Foreign Heraldry. As it was borne in the time of James I., it has been blazoned in Chap. XIX., at p. 310. Frederick II. , King of Denmark and Norway, the Father of the Queen-Consort of our James I., was elected a Knight of the Garter in 1578, and his Stall-Plate is at Windsor. Its blazonry is exactly the same as that given at p. 310, except that it has nine in place of ten hearts in the fourth quarter; No. 709, PL LXXV. The Garter-Plate of Prince George, K.G., the Husband of Queen Anne, (a.d. 1684), is charged with the same Arms, the hearts being ten in number. In both these Shields the cross is straight, and it is a cross arg. fimbriated gu., and not a white cross charged upon a red one ; this, accordingly, is the cros,s of the Danish Standard, with a red fimbriation to represent the red field of the National Flag itself. It will be observed that the Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog is now charged upon the Shield of Denmark ; this is a cross patSe, and the red fimbriation is carried round the ends of the cross. Ulrick, Duke of Holstein, brother of Anne, the Queen of James I., was elected K.G. in 1605 ; his Garter-Plate displays a shield having five quarterings, two in chief, and three in base ; they are, 1. Norway; 2, Sehleswig ; 3. Holstein; 4. Ditzmers; 5. Stormerk; and, in pretence, Delmenhurst and Oldenburgh quar terly; this shield has no cross charged upon it. Several changes are apparent in the Shield of Denmark, as it is now borne by the Princess of Wales, and as it is marshalled upon the Garter-Plate of King Frederick VI., K.G., (a.d. 1822), the nephew of our George III. These changes have been minutely described, and the full blazon of the present Arms given at page 325. 476 foreign heraldry. The Supporters of Denmark were originally two lions ; but at no distant period they have been superseded by two savage men, wreathed with leaves about their heads and loins, and bearing clubs, all ppr. The Danish Ensign is red, charged with a white cross, and the flag itself is swallow-tailed. In the Standard the cross is quadrate, and charged with the complete Royal Achievement, the shield being encircled with the Collars of the Orders of the Elephant and the Dannebrog. (See " The Family Alliances of Denmark and Great Britain," by John Gough Nichols, F.S.A. ; also, the same excellent Essay in the first volume of the " Herald and Genealogist" GREECE. Arms, — Az., a cross couped arg. Supporters,— Two figures of Hercules. Motto,— ATAnH AAOY 12X12 MOY. The Flag is blue with a white cross, and this is cantoned on the Ensign, which is white with four blue bars. HANOVER. Arms,— See page 299, and No. 541, PL XLVII. The Hanoverian Ensign resembles the red Ensign of England, but the Jack is charged with a white horse courant on the cross, which is quadrate. The national colours are yellow and white per fesse, the yellow in chief. No. 619. — Hesse-Dabmstadt. HESSE-DARMSTADT. Arms,— Az., -a lion queue fourchSe rampt. barry of ten arg. and gu., crowned or, and holding in his dexter paw a sword ppr., hilt and pommel gold; No. 619. Supporters, — FOREIGN HERALDRY. 477 Two lions queue fourchSe crowned or. The Flag is, per fesse gu. and arg. HOLLAND. Arms, — Az., billettee, a lion rampt, holding in his paws a naked sivord and a sheaf of arrows, all or. Supporters, — Two lions crowned or. The Flag is of red, white, and blue, ar ranged horizontally, the red in chief and the white in the centre. The Standard has the Eoyal Achievement of Arms charged upon the white. ITALY. • Arms, — Gu., a cross arg., within a bordure az. The Standard of green, white, and red, arranged vertically, has the Arms ensigned with the Crown on the central white division ; the red is to the fly. The Arms of the House of Savoy are, gu., a cross arg. ; but M. Bouton gives, for the Counts of Savoy, gu., a cross arg., within a bordure componSe or and az. PORTUGAL. Arms, — Arg., five escutcheons in cross az., each charged with as many plates in saltire ; the whole within a bordure gu., upon which seven castles or. Supporters, — Two dragons ppr., winged vert, each holding a Banner of the Arms. (See Garter -Plates at Windsor; also Shield at St. Alban's and Seal at the end of this Chapter, No. 708.) The Standard is red, charged with the Arms and Crown ; but the Ensign is per pale blue and white, similarly charged, the blue being next the staff. The Counts Palatine of the RHINE. Arms, — Sa., a lion rampt. or, crowned gu. SAXONY. Arms,— See p. 168, and No. 353, p. 314. In the MS. Collection of Arms presented to the College of Arms by Sir William Dugdale (MS. LXIV.), the Shield of Saxony is blazoned, barry of six or and sa. M. Bouton gives the blazon of Saxony thus : — " Les dues de Saxe, portent : fascS d'or et de sable de huit pieces, du crancelin de sinople mis en bende sur le tout." The Arms are quartered in the second quarter (Thuringia is in the first quarter) by John George, second Duke of Saxony, K.G. (a.d. 1668,) upon his Garter-Plate. • In the German-Gothic Court at 478 foreign heraldry. the Crystal Palace there are some good casts of early Shields of the Arms of Saxony. The Supporters of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha are two lions reguardant ppr., crowned or. SPAIN. Arms, — the same as are blazoned for Catherine of Arragon, with France Modem (or Anjou) in pretence. See p. 308. Supporters, — Two lions or, each holding a Banner quarterly of Castile and Leon, with, over all, Anjou. But these are seldom used, the rule being that no Supporters should be employed when a shield is ensigned with the collar of the Order of- the Golden Fleece. The Standard bears the Arms displayed over its whole area. The Ensign is yellow, interposed between two horizontal bars (each of them half its own depth) of red, and it is charged towards the dexter with Castile and Leon impaled within a red circular bordure, and ensigned with the Spanish Crown. For the blazon of the Arms of Castile and Leon, see page 306 ; see also No. 135, PL I. ; and " Castile and Leon " in Chap. XXXIII. SWEDEN and NORWAY. Arms : Sweden Ancient, — Az., three bends sinister wavy arg., over all a lion rampt. or, crowned gu. : Swe den Modern, — Az., three open crowns, two and one, or : Norway, — Gu., a lion rampt. or, crowned gold, holding in his paws a Danish battle axe ppr., the blade in chief. The present King, as the heir and. successor of an elected King, charges in pretence upon the National Shield the Arms of Vasa, — Tierce in bend az. arg. and gu., over all a vase or. : impaling his own paternal arms of Bernadotte, — Az., over a river in base proper, a bridge, thereon two towers arg., in chief an eagle crowned, and accosted by seven estoiles or. A Shield of Norway appears upon the ceiling of the nave at St. Alban's : and the Shield of Arms of Christian XL, King of Sweden, K.G. (a.d. 1668), is blazoned upon his Garter-Plate at Windsor. Supporters, — Two lions rampt. reguardant crowned or. The Flag of Sweden is blue, with a yellow cross; and that of Norway is red with a blue cross having a white fimbriation. These two Flags are combined to form a United Ensign, after the manner of our Union Jack; and the United Flag is can- FOREIGN HERALDRY. 479 toned in the National Ensjgns, the Standard being also charged with the Eoyal Arms, Crown, and Supporters. SWITZERLAND. Arms,— Gu., a Cross humettSe arg. Each of the Cantons has also its own armorial insignia. TUEKEY. Arms and Flag, — Gu., a Moon decrescent or, and an Estoile arg., in fesse. WURTEMBURG. Arms,— Or, three Stag's attires in pale sa., impaling, for Hohenstaufer, or, three Lions pass, in pale sa., the right paw gu. Supporters, — A Lion as in the arms, crowned or ; and a Stag ppr. The Flag is crimson and black divided per fesse, the crimson in chief. The range of this Treatise does not admit of my extending the present Chapter so far, as to comprehend the armorial insignia and the flags of the Free Cities and of all the minor States of Germany, with those of the several States of both North and South America ; nor can I here even advert to the barbaric Heraldry of the East. The few Foreign Titles of Nobility that are held, either by grant or inheritance, by British Subjects, do not convey any privilege or precedence in this country. However real in them selves, and whatever the degree of rank they might confer in the dominions of the Sovereigns from whom they have been derived, they are purely honorary distinctions here, and they can be recognized in England only through a special Royal Licence from our own Sovereign to that effect. The Arms of these Fersonages, as would be expected, have certain Augmenta tions granted by Foreign Heralds, or their entire blazonry par takes more of Foreign than of English heraldic feeling and usage. These Arms are appended to our Peerages ; so that it will be sufficient for me to remark that the Coronets, with which these Shields of Arms are ensigned, differ from the Coronets of our own Peers in having no caps, nor is their rank determined 480 FOREIGN HERALDRY. in accordance with English rule. The Coronet of a Duke of France is ensigned with parsley leaves — " feuilles d'ache ;" that of a Marquis, with three parsley leaves alternating with as many ele vated pearls; and that of a Count, with nine pearls, while a Baron -has a " bonnet gresle de perles." The German Dulces arch their Coronets, and the Counts sometimes slightly elevate their numerous pearls. Foreign Nobility, while resident in England, as a matter of course, enjoy every privilege of their rank, and each individual bears his own heraldic insignia here as he would in his native country. No. 708. — Seal of Beatrice of Portugal, Countess of Arundel and Surrey, temp. Henry V : Fitzalan and Warrenne quarterly, impaling Portugal, See p. 477. Neville Anotent. No. 725.— See page 461. CHAPTEE XXXIII. SUPPLEMENTARY. I. Heraldic Authorities and Treatises on Heraldry. Copies only of the earliest Rolls of Arms are known now to be in existence. These Rolls contain the armorial bearings with the titles of the Sovereign and his Family, and also those of the Princes and principal Nobles, Bannerets and Knights of his time. 1. Roll of Henry IIL Date, between a.d., 1240—1245. The original lost. A copy by Glover, Somerset Herald, with the Arms blazoned but not drawn, dated 1586, and presented by him to the College of Arms, where it is preserved, bound up with other heraldic MSS. in a volume entitled Miscellanea Curiosa, L. 14 : this volume was presented to the* College by Sir William Dugdale, Garter, in 1676. The Roll edited, with highly interesting and valuable remarks and an Ordinary of the Arms, by Sir Harris Nicholas, in 1829. 2. Second Roll of Henry III. Probable date, about 1270. 2 i 482 SUPPLEMENTARY. The original lost. A copy, with arms (about seven hundred in number) tricked by Charles, Lancaster Herald, in 1607, in the British Museum, Harl. MSS., 6589 : about to be published in the Archosologia. 3. Roll of Caerlaverock. Date, 1300. Contemporary copies in the British Museum, Cotton MSS., Caligula, A. XVIII; and in the College of Arms, MS., No. 27. Copies by Glover in the College of Arms, and in Ulster's Office, Dublin. Translated and published with the original text, with copious and most valuable notes, and with wood-cuts of the banners and shields of arms, by Sir Harris Nicholas, in 1828 : also, " edited from the MS. in the British Museum, with a translation and notes, by Thomas Wright, Esq., with the coat-armours emblazoned in gold and colours,'' in 1864. 4. Falkirk Roll of Edward I., a.d. 1298. Copy in the British Museum, Harl. MSS., 6589. 5. Roll of Edward II. Date between 1308 and 1314. Original in the British Museum, Cotton MSS., Caligula, A. XVIII. Pub lished by Sir Harris Nicholas, with a very valuable Ordinary of the Roll by Joseph Gwilt, Esq., in 1828. 6. Dunstable Roll of Edward IL, a.d. 1309. Copy in the British Museum, Harl. MSS., 1309. 7. Boroughbridge Roll of Edward IL, a.d. 1322. Original at Oxford. Ashmolean MSS., No. 731. 8. Roll of Edward III. Date, between 1337 and 1350. Copy in the College of Arms, written in 1562, with some of the coats tricked, by Cotgrave, Eichmond Herald. Edited by Sir Harris Nicholas, in 1828. 9. Calais Roll of Edward IIL, a.d. 1347. Copy, a.d. 1607, in the CoUege of Arms. Edited by Mr. Mores. 10. Eoll of Richard II. Date, 1392—1397. Original in private possession. Edited, with a Preface, by Mr. Willement, in 1834. In addition to these, several other early Rolls of Arms are in supplementary. 483 existence, and some of them are in the possession of private individuals. It is to be hoped that these valuable records will be published. In these Rolls, the heraldic formula, to " bear arms," occurs : they also contain the titles of the tinctures, and various heraldic terms and expressions now in use. Thus, in a Roll of the time of Edward IIL, probably a.d. 1337, there are the following entries : — "Brian Fitz-Alan de Bedale parte, barre de goules et d'or de viij peces :" " Rauf de Camays parte, d'or ove chief de goules et trois tur- teaux d' argent en le chief : '-'- Piers de Rouike port, d 'argent ove un chevron de sable et trois testes de lou de goules racer." The various MSS. Collections preserved at the College of Arms, with other similar coUections in the British Museum, the Bodleian Library at Oxford, and elsewhere, are Heraldic Autho rities of the highest order. Heraldic Authorities of equal rank, and possessing the strongest claims upon the attention of all students of Heraldry, are the monumental and architectural col lections in Westminster Abbey, St. George's Chapel, and in the cathedrals, churches, and collegiate chapels throughout the realm. The earliest writer on Heraldry, whose works are of any real value to the student, is William Camden, Clareneieux, born in 1551, and died in 1623. In 1822 was published Moule's Bibliotheca Heraldica, being a catalogue of all the works on Heraldry and heraldic subjects that had at that time appeared in this country. Published works on Heraldry : 1. Vincent on Brooke's Catalogue of Nobility, 1622. 2. Dugdale's Baronage, 1675. 3. Sandford's Genealogical History of England, 1707. 4. Nesbit's System of Heraldry, 1722. 5. Guillim's Display of Heraldry, 1724. 2 i 2 484 supplementary. 6. Anstis' Register of the Garter, 1724. 7. Histoire GSnealogique et Chronologique de la Maison Royale du France, 1726. 8. Armorial GSneral de France, 1768. 9. Ashmole's Order of the Garter, 1772. 10. Edmondson's Complete Body of Heraldry, 1780. And more recently published, 11. Rev. Mark Noble's Hiktory of the College of Arms. 1 2. Bank's Dormant and Extinct Peerages. 13. Sir Harris Nicholas' Synopsis of the Peerage. 14. The Historic Peerage of England, by Sir Harris Nicholas, edited by Wm. Courthope, Esq., Somerset Herald. 15. Vicomte De Magny's Nobiliaire Universel. 16. Planche's Pursuivant at Arms. 17. .Montagu's Guide to the Study of Heraldry. 18. Moule's Heraldry of Fish. 19. Lower's Curiosities of Heraldry. 20. Willement's Regal Heraldry. 21. Willement's Heraldic Notices of Canterbury Cathedral. 22. Shirley's Noble and Gentle Men of England. 23. Seton's Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scotland. 24. Bouton's Noveau TraitS de Blason. 25. Papworth's Ordinary of Arms, (in the course of publica tion in Parts, by subscription). 26. Parker's Dictionary of Heraldry. 27. Thom's Book of the Court. 28. Laing's Catalogue of Ancient Scottish Seals. 29. Burke's Peerage. 30. Burke's Dormant and Extinct Peerages and Baronetcies ; Commoners, and Landed Gentry. 31. Burke's Armory. 32. The Herald and Genealogist, (serial), edited by John Gough Nichols, F.S.A. These works form a selected series, and with them may be SUPPLEMENTARY. 485 associated the Archceologia; the Journals of the Archceological Institute and Association, particularly the papers on Heraldic subjects in the latter publication by Mr. Planche, and those on Seals in the former ; Stothard's Effigies ; Waller's Brasses ; the Gentleman's Magazine, and the County Histories, and the Wills of Royal and other important personages ; and also that most useful of periodicals, Notes and Queries. I must add, that the well-known introductory little volume, " Clarke's Heraldry," is about to reappear, edited by Mr. Planche : and, that a well executed " Practical Manual," specially designed for the use of heraldic Illuminators, has been very recently pub lished ; it is the conjoint production of Mr. B. F. J. Baigent, and Mr. C. J. Russell. II. Miscellaneous Addenda. 1. Tinctures, p. 19. The dots and lines by which the Tinc tures of Heraldry are now commonly indicated, are attributed to an Italian, Silvestre de Petrasancta, who describes them in his '' De Syinbolis Heroicis," lib. vij., p. 313, Antverpise, 1634. This Symbolization, however, did not come into general use until the 18th century. Some such Symbolization may occasionally be observed in the engraved shields of Brasses, in anticipation of Petrasancta. The colour Purpure appears only on rare occasions in early English blazon. In the Caerlaverock Roll, the very first Banner, that of Henry de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, bears a lion rampant purpure on a golden field : — " Baner out de un cendal safrin, O un lioun rampant purprin. " In the Roll of Edw. IL, the arms of Sir Felip de Lynesheye are, or, an eagle displayed purpure; and those of Sir Johan de Dene, arg., a lion rampt. purpure. In the Eoll of Edw. IIL, " Malemaynes port d'argent, a une bend engrele de purpure" — a bend engrailed purpure. In these same Rolls Sir Henry le 486 supplementary. Scrope and Sir Wm. le Scrope both bear their golden bend charged with a lion rampt. purpure. 2. The Shield of Earl William de Valence: pages 38 and 186. The careful and excellent fac-simile drawing of this beautiful example of heraldic champleve enamel, executed by Mr. Ber- rington, one of the vergers of Westminster Abbey, the fuU size of the original shield 20J inches in height, has just been pub lished in chromo-lithography : and the large engraving has been produced by Mr. Durlacher, by whom all my own lithographs, including the reduced representation of this same shield (Plate Vn.), have been engraved. I am glad to be enabled thus to invite attention to Mr. Berringtojs's very fine and valuable work. 3. The arms of Navarre : pages 41 and 306. The true blazon of these arms is, gules, a cross, saltire and double orle of chains, all linked together, or. The chains are sometimes represented as formed of flat solid pieces, (No. 134 a, PL VIIL,) and sometimes of open links of rings (Favyne, ii., 1874) : in the arms of Navarre blazoned upon the monument of Henry IV. at Canterbury, the chains are of flat solid pieces. This singular device is said to have been assumed by Sancho " the Strong," in memory of his successful attack upon a Moorish prince, whose army was in part defended by a barricade of chains : and, say the Spanish Historians, " because in this battle he burst in the palisade of chains, the King of Navarre took for his arms the chains of gold trellised — atravasata — in a blood-red field." 4. The Fylfot: p. 44. See Notes and Queries, 3rd series, v., 458, 524; and vi., 51, 96, 135. This figure appears upon the shield-belt of Sir John D'Aubernoun, a.d. 1277 ; and in the Brass to Robert Arthur, at Chartham, a.d. 1454. 5. The Mullet: pp. 47 and 52. The Mullet not pierced certainly appears as a charge before the introduction of spurs having rouelles, as in the noble shield of Robert de Vere at Hatfield Broadoak; so that the statement in p. 47 requires, at any rate, to be modified. supplementary. . 487 6. Arms of the Isle of Man : p. 56. In examples blazoned at different periods, the armour of the three conjoined limbs is represented in accordance with the prevalent fashion of the defensive equipment: thus in No. 176 a, PL XIV., the armour is banded mail ; but in the transcript of the Eoll of Rich. II., written and having the arms blazoned about 1515, the armour is plate. The Arms of the Island of Sicily resemble those of the Isle of Man, but the limbs are not in armour, and at their point of junction there is a human face : these arms appeared on the postage-stamps of SicUy, before that island became a part of the kingdom of Italy. The device itself, probably having reference to the name of the island, Trinacria, is displayed on the ancient coins of Sicily. 7. Blazon of the Lion : p. 57. The early blazon of the Lion rampant and the Lion passant guardant is still retained by the modern Heralds of France. See Bouton's Nouveau TraitS de Blason, p. 305, " Du Lion et du LSopard." 8. The Lions of England : p. 58. The English Lion passant guardant has his head to the dexter. Occasionally upon heraldic inlaid paving-tiles, the three Lions of England face to the sinister: this is simply the error of the tile-producer, who had neglected to reverse the shield on his engraved stamp. Examples occur at King's Langley in Hertfordshire, Horsted Keynes in Sussex, and elsewhere; the King's Langley tiles include the shield of Henry the third Earl, and Henry the first Duke of Lancaster — England differenced with a bendlet. 9. Descriptive Terms : p. 77. The heraldic terms and forms of expression that occur in the early Eolls of Arms will be found to abound in valuable information to the student of Heraldry. 10. Knights Bannerets and the Caerlaverock Roll : pp. 93, and 287. I gladly refer students to a most interesting notice of Mr. Wright's new edition of the Caerlaverock Eoll, in the Herald and Genealogist, vol. ii., p. 377 ; (the Part published in September, 1864). Amongst other corrections in the new Trans- 488 supplementary. lation, the expression in the original, " banerez," is rendered by the new editor " Bannerets," instead of " Banners," and thus the true heraldic import of the Poem, as a Roll of the Bannerets only (and not of the whole even of them), is established. Be sides King Edward himself, the Roll gives the arms of eighty-six Bannerets; the shields of arms also of seventeen Knights are added. 11. Coronets : pp. 94, 101, 104, and 133. The circlets of the Coronets of the Peers are incorrectly described as " jewelled :" Mr. Courthope has kindly corrected this error, and enabled me to record that " no coronets are jewelled, there being a special order against any such decoration." I have not been able to correct my engraved examples, Nos. 254, 276, 281, 302, 317, 281 A, and 302 A. It is remarkable that all early examples of Coronets have the circlet enriched with jewels; and modem Coronets are almost invariably represented in the same manner. 12. Robes of the Peers: pp. 94, 103, 104, 117, and 133. The " Mantles " of the Peers described in the text, are the Parlia mentary Robes of those noble Lords : the Peers have also crimson velvet Robes of Estate, not Parliamentary. 13. " Compartment :" p. 97. In this page, after the para graph on " Coins," there should have . followed a notice of an heraldic " Compartment," a term peculiar to Scottish Heraldry, which denotes a " kind of carved panel, of no fixed form, placed below the escutcheon, bearing the supporters, and usuaUy in scribed with a motto or the name and designation of the owner.'' —Seton, p. 275. 14. The Eldest Sons of Dukes : p. 103. Whatever the title borne by the eldest son of any Duke, his rank is always the same. 15. Page 103. A Duke is " Most Noble," and not " Most Honourable :" a Duchess also is " Most Noble." 16. Esquires: p. 106. There are no Esquires of the Order of supplementary. 489 the Garter, nor has the Order ever associated any Esquires with the Knights. 17. The Earl Marshal: pp. 112, 132 and 168. The title Earl Marshal is strictly heraldic, and altogether distinct from the title of that high officer as a Peer of the Realm : thus, as stated in the text, the Duke of Norfolk is the Earl Marshal. 18. Ordinary of Arms: p. 121. I desire to direct the atten tion of Students of Heraldry to an heraldic publication which possesses peculiar claims on them : this is Mr. Papworth's " Ordinary of Arms," a work which is not known as it ought to be, and the value and utiUty of which it would be difficult to estimate too highly. 19. Marshalling : p. 135. In the seventeenth century the marshalling of quartered shields of arms was frequently con ducted on principles that are most difficult to understand : and subsequently there are strong reasons for supposing that many shields rich in elaborate quarterings, which ought to be copious chapters of heraldic History, are in reality worse than worthless through the uncertainty or the absolute want of true heraldic accuracy in their marshalling. At what period true heraldic accuracy ceased to be understood, even by many of those very persons who would never hesitate to blazon and carve and display shields distinguished only by their false marshalling, I am not able to determine : I do know, however, that at the present time true marshalling, even in its simplest expressions, is altogether disregarded by persons who, while ignoring the College of Arms, take it for granted that ignorance of Heraldry does not disqualify themselves from marshalling shields of arms. While these sheets were passing through the press, 1 myself saved a Minister of the Crown from quartering tlie arms of his own wife upon a sculptured shield, in his own mansion : it is un necessary for me to suggest what kind of an heraldic chronicle would have been recorded by the designer of this shield, had he 490 supplementary. been required to marshal on it ten or twelve or more distinct yet aUied coats of arms. 20. Arms of Queen Philippa of Hainault : p. 159. In the wood-cut of this shield of arms, the second and fourth quarters ought to have been divided quarterly. 21. Arms of the Beauchamps : p. 179. The ' Rous RoU," pre served in the CoUege of Arms, contains a series of very curious differenced shields of the Beauchamps. 22. Crest- Coronet : p. 265. I observe that this term has been introduced into their " Practical Manual of Heraldry," by Mr. Baigent and Mr. Russell, from my own Volume, but without any reference or acknowledgment. 23. Supporters: pp. 130, 275, 378. The principal Hammer- beams of the grand trussed roof of Westminster Hall, as is well known, are carved to represent figures of Angels. Each of these figures carries — supports — -a large shield of the Royal Arms of Richard II. ; and a very recent visit to Westminster Hall con vinces me, that I have not duly estimated the influence exercised by these Angel-figures with their supported shields in leading to the adoption of regular heraldic "Supporters." 24. Arms of Leon : p. 306 ; also pp. 42, 157, and 388. I have blazoned the Lion o/Leon gules, because the balance of authority so decidedly inclines to gules in preference to purpure. The Spaniards themselves also blazon this shield, — " En Escudo plala, lean rojo," or, . . . " un leon rampante rojo," — a lion gules. " The uncertainty as to the proper tincture of the lion in the Arms of Leon has doubtless arisen from the vagueness attending the use of the word purpureus or molochinus in the Latin blazon of those arms :" See an able paper by the Rev. John Woodward in Notes and Queries, third Series, i., 471. It is singular that in the quartered shield of Castile and Leon, on the monument of Edward III. at Westminster, the lion of Leon is unquestionably tinctured purpure. 25. The Order of St. Patrick : p. 346. With the restoration supplementary. 491 of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin, a work so happily accom plished through the princely munificence of Mr. Guinness, is to be associated a restoration of the Lady Chapel of that Cathedral, with the special view of adapting it to the occupation and use of the Knights of the Order of St. Patrick. This most interesting work is under the direction of the Cathedral architect, Mr. Slater, who proposes to carry out his plan in the most complete and consistent manner. 26. Early Scottish Seals : p. 414. All Students of Heraldry wiU be gratified by learning that a Second Series of illustrated descriptions of Early Scottish Seals is in the course of preparation by Mr. Henry Laing. The historical and heraldic value of Mr. Laing's First Series of Scottish Seals, and the beauty and fidelity of the engraved examples give the best possible assurance of the high character which will distinguish a second volume by the same learned and accomplished gentleman. The work wiU be published, by subscription, by Edmonston and Douglas, of 88, Brinces Street, Edinburgh. 27. Fictitious Heraldry: p. 443. "The Herald and Genea logist," (vol. ii. pp. 262 and 471,) is doing good service in exposing the proceedings of " Vendors of Fictitious Heraldry." Let it not be forgotten that the purchasers are far more deserving of reprehension than the vendors of this " imitative jewelry :" would it not be possible to distinguish their purchases by sub jecting them to at least a fourfold tax ? 28. Page 456. To the Examples of satisfactory heraldic en gravings specified in this page, I desire here to add those con tained in Mr. Laing's " Descriptive Catalogue of Ancient Scottish Seals," with the smaU Shields of Arms that so freely illustrate the pages of Mr. Shirley's " Noble and Gentle Men of England." 29. I have not yet been able to discover for whom the follow ing shield of arms may have been designed,— France Modern and England quarterly, within a bordure of France — the same bordure that was borne by Prince John of Eltham with England only : this 492 supplementary. shield occurs amongst a series of shields blazoned in colour in the MS. collection, to which I have several times referred, (Collect. Curiosa L. xiv.,) and which is preserved in the College of Arms. No. 582 a.— Monogram and Collar of SS of John Baret, Bury St. Edmund'.' See page 337. LIST OF PLATES. Plate I. Shields and Achievement of Arms H. Ordinaries — Boundles III. Heraldry of the Cross IV. Subordinaries — Varied Fields V. Shields of Arms VI. Shields of Arms VII. Enamelled Shield of Earl William de Valence Frontispiece VIII. Charges — Inanimate Objects IX. Charges — Inanimate Objects X. Heraldry of the Lion XI. Charges — Animate Beings Xn. Charges — Animate Beings and Natural Objects XIH. Charges — Natural Objects, &c. XIV. Shields of Arms .... XV. Charges — Inanimate Objects, &c. XVI. Ducal Coronets, Basinets, and Crest- Wreaths XVH. Effigy of Lady Tiptoft, and Shields of Arms XVIII. Marshalling — Dimidiation XIX. Marshalling ..... XX. Marshalling and Cadency — Arms of De Bohuns XXI. Effigy of Earl John de Hastings XXH. Marshalling and Cadency— Impalements XXIIL Marshalling— Impalements and Quarterings XXIV. Marshalling XXV. Cadency — Crosslets, Martlets, &c. Page 16 222631 ?,2 38 3952 57 63 6773 107 96 102114 146 158 151 161 163165 140 179 494 list of plates. Plate XXVI. Crests XXVII. Cadency— Crosslets, Escallops, Cinquefoils, &c. XXVHI. Cadency— Mullets, Fleurs-de-lys, &c. XXIX. Pennons, Standards, &c. ' XXX. Crests and Knots XXXL Cadency— Labels of the Plantagenets XXXII. Cadency — Bordures XXXIII. Cadency— Labels XXXIV. Cadency— Plantagenet Shields and Labels XXXV. Banners, Standard, Helm, and Sail . XXXVI. Eoyal Cadency, and British Ensigns . XXXVIL Cadency— Crosslets, Mullets, &c. XXXVHI. Cadency — Arms of the De Valences, &c. XXXIX. Cadency and Badges — ^Fleurs-de-lys . XL. Cadency — Annulets, Koundles, Cantons, &c. XLL Coronets, and Crests XLII. Crowns XLIII. Lancastrian Collars, and Insignia of the Garter XLIV. Yorkist Collars, and Insigma of the Garter XLV. Cadency, and Helms XLVI. Shields of Arms, Crest, and Victoria Cross XLVII. Shields of Arms, and Eoyal Badges . XL VIII. Cadency— Crosslets, Billets, Martlets, &c. XLIX. Cadency .... L. Cadency— Eoundles, &c. LI. Cadency — Bordures, and Mantlings LIL Lozenge and Shields of Arms LIII. Quartered Arms of the Prince of Wales LIV. Insigma of the Garter LV. Insigma of the Thistle LVI. Insignia of St. Patrick LVII. Insignia of the Bath LVIII. Boyal Arms of England LIX. Eoyal Arms of England LX. Arms of the Prince of Wales LXI. Insignia of Star of India list of PLATES i\)0 Plate Page Lxn. Cadency — Bordures . . 216 LXIII. Effigy of Henry, Duke of Lancaster . . 235 LXIV. Coronets, Crests, and Mantlings . 270 LXV. Arms of the Confessor, and the Hollands . 247 LXVI. Garter-Plate — Humphrey de Bohun, K.G. . 116 LXVIL Shields of Arms . . . . . 175 LXVIII. Shields of Arms . 192 LXIX. Shields of Arms . 461 LXX. Seals . . 409 LXXI. Shields of Arms . 209 LXXII. Shields of Arms . 202 lxxih. Shields of Arms . 212 Lxxrv. Shields of Arms . 222 LXXV. Arms of Denmark . 326 LXXVI. Badges, &c. . 257 LXXVII. Arms of Abbot Bamryge, St. Alban's . 451 LXXVIII. Shields of Arms, St. Alban's . 453 LXXIX. Slab of Henry IV., from Venice . 258 LXXX. Marshalling and Cadency . 149 LXXXI. Seals ..... . 407 LXXXH. Seals . . 412 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. No. 1 A. B. 2 1}il 6A.7 10 11 12 13 14 1516 1718 1920 21222324 25262728 2930 3132 33 33 a, 33 b. 31 3536 37 38 39 4040 a. \ Jerusalem, p. 8. /Jerusalem, p. 8. France Ancient, p. 12. Heraldic Shields, p. 13. Heraldic Shields, p. 15. Provence, plate i. Points of the Shield, p. 17. Per Pale, p. 17. Per Fesse, p. 17. Per Cross, or Quarterly, p. 17. Per Bend, p. 17. Per Saltire, p. 17. Per Chevron, p. 17. Quarterly of eight, p. 17. Quarterly Quartered, p. 17. Dividing and Border Lines, p. 18. Or, p. 19. Argent, p. 19. Azure, p. 19. Gules, p. 19. Sable, p. 19. Vert, p. 19. Purpure, p. 19. Ermine, p. 20. Ermines, p. 20. Erminois, p. 20. Vair, p. 20. Vair, p. 20. Counter Vair, p. 20. Potent, p. 20. Counter Potent, p. 20. A Chief, plate ii. De Neville, p. 25. De Lacy, p. 25. A Fesse, plate ii. A Bar, plate ii. A Pale, plate ii. A Cross, plate ii. A Bend, plate ii. A Saltire, plate ii. A Chevron, plate ii. De Clare, p. 21. No. 41 A Pile, plate ii. 42 Two Bars, plate ii. 43 A Fesse Cotised, plate ii. 44 Bars Gemelles, plate ii. 45 A Pale endorsed, plate ii. 46 On a Bend, plate ii. 47 A Bend Cotised, plate ii. 48 A Bibbon, plate ii. 49 On a Saltire, plate ii. 49 A. In Chief, plate ii. 49 b. In Fesse, plate ii. 49 c. In Pale, plate ii. 49 D. In Cross, plate ii. 49 E. In Bend, plate ii. 49 f. In Saltire, plate ii. 49 G. In Chevron, plate ii. 49 h. In Pale, plate ii. 50 A Bezant, plate Li. 51 A Plate, plate ii. A Hurte, plate ii. A Torteau, plate ii. A Pellet, plate ii. A Pomme, plate ii. A Fountain, plate ii. A Greek Cross, plate iii. A Latin Cross, plate iii. A Tau Cross, plate iii. St. Andrew, plate iii. St. Patrick, plate iii. St. George, plate iii. The First Union Jack, p. 26. The Second Union Jack, p. 26. A Cross Fimbriated, plate iii. A Cross surmounted by a Cross, "* - plate iii. 66 a. A Cross voided, plate iii. 67 A Cross pointed, plate iii. A Cross patriarchal, plate iii. A Cross on Degrees, plate iii. A Cross couped, plate iii. A Maltese Cross, plate iii. A Cross quadrate, plate iii. A Cross quarter pierced, plate iii. A Cross quai'terly pierced, plate 686970 71 7273 74 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 497 No. 7576 77787980818282 a. S3 84 85 86 87 89 90 91929394 95 9697 98 9999 a 100101 102 103104105106106 A 107108 108 a. 109 110111112113 114115 115 A. 116117 118119120 121121 A. 121 B. 122123 A Cross Moline, plate iii. A Cross Recercelee, plate iii. A Cross Patonce, plate iii. The Confessor — St. Edward, plate i. A Cross Fieurie, plate iii. A Cross Fleurettee, plate iii. A Cross Pommee, plate iii. A Cross Fourchee, plate iii. A Cross Urdee, p. 30. A Cross Crosslet, plate iii. A Cross Crosslet Fitchee, plate iii. A Cross Patee, plate iii. A Cross Patee Fitchee, plate iii. A Cross Botonee, plate iii. A Cross Botonee Fitchee, plate iii. A Cross Potent, plate iii. A Cross Potent Fitche'e, plate iii. A Cross Potent Quadrate, plate iii. A Cross Engrailed, plate iii. A Cross Undee, plate iii. A Cross Ragulee, plate iii. Five Fusils in Cross, plate iii. A Canton, plate iv. A Gyron, plate iv. An Inescutcheon, plate iv. Mortimer, p. 31. Mortimer, p. 31. An Orle, plate iv. De Valence, plate3 v., vii., and xxxviii. A Tressure, plate iv. Scotland, plate v. A Lozenge, plate iv. A Fusil, plate iv. A Frette, plate iv. Frettee, plate iv. Le De Spencer, plate v. Flanches, plate iv. Flasques, plate iv. A Mascle, plate iv. A Bustre, plate iv. A Billet, plate iv. A Label, plate iv. A Bordure, plate iv. A Bordure engrailed, plate iv. A Bordure indented, plate iv. Shield— Whitworth Effigy, p. 34. Brittany — De Dreux, plate v. Gyronny, plate iv. Gyronny of six, plate iv. Lozengy, plate iv. Fusilly, plate iv. De Grey, p. 35. Paly of 8, plate iv. Bendy of 8, plate iv. Barry Bendy, plate iv. Paly Bendy, plate iv. No.124125 126127127 a, 127 b. 127 c. 12S 129129 a. 129 b. 129 o. 130 131131 A. 132132 A. 132 b. 132 o. 133133 a. 134134 A. 135135 a. 136136 a. 136 b. 136 c. 137137 a. 138 139 140141142143144 144 a. 144 b. 145146 146 A. 146 b. 147 148149150 151152152 a. 153153 a. A Bordure Compony, plate iv. Bordure Counter Compony, plate iv. Chequee, plate iv. Sir Robert de Chandos, plate vi. Percy — Beverley, plate vi. De Warrenne — Castle Acre, plate vi. De Warrenne — Beverley, plate vi. Flag of the Admiralty, p. 39. Six Annulets, plate viii. ' Arrows, plate viii. Bannerman, plate viii. Three Battering Rams, plate viii A Fire Beacon, plate viii. Breys, plate viii. De Geneville, plate xiv. A Buckle, plate viii. A Buckle and Strap, plate viii. Thomas Rocelyn, plate lxix. Pelham, p. 436. A Caltrap, plate viii. A Chapeau, plate viii. An Escarbuncle, plate viii. An Escarbuncle, plate viii. Castile and Leon — Queen Alia nore, plate i. A Castle, plate viii. A Chess-Rook, plate viii. A Cinquefoil, plate viii. A Clarion, plate viii. Fitz Simon, plate lxix. A Clarion, plate viii. Cups, plate viii. Cushions, plate viii. Cushions — De Bohun Brass, plate xv. City of London, p. 54. An Estoile, plate viii. A Winnowing Fan, plate viii. A Fetter-Lock, plate viii. A Fylfot Cross, plate viii. D'Aubeny, plate lxix. Crest of Hope, plate xxvi. Crest of Drake, plate xxvi. Gauntlets, plate viii. Gurges, plate viii. John Martell, plate lxix. De Hursthelve, plate lxix. A Hawk's Lure, plate ix. A Hawk's Bell and Jesses, plate ix. A Hemp-Brake, plate ix. A Hunting Horn, plate ix. A Lymphad, plate ix. A Maunche, plate ix. A Maunche, plate ix. A Mill-Rind, plate ix. A Guy Ferre, plate lxix. 2 K 498 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. No. 154 A Mullet, plate ix. 155 A Mullet of six points, plate ix. 156 De Vere, plate vi. 157 A Mullet pierced, plate ix. 158 A Pall, plate ix. 158 a. John Bourdon, plate lxix. 159 A Pastoral Staff, plate xv. 160 A Crozier, plate xv. 161 A Penner and Inkhorn, . plate ix. 162 A Pheon, plate ix. 163 A Portcullis, plate ix. 164 A Quatrefoil and Shield, plate xv. 164 A. A Scaling-Ladder, p. 51. 164 b. A Lozenge-Panel and Shield, plate xv. 165 A Seax, plate ix. 166 A Shakefbrk, plate ix. 167 Hay, p. 54. 168 The Trinity House, plate xiv. 169 A Pryck-Spur, plate ix. 170 A Wheel-Spur, plate ix. 171 A Rouelle-Spur, plate ix. 172 A Guarded-Spur, plate ix. 173 The Earl Poulett, plate xiv. 173 A. A Tower, plate ix. 174 A Trelise, plate ix. 175 A Trumpet, plate ix. 176 Water Bougets, plate ix. 176 A. Isle of Man, plate xiv. 177 The Badge of Ulster, plate ix. 177 A. Douglas, plate xiv. 178 A Lion Passant, plate x. 179 A Lion Passant Guardant, plate x. 179 a. A Lion Passant Reguardant, plate x. 179 b. A Lion Passant Guardant, plate x. 180 A Lion Rampant, plate x. 180 A. A Lion Rampant, plate x. 181 A Lion Rampant Guardant, plate 182 183184 185186187187 a 187 b 187 c. 188 189190191 192193 A Lion Rampant Reguardant, plate x. A Lion Salient, plate x. Two Lions Combatant, plate x. The Percy Lion, p. 55. The Howard Lion, p. 55. A Lion Sejant, plate x. A Lion Sejant Rampant, plate x. A Lion Couchant, plate x. A Lion Coward, p. 59. A Demi-Lion Rampant, plate x. A Lion's Face, plate x. A Lion's Head, couped, plate x. A Lion's Head, erased, plate x. A Lion's Jambe, plate x. Two Lions Rampant, addorsed, plate x. (Cornwall, plate v. A Lion Rampant, crowned, plate x. 195 A Lion Rampant, holding a Spear, plate x. 186 A Lion gorged with » Coronet, plate x. 197 A Lion queue fourche'e, plate x. 198 England, p. 61. 199 The Earl of Pembroke, plate x. 199 A. An Ermine, p. 62. 200 Longespee, p. 89. 201 De Bohun, plate xx. 201 A. De Wheathamstede, plate xv. 202 A Stag at gaze, plate xi. 203 A Stag tripping, plate xi. 203 A. A Stag at speed, plate xi. 204 A Stag lodged, plate xi. 205 A Stag's Head cabossed, plate xi. 205 a. Stanley, plate xiv. 205 B. Cavendish, plate xiv. 206 A Bear and Ragged Staff, plate xxx. 207 A Talbot Dog, plate xi. 208 Jessant-de-lys, plate xi. 208 A. Jessant-de-lys reversed, plate xi. 209 A Bird soaring, plate xi. 210 Wings in lure, plate xi. 211 Wings erect, plate xi. 212 A Bird trussing another, plate xi . 212 A. An eagle displayed, plate xi. 212 b. An Eagle with two heads, plate xi. 212 c. Richard, Earl of Cornwall, plate lxii. 213 A Pelican in its Piety, plate xi. 214 A Swan chained, plate xi. 215 A Bird closed, plate xi. 216 A Martlet, plate xi. 216 A. A Martlet, plate xi. 217 A Fish naiant, plate xi. 218 A Fish hauriant, plate xi. 21 8 A. A Fish uriant, plate xi. 219 A Dolphin embowed, plate xi. 219 a. A Dolphin, p. 66. 220 An Escallop Shell, plate xi. 221 A Cockatrice, plate xii. 222 Crest — Dagworth, plate xji. 222 a. Crest — Elmebrigge, plate xii. 223 A Dragon, plate xii. 223 A. A Dragon Standard, plate xii. 224 A Griffin, plate xii. 225 A Mermaid, plate xii. 225 a. A Collar of Mermaids, p. 68. 226 A Merman, plate xii. 227 A Wyvern, plate xii. 227 a. A Unicorn, plate xii. 227 b. A Pegasus, plate xii. 227 o. A Phoenix, plate xii. 227 D. A Salamander, p. 69. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 499 No.228 The Sun in splendour, plate xii. 229 Rays of the Sun, plate xii. 230 Crescent, plate xii. 231 Decrescent, plate xii. 232 Increscent, plate xii. 233 A Cinquefoil, plate xii. 234 Black Prince— Shield of Peace, p. 70. 234 A. A Feather Badge— Black Prince, plate xii. 234 b. Swan and Feather — De Bohun, plate xii. 235 Feather and Scroll — Worcester, plate xii. 235 A. Prince of Wales' Plume— Mo dern, plate xv. 236 A Fleur-de-lys, from tiles, plate xiii. 236 A. A Fleur-de-lys, from tiles, plate xiii. 236 b. A Fleur-de-lys, from tiles, plate xiii. 237 A Fleur-de-lys — Windsor, plate xv. 237 a. A Fleur-de-lys— Monument of Edward HI., plate xv. 238 A Fleur-de-lys, on Sword and Sceptre, plate xiii. 238 A. A Seal of Louis VIIL, p. 404. 239 Leveson, p. 70. 239 a. Chester, p. 70. 239 b. A Garbe, plate xii. 239 o. A Slip of Oak plate xii. „ 240 Planta Genista, plate xii. 241 A Rose, plate xiii. 241 a. A Rose, Pulham Church, p. 76. 242 A Rose— Worcester, p. 293. 242 a. A White Rose of York, plate xiii. 243 A Rose-en-Soleil — Worcester, p. 293. 244 A Sixfoil, plate xiii 245 The Stock of a Tree, plate xiii. 246 A Trefoil slipped, plate xiii. 247 A Tudor Rose — Worcester, p. 293. 248 A York and Lancastrian Rose crowned, plate xiii. 248 A. A White Rose-en-Soleil, plate xiii. 249 Byron, p. 77. 250 Gouttee, p. 77. 251 Gouttee, p. 77. 252 Mantelee, plate xiii. 253 A Saltire trononee, plate xiii. 254 The Coronet of a Baron, p. 94. 255 Canterbury impaling Kempe, plate xiv. 256 Contoise— Aymer de Valence, plate xv. 257 Basinet— Sir H. Calveley, plate No.257 A. A Crest Coronet, p. 265. 258 Basinet — Ralph de Neville, plate xvi. 259 Helm and Crest— Richard I., plate xxvi. 260 Helm and Crest— H. de Bohun, plate xxvi. 261 Helm and Crest— Sir J. Loutrell plate xxvi. 262 Helm and Crest— Edward III., plate xxvi. 263 Helm and Crest— Black Prince, plate xxvi. 264 Helm and Crest — Edward de Thorpe, p. 110. 265 Helm and Crest— R. de Beau champ, plate xii. 266 Crest — Lord Stourton, plate xxvi. 267 Helm and Crest— Sir William de Bryenne, plate xxvi. 267 A. Crest— Lord Ferrers of Chartley, plate xxvi. 267 b. Two Crests of Tyndall, p. 272. 268 Crest Coronet— Sir T. Bromflete, plate xxvi. 269 Crest of Mortimer, plate xxvi. 270 Seal— Mortimer, p. 418. 270 A. Seal— Edm. de Arundel, p. 271, 418. 271 St. Edmond, plate xiv. 272 A Mural Crown, p. 99. 273 A Naval Crown, p. 99. 274 A Vallary Crown, p. 99. 275 An Eastern Crown, p. 99. 276 The Coronet of a Duke, p. 101. 277 Basinet — John of Eltham, plate xvi. 277 A. Basinet — John of Eltham, plate xvi. 278 Fillet— William of Hatfield, plate xvi. 279 Basinet — Black Prince, plate xvi. 279 A. Basinet — Black Prince, plate xvi. 279 b. Basinets-Black Prince, p. 102. 280 Coronet — John de la Pole, plate xvi. 281 The Coronet of an Earl, p. 104. 281 a. Coronet of an Earl, plate Ixiv. 282 Coronet— Earl of Arundel, p. 105. 283 Coronet— Earl of Arundel, p. 105. 283 A. Coronet — Countess of Arundel, plate xii. 284 Coronet — Countess of Essex, plate xii. 285 Coronet — Sir T. Boleyn, plate xii. 286 Edward III., p. 333. 2 K 2 500 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. No. No. 287 Camoys — with Garter, plate xiv. 320 2S8 Camoys and Mortimer, plate xiv. 320 a. 288 a Garter — Lord Camoys, plate xliii. 321 289 Henry V., plate xiv. 290 Garter — John de la Pole, plate xliv. 322 291 Yorkist Collar — Lord Harcourt, plate xliv. .323 292 Garter — Lady Harcourt, plate xliv. 324 293 A Gonfannon, plate xxix. 325 294 Modern Helm — Sovereign, p. 110. 325 a. 295 Modern Helm — Princes, p. 110. 326 296 Modern Helm — Knights, p. 111. 326 a. 297 Modern Helm — Esquires, p. 111. 326 b. 298 Crown of Herald King-of-Arms, p. 357. 327 299 The Duke of Norfolk, p. 428. 328 300 Effigy of Lady Tiptoft, plate xvii. 300 a . Tiptoft, plate xvii. 329 300 b . Powys, plate xvii. 329 a. 300 c Tiptoft and Powys, plate xvii. 329 b. 301 Harsyck, plate i. 302 The Coronet of a Marquess,p. 117. 329 c. 303 A Merchant's Mark, plate xiii. 304 The Merchants of the Staple, plate xiii. 330 305 The Merchants Adventurers, plate xiii. 331 306 A Mitre, p. 119. 332 307 A Mitre, p. 119. 332 a. 308 The Mitre of the Bishop of Dur ham, p. 119. 332 b. 309 Three Mitres, p. 90. 310 Pennon — Sir J. DAubernoun, 333 plate xxix. 334 311 Shield of St. George, Elsyng 335 Brass, plate xxix. 335 a. 312 Standard — Edward III., plate xxix. 335 b. 313 Standard — Earl of Warwick, 335 c. plate xxxv. 336 314 Standard — Henry of Bolingbroke, p. 286. 337 315 Standard — Henry VIIL, plate xxix. 338 316 Standard — Henry VIII., plate xxix. 338 a. 317 The Coronet of a Viscount, p. 133. A Crest Wreath, plate xv. 339 318 340 318 a. A Crest Wreath in perspective, plate xv. 341 319 Stafford impaling Butler, plate xxiv. 342 319 a. Stafford, plate xxiv. 343 319 b. Butler, plate xxiv. Cornwall dimidiates Clare, plate xviii. , Clare dimidiates Fitzgerald, plate lxxx. Cornwall impales Clare, plate xviii. England dimidiates France, plate xviii. France Ancient and Navarre, plate xviii. Dimidiated Shield — Chessman, plate xviii. De Valence dimidiates Clare monte, plate xviii. . Alianore Ferre, plate lxxx. Great Yarmouth, plate xviii. . The Cinque Ports, plate lxxx. Chester City, plate lxxx. Seal — Alice d' Avesnes, plate xviii. Seal — Peter Tederade, plate xviii. Seal — Joan de Barre, p. 150. . De Barre, pl$te xix. Diagram of Seal of Robt. de St. Quintin, p. 152. Seal — John de Warrenne, plate lxxxi. Two Small Shields of Essex, plate xx. Secretum — Thos. Duke of Glou cester, p. 152. John of Eltham, plate xix. Seal — Queen Margaret, plate lxxxi. Seal — Wm. de Clinton, plate lxxxi. Milo of Hereford, plate xx. Her Majesty the Queen, p. 332. Arnold de Gaveston, plate xix. . Isabelle, Queen of Edward II. p. 135. , Piers de Gaveston, plate xix. Champagne, p. 170. Edward III. — Lincoln, plate xxxiv. England and Hainault, p. 159. Effigy of John de Hastings, plate xxi. Shield of John de Hastings, p. 172. The Black Prince, Lincoln, plate xxxiv. Woodstock and De Bohun, plate xx. De Bohun and FitzAlan, plate xx. Thomas de Holland of Kent, plate xxii. Tiptoft, Holland, and Powys, plate xxii. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 501 No. 344 Impaled Shield of James II. of Soots, plate xxii 345 The Countess of Lennox, plate xxii. 346 The Countess of Richmond, plate xxii. 346 A. Edmond Tudor impaling Beau fort, plate xxii. 347 Seal — Henry of Bolingbroke, p. 165. <*- 348 Henry IV. and Navarre, plate xxiii. 349 Richard H. and Bohemia, plate xxiii 350 Richard II. and France, plate xxiii. 351 Henry VII. and Elizabeth of York, plate xxiii. 352 Henry VI. and Margaret of Anjou, plate xxiii. 353 H.H.R. the late Prince Consort, p. 314. 354 Stafford and Butler, plate xxiv. 355 Stafford and Butler, plate xxiv. 356 Campbell, plate xxiv. 357 Stafford, Butler, and Campbell, plate xxiv. 358 Stafford, Butler, and Campbell, plate xxiv. 359 Stafford, Butler, and Campbell. plate xxiv. 360 Bentinck, plate xxiv. 361 Stafford, Butler, Campbell, and Bentinck plate xxiv. 362 Bentinck impaling Stafford, But ler, and Campbell, plate xxiv. 362 A. Coronet of a. Marquess, plate lxiv. 363 Bentinck with Stafford, Butler and Campbell in pretence, plate xxiv. 364 Bentinck quartering Stafford, Butler and Campbell, plate xxiv. 564 A. Powys and Holland, plate xxiii. 365 Furnival, plate xxv. 366 De la Zouche, plate xxv. 366 A. De la Zouche, plate lxvii. 366 B. De la Zouche, plate lxvii. 367 Newburgh, plate xxv. 368 De Beauchamp, plate xxv. 369 De Beauchamp, plate xxv. 370. De Beauchamp, plate xxv. 371 De Beauchamp, plate xxv. 372 De Clifford, plate xxv. 373 De Clifford, plate xxv. 374 De Ros, plate xxvii. 375 De Trumpingdon, plate xlviii.- 376 De Balliol, plate xxvii. 377 De Cobham, plate xxv. No. 378379379 a. 380.381 382383 384 385 386387 De Cobham, plate xxv. De Cobham, plate xxv, A Label of Modern Cadency, plate xiii. Crescent of Modern Cadency, plate xiii. Mullet of Modern Cadency, plate xiii. Martlet of Modern Cadency, plate xiii. Annulet of Modern Cadency, plate xiii. Fleur-de-lys of Modern Cadency, plate xiii. Rose of Modern Cadency, plate xiii. Cross Moline of Modern Cadency, plate xiii. Octo-foil of Modem Cadency, plate xiii. 388 Fitz Nichol, plates xxvii and xlviii. 388 A. De Umphraville, plate xxvii. 388 B. W. Bardolph, plate xxvii. 388 o. T. Bardolph, plate xxvii. 388 D. Cross - Crosslet fleurie, plate xlviii. 388 B. Cross - Crosslet botone'e, plate xlviii. 388 n. D'Arcy, plate xxvii. 388 G. D'Arcy, plate xxvii. 388 h. D'Arcy, plate xxvii. 388 I. D'Arcy, plate xxvii. 388 K.. D'Arcy, plate lxxi. 388 l. D'Arcy, plate lxxi. 389 De Saltmarsh, plate xxxvii. 390 De Brewys, plate xxxvii. 390 A. De Brewys, plate lxvii. 390 b. De Faucombe, plate lxvii. 391 De Swynborne, plate xxxvii. 391 A. Sir T. Dalton, plate lxvii. 391 b. John de Warre, plate lxvii. 392 De Berkeley, plate xxxvii. 393 De Berkeley, plate xxxvii. 394 Howard Ancient, plate xxxvii. 395 Grimstone, plate xxxvii. 396 Greville, plate xxxvii. 397 De Bohun of Hereford, plate xx. 397 A. De Bohun Seal, plate lxx. 398 De Bohun of Northampton, plate xx. 398 A. De Bohun Seal, plate lxx. 399 De Montfort, plate xlix. 400 Clynton, plate xxxvii. 400 a. Clynton, plate lxvii. 401 Ughtred, plate xxxvii. 401 a. Ouchtred, plate lxvii. 401 b. Oittrich, plate lxvii. 402 Basset, plate xxxvii. 502 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. No. 403 Bassett, plate xxxvii. 404 St. John, plate xxviii. 404 a. St. John, plate xxviii. 405 Daubygne', plate xxviii. 406 Daubygne, plate xxviii. 407 Daubygne, plate xxviii. 408 Daubygne', p. 134. 408 a. Daubygne, plate lxxiii. 409 Graham, plate xxviii. 410 Deincourt, plate xlviii. 411 Haydon, plate xlviii. 41 2 De Merley, plate xlviii. 412 a. De Paynell, plate lxvii. 413 De Boun, plate xlviii. 413 A. De Vaus, plate lxviii. 413 c. Sir John Mounteney, plate lxviii. 414 De Valence, plate xxxviii. 415 De Valence, plate xxxviii. 416 De Valence, plate xxxviii. 417 De Valence, plate xxxviii. 418 De Valence, plate xxxviii. 419 De Chaworth, xxxviii. 420 De Chaworth, xxxviii. 421 De Chaworth, xxxviii. 422 Fitz Ralph, plate xxxix. 423 De Peyver, plate xxviii 424 De Deyville, plate xxviii. 424 a. De Deyville, plate lxviii. 424 b. John Neville, plate lxviii. 425 Shield at Selby, plate xxviii. 425 a. Shield at Abergavenny, plate xxxix. 425 b. Giffard, plate xxxix. 426 De Rachecourte, plate xxviii. 426 A. Hakebut, plate lxviii. 426 b. Bromflete, plate xxxix. 426 c. De Cantelupe, plate xxxix. 427 De Beaumonte, plate xxviii' 427 a. De Ryther, plate xxxviii. 427 b. Parys, plate xxxviii. 428 De Potenhall, plate xxviii. 429 Lothian, plate xxxii. 429 A. Lothian, plate lxxi. 430 Edward II., as Prince Royal, plate xiv. 431 De Tressell, plate xxxviii. 432 De Fitz William, plate xlix. 432 a. Elmebrigge, plate xlix. 433 Sir John de Cornwall, K.G., plate li. 434 Estofford, plate 1. 435 De Welle, plate 1. 435 a. De Trussell, plate 1. 436 St. Amand, plate 1. 437 Wake, plate 1. 438 De Courtenay, plate 1. 439 De Bascrevttle, plate 1. 440 De Vipont, plate 1. 440 a. Avenel, plate lxix. 441 De Quincey, plate xlix. No. 442 Le Blond, plate 1. 443 De Burgh, plate 1. 444 De Vaux, plate 1. 445 De Creke, plate xlviii. 446 De Fortibus, plate 1. 447 De Mounchesney, plate xlviii. 448 Shield from Arderne Brass, plate xl. 449 De Verdon, plate xl. 450 Mantling— Earl of Essex, plate li. 450 a. Mantling — Lord Berners, plate Ixv. 450 b. Mantling — Earl Rivers, plate lxiv. 450 o. Lord Beaumont, plate lxiv. 451 Mantling -George of Clarence, plate li. 451 A. Crest — John Beaufort, K.G., plate xii. 451 b. Sir Thomas Lancaster, plate lxxii. 452 Fynderne, plate xl. 452 A. De la Pole, plate xl. 452 b. De Neville, of Salisbury, plate xl. 452 o. De Neville, plate xl. 452 d. Eleven differenced Shields of Neville of Baby, p. 203. 453 Wm. de Lancaster, plate xl. 454 De Cauteville, plate xl. 455 Bassett, plate xl. 456 Ralph, Lord Bassett, K.G., plate xl. 457 De Kendall, plate xl. 458 Fitz Mai-maduke, plate xl. 459 Grandison, plate xlix. 460 Grandison, plate xlix. 460 A. Bishop de Grandison, plate lxxiii. 461 St. Quintin, plate xxvii. 462 St. Quintin, plate xxvii. 463 De Ferrers, plate li. 464 Montbourchier, plate li. 465 Le Despencer, plate li. 466 John de Wheathamstede, plate li. 467 De Lacy, plate xlix. 468 Ermine Label— St. Alban's, plate xxxi. 469 Ermine Label— Gt. Yarmouth, plate xxxi. 470 Edward I, as Prince Royal, p. 173. 471 Henry of Lancaster, p. 173. 472 Label of York, Great Yarmouth, plate xxxi. 473 Label of George, Duke of Cla rence, plate xxxi. 474 Label of Richard of York, plate xxxi. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 503 No.475 Holland of Kent, plates xxxii. and lxv. 476 Humphrey of Glo'ster, plate xxxii. 477 De Vere, with Bordure, plate xxxii# 477 a. Holland of Exeter, plates xiv. and lxv. 478 Richard of Coningsburgh, plate xxxii. 479 Beaufort, plate xxxii. 480 Cardinal Beaufort, plate xxxii. 481 Thomas Beaufort, K.G., plate xxxii. 482 Edmund Tudor, plate xxxii. 483 Jaspar Tudor, plate xxxii. 484 Thomas Beaufort, K.G., plate xxxii 485 Label of Richard IL, plate xxxi. 486 Henry of Bolingbroke, p. 253. 487 Henry V. as Prince of Wales, p. 230. 488 Edmond of Lancaster, plate xiv. 488 a. Henry, Duke of Lancaster, plate lxiii. 489 Label — Monument of Edward DX, plate xxxi. 490 Lionel of Antwerp, plate xxxiv. 491 John of Ghent, plate xxxiv. 492 Edmond of Langley, plate xxxiv. 493 Henry of Bolingbroke, plate xxxiv. 494 Ermine Label, plate xxxi. 495 Label of Lancaster, plate xxxiii 496 Label of York, plate xxxi. 497 Label of Leon and York, plate xxxiii. 498 Label of Castile, plate xxxiii. 499 Label of Castile and Leon, plate xxxiii. 499 a. Label of York and Castile, plate lxxiv. 500 Label of Richard HI, plate xxxi. 501 Label — "Last of the Plantage- nets," plate xxxi. 502 John Lovel, plate xxxiii 503 Sir Edward Montague, p. 225. 503 A. Sir Alexander Giffard , plate lxxx. 504 Label — Sir H. Courtenay, plate 505 Label— Sir P. Courtenay, K.G., plate xxxiii. 506 Label — Sir G. Courtenay, plate xxxiii. 507 Label of Latymer, p. 228. 508 Label of Latymer, p. 228. 509 Seal — Thomas of Glo'ster, plate lxx. 510 Diaper — Seal of Thomas of Glo's ter, p. 38. No. 511 Swan Badge — De Bohun Brass, p. 254. 512 Bear and Staff Crest, plate xxx. 513 Dacre Badge, plate xxxix. 514 Knot — Anne of Bohemia, plate xxx. 515 Stafford Knot, plate xxx. 516 Bourchier Knot, plate xxx. 517 Heneage Knot, plate xxx. 518 Wake and Ormonde Knot, plate xxx. 519 Bowen Knot, plate xxx. 519 a. Crest — Scott of Thirlstane, plate xxvi. 520 Crest— John Duke of Bedford, plate xxx. 521 Crest— John Mowbray, plate xii. 522 Panache- Crest of John Lord Scrope, p. 419. 523 Achievement of the Earl of Staf ford, K.G., p. 264. 524 Dragon Crest, Thomas of Lan caster, plate xxxv. 525 SealofThomasHolland,platelxx. 525 A. Kirkpatrick Crest, plate xxx. 526 Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry, plate xxix. 527 Lance Flag, Bayeux Tapestry, plate xxix. 528 Banner — Henry De Lacy, plate xxxv. 529 Banner — Sir Symon de Fel bryge, plate xxxv. 530 Heraldic Sail, plate xxxv. 531 First Red Ensign, plate xxxvi. 532 Second Red Ensign, plate xxxvi. 533 Present Red Ensign, plate xxxvi. 534 St. George's Ensign, plate xxxvi. 535 Present Blue Ensign, plate xxxvi. 536 England — (two lions), plate lviii 536 A. England, plate lviii 536 b. France Ancient and England, plate lviii. 536 c. Richard IL, plate lviii. 536 D. France Modem and England, plate lviii. 537 . Royal Shield of the Stuarts, plate lviii. 537 A. Ireland, plate xlvi. 538 Nassau, plate, xlvii. 539 William III. and Mary, plate lix. 439 A. William IIL, plate lix. 540 Arms of Queen Anne, plate lix. 541 Hanover, plate xlvii. 542 George I, plate lix. 542 A. Electoral Bonnet of Hanover. plate lxxvi 543 George IIL, plate lix. 543 A. Her Majesty the Queen, plate lix. 544 Badge of Richard I., plate xlvii. 504 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. No. 545 of Henry VII., plate, xlvii. Badge of James 1., plate xlvii. Ponthieu, plate xlvii. Crown of Richard I., plate xiii. Crown of Berengaria, plate xiii. Crown of Edward II., p. 317. Crown of Henry IV., p. 317. Crown of Henry V., plate xiii. Crown — Henry VI., plate xiii. Crown — Edward IV., plate xiii. Crown— Edward IV., (Great Seal), plate xiii. Crown — Henry VII. (King's Chapel), p. 372. Crown— Margaret Tudor, p. 380. Crown — Henry VIII, plate xiii. Crown— Henry VIH. (Norwich), plate xiii. Crown — Charles I, xiii. Crown — Charles II, plate xiii. Crown of England, p. 319. Crown — H.R.H. the late Prince Consort, p. 321. Coronet — H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, p. 321. Coronet — Royal Princes, plate xii. Coronets — Royal Princesses, plate xii. Coronet — Royal Kinsmen, plate xii Crest — Scotland, plate xlvi. Arms of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, p. 328. 568 A. Label of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, plate xxxvi. Label— H.R.H. the Prince Al fred, plate xxxvi Label, — H.R.H. the Prince Ar thur, plate xxxvi. Label — H.R.H. the Prince Leo pold, plate xxxvi. Label — H.R.H. the Princess Royal, plate xxxvi. Label — H.R.H. the Princess Alice, plate xxxvi. Label • — H.R H. the Princess Helena, plate xxxvi. Label — H.R.H. the Princess Louisa, plate xxxvi. Label — H.R.H. the Princess Beatrice, plate xxxvi. Label of Cambridge, plate xxxvi. Banner— Knights Hospitallers, plate xxxv. Banner — Knights Templars, (Beau-Seant), plate xxxv. Banner'— Knights Templars, plate xxxv. 546 547548549 550551 552553554555 556 557558 559 560 561562 562 a. 563 564 565566567568 569570 571 572 573 574 575 576577 578 579 5S0 No. 581 Tau Badge— Sir R. de Bois, plate xxxix. 582 SS. Collar — Queen Joanna, plate xliii. 582 A. Monogram and Collar of SS. — John Baret, p. i82. 583 SS. Collar— Lord Hungerford, plate xliii. 584 SS. Collar— Sir R. de Marmion, plate xliii 585 SS. Collar— Sir W. Philip, K.G, plate xliii. 585 A. SS. Collar— John Gower, plate xliii. 586 Yorkist Collar — Knight at Aston, plate xliv. 587 Yorkist Collar— De Nevilles, plate xliv. 588 Yorkist Collar — Countess of Arundel, plate xliv. 589 Yorkist Collar — Countess of Es sex, plate xliv. 590 Garter of the Order, plate liv. 590 A. Star of the Garter, plate liv. 590 b. Collar of the Gaiter, plate liv. 590 c. The George, plate liv. 590 D.'The oval George, plate liv. 591 Garter— Earl of Essex, plate xliii. 591 A. Garter— Earl of Essex, ^ plate xliii. 592 Garter— Sir T. Boleyn, plate xliii. 593 Star of the Thistle, plate lv. 593 A. Collar of the Thistle, plate lv. 593 B. Jewel of the Thistle, plate lv. 593 o. Jewel of the Thistle, plate lv. 594 Collar of St. Patrick, plate lvi. 594 a. Star of St. Patrick, plate lvi. 594 b. Jewel of St. Patrick, plate lvi. 595 Collar of the Bath, plate lvii. 595 A. Star of Knights, G.C.B , p. 348. 595 b. Star of Knights, K.C.B., p. 349. 595 c. Badge of the Bath, plate lvii. 595 d. Civil Badge of the Bath, plate lvii. 596 Collar of Star of India, plate lix. 596 A. Badge of Star of India, plate lix. 596 B. Star of Star of India, plate lix. 597 Cross of Victoria Cross, plate xlvi. 598 Westminster Deanery and School, plate xlvii. 599 Westminster Abbey, plate xlvii. 600 Oxford University, plate xlvii. 601 Cambridge University, plate xlvii. 602 The Heralds' College, p. 422. 603 Garter, plate xlvi. 604 Norroy, plate xlvi. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 505 No. 605 Clareneieux, plate xlvi. 606 Ulster, plate xlvi. 607 Westminster City, plate xlvii. 608 Sacred Symbolical Shield, p. 396. 609 Seal — William de Roumare, plate xiv. 610 Secretum — Henry of Lancaster, p. 397. 611 Helm — Black Prince, plate xiv. 612 Helm — Lord Bassett, plate xiv. 613 Howard Modern, p. 433. 614 Duke of Wellington, p. 439. 615 Duke of Marlborough, p. 439. 616 Modern Hatchment, p. 445. 617 Sword Pommel — Black Prince, p. 448. 618 Examples of Labels, p. 455. 619 Hesse, p. 476. 620 The Austrian Crown, p. 471. 621 The Prussian Crown, p. 473. 622 Sir Rauf de Arundel, p. 43S. 623 The Stuart, plate lxii. 624 The Coronation Crown, p. 320. 625 The Seton, plate lxii. 626 (or 627 A.) Badge of Richard II, p. 432. 627 White Hart Badge, p. 356. 628 Rebus— Bishop Oldham, p. 124. 629 De Bohun Garter-plate, plate lxvi. 630 Tabard, John Feld, p. 131. 631 John de Holland, plate lxv. 632 Thomas de Mowbray, plate lxv. 633 Bamryge — plate Ixxvii 634 Hameldene, plate lxviii. 635 Symon de Montagu, plate xix. 636 William de Montagu, plate xix. 636 A. Simon de Montagu, plate xix. 637 Holland Ancient, plate lxv. 638 Beaumonte, plate lxviii. 639 Bigot, plate lxxi. 640 Plompton, plate lxxi. 641 Hemenhale, plate lxxi. 642 Acres, plate lxxi. 643 De Erpingham, plate lxviii. 644 Wassingstone, plate lxxi. 645 Balliol, plate lxvii. 646 Segrave, plate lxxii. 647 D'Estlee, plate lxxii. 648 Mountpynzon, plate lxxii. 649 De Peche, plate lxxii. 650 Sir W. Philip, K.G, plate lxxii. 651 De Wellyngtone, plate lxxi. 652 Sir J. de Harpendon, plate lxxii. 653 Sir W. de Warren, plate lxxi. 654 De Bassett, plate lxxi 655 De Segrave, plate lxvii 656 Fragment of Shield, Whatton, p. 213. No.657 Shield, Clehongre, p. 379. 658 Shield — Gorleston, plate lxxiii. 659 De Badlesmere, plate lxxiii. 660 L'Estrange, plate lxii. 661 De Hastings, plate lxii. 662 Talbot, plate lxii. 663 Courtenay, Earl of Devon, plate lxii. 664 Archbishop Courtenay, plate lxxiii. 665 Bishop Stapledon, plate lxxiii. 666 Bishop Le Despencer, plate lxxiii. 667 Seal— Neville, p. 458. 668 Seal— Neville, p. 458. 669 Audele, plate lxxiv. 670 Lovel, plate lxxiv. 671 De la' Vache, plate lxxiv. 672 Trudinge, plate lxxiv. 673 Bourchier, plate lxxiv. 674 Courtenay, plate lxxiv. 675 Courtenay, plate lxxiv. 676 Captal de Buch, plate lxxiv. 677 The Emperor, plate lxxvi. 677 A. The Emperor, p. 452. 678 The Emperor, plate lxxvi. 678 A. The Emperor, p. 464. 679 Shakspeare, plate lxix. 680 Chaucer, plate lxix. 681 Gower, plate lxix. 682 De Topcliffe, plate lxix. 683 Seal— Jaspar Tudor, p. 413. 684 Feather Badge, plate lxxvi. 684 a. Slab of Henry IV.— Venice, plate lxxix. 685 Feather Badge, plate lxxvi. 686 Feather Badge, plate lxxvi. 687 Diagram — Denmark, p. 326. 688 Feather Badge, p. 259. 689 Feather Badge, p. 259. 690 Heraldic Roses, plate lxxvi. 691 Crest— St. Quintin, p. 270. 692 Crest— D'Eresby, p. 270. 693 Crest; — Lysle, plate lxiv. 694 Crest — Arundel, plate lxiv. 695 Bourchier-Knot, p. 285. 696 The Prince of Wales, plate lx. 697 Arms of Wales, plate rx. 698 Arms of Wales, plate lx. 699 Arms of Wales, plate lx. 700 St. John— Seal, p. 463. 701 St. John— Seal, p. 463. 702 Thurston— Seal, p. 404. 703 Le Vavasour — Seal, p. 404. 704 Sir J. Bardolf— Seal, p. 406. 705 Lady Bardolf— Seal, p. 406. 705 A. Eliz. D'Amori — Seal, plate lxxxi. 706 Lady Filliol— Seal, p. 406. 707 Earl of Arundel— Seal, p. 416. 707 A. Richard, Earl of Arundel, p. 268. 506 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. No. No. 708 Beatrice, Countess Arundel, p. 480. 719 709 Denmark — Frederick II, plate 720 Ixxv. 721 710 Denmark — Princess of Wales, 722 plate lxxv. 723 711 Ram's Head — St. Alban's, plate lxxvii. 724 712 Ram's Collar — St. Alban's, plate lxxvii. 725 713 Shield with Eagle — St. Alban's, 726 plate lxxviii. 727 714 Shield with 3 Crowns, plate lxxviii. 728 715 Shield — Ramryge, plate lxxviii. 729 716 Shield— St. Alban's, p. 455. 717 Wheatear Badge, p. 457. 730 718 The Prince of Wales, p. 329. 731 Lozenge of Scotland and Den mark, plate lxii. The Prince of Wales, plate lxiii. Two Ermine-spots, p. 454. Gueldres, plate lxii. Mnnguldas Nuthoobhoy, of Bom bay, p. 371. Cowasjee Jehanghier, of Bombay, p. 447. Molesworth, p. 229. Astley, Baron Hastings, p. 229. Harpur Crewe, p. 229. Seal — Robert de Vere, plate rxxxii. Seal — William de Montacute, plate lxxxii. Neville Ancient, p. 481. Cursetjee Furdoonjee Paruk, of Bombay, p. 506. F^ I-GOOD-CONSCIENCE'IS-A-SURE-DEFENCE- *& No. 731.— Cuesbtjee Furdoonjee Paruk, of Bombay. See p. 446. INDEX. Abatement, 77, 90, 436 ; of Illegitimacy, 436. Abbot, George, Archbishop of Canter bury, 76. Abbot's Staff, 48. Abbreviations, 19, 423. Abercorn, the Marquis of, 46. Abergavenny, the Earl of, 207, 280. Abergavenny, Slab at, 189. Abeyance, 90. Abingdon, the Earl of, 40, 207. Abinger, the Baron, 66. A bouche, 14. Accessories of Shields of Arms, 170 ; differenced, 198. Accolee, 469. Accosted, 77. Accrued, 77. Achievement of Arms, 91 , 115 ; on Seals, 268 ; the Eoyal, 331. Acorn, 76, 262. Acre, Sir Wm. d', 192. Acre, Sir Simon d", 1 92. Addorsed, 77. Adelaide, of Saxe-Meinengen, 313. Admirals, their Flags, 291 ; Early Seals of, 412. Admiralty Flag, 39. Adventurers, Merchants, 367 ; of Bris tol, 368. iEschylus; his Theban Heraldry, 13. Affrontee, 77, 82. Agulon, Robert, 189. Alant, 63. Albany Herald, 112. Albemarle, D'Aumale, William de Fortibus, Earl of, 198. Albemarle, Edward Plantagenet, Duke . of, 243. Albert, H.R.H, the late Prince Consort ; his Arms, 162, 252, 314 ; Crest, 315 ; Supporters, 315 ; Motto, 315; Coronet, 321 Albert Edward, H.R.H, the Prince of Wales, K.G, K.S.I. ; his Label, 252 ; Arms, 322 ; Arms of the Second Order, 323 ; Arms marshalled and blazoned in full, 324; Arms mar shalled " by Authority," 327 ; De signs for marshalling his Arms, 329, 330 ; Arms marshalled by Scottish Heralds, 331; his Supporters, 323' his Crest, 323 ; his Motto, 321, 323 ; his Coronet, 321, 323 ; his Badge of Wales, 260, 321, 323 ; his Arms, im paling Denmark Proper, 327. Albert Victor, H.R.H, of Wales, 252. Alencon, John Plantagenet, Duke of, 244. Alencon, Due d', 470. Alexander L.Czar of Russia, K.G, 473. Alexander IIL, of Scotland, 32. Alexandra, H.R.H, of Denmark, the Princess of Wales, 311 ; her Arms, 325 326 327 Alfred, H.R.H.' the Prince, 252, 331. Alianore, of Aquitaine, 293, 306; her Crown, 315. Alianore de Bohun. See Bohun. Alianore, of Castile and Leon ; her Arms, 38, 42, 306 ; the first in England to quarter Arms, 157 ; her Seals, 1.57 ; her Crown, 265, 316 ; her Monument, 382, 384, 387. Alianore Holland, 114, 389. Alianore, of Lorraine, 226. Alianore Plantagenet, 408 Alianore, of Provence, 306. Alice, H.R.H, the Princess, 252, 331 . Alice, Countess of Eu, 405. Allerion, 67. Allerton Mauleverer, Brass at, 262. AU Souls' College, Oxford, 358, 361. Altenberg, Arms of, 313. Amelia, the Princess, 251. Amori, Roger d', 406. Anachronisms in Modern Monuments, 381. Anchor, 39. Ancient Rome, the Eagle of, 3, 472. " Ancient Scottish Seals," Mr. Laing's excellent Work on, 456. Andeville, Arms of, 409. " Anecdotes of Heraldry,'' 456. 508 INDEX. Angel (the coin), 417. Angels, as Supporters, 66, 490. Angenne, 39, 75. Angouleme, Arms of, 306, 393. Angouleme, Isabel of, 306. Angouleme, Louise, Duchess of, 468. Angouleme, Due d', 470. Angus, William, Earl of, 184. Anhalt, Arms of, 313. Animals, Heraldic, 61 ; as Accessories of Shields of Arms on Seals, 276. Animate Beings, 55. Anjou, Arms of, 307. Anjou, John Plantagenet, Duke of, 224. Anjou, Margaret of, 165, 363 ; her quar tered Arms, 307. Anlaby, Alnack d', 190. Annandale, the Marquis of, 51 ; Crest of, 274. Anne, of Bohemia, 166 ; her Arms, 307 ; her Effigy, 38, 259, 284. Anne Boleyn, her Badges, 305 ; her augmented and quartered Arms, 309. Anne, of Burgundy, 244. Anne, of Cleves, 309. Anne, of Denmark, 251 ; her Arms, 310. Anne Neville, 166 ; her Arms, 308. Anne Plantagenet, of Woodstock, 226. Anne Plantagenet, of York, 434. Anne Stuart— Queen Anne, 251 ; her Arms, 299 ; Badge, 305 ; Crown, 318 ; Coins, 418. Annulet, 39 ; for Differencing, 196 ; in Modern Cadency, 206 ; Annulets blazoned as " faux Roundlets," 196. Antelope, 51, 68. Antiquaries, Arms of the Society of, 365. Antlers, 77. Apothecaries Company, 370. Appaumee, 77. Aquitaine, 306. See Alianore. Archbishops, the, 91,96; their Rank, Style, and Titles, 91, 429 ; Arms, 169, 357, 358. Arched Crown, 318. Archee Coronettee 313. Archiepiscopal Staff, 357. See Crozier. Architectural Heraldry, 372. Arderne, Sir Thomas, 121, 267. Arderne, Sir Peter, 197. Argent, 19, 91. Argyll, the Duke of, 46 ; his Arms, 462 ; Supporters, 280. Arm, 56, 304. Armagh, Archbishop of, 91 ; his Arms, 358. Armed, 12, 40, 62, 77. "Armes Parlantes," 92, 125. " Armes pom' Enquirer," 465. Armourers' Company, 370. Armoury, 91. Armoye'e, 77, 463. Arms, Heraldic, 91 ; of Archbishops, 357; of Bishops, 358; of Colleges, 360 ; of Companies and Guilds, 367 ; Corporate, 145; of Deans and Chap ters, 359; of Dominion, 91, 294; of Heir, 137; of Heiress and Co-Heiress, 140 ; of Son of Heiress, 140 ; of Daughter of Heiress, 143 ; of Heralds' College, 364; of Husband and Wife, 139 ; of Kings of Arms, 365 ; of Lyon Office, 365 ; of Monasteries, 360 ; of Municipal and other Corporations, 365 ; of Peeress in her own right, 169 ; of Peers' Daughters, 144 ; of Public Institutions, 365 ; of Public Schools, 364 ; of Prince and Princess of Wales, 322 ; Royal, 295 ; of Royal Consorts, 306; of unmarried Ladies, 145 ; of Widowers, 144 : of Widows, 145. Arms " brought in," 141 ; Compounding, 153 ; Dimidiating,146 ; Impaling, 139 ; Inheritance of, 135, 137; Marshalling, 136, 138; Official, 144; permanent Combination of, 140 ; Property in, 136 ; Quartering, 156, 157 ; temporary Combination of, 138. Arms, Shields of, " for Peace," 236, 257, 388 ; " for War," 236, 256, 388. " Arms found," 443. " Arms," assumed, 443. Arms of Knights of Orders, Marshalling of, 168, 468. Arragon, Arms of, 308, 451. Arragon, Catherine of ; her Badges, 305 ; Quartered Arms, 308 ; Supporters, 309. Arrondie, 77. Arrow, 40 ; Arrows, Sheaf of, 40, 261. Art, Heraldic, 448. Arthur, H.R.H, The Prince, 252, 331. Arthur Tudor, 40, 59, 260 ; his Arms, 325; Badges, 72; Seal, 414'; Monu ment at Worcester, 75, 386. Arthur, Robert, 486. Artois, Blanche d', 235. Artois, Comte d', 470. Arundel, Monuments of the Fitz-Alans at, 132, 339. Arundel, The Fitz-Alans, Earls and Countesses of; Crest, 67: Coronets, 105. See Fitz-Alan. Arundel, Edmund d', 271, 409, 418. Arundel, John, Earl of; his Seal, 415. Arundel, Ralph d', 437. Arundel, Richard, Earl of ; his Seal, 268. Arundel, Thomas, Archbishop of Canter bury, 217 ; his Seal, 409. Arundel, The Baron : Arms, 65. Ascania, Bernhard, Count of, 415. INDEX. 509 Ashehurste, Sir Adam, 202. Ashton, Rebus of, 54, 123. Ash-tree, 123. Ashwellthorpe, 267, 336. Assyrian Sculptures, 67. Asteley, Thomas, 225. Astley : Arms, 460 ; Badge, 262. Astley, Baron Hastings, 229. Acton, interesting Effigies at, 339. At Gaze, 62, 82. At Speed, 62. Athol, the Duke of, 56. Attainder, 92. Aubeny, D' : Arms, 214. See Daubeny, D'Aubigne'. Audele, Sir Hugh, 224. Audele, Sir James, 224. Augmentation of Honour, 78, 93, 143, 433 ; Difference by, 229, 434 ; " of Merit," 433; "of mere Grace," 433; early Examples of, 433 ; granted by Richard, II, 126, 434 ; granted bv Henry VIIL, 309, 310, 434 ; true and truly " honourable," 443 ; Scottish, 435 ; of Foreign Heraldry, 470. Augmented, 78. Augusta, The Princess, 251. Aumberdene, Nicholas, 66. Austria Proper, Arms of, 471. Austria, The Empire of : Arms, 471 ; Supporters, 471 ; Crown, 471 ; Im perial Eagle, 471 ; Imperial Standard, 472 ; National Flags, 472. Austria, Francis, Emperor of, K.G. ; his Garter-Plate, 471. » Aveline de Fortibus, Countess of Lan caster, 198, 385. Avenel, William d', 196. Avesnes, Alice d' ; her Seal, 150, Axe, 40. Aylesbury, John d', 225. Aylesbury, Thomas d\ 225. Azure, 93. Bacinet, Basinet, 95, 102. Bacon : Arms, 212. Bacoun, Sir Edm. de, 184. Baden : Arms, 474 ; Supporters, 474. Badges, 93, 254, 394; mentioned by Shakespeare, 255; marshalled with Achievements of Arms, 171 ; Differ enced, 199, 256, 411 ; two Classes of, 255 ; Series of, 261 ; Eoyal, of Eng land, 74, 75, 303, 306, 332, 378 ; of Ostrich Feathers, 72, 256, 323 ; Swan, 260 ; White Hart, 263, 454 ; Ears of Wheat, 453 ; of Scotland, 132, 305 ; of Ireland, 45, 128, 305 ; of Princi pality of Wales, 332 ; of Fitz-Alans, 339 ; of Nevilles, 339 ; on Monuments, 394 ; in modern Heraldry, 441. Badge, or Jewel, of Knights of the Order of the Garter, 341 ; of Offi cers of the Order of the Garter, 343 ; of the Order of the Thistle, 345 ; of the Order of St. Patrick, 346 ; of the Order of the Bath, 349 ; of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, 351 ; of the Order of the Star of India, 352 ; of the Legion of Honour of France, '354 ; of the Order of the Medjidie of Turkey, 354 ; of the Orders of the Dannebrog and the White Elephant of Denmark, 355, 356 ; of Ulster, 56, 94 ; of Nova Scotia, 95. Badlesmere, Bartholemew de, 213. Baginton, 336. Bagot : Arms, 460. Bagot, Sir William and Lady, 204, 336. Bagot, John, 187. Ball, 40. Balliol : Arms, 181. Balliol, Eustace, 210. Balliol, Hugh de, 210. Balliol, John de, 210. Balliol, Richard de, 215. Balliol College, Oxford, 360. Balsam, Brass at, 160, 387. Bangor : Arms of the See, 358. Banded, 78. Banner, 40, 93, 287; at Sea, 288; on Seals, 410 ; at Caerlaverock, 288, 485. Banneret, Knight Banneret, 93, 287; at Caerlaverock, 487. Bannerman, Sir R, 40. Bar, 22, 40. Barbarossa, The Emperor, 315. Barbed, 66, 126, Barded, 78 ; Bardings, 78. Bardolf, Eliz, Lady, her Seal, 406, 407. Bardolf, John, Lord, his Seal, 406. Bardolf, John, 176. Bardolf, Thomas, 176, 181. Bardolf, William, 176, 181. Baret, John, his Monogram and Collar of SS, 337, 492. Barington, Sir Philip de, 201. Barkele, Morris de, 183. Barley-Garbe, 74. Barlow, Sir M, 66. Barnacles, 40. Baron, 94. Barons, their Style and Coronets, 94. Baronets, their Order, Rank and Badges, 56, 94. Barre, De, Arms of, 125, 148, 308, 405. Barre, De, Henry, 151. Barre, De Joan, her Seal, 405. Barrington, Sir M, 100. Bars Gemelles, 22, 40 ; for Differencing, 207 ; Examples of, 213. Barrulee, Baruly, Bur'lee, 36, 78. 510 INDEX. Barrulet, 22, 40. Barry, 35, 78. Barry Bendy, 36, 78. Bar-wise, 36, 78. Bascreville, Walter de, 195. Bascreville, William de, 195. Base, 16. Basinet, Bacinet, 95, 102. Bassett, the Brothers, 184. Bassett, Sir John, 209. Bassett, Ralph, Lord, 109, 208, 273 ; his Helm, 269, 455. Bassett, Eauf, 208. Bassett, Richard de, 215. Bassett, Sir Symon de, 208. Bassett, William, 194. Bat, 454. Bath Herald, 95, 111. Bath, Order of the ; instituted, re modelled, and in its present Consti tution, 347 ; Knights Grand Cross, 347 ; Knights Commanders, 347 ; the earliest enrolled Knight, 347 ; Compa nions, 348—350 ; Badges, 349 ; Naval and Military Insignia, 348 ; Diplo matic and Civil Insigma, 349 ; Motto, 283, 350, and its first Occurrence, 347 ; Stall-Plates and Banners, 378. Bath and Wells, Arms of the See, 358. Baton, 40 ; Baton Sinister, 437. Battering-Ram, 40. Battle- Axe, 310. " Battle of Spurs," 435. Battled, 78. Battled, Embattled, 78. Baud, Sir Walter, 64. Baux, Francis de, 308. Bavaria ; Arms, Supporters and Motto, 474. Bayeux Tapestiy, 3. Beacon, 40. Beaked, 78. Bear and Ragged Staff, Badge, 63, 256. Bearers, 279. Bearing, Bearings, 95. Beatrice, H.R.H, the Princess, 252, 311. Beatrice, of Portugal, her Seal, 480. Beauchamps, their Differences, 179, 180, 202, in the Rous Roll, 490 ; early Shields of, 179, 198 ; later Shields of, 179 ; their Monuments, 179,256,387. Beauchamp, Guy, Earl of Warwick, 179. Beauchamp, Richard, K.G, Earl of Warwick, 104, 108, 167 ; Ins Effigy, 344 ; Crest, 269 ; Seal, 278. Beauchamp, Richard, Bishop of Salis bury, 342. Beauchamp, Sir John, K.G, 179. Beauchamp, Thomas, K.G, Earl of Warwick, 113, 389 ; his fine Brass, 256. Beauchamp, Roger, 179. Beauchamp, Sir Giles, 179. Beauchamp, Sir Walter, 179. Beauchamp, Sir John de, 202. Beauchamp, Sir William, 179. Beauchamp, William de, 162, 215. Beauchamp, Margaret, of Bletso, 249, 392. Beauchamp, of Hache, 309. Beauchamp, Shield of, charged with Martlets, 179, 187. Beauchamp Chapel, at Warwick, 179, 186. See Warwick. Beauforts, their Cadency, 204, 248 ; their Legitimation, 248; Badges, 50, 258, 262; Crest, 199, 267; Label, 246. Beaufort, John, K.G, Earl and Mar quess of Somerset and Dorset, 248 ; his Anns before a.d. 1397, 437. Beaufort, Henry, Cardinal, 204, 248. Beaufort, Thomas, K.G, Duke of Exeter, &o, 199, 248, 267; Seal as High Admiral, 412. Beaufort, John, K.G, Duke of Somerset, 199, 248, 249; his Badge, 258; Monument, 344. Beaufort, Edmond, Second Duke of Somerset, 248. Beaufort, Edmond, Fourth Duke of Somerset, 249. Beaufort, Henry, Third Duke of Somer set, 249. Beaufort, Joan, Queen of Scotland, her Lozenge of Arms, 415. Beaufort, Margaret, Countess of Rich mond, 228, 249, 318, 319 ; her Monu ment described, 391. Beaufort, Margaret de, 228. Beaufort, Fitz-Roy Somerset, Duke of, 36, 280. Beaumont, Lewis de, Bishop of Durham, 218. Beaumont, John, K.G, 191 ; his Mant ling, 116. Beaumont, Margaret de, 411. Beaumonte, Sir John, 191. Beaumonte, Sir Thomas, 191. Bee, Anthony, Bishop of Durham, 218, 459. Beche, Sir John de, 202. Beckford, Crest of, 269. Beddington, Brasses at, 67, 194. Bedford, John Plantagenet, K.G, Duke of, &c„ 244, 266. Bedford, Jaspar Tudor, K.G, Duke of, Earl of Bedford, 74, 249; his Seals, 303, 412, 413. Bedford, Russell, Duke of, 63, 462. Bees, 66 ; of France, 470. Belgium, Arms of, 474; Supporters, 474 ; Standard and Ensign, 474. Belgium, Leopold, King of, K.G, 250. INDEX. 511 Bell, 40 ; Belled, 78. Bend, 23, 40 ; for Differencing, 207 ; Examples of, 210. Bendlet, 23, 40 ; for Differencing, 207 ; Examples of, 210, Bend-Sinister, 24, 40, 437. Bend-Wise, 23, 36, 78. Bendy, 36, 78. Bentinck, Arms of, 142. Bere, Richard de la, 272. Berengaria, of Navarre, The Queen, 306, 383. Berenguer, of Spain : Arms, 469. Beresforde, B, 182. Berg, 313. Bergavenny. See Neville. Bergedorft, 468. Berkeleys, their Arms, 75, 183 ; Differ ences, 175, 193 ; Badge, 68 ; Crest, 47. Berkeley, Maurice tie, 223. Berkeley, Thomas, Lord, 6S, 335. Bemadotte, Arms of, 478. Berners, John, Lord, K.G, 226. Berners, The Lady Margery, 226. Berries, 76. Berrington, Mr. ; his lithograph of the De Valence Shield, 4S6. Berri, Due de, 470. Bertie, Motto of, 283. Berwick, The Baron, 68. Beulee, Richard de, 194. Beverley Minster, 38, 48; Effigy of Priest at, 383 ; Percy Shrine at, 382, 383; Lions at, 450. Bezant, 25, 40 ; Bezantee, Bezanty, 78. Bible, The Holy, borne as a Charge, 362. Biggleswade, Brass at, 394. Bigod, Earl of Norfolk : Arms, 458. Bigot, De : Arms, 192. Billet, 33, 40 ; for Differencing, 194. Billettee, Billetty, 33, 78. Bird-Bolt, 40, Birds, Heraldic, 63 ; of Prey, 64. Bishops, their Style, Rank, and Aims, 95, 96, 169 ; their Sees and Arms, 357, 358, 359. . Bishops of London, Durham, and Win chester, 95, 119. Bisse, or Snake, 66. Black Prince, Edward Plantagenet, K.G, The; the first Prince of Wales, by Creation, 236, 237 ; Earl of Ches ter and Duke of Cornwall, 236 ; his Arms, 70, 239 ; Shields " of War," and " of Peace," 236, 256 ; Signature, 398; Badge, 256; Crest, 114, 266; Label, 236 ; Basinet, Helm and Coro net, 109, 269,455 ; Pommel of Sword- Hilt, 448, 451 ; Will, 236 ; Gauntlets, 44; Monument, 385, 388; Effigy, 102, 113, 343. Black Prince, his Wife, 236. Blackwood, 74. Blanckenberg, 313. Blayney, The Baron, 63. Blazon, Blazoning, 8, 96. Blickling, Brasses at, 67. Blondeville, Ranulph, Earl of Lincoln and Chester, 403. Blonde, William le, 197. Blount : Arms, 459, 460. Blount, Sir Thomas, 187. Blue-Mantle, Pursuivant, 111. See Herald. Boar's-Head, 125. Bohemia : Arms, 259, 307. Bohemia, Anne of. See Anne. Bohemia, John, King of, 257, 465. Bohun, De : Arms, 61 ; Differences, 205 ; Badge, 65, 254, 258, 261 ; Shields and Seals, 154, 186, 409. Bohun, Alianore de, Duchess of Glou cester, 241 ; her Brass, 43, 155, 162, 385, 449 ; fully described, 389. Bohun, Humphrey de, the first of that name, 154. Bohun, Henry de, First Earl of Hereford, 154. Bohun, Humphrey de, Third Earl of Hereford ; his Seal and Secretum, 151, 412 ; Crest, 266 ; Supporter, 277 ; In ventory, 127, 160. Bohun, Humphrey de, K.G , last Earl of Hereford; his Stall-Plate, 116, 186. Bohun, William de, K.G, Earl of Nor thampton, 186, 409. Bohun, Margaret de, 227. Bohun, Mary de, 164. Bohun, Edward de, 265. Bohun, John de, 151. Bois, Sir Roger de and Lady, 335. Boleyn, Anne, The Queen, 309. Boleyn, Sir Thomas, K.G, Earl of Wilt shire and Ormonde, 105, 108, 344. Bolingbroke. See Henry Plantagenet. Bologne : Arms, 306. Bologne, Matilda of, The Queen, 306. Bolton, Rebus of, 54. Booth, 40, 360, 362. Border-Lines, 18. Bordure, 33 ; for Cadency, 214, 241 ; for Difference, 207; impaled, 33, 163; quartered, 33, 144 ; Examples of, 214, 248, 249; in the Arms of Prelates, 217 ; of England, 242 ; of France, 242 ; in Scottish Heraldry, 217. Bordured, Bordered, 78. Boroughbridge, Battle of, 160. Boston, Brass at, 75, 122. Boterols, 313. Bothe, Roger del, 339. Botiler, Boteler, John le, 43, 214. 512 INDEX. Botiler, Three Coats of, 460. Botiler, of Wem, 183. Botonee, Botony, Gobony, 40. Botonee Fitchee, 41. Bottreaux, William, Lord, 279, 411. Bottreaux, Margaret, Lady of, 411. Boun, De, 71, 72. Boun, Franc de, 187, 193. BOTin, Sir Gilbert le, 192. Bourchier, Henry, K.G, Earl of Essex and Eu, 226, 339, 344 ; his Mantling, 115 ; Crest, 270 ; Label, 226 ; Brass, 386, 394. Bourchier, Sir Humphrey, 285 ; his Monument, 394. Bourchier, John, K.G, Lord Berners : Mantling, 115. Bourchier, Ludovic Robsart, K.G, Lord, 44 ; Arms, 54 , 226, his Crest, 270 ; Monument, 271, 394. Bourchier, William, Lord Fitz- Waryn, 226. Bourchier-Knot, 284, 285, 394. Bom-don, 41. Bourdon, John, 48. Bouton, M. Victor; his "Treatise on Heraldry," 163, 470. Bowed, 17. Bowen-Knot, 284. Bowers Gifford, Brass at, 190. Boyne, The Viscount, €8. Boys, Edw. de, 208. Boys, Sir Robert de, 454. Boyton, Effigy of Crossed-legged Knight at, 225. Brabazon, Sir Roger, 187. Braced, Brazed, 78. Bradston : Arms, 167. Bradston, Sir Thomas, 202. Braganza, Catherine of, The Queen, 311. Brandenburgh Anspach, 312. Brandon : Arms, 460 ; Badge, 262. Brandsburton, Brasses at, 214. Branspeth, Effigies at, 339. Braose. See Brewys. Braybroke, the Baron, 58, 460. Braye, the Baroness, 60. Brazen-Nose College, Oxford: Arms, 361. Brehna, or Engern, 313. Brett, Sir Amyas, 213. Brettepee, 78. Brewers' Company, 373. Brewys De, or De Braose, Sir Giles, 175,201. Brewys, Sir John, 176, 269 ; Crest, 269. Brewys, John, 176. Brewys, Piers, 181 . Brewys, Richard, 175. Brewys, Sir Thomas, 410. Brewys, Sir William, 175 ; Seal, 409. Brewys, William, 181. Breys, 41. Bridport, The Baron, 65. Brise'e, 466. Bristol Cathedral, 54, 183. Bristol : Arms of City, 366. Bristol : Arms of See, 359. Bristol, Merchants Adventurers, of, 368. Brisure, Brizure, 41, 466. Britannia, 27. Britchebury, Avery, 210. Brittany, John, Count of, 34, 208. Brittany, Canton of, 34, 154; Label of. 239. " Brochant sur le tout," 465. Brodsorg, Die, 467. Broke, Robert, Lord, 205. Bromflete, Sir Thomas, 191 ; his Helm, 269. Bromsgrove, 264, 269, 336. Brotherton, Thomas de : Arms, 112, 153, 235, 410. Brotherton, Edward de, 410. Brotherton, Margaret de, 153. " Brought in," 141. Brownlow, The Earl, 49, 58. Broxbourne, Brass at, 132. Bruce. Robert the, 56 ; his Motto, 283 ; Earl of Carrick, 330. Bruckhausen, 313. Brunswick : Arms, 312, 474 ; Sup porters, 475. Brunswick, Caroline of, The Queen, 312. Brunswick, Charles William, Duke of, 312. Bras, Robert le, 212. Bryan, Bryenne, Sir William de, 46, 269 ; his Crest. 209. Bryan, Sir Guy de ; his Crest, 269. Bryan, Elizabeth de, 227. Buchanan : Badge, 263. Buch, The Captal de, K.G, 228, 229. Buckingham, Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of. See Thomas Plantagenet. Buckingham, Alianore, Duchess of. See Bohun, AJianore de. Buckingham, The Dukes of, of the 15th Century. See Stafford. Buckingham, Badge of, 262. Buckingham, Chandos Grenville Nu gent Temple, Duke of; his Crest, 273 ; Supporters, 280. Buckingham Palace, Royal Heraldry at, 375. Buckle, 41 ; of Pelham, 262. 434. Buffalo's-Head, 312. Buhner, Rauf de, 194. Bunbury, Effigy at, 265. Buoy of a Ship, 262. Burdett. John. 187. INDEX. 513 Burgh, Hubert de, Earl of Kent, 197. Burgh, John de, Earl of Ulster : Arms, 166, 239, 247. Burgh, Elizabeth de, her Seal, 151, 238. Burghersh Monuments in Lincoln Ca thedral, 162, 222, 237, 240, 296, 387. Burgonet, 41. Burgundy ; Arms of Dukes, 471. Burgundy, Charles "the Bold," Duke of, 355. Burgundy, Anne of, 244. Burgundy, Philip of, 244. Burke, Sir Bernard, his Peerage, 121. Burnet, Brass at, 366. Burnhamthorpe, 394. Burton, Rebus of, 54: Sir Thomas, 336. Burwash : Arms, 459. Bury St. Edmunds, Church of St. Mary at, 337. Bury, Elizabeth de, 407. Butler : Arms, 139, 309. Butterflies, 66. Byllynge, Nichol, 216. Byron, The Baron : Arms, 77, 81, 224. Cabossed, 63, 78. . Cadency, Definition of, 96, 173, 178; various Forms of, 177 ; Early Usage, 174 ; Single Marks, 200, 204 ; Modern Usage of, 206 ; in Modern Heraldry, 441; Royal, 206, 251, 253; of Plan tagenet®, 231, 234. ; of Hollands, 247 ; of Beauforts, 248 ; of Tudors, 249 ; of Nevilles, 203 ; not affected by Quar tering, 144. Cadet, 96, 137. Calthorpe, Sir William, 394. Caltrap, 41. Calveley, Sir Hugh, 134; his Crest, 264. Camail, 107. Cambridge : Arms of University, 362. Cambridge, Edmond Plantagenet, " of Langley," K.G, Earl of, 241. Cambridge, Richard Plantagenet, " of Coningsburgh," K.G, Earl of, 243. Cambridge, Richard Plantagenet, Earl of, 245. Cambridge, Adolphus Frederick,. K.G, Duke of, 251. Cambridge, George William Frederick Charles, K.G, Duke of, 331. Cambridge, H. R. H, The Princess Mary of, 331. Cambridge, Label of, 252. Camden, William, Clareneieux King of Arms, 100. Camden, The Marquess, 63. Cameron : Badge, 263 ; Crest, 273. Camoys, Lord, K.G, 107, 336, 344, 483. Camoys, Margaret de, 52, 227. Camoys, Rauf de, 195. Campbell : Arms, 141 ; Badge, 263. Campbell, Duke of Argyll, 462. Campden, John de, 395. Canning, The Earl, 56. Cantelo, William de, 192. Cantelupe, William, de, 63, 192. Canterbury : Arms of the See, 96, 357. Canterbury Cathedral, Monument of tlie Black Prince in, 385, 388 ; Monu ment of Henry IV. in, 337 ; Cloisters, 43, 52, 149, 180, 218, 377, 410 ; Stained Glass in, 44. Canterbury : Arms of the Deanery, 360. Canterbury : Arms of the City, 366. Canting Heraldry, 96, 124. Canton, 31 ; Use in Marshalling, 143 ; for Differencing, 207; Examples of, 208 ; of Paternal Arms, 143 ; with a Bordure, 33. Cantoned, 79. Carbuncle, Escarbuncle, 41. Cardigan, The Earl of, 45, 207. Cardinal's Hat, 96. Oarew : Arms, 57, 4'59. \ Carew, Piers de, 214. Carlaverock, Karlaverock, Caerlaverock, RoU of, 237, 288 ; New Version of, 487 ; Siege of, 154 ; Banners and Bannerets at, 288, 487. Carlisle ; Arms of the See, 358. Carlisle, The Earl of, 207. Carnegie, William, Earl of Northesk, 436. Caroline, of Brunswick, The Queen, 312. Caroline Wilhelmina, The Queen, 312. Carpenters' Company, 370. Carrick, Feudal Earldom of, 324, 330. Carrick, The Bruce, Earl of, 330. Carrick, Duncan, Earl of, 330. Carrick, John, Earl of, 330. Carrick, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, Earl of, 322, 324, 330, 331. Car-Standard, 237. Carysfort, The Earl of, 57. Casket, Heraldic, at Goodrich Court, 147. Cassuben : Arms, 312. Castile and Leon, Alianore of. See Alianore. Castile and Leon, Constance of, 239. Castile and Leon, Ferdinand III, King of, 157. Castile and Leon, Isabella of, 241, 243. Castile and Leon, John " of Ghent," King of, 239, 402. Castile and Leon : Aims, 42, 306 ; Quar tered Shield of, 157 ; Label, 243, 246 ; Bordure, 243, 480 ; Tincture of the Lion of Leon, 490. Castle, 42 ; of Castile, 400. Castle Acre Priory, 38 ; Arms, 360. Cat-a-Mountain, 62. 2 L 514 INDEX. Cathedrals, Heraldry of the, 377. Catherine of Arragon, The Queen, 308 ; Badges, 305. Catherine of Braganza, The Queen, 311. Catherine of France, The Queen, 307. Catherine Howard, The Queen, 310. Catherine Parr,The Queen, 310 ; Badges, 305. Catherine Plantagenet, 216. Catherine Swyneford, 337; Monument in Lincoln Cathedral, 385, 394. Catherine Hall, Cambridge, 363. Catherine-Wheel, 271. Cauteville, De, 196. Cavendish ; Arms, 62 ; Motto, 284. Cecil, 207, 210, Centaur, 67. Cercelee, 79. Cerise, 51. See Seruse. Chains in the Arms of Navarre, 486. Chamberlain, The Hereditary, of the German Empire, 473. Chamfron, 42. Champagne : Arms, 158, 170. Chandos, Sir Robert de, 37. Chandos, Edward de, 224. Chandos Arms, 183. Chapeau of Estate, 114. Chaplet, 42 ; of Roses, 75, 194. Charge, Charges, 8 ; Charged, 79. Charles I, as Prince of Wales, 250; Arms, 298; Supporters, 303 ; Crown, 318 ; Badges, 305 ; his Grant to Baronets, 95. Charles II, as Prince of Wales, 250; Arms, 298 ; Supporters, 303 ; Crown, 318; Badges, 305; his Grants to Barons, 94 ; Arms of his Natural Sons, 438. Charles II, King of Navarre, 166. Charles V, of France, 73. Charles " the Bold," of Burgundy, 355. Charles William, of Brunswick, 312. Charlotte, of Mecklenburgh-Strelitz,The Queen, 312. Charlotte Augusta, Princess of Wales, 250. Charlotte Augusta Matilda, 251. Charlton, Cherlton, Edward Baron, of Powys, 114, 389. Charlton : Arms, 460. Chartham, Brasses at, 43, 131, 486. Chastilon, The Viscount, 229. Chastilon, Mary de, 362. Chaucer, Geoffrey, 461. Chaussee, 79. Cha worths : Arms, 189. Chaworth, Sir Patrick, 189. Checkenden, 183. Cheeky, Chequee, 36, 79. Cheshire, Nobility and Gentry of, 74. Chess-Rook, 42; Chess-Knight, He raldic, 148. Chester, the Earls of, 70, 74 ; Edward III, as Earl of, 234 ; Albert. Edward, Prince of Wales, Earl of, 322, 323. Chester: Arms, 393, 459. Chester : Arms of the See, 358. Chester : Arms of the City, 149. Chester Herald, 111. Chester-le-Street, Effigy at, 211. Chevalier, as a Charge, 311. Chevron, 24, 42 ; for Differencing, 207 ; Examples of, 213. Chevronel, 24,42 ; for Differencing, 207. Cheyne, Thomas, 193. Cheyne, Rauff, 216. Cheney, Sir John, K.G, 338. Chichester : Arms of the See, 55, 358. Chief, 16, 22, 42; for Differencing, 207 ; Examples of, 212. Chigni, of Savoy : Arms, 469, Chigwell, Brass at, 120. Childrey, Brass at, 204. Chipping Camden, Brass at, 118. Cholmondeley, The Marquess, 45. Cholmondeley : Motto, 283. Christ College, Cambridge : Arms, 363. Christchurch Cathedral, Oxford, 227, 260. Christchurch CoUege.Oxford : Arms,361. Christchurch, Hampshire, 382. Chrishall, Brass at, 180. ChristiernXI, King of SwedemK G.,478. Christiern, Duke of Brunswick,K.G,474. ChurchUl, John, K.G, Duke of Marl borough, 435, 462. Cinquefoil, 42, 71. Cinque Ports : Aims, 149 ; Seals, 413. Civic Crown, 42. Clare, De, Ancient Device of, 238 ; Arms, 21, 24 ; Seal, 146 ; Badge, 42 ; dimi diating Fitzgerald, 147; dimidiated by Cornwall, 146; and impaled by ComwaU, 147, 234. Clare, Earl Richard de, 147, 234. Clare, William de, 223. Clare, Sir Thomas de, 147. Clare, Elizabeth de, 362; her Seal, 406. Clare, Margaret de, 146. Clare, Differenced Shield of, 191. Clare HaU, Cambridge, 362. Claremonte Nesle, 148. Clarence, George Plantagenet, K.G, Duke of, 246 ; his Crest, 266. Clarence, Lionel, K.G, Duke of, 237. Clarence, Thomas Plantagenet, K.G, Duke of, 243. Clarence, William Henry, Duke of, after wards King William IV, 251. Clarence, Sir John de, 437. Clareneieux, King of Arms, 96, 111; Arms, 365. INDEX. 515 Clarendon, Sir Roger de, 437. Claricorde, Clavicorde, 42. Clarion, 42. Clarke, Sir John, 435. Clasps, 352. Classic Architecture, Non- Heraldic, 373. Clavering, Sir Allan, 212. Clavering, John, 225. Clayton and Bell, 376. Clehongre, Effigy at, 212, 379, 451. Clenched, 71. Clettenburgh, 313. Cleveland, The Duke of, 67, 438. Cleves, Anne of, The Queen, 309. Cleves : Arms, 313. Clifford : Arms, 180 ; Motto, 283. Clinton, John de, 213, 407. Clinton, John, Lord, 408. Clinton, Thomas, 184, 224. CUnton, William, Earl of Huntingdon : Seal, 407. Clinton : Badge, 262. Clogher, See of, 55. Clopton: Anns, 211. Clothworkers' Company and Hall, 369. Close, 79. Closet, 22, 42. Clouee, 53, 79. Clovis, 73. Clyfton, Nycol de, 193. Clynton, WiUiam, Earl of Huntingdon, 183. Coats of Arms, 4, 96 ; to be distinguished from Badges, 440. Cobham, Family of, 60, 180; their Brasses at Cobham, in Kent, 127, 180, 195 ; Badge, 262. Cobham, Eleanor de, Duchess of Glou cester, 245. Cobham, Henry de, 189. Cobham, Sir John de, 180. Cobham, Raufde, 180. Cobham, Sir Reginald de, 180. Cobham, Thomas de, 180. Cockatrice, 67. Cogsale, William, 192. Coif of Mail, 109. Coins, Heraldry of, 97, 416 ; Ancient, of SicUy, 487; Modem, of England, 418. Coker : Arms, 309. Colchester, The Baron, 76. ColeshiU, Cross-legged Effigy at, 338. Collar, 97, 335; Marshalled, 168, 171 ; of Mermaids, 68, 335 ; of the Order of the Garter, 341, 342 ; Lancastrian of SS, 112, 128, 335 ; under Henry VII, 338 ; under Henry VIII, 338 ; present Use of, 338 ; various Pendants worn with, 338 ; Yorkist, of Suns and Roses, 108, 338, 339 ; Pendants worn with, 339 ; of the Order of the Thistle, 345 ; of the Order of St. Patrick, 346 ; of the Order of the Bath, 348 ; of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, 350 ; of the Order of the Star of India, 352; of Foreign Orders of Knighthood, 355, 468. CoUege of Aims, 91, 111 ; Arms, 364 ; Crest, 364. CoUeges of Oxford, their Arms, 360 ; of Cambridge, their Arms, 362; Eton, 364. CoUey : Arms, 461. Colomb, 65. Colour, Colouring, Heraldic, 448. Colours, 16, 97. Column, 313. Colwall, Brass at, 210. Comb, 42. Combatant, 79. Combinations, Heraldic : Temporary, 138; Permanent, 140. Commonwealth, Great Seal of, 402. Companions of the Order of the Bath, 348, 350. Compartment, 448. Componee, Compony, Gobony, 36, 79. Compounding Arms, Compounded Arms, 79, 97, 153. Compound Quartering, Early Examples of, 159. Compton: Badge, 40, 262. Comyn, Sir John, 182. Confessor, Edward the; or, Saint Edward; Arms, 29, 65, 126, 390; Origin of the Martlets of his Shield, 186 ; Shields in Westminster Abbey and Hall, 126, 378 ; his Arms impaled by Richard II, 126, 288, 296; quar tered by Edward TV, 297 ; granted to Thomas and John HoUand and to Thomas Mowbray, 126 ; assumed by Henry Bolingbroke, 127, 164 ; as sumed, a. d. 1546, by the Duke of Norfolk, 127. Coningsbm-gh, Richard Plantagenet, of, 243, 245. Conjoined, 79 ; Conjoined in Lure, 79. Constable of England, 155. Constance, of Castile and Leon, 164, 239. Constance Cathedral, 107. Contoise, 98, 116, 267. Contoumee, 79. Conventionalisms in Heraldic Drawing, 450. Conyngham, The Marquess, 51. Coopers' Company, 370. Corbet, Rebus of, 125. Corder, Sir Galyon, 213. Cork, See of, 52. Cormorant, 65. Cornish Chough, 65. 2 l2 516 INDEX. Cornwall ; Arms, 323, 393. Cornwall: Richard, Earl of, and Em peror, 33, 214, 234. Cornwall, Edmond, second Earl of, 234 ; his Single Supporter, 234, 277. ComwaU, "JohnofEltham,"Earlof,235. Cornwall, Edward, K.G, Duke of, 103, 236. Cornwall, Sir John de, K.G, Lord Fan- hope, 216, 234. ComwaU, Piers de Gaveston, Earl of, 581. Cornwall, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, Duke of, 322, 324, 330. Cornwall, impaling Clare, 147. Coronets, 97, 171 ; of Princes and Prin cesses, 322 ; of the late Prince Con sort, 321 ; of the Prince and Princess of Wales, 321; Foreign, 480; of Dauphin, 470; Enghsh, are not jewelled, 488. Corporate Bodies : Arms, 145, 357, 365 ; Crests, 266. Corpus Christi College, Oxford, 361. Corpus Christi CoUege, Cambridge, 362. Cosyngton, William, de, 194. Cortises, 23, 52 ; for Differencing, 207. Cotised, 22, 79, 207. Couei, De ; Aims, 459. Couchant, 79. Couche'e, 16, 79. Coudie're, 285. Count, Compte, Comes, 98, 480. Counter, 79. Counter-changing, Counter-changed, 36, 39. Counter-charging, 466, 467. Counter-componee, 36, 79. Counter-embattled, 79. Counter-embowed, 79. Counter-fleurie, 80. Counter-indented, 311. Counter-passant, 80. Counter-potent, 20, 80. Counter-rampant, 58. Counter-salient, 80. Counter-seals, 398. Counter-tripping, 88. Counter-vair, 20. Counties : Arms, 370. Countess, 98. Couped, 80, 81, 465. Courant, 80. Court of Chivalry, 136. Courtenay: Label, and original Arms, 144; Arms, 195, 207; Labels, 220, 228 ; Bordure, 216. Courtenay, William, Archbishop of Can terbury, 217, 227. Courtenay, Sir Edward, 227. Courtenay, Edward de, Earl of Devon, 216, 227. Courtenay, Hugh, Earl of Devon, 227. Courtenay, Sir Hugh, 72, 227, 270; Mantling, 116. Courtenay, Hugh de, Earl of Devon, 195, 226. Courtenay, Hemy de, Earl of Devon, 216. Courtenay, John de, 226. Courtenay, Sir Peter, K.G, 64, 227. Courtenay, Sir Philip, 212, 227. Courtenay, Robert de, 227. Courtenay, Thomas, Earl of Devon, 228. Courtenay, Sir William, 216, 227. Courthope, William, Esquire, Somerset Herald, 488. Couste. See Cotise. Covered Cup, 43. Covert, 80. Coward, Cowed, 80. Cowasjee Jehanghier, of Bombay : Asms, Crest, Motto, 446, 447. Crampette, Crampettee, 42, 80. Crancelin, 42, 314. Cranfield, Lionel, Baron, 191. Cranley, Archbishop, 100, 120. Creke, John de, 197. Crenelles, Crenellee, 80. Crescent, 71. Crests, 4, 98, 109, 264 ; in Blazon, 171 ; as distinguished from Badges, 256 ; differenced, 199, 266 ; early Examples of, 264 ; hereditary, 272 ; not borne by Ladies, 266 ; two or more borne by the same Person, 273 ; Marshalling by, 275 ; of Corporate Bodies, 266 ; Modem, 272. Crest, of Black Prince, 266 ; of England, 266, 331 ; of Scotland, 332, 415 ; of Ireland, 332. Crest-Coronet, 98, 267, 490. Crest-Wreath, 98. Crested, 80. Crevecceur, De, 460. Crimean Medal, 353. Crined, 80. Cromwell, Oliver, the Protector : Arms, 402. Cromwell, of Tateshall, 50. Crosby, Sir John, and Lady, 339. Cross, 23, 42. Cross, Heraldry of the, 26. Cross, Botonee, Botonee Fitchee, 30 ; Crosslet, Crosslet Fitchee, 29; of eight Points, 28; Fleurettee, 29; Fleurie, 29; Fourchee, 29; MoUne, 29 ; Patonce, 29 ; Pommee, 29 ; Po tent, Potent Fitchee, 30; Potent Quadrate, 30; Pointed, 28; Quad rate, 28 ; Quarter-pierced, Quarterly- pierced, 29 ; Recercelee, 29 ; Trenee, 30 ; Urdee, 29. INDEX. 517 Crosslets, favourite differencing Changes, 180. Crossed-legged Effigies not Templars, 334. Crosses, Decorations of Honour, 352. Crozier, 42, 49, 100. Crouchback. See Edmond. Crown, of Great Britain, 99; as u, Charge, 99 ; the Imperial, 315 ; His torical Examples of, 31 5, 319 ; Arched, 317 ; of H.M. the Queen, 320, 332 ; of Herald Kings, 112, 357. Crown, Heraldic, fine Examples of, blazoned on a Shield at St. Albans, 453. Crown, Antique, 100 ; Celestial, 100 ; Eastern, Radiated, 100 ; Mural, 99 ; Naval, 99 ; VaUary, 99. Crown, (Coin), of gold and SUver, 417, 418. Crowns, Foreign, 99 ; of Austria, 471 ; of France, 471; St. Stephen's, of Hungary, 472 ; of Prussia, 473. Croydon, 358. Crusader Kings of Jerusalem, 8, 11. Crusades, 3, 287. Crusilee, CrusUly, 29, 80. Crystal Palace, Collections of Casts at the, 386 ; Casts of early Shields of Saxony at the, 478. Cumberland, Ernest Augustus, Duke of, King of Hanover, 251. Cunningham, Earl of Glencairn, 280. Cup, Covered Cup, 43. Cursetjee Furdoonjee Paruk, of Bombay : Arms, Crest, Motto, 446, 506. Curson, Roger, 204. Cushion, 43. Cutte, John, 366. Cyclas, 131. Cyprus : Arms, 308. Dabrichecourt, John de, 193. Dacre : Badge, 562, 284. Dagger, 43. Dagworth, Sir Nicholas, 67, 180. DaUing, Sir W. W, 76. Dalmatic, 100. Dalmenhurst, 311. Dalrymple-Hay : Crests, 273. Dalton, Sir T, 182. Dalton, Norroy: his Grant to Caius College, Cambridge, 363. Dampierre, Le Sieur de, 464. Dancette, Danse, Daunse, 18, 43, 160. Dancettee, 80. Dannebrog, Order and Insignia of, 335 ; Cross of, 326, 335, 355, 475. D'Arcy, Darcy, Sir Amory, 182. D'Arcy, Sir John, 177. D'Arcy, Norman, 177, 193. D'Arcy, Philip, 176, 193. D'Arcy, Robert, 177, 193. D'Arcy, Sir William, 182. D'Arcy, William, 177, 194. Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, 163, 386, 393. Datchet, 369. Daubeny : Arms, 344. Daubeny, John, 45, 224. D'Aubeny, Sir Giles, K.G, 185, 344. D'Aubernoun, Sir John, 122, 287, 486. D' Aubernoun, Sir John, the Younger,131 . D'Aubigne, Elys, 185. D'Aubigne, Philip, 185. D'Aubigne, William, 185. D'Aubygne, Sir John, 48 ; his Achieve ment, 134, 185, 198 ; Mantling-, 115 ; Crest, 48, 271.- Daughters, their Arms, 137, 207. Daughters of Heiresses, 142, 143. Daughters of Peers, 144. Daughters of the Sovereign, 92, 253. . Dauphin, The : Arms and Coronet, 470 Dauphine, Dauphiny, 470. Day, John, the Printer, 370. Deans and Chapters : Arms, 359. Debruised, 60, 80. Decked, 80. Decies, The Baron, 66. Decorations of Honour, 352. Decrescent, 12, 71. Degrees, 43. Degreed, Degraded, 80. Deincourts : Arms, 194. Delabere : Crest, 272. Dela Mere, Abbot Thomas, 38; his Mitre, 118, 126. Dela Warre. See Warre. Demembered, Dismembered, 80. Demi, 80. Demi-Lion-rampant, 59. Demi-Monk : Crest of Lord Stourton,269. Dene, Sir Johan de, 485. Denmark Proper : Arms, 310, 325, 475 ; impaled by the Prince of Wales, 327. Denmark: Arms, (a.d. 1581), 326; as borne by the Princess of Wales, (a.d. 1864), 326; Changes in, 326, 327, 475; Supporters, 476; Cross, 326, 475 ; Standard and Ensign, 476. Denmark, H.R.H, Alexandra of, The Princess of Wales, 311, 322, 325, 326, 475. Denmark, Anne of, Queen of James VI. and I, 251, 310, 475. Denmark, Christiem I, King of, 327, 356. Denmark, Frederick II, King of, K.G, 310, 327; his Garter-Plate, 326, 475. Denmark, Frederick VI, King of, K.G, 475. 518 INDEX. Denmark, George of, K.G, Consort of Queen Anne : Arms, 311, 327 ; Arms, and Label, 251 ; Garter-Plate, 475. Denmark, Margaret of, Queen of Scot land : her Lozenge of Arms, 327. Derby, Henry Plantagenet " of Boling broke," Earl of, 242. See Henry IV. Derby, Thomas Stanley, Earl of, 164. Derby, Stanleys, Earls of, 273, 281. Descriptive Terms, 77, 487. Despencer, De Spencer, 32, 185, 192. Despencer, Alianore, 226. Despencer, Sir Hugh le, 212. Despencer, Isabelle, 167. Despencer, Henry le, Bishop of Norwich, 218. Despencer, Sir Philip le, 212. Despencer, PhiUp le, 208. Developed, 80. Devereux : Aims, 195, 460. Deverose, John, 213. Devon, The Earls of, 216, 281. Devonshire, The Duke of, 281. Deyville, Johan de, 190. Deyville, John de, 190. Dexter, 16, 17. Diaper, Diapering, 37, 100, 456. Diapered, 80. Diephold : Arms, 313. Difference, Differencing, 100, 173; De finition of, 173 ; by Change of Tinc- tures,174; various Forms and Methods of, 177 ; Early Differencing Charges, 199; by Minor Charges, 177; by Single Small Charges, 200; Modern Differences, 206; Examples of early differenced Shields, 203; Accessories differenced, 198 ; Badges differenced, 257, 411; Crests differenced, 199, 266 ; by a Bendlet, 235, 408 ; by Augmentation, 434. Digby, The Baron, 74. DigsweU, Brasses at, 125, 394. Dimidiation, Dimidiating, Dimidiated, 81, 101, 146. Dimidiation, in Foreign Heraldry, 467. Disclosed, 81. Displayed, 81. Disponed, Disposed, 81. Ditzmers: Arms, 311. Dividing Lines, 18. Dobell, of Sussex : Arms, 460. Dolphin, 66, 148, 470. Dominion, Arms of, 91, 294. Donoughmore, The Earl of, 67. Dorchester Church, 41. Dormant, 81. Dormer, The Baron, 60. Dorset, Thomas Beaufort, Earl of, 248. Dorset, John Beaufort, Duke of, 199. Double Queue, 81. Double Tete, 81. DoubUng, 101. Douglas : Arms, 56 ; Changes in Arms, 184 ; Badge, 262. Douglas, James, K.G, Earl Douglas, 184 ; Crest, 69 ; Mantling, 116. Douglas, " The good Sir James," 56. Douglas, William, Lord, 184. Douglas, WilUam, 1st Earl Douglas and Earl of Mar, 184 ; Seal, 415. Douglas, WilUam, Earl of Angus, 184. Douglas, Margaret, Countess of Lennox, 163, 386, 395. Douglas, Badge of, 262. Douglas-Hamilton, Duke of HamUton : Crests, 274. Dovetail, Dovetailed, (Counter-wedg ing,) 18; 81. Downing College, Cambridge, 364. Dragon, 67 ; of the Saxons, 286 ; Badge of Wales, 332 ; Supporter of the Tudor Sovereigns, 302. Drake : Crest, 43, 274. Drapers' Company : Arms, 368. Drawing, Heraldic, 448 ; excellent Ex amples of, in Moule's " Heraldry of Fish," Seyton's " Scottish Heraldry," Laing's " Ancient Scottish Seals," and Shirley's " Noble and Gentle Men of England," 456, 491. Dreux, John de, Count of Brittany, 34, 153, 208, 214. Drury : Aims, 335. Dryden, Sir Hemy, 44. Dublin, Archbishop, and Archiepiscopal See of, 91, 358. DubUn, Robert de Vere, K.G, Marquess of, 117, 434. Dublin, Albert Edward, the Piince of Wales, Earl of, 322, 324. Ducal Coronet, 101, 103, 488. See Crest-Coronet. Duchess, 103, 488. Dudley : Arms, 460. Dugdale, Sir William, 477. Duke, Rank, Style and Title of, 101, 430 ; his Coronet and Robes, 101, 103, 488 ; his Sons and Daughters, 103, 430, 488. Dunbar, Patrick of, 193, 223. Dunbar, the Earls of; Crest, 274. Dunsany, The Baron, 68. Dunstanville, WUliam de, 209. Durham, Bishop and See of, 96. Durham Cathedral, 379. Dynevor, The Baron, 67. Dynham, The Lord, K.G.; Crest, 62, 272. Eagle, Erne, Heraldic, 64. INDEX. 519 Eagle, Drawing of the, 452 ; early Ex amples of, 452, 464 ; of ancient Rome, 472 ; of German Emperors, 234, 471 ; of Austria, 471 ; of France, 469, 470 ; of Poland, 474 ; of Prussia, 472 ; of Russia, 473. Eaglet, 64, 158. Earl, Rank, Style, and Title of, 103, 430; his Coronet and Robes, 104, 488; his Sons and Daughters, 104, 430. Earl Marshal of England, 112, 132, 168. Earl's Colne : Mullets of the De Veres at, 201. Ears of Wheat, Barley, &c, as Charges, 71 ; Badge of Abbot John de Wheat hamstede, 453, 457. East India Merchants, 367, 368. Eberstein : Arms, 313. Ecartele, Escartele, Quartele, 160. Eehebaston, Sir Richard d', 201. Eddington, 261. Edmond "Crouchback,'' first Earl of Lancaster: Arms, 220, 234; Monu ment, 38, 385, 387 ; Seals, 88, 220. Edmond, second Earl of Cornwall : Arms, Single Supporter, and Dimi- dated Shield, 146, 234. Edmond Plantagenet, "of Langley," K.G. : Anns, 239-241 ; Badge, 431 ; Monument, 99, 220, 385, and fully described, 390. Edmond, " of Woodstock," first Earl of Kent, 240 ; Arms, 235. Edmond, second Earl of Kent, 235, 236. Edmond, "of York," Earl of Rutland; Arms, 245, 246. Edmund de HoUand, K.G, last Earl of Kent : Arms, 247. Edmund Tudor, " of Hadham," Earl of Richmond : Arms, 249. Edmund Beaufort. See Beaufort. Edward the Confessor. See Confessor. Edward I.: Arms, 295; Badge, 304; Crown, 312; Great Seal, 295, 400, 402; Monument, 384; his Consort's Arms (1), 157, 306, and (2) 147, 307; his Heraldry in Westminster Abbey, 12, 377. Edward I. as Prince Royal, 172, 219, 234. Edward L entitled " Prince of Wales," 237. Edward H.: Arms, 295; Badge, 304; Crown, 98, 316, 317 ; Great Seal, 153, 295, 400 ; Effigy and Monument, 316, 384 ; his Consort's Aims, 158, 307. Edward H. as Prince Royal, 219, 221, 234 ; at Caerlaverock, 237. Edward IIL: Arms (before a.d. 1340) > 295, (after a.d. 1340) 158, 295, 388 : Crests, 266; Badges, 304; Grea4 Seals, 153, 295, 401, 402 ; Coins, 417 ." Standards, 289 ; imputed Supporters. 302 ; Effigy and Monument, 92, 127. 157, 162, 220, 237, 253, 384, described in full, 388 ; they are without any Insignia of the Garter, 343 ; Effigy at Elsyng, 161 ; his Consort's Arms, 159, 307 ; Cadency of his Sons, 92, 236-241. Edward III. as Prince Royal, 234. Edward HI. as Earl of Chester, 234, 237. Edward IV.: Arms, 297; Badges, 43, 304; Crown, 318; Supporters, 302; Great Seal, 319, 401; Seal for his Chancery of Monmouth, 414; his Consort's Arms, 165, 308 ; his Charter to the Order of the Garter, 342. Edward IV. as fourth Duke of York, 245. Edward V. : Arms, 297 ; Supporters, 302. Edward V. as Prince of Wales, 237, 250, 259, 325, 414. Edward VI. : Arms, 297 ; Supporters, 302; Crown, 318; Great Seal, 318; Badge, 305. Edward VI. as nominally Prince of Wales, 250. Edward Plantagenet, K.G, Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall, and Prince of Wales. See Black Prince. Edward Plantagenet, K.G, Earl of Rutland, Duke of Albemarle, and second Duke of York : Arms, 243 ; his Consort's Aims, 243. Edward, Earl of Warwick, the " last of the Plantagenets :" Arms, 246. Edward, of Norfolk, only son of Earl Thomas "de Brotherton," 232, 410. Edward, K.G, Duke of Kent, 251. Effingham, Howard, Earl of, 207. Effingham, Charles, Lord Howard of, Lord High Admiral : Seal, 412. Egertou : Arms, 462. Eglinton, The Earl of, 68. Ehrenberg : Arms, 462. Eighth Son, his Modem Difference, 206. Ela Longespee, Countess of Salisbury : Seal, 403. Eldest Son : his Modem Difference, 206. Eldon, John Scott, Earl of, 207, 463. Eldred, John, the Navigator, 368. Eleanor. See Alianore. Elected Sovereigns : Arms, 474, 478. Elford, 121, 205, 267, 338. 520 INDEX. EUbank, Lord, 207. Elizabeth : Arms, 297, 325 ; Supporters, 302 ; Badges and Motto, 305 ; Crown, 318 ; one of her Seals, 414 ; Coins, 417; Funeral, 122; Monument, 384, described in fuU, 392. Elizabeth Plantagenet, Countess of HoUand, and of Hereford and Essex, 161. Elizabeth Plantagenet, of York, Duchess of Suffolk, 103, 386. Elizabeth Plantagenet, of Lancaster, Duchess of Exeter, 247. Elizabeth Widville, or WoodvUle, Queen Consort of England, 308. Elizabeth Plantagenet, "of York," Queen of England : Arms, 166, 308 ; Monument, 384, 387, and fuUy de scribed, 388. Elizabeth, The Princess, 251. Elmebrygge, Roger, 67, 194. Elmhurst, 74. Elsyng, Brass at, 38, 113, 127, 161, 235, 388. Eltham, John of. See John. Ely, Bishop and See of, 359. Ely Cathedral, 120. Embattled, Battled, 78, 81. Emblems, Sacred, 395; of the Evan- geUsts, 395. Embowed, 81. Embrued, 81. Emperor, The: Arms at Westminster Abbey and Great Yarmouth, 452 ; at King's Langley, 453, 464. Endorse, 23, 43 ; Endorsed, 23. Enfield, Brass at, 114. Enfiled, 81. England Proper : Arms, 60 ; Royal Arms of, 156, 295, 300, 331 ; Crest, 266, 331 ; Supporters, 301, 303, 331, 375 ; Motto, 282, 305, 331; Crown, 315, 320; Badges, 305, 322 ; Royal Monu ments of, 383. Englethorpe, Isabel, 167. Engoulee, 81. EngraUed, 18, 81. Enhanced, 81. Ensigned, 81. Environne'e, Environed, Enveloped, 81. Episcopal Arms, 144, 358. Equipped, 81. Eradicated, 81. Erased, 8.1. Erect, 81. Ermine, William d', 213. Ermine, 20, 62, 106. Ermine-spots, Early Examples of, 453 • for Differencing, 185, 205. Ermines, 20, 106. Erminois, 20, 106. Erpingham," Sir Thomas, 188, 267. Erpingham Gate, Norwich Cathedral, 188. Erskine, Sir Thomas: Supporters, 279; Crest, 265. Erskine : Aims, 463. Escallop, 66 ; for Differencing, 192. Escarbuncle, 41, 309, 313. Escutcheon, 16, 106; of Pretence, 106. Esquire, 106, 488. Esquires, of the Order of the Bath, 350, 378. Essex, Earldom of: Arms, 151. Essex, Geoffrey de MandeviUe, Earl of, 41. Essex, Hemy Bourchier, Earl of. See Bourchier. Essex, Isabelle Plantagenet, Countess of. See 'En. Este : Arms, 31 1. Estlee, Sir Nicholas, 201. Estofford, Stafford, Robert de, 195. Estofford, Sir Giles, 201. Estofford, Sir Robert de, 195. EstoUe, 43. Esturmy, Sir Thomas, 347. Eton CoUege: Arms, 364; Grant of Arms from Henry VI, 364. Etton, De, 209, 225. Eu, and Essex, Henry Bourchier, K.G, Earl of. See Bourchier. Eu, Isabelle Plantagenet, Countess of, 105, 226, 339, 385, 394. Eu, Alice, Countess of, 405. Eureux : Arms, 166, 307. Evangelists, Emblems of, 395. Ewelme, Effigy at, 344. Exeter, the See and Bishops of, 53, 539. Exeter Cathedral, 123, 195, 228. Exeter College, Oxford, 217, 361. Exeter, the Hollands, Dukes of, 247, 248. Exeter, Cecil, the Marquess of, 281. Fair Rosamond, 154. Falcon and Fetterlock : Badge, 261. Falcon and Sceptre : Badge, 306. Falmouth, The Viscount, 68. False, Faux, 81, 196. False Cross, 43. False Escutcheon, 43. False Roundle, 40, 43, 196. Fan, Winnowing Fan, 43, 282. Farnham, Sir R. de, 193. Faroe Islands: Arms, 326. Fastolf, Sir John, K.G, 192, 460. Faucombe, De : Arms, 181. Faucombe, Walter de, 187 . Fauconberg, 459. Faulconbridge, Roger, 204. INDEX. 521 Feathers, 65, 172 ; Feathered, 40. Feathers, Ostrich, 72, 256, 260, 272, 414. Feathers, Panache-Plume of, 121, 267, 272. Felbrig, Brass at, 44, 261, 288. Felbrige, George ; Arms, 204. Felbrigge, Sir Symon, K.G. ; his fine Brass described, 390 ; his Banner of Richard H, 288 ; Royal Badges, 43, 261 ; his Crest, 267 ; his Insignia of the Garter, 344, 387. Feld, John, his Tabard, 82, 131, 132. Felton, Sir Thomas, 267 ; Helm, 270. Femme, 106. Fer-de-Moline, 43, 47, 270. Ferdinand HI, King of Castile and Leon, 157. FermaUe, Fermaux, 43. Ferr, 43. Ferrara : Arms, 311. Ferre, Guy, 47, 148. Ferre, Eleanor, 148. Ferrers : Arms, 198, 215. Ferrers, Earls of Derby, 46, 125. Ferrers, Lord, of Chartley, 72; Crest, 121, 198, 287. Ferrers, Rauf de, 197. Ferrers, WUliam de, 197. Fersfield, 454. Fesse, 22, 43. Fesse Point, 16, 106. Fesse-Wise, 81. Fetter-Lock : Badge, 43, 261. Fictitious Heraldry, 443, 491. Field, 17, 106. Fifth Son : his Modern Difference, 206. Figured, 81. FUe, 44. Fillet, 22, 44. Filliol, MatUda, Wife of Sir R. de, 406, 407. Filliol: Arms, 407. Fimbriation, 28 ; Fimbriated, 28, 81. Finchley, 368. Finned, 82. Fir-Cones, 76. Firmee, 82. Fish, Heraldic, 63, 65. Fishmongers' Company : Arms, 368. Fitchee, 29, 82. Fitz-Alan : Arms, 162, 415 ; Badge, 339 ; Crest, 268, 273 ; Seals, 268, 272, 278, 416 ; Effigies, 105, 132, 336. Fitz-Alan, Alice de, Countess of Kent, 247. Fitz-Alan, John, Earl of Arundel : Effigy, 132, 336 ; Seal, 415, 416. Fitz-Alan, Thomas, Earl of Arundel, 105, 336. Fitz-Alan, Richard, Earl of Arundel, 268. Fitz-Alan, Thomas (or Thomas Arun del), Archbishop of Canterbury, 217. Fitz-Alan, WilUam, Earl of Arundel : Effigy of his Countess, at Arundel, 339. Fitz-Alan, of Bedale, Brian, Lord : Arms, 483. Fitz-Gerald, Juliana, 147. Fitz-Gerald, Duke of Leinster: Arms, 463. Fitz-Geoffrey, 198, 214, 458. Fitz-Hugh, Hemy, 214 ; Edmund, 216. Fitz-Marmaduke, John, 211. Fitz-Mayhewe, 162. Fitz-Nichol, 178, 181, 192. Fitz-Payne, Robert le, 211. Fitz-Ralph, 191. Fitz-Randolf, 212. Fitz-Rauf, 198. Fitz -Roger, Robert, 223, 459. Fitz-Simon, S. le, 42 ; J. le, 51. Fitz-Walter, Robert de, 151, 213, 459. Fitz-Warren, Sir WUliam, K.G, 176, 343. Fitz-Waryn, William, Lord, 226. Fitz- Waryn, Sir John, 176. Fitz-Waryn : Badge, 262. Fitz-WiUiam, R. de, 44, 194. Fitz-Gerald, Duke of Leinster : Aims, 462. Fitz-WUIiam, Earl Fitz-WiUiam : Crests, 273 Flag, Flags, 17, 82, 83, 286. Flags of England, 290, 292. Flags of Admirals, 291. Flags Military, 291. Flags Naval, 290. Flags of Volunteers, 292. Flags, Foreign. See Chapter xxxii. Flagon, 44. Flanches, 32, 310 ; Flanched, 82. Flanders : Aims, 159, 163, 307. Flanders, Matilda of, The Queen, 306. Flasques, 32. Fleming, Hugh, Bishop of Lincoln, 361. Fleurie, 82. Fleur-de-lys, 72 ; its origin, 72 ; early modifications of its form, 73 ; first ap pearance on a royal Seal of France, 73; Semte de lys, 12, 73 ; dimidiated, 148, 152 ; first appearance in Eng land, 152, 407 ; of France, 189 ; for differencing, 189 ; drawing, and early examples of, 452 ; no longer the he raldic ensign of France, 469. Fleurettee, Florette'e, 82. Flexed, 82. Flighted, 40, 82. 522 INDEX. Flodden Field, The Battle of, 433, 435. Florin, 418. Flotant, 82. Fly, 17, 82. Foix, Blanche de, 229. Foix, Gaston de, K.G, Count of Lon- gueviUe, 228. Foix, John de, K.G, Viscount Chasti- lion, 229. Foix, William de, 158. Foliated, 82. Fordham, Bishop John de, 119. Fordwich, Arms of Cinque Ports at, 149. Fontevraud, Royal Effigies of England at, 383. Foreign Effigies, 465. Foreign Heraldry, General Notice of, 464 ; Characteristic Uses of, 465 ; Re peated Charges in, 465 ; Use of Dimi diation in, 467 ; Collars of Knight hood in, 468 ; Use of Shields for De coration in, 465 ; Labels of, 469 ; Lions of, 466; Mantlings of, 468; Supporters of, 468. Foreign Nobles and their Heraldio In signia, 478 ; their Coronets, 480 ; their Titles, 479. Foreign Orders, Medals and Insignia, 172, 353. Foreign Postage Stamps, 468. Forme'e, 29. Fortescue : Motto, 283. Fortibus, Aveline de, Countess of Lan caster, 198, 385. Fortibus, WiUiam, Earl of Albemarle, 198. Fotheringhay Church, Heraldry of, 377. Fountain, 25. Fourchee, Queue Fourchee, 44, 82. Fourth Son ; his Modem Difference, 206. Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, 120, 361. Fthisgs 74 "France Ancient," 12, 158, 189, 297, 401, 409 ; Dimidiated with England, 147 ; with Navarre, 148 ; Quartered by Edward III, 158, 295; fine Ex amples of, 236, 378, 388. " France Modern :" Adopted by French Kings, 159, 296 ; Suggested to Henry IV, 307 ; and adopted by him, 159, 297 ; fine Examples of the Quartered Shield, 297, 378, 393 ; Shield bearing the Fleurs de lys, one and two, 414 ; Shield Quartering England and France Modern, 297. " France Recent," 469. France, Imperial Aims of, 469, 470 ; Imperial Standard of, 470 ; National Flag of, 470 ; Old Flag of, 470 ; no longer represented by the Fleurs de lys, 469. France, Royal Cadency of, 470. France : Great Dignitaries and Dukes of the Empire ; their Aims, 470. France, Coronets of Nobility of, 480. France, MiUtary Medal of, 354. Francis, Emperor of Austria, K.G, 471. Fraser, Hugh, 217. Fraternities of Honour, 114, 333. Frazer : Arms, 74. Frederick XL., King of Denmark and Norway, K.G, Arms, 310 ; Garter- Plate, 327, 475. Frederick VI, King of Denmark, K.G, 475. Frederick Lewis, K.G, Prince of Wales, 250. Frederick, K.G, Duke of York, 251. FreschevUle, Rauf, 204. Fresnee, 82. Fressel, Simon de, 75, 193. Frette, 32 ; Frettee, 32. Friedland, Due de, 466. Fructed, 82. Fruits, Heraldic, 76. Fumant, 82. Furnished, 82. Furnival, the Brothers, 174, 186. Furs, 19. Fusil, 32, 44 ; Fusfflee, Fusily, 35, 82. Fylfot, 44, 486. Fynderne, WUliam, 204. Gacelyn, Gaceline, Sir Edmund, 194, 212. Gacelyn, Sir John, 194, 212. Gacelyn, Sir Walter, 194, 212. Gads, Gadlyngs, 44. Galley, 44, 446. Galtrap, Caltrap, 41. Game-cock, 64. Gant, William de, 210. Garbe, 74, 149, 446, 459. Gardant, Guardant, 83. Garde-Bras, 44. Garland, 44. Garnished, 82. Garshale, Thomas de, 212. Garter, Order of the : Foundation, 340; Statutes, 340; Knights Companions, K.G, 340 ; Insignia and Habit, 341 ; Badge, 341 ; CoUar and " George," 341, 342;. Garter, 107, 341; Motto, 341; Ribbon and "Lesser George," 342 ; Star, 341 ; Stalls in St. George's Chapel, 340 ; Garter Plates, 108, 167, 340, 341, 378 ; Banners, 340 ; Insignia of deceased K.G. returned to the Sove- INDEX. 523 reign, 343 ; Insignia marshaUed, 171 ; Examples of early Effigies of K.G. having Insignia of the Order, 343 ; Officers of the Order, and their In signia, 342, 343 ; no Esquires of the Order, 488 ; Ladies associated with the Order, 344. Garter King-of-Arms, 111, 112, 341, 343; his Arms, 169, 365; Badge, 343. Gascoyne Cecil, Marquis of Salisbury, 207, 281. Gaston, Viscount de Beam, 157, 158. Gaveston, Sir Arnold de, 157, 158. Gaveston, Piers de, Earl of ComwaU, ' 157, 15S. Genealogies, 422, Genealogies, Historical ; their utitity and value, 423 ; System of framing them, 423 ; Abbreviations, iUustrations, and general suggestions for framing them, 423, 424 ; Examples, 425—427. Genet, 337. Geneville, de, Lords of Broyes : Arms, 41, 60 ; their Cadency, 175, 212. Geoffrey, Count of Anjou, 303, 383, 405 ; Arms, 392. George I. : Arms, 299, 300 ; Arms of his Consort, 311 ; he changes the colour of the Ribbon of the Order of the Garter, 341, 342. George II. : Arms, 299, 300 ; Arms of his Consort, 312 ; as Prince of Wales, 250. George III. : Arms, 299, 300 ; Arms of his Consort, 312 ; as Prince of Wales, 250; Cadency of the Princes and Princesses of his FamUy, 251. George IV. : Arms, 299, 300 ; Arms of his Consort, 312, 313 ; as Prince of Wales, 250 ; Arms of the Princess of Wales, his only chUd, 250. George Plantagenet, K.G, Duke of Clarence, Earl of Warwick and Salis bury : Arms, 222, 246 ; Crest, 266 ; Mantling, 115; Seal, 278; Arms of his Consort, 246. George, of Denmark, KG, 251, 311 ; Garter Plate, 475. " George," The, of the Order of the Garter, 342. George-Noble ("coin), 417. Gerard, Peter, 132. Gerattyng, 82, 199. Germany : Arms, 307. Germany, Emperors of, 471, 472. Germany, Heraldry of, 464 ; its Usages, 466, 467. Ghent, John of. See John. Giffard, Sir Alexander ; his Cross-legged Effigy and Shield of Arms, 225. Giffard, Sir John ; his Brass and Shield of Arms, 190. Giffard, Margaret : Seal, 152. Giffard, Sir John : Arms, 152. Gifford : Arms, 52. Gillyflower, 74. Gimmel-ring, 44, 203. Girt, Girded, 82. Glay, De, of Innerwick, 217. Glendour : Arms, 460. Glendwyr, Owen, Prince of Wales, 325. Gliding, 82. Globe, The Terrestrial, 44. Gloucester Cathedral, Effigy of Edward H in, 98, 316, 376; Heraldic TUes in, 384. Gloucester, See and Bishop of, 359. Gloucester, Humphrey Plantagenet Duke of. See Humphrey. Gloucester, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of. See Richard III. Gloucester, Thomas Plantagenet, Duke of. See Thomas. Gloucester, WilUam Stuart, K.G, Duke of, 251. Gloucester, WilUam Henry, K.G, Duke of, 251. Gloucester, William Frederick, K.G, Duke of, 252. Gobony, Compony, 82. Gold, 10. Golden Fleece, Order and Insignia of, 355, 478. Goldsmiths' Company, 369. Gonaldston, Effigy at, 125. Gonfannon, 108. GonvUle and Cfiius College, Cambridge : Arms, and original Grant, 363. Goodryke, Thomas, Bishop of Ely, 120. "Good Service Medals," 353. Gordon : Badge, 263. Gorge, Gurge, 45. Gorged, 82. Gorges, R. de, 45, 197. Gorget, 109. Gorlestou, Brass at, 212. Gothic Architecture essentially heraldic, 372. Gouttee,Guttee,de larmes, d'azure, d'eau, d'olive, d'or, de poix, du sang, 77, S2. Goutte"e, reversed, 77, 82. Gower, John, 336, 461. Gower : Arms quartered by the Duke of Sutherland, 462. Gradient, 82. Grafted, 82. Grafton, the Duke of, 438. Grafton Regis, 271. Graham : Arms, 66, 192, 213 ; Badge, 263. Graham, Duke of Montrose, 462. 524 INDEX. Grandison : Aims, 211 ; Canton of, 209. Grandison, Bishop John de, 211. Grandison, William de, 211. Grand Quarters, 16, 108. Granville : Arms, 42, 462. GranvUle-Leveson-Gower, Duke of Su therland, 462. Graveney, Brass at, 43. Great Britain, Ensign of, 27. Great Malvern, 45, 53, 396. Great Saxham, 368. Great Seals, 319, 399, 400; described, 295, 296, 299, 401; Obverse, 401; of the Commonwealth, 402 ; of Princes and Nobles, 402, 412 ; of John, " of Ghent," 402 ; of Thomas, second Earl of Lancaster, 402 ; of Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, 403. Great Yarmouth : Arms, 148 ; Seal, 413. Great Yarmouth, Shields of Arms in the Parish Church of, 149, 218, 222, 239, 242, 377. Greece : Arms, Supporters, Motto, En sign, 474. Greeces, 45. Greek Cross, 26. Green : Arms, 310. Greenland : Arms, 326. Greilly, John de, Captal de Buch, 229. Grenada, 308. Grevel, William ; his fine Brass, 118. Grey, Sir Anthony, 339. Grey, De : Arms, 35. Grey, the Lady Jane, Queen, 423,425. Grey, the Lady Mary, 423: Grey, Walter, Archbishop of York, 100. Grey, John de, 211. Grey, Richard de, 224. Grey, Thomas,'K.G, Marquess of Dorset, 228. Grey, Roger, Lord, of Ruthyn, 389; Badge, 262. Griffin, Gryphon, 67, 150. Grimstone, Sir Edward, 185. Grimstone, Earl of Veralam, 185. Grocers' Company, 368. Gros, Sir Renard le, 187. Grosvenor, Sir Robert, 216. Gryphon, Coward, 67. ¦ Gueldres : Arms, 163. Gueldres, Mary of, 278. "Guide to the Study of Heraldry," Montagu's, Reference to, 409. Guige, 15. Gmldford, 358. Guilds : Arms, 367. Gules, 19, 108. Gunby, Brass at, 182, 336. Gwilt, Mr, his Ordinary of the Aims in the Roll of Henry III, edited by Sir Harris Nicholas, 482. Gyron, 31 ; Gyronny, Gyronnee, 35, '82 Haberdashers' Company, 369. Habited, 12, 82. Hackle, 45. Hadfield, Hatfield, Bishop Thomas : his Monument in Durham Cathedral, 119, 379. Hainault. See Phihppa. Hakebut, Richard, 190. Halberstadt ; Arms, 312. Hallam, Robert, Bishop of SaUsbury, 107. Haltwhistle, 48. Hamburgh Merchants, 367. Hameldene, Lawrence, 191, Hames, Heames, 45. Hamilton, of Innerwick, 217. Hammer, 45, 12^. Hammer-Beams, with Shields of Arms, in Westminster HaU, 490. Hammerton : Rebus, 125. Hampsou, Sir G. F, 45. Hampton Court Palace, 129, 309. Hands, Human, 56, 125. Hanover : Arms, Ensign, and National Colours, 476. Hanover, Royal Family of the House of, 299. Hauover, Electoral Bonnet of, 250. Hapsburgh, Arms of the House of, 471. Harcourt, Thomas de Beaufort, K.G, Earl of, 248. Harcourt, Sir Robert, K.G, 108, 339, 344; MantUng, 115. Harcourt, Lady, 108, 344. Harcourt, Sir John (two Coats), 175. Hardinge : Crest, 273. Harford, Anthony, 210. Harford, with Canton of Scrope, 210. Harp, 45 ; Badge of Ireland, 322. Harpedene, Sir John de, 180, 204. Harpedene, Sir William de, 204. Harpham, Brasses at, 182, 214, 270. Harpur Crewe : Arms, 229. Harpy, 67. Harris, 125, 461. Harsnett, Archbishop Samuel, 119. Harsyck, Sir Thomas : Arms and Crest, 72, 115, 121 ; Crest and Wreath, 134, 264. Hart, 63, 125 ; Crest of Ireland, 332 ; Badge of Henry, of Bolingbroke, 258 ; Badge of Richard II, 263, 278, 304, 454. Hastings : Arms, 47, 151 ; Labels, 176 ; Badges, 262, 284. Hastings, Sir Hugh, 38, 287; his Brass, 161, 388; Crest, Wreath, and Mant ling, 115, 134. INDEX. 525 Hastings, John de, K.G, Earl of Pern-" broke, 161 ; his Surcoat, 113 ; Shield, 172. Hastings, John de ; his Bordure of Valence, 215. Hastings, Lawrence de ; Earl of Pem broke, 389. Hastings, the Earl ; his Banner at Caer laverock, 176. Hastings, Edmund de, his Banner at Caerlaverock, 176. Hastings, WUUam, K.G, Lord ; his Mantling, 116. Hatchet, 45. Hatchment, 1 OS ; Modern, 444 ; exem plification of Heraldic Debasement, 445, 456. Hatfield Broadoak, 38. Haughton, 442. Haurient, 66, 82. Hause, 83. HautevUle, Geoffrey de, 182. Hawberk, Sir Nicholas ; Figure of St. George in his Brass, 127. Hawk, 275. Hawk's Lure, 45 ; BeU and Jesses, 45. Hawkestone, Sir T., 198. Hay, Jean de la, 71. Hay, Rauf de la, 71. Haydon, John, 194. Hazel Leaves, 74. Hazelrigg, 74. Hedgehog, Herrison, 125. Heightened, 82. Heir, Arms of, 137. Heiress and Co-heiresses, Arms of, 140, 141. Heiress, Husband of, 142. Heiress, Son of, 140 ; Daughters of, 143. Helena, H.R.H, the Princess, 252, 331. Helm, Heaume, Helmet, 45, 109 ; Modem, 109 ; in Blazon, 171 ; Draw ing of, 454 ; fine Examples of, 455. Hemenhale, Sir R. de, 192. Hemp-brake, Hackle, 45. Heneage-knot, 284. Henlington, of Gloucestershire: Arms, 461. Henneburgh, 313. Henniker, the Baron, 283. Henrietta Maria, Queen Consort of Eng land, 311. Henry I. : Arms, 295 ; Arms of Consort, 306. Henry II. : Aims, 295; Crown, 315; Badges, 304 ; Effigy, 383 ; Arms of Consort, 306. Henry III. : Arms, 295 ; Crown, 61, 316 ; Badge, 304; his Heraldry in West minster Abbey, 12,377; the Era of true Heraldry in England commences with his Reign, 4 ; the existing Rolls of Arms of his Period, 481 ; his Great Seals, 400 ; his Monument and Effigy, 38, 384 ; Arms of Consort, 306. Henry IV, — Henry Plantagenet, " of Bolingbroke" : Royal Arms, 297 ; Quarters " France Modem," 73, 159, 297 ; Crown, 316, 317 ; Royal Badges, 304 ; attributed Supporters, 302 ; Great Seals, 401 ; Secretum, 258 ; his heraldic Slab at Venice, 258 ; Monu ment and Effigy at Canterbury, 100, 165, 384, 486 ; fuUy described, 337, 391 ; Arms of his Queen, 41, 166, 307, 337. Henry IV, before his Accession, as Earl of Derby and Hereford, and Duke of Hereford and Lancaster : Arms, 164, 221, 242 ; Badge, 257 ; Standard, 286 ; Arms of Consort, 164. Henry V. : Arms, 297 ; Crown, 318, 319 ; Badges, 40, 304, 377, 394 ; attributed Supporters, 302 ; Monument, 384 ; Arms of Consort, 307 ; his Standard- Bearer, 383, 394 ; as Prince of Wales, 116 230 237. Hemy VI. : Arms, 165, 297; Crown, 319 ; Supporters, 302 ; Badges, 304 ; Motto, 304 ; Coins, 417 ; Arms of 'Consort, 307, 308 ; his Grants of Arms to Eton and King's Colleges, 363, 364. Henry VII. : Arms, 297, 378 ; Crown, 318, 319 ; Supporters, 302 ; Badges, 307 ; Great Seals, 401 ; Coins, 417 ; Arms of Consort, 166, 308 ; his Chapel at Westminster, with his Monument and Effigy, 76, 129, 166, 260, 350, S78, 384 ; his Armorial Insignia at King's Chapel, Cambridge, 378. Henry VII, before his Accession, as Earl of Richmond, 249. Henry VIII. : Arms, 297; Crown, 319 ; Supporters, 302 ; Badges, 305 ; Great Seals, 401 ; Coins, 417 ; Grants and Augmentations, 165, 434; Arms of Consorts, 308-310 ; their Badges, 305. Henry VIH, before his Accession, as Duke of York, 249; as Prince of Wales, 250. Henry Plantagenet, Third Earl of Lan caster, 235 ; Seals, 173, 397, 408. Henry Plantagenet, Fourth Earl and First Duke of Lancaster, the Second English Duke, 101, 235 ; his Effigy at Elsyng, 113 ; Seals, 278, 408. Henry Stuart, K.G, Prince of Wales, 250, 260. Henry II, King of France, K.G , 471. Hepburn : Arms, 463 ; Motto, 283. Herald, Heralds, 110, 111; their Offi cial Habit, 112; Duties, 112, 439; 526 INDEX. Titles, 111; Modern, their varied and important Duties, and their Offi cial Authority and Rights, 439, 444. Heralds, Kings-of-Arms, 111, 116 ; their Arms, 144, 365 ; Crowns, 112 ; Badge of Garter, 343. Herald's College, College of Arms, 111 ; Arms of, 112, 364, 422 ; Crest, 364 ; Supporters, 364. Heralds, and Heralds' Office, or Lyon Office, of Scotland, 112, 365. "Herald and Genealogist," References to, 193, 200. Heraldic Art, the Study of, 449 ; early Illustrations of, 448. Heraldic Character of Early Monuments, 381. "Heraldic Debasement," 442 ; specially exemplified in Modem Hatchments, 456. Heraldic Character of Gothic Architect ure, 373, 375. Heraldic JeweUery, 441. Heraldic Treatment, Drawing and Colour, 448. Heraldic Terms in Rolls of Arms, 483, 487. Heraldic Materials prepared by Winsor and Newton, 457. Heraldic Sails, 288. Heraldry, Definition of, 5 ; Language, 8 ; Nomenclature, 9 ; Abbreviation and Punctuation, 1 0 ; Law of Tinc tures, 11, 465 ; Epithets, 12 ; Shields, 13, 440. Heraldry, an Art, 448 ; of Architecture, 373; of the Cathedrals, 377 ; a Chro nicler, 375; of Coins, 416; of Cos tume, 114, 383; Debasement of, 442, 456 ; Foreign, 464 ; of France, 464, 471 ; of Germany, 464, 469 ; of Illu minations, 419 ; of Inlaid Pavements, 376 ; of Monuments, 380 ; Official and Corporate, 357 ; of Paving Tiles, 376 ; of Seals, 397 ; of Stained Glass, 376. Heraldry, in AUiance with Gothic Architecture, 372, 373 ; its Claims on Gothic Architects, 375. Heraldry, Modern, 439 ; its true Charac ter and Dignity, 440 ; Use of Badges in, 441 ; Examples of the True, 444 ; Cadency in, 443; Pseudo-Heralds and Fictitious Heraldry, 443, 444, 491 ; " Pictorial," 441 ; Examples from the " Peerage," 441 ; from other Sources, 442 ; of the New Palace at Westminster, 441 ; a Plea for its Nobleness, 445. Heraldry, Treatises on, Authorities and Writers, 481—485. "Heraldry of Fish," by Mr. Moule, illustrated by Miss Barbara Moule, a Model Treatise on Heraldry, 66, 269, 456. Hereford Cathedral, 267, 343. Hereford, Bishops and See of, 63, 359. Hereford, Earls of. See Bohun. Heriz, De ; Rebus, 125 ; Arms, 416. Heron : Arms, 204, 461 . Heron, Gerard, John, Walter, and Wil Uam, 204, Heron's Head ; Crest, 269. Herteley, De : Rebus, 125. Hesse : Arms, 331. Hesse-Darmstadt, 331, 476. Hever, Brass at, 105, 344, Hewes, Thomas de, 208. Heytesbury : Arms, 410. Heyworth : Arms, 454. High Admirals, Seals of, 412. Higham Ferrers, 368. Hildersham, Brass at, 193. HU1, HUlook, 74. Hillingdon, Brass at, 335. Hilted, 82. Hilton, Sir WilUam de, 407. Hinckley, the Honour of, 288. Hind, 63, 277. Hohenstaufer : Arms, 472. Hohenzollern: Arms, 312, 473. Hohenzollern, John George, Prince of, 473. Hohnstein : Arms, 313. Hoist, 17, 82. Hoja : Arms, 313. Holly-Leaves, 74, 311. Holy Trinity, Shield Emblematic of, 395. Holland, the Countess of, 159 ; Arms, 163. Holland, the Kingdom of: Arms, Sup porters, Standard and Flag, 477. HoUand Ancient, 190, 459. Holland, Edmund de, K.G, Fourth Earl of Kent, 247. Holland, Robert de, 247. Holland, Margaret, de, Duchess of Clarence, 244. Holland, Matilda de, Countess of Devon, 227. Holland, Otho de, K.G, 190, 202, 247. Holland, Sir Thomas, KG, 190, 202, 240, 247. HoUand, Thomas de, K.G, Second Earl of Kent : Arms, 126, 247 ; Seals, 163, 277, 409 ; Supporter, 277. 409. Holland, Thomas de, Third Earl of Kent and Duke of Surrey, 247; Seal, 409. Holland, John de, K.G, Earl of Hun tingdon and Duke of Exeter, 247 ; Seals, 412; Heraldic Sail, 412. Holland., John de, K.G, Second Duke of Exeter and Earl of Huntingdon, 248. INDEX. 527 Holland, John de, Third and last Duke of Exeter, 248. HoUands, de, tiieir Cadency, 247 ; their Shields of Arms at King's Langley, 240. Holstein : Arms, 311. Homberg : Arms, 313. Home : Motto, 284. Honour, Augmentations of, 93, 165, 309, 433. Honour, Decorations of, 352. Honour Point, 16, 113. "Honours," the, of Regimental Colours, 435. Honourable Insignia marshalled, 172. Hoo, Thomas, 67. Hood; Motto, 283. Hooded, 83. Hoofed, 83. Homed, 83. Horse-shoe, 46, 125. Horsted Keynes, 487. HospitaUers, Knights, 28, 113, 333. Hoveringham, 336, 344. Howard : Arms, 112 ; Original Arms, 183; "Ancient," 434; Differenced, 205; "Modem," 433, 434, 443; Badge, 262 ; Crest, 273 ; Lion, 55. Howard, Katharine, Queen Consort of England, 310. Howard, Elizabeth de, 167. Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, Aug mentation of his Arms, 433. Howard, Charles, Lord, of Effingham, High Admiral : Seal, 412. Howard, Charles, 205. Howden, Effigy at, 182. Human Beings, 55. Humettee, 83. Humphrey Plantagenet, K.G, Duke of Gloucester : Arms, 254 ; Arms of Con sorts, 254 ; Monument at St. Alban's, 254, 385, 413. Hungary : Arms, 307, 472 ; Supporters, Crown, and National Colours, 472. Hungerford : Badge, 262, 410. Hungerford, Robert, Lord, 336. Hungerford, Sir Robert de, 262, 411. Hungerford, Margaret de : Seal, 411. Hungerford, SirThomas, first " Speaker," 411. Hungerford, Walter, Lord, 410. Huntingdon, John Holland, Earl of, 247. Hunting Horn, 46. Hunton, Prior : Rebus, 123. Hurst, 74. Hursthelve, William de, 45. Hurte, 46 ; Hurte'e, 83. Husband and Wife, Arms of, 139. Hussey : Arms, 410. Hussey, Joan de, 411. Ibex, Heraldic Antelope, 68. Iceland : Arms, 326. " Ich Dien," 72. Illegitimacy, Abatement of, 436 ; not necessarily hereditary, 438. Illumination, 113; Heraldry of, 419. IUumination, Manual of, 113. Illumination, Revival of the Art, 419 ; Suggestion for present Practice, 420 ; modem Varieties, 420 ; Advantage of Heraldry, 421 ; good Subjects, 421 ; Outlines, 421. Imaginary Beings, 66. Imbattled, Embattled, 18. Imbrued, Imbued, 83. Impalement, Impaled, 16, 83, 113 ; Ex amples of, 139 — 161 ; of Bordure and Tressure, 32, 113 ; as first used, 146. Imperially crowned, 83. In Bend, 24, 84. In Chevron, 24, 84. In Chief, 24, 84. In Cross, 24, 30, 84. In Fesse, 24, 84. In Foliage, 84. In Glory, 12, 84. In Lure, 84. In Orle, 32. In Pale, 24, 84. In Pile, 24, 84. In Pretence, 16. In Pride, 64, 84. In Quadrangle, 84. In Saltire, 24, 84. In Splendour, 84. Incensed, 84. Increment, Increscent, 12, 71, 84. Indented, 18, 84. India, Grants of Arms to Native Gentle men of, 446. Inescutcheon, 16, 31. Inflamed, 84. Ingham, 335. Inheritance of Arms, 135, 136. Inner Temple, Barristers of the : Badge, 334. Insects, Heraldic, 63. Institutions and Associations : Arms,145. Interlaced, 84. International Exhibition of 1862, 450. Invected, 18, 84. Inverted, 84. Iona, 46. Ipswich : Arms, 149. Ipswich, Brasses at, 49, 118. Ireland: Arms, 393; Arms assigned to, 434 ; Badges, 332 ; National Devices, 27, 45, 75 ; Crest, 332 ; the Arms quartered in the Royal Shield of 528 INDEX. England, 299; included in the " Union Jack," 27, 290. Ireland, Bishops of, 95. Lonmongers' Company and Hall, 53, 369. Irradiated, 84. Isabel, of Angouleme, Queen Consort of England, Arms, 306, 385. Isabelle, of France, Queen Consort of England, 40.1 : Arms, 134, 152, 158, 307. Isabel, of France, Queen Consort of England, Arms, 166, 307. Isabelle Plantagenet, Countess of Essex and Eu, 226 ; her Coronet, 105 ; her Brass, 339, 385. See Henry Bour chier, Earl of Essex. May, Scottish Herald, 112. Isles, Lord of the, 322, 324. Isle of Man : Arms, 56, 487. IsUp, Abbot : Rebus, 124. Issuant, 84. Italy : Arms and Royal Standard, 477. Jacqueline, of HoUand, Duchess of • Gloucester, 245. Jacqueline, of Luxemburgh, Duchess of Bedford, 244. James I, of Great Britain : Arms, 298 Crown, 319; Badges, 305; Crest of Scotland, 415; Supporters, 280 Motto, 394; Coins, 418; Arms of Consort, 311 ; institutes Baronets, 94 his Shield at Westminster, 393. James II, of Great Britain : Arms, 298 Badges, 305 ; Supporters, 303 ; Arms of Consort, 311. James II. as Duke of York, 251. James I, of Scotland : Secretum, 280, 414. James II, of Scotland : Seal of his Queen, 163. James III, of Scotland : Lozenge-of- Arms of his Queen, 327. James IV. of Scotland : Crest of Scotland on his Great Seal, 414 ; his Death at Flodden, 433. James V. of Scotland: Great Seal and Garter-Plate, 414. Jane (the Lady Jane Grey), Queen of England, 423, 425. Jane Seymour, Queen Consort of England : Arms, 309 ; Badge, 305. Jaspar Tudor. See Tudor. Javelin, 46. Jerusalem, Crusader Kings of: Arms, 8,11. Jerusalem : Arms, quartered by Margaret of Anjou, 307; Arms, modified, borne by Lewis de Beaumont, Bishop of Durham, 219. Jerusalem, Knights of St. John'of, 333. Jessant, Jessant de lys, 63, 84. Jesses, Jessed, 46, 84. Jesus College, Oxford, 362. Jesus CoUege, Cambridge, 363. Jewel. See Badge. Joan, Joanna of Navarre, Queen Consort of England : Arms, 42, 165, 166, 307 ; Monument and its Heraldry, 337, 384, 391 ; her CoUar of SS, 336. Joan, second Daughter of Edward I, Countess of Gloucester, 406. Joan, " of Kent," first Princess of Wales, 236 (See Corrigenda, p. 547), 240, 247. Joan De Barr, Countess of Surrey; Seal, 150, 405. John, King of England : Aims, 295 ; Crown, 315 ; Badge, 304 ; Great Seal, 295 ; Monument and Effigy in Wor cester Cathedral, 384. John, " of Eltham," Earl of Cornwall : Aims, 154, 214, 235; Effigy, 131; Basinet, 101 ; Monument, 385. John Plantagenet, " of Ghent," K.G, Duke of Lancaster, King of Castile and Leon: Arms, 239; Badges, 48, 261; Great Seal, 402; Seals, 164, 261, 278 ; Arms of Consorts, 239. John Plantagenet, K.G, Duke of Bed ford, &o. : Arms, 244 ; Label, 222, 229; Crest, 266; Arms of Consorts, 244. John, Third Earl of Kent, 236. John, King of Bohemia, 257, 465. John, King of France, 434. John George, Duke of Saxony, K.G, 477. Johnstone, Sir W. B, 68. Jousts, 113. Jowlopped, 84. Juliers : Arms, 313. Jupon, 113, 131. Jutland : Arms, 310. Juxon, Archbishop : Arms, 56. Keith, Earl of Kintore, 435. Kempe, John, Archbishop of Canter bury, 96. Kendall, John Plantagenet, Earl of. See John, Duke of Bedford. KendaU, John de Foix, Earl of, 229. Kendall, E. de, 210. Kent, Hubert de Burgh, Earl of: Seal, 197. Kent, Joan of. See Joan. Kent, Edmond, Edmond and John, Earls of. See Edmond, Edmond and John. Kent, the Hollands, Earls of. See Hol land. INDEX. 529- Kerrison, Sir Edward, 99 ; Blazon of his Arms from the " Baronetage," 442. Key, 46. Kilfane, Effigy at, 196. Kings-of-Arms, 111, 113; Arms, 365; Crown, 357. King' sCoUege, Cambridge : Arms, 363. King's College Chapel, Cambridge, He- raldy of, 76, 162, 309, 377, 378; Noble Examples of Heraldic Animals at, 454. King's Langley, Plantagenet Monument at, 99, 162, 239, 385, 390 ; Labels of Plantagenet Shields, 222 ; Vemey Monument at, 205. Kintore, The Earl of, 435. Kirkham Priory Gateway, 379. Kirkpatrick, 43. Kirkpatrick, of Closeburn : Crest, 274. Knights, 113, 333 ; Bannerets, 114,489 ; Commanders of the Bath, 347 ; of the Garter, 341 ; their Precedence, 343; Grand Cross of the Bath, 347 ; HospitaUers, 28, 333 ; of St. Michael and St. George, 350 ; of St. Patrick, 345, 491 ; of the Star of India', 351 ; Templars, 28, 334; of the Thistle, 345; of Foreign Orders of Knight hood, 353, 468. Knights of Orders ; MarshalUng of their Arms, 168, 171,468. KnoUes, Robert, 194. Knots, 46, 284. Kydesbye, Sir WilUam, 214. KyrieU, Sir Thomas, his Royal Canton, 209. KyrieU, John, 209. Kyrkeby, Richard de, 209. Labarte, his " Handbook of Archae ology," 384. Label, 33, 46; for Differencing, 205; Cadency marked by, 219 ; of Modern Cadency, 203. Labels, Early ; their Form and Blazon, 220 ; Points, 220 ; Various Forms, 445; Differenced, 221; Examples, 223 ; in Roll of Henry III, 222 ; in Caerlaverock Roll, 223 ; in Calais RoU, 223. Labels of Wales, 236, 250 ; of France, 242 ; of. Lancaster, 244 ; of York, 240; of Brittany, 239; of Neville, 203 ; of Longespe'e, 224. - Labels borne as Charges, 461 , 469. Labels in Foreign Heraldry, 469. Laci, Lacy, De : Arms, 25, 162. Laci, Sir John de, 187, 219, 220, 223. Laci, Henry de, Earl of Lincoln : Seals, 404, 412 ; Banner, 288, 485. Lacy Knot, 284. Laing, Mr. J. J. ; his " Manual of Illu mination," 113. Laing's " Catalogue of Ancient Scottish Seals," 330 ; its Excellence and Value, and the admirable Drawing of the Examples, 491 ; the Second Series, 491. Lambrequin, 114. Laminated, Scaled, 84. Lancaster, Aveline, Countess of, 198, 385. Lancaster, Blanche, of, Duchess of Lan caster, 239. Lancaster, Edmund, First Earl of, 234. Lancaster, Thomas, Second Earl of, 235, 267, 402. Lancaster, Henry, Third Earl of, 235, 408. Lancaster, Hemy, Fourth Earl and First Duke of, 235, 408. Lancaster, John, " of Ghent," Second Duke of, 48, 239. Lancaster, Henry, " of BoUngbroke," Third Duke of, 164, 242. Lancaster, Collar of SS. of, 337 ; Rose, 75, 76, 260, 303, 304, 305. Lancaster, John de, 209. Lancaster, WilUam de, 209. Lancaster, Sir Thomas, 199. Lancaster Herald, 111. Landesberg : Arms, 313. Landseer, Sir Edwin, R.A, 375. Lane, of Bentley, 435. Lane, Jane, 435. Lanenburg, 326. Langforde, Sir Nicholas, 242. Langley, Edmond, of. See Edmond. Langley, Bishop Thomas, 205, Langton, Bishop : Rebus, 123. Langued, 85. Lansdowne, The Marquess of, 273. Laonis. See Lothian. Lascelles, Roger de, 407. Latham, Lathom : Arms, 460. Latham, Sir Thomas, 195. Latin Cross, 26. Latton, Brass at, 197, 205. Latymer, Lord. See NevUle. Latymer, Thomas le, 228. Latymer, William le, 228. Laurel Leaves, 4, 125. Lauterbergh, 313. " Law and Practice of Heraldry in Scot land," by Mr. Seton, a truly Heraldic and truly admirable Work, 415, 456. " Law and Practice of Scottish Peerages," by Mr. Riddell, 193. Law and Usage of Inheritance of Armo rial Insignia, 137. Lawrence, Sir John, 100. Leake, Garter : his Tracings of Garter - Plates, 130. 2 M 530 INDEX. Leash, 46. Leaves, 74. Leeds, the Duke of, 273. Legged, Membered, 85. Legion of Honour, of France, 354. Legs, Human, 54 ; of Animals, 59. Leicester, Simon de Montfort, Earl of, 288. Leinster, the Duke of, 462. Lennox, Margaret Douglas, Countess of: Seal, 163; Monument, 386; Shields of Arms on her Monument, 184 ; Lozenge of Arms on her Monument, 394. Leopard, 57 ; the Term still applied to the Lion Passant by French Heralds, 487. Leopold, H.R.H, the Prince, 252, 331. Leopold, the King of the Belgians, K.G, 250, 474. LesUe, Bartholomew, 283. Leslie, Euphemia, Countess of Ross, 279. Leslie, Walter, Lord, of Ross : Seal, 415. L'Espan, near Mans, 383. " Lesser George," of the Order of the Garter, 342. L'Estrange, Strange, Le Strange : Arms, 57, 459. L'Estrange, Roger, 215. Letters of the Alphabet, borne as Charges, 46, 405. Levant or Turkey Merchants, 368. Leventhorpe, Thomas, 242, 387. Leveson: Arms, 70, 74, 125, 462. Leybourne, Leyburn, Leyburne : Arms, 408, 459. Leybourne, Juliana de, 408. Leybourne, Sir Roger de : Seal, 411. Leybourne, Sir Thomas de, 408. Leyke, Andrew de, 196. Leyke, John de, 196. Leyke, Robert de, 196. Lincoln, the Bishop and See of, 55, 359. Lincoln Cathedral, 162, 385. Lincoln, WUliam Romare III, Earl. of, 196, 403. Lincoln, Henry de Laci, Earl of, 25, 288, 404, 412. Lincoln, Ranulph de Blondeville, Earl of, 403. Lincoln College, Oxford, 361. Lincoln's Inn Hall, 14. Lindsay, Aims, 463 ; Motto, 283. Lindsay, Sir Alexander ; Crest, 265. Lindsay, Sir David ; Crest, 265. Lindsay, David, Earl of Crawford, 279. Lion, Heraldry of, 56 ; early and present French Blazon of, 57, 487 ; Drawing of, 61, 450; fine Examples, 450; burlesque Examples, 375, 450 ; Treat ment of in Foreign Heraldry, 466. Lion of England, 58, unchanged, 469 ; the Dexter Supporter of, 58, 302, 303, 331 ; the Crest of, 266, 331. Lion of Scotland, 58, 298 ; Supporters of, 302, 414; Crest of, 332, 414, 415; on Tiles, 487. Lion, Couchant or Dormant, 59 ; Cow ard, 59; Double-Tailed, or Queue Fourchee, 60; Issuant or Naissant, 60; Passant, 57; Passant Guardant, 58 ; Passant Regardant, 58 ; Rampant, 58 ; Rampant Beguardant, 58 ; Sa lient, 58 ; Sejant, 59 ; Sejant Ram pant, 59 ; Statant, 59 ; Statant Guardant, 59 ; Vigilant, 60 ; Vorant, 60 ; Winged, 60. Lion of Leon, 490. Lion Leopard, 57 ; Leopards, 57, 487. Lion's Face, 59 ; Jambe, Gambe, 59 ; Head, 59 ; Paw, 59. Lions Combatant, 58 : Counter-Passant, 60 ; Counter-Rampant, 60. Lion, Lyon, the Lord ; the King-of-Arms of Scotland, 111, 365. Lion or Lyon Office of Scotland, 365. Lioncel, 60. Lionel Plantagenet, K.G, Duke of Cla rence : Aims, 237 ; Coronet, 103. Lined, 85. Lisle, L'Isle, De : Arms, 458; Effigy and Shield, 213. Lisle, Arthur, Viscount, 437. Lisle, the Baron, 49. Lists, 114. Litchfield, the Bishop and Sue, 359. Lithuania : Arms, 474. Little Bradley, 370. Little Casterton, Brass at, 336. Little Easton, Brass at, 105, 115, 339, 394. Little Horkesley, Brass at, 182. Livery Colours, 114, 129, 437. Llandaff, the Bishop and See of, 49, 359. Llanover, the Baron, 45. Llanthony Abbey, 186. Lodged, 62, 85. London, the Bishop and See of, 53, 96. London, the City of : Arms, 53, 365 ; Crest, 365; Supporters, 366; Motto, 366 ; Examples, 366. London, Church of AU HaUows, Balk ing, 369, 370. London, Church of St. Andrew Under- shaft, 369. London, Church of St. Helen, 339. London, Church of St. Martin Out- wich, 369. London, Society of Antiquaries of, 365. London, Royal Society of, 365. London, Fraternity of the Trinity House of, 366. INDEX. 531 London, the GuUdhall, 366. Long, Walter, Esquire : Crest, 272. Long Metford, Brass at, 211. Longespee, WiUiam. See William. Longespee, Ela, Countess of Salisbury : Seal, 403. Longespee, E. de, 223. Longespee, Label of, 224. LonguevUle, the Duke of, 435. LonguevUle, the Count of, 228. Lord Lyon, Lord Lion, King-of-Arms of Scotland, 111, 365. Lorn : Arms, 462. Lorn, Lords of, 46. Lorraine : Arms, 308 ; Quarterly with Bourchier, 226 ; Achievement of, 468, 471. Lorraine, Alianore de, 226. Lorton, The Viscount, 58. Lothian, The Earl of, 193, 215, 223. Lothian, The Marquess of, 71. Louel, Richard, 182. Louis VII. of France, 73. Louis VIH. of France, 73. Louis, the Dauphin ; Seal, 73, 404, 405. Louis of Bourbon : Seal, 413. Louisa, H.R.H, the Princess, 252, 331. Louise de Savoye, Duchess D' Angou leme : Lozenge of Arms, 468. LouterelL Louttrel, Louterel, Lot'rel : Arms, 460 ; Psalter, 287. LoutereU, Sir Andrew, 187. LoutereU, Sir Geoffrey, 187 ; Crest, 266. Louvaine, Loveyne, Louvayne, 194, 306. LoveU, Lovel, LoueU, Sir John, 72, 223. LoveU, Sir Thomas, 205. Lovell, Sir WiUiam, 224. Lozenge, 33, 46. Lozenge of Arms, 137, 145, 394, 395 ; Superseded, 454. Lozengy, 35, 85. Lucies, 66, 125. Lucy, De : Arms, 125, 458 ; Rebus, 125. Lucy, Reynold, 225. LulUngstone, 124. Lunenburgh, 313. Lure, 46. Lusignan, the Counts, 188. Lusignan, Hugh de, 405. Lusignan, Maud de, 405. Luton, the Confessor's Arms at, 126. LuttreU: Rebus, 123. See LoutereU. Luxemburg, Peter, Count of, 308. Lyhart, Walter, Bishop of Norwich: Rebus, 123. Lymphad, 46, 462. Lyndeshaye, Sir Felip de, 485. Lyndeshaye, Sir Simon, 212. Lysle, John, K.G, Lord : Crest, 270. Lyttelton, the Baron, 68. Macaulay, The Baron, 461. Macdonald, The Baron, 63. Macdonald : Badge, 263. Macdonald, of Lorn, 46. Maogregor : Badge, 263. Mac Williams : Arms, 309. Magdalen College, Oxford, 361. Magdalen College, Cambridge, 363. Magdeburgh : Arms, 312. Magna Charta, sealed, 398. Maiden's Head and Rose, Badge, 305. Maintenance, Cap of, 114. Major Henniker : Motto, 283. Male Gryphon, 67. Malmains, Malemaynes : Arms, 409, 485. Malmsbuiy, The Earl of, 63. Maltese Cross, 28. Maltravers : Arms, 415, 460. Manche, Maunche, 46. Manchester, the Bishop and See of, 359. Manchester, The Duke of, 67. Mandeville, De : Arms, 458. MandevUle, Geoffrey de, Earl of Essex, 41. Maned, 85. Manners, Ancient, 460. Manners, Thomas, K.G, First Earl of Eutland ; his Augmented Arms, 434. Manners, Duke of Rutland : Arms, 462. Manny, Sir Walter, 153. Mans, EnameUed Tablet at, 383. Mantelee, 85. Mantle, 114, 488. Mantling, Mantlings, or Lambrequins, 109, 115, 171; Foreign, 468. Mar : Arms, 415. March, The Earl : Crest, 274. See Mor timer. Marchioness, 117- Marchmont, Scottish Herald, 112. Mareschal, Le : Arms, 162, 458. Margaret of Anjou, Queen Consort of England. 165, 307. Margaret Beaufort, Countess of Rich mond, 164, 380, 391. Margaret de Clare, Countess of CornwaU, 146, 234. Margaret of Denmark, Queen Consort of Scotland, 145, 283, 327. Margaret Douglas, Countess of Lennox, 163, 184, 386, 394. Margaret of France, Queen Consort of England, 147 ; her Seals, 152, 154, 307, 407. Margaret, Lady Manny, 153. Margaret Plantagenet, Countess of Pem broke. 101. Margaret Plantagenet, Countess of Salis bury, 386. Margeria, of Hereford, 154. 2m2 532 INDEX. Marks of Cadency, their Character and Use, 174; Early Examples, 199; Single, 200; Marshalling of, 144; Modem, 206. Marck : Arms, 313. Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of ; his Augmented Arms, 27, 435,443,462. Marlborough, the Duke of, quarters Despencer differenced, 192. Marmion, De : Arms, 310. Marmion, Sir Robert de, 267, 336. Marmion, Sir William de, 198. Marny, William, 225. Marquess. Marquis ; his Rank, Style, and Title, 116, 430; Coronet and Robes, 117, 488 ; Sons and Daughters, 117. Marshal, and Earl Marshal, of England, 112, 235. Marshal, Mareschal, Le : Arms, 46. MarshalUng, 8, 117, 135, 138 ; of Acces sories, 170 ; of two or more Shields, 168 ; by Incorporation, 143, 145 ; by Quartering, 141 ; Recent and Present, 489 ; Foreign, 353, 467. Martel, Martell, 45, 47, 125. Martel, John de, 45, 125. Martlets, 65, 69 ; in Orle, 187 ; as Dif ferencing Charges, 181, 186. Martyn, Judge, 43. Mary Tudor: Arms, 297; Supporters, 302 ; Badges,305 ; Arms of Consort,31 0. Mary Stuart : Arms, 298 ; Arms of the King, her Consort, 298. Mary of Burgundy, 355. Mary, the Princess, 251. Mary, H.R.H. of Cambridge, 331. Mary de Chastillon, Countess of Pem broke, 362. Mary d'Este, Queen Consort of England, 311. Mary of Gueldres, Queen of James II. of Scotland: Seal, 163, 278. Mary of Modena. See D'Este. Mary Stuart, Queen of Scotland : Sup porters, 280, 302 ; Monument, 386. Mascle, 32, 47 ; for Differencing, 196. Masoned, 85. Massyngberde, Sir Thomas and Lady, 182, 336. Matilda, the Empress, 423. Matilda of Boulogne, Queen Consort of England, 306. Matilda of Flanders, Queen Consort of England, 306. Matilda of Scotland, Queen Consort of England, 306. Matilda de Sarum, 154. Mauleverer, Sir John, 262. Maussabre, of Torraine: Arms, 469. Maximilian, of Austria, 355. Maxworth Castle, 408. Mecklenburgh Strelitz : Arms, 312. \ Medals, 117, 352 ; Foreign, 353. Medjidie, Order and Insignia of the, 354. Meggenheim, Von : Arms, 467. Meissen : Arms, 313. Membered, 85. Menell, Hugh de, 224. Menell, Robert de, 224. Mercers' Company, 368. Merchants Adventurers, 118, 367. Merchants Adventurers of Bristol, 368. Merchant Tailors' Company, 369. Merchants' Marks, 117, 367. Merchants of the Staple, 118, 367. Mere, De la : Arms, 459. Mere, De la, Abbot Thomas. See Thomas. Merevale Abbey, Brass at, 72, 121, 267. Merley, De : Rebus, 125. Merley, Roger de, 187. Merlons, 80. Merlotte, Martlet, 65. Mermaid, 68, 261 ; on Seals of Berkeleys, 278; "of the Sea," Badge of the Black Prince, 335 ; Collar of, 68, 335. Merman, 68. Merton College, Oxford, Brass at, 196 ; Arms, 360. Metals of Heraldry, 19, 117 ; their Pre cedence, 20. Meynel, De : Arms, 213. Middle Base, 16. Middle Chief, 16. Middlesex : Arms, 51. MM Rind, 47. Mill-stone, Crest, 270, Milo, of Gloucester and Hereford, 154 ; Arms, 155. Milton, John : Arms, 461. Minden,"3l2.Minor Charges, their Origin and Pri mary Use, 177; introduced for Ca dency or Differencing, 177. Misericorde, 43. Mitre, 47, 90, 118; of Archbishops and Bishops of Durham, 119. Modena, Mary of : Arms, 311. Modern Heraldry, 439. See Heraldry, Modern. Modern Heraldry, Differences of, 206. Moelles, R. de, 184. Mohun, PhiUppa de, Duchess of York, 243, 459. Molesworth, Arms, 229. Moline, 47, 125. Molines, De : Arms, 47, 125. MoUneux, Sir William, 338. Molyneux : Arms, 47, 125. Monasteries, Arms, 360. Monchesney .William de, 51 ; Arms, 198. Mondet, Von, of Burgundy, 469. INDEX. 533 Monemue, De, 213. Monogram, 120, 492. Monuments, Royal, 383 ; of Royal Per sonages, 384 ; fine Examples, 382. Monumental Heraldry, 380. Montacute, WiUiam de, " De Monte Acuto," Earl of Salisbury : Crest, spe cially granted, 268 ; Seal, 412. Montacute : Differenced Arms, 175. Montague, Montagu : Arms, 64, 166. Montague, Sir Edward, 224. Montague, John, 216. Montague, Sir Symon de, the first Sub ject to Quarter Arms, 160. Montague, Simon de, 160. Montague, WiUiam de, 160. Montagu, Mr. ; his able " Introduction to the Study of Heraldry," 409. Montbourchier : Arms, 44. Montbourchier, Bertram de, 215. Montault, " De Monte Alto :" Arms, 459. Montault, Sir Andrew de, 215. Montault, Emma de, 190. Montault, Melicent de; Seal, 152, 189. Monteagle, The Baron : Motto, 284. Monteney, Mounteney, Sir E, 187. Monteney, Sir John, 187, 202. Montfort, De : Arms, 60, 459 ; Effigy, 183. Montfort, John de, Duke of Brittany ,166. Montfort, Simon de, Earl of Leicester, 288. Montgomerie : Arms, 459. Monthermer: Arms 64, 166. Monthermer, Eauf de : Crest, 267. Montmorency : Arms, 64, 214. Montrose, the Duke of : Arms, 462 ; Supporters, 280. Moon, in Complement or Plenitude, 71. Morglin : Arms, 467. Morion, 45, 47. Mornington, The Earl of, 207. Morse, 47. Mortier, 47, Mortimer, "De Mortuo Mari": Arms, 31, 51. 175. Mortimer : Panache Crest, 121, 267,271. Mortimer: Seal, 409. Mortimer, Anne de, 243. Mortimer, Beatrice de, 409. Mortimer, Edmund de : Seal, 271, 287. Mortimer, Hugh de, 175. Mortimer, John de, 175. Mortimer, Bauf de, 459. Mortimer, Roger de, 175. Mortimer's Cross, Battle of, 75. Motto, Mottoes, 120, 181; Examples, 282 ; of England, 304 ; of Royal Personages, 305 ; of Garter, 341 ; of Thistle, 345 ; of St. Patrick, 346 ; of Bath, 350 ; of St. Michael and St. George, 351 ; of the Star of India, 352. Moule, Mr. ; his excellent Work, " He raldry of Fish," 66, 269, 456. Moule, Miss Barbara ; her admirable Heraldic Drawings, 456. Moulton, of Gilsland, 175. Moulton, of Frankton, 175. Mound, 120. Mounpynzon, Mompesson, 201. Mount, 47. Mounted, 85. Mowbray : Aims, 112, 153; Crest, 273 ; Badge, 262. Mowbray, John, K.G, Duke of Norfolk, 153, 266. Mowbray, Thomas, K.G, Duke of Nor folk, ^Earl of Nottingham, 127, 132, 152, 258, 433 ; Crest, 273. Moyne : Crest, 269. Much Hadham, Brass at, 366. Mulberry Tree : Badge, 262. Mullet, 47, 486 ; for Differencing, 183. Multon : Arms, 459. Mundulgas Nuthoobhoy : Arms, Crest, Motto, 371, 446. Municipal Corporations, 365. MuraUle'e, Walled, 85. Murray : Badge, 263. Murray, Sir Andrew, 217. Muscamp : Arms, 66. Musical Lines, as a Charge, 442. Naiant, 85. Nail, 311. Naissant, Issuant, 85. Naples : Arms, 307. Napoleon HI, Emperor, 4, 354 ; Arms, 470 ; Eagle, 469. Natural Objects, in Blazon, 70. Navarre, Ancient, 306 ; Modern, 41, 306, 486. Navarre, Berengaria of, Queen Consort of England, 306. Navarre, Joanne of, Queen Consort of England, 307. Navarre, Sancho, " the Strong," King of, 486. Neath Abbey, Arms, 42. Nebulee, 18, 85. Nelond, Prior Thomas, 100. Nelson, Horatio, Viscount : Blazon of his Arms and Crests from the " Peer age," 441 ; Supporters, 442. Nelson, The Earl, 99. Nerved, 85. Nevill, De Nevyll : Early Arms, 204. Neville Ancient, 461, 481. Neville: Arms, 25, 166; Crest, 273; Supporters, 280. NeviUe, Early Seals, 220, 404, 458. NevUle, Badges, 261, 262, 339 ; Motto, 283. 534 INDEX. NeviUe, of Raby, Differenced Shields of, 203. Neville, Anne, Queen Consort of Eng land, 166, 308. NeviUe, Cecilia, Duchess of York, 245. Neville, Isabelle, Duchess of Clarence, 246. Neville, of Salisbury, Labels of, 202. NevUle, Lord Bergavenny, 203. Neville, Gilbert de, 461. Neville, John, K.G, Lord Montagu and Duke of Northumberland, 169, 190, 202. Neville, John de, 197. Neville, Lord Latymer, 203. Neville, Ralph de, Earl of Westmorland, 134,264,339; Crest, 269; CoUar of SS, 336. Neville, Sir Roger, 215. Neville, Robert de, Bishop of Durham, 119. Neville, Robert de, 220. Newburgh : Arms, 166, 179. Newcastle, The Duke of, 462 ; Crest, 272. New College, Oxford, 49, 361. Niches in Architecture, 376. Nicholas, Emperor of Russia, K.G, 473. Nicholas, Sir Harris ; References to his able Heraldic Works, 416, 482, 483. Nichols, Mr. J. Gough ; his Suggestions as to the SS. Device, 337 ; his able Paper on the Earldom of Salisbury, 403. Ninth Son ; his Modem Difference, 206. Noble (coin), 417. "Noble and Gentle Men of England," by Mr. Shirley ; a useful Work,' and well illustrated, 456. Norfolk : Badge, 262. Norfolk, John Mowbray, K.G, Duke of: Seal, 153 ; Crest, 266. Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, K.G, Earl Marshal, and Duke of Norfolk ; his Augmented Arms, 127, 132, 258, 433 ; Crest, 273 ; Seal, 152. Norfolk, Thomas, " de Brotherton," Earl of, 235. Norfolk, Howard, Duke of, Earl Mar shal : Crest, 59 ; quarters Warrenne, 79 ; Arms, 112, 168, 42S, 432. "Norfolk Archseology," Reference to, 151. Norman Shields, 14. Norroy King of Aims, 111, 120; Arms, 365. Northesk.William Carnegie, Earl of, 436. North Mimms, Brass at, 48. Northwick, The Baron, 66. Northumberland, The Duke of, 59, 66. Norton Brize, 4S, 185. Norway : Arms, 310, 478 ; Flags, 478. See Sweden. Norwich, the Bishop and See of, 218, 359. Norwich Cathedral, 123. Norwich City : Arms, 366. Norwich, Church of St. John, Madder market, at, 367. " Notes and Queries," Reference to, 45, 119, 298, 315. " Nouveau Traite de Blazon," an excel lent French Treatise on Heraldry, by M. Bouton, 470. Nova Scotia Baronets, 95; Badge, 95, 121. Nowed, 85. Nuremberg : Arms, 312. Oak Branches, 74. Oakes : Arms, 74. Oak Leaves, Badge of Fitz-Alans, 339. Odingsels, OdingseUs, Ida d', 407, 408. Odingsels, William d', 184, 408. Official Arms, 144. Official Heraldry, 357. Official Insignia marshaUed, 171. Of the Field, Of the First, &c, 10. Ogress, 48. Oittrich, Thomas, 185. Okstead : Arms, 74. Oldenburgh ; Arms, 311. Oldham, Bishop : Arms, 361 ; Rebus, 123. Oliphant, Lord : Supporters, 280. Oliver CromweU : Seal, 402. On Degrees, 28. Oppressed, 85. Or, 19, 21. Order of the Bath, 347. Order of the Dannebrog, 355. Order of the Garter, 340. Order of the Golden Fleece, 355. Order of the Medjidee, 354. Order of St. Michael and St. George, 350. Order of St. Patrick, 345, 491. Order of the Star of India, 351. Order of the Thistle, 345. Order of the Victoria Cross, 353. Order of the White Elephant, 356. Orders of Knighthood, 114, 121, 333. Orders of Knighthood, Foreign, 353.' Ordinaries and their Diminutives, 21. 48. Ordinary of Arms, 121; Mr. Pap- worth's, 489. OreiUer, 48. Oriel College, Oxford, 361. Orkney, the Earl of, 63. Orle, Urle, 31, 81, 133. Orleans, Due d' : Arms, 470. Ormonde, the Marquess of, 67, INDEX. 535 Ostrich Feather, 72, 153, 239. Ostrich Feather Badge, 256 ; Legend of its Origin, 257; used by the Plan tagenet Princes, 257; borne by the Sons of Henry IV, 259; by the Beauforts, 258 ; differenced, 257, 259 ; the three feathers grouped together, 260 ; the Badge of the Prince of Wales, 259, 260, 323 ; charged on his "Shield of Peace," by the Black Prince, 257. Otter, Loutre, 125. Otway, Sir G, G, 68. Outram, Sir James, 100. Outtred, Sir Robert, 185. Over all, " Sur le tout," 85. Overt, 85. Oxford, the Bishop and the See of, 55, 359. Oxford Cathedral, 49, 227. Oxford, Bishop, the ChanceUor of the Garter, 342. Oxford University : Arms, 360. Oxford City : Arms, 366. Oxford, Earls of : Arms, 38. Oxford : Bosses of the Vaulting of the Divinity School, 120. Pache, De, Arms, 213. Padlock 48. Pagenham, Sir Edmond de, 202. Paignel, John de : Banner, 176. Painters' Company and Hall, 370. Pale, 22, 48. Pale-wise, 85. PaU, 48. Pallet, 15, 23, 48. Palmer's Staff, Pilgrim's Staff, 48. Paly, 36, 85. Paly Bendy, S5. Panache, 121; Panache Crest, 267. Panmure, The Earl of, 217. Panther, Heraldic, 69. Papworth, Mr.; his excellent and valuable Ordinary of Arms, 489. Paris, Church of St. Etienne du Mont at, 467. Paris, Imperial Library at, 468. Parker, Sir G, 99. Parr, Catherine, Queen Consort of England, 310. Party, Parted, 85. Parys, Robert, 193. Paschal Lamb, 121. Pascuant, 85. Passant, 85. Passant Guardant, 85. Passant Repassant, 85. Passion, Emblems of the, 395. Pastoral Staff, 48. Patonce, 49, 86. Patriarchal Cross, 28, 49. Patte'e Formee, 29, 40. Patte'e Fitchee, 49. Pauldron, 49. Paynel, Sir Thomas de, 187. Paynel, Sir William de, 187. Peaohes, 76. Peacock, Pawne, 64. Pean, 20, 121. Pears, 76. Pebmarsh, Brass at, 191. Peche, Pechie, Sir John de, 76, 124, 202. Peche, Sir Robert, 224. Peer, 121. Peerage, 121 ; Examples of Modern Debased Heraldry from the, 441. Peeress in her own Right, 169. Peers' Robes, 488. Pegasus, 68. Pelham : Arms, 41 ; Augmented Arms, 434, 436, 462; Badge, 262; early Crest, 274. Pelham-Clinton, Duke of Newcastle : Arms, 462 ; Crests, 274. Pelican in Piety, 65. Pellet, 25, 49 ; Pellette'e, 86. Pembridge, Sir Richard, K.G, 267, 343. Pembroke, Aymer De Valence, Earl of. See Valence. Pembroke, WiUiam de Valence, Earl of, See Valence. Pembroke, John de Hastings, Earl of. See Hastings. Pembroke, Lawrence de Hastings, Earl of, 389. Pembroke, Jaspar Tudor, Earl of. See Tudor. Pembroke, Herbert, Earl of, 60. Pendent, 86, 291. Penner and Inkhorn, 49. Pennon, 121, 287; Pennoncelle, 122. Per, 86 ; Per Bend, 16. Per Chevron, 16. Per Cross, 16. Per Fesse, 16. Per Pale, 16, 36. Per Saltire, 16. Percy : Arms, 38, 459 ; Badge, 262 ; Crest, 273 ; Lion, 55 ; Motto, 283. Percy Monument in Beverley Minster, 14 38 383. Percy, Sir Henry : Seal, 310. Perient, Lady, 394. Perrott, Sir E. G, 76. Pescod, Walter, 75, 122. Peterborough, the Bishop and See of, 359. Petre: Arms, 362. Peverell, Catherine, 411 ; Badge, 263, 411. 536 INDEX. Peyton, John de, 204. Peyvre, Peyver, John de, 190. Peyvre, Roger de, 190. Peyvre, WiUiam de, 190. Pheon, 49. PhUip " the Good," of Burgundy, 355. Philip IV, of France, 158. Philip, of Spain, 310. Philip, Sir WUliam, K.G, 202, 267, 336 ; his fine Effigy, 344. PhUippa, of Hainault, Queen Consort of England : Arms, 307, 409, 490 ; Seal, 159, 160 ; uses Ostrich Feather Badge, 257 ; her Monument, 159, 161, 382, 387. Pickaxe, Pic, 49. Pickering, Thomas de, 215. Pickworth de : Arms, 49. Pictorial Heraldry, 441. Pierced, 86. Pile, 24; Pily, 86. PUlow, 43, 50. PUy Bendy, 86. Pitcher, 50. Pitt : Arms, 463. Pius IX, 219. Planche, Mr, Rouge Croix Pursuivant, 72, 149, 154, 186, 196, 245, 261, 276, 337. Plantagenet, the Surname, 230. Plantagenet, Geoffrey, of Anjou, 122, Plantagenet, the last, 246. Plantagenet Princes : Badges, 72, 75, 76, 256-259, 303-305; Arms, 234-247, 295-297; Supporters, 302; Crowns, 316-319 ; Coins, 417. Planta Genista, 74, 122, 303. Plasterers' Company, 370. Plate, 25, 50 ; Plattee, 86. Plate, Marks of, 57, 257. Playing Tables, 50. Pleissen : Arms, 313. Pleshy College, Seal, 261. Plessis, John de, 196. Plompton : Arms, 192. Plumes of Feathers, 121. Pods of Beans, &c, 75. Poictou : Arms, 146. Pointed Cross, 28. Points of a Label, 50, 455. See Label. Poland : Arms, 474. Pole, De la : Arms, 460 ; Quartered by NeviUe, 202 ; Crest, 269. Pole, John de la : K.G, Duke of Suffolk, 103, 108, 167, 344 ; Monument, 386. Pole : Arms, 463. Pole, Sir Richard, 65, 274. Pomegranate, 308 ; and Rose, 305. Pomelled, 86. Pomerania : Arms, 312. Pomme, 25, 50. Pommee, 50. Ponsonby, 42. Ponthieu : Arms, 306. Pope, Sir Thomas, Founder of Trinity CoUege, Oxford, 362. Popinjay, 65. Portcullis, 50. PortcuUis ; Badge, 261, 305 ; Pendent to Collar of SS, 337. Portcullis ; Pursuivant, 111. Portugal: Arms, 311,477; Supporters, Standard, and Ensign, 477. Portugal, Beatrice of, Countess of Arun del and Surrey : Seal, 477, 480. Postage-stamps, Foreign, 468, 487. PotenhaU, John de, 193. Potent, 20, 122. Poulett, The Earl, 53. Powdered, Poudre'e, 12, 86, 122.' Pownder, Thomas, 118, 149. Powys, Powis: Arms, 163; Quarterly with HoUand, 144. Poynings : Arms, 460. Poynings, Sir Nicholas de, 212. Precedence, the Order of, 428-431 ; of Women, 431. Preservation of early Heraldic Relics and Authorities, as opposed to " Restora tion" of them, 391. Prester John, 358. Prestwych, Dean, 65. Preying, 89. Prince Consort, H.R.H. Albert, the late : the Marshalling of his Arms, 167 ; Arms, Crest, Supporters, Coronet, and Motto, 314, 321. Preshaw House, Hampshire, 272. Princes : Coronets. See Royal Cadency. Princes of Wales. See Wales. Prince of Wales, H.R.H. the. See Albert Edward. Princess of Wales. See Wales. Princesses : Arms, 207 ; Cadency, 253 ; Coronets, 322. Princesses Royal, 251, 252, 331. PrincipaUty of Wales : Arms, 250, 324 ; Mai-shaUed in the First Quarter of the Shield, bearing the " Aims of the Second Order " of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, 324, 325. Proper, 20. Provence, AUanore of, The Queen, 306. Prussia : Aims, 331, 472; Supporters, Crown, Royal Standard, and National Flag, 472, 473. Pryck Spur, 52. Pseudo-Heralds, 443. PubUc Institutions : Aims, 365. Public Schools : Arms, 364. Pulham Church, 'Norfolk, 75, 76. Purflcd, 86. INDEX. 537 Purpure, 19, 122; early Examples of this Tincture, 485; sometimes as signed to the Lion of Leon, 490. Purse, 50. Pursuivants, 111, 112. Pursuivants of Scotland, 112. " Pursuivant of Arms," a valuable and useful Work, by Mr. Planche', 261. Quadrate, 50. Quarter, 31, 50. See Canton. Quarter Pierced, 22, 50. Quartered Shields, 141, 163; without Quartering Lines, 159, 253, 455. Quartering, 122 ; Examples of, 161 ; De velopment of, 156 ; Examples of de velopment, 156. Quartering Bordure, and Tressure, 144. Quartering in Foreign Heraldry, 466. Quarterings, 123, 157. Quarterly, 16, 86 ; Quarterly of Eight, &c, 16. Quarterly Quartered, 16. Quarterly Quartering, 142, 157. Quarterly Pierced, 29, 50. QuatrefoU, 50. Queen, H.M. The, 108, 156 ; Cadency of her FamUy, 252; her Crown, 320; Royal Achievement of her Arms, 331. Queen's CoUege, Oxford, 361 ; Seal and Arms of, 409. Queen's CoUege, Cambridge, 363. Queue-Fourchee, 86. QuiUed, 86. Quincey, Robert de, 219 ; Roger de, his Seal, 197, 404; Saer de, 219. QuintefoU, 42. Rachecourte, Sir Theobald, 190. Radcliffe : Arms, 364, 460. Radiant, Rayonnee, 86. Ragulee, Raguly, 18, 86. Rainbow, 50. Ram, Heraldic, 123, 125, 451, 452. Rampant, 86. Rampant Sejant, 86. Rampton, Effigy at, 214. Ramryge, Thomas, Abbot of St. Alban's : Rebus, 123 ; his Monumental Chantry in the Abbey Church of St. Alban, 279, 452 ; its exceUent Heraldic Art, 453; Feather Badge in it, 260; Shields of Arms in it, 454, 455. Ramsey : Rebus, 125. Rapier, 50. Ratzburgh: Arms, 312. Raven, 125. Ravensbergh : Arms, 314. Raymond, of Provence, 15. Rays of the Sun, 50. Razee, 86. Rebated, 86. Rebus, 123. Recercelee, 50, 79. Red Dragon, Badge, 305, 306. Reflected, Reflexed, 86, 303. "Regal Heraldry," a valuable Work, by Mr. WiUement, 312, 325. Regalia, 125, 313. Regenstein : Arms, 313. Reguardant, 86. Reindeer, 63. Removed, 86. Renfrew, The Baron, 322. Repeated Charges, 11, 178. Reptiles, Heraldic, 63. Resoun, Sir John de, 201. Rest, 50. Restoration of early heraldic Relics and Authorities, as opposed to the Preser vation of them, 391. Retorted, 86. Rhine, the Counts Palatine of the, 477. Rial, .417. Riband, 23, 51. Ribbon of the Bath, 349 ; of the Garter, 342 ; of St. Michael and St. George, 351; of St. Patrick, 346; of the Star of India, 352 ; of the Thistle, 345. Ribbons of Honour, 352. Richard I. : Arms, 58, 295 ; as Count of Aquitaine, 294 ; Badges, 304 ; Crest, 266 ; Crown, 315 ; Second Great Seal, 266, 295, 401 ; Aims of Consort, 306; Monumental Effigies, 383. Richard II. : Arms, 295, 296 ; his Shield impaUng the Arms of the Confessor, 166, 296, 409 ; Badges, 304, 356, 432 ; Badges and Shields in Westminster HaU, 263, 378, 454, 490 ; Banner, 288 ; imputed Supporters, 302 ; Great Seal, 296, 401 ; Arms of Consorts, 166, 307 ; Monument and Effigy in Westminster Abbey, 38, 74, 122, 384. Richard II, his Grants of Augmenta tions, 126, 434. Richard II, before MsAccession, 222, 241. Richard III. : Arms, 297 ; Impaled with the Arms of his Consort, 166 ; Badges, 305 ; Supporters, 302 ; Arms of Con sort, 166, 308. Richard III, before his Accession, as Duke of Gloucester, 246. Richard, Earl of Cornwall and Emperor, 33, 64, 214, 234 ; Supporter, 277. Richard Plantagenet, " of Coningsburgh," Earl of Cambridge : Arms, 243, 393 ; Arms of Consort, 243. Richard Plantagenet, K.G, Earl of Cambridge and Rutland, and Third Duke of York : Arms, 245 ; Arms of Consort, 245. 538 Richard Plantagenet, K.G, Fifth Duke of York, Duke of Norfolk and War renne, and Earl of Nottingham : Arms, 246. Richmond, Edmund Tudor, " of Had ham," Earl of, 249. Richmond, Henry Tudor, Earl of. See Henry VII. Richmond, John de Dreux, Count of Brittany, and Earl of, 34, 153, 208, 214. Richmond, John Plantagenet, K.G, Earl of, 244. Richmond, the Duke of, 273, 281, 438, Richmond, De, 213. Richmond Herald, 111. Ripon, the Bishop and See of, 359. Rishangles, Brass at, 185. Rising, Roussant, 86. Rivere, Nicholas de, 215. Rivers, John de, 197. Rivers, Richard Widville, KG, Earl, 116, 244. Robsart, Louis or Ludovick, K.G, Lord Bourchier, 54; Crest, 270; Monu ment, 383, 394. Robertson : Badge, 263. Rocelane, Rocelyn : Arms, 41. Rochefoucault, Count de, 188. Rochester, the Bishop and See of, 359. Bochfort, Rochefort, De : Aims, 163, 309. Bochfort, John de, 215, 216. Rochfort, Rauf de, 215, 216. Roet, Roett : Aims, 393 ; Crest, 271. Rokeby : Arms, 460. Rokele, Richard de, 197. Rokewoode, 42. RoUs of Arms, 125, 481, 482 ; the he raldic Terms employed in them, 483. RoU of Caerlaverock or Carlaverock, 93, 481 ; Banners of Saints described in it, 127; Banner of Henry, Earl of Lincoln, described in it, 288, 485 ; Roll of the Bannerets present with the King, 487; Mr. Wright's new Translation and Edition, 287, 487. Romare III, WiUiam de, Earl of Lin coln : Seal, 196, 403. Rompu, 86. Rose, of Heraldry, 75; Royal Badge, 260, 303; for Differencing, 193; in Modem Cadency, 206 ; of England, 75, 332 ; of Lancaster, 75, 304 ; of York, 75, 304, 305 ; en Soleil, 75, 339 ; and Arrows, 305 ; and Thistle, 305. Rose Noble (coin), 417. Rozon, Du, of Bretagne : Arms, 469. Ros, De, the Baron, 54. Ros, WUliam de, 176. Ross, or Roos : Arms, 176, 415. Ross, of Kendall, 310. Ross, Scottish Herald, 112. Rostock : Arms, 312. Rothsay, the Duke of, 322, 323. Rothsay, Scottish Herald, 112. ' Rouelle Spur, 52, 486. Rouen, Effigy of Richard I. at, 383. Rouge Croix, Pursuivant, 111, 126. Rouge Dragon, Pursuivant, 111, 126. Roundle, Rondelet, 21, 24, 51 ; for Dif ferencing, 195. Rous Roll, in the CoUege of Arms, 490. Routhe, Piers de : Aims, 483. Royal Artillery : Motto, 371. Royal Banners, 300. Eoyal Cadency, 206, 230-255. Royal Cadency of France, 470. Royal Consorts : Aims, 306-315. Royal Family, Cadency of the present, 251. Royal Marines : Motto, 371. Royal Monuments of England, 383-386, 388, 390-394. Royal Personages; their Arms Mar shalled, 168 ; their Arms Blazoned, 293-300. Royal Personages; their Monuments, 384. Royal Seals, 398, 400, 407. Royal Signature, the earliest known, 398. Royal Society of London : Arms, 365. Royal Supporters, 275, 301-303 ; of Scot land, 280, 415. Rudder of a Ship, as a Charge, 261. Rue, Chaplet of, 314. See CranceUn. Russell, Duke of Bedford : Arms, 462 ; Crest, 63, 66 ; Motto, 283. Russia : Aims, 473 ; National Flags, 473; Naval Flags, 474; the Czar, as Successor to the Caesars, 473. Russia Merchants, 368. Rustochen, Die, of Pomerania : Aims, 467. Rustre, 33, 51. Ruthven, William, 279. Rutland, Edward Plantagenet, Earl of. See Edward. Rutland, Richard Plantagenet, Earl of. See Richard. Rutland, the Duke of: Arms, 64, 68, 462 ; Crest, 272. Rutland, Tliomas Manners, K.G, First Earl of, 434. Ryther, Sir William de, 193. Ryther, WiUiam de, 71, 193. Sable, 19, 126. Sacred Emblems and Symbols, 395. Sagittarius, Sagittary, Centaur, 67. 294. INDEX. 539 Sails of Aims, Heraldic Sails, 288, 412. St. Alban, 126. St. Alban, Abbey Church of, 38, 68, 123,' 339; Arms, 360, 451 ; Chantries of Abbots Wheathampstede and Ram- ryge at, 379, 383, 396, 452-454; Heraldry of, 377 ; Monuments at, 385, 413, 414; Heraldic Glass at, 218, 237, 239. St. Alban's, " the Boke" of, 199. St. Alban's, the Duke of, 438. St. Andrew : Cross, 27, 126. St. Anthony : Cross, 27, 53 ; Order of, 335. St. Arnaud : Arms, 460. St. Arnaud, Aumery de, 195, 212. St. Arnaud| Lord, 389. St. Asaph, the Bishop and See of, 359. St. Cross, near Winchester, Brass at, 395. St. Cuthbert, of Durham, Banner, 287. St. David's, the Bishop and See of, 359. St. Edmund : Arms, 99, 126, 434. St. Edward: Arms, 99, 126; Shield at Westminster, 186. See Confessor. St. George: Arms, 99; Early Figures of, 389. St. George, Chapel of, at Windsor, 129, 340, 342 ; its Heraldry, 377. St. John, of Beverley : Banner, 287. St. John, Knights of, 28, 333. St. John's CoUege, Oxford : Aims, 362 ; impaled Shield of Charles I. and Hen rietta Maria at, 311. St. John's CoUege, Cambridge, 54, 123 ; Arms, 363 ; Heraldry of Gateway, 378. St. John : Early Seals, 405, 463 ; Badge, 45. St. John, Agnes de, 226. St. John, John de, 184. St. John, John de, the Younger, 223. St. John, Roger de, 184. St. John of Sussex, 405, 463. St. Leger : Arms, 409. St. Leger, Thomas de, 202. St. Michael, 128. St. Michael and St. George ; Order, In signia, and Officers of, 350, 351. St. Omer : Arms, 194, 409. St. Patrick : Cross, 27, 128. St. Patrick : Order, Insignia, and Officers of, 345, 346. St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, Restora tion of, 490, 491. St. Paul, 53, 308. St. Paul's, Arms of Dean and Chapter of, 360. St. Peter, of York, Banner, 287. St. Peter's College, Cambridge, 362. St. Quintin : Arms, -151, 214. St. Quintin, Robert de : Seal, 151. St. Quintin, Sir Thomas de, 182, 270. St. Stephen's Crown of Hungary, 472. Saintly Emblems, 287. Salamander, 68, 69. Salient, 86. Salisbury, the Bishop and See of, 55, 359. SaUsbury Cathedral, 336, 338. Salisbury, Ela, Countess of, 403. Salisbury, Margaret Plantagenet, Coun tess of, 386. SaUsbury, WUliam Longespee, Earl of, 60. See WUliam. Salisbury, William Montacute, Earl of: Seal, 412. Salisbury, the Nevilles, Earls of. See NeviUe. Salmon, 123. Salters' Company and Hall, 369. Saltire, 24, 27, 51, 455. Saltire-wise, S6. Saltmarsh, De, 182. Sancho, " the Strong," King of Navarre, 486. Sanglier, 62. Sans, Sans Nombre, 87. Sarcelee, 87. Sardinian War Medal, 351. Savoy, Arms of Counts of, 477. Savoy, Arms of House of, 477. Sawbridgeworth, Brass at, 242, 387. Sawley Abbey, 49, 339. Sawtry, Brass at, 269. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha : Arms and Sup porters, 477. Saxony : Aims, 168, 314, 477. Saxony, Ancient, 314. Saxony, H.R.H, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, Duke of, 322. Saxony, H.R.H, the late Prince Consort, Duke of. See Albert. Saxony : Arms, Cast of Early Shields of, at the Crystal Palace, 477. Say De : Arms, 458. Say, Sir John de, 132. Scaling Ladder, 51. Scarpe, 51. Schrotenegger, Die : Arms, 467. Schwerin County : Arms, 312. Schwerin PrincipaUty : Arms, 312. Scintillant, 87. Scotland : Arms, 32, 298 ; the Lion of, 58 ; the Tressure of, 54, 144, 191, 298 ; Badges, 76, 332 ; Crest, 332, 415 ; Sup porters, 302, 414. Scotland : Arms, dimidiated, 163 ; impal ing Denmark on a Lozenge, 327 ; im paling France Modern and England, 393 ; impaling Gueldres and Flanders, 147; impaling Beaufort on a Lozenge, 415. 540 INDEX. Scott, Sir Walter, of Abbotsfordj»68, 461. Scott, John, Earl of Eldon, 463. Scott, of Thirlstane : Crest and Motto, 283, 435. Scott, Thomas, Archbishop of York, 361. Scottish Augmentations, 435. "Scottish Heraldry," Mr. Seton's; its ExceUence and Value, 415 ; References to, 217, 263, 275. Scottish Heralds, 112. Scottish Seals, 279, 414. Scroll and Motto, 171. Scrope : Arms, 210 ; Seven Differenced Shields of, 226. Scrope, Sir Hemy le, 225, 486. Scrope, Henry, 227 ; John, 227. Scrope, John, Lord, 267 ; Crest, 121, 419. Scrope, Richard le, 224; Stephen, 227. Scrope, Richard, Lord, of Bolton, 216. Scrope, Thomas, 227 ; WUliam le, 225, 486. Scrope and Grosvenor Controversy, 216. Scudamore, 52. Seafield, The Earl of, 100. Seagrave, John : Seal, 278. Seal, Brass at, 269. Seal-Heraldry, 400. Seals, Heraldry of, 397 ; introduced into England, 397 ; Forms, 398 ; General Description, 398 ; Classification, 399 ; Study of, 399 ; Great Seals, 294-296, 399, 400; Impressions protected by " Fenders," 399 ; various Classes, 399, 400 ; Delight of Early Heralds in them, 400; Heraldic Qualities and Characteristics, 400 ; charged with several Shields, 150, 406; charged with Mounted Effigies, 411 ; with Banners, 410; with Shipping 412, 413 ; Supporters first used in them, 403 ; early Examples, 277, 404, 405 ; Scottish, 279, 414 ; Laing's Catalogue of Ancient Scottish, 330, 456, 491. Sea-Lion', 68. Seax, 51. Second Son ; his Modem Difference, 206. Second Title, 98, 128. Secretum, Secreta, 399. Seeds of Plants, &c, 76 ; Seeded, 87. Sefton, Brass at, 338. Segrave : Aims, 153, 458. Segrave, Sir Estevene de, 201, 211. Segrave, Sir Henry de, 21 1. Segrave, John de, 223. Segrave, Sir Symon de, 211. Segreant, 87. Sejant, 87. Sejant Addorsed, 87. Selby, Monument at, 45, 174. Selkirk, the Earl of, 68. Semee, 11, 87, 178. Sergeaux, of Cornwall : Arms, 461. Seruse, Cerise, 51. Seton : Arms, 463. Seton, the Baron, .99. Seton, Mr. ; his admirable Work on Scottish Heraldry, 263, 275, 330, 415, 456 ; on Heraldic Debasement, 442. Sevans, Sir Robert de, 43, 131, 282. Seventh Son : his Modem Difference, 206. Sever, Warden Henry, 196. Seymour, Jane, Queen Consort of England, 309. Shackle-Bolt, 51. Shafted, 87. Shake-Fork, 51. Shakespeare : Rebus, 123 ; Arms and Crest, 52, 461 ; refers to Badges, 255 ; uses the term " Colours," 97. Shamrock, 75, 128 ; of Ireland, 332. Shastone, R. de, 184. Sheaf of Arrows, 40, 261. Sheffield, Arms, 74. Shells, Heraldic, 66. Shield of Arms, 4. Shields, Heraldic ; their Varieties, Form, their Parts, Points, and Primary Divisions, 12-17, 454 ; as Charges, 51. Shields of Pretence, Inescutcheons, 31, 140 ; Examples, 167. Shields, Heraldic, in Architecture, 51, 377. Shields, Heraldic, as Decorative Acces sories, 52, 465. Shields, Heraldic, in Foreign Effigies, 465. Shields, Heraldic, on Monuments, 51, 386. Shillingford, Brasses at, 195. Ship, 52. Shipping on Seals, 412. Shirley, Mr.; his excellent Work, " Noble and Gentle Men of England," 456. Shovel, Sir Cloudesley : Augmented Arms, 435. Shrewsbury, John Talbot, K.G, Earl of, 282, 344. Shrewsbury, The Earl of, 63. Sicily : Arms, as quartered by Catherine of Arragon, 308 ; Arms Modem, 487 ; Postage Stamps of, 487. Sickle and Garb, Badge, 410, 411. Sidney : Arms, 364. Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 364. Sigmaringen : Arms, 473. Signet Rings, 398. Silvestre de Petrasancta, introduces Symbolization of Heraldic Tinctures, 485. Simon, Thomas, the Seal Engraver, 402. INDEX. 541 Single Marks of Cadenoy, 200, 204, 206. Single Supporter, 275, 277 ; in Scottish Heraldry, 279 ; in Foreign Heraldry, 468. Sinister, 16, 17, 128. Siradia, Province of Poland : Arms, 467. Six-foil, 75. Sixth Son ; his Modern Difference, 206. Skinners' Company and Hall, 369. Slater, Mr.; his Restoration of St. Patrick s Cathedral, DubUn, 491. Sleford, Canon John, 163, 387. Sleswick : Arms, 311. Slipped, 87. Small Charges, Semee, or in Orle, 178 ; their numbers reduced, 178; borne single, 178, 200, 204. Smith, WiUiam, Bishop of Lincoln, 361. Smythe, Sir WiUiam, 338. Snake, 66. Snowdon, Scottish Herald, 112. Soaring, 87. Society of Antiquaries of London : Arms, 363. Somerset, Charles, Earl of Worcester, 438. Somerset, John, Duke of, 199. Somerset, the Dukes of, 248 ; Sup porters, 281. Somerset, Herald, 111. Sophia, the Princess, 251. Southacre, Brass at, 72, 115. Southwark, St. Saviour's Church at, 336, 461. " Soutiens, Les," 468. Sovereign (Coin), 417. Spain : Arms, Supporters, Standard, and Ensign, 478. Spain, PhUip of, 310. Spanish Inquisition : Arms, 465. Spear, 52, 123. Spencer, Henry, Arms, 192. Spencer, the Earl, 32, 192 ; Supporters, 281. See Despencer. Spilsby, Brass at, 175, 176, 270. Springing, 87. Spur, 52 ; Varieties of, 52. See MuUet, and page 486. SS, Collar of, 128, 258, 337, 492 ; Sup posed Origin, 337. See Collar. Stafford, Estafforde : Arms, 139, 460; Badges, 285 ; Canton, 209. Stafford, Edmund de, Bishop of Exeter, 217. Stafford, Henry, Lord, 167, 205. Stafford, Humphrey, K.G, 264, 269, 336 ; Crest, 268 ; Garter-Plate, 264. Stafford, Jerningham, Baron : Supporters, 280. Stafford,- John, Archbishop of Canter bury, 217. Stafford, John Paul, Earl of, 285. Stafford, Nicholas de, 195. Stafford, Ealph, Lord, 389. Stafford, Robert de, 196, 212. Stafford Knot, 28, 285. Stag, 62. Staindrop, 264, 336. Stall Plates of Bath, 378; of Garter, 378 Stalls of Knights of Bath, 350 ; of K.G, 340; of Knights of St. Patrick, 491. Stamford, Grey, Earl of : Motto, 283. Standard, 93, 128, 289. Standard of Edward IIL, of Henry of Bolingbroke, of the Earl of Warwick, of Henry VIII, of Elizabeth, 129, 286, 289. Standon, Brass at, 82, 132, 366, 367. Stanhope, The Earl, 207. Stanley, Earl of Derby: Arms, 63, 273 ; Badge, 263; Crest, 273, 275; Sup porters, 281. Stanley, Sir John, 205. Stanley, Henry, 335. Stanley, Thomas, Earl of Derby, 164. Stanton Harcourt, Effigies at, 108, 339, 344. Staple, 52. Stapledon, Walter de, Bishop of Exeter 217. Stapleton : Rebus, 52. Star, 71, 130. Star of India, Order of, 350. Stargard, Arms, 312. Stars of Orders : Bath, 348, 359 ; Garter 341 ; St. Michael and St. George, 350 St. Patrick, 346 ; Star of India, 352 Thistle, 345. Statant, 87. Stationers' Company, 370. Steel Cap, 52. Stephen: Arms, 295; Badge, 67, 293, 294 ; Arms of Consort, 306. Stettin : Arms, 312. Stirrup, 52. Stock of a Tree, 76, 304. Stoke Daubernon, 122. Stoke Lyne, Lord of the Manor of, 275. Stormark : Arms, 311 . Story, Richard : Arms, 204. Stourton, Lord : Crest, 269. Stradsett, Slab at, 189. Strange, Straunge, Estrange, L'Estrange. See L'Estrange. Strange, John le, 212, 223. Strange, Le, of Blackmere, 175. Strange, Le, of Knocking, 175. Strathern, Euphemia, Countess of, 155. 542 INDEX. Strawberry Leaves, 74 ; of the Ducal Coronet, 101. Strevelyn, Sir John, 213. Stringed, 46, 87. Strykeland, Wauter : Arms, 192. Stuart, The: Arms, 155, 463; Motto, 283. Stuart, Alan, of Ochiltree, 155. Stuart, Alexander, Earl of Menteith, 279. Stuart, Arabella, 423, 425. Stuart, Charles, Prince of Wales, 250. Stuart, Charles, Prince of Wales, 250. Stuart, David, 155. Stuart, Henry, Prince of Wales, 250, 260. Stuart, James, Duke of York, 251. Stuart, Margaret, Countess of Anjou, 279. Stuart, Mary, Queen of Scotland, 386. Stuart,Mary, infant Daughterof JamesI, 395. Stuart, WUliam, Duke of Gloucester, 251. Stuart, of Bonhill, 463. Stuart, of Craxton, 217. Stuart, of Davingstone, 463. Sturmi, Esturmi : Arms, 309. Subordinaries, 31. Subverted, 87. Sudbprough, Effigy at, 226. Sufflue, or Clarion, 42. Suffolk, Badge, 263. Suffolk, John de la Pole, K.G, Duke of, 108, 344. Suffolk, the Duchess of, her Effigy, 344. Suleye, Sir WiUiam de, 224. Sun in Glory, or in Splendour, 71, 305. Suns and Roses, Yorkist Collar of, 130, 338. See Collar. Super-Charge, 130. Supporters, Supporter, " Les Supports," 130, 171, 275, 468 ; then- Origin, 277, 490; Introduction, 276; By whom borne and how granted, 276 ; mar shalled, 171; differenced, 171, 199, 277; Examples, 280; Single, 275, 277. Supporters of England, 331, 375. Supporters of Scotland, 302, 414. Supporters of H.R.H. the late Prince Consort, 315. Supporters of H.R.H. the Prince of Wales, 322. Supporters of the Princes and Princesses of the Royal Family, 331. Supporters, Royal, of England, 301-303. Supporters, Scottish, 279, 280. Supporters in Foreign Heraldry, 468. Surcoat, 113, 131. Surmounted, 87. Surrey, Thomas, Duke of, 247. Surrey, De Warrennes, Earls of. See Warrenne. Surtees' " Histoiy of Durham," engrav ings of Seals in, 120, 418. Sur-tout, Sur le tout, 87 ; " Broohant sur le tout," 465. Sussex, Augustus Frederick, K.G, Duke of, 251. Sussex, St. John of : Seal, 405, 463. Sustained, Soutennee, 87. Sutherland, Ancient, 281. Sutherland, the Duke of, 74, 462 ; Crest, 273 ; Supporters, 28. Sutherland, the Earls of, 462. Swan, 65 ; Badge of De Bohuns, 258, 260, 277, 304 ; as Supporter, 254, 261, 277, 409 ; in Standard of Henry IV, 261 ; worn by John Gower, 336. Sweden and Norway : Arms, 310, 478 ; Supporters and Flags, 478. Sweden, Ancient, 478 ; Modem, 478. Switzerland : Arms, 479. Swivel, 53. Sword, 53. Swyneburne ; Rebus, 125. Swyneburne, Thomas, 182. Swyneburne, WiUiam, 182. Swynforde, Catherine : Monument in Lincoln Cathedral, 337. Symbolization of Heraldic Tinctures, 485. Tabard, 112, 131. Talbot : Arms, 460. Talbot, John, K.G, Earl of Shrewsbury, 344. Talbot, Gilbert, Lord, 205, 216. Talbot quartering NevUle, 205. Talbot Dog, 63. TaUow Chandlers' Company, 370. Tanfield, 267. Tankerville, John, Earl of, 216. Taplow, Brass at, 66. Tappen, Die, 467. Target, 53. Tasselled, 87. Tatelow.De, 189. Tateshall, Robert de, 208, 213. Tau Cross, 27, 53, 335. Taylboys, Wauter, 192. Teazle, 76. Tederade, Peter : Seal, 150. Templars, Knights, 28, 120, 334. Templars, Barristers, 334, Temple : Motto of, 283. Temple Church, 14, 41, 54; Effigy at, 176. Tenants, 275, 468. Tendringe, Sir John, 224. INDEX. 543 Terri, John, 118, 367. Teschen: Arms, 391. Tetlow, of Haughton : Arms, Crest, and Motto, 442, 443. Tewkesbuiy Abbey Churoh, 382. Thane, 94, 104. Thebes, Siege of, 13. Theddlethorpe, Brass at, 194. Third Son; his Modem Difference, 206. Thistle, 76, 132. Thistle, Badge of Scotland, 332. Thistle, Order of the, 283, 345 ; Insignia and Officers, 345. Thomas, " de Brotherton," Earl of Nor folk, Marshal of England, 153, 235, 410. Thomas, Second Earl of Lancaster, 235. Thomas Plantagenet, " of Woodstock," K.G, Duke of Gloucester and Buck ingham, Earl of Essex and Northamp ton : Arms, 163, 241 ; Supporter, 277 ; Great Seal 152, 403 ; Seals, 258, 277, 409 ; Arms and Monument of Consort, 162, 241, 384. Thomas Plantagenet, K.G, Second Duke of Clarence, 243, 437. Thorpe, Sir Edward de, 109, 267 ; Helm, 269 ; and his Lady, 336. Threstle, 53. Thuringia, Arms, 313. Thuringia Pfalz, Arms, 313. Thurstan: Seal, 405. Tierce'e. 87. Tiger, Heraldic, 69. TUting Spear, 53. Timbre, 132. Tinctures, 19, 20, 132. Tinctures, Symbolization of, 20, 485. Tiptoft, John, Earl of Worcester : Seal, 278 Tiptoft, Joice, Lady, 114, 144, 163 ; Brass fully described, 389. Tiptoft, Sir John, 389. Tong, Brass at, 394. Toni, Tony, Robert de, 197, 459. Toolye, Henry, 149. Topclyffe, De : Arms, 461. Topliff, Brass at, 461. Torch, 53. Torqued, 87. Torregiano, 391. Torse, 53. Torteau, Torteaux, 25, 53. Tortoise, 66. Tournee, 87. Tours, Eustace de, 223. Towered, 87. Trade Brands, 118. Transfixed, Transpierced, 87. Transfluent, 88. Transmuted, 88. Transposed, 88. Traversed, 88. Treatment, Heraldic, of Figures, De vices, and Compositions, 448. Treflee, 53, 88. Trefoil, 76; slipped, 76. Tregos, De, 213. Treille, Trellise, 53. Tremain : Arms, 125. Trent, the River, 111. TresseU, 75 ; for this, read Fressell. Tressure, 32, 53; its first appearance, 32; impaled, 32, 145, 163, 299; quartered, 144; adopted by the Stuarts, 155; borne for Augmentation, 435, 463. Tricked, 88. Tricolour of France, 470. Tricorporate, 88. Trinity College, Oxford : Arms and Crest, 362. Trinity College, Cambridge: Arms, 363. Trinity HaU, Cambridge : Arms, 363. Trinity House, London : Ensign, 52 ; Arms and Crest, 366. Tripping, Trippant, 62, 88. Triton, 68. Trononee, 88. Trotton, Brass at, 52, 107, 336. Trumpet, 54,125. Trumpingdon, Brass at, 181. Trumpingdon, Sir Giles de, 181. Trumpingdon, Sir Boger de, 54, 109, 125, 181. Truncheon, 132. Trunked, 88. Trussed, Trussing, 88. Trussell, Sir Wan-en, 195. Tudors, Cadency of the, 249 ; Badge, 50; Colours, 114, 129; Roses, 76, 338 ; Shields of, 378 ; Standards, 129. Tudor, Arthur, K.G, Prince of Wales, 59, 249 ; Seals, 259, 414 ; his Monu ment in Worcester Cathedral, 40, 75, 260, 261, 386. Tudor, Edmund, " of Hadham," Earl of Richmond, 249. Tudor, Edward, nominally Prince of Wales, 250. Tudor, Henry, Earl of Richmond, 249. See Henry VII. Tudor, Henry, Duke of York and Prince of Wales, 249, 250. See Henry VIII. Tudor, Jaspar, K.G, Earl of Pembroke and Duke of Bedford, 249 ; Seals, 412, 413. Tun, 54. Turkey : Aims and Flag, 479. Tyndall : Crests, 272. Tynes, 62. 544 INDEX. Ufford, D' : Arms, 460. Ughtred, Sir Thomas, 185. Ulrick, K.G, Duke of Holstein, 475. Ulster King-of-Arms, 50, 111 ; Arms, 365. Ulster: Badge, 56, 94, 132. Ulster : Arms, 166, 239, 247, 308, 407 ; Label, 237, 238. Ulster, De Burg, of, 239. Ulster, Elizabeth de Burg, of, 238. Ulster, Eichard de Burg, Earl of, 406. Ulster, John de Burg, of, 406. Umbrated, Adumbrated, 88. Umphraville, D' : Arms, 181, 215. Unde'e, Undy, 18, 88. Unguled, 88. Unicom, 68 ; Supporter, 68, 281 ; Sup porters of Scotland, 280, 302, 393, 414 ; Supporter of Great Britain, 303, 331. Union Device of Great Britain, 93 ; Augmentation of the Arms of the Duke of Wellington, 93, 436, 443, 462. Union Flag of Great Britain, 97, 146, 155. Union Jack: the First, 26, 27, 290 ; the Second, 26, 27, 290. Universities of Oxford and Cambridge : Arms, 360, 362. University CoUege, Oxford : Arms, 360. Unmarried Ladies : Arms, 145. Upholders' Company, 370. Upton, Nicholas ; his Treatise, 199. Uriant, 82, 88. Ursins, Susan of : Arms, 308. Urswick, Sir Robert D', 198. Usher of Black Rod, 343. Utting, Mr. R. B. ; his exceUent Wood Engravings of Heraldic Subjects, 389, 452. Vacha, Sir Richard de la, 224. Vair, 20, 54 ; in Early Shields, 198. Valence, De : Arms, 32, 65 ; Original Arms, 188 ; the Orle of Martlets, 188 ; dimidiating Claremonte Nesle, 148; quartered by Hastings, 161, 172; Bordure of, 215 ; Label of, 224. Valence, Aymer de, Earl of Pembroke : Effigy and Monument, 98, 148, 385, 387 ; his Countess, 362. Valence, Ethelmar de, Bishop of Win chester, 188. Valence, Guy de, 188. Valence, William de, Earl of Pembroke ; his fine diapered Shield of Champleve Enamel, 38, (Frontispiece) ; Mr. Ber- rington's full-size fac-simUe En graving of it, 486 ; his Effigy decorated with small Enamelled Shields of his Arms, 52, 465; his Monument in Westminster Abbey, 385, 387. Vambrace, 54. Vamplate, 54. Vandals : Ensign of, 310. Varied Fields, 35. Vasa, of Sweden : Arms, 478. Vaux, De : Arms, 197. Vavasour, Mauger le : Seals, 404, 405 ; Arms, 459. Vaus, Sir John, 187. Vaus, Sir William, 187. Vaux, De : Arms, 197. Vavasour, Mauger le : Seals, 404, 405 ; Arms, 459. Venice, Heraldic Slab from, 258. Verdee, Verdoy, 88. Verdon, John de, 198. Verdun, Theobald de, 406. Vere, De : Arms and diapered Shield, 38, 73 ; Mullet, 47, 200. Vere, Sir Robert de : his Effigy at Sud- borough, 226. Vere, Aubrey de : his differenced Shield, 201. Vere, Hugh de : his Bordure, 201, 215. Vere, John de, K.G, Earl of Oxford, 167, 200. Vere, Robert de, Earl of Oxford : Great Seal, 412. Vere, Robert de, K.G, Duke of Ireland and Marquess of Dublin, 117, 434. Vemey : Arms, 205. Vernon : Arms, 461 ;. Motto, 124. Vert, 19, 132. Verted, Reverted, 88. Verulam, The Earl of, 185. Verules, 54. Vervels, Varvels, 54; VerveUed, Var- veUed, 88. Vesci, William de, 29. Vested, 88. Vestments, Episcopal, charged with Heraldic Insignia, 218. "Vetusta Monumenta," Reference to, 122. Vexillum, 49. Victoria Cross, Order of the, 132, 353. View, 132. Vigilant, 89. Vintners' Company and HaU, 369. Vipont, John de, 196. Viscount : Rank, Style, and Title, 133 ; Coronet and Robes, 133, 488; Sons and Daughters, 133. Viscountess, 133. Visitations, Heralds', 132. Voided, 89 ; Cross, 28. Voiders, 32. Vol, 64. Volant, 89. INDEX. 545 Vorant, 89. Vulned, 89. Wadham College, Oxford: Arms, 362. Wake, of Lydel : Arms, 195 ; -the pro bable source of the York Label, 240. Wake, Sir Hugh, 211. Wake, Margaret, Countess of Kent, 240. Wake, Margaret, wife of Sir Philip de Courtenay, 227. Wake, Thomas, Lord, 240. Wake, Thomas de Holland, K.G, Lord, 227, 247. Wake, Thomas de HoUand, K.G, Earl of Kent, and Baron, 247. Wake and Ormond Knot, 284. Waldeby, Thomas, Archbishop of York, 100, 387. Waldemar II, of Denmark, 355. Wales: Arms of the PrincipaUty, 59, 250, 324, 393; quartered by the Prince of Wales, 325. Wales, North : Arms, 325 ; South : Arms, 325 Wales': Badges, 306, 332. Wales, Edward, styled Prince of, 237. Wales, Prince of, the Black Prince, the First, 237. Wales, Princes of, Plantagenets, 237; Tudors, 250 ; Stuarts, 250 ; the present Eoyal FamUy, 250, 252 ; their Labels, 236. Wales, Prince of : Earl of Chester, 74, 322. Wales, Prince of : Coronet, 321 ; Feather Badge, 260. Wales, Charlotte, Princess of, 250. Wales, H.R.H. Albert Edward, K.G, K.S.I, Prince of, 252, 322. Wales, H.R.H. Alexandra, Princess of, 325. Wales', H.R.H. Albert Victor, of, 252. Walford, Mr, on the Effigy of Sir Arnold de Gaveston, 157. Walkefare, Sir Robert de, 201. WaUed, Murallee, 89. WaUer, Messrs. ; their noble Work on Brasses, 256. WaUenstein, Duke of Friedland : Arms, 466. WaUingford, Abbot of St. Alban's, 260. Walpole, Sir Edward, 347. Walsh, John, 190. Walshe, Thomas de, 212. Walthamstowe, 366, 368. Wantage, 343. Warbleton, 65. Ward, Seth, Bishop of Salisbury, 342. Warham, Archbishop, 100. Warre, John, 182. Warre, John de la, 183. Warre, WiUiam de la, 183. Warrenne, Warren, de, Earls of Warren and Surrey : Diapered Shields, 38 ; their connection with Castle Acre Priory, 360 ; their Arms quartered by the Duke of Norfolk, 79, 112, 168 ; Labels of, 224, 240 ; Shield of, com pounded with the Arms of St. John. 405, 463. Warrenne, John de, Earl of Surrey : Seal, 405. Warrenne, Joan de, Countess of Surrey ; Seal, 150, 405. Warrenne, Sir William de : Canton, 209. Warrenne, Richard Plantagenet, Duke of, 246. Warwick, the Beauchamp Chapel in the Church of St. Mary at, and its Monu ments, 179, 203, 344, 387, 394. Warwick, the Beauchamps, Earls of, 179, 202. Warwick, Eichard Beauchamp, K.G, Earl of, 167, 269 ; Badge, 63, 256, 394 ; Coronet, 104; Crest, 104, 256; Sup porters, 278, 279 ; Standard, 289. Warwick, Thomas Beauchamp, K.G, Earl of, 113; Crest, 269; his fine Brass at Warwick, 256. Warwick, the NevUles, Earls of, 167. See NevUle of Baby. Warwick, Richard NeviUe, K.G, Earl of, 167. Warwick, Anne NevUle, of, 166, 308. Warwick, Edward Plantagenet, Earl of, 246. Warwick, George Plantagenet, Earl of, 246. Warwick RoU, 166, 308. Wassingstone, Roger de, 194. Water-Bouget, 54. Waterford, See of, 55. Waterloo Medal, 353. Wattled, 89. Wavy, 18, 89. Wax-Chandlers' Company, 370. Waynflete, WUliam de, Bishop of Win chester, 107. Weavers' Company, 370. WeUe, Sir John de, 193 ; John de, 215. Welle, Eobert de, 195. WeUesley : Arms, 461. WeUesley, Eichard, K.G, the Marquis, 436. Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, K.G, Duke of, 27, 93, 436, 443, 461; his Paternal Difference, 207 ; Crest, 273, 274 ; Supporters, 280. Wellyngtone, Sir Edmund de, 202. Wemsley, 48. Wenden, 312. Wennesley, Thomas de, 192. Westley Waterless, Brass at, 197. 2N 546 INDEX. Westminster Abbey : Arms of, 49, 360 ; Heraldry of, Henry III. and Edward I. at, 12, 15, 377, 378 ; Confessor's Arms at, 126, 186, 378 ; Shield of England at, 61 ; France Ancient at, 74, 189 ; France Modern at, 297, 378 ; Heraldry of Henry V. at, 378; Heraldry of Henry VII. at, 378 ; Royal Monuments at, 383, 389. Westminster, Dean and Chapter : Arms, 360. Westminster, City of: Arms, 366. Westminster Hall : Arms of the Confessor at, 126; Royal Shield of Richard II. at, 162, 490 ; Badges of Eichard II. at, 263, 454 ; Angel Supporters in the trussed Roof of, 490; Heraldry of, 377, 378. Westminster, Heraldry of the New Palace at, 441. Westmorland, Earl of, 264, 269. See Neville. Westone, John de, 215. Westphalen, of Saxony : Arms, 469. WestphaUa : Aims, 299, 313. Whatton, Shield of Effigy at, 212, 213. Wheat-Ears, 71 ; Badge of Abbot John de Wheathampstede, and his appro priate Motto, 453, 457. Wheathampstede, John, Abbot of St. Alban's : Arms, 72 ; Arms of his Abbey differenced by him, 218; Chantry and its fine Shields, 453, 457 ; Badge and Motto, 453, 457. Wheathamstead, Brass at, 454. Whitchurch, 344. White Boar : Badge, 339. White Carmelites : Seal, 414. White Elephant, Order and Insignia of, 356. White Hart: Badge, 258, 263, 278, 304, 454. White Hind : Badge, 277. Whitworth, Effigy at, 33. Widow ; her Arms, 145. Widow of Peer ; her Arms, 169. Widower ; his Arms, 144. Widville, Woodville, Elizabeth, Queen Consort of England, 244; her Aug mented Arms, 165, 308. Widville, Eichard, K.G, Earl Bivers, 244; Mantling, 116; Arms, 210. Wigtone, John de, 215. WUUam I. : imputed Arms, 293, 295 ; Arms of Consort, 306. WUliam II, imputed Arms, 295 ; Mo nument in Winchester Cathedral, 384. William HI. : Arms, 298 ; Coins, 418 ; Standard, 301 ; Arms of Consort, 298. WUliam IV. : Arms, 300 ; Arms of Con sort, 313, 314. William Plantagenet, " of Hatfield," 237 ; Effigy and Monument, 102, 237, 385 William Stuart, K.G, Duke of Glou cester, 251; Garter-Plate, 251, 328. William Henry, Duke of Gloucester, 251 . William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester) 252. WilUam de Longespee, Earl of Salis bury, 225 ; Arms, 60, 89, 154 ; Seals, 403, 412; Monument and Effigy in Salisbury Cathedral, 385. WiUiam de Romare HI, Earl of Lincoln ; Seal, 403. WUloughby d'Eresby, Lady, 175 '; Lord, his Helm and Crest-wreath, 270. Willoughby, Sir John, 264. Willoughby : Arms, 459. WiUoughby, Robert, Lord Broke, 205. Wimborne Minster, 344. Wimington, Brass at, 191, 269. Winchelsea, 382. Winchester Cathedral : Monuments, 157, 188, 384; Chantry of Bishop Langton, 123 ; despoiled Slabs, 394. Winchester, See and Bishops of, 33, 96 ; Bishops Prelates of the Garter, 342. Winchester School : Arms, 364. Winchester, Roger de Quincey, Earl of, 197, 403. Winchester,- Saer de Quincey, Earl of. 219. Windsor, Chapel of St. George at, 340, 378. See Garter, Order of, and StaU- plates. Windsor, Dean of, Registrar of the Garter, 343. Windsor Herald, 111. Winged, 89. Wingfield, 344, 386. Winnowing Fan, 51, 282. Winterton, The Earl of, 29. Winwick, Brass at, 132. Wiston, Brass at, 269. Wivenhoe, Brass at, 394. Wobum, Brass at, 369. Wodehouse, The Baron, 274, 434. Wodestook, Woodstock : Eebus, 76, 290, 304. See Edmond and Thomas "of Woodstock." Woodward, the Rev. John, M.A. : his Paper in " Notes and Queries " on the Arms of Leon, 490. Wootton-under-Edge, Brass at, 68, 335. Worcester Cathedral : Effigy of Lady, 52 ; Beauchamp Monument, 179; Effigy and Monument of King John, 384 ; Tudor Chantry, 40, 75, 260, 3S6; Heraldic TUes, 378. INDEX. 547 Worcester, the Bishops and See of, 359. Worcester CoUege, Oxford, 361. Worcester, John Tiptoft, Earl of: Seal, 278. Worcester, Charles Somerset, Earl of, 438. Works on " Heraldry," 483. Wreath, 109, 133 ; Wreathed, 89. Wreath ; Crest, 265. Wright, Mr. ; his new Version of the Caerlaverock Eoll, 482, 487. Wriothsley, Garter ; his Arms borne by the College of Arms, 364. Wurtemburg : Arms, Supporters, Flag, 479. Wydevil, John de : Crest, 271. Wykeham, William de, Bishop of Win chester ; his Pastoral Staff, 49. Wyloughby, De : Aims, 460. Wynne, Sir W. W, 63. Wyvern, 68. Yarmouth, Great. See Great Yarmouth. York : Arms of the See, 358. York : the Archbishop of, his Bank, Style, Title, and Precedence, 91, 96, 429. York, the Dean and Chapter of, 360, York Cathedral, 100, 102, 237, 385. York, Church of St. Cross at, 366. York, City, 366. York, EUzabeth of, 166, 308, 384. York, Edmond, First Duke of, 239, 241. York, Edward, Second Duke of, 243. •York, Richard, Third Duke of, 245. York, Edward, Fourth Duke of, 245. York, Richard, Fifth Duke of, 246. York, Frederick, Duke of, 251. York, James, Duke of, 251. York Herald, 111. York, Label of, 240. York, Badge and CoUar of, 134, 33S, 339. York,-Roses of, 75, 76, 260, 303, 304, 305. Youghal : Seals of the Borough, 147. Young, Sir Charles George, Garter Kirfg of Arms, 341. Younger Sons, Arms of, 143. Zouche, de la : Differenced Shields, 173 ; Badge, 261. Zouche, Alan de la; 247. Zouche, Maud de la, 247. Zowche, Le Sr. la, 209. ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. s 38. — In line 6, for Richard I., read Richaed II. 65. — In line 26, for Earl of, read Baron. 68. — In line 13, for dexter, read sinister. 75. — In line 14, for Tressel, read Fressel. 97. — Add to last line a reference to page 488. 123. — In line 13, for Ramrydge, read Ramryge. 134.— In last line, for No. 46, read No. 48. 135. — To second line add references to pp. 158, 170. 152.— The first Diagram is No. 329 B. 229. — Read Molkswobth, and Harpue. 230.— In first line, for No. 407, read No. 487. 236.— In last line bat two, for Holland of Kent, read Wodestock of Kent. 249. — To line 24, add references to pp. 74, 303. 277. -In Hue 22, for No. 502, read No. 509. 350.— After line 10, insert— "Dean of the Order, the Dean of Westminster.' 406. — In line 1, for Edwabd II., read Edward I. 406.— The -n-ood-cut of the seal o'f Matilda de Filliol is printed reversed. 446. — In line 30, for Furdoonjuie, read Fuedoonjee. 446.— To last line add, " No. 731, p. 506.." 461.— In line 8, for No. 725, read No. 730. 481.— In line 2, ior No. 725, read No. 730. Plate XII.— For No. 339 a, read No. 339 c. „ XXXVI.— For No. 568. read No. 568 a. „ LXXXII.— For Moktagcie, read Mostaotte. LONDON: ritlKTED BY TV. CLOWES AND SONS, STAMFOUD STREET ANJJ QUAKING CROSS.