Jcm/nyWa,lcu^ U^-' I4/ THE fi L. E M E N r S ,0 F HERALDRY. THE ELEMENTS O F HERALDRY, CONTAINING THE DJFINITION, ORIGIN, AND HIS TORICAL ACCOUNT 'OF THAT AN CIENT, USEFUL, AND ENTER TAINING SCIENCE. THE DIVERS SORTS OF COATS-OF- ARMS IN USE ; WITH THEIR ESSEN TIAL AND INTEGR.-VL PARTS DIS- , PLAYED SEPARATELY. THE SEVERAL MARKS BY WHICH BEARERS OF THE SAMt COAT-OF- ARMS ARE DISTINGUISHED FROM EACH OTHER. THE DIFFERENT KINDS OP TINC- TURESj LINES, FIGURES, CHARGES, AND ORNAMENTS USED FOR COATS- OF-ARMS. THE LAWS OF HERALDRY; PRACT#- .CAL DIRECTIONS FOR MARSHAL LING COATS-OF-ARMS ; AND THE ORDER OF PRECEDENCE. THE-HATCHMENTS SO CLEARLY DE SCRIBED, THAT THE BRANCH AND TITLE, THE DECEASED WAS, OF, MAY BE READILY KNOWN. ILLUSTRATED WITH SEVERAi;. CUTS, AND TWENTY-FOUR COPPER-PLATES, CONTAININb ABOVE FIVE HUNDRED EXAMPLES OF ESCUTCHEONS, ARMS, &c._ AND INTERSPERSED WITH THE NATURAL HISTORy AND ALLEGORICAL SIGNIFICATION OF THE .SEVERAL SPECIES OF BIRDS, BEASTS, FISHES, VEGETABLES, &c. COMPRISED IN THIS TREATISE. TO WHICH IS' ANNEXED, A DICTIONARY OF, THE TECHNICAL TERMS MADE USE OF IN HERALDRY, &c. " By M. A. PORN Y, * 'FRENCH MASTER AT ETON COLLEGE. '- THE FIFTHEDITION, WITH CONSIDERABLE ALTERATIONS AND, ADDITIONS* LONDON: PRINTED FOR S. G. AND J. ROBINSON, W. GOLDSMITH, J. SCATCHERD, W. BENT, AND G, AND T. WILKIE.^ 179$' TO T'Hfl NOBLEMEN GENTLEMEN EDUCATED At ETON SCHOOL^ t H I S BOOK is RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED; BY TMEIIt MOST Oi^EDliNT, AND MO'ST-HUMfeLE SERVANT,- U. A. POUNt^ Aj DIRECTIONS TO the PLATES, Plate I. Page ij II. 17 ni. 35 IV 45 V. 55 VL ' 6r VIL 67 vm. 75 IX. , 85 X. 95 XI. 103 XII. , 1.23 XIIL 135 XIV. 139 XV. 147 XVL .157 XVII. 165 XVIIL 177 XIX. 153 XX. 207 XXL 2ig, XXIL 24s XXIIL 253 XXIV. 463 C O N t E N T .8. PREFACE ' , - . ,- %e ix An Alphabetical Lifl of the T'ifies of the -Nable^ wen, whofe Paternal Coats -of- arms are in- ferted as Examples in this freatife xV The Surnames of the Families which are made mention of iri this Tfeaiife - ^ • xxi C H .A P, i. Definition, Origin, Antiquity, and Progrefs of Heraldry, and Coats- of- arms " - I C H A P. IL Of the different Sorts of Arms, ferving to denote Dominion, Preienfion, Concefjion, Patronage, Alliance, &c. - _ . B Of Affujnptive Arms ' - - ll C H A I^. ill. Of the effential and integral Parts of Coat s- of- arms ' - ¦ - - 13 Of the Points of the Efcutcheon ~ 16 -Of the federal TinSiures - - ly Ofthe difiindl Lines - - 28 Of the various i)ifferences *¦ 33 Ofthe Modern Differences - - 42 CHAP. IV. Of the Charges in general - 51 Of Honorable Ordinaries - - 52 Of Subordinate Ordinaries - ni A 4. •¦'•a yiii co:pi TENTS.- C H A P. V, Of Common Charges • - - rz'gp Of Celefiia.1 Figures \ - - 134 Of Effigies of Men ' - - 139 Of Lions and other Animals - 147 Of Birds, Fifies, Reptiles - 164 Of Artificial Figures - - 176 Of Chimerical Figures - - 192 C H A P. VI. Of External Ornaments; as Crowns, Coronets^ Mitres, Helmets, Mantlings, the Chapeauy Wreath, Crefl^ Scroll, Motto y Supporters 200- CHAP. VII. The Rules of Blazoning - 241 , Of the different Difpofitions which Charges ad" ¦ mit of ' - - 245 C H A P. VIII. Of the Marfoalling of Coats-of-arms 252 C H A P, IX. Of Funeral Hatchments - - 26-z G H A P. X. Ofthe Order of Precedence' - 266 Of the Precedence of Men - - 269- Ofthe Precedence of Women - 275. A Dictionary (f the Technical Terms ufed in Heraldry, with a concife Account of the Orders' ofthe Garter, Bath, Thiflle, and St. Patrick ',- and likewife of the Power, Duty, and Privi- kges of Great Officers of StatBy bcc. 279- P R E F A C E, TTERALDRY is fo noble, ufeful, "*' -^ and entertaining a fcience, that fcarce any of thofe ftudies which are Goniidefed as polite and ornamental, can lay a more juft claim to the atten tion of noblemen and gentlemer^. For h prefents to their view the origin and* foundation of thofe titles and dignities^ which diftinguifh them from the reft of mankind; and ferves not only t& tranfmit to pofterity the glory of the heroic actions, or meritorious deeds of their anceftors, but alfo to illuftrate hiftorical fadts, toward eftablifhing thei^ rights, prerogatives^ and honoursi X PRfiFACEi It is therefore a juft matter of won-^ der, that in fo learned and poliihed an age as burs, this fcience. fhould be fo little attended to, 'as not to be consider ed as a part of liberal education, fince there, are few perfons- to be met with, that can fpeak pertinently of their coats- of-arms,- and either know the origin of them, or can account for the quarter ing and charges they contain. The moft obvious reafon that can be' given for the prefent negledt of thisr valuable knowledge is, that moft of the authors, who, for a century paft, have treated of Heraldry, either to heighten this fcience, or to make a vain fhow of their own erudition, have fwelled their treatifes with tedious explanations of the pretended myftical fenfe of the PREFACE. XI colours and chaises of Coats-of-arms, with prepofterous refleftions and num- berlefs trifles, fufficient to difgtift not only young gentlemen, generally takcii up either with exercifes or pleafure, but even perfons of riper years, and more ftudioufly inclined. Indeed R. Blome^ S. Kent.^ and tvvo or three anonymous authors, have pub- Jiflied, 'at different times. Grammars, Effays, ^c. on this fubjedl, or rather .extrads from that copious and much efteemed work, entitled, A Difplay of Heraldry, by y. GuilUm *, with a view, as one of them declares in his preface, '^ of freeing Heraldry from the • Dr. Berkham, dean ol Bocking, is faid to have compiled this treatife, .and to have gi- n his manufcript to J, Guill'm, then Pur- foivant- at Arms, who publiftied it in his own name : fee Print/ f fffirtiies of Devon, in the life of that gentleman. Xll PREFACEi charge of confufion under which it ha^ laboured, and of engaging thereby the gentry of this nation to the ftudy of -it." But their abridgments, for want of containing a fufficient explanatioti of the principles of the fcience, and {)roper direuke of, Scot. T. LEEDS, Duke of LEINSTER. Dake of, Irifi Title PARLBOROUGH, Duke of MONTAGU, Duke of, extin3 litfONTROSE, Duke of, Scot. T, NEWCASTLE, Duke of NORFOLK, Duke of NORTHUMBERLAND, Duke of PORTLAND, Duke of QUEENSBERRY, Duke of P.ICHMOND, Duke of ,ROXBURGH, Duke of, Scot. T. RUTLAND, Duke of SOMERSET, Duke of ST. ALBANS, Duke of MAR Q_U I S E S. Plate Fig. Poge XVIII '4 184, XVIII 20 187 XIV 5 141 XVIII 9 182 XI 6 105 XIV I 139 XVIII IS 184 X 8 98 XVIII i6 185 II II 23 XIV 9 143 III 9 37 xvni , I 176 Dia.fee Pheon VII 12 70 XVI 7 159 VII 20 73 XVIII 6 180 X I 95 XI I 103 — — IZI XXIII 7 260 V 13 57 X »7 lOI — 200 XV 1 147 X 13 100 XIV 16 145. III M 38 IX 14- 90 VIII 19 §3 XII II 126 VII 20 7f XVIII 6. 180 — — 347 VIII 12 81 V IS 58 XJII I 134 I xvii j SALISBURY, Marquis of ST A FFORP, "Marquis of TOWNSHEND, Marquis Plate Fig, Page VUI 20 64 XVII 18 173 JX s 87 EARLS. ABERGAVENNY, Earl of ABINGDON, Earl'of ALBEMARLE, Earl of AYLESFORD, Earl of BALCARRAS, Earl of, Scot, T. BARRYMORE, Earl of, Irifh T. BECTIVE, Eaxl of, Irifh T. BERKELEY, Earl of BREADALBANE, Earl of BRIStOL, Earl of BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, Earl of CARNARVON, Earl of CARRICK, Earl of, Irifi T. CAVAN, Earl of, Irifh T. CHATHAM, Earl of CHOLMONDELEY, Earl of CLARENDON, Earl of CLERMONT, Earl of, Irifh T. CORK and ORRERY, Earl of, Irifi T, COVENTRY, Earl of DARNLEY, Earl of, Irifh T. DARTMOUTH, Earl of DELAWAR, Earl of DENBIGH, Earl of DIGBY, Earl of DYSART, Earl of, Scot, T.. EGMONT, Earl of, Iri^ T. ERROL, Earl of. Scat, T. EXETER, Earl of FA^CONBERG, Earl of HNDL ATER, Earl of, Scot. T. FITZ-WILLIAM, Earl FORTESCUE, Earl of GAINSBOROUGH, Earl of GRANDISON, Earl of, ,Irif!> T. JSUILFPRD, Earl of 3 XI 8 io'6 XVIII 2 178 XVII II 169 IX 4 87 JII 13 38 VJII 16 82 V 20 59 — — 217 xir s 1 24 VII 13 71 — — H7 X 20 154 V I 54 XVII 20 173 VIII 10 T9 XVIII 5 179 X 5 97 VII 3 67 VII 6 68 VIII 9 79 XIX S 193 XVI 10 i6;2 VIII I 75 VIII 6 78 IV S 47 XII 3 123 V 14 57 XII 2 122 VII I 20 8+ VI 10 63 XV 8 150 XII 6 126 VII 3 67 XII 4 12^ X S 97 XV 6 149 [ xviii ] HARBOROUGH, Earl of HARCOURT, Earl HARDWICKE, Earl of HOPETOUN, Earl of, Scot, T, HYNDFORD, Earl of, Scot. T. ILCHESTER, Earl of JERSEY, Earl of KINNOUL, Earl of, Scot, T. LEICESTER, Earl of LOUPQN, Countefs of, Scot, f. LOUTH, Earl "of, Irifh T. MANSFIELD, Earl of MASSAREENE, Earl of, Irifh T. MILLTOWN, Earl of. Irifh ti MORTON, Earl of, Scot.T. MOUNT- EDGCUMBE, Earl of ORFORD, Earl of OXFORD, Earl of PANMURE. Earl of, Irifb T. PEMBROKE, Earl of PLYlVIOUrH, Earl of PORTSMOUTH. Earl of i'OULETT, Earl of POWIS, Earl of SELKIRK, Earl of, Scot. T, SHAFTESBURY, Earl of SHREWSBURY, Earl of STAIR. Earl of, Scot, T. STRAFFORD, Earl of TANiCERVILLE, Earl of THANET, Earl of WALPEGRAVE, Earl of WlNCilELSEA, Earl of VISCOUNTS. ARBUTHNOT, Vifcount, Scot. T. XIII i2 137 ASHBROOK, Vifcount, /re/i& r. XVIII 8 182 CULLEN, Vifcount, Irifi T. XVII 8 167 DONER AILE, Vifcount, Irifh T. V 9 55 DUDLEY and WARD; Vifcount VII 2 67 FALMOUTH, Vifcount XVJI 17 171, Plate Fig. Page IX - ¦'^ - I •85 VIII 13 81 XI s i'5 IX 13 90 VIII 2 76 IX 16 91 X s g6 XII 2 122 VI s 6! — * 2 II? VI 8 62 _ 201 XVI 8 159 XIII 20 138 XIV 16 i+S VII 15 72 IX 18 9$ VII 14 71 III 17 40 XV 20 154 XI 2 K>4 VII I 66 — — 177 XV 20 154 XIV 16 145 XVI 10 160 III 3 36 XI 9 107 IX 3 86 XV 19 154 III I 35 VI 7 62 XX 4 86 t »x 3 OaGE, Vifcount, IrifhT. KINGS LAND, Vifcount, Irifh T. MAYNARD, Vifcount MIDDLETON, Vifcount, Irifh T. MOUNTGARRET. Vifcount, Irijh T. SYDNEY, Vifcount WENTWORTH, Vifcount tlate %. Page XI 7 106 III 15 39 XIV 7 14Z V IZ 56 V I •54 IX 5 88 XLI 4 124 BARONS. BLAYNEY, Lord, Irifh T. XVI 5 163 BYRON, Lord VII 7 69 CADOGAN, Lord XV 3 148 CAMELFORD, Lord VIII 10 80 CARTERET, Lord XVIII 7 181 CLIFFORD, Lotd VIII 5 77 DACRE, Lord VIII 7 78 DORMER, Lord XV 16 153 DUCIE, Lord IX 7 ts ELIBANK, Lord, Scot. T. XIX 7 194 ELIOT, Lord ^ VIII 8 79 GRAY, Lord, Scot. T. HI 2 35 HOLLAND, Lord IX 16 92 King, Lgrd XVIII 3 178 KiNNAIRD, Lord, Scot. T. XI II 107 MONSON, Lord IX 17 92 MONTFORT, Lord VI 9 6z NAPIER, Lord, Scot. T. XI 12 108 RAEY, Lord, Scot. T. IX i; 90 RIVERS, Lord VIII 10 80 SEMPLE, Lord IX 8 89 SOMERVILLE, Lord. Scot. T. — — 24S SONDES, Lord IX 17 9| ST. JOHN, Lord V II 56 WILLOUGHBY de BROOKE, Loi 4 X 20 10? [ XX ] THE SURNAMES OF the FAMILIES WHICH ARE MADE MENTION OF IN THIS TREATISE. , Plate Fig. Page Plate Fig. Page- ACTON — — 249 BaRRINGTOI'} • ix 20 93 Adams xvi 11 161 Barry viii 16 82 Aldam xiii 2 134 Bateman viii II 81 Aldh.^m xii '4 127 Bedingfeld xvii I 164 Alston xiii '4 137 Bellasyse vi 10 63 Andrews xi H 109 Bennet XV '9 154 Anteshed ' viii 3 77' Bentinck X 13 100 Areuthnot xiii i8 137 Benton xi >7 no Archer xviii 4 179 Berkeley — 249 Armstrong xiv lO 144. Bermingham vi 8 62 Arundel — — 12 Bertie xviii 2 178 Ashley vi "3 63 Betunes vi i8 64. As«LEY xvi lO 160 ElDGOOD V 10 56 Avery vi H 64 Blayney xvi s 158 Ayde xix 3 192 Bligh xix 5 195 Baker xvi i8 ,63 BOSCAWEN xvii 17 172 Barnard xxiii I 253 Boyle vii 6 68 B A R ti E W A L L iii 15 39 Brodrick. V 12 s6 BromPield Plate XV Fig. Page 5 149 Cork Plate xvi Fig, 1! 'X Bromley vi 9 62 Cornwallis — H7 Brooke X II 100 Coventry viii 9 79 Brudenell — — 266, Crawford — 112 BrumballBryan Burton xii Ts 151"167 Dalrymple DalzielDelamere xi its XV 9 107 origin, 41 14 i;i Butler V I 54 Denham — 119 Bye ByronCadenet Cadogan xvii vii xix XV 14 7 18 3 170 69 199148 Digby DillonDlXlNDixon iv viii V vi 5. 18]8 12 +7 8263 Calvert vii 5 68 Dogget xvi 12 161 Camel xvi I i;6 Dormer XV 16 'S3 CampbellCarmichaelCarne xii viii xvii 52 4' 124 76 166 Douglas Downes Drakes xiv vi xix 16 6 10 145 62 196 Carpenter. ix 12 89 Dukenfield X 10 99 Carter XV 10 151 Duncombe ix 11 89 CarteretCaveCfeCIL viii 5 20 181 114 83 Edgecumbe Egerton Eliot vii Dia. viii 15 .fee. 8 72 Pheon 79 Chaloner xix . 2 192 Elphinston xvi ^ 2 157 Chamber ix 10 89 Erskine xvii '9 173 Chamberlayne — — ,248 Etherington XV 17 153 Chapman xm 13 137 Ferrars vi 3 61 Cheney X 16 lOI Fielding viii 6 78 Chesterton xii 17 128 Finch ix 4 86 Chetwynd ix 6 88 FlTZ-GEFFREY xvi 4 157 Cholmon- DELtY xviii 5 179 Fitz-gerald Fitz-ham- 7 xi I 103 148 Churchill — — 113 mond y XV 2 Clifford viii 5 77 ¦ Fitz-hugh ix 19 93 Clinton X 17 IGI Fitz-maurice xi 18 IIO COKAYNE xvii 8 167 Fitz-patrick xi 19 MO Coleman vi IS 64 Fitz-william xii 6 I2S ColtCoLVlLL X 14 131 lOI Fleetwood Flemming (le) "^ 4 248 114 CoNiNGsay — — 131 Cooke Diii, fee ^aterfoil Corbet — — 12 Flower xviii Fortescue vii Fox ix 8 3 16 182 679« .Corbett iii 16 39 French vii 4 68 [ xxii ] Plate Fig, Page Feenes vii II 70 Gage xi 7 106 Gamin xiv 19 146 Gawdy xvii IS 170 Ginkell TOi 15 82 Glegg XV IS 152 Gordon xvi 7 159 Graham V 13 S7 Grandmain vi I 61 Granville xviii 7 181 Gray iii 2 35 Gresley ii 17 27 Hack-well xvi 13 161 Haggats x\iii I 253 Hales ¦ — — 179 Hamilton — — 180 Hannington — — 121 Harcourt viii 13 81 Harley vii 14 71 Harling xix 13 197 Harrington — — 114 Hassenhul xiii 16 137 Hastang XV 12 151 Hastings Dia.fee Manche H-A-Y xii 2 122 Hentington iv 2 46' Herbert XV 20 154 H:ervey vii '3 71 Herwart xvii 7 167 He^eT — ,67 Hickman xi- 2 104 Hill viii 12 81 H6bart — 117 Hoelethorne ; xii 7 125 Hoby' — 119 Hctdbonel xi 13 109 H'bLLES xii 12 127 Hope ix 13 89 HtfsY xiv II 144 Howard — 206 HtJITSON xiii 12 137 HVLSE xii 13 1^7 Plate Fig. Page HUMF'RAM- ville • xii I 122 Hyde — __ % Ingilby xiii 9 136 Ireton vii 8 69 Jo*NBS xvi 19 164 Kadrod- 7 hard y xvi 9 160 KtM Dia. fee ^aterfoil Keppel xvii 1 1 169 Ker ix 14 90 King xviii 3 178 ElNGSMAN xi 20 IIO Kingston — — 151 Lambart xvii 20 173 Lane xi 20 IIO Langdalb ix 2 86 Lascelles Dia. fee Chaplet Lavider xii 20 128 Leak xi 10 107 LrEsoN xiii 20 138 Legge xvi 16 162 Leigham xvii 2 165 Lennard viii 7 78 Lenox xi 12 108 Leveson xvii 18 172 LiddeL'l v 19 59 LltJDSAY iii 13 38 Lloyd xiv 17 •45 Lucy — — 131 Lytt6n v 16 58 Macgill xix 6 194 Mackay ix IS 90 Maitland — ISS Manley xiv IS 14-5 Manners viii 19 82 Maplesden X IS lOI Masham viii 17 82 Mason XV 9 150 M"aule~ iii 17 40 Mawbey xxiii 3 259 Maynard xiv 7 142 xxm Merv^iNMoNSON Mont:agv MooreMoRLfy Morton MurraylyiusGRAVE Napier Nathiley Nevill Newdigate Noel I^ORT^ NorthcoteNorton Nugent OgilvieOgle O'HaraOliphant , Oliver Osborne ParisPawnePeacockPeckhamPennington PercevalPercyPeshall PiersonPigotPitt Pole PoulettPOWLETPrestwicb- Prime ' Pryce JIaynon JlfCDON Plate Fig. Page Plate Fig. Pagt XV 13 IS' RpCEB-S iv 4 47 ix 17 92 Rohan — i— 120 xxiii 4 256 Row xvi 20 164 V 15 58 Sackvillb vii 12 70 Dia. feejeffant Samwell xvi 17 163 ix 7 88 Saund£^s viii 4 77 xix' 7 194 Savaqe vi 11 63 — — 24^ Scot? xi 16 110 its origin. 108 Seabright Dia. fit ¦ Citiquefoil xvii 16 171 Semple IX 8 89 xi 8 106 Seymour xii II I2'l xvi 14 162 Sherard ix I 85 xii 4 1^3 Shovel . — — 10 XV ' 6 149 Skeffington xvi 8 159 — — 246 SijIYTHE ix 9 8,^ xii 15 127 Somerville — 248 viii 14 82 Starkey xvii 3 165 XV 8 ICO Stepney — 167 Dia. fee Jeffant St. John V II 56 yi 15 64 St. Leger V 9 5S xiii 10 136 Stoway X 3 96 xiii -19 138 Sublet vi 20 64 X I 95 SUTHERLAJJD xii 8 125 xix 15 198 Symmes xiii II ,36 xvii 5 166 Symons xvii 9 168 — 12 Taaffe X 2 96 v T 55 Taddington X 19 102 — 248 Talbot iii 3 3^ V .14 57 Tanner xiv 18 146 XV I 147 Taylor V 20 59 xxiii 2 255 Tollemache xii 3 123 xiii 17 137 TOWNSHENO ix 5 87 — — 119 Tremaine xiv 12 144 vii 10 79 Trenchaed vi • 4 6t — 250 Trewar- ¦ — _ 177 THEN xvi 3 157 xviii I 176 Troutbeck xvii 12 169 xix 9 195 TUFTON iii I 35 xiv 14 144 Tynte XV 7 150 — — '53 Tyrwhitt — — 12 xix 16 198 Ulmston xi 4 105 xii 10 126 Urson «— 131 [ xxiv ] Plate Fig. Page Plate Fig. PttgB USTOC XVf 20 146 Welsh xiii 15 '37 Vautort vi 19 64 Wentworth ix 3 86 Verney X 20 102, West viii I 75 Vese'Y X 4 96 Whalley xvii 10 169 Villiers X 5 ,06 Williams xix 14 198 Vincent Dia. fee Trefoil Winn — 165 Wakeman xi 3 105 WiNWOOD X 18 102 Waldegrave vi / 62 Wolfe xxiii 2 255 Wallop vii I 66 WORLEY XV r 4 149 Walpole ix 18 93 Wray V. 17 58 Wansford — — IS' WyCHE xii 9 126 Ward vii 2 67 Wynne ~- 246. Watson » — 93 Yonge xxiii "6 257 Weele xvii , ,6 166 YoRK^- xi S 105 Wells — •^ 'SI THE E L E M E N T S O F HERALDRY. CHAP. I. OF THE DEFINITION, ORIGIN, AND ANTIQUITY OF HERALDRY AND COATS-OF-ARMS. HERALDRY is a fcience which teaches how to blazon, or explain in proper terms, all that belongs to Coats-of-arms, and how to marfhal, or difpofe regularly, divers Arms on a Field *. * This is the object which I chiefly purpofe to treat of, in the following chapters ; although this fcience may be faid, in a more enlarged fenfe, to comprehend whatever relates to the marlhalling of folemn cavalcades, proceffions, and other public ceremonies at coronatipns, inftallations, creations of peers, nuptials, chriftening of princes, funerals, &c. B 2 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. " Ar'ms, or Coats-of-arms, are marks of ho nour, made up of fixed and determined colours, figures, &c. either hereditary or, granted by fo- vereign Princes, as a reward for military valour, a fhining virtue, or a fignal public fervice ; and which ferve to denote the defcent and alliances of the bearer, or to diilinguifh ftates, cities, fo- cieties, &c. civil, ecclefiaftical, and military. Thus Heraldry is the fcience, of which Ar?ns are the proper objedt ; but yet they differ much both in their origin and antiquity. . . Arivis, according to Sir George Mackenzie, a famous Scotch writer * took their origin from the ex ample of the patriarch Jacob, who, bleffing his fons, gave them marks of diftindlion, which the 'twelve tribes bore 6n their enfigns. Sir John Feme -f- is of opinion that we borrowed them from the Egyptians, meaning frQm their hieroglyphics. ¦ Sir William Duidale \ men tions, that Arms, as marks of honour, were firft ufed by great commanders in war; necef- fity requiring that their perfons rtiould be noti fied to their friends and followers. The learned * See his Treatife of Heraldry, page 2. EJinb edit. 1680. -[• In his Glory of Generofity, page 14S. Loud, edi-r. jjSfi. X In the Ap.cie.nt Ulage of Arms, page 1. 0\L edit. 1682. origin OF HERALDRY. 3 Alexander Nifbet, in his excellent Syftem of Heraldry, fays, that Arms owq their rife and beginning to the light of nature, and that figns and marks of honour, were made ufe of in the firfl ages of- the world *, and by all nations, however fimple and illiterate, to diftinguifh the noble from the ignoble. We find in Homer, Virgil, and Ovid, that their heroes had divers figures on their fliields, whereby their perfons were diftindtly known. Alexander the Great, defirous to h6nour thofe of his captains and foldiers that had done any glorious adlion, and alfo to excite an emulation , among the reft, did grant them certain badges to be borne on their armour, pennons, and banners -, ordering at the , fame time, that no perfon or potentate, through his empire, fhould attempt or prefume to give, or tolerate, the bearing of thofe figns upon the armour of any rrian ; but it fhould be a power referved to himfelf: which prerogative has * There feem to be evident traces of thefe honorable marks, in the following paflages of holy writ ; namely. Exodus xxviii. 1 1 , and xxxix. 14, 30. Numbers ii. 2. i Kings xxi. 8. Nehemiah ix. 38. Either iii. 12, and yiii. 8. Pfalm xx. 5, and Ix. 4. Ifaiah xiii. 2. Jeremiah xxxii. 10. and Daniel vi. 17. B2 4 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. been claimed evef fince by all other Kings and fovereign Princes, within their domi nions. After thefe, and many other dififerent opi- nions> all^ that can be faid with any certainty is, that in all ages, men have made ufe of figures of living creatures, or fymbolical figns^ to denote the bravery and courage either of theic chief or nation, to render themfelves the more terrible * to their enemies., and even to difiin- guifh themfelves or families, as furnames do individuals. The famous Cornelius Agrippa, in his Tr&atife of the Vanity of Sciences, chap. 8 1, has colle(3:ed many inftances of thefe marks of diftindlion, anciently borne by king doms and ftates that were any way civilized -f* ; namely, * Plut.vch, in the life oi Marius, obferves, that it was for that purpofe the Ciir.hri and Teutoncs, the ancient inhabitants of the countries now called Jutland and Lo-ccer Saxony, bore the figures ' of fierce animals- or birds on their fliields, helmets, pennons, ban ners, i^c, f Other countries lefs civilized, in imitation of their -neigh bours, followed their examples hy degrees, and fo the Scythiant painted a Thunderbolt on their fhields ; the CoraW, a people of Fciuis, bore two Wheels ; the Ferfaiis, who ufed Bows and Ar rows, had them for their enfigns i the Phrygians carried a Ssvine for theirs j l5c. The Egyptians, The Athenians, The Romans, The Goths, The Danes, The Saxons, ORIGIN OF Arms. an Ox; an Oic/; an Eagle ; a Bear; a Raven ; a Horfe. The laft, which is a moft: warlike creature, is ilill borne in the paternal Coat-of-arms of his prefent Britannic Majefty. As to hereditary Coats-of-arms of families, William Camden, Sir Henry Spe-lman, and other. judicious heralds, agree, that they began no fooner, than toward the latter end of the eleventh century. Ac cording to Father Meneftrier'% opinion, a French writer, whofe authority is of great v^eight in this matter, Henry I'Oifekur, the falconer, who was raifed to the imperial throne of the Weft in 920, by regulating tournaments in Ger many, gave occafion to the eftablifhment of family Arms, or hereditary marks of honour, which undeniably are more ancient, and bet ter obferved among the Germans, than in any other nation. Moreover, this laft author (F. MeneflrierJ afferts, that with tournaments firft , B3 6 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. came up Coats-of arms *, which were a fort of livery, made up of feveral lifts, fillets, or nar row pieces of ftufF, of divers colours, from whence came the Fefs, the Bend, the Pale, &c. which were the original charges of family Arms ; for they who never had been at tour naments, had not fuch marks of diftind:ion. They who inlifted themfelves in the croijades, which were expeditions undertaken againft the Turks, for the recovery of the Holy-land, took up alfo feveral new figures hitherto unknown in armorial enfigns ; fuch as Alerions, Bezants, Efcalop-fhells, Martlets, &c. but more parti cularly Crofi^es, of different colours for diftinc- tion fake. From this may be concluded that Heraldry, like moft human inventions, was in- fenfibly introduced and eflablifhed; and that * The terms Mazon and blazonry may alfo be faid to have been borrowed from thofe honorable exercifes, for the mofl general, as well as the moft rational, opinion is, that it is derived from the German word blafen, which fignifies to found a horn or trumpet; be- caufe the knights' and nobles who carne to enter the lifts af tourna ments, caufed fuch an inftrument to be founded to prodaim their arrival ; whereupon the heralds founded alfo their trumpets, and then difplayed and defcribed the coat-of-arms of the tilters alouej. See the articles of Tournamenls and Jufls in the Diftionary which is annexed to this Treatife. ORIGIN OF ARMS. J after having been rude and unfettled for many ages, it was at laft methodifed, perfedled, and fixed, by the croifades and tournaments. Thefe marks of honour are called Arms, from their being principally and firft worn by mi litary men at war and tournaments, who had them engraved, emboffed, or depidled on fhields, targets, banners, or other martial in- ftruments. They are alfo ,palled Coats-of-arms, from the cuftom of the ancients embroidering them on the tunics and furcoats, which they wore over their Arrns, as the heralds do to this day, on public ceremoqies. B 4 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. C H A P. II. OF THE DIFFERENT SORTS OF ARMS. ARMS ferving, as I have mentioned be fore, to denote ftates, cities, families, &c. are, for that reafon, diftinguifhed by divers names; as, ARMS '. Of Dominion, Of Pretenfon, Of Conceffon, Of Community, Qf Patronage, Of Family, Of Alliance, Qf Succeffion. Arms of Dominion or Sovereignty, are thofe which Emperors, Kings, and foyereign ftates do cpnftantly bear j being, as it were, annexed to the territories, kingdoms, and provinces, they pofTefs. Thus the three Lions are the Arms of England; the Fleurs-de-lis thofe of France, &c. ^ Arms of Pretenfion, are thofe of fuch king doms, provinces, or territories, to which a DIFFERENT fiORTS OF ARMS. 9 Prince or Lord has fome claim, and whkh he adds tp his own, although the faid kingdoms or territories be pofiTeffed by a foreign Prince or another Lord. Thus the. Kings of England , have quartered the Arms of Franc-e with their own *, ever fince Edward III, laid claim to the kingdom of France, which happened in the, year 1340, on account of his being fori of Ifabella, fiftcr to Charles the Fair, vdio died without iffue. Arms' of Concefjion or Augmentation, are either entire Arms, or elfe one or more figures given by Princes, as a reward for fome eminent fervice. We read in hiftory that Robert Brude, King of Scotland, allowed the Earl oi Wintoiin to bear, in his Coat-of-arms, a falling crotan fupported by a fword; to fhow that he, "and the * -It is recorded by William Wyrley, in his True ufe of Armo ries, London edition, 1599. \hs.t Jacques d''Arle'uelle-, a citizen of Ghent, who had great authority in Flajiders, under K"mg' Ed- luard III, was the contriver of this quartering. Others mention, that the aforefaid King Edivard was put upon it by Robert, Earl of Artois ; but let it be as it will, this! occafioned the following verfes, which were made on Edward's fide : Rex fim regnorum bind ratione duorum, Anglorum regni rex fum ego jun faterno, Matris jure quidem, Francorum nuncupor idem ', Mine eft armorum varialio faaa mcorum. IO ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. clan of Seaton, of which he was the head, fup ported his tottering crown. Likewife, that Queen Anne granted to Sir Cloudefly Shovel, Kt. Rear Admiral of Great Britain *, a Chevron be tween two Fleurs-de'-lis in Chief, and a Crefcent in Bafe, to denote three great victories he had gained; two 6ver the French, and one over the Turks. And that his prefent Majefty, in confideration of the glorious defence of Gibral-r tar, in 1782, granted to Sir George Augufius Eliott, the governor, when he created him Lord Heathfield, the armorial enfign of that celebrated fortrefs, as an honorable augmenta tion to his paternal Arms. Arms oi Community, are thofe of bifhoprics, cities, univerfities, academies, focieties, com panies, and bodies corporate. Arms of Patronage, are fuch as governors of provinces, lords of manors, patrons of be nefices, &c. add to their family Arms, as a token of their fuperiority, rights, and jurif- didtion. * The grandfather of the Right Honorable Robert Marjham, liOrdRoMNEY ; whole father married Elifabeth, daughter and co- heirefs of this Admiral, who was caft away, on the Rocks of Scilly, the 22d of Oftober 1707.. different SORTS OF ARMS. II Arms of Family, or Paternal Arms, arc thofe that diftinguifh one particular family from another ; and rio perfon can affume them without committing a crime, which fovereigns have a right to reftrain and punifh. Arms of Alliance, are thofe which families, or private perfons, join to their own, to denote the alliances they have contracted by marriage. This fort of Arms is either impaled or borne ia an Efcutcheon of Pretence, by thofe that have married heireftfefs : fee Chap. viii. obferv. i. and iv. Arms of Succeffion, are fuch as are taken up by thofe who inherit certain eftates, manors, Off. either by will, entail, or donation; and which they quarter with their own. Thefe being the eight claffes under which the divers forts of Coats-of-arms are generally ranged, I fhall only add, that blazoners call Affumptive Arms, fuch as are taken up by the caprice or fancy of upftarts, though of never fo mean extraftion, who being advanced to a de gree of fortune, either affume fome, without having deferved them, or appropriate to them felves thofe of any family whofe name they hap- 12 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. pen to bear *. This, indeed, is a great abufe of Heraldry ; but yet fo common, an-d fo much tolerated, almoft every where, that little or no notice is taken of it, and in procefs of time be come true marks of diftiajftipn. It were there fore to be wifhed, that this praftice could be reformed, as it is one of the chicfeft reafo-ns that will bring into difgrace fo honorable an or der as the bearing of Coats-of-arms. * Coats-of-arms, alluding to the names ofthe bearers, may, ge nerally fpeaking, be confidered in the fame light ; they are called in French, Armes parlantes, and in Englifh, Canting Arms, and fometimes Rebufes : Thus among the French, du Poirier bears ; Or, a Pear-tree Argent, Among the Germans, Schilfted bears ; Argent, a Sledge Sable, Among the Italians, Colona bears ; Gules, a Column Argent, Great Britain and Ireland afford alfo many ex amples of Canting Arms. In England, for the name of Arundel are fix SxW/oius, this name being derived from the French word Uronddk, a fwallow : for that of Corbet, a Ru'-ven, which name is likewife derived from the French word corbeau, a raven : for that of Tyriuhitt, tliree Pewits or Lapwings, on account of the particu lar cry of thofe birds, which is nearly fimilar to the utterance of that name. In Scotland, for the name of Camel is a Camel, for which ksfl. xvi. Fig, i : for that of Peacoch, a Peacock. In Ire land, the family c^i Butler bore three covered Cups, to exprcfs the office of Great Butler, with which a family of that name was for merly honoured ; more examples of fuch Arms are mentioned in Chap. V. which treats of Common Charges borne in Coats-of-arpis, >tol.. . ESXJimCHEOW^o Fa^e 73, ESCUTCHEONS. ^3 CHAP. III. SF THE ESSENTIAL AN'D INTEGRAL PARTS OF ARMS. HAVING given the definition of Arms, fhoWn their antiquity, and enumerated their divers kinds; it is neceffary to prPceed now to the knowledge of their effential and in tegral parts, which are, The Escutcheon, The Charges, The Tinctures, The Ornaments. ARTICLE I. of the ESCUTCHEON, OR SHIELD. THE Escutcheon, or Shield, fignifies the Field, or Ground, on which are reprefented the figures that make up a Coat-of-arms ; for thefe marks of diftindtion were put on bucklers or fhields, before they were placed on banners, llandards, flags, and coat-armour : and wherever S 14 elements of heraldry. they may be fixed, they are ftill on a plane or fuperficies, whofe form refembles a fliield. Shields, in Heraldry called Efcutcheons, or Scutcheons, from the Latin word fcutum, have been, and ftill are of different forms, according to different times and nations. Among ancient Shields, I find, that fome have been almoft like a horfefhoe, fuch as is reprefented in Plate I. Fig. i ; others triangu lar, fomewhat rounded at the bottom ; fee Fig. 2. The people that inhabited Mefopofamia, now called Diarbeck, made ufe of this fort of Shield, which, it is thought, they had of the Trojans. Sometimes the Shield was heptago- nal, that is, had feven fides ; fee Fig. 3 . The firft of this fliape is faid to have been ufed by that valiant Triumvir Mark Antony, who is no lefs famous for his courage, than his amorous intrigues with Cleopatra Queen of Egypt. That of -Knights Bannerets was fquare *, like a * There are fome families in Europe, which ftill bear their Arms in fhields of this form ; as that of Perez, in Spain, on ac count of one of the anceftors recalling the fcattered army, by put ting up his handkerchief as a ftandard ; and that of de Courcy, in Prance, for having reaffembled the army with a piece of his cloak, cut like a banner : fee under the word Banner, in the Diftionary annexed to this Treatife. ESCUTCHEONS. ir banner ; fee Fig. 4. Thefe Knights belonged formerly to an ancient military order, an ac count of which is given in the Dictionary an nexed to this Treatife. There have been fome other kinds of ancient Shields, which, for bre vity fake, I fhall omit. As to modern Efcutcheons, thofe of the //^-' Hans, particularly of ecclefiaftics, are generally oval or round; fee Fig. 5, and 8. Thei En- glijh, French, Germans, and other nations, have their Efcutcheons formed different ways, ac cording to the engraver or painter's fancy; fee the various examples contained from Fig. 6, to 16, inclufively. But the Efcutcheon of maids, widows, and of fuch as are born ladies, and are married to private gentlemen, is, or ought to be, in the form of a lozenge*. Stt Fig. ij, 18, 19, 20. Sir G. Mackenzie mentions one Muriel, Countefs of Strathern,' who bore , her Arms in the form of a lozenge, in the year 1 284, which fhows that Heraldry has been long eftablifhed in this ifland. * This may have been originally zfufil, or fusee as it is called in French ; it is a figure longer than a lozenge, and fignifies Afpinilt, which is a woman's inftrument : fee Fusit. i6 elements of heraldry. Armorifts diftinguifh feveral parts or points in Efcutcheons,' in ordier to determine exactly the pofition of the Bearings, with which they are charged. They are here denoted by the firft ninfe letters of the alphabet, ranged in the following manner : The Points of the Escutcheon. — the dexter Chief. -^the midde Chief. - — thefinifter Chief. — the Honour point. A ED F C u H I A- B- C-D-E the Fefs point. F — '¦ — the Nombril point. G the dexter Bafe. M. the middle Bafe, I — — -thefinifter Bafe. The knowledge of thefe points * is of great importance, and ought to be well obferved ; * French armorifts differ a little, in this cafe, from the Englip ; for in order to mark the divers points of the Efcutcheon, they range the fame nine letters in the following manner j B D E in Chief, FAG in Fefs, and H C I in Bafe ; and the letters F and G are called the two Flanks, which are points the Enp^lifh do not obferve. But either of thefe .diftributions appears ftill deficient to fuch as are fond of exaftnefs and perfpicuity, for fix more dif- Mati U. TlHU.TIIJKEJS: tinctures. 17 for they are frequently occupied with feveral thirigs of different kinds : and it is here proper, moreover, to take nptice, that the dexter fide of the Efcutcheon anfwers to the left-hand, and the finifler fide to the right-hand of the perfon that looks on it. ARTICLE II. , OF THE TINCTURES. NEXT to the Shield, we are to confidcr the various Tindlures that are laid on it, and on the Bearings with which it is charged. By TinBures is meant that variable hue, in Coats-of-arms, which is common to both Shields and their Bearings. It is diftributed into Colours and Furs. SECT. L OF COLOURS. THE word Colour, though it fhould only be faid of the external die with which any thing tinft parts' of the Efcutcheon could admit of charges; namely, the dexter Honour, the fmifter Honour, the dexter Fefs, the fimfter Fefs, the dexter Nombril, and the linifter Nombril. c 1 8 elements of heraldry. is coloured or ftaii^ed, is nevertheiefs expreffed,! ip Hera.ld.ry, by certain, technical names of Me-' t-als- and Colours., which have either fome refem^. blance or aftjnity. to it; and, as thefe names,' as weJi as moft terms ufed ia blazoning Coats-;- of-arms, are French, it may, therefore, be rea- fonably prefumed, that this Science was either improved or perfedjed by the French, whofe language, fays Gibbon, in his IntroduSiio ad Latinam- Blafoniam, page 3, was acknowledged to be heraldorum lingua, among ancient heralds. In the former editions of thefe Elements, I had alfo adopted, after the example oi %'\x John Ferne, and other ancient writers -on Heraldry, the names of particular Precious Stones and Pla nets, in order to make a difiinflion in the bla zoning of Coats-of-arms, between the dififerent- degrees of their refpedlive Bearers ; namely, the Precious Stones, which were Topaz^ Pearl, Ruby, Sapphire, Emerald, Amethyfl, Diamond, &c. ferved to denote Or, Argent, Gules, Azure, Vert, Purpure, Sable, Sec. when the Arms belonged to noblemen ; and the Planets, which were Sol, Luna, Mars, Jupiter, Venus, Mercury, Saturp,^ &c,, to indicate the, fame Co- colours. 19 lours, when the Arms belpnged td fovereign Princes: but thefe twp fantaftical ways pf biazdning b^ing totally exploded, by modern heralds, 'as- unneceffary for the effential princi ples of this fcience, I have omitted them in this. The Cdlours made ufe of, at prefent, in bla zoning Coats-of-arms, arehine; narnely. Or Argent Gtiles- -t ; Azure. \ - Vert ¦ PurpureSable Tenne Sanguine The laft two Colours are feldorh to be met with in Coats-of-arms, being confidered by fome heralds zsfiainant, that is, fuch as fhould be ufed for marks of difgrace in the bearers ; yet there are examples of them to be found even in England. Guillim quotes two Englifh fa milies, which he calls Hounzaker TLnA Finers, C2 Yellow 1 • White Red '2 Blue 11 1 Green Purple Black Orange Miirrey b 20 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. that have borne Tenne a long time in their Arms; and the laft belonged formerly to the Prince of Wales; therefpre tP rejed them would be unreafonable. Moft, armorifts of all nations are very prolix on the nature, properties, allufions, arid myfti*- cal fignifications of heraldic Tinifturesj and others difpute about. the dignity and excellency, of Colours, pretending that fome arc nobler than the others, allowing the preeminence to black, becaufe darknefs was on the face of the Earth in the chaos ; and white the next, be caufe God faid^^^ lux. But fuch inquiries and reafonings being foreign to my defign, I fhall take no further notice of them, but proceed to fliow how Tindlures, when not laid on Coats- of-arms, are reprefented in engravings and cuts *. Or, which fignifies gold, and in colour yel~ low, is expreffed by points or dots ; as repre-> fented in Plate II, Fig. i. — The precious ftone * Father Silvcfier de Petra Sanaa, an Italian writer, whole trea- tJAi on Heraldry (Tef^,-ie GettfU.iie) would be very iuitrnfiive, was it not fo full of odd, uncouth, and cramp Latin term?, is faid to have been the > ingenious contrive; of diflinguiihing thefe Tinc tures or Colour? in engravings and cuts. COLOURS. 21 to which this Tindture was formerly compared, was Topaz ; and the planet Sol. Argent, which fignifies ^/^/iJ^r, and in co lour white, needs np mark, and therefore is left plain; as in Fig. 2. — The precious ftone com pared to this Tindture was Pearl ; and the pla net, Luna. GuLes, which fignifies r^^ is expreffed by perpendicular lines, drawn from the Chief to the Bafe; as in Fig, 3. — rThe jjrecipus ftone was Ruby ; and its planet. Mars, Azure, which fignifies blue, is marked by horizontal lines, or lines parallel tp the Chief; as in Fig 4.-T-Its precious flone W3S Sapphire-, and the planet, Jupiter, Vert, which fignifies green, is reprefented by diagonal lines, drawn from tHe dexter to the finifter fide of the Shield; as in Fig. j.-r-Its precious ftone was Emerald \ and tljie planet, Venus, - Purpure, which denotes purple, is expref fed by diagonal lines drawn contrary to thofe fpr Vert^ that is, from the finifter to the dexter fide; as in Fig. 6. — The precious ftone wa? Almethyfl ; and the planet. Mercury, C3 22 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. Sable, which figniB.es black, is exprefifed by horizontal and perpendicular lines croffin^ each other; as in Fig. 7.— .The precious flone to this colour was Diamond; and the planet, Saturn. Tenne, which is the tav/ny or orange colour,. is marked by diagonal lines drawn from the dexter to the finifter fide, traverfed by perpen dicular lines ^ as in Fig^. 8. — The precious ftone yN'Si.s, Hyacinth ; and inftead of a planet the I)r^- goris head. Sanguine, vi^hich is the darkly red ox mur rey colour, is reprefented by lines croffing each other diagonally on both, .fidps, that is, from the dexter to the finifter, and from the finifter \o the dexter. fide; as in.i^;^. 9. — The precipus flone to this colour was Sardonyx ; and inftead of a planet, the Z)7'^^o«;j- ,/a/7 was appropriated to it, which, in its workings and movings, keeps a conftant courfe in the zodiac as planets do. Befide thefe Tindlures, there are nine RoKH- dles or Romdelets ufed in Heraldry, the names of which are fufficient, in blazoning, to denote their colour, without exprefting the fame. ROUNDLES.' 23 They are reprefented in Fig. 10. and are deno- niinated as under. "Befanfs Plates Torteaux Hurts ¦¦'" Pommes Golpes '¦ Pellets Oranges'- Guzes"-': Or o iu u ArgentGules ..¦Oil Azure - ' ' -. ' as Virt « '--^ ':.¦'! r,'. PurpUre ' "' ' '' no Tenne Sanguine. Thefe Roundles are borne in Coats-of-arms, as other charges are, of wliich an example is in Fig.- 1 1 ; -which is to, be .blazoned thus : Argent, ten Torteaux, 4, -:, 2, 1 ; " the armo- rial erifign of the bifhopric^ of WoRceSTiR *. They are likewife borne on Borders, as in Plate III, Fig. 16 and 19.' "' " -¦""'^"' The firft in ftance I have met with, ,, of • co lours being thus reprefented, for Englifh Coats- of-arms, is in a print of the warrant fpir the * The diocefe^ of Worcefler comprehends the whole count.)j, of Worcefler, and part of Wafwickfl/ire,. wherein are 241 parifties, of which 71 are impropriations ; and. for the government of.them, there is but one archdeacon, which is that of Worcefler. C4 24 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY, execution of King Charles I, in which the Tindures of the Arms, in feveral of the feals> are expreflfed with fuch different lines, as are now ufed l?y engravers, to fignify the fame co-? lours. All the publicatipns of EngUfh heralds and antiq^ar|ans, before that period, having, in their cuts, the Tindtures of the Arms denoted only by their initial letters ; as O for Of, A arr gent, B blue or azure, S fable, V ruert, &c. which may be feen in the works pf Upton, Leigh, Camdeni pugdale, Milles, and others. SECT. II. PF FURS AND VARIEGATED COLOURS. FU|IS, which represent the hairy fkins 6f certain beafl:s * prepared for the doublings qf TObes and garnients pf f^ate, are ipffed in Heral- • The two little animals, from which the different kinds of Furs ufed in Heraldry talte their names, are the j^rmine a.-.^ the f'air. The firft is an amphibious beaft fornewhat like a weefel, whofe fltin being extremely white and foft, makes a very rich fur. Pliny fays, it is the fkin of a fort of Armenian rat, called in Latin Mus Pon. ticits; that is, a rat of Pontus, in Afia Minor; though I think Mus Armenim a more proper expreffion. The furriers ifpot its flcin with feiall l^ack tufts, taken either out of the tail of that animal, o»- the Ikin of a cat. The Fair is a little creature called by the Latins furs; 2^ dry, not only for the linings pf the mantles, and pther prnaments pf the Shields, but alfp in Cpats-of-arms. Their different kinds, and other variegated cplpurs, are comprifed under the fpllpwing denominatipns ; White, Vair, Ermine, Qounter-vair, Ermines, Vair- en-point. Erminitef, Cheeky, Erminoif, Company, Pean, Potent-counter- potent. White, the natural cplpur of a little animal ^called erminey is only to be termed fo, when it is ufed for the doubling of, mantles ; for, as to fhe Field, or in the blazpning pf Coats-of-arms, it muf^ be named Argent, &c. See page, 19. Ermine, is a Field .4^^^^/, with fmall fppts Sable, in the form of little triangles-, which, ia Heraldry, are called ^oWm^g-. See F/^. 12. •varus ; fome fay it is a kind pf polecat, found in the Eatl and in Africa, whofs fkin is white under the belly, and bluilh gray on the back ; and when the liead and feet of that bead are taken from its Ikin, it refembles much the figure of Fair ufed in Heraldry : but Sir John Ferne, in his Glory of Generofity, derives the name of this Tinfture from the French word imrie, on account ofthe change which it confifts of. 26 ELEMENTS- OF HERALDRY. Ermine's, is a Field Sa&k, with the powder ing Argent ; as in Fig. 13. ErminlTes, is almoft: the fame as Ermine, as it only differs from it, in having a red hair on each fide of the black *. :i.: . . .,, Erminois, is when the Field is Or, and the powdering Sable; as in Fig. 14. Pean, is when the Field is Sable, and the powdering Or; as in Fig. 15. Vair, is oi Argent didd Azure, ov elk Azure and Argent, but where the matter is doubtful the metal iS to have the preeminence. It "is re prefented by the figures of;, little bells or cups reverfed, ranged in a line, in fuch , a manner th^t the Bafe- argent ist oppofite to the Bafe- azure. See Fig. 16. , ..'. But it is to be obferved, that if the Vair be of different Tindlures, and-not jointly of Ar gent, and Azure, that variation muft be expref fed in blazoning, and you muft fay Vairy, of whatever Tin<9ture it is of: Example, Vary, .* By the definition of thefe Tindures or Furs, it plainly appears how precife a- perfon (hould be in the blazoning of them ; when fb fmall a difference, as the colour of one hair, and which cannot be reprefented inan engraving of this kind, fhall conftitute a diftiridi! Coat-of-arms. - u. VARIEGATED CpL0U-R:S. gf Ermine and Gules, borne by the name.pf .Gjt-ESr r|;Y, and is the. paternal Coat-of-arms ,of Sir Bowyer Nigel Gresley of Drakelow, in Der^ ^yPiire, BUrt. See Fig. ly. -, ,. Counter-vair, is when J^air* pf .the .-faois Tindure, is placed bafe againft ibafc, and 'ftoitit againft point; as in Fig. i8. Vair-en- point, is when the point of a Vair is oppofite to the bafe of another;: as in Fig. 19. Cheeky and Company, are both formed of fmall fquares of alternate 'ii^^/(2/.f and Colours; {ee Fig. 8, 9, ip,-^nd 11, w^ierein ithjeii-ccha- radteriftic difference is ma,de pbivious. , ' - P otent-cai^nter-potent , is when the Field, ' or any Charge, 'is .covered with figures formed' like crutch-beads, . which are termed, in Heraldry, Patents^, and counter-placed ; fee Fig^ 2Q- ,,_ It may not be improper to obferve, that; ,th^_ ufe of thefe Tiaflures took its rife /rem ;th|' feveral colours worn by warriors, while they * Potent is aii obfolete .word,' which fignifies a crutch, as it ap pears in Chaucer' i Romaunt ofthe Rofe : v. 7417. , ., "" About his necke he bare a l>ibh. And fquyirly for the gan hegon^ -- And -for to refi his limmes upon '. He had oftrefon a potent ; , As he luerefeble' his i:ty per Crofs, than when it is parted or party per Saltier, -viKxch. expreffionl alfo think preferable to defcribe the divifioh of Fig. 2 ; but feveral writers of repute having ufed them ihdifcriminately is my reafon for admitting of both. 1 2 3 4 - J 'h. V^J_^ 32 elements of heraldry. The Efcutchepn is fpmetimes divided into a greater number pf parts, in order to place in it the Arms pf the feveral families to which one is allied ; and in this cafe it is called a Genealo gical Achievement. Thefe divi- 3 fions may confift of 6, 8, 12, or 16 quarters, as in JP^^. 3, and even fometimes of 20, 32, 64 and upward; there being examples of fuch divifions fre quently exhibited at pompous funerals *. Sir George Booth, the prefent redlor of the valuable living of Afhton-under-line, bears fix diftind Coats-of-arms in his Shield; namely, thofe for Booth, Barton, Venables, Mountfort, AJh- ton, Egerton; and has befides, a right to thirty-feven other Coat : but Sir IVilliam Dugdale\ very juftly objedts to fo many Arms • An inftance of this kind was exhibited at the funeral of Vif- countefs Tcu-npend, in 1770, whofe corpfe was brought from Dubli.n-caftle in Ireland, to Raynham-hall in Norfolk ; one of the prin^pal tenants, on horfeback, carrying before the hearfe a ge nealogical banner, containing the quarterings of his lordlliip and ladylhip's family, to the amount ^f upward of one hundred a.idftxt^ Ceattref-arms, > t See his Ancient Ufage of Bearing Arms, page i z. DIFFERENCES. 33 being cluftered together in one fhield or ban ner, on account of the difficulty of difcerning and knowing afunder one Cpat-of-arms from another. , ARTICLE IV. OF THE DIFFERENCES OF COATS-OF-ARMiS. ARMORISTS have invented divers Differ ences, or chara(fieriftical marks, whereby Bearers of the fame Coat-of-arms, are diftinguifhed each from others, / and their nearnefs to the principal Bearer demonftrated. J. Guillim fays thefe Differences are to be confidered, either as ancient or modern. SECT. I. OF ANCIENT DIFFERENCES. THE ancient Differences, according to Guil lim, cpnfift in Borders; which is a Bearing that gpes all rpund, and parallel tp the boundary pf the Shield, in the fprm pf a hem, and cpntains D 34 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. one fifth part of the Field in breadth. They were ufed in ancient times to diftinguifli one nation or tribe from another, and alfo to note a diverfity between particular perfons, defcend- cd of one family, ^d from the fame parents *. This diftindlion, however, was not exprefsly fignified by unvariable marks ; nor were Borders always appropriated to denote the different de grees of confanguinity; for, as Sir Henry Spelman obferves in his Afpihgia, page 140, ancient heralds being fond of perfpicuous Differences, often inverted the paternal Tindlure, or fome- tinies inferted another charge in the Efcutcheon, fuch as Bends, Croflets, Cantons, or the like ; which irregularity has, I- fuppofe, induced modern armorifts to invent and make ufe of others. There are Borders of different forms and tinftures; and they are fubjeft to various Charges, as will appear by the following de- Icrip tions. » Borders have likewife been introduced into Englifh Coats-of- arms, for particular reafons, which are not to. be mentio"ned here. They are by the French frequently taken for a ptiucipaljgure, and numbered aimor^ tlie Ordinaries. ¦ .1 Ftaftflll. BORIDERS -Pa^'e 3S SorDers. 35 EXAMPLES OF BORDERS BORNE WITH COATS-OF-ARHiS ! See Plate III, .wherein they are delineated. THE firft is Sable, a Border Argent ; borne by the Right Hon. Sackville Tufton, Earl of Thanet, Baron Tufton, 8ec. whofe paternal Coat-of-arms is Sable, an Eagle difplayed Er mine, within fuch a Border.— When a Bdrder is plain, you are not to mention it, as it is al ways underftood fo in Heraldry, tjjough it be not expreffed ; but, w^hen it has any other forrn, it muft be mentioned. The fecond is Gules ^ . a Border engrdiled Ar gent ; borne by the Right Hon. William Gray ^ Lord Gray, in Scotland, &c. whofe paternal Coat-of-arms is Gules, a Lion rampant Argenti within fuch a Border. — This is called engrailed frpm the French word engrele, which fignifies a thing upon which the hail has fallen and broken off the edges, leaving it with little femi- cireles ftruck out of it: fee the two next eX'^ amples, for a greater illuftra tion. Da 36 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. The third is Gules, a Border engrailed Or ; borne by the Right Hon. Charles Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, Baron Talbot, &c. whofe paternal Coat-of-arms is Gules, a Lion rampant Or, within fuch a Border. — You muft obferve, that in a Border formed of thefe lines, the points are reprefented, on ail fides, toward the centre of the Field, and the femicircles turned toward the outer parts of the Efcutcheon.. The fourth is Argent, a Border invested A- zure. — This charge is quite contrary to the preceding ; but, a Border formed of thefe lines, is hardly to be met with in Englifh Coats-of- arrhs. The fifth is Gules, a Border indented ./Urgent. — ^^The word indented requires yery little expla nation, the iignification being obvious to all perfons, from its figure, which is compofed of trads refembling teeth, called in Latin denies. The fixth is Azure, a Border Ermine. The feventh i-s Vert, a. Border Vair. The eighth is Ermine, a Border company. Or and Sable. — f. Guillim calls this Border gobona- ted, and others gobony, which words imply the BORDE,RS. 37 fame meaning ; but being now obfolete, they are not ufed by modern heralds. The ninth is ^arterly, \fi and \th Azure, id and 'x^d Gules, a Border compony Argent and Azure; furrounding the paternal Coat-of-arms of his Grace Henry Somerfet, Duke of Beau fort, Marquis and Earl of Worcefter, &c. which paternal Arms exhibit thofe oi Charles II;' namely France and England quartered, and; dif ferenced by the forefaid Border. The tenth is Azure, a Border counter-company Argent and Gules. — Obferve that the counter- compony does always confift of two rows of fquares, and no more. The eleventh is Or, a Border cheeky Argent and Sable. — This has a great refemblance with the laft Border, but is cpmpofed of three rows of fquares. The twelfth is Gules, a Border Argent charged with verdoy of Trefoils, or eight Trefoils, flipped proper, that is. Vert, — All nations ufe few terms in blazoning Borders ; but many Englifh armo-. rifts, in order, I fuppofe, to raife the dignity of this fcience, have perplexed it, by introdu cing into it feveral myftical names, among D3 38 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. which may be reckoned the following ones. They call a Border, if charged with eight plants, fruits, flowers, or leaves, verdoy of fuch Vegetables ; or enaluron of Birds ; enurny of Beafts ; perflew of Furs ; and entoyre of any kind of inanimate things, fuch as Stars, Befants, &c. But the moft prevalent method, at pre fent, is to fay a Border charged with Trefoils, Stars, Martlefs, &c. mentioning their number; or as in the two following examples. The thirteenth is ^arterly, ifi and ^th Gules, 2d and 2,d Or, on a Border Azure, femee of Stars Or ; borne by the Right Hon. Alexander Lind- fay. Earl of Balcarras, &c. in Scotland; whpfe Coat-of-arms confifts of a Fefs cheeky Argent and Azure, on the ift and 4th Quarter; and a Lion rampant Gules, debruifed with a Ri band Sable, on the 2d and 3d, within the fore- - faid Border. The fourteenth is ^arterly. Azure and Gules, a Border company Argent and Gules, thi firji charged with verdoy of Rofes, or eight Rofes,. of the fecond, barbed and feeded proper. — Such Border furrounds the Arms of King Charles II, as a Difference, and both conftitute the paternal Borders. 39 Coat-pf-arms of his Grace Charles Lenox, Duke pf Richmond in England, of Lenox in Scot land, of AuBiGN Y * in France ; Earl of March and Darnley, &c. Knight of the Garter, and F. R. S. The fifteenth is Ermine, with a Border en grailed Gules ; the paternal Coat-of-arms of the Right Hon. GeorgeBarnewall, Vifcount I^ings- LAND,- &c. in Ireland. — This noble family is of French extradion, and was allied to the Dukes of Little Bretagne, where the name is ftill in great repute. The fixteenth is Or, a Border engrailed Gules, charged with entoyre of Befanfs, or eight Be- * This title, which was confirmed to his Grace at Paris in 1777, is derived from Louifa Renee ds Penencourt, of Qgerouaille, a French lady, who, in the year i65o, vifited England with the Duchefs of Orleans, when her Grace came to pay a vifit to her brother Chhrles II. That amorous monarch being ftruck with her beauty, became her fuitor, which occafioned his heaping great honours uppn her ; and, at his inilance, fhe was created, by Louis XIV, in January 1683-4, Duchefs of Aubigny, in the province of Berry, vyith rcr niainder to fuch of the aforefaid King Charles' fons by her, as fhe fhould name; under the limitations, however, of doing homage to the crown of France. Charles, the firft Duke of Richmond, was her only fon by Charles II, who, being at his baptifm, gave him the fumame of Lenox. His prefent Grace is the third Duke of Richmond, from that origin ; and his paternal Coat-of-arms is that of Charles II ; namely, tlie Arms of France and England quartered, 'end difference^ by the forefaid Border. D4 4P ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. fants ; furrounding the Coat-of-arms for the name of Corbett, which is Or, two Ravens proper. The feventeenth is Party per-pale Argent and Gules, a Border charged with eight Efcalop-fhells of the fame, cdunterchanged ; this being the pa ternal Coat-of-arms of the Right Hon. fohn Maide, Earl of Panmure, ^c. in Ireland. This family derives its origin and furname from the town and lordfhip of Maule in Nor mandy, where the fame Arms were, a few years ago, to be feen in that parifh church. The eighteenth is Azure, a Border quarterly, the firft and fourth Ermine, the fecond and third (ounter-company Argent and Azure. The nineteenth is Purpure, a Border company Or and Guks, the lafi charged with entoyre of Be fants. The twentieth is ^arterly Or and Gules, •within a Border Vert, charged with eight Efca- lop-fliells Or. I will conclude this Section witTi obferving, that a Border is never of Metal upon Metal, and feldom of Colour upon Colour, but rather of the Tindture which the principal Bearing or borders. 41 Charge is of; though fome Borders have no re ference to the Charge : thus. Sir Dalziel of Gl-nae, Bart, whofe predeceffor was a younger brother of the noble family of Carnwath, has, within a Border Argent, the paternal Coat-of- arms of the ancient name of Dalziel; which is Sable, a naked Man with his arms and tegs ex tended proper : formerly, this family bore this Charge hanging on a gallows. — This bearing, though fo very fingular for a Coat-of-arms, ,.was given as a reward to one of the anceftors of the late Robert Dalziel, Earl of Carnwath, to perpetuate the memory of an exploit performed in taking down, from a gallows, the body of a fayourite and near relation of King Kenneth it, hung up by the Pidts ; which ftory is thus re lated by Alexander Nifbet : " The King being exceedingly grieved that the body of his minion and kinfman ftiould be fo difgracefully treated, he proferrcd a great rev/ard to any of his fuh- jedts who would adventure to refcue his corpfe from the difgrace his cruel enemies had unjuftly put upon them ; but when none would under take this hazardous enterprize,' at laft a valorous gentleman came and faid to the King, dalziel ; 42 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. which, in the old Scots language, fignifies / dare ; and he did adtually perform that noble exploit to the King's fatisfadlion and'his own immortal honour, and in memory of it, got the aforefaid remarkable bearing ; and, afterward his ppfterity tpok the word dalziel for their fur- name, and the interpretation of it, / dare, con tinues even to this day to be the motto of that noble family". We can have no better propf of the truth of this tradition, than this, that the heads of this ancient family have, for many ages, retained the forefaid Bearing. SECT. IL OF MODERN DIFFERENCES. THE modern Differences, which ferve to diftinguifh the fons iffued out of one family, and alfo to denote the fubordinate degrees in each houfe, from the original anceftors, are pine ; namely, 3 MODERN DIFFERENCES. , 43 For the heir, or i^fon, the Label jPirnif id fon, the Crescent "Xfdfan, the Mullet 'AfSxfon, the Martlet ^thfon, the Annulet tih fon, the Fleur-de-lis fjthfon, the Rose Zthfon, the Cross-moline gihfon, the Double Quater-foil ^#! By the firft fix of thefe Differences are the fix fons of Thomas Beauchamp, the 15 th Earl of Warwick, who died in the 34th year of King Edward III, diftinguifhed, in an old window pf St. Mary's church, at Warwick; fo that^ althpugh they are called modern differences, their 44 elements of heraldry. ufage is fo ancient, that their origin cannot ex- adtly be traced : Camden places it in the reign of Richard I ; but this is controverted. It muft be obferved, that of all the fore- men tioned marks of diftindlion, none but the Label is affixed on the Coat-of-arms belonging to any of the royal family *, which the introducers of this peculiarity have, however, thought proper to difference by additional pendants and diftindl charges on them. As to the diftindlion to be made in the Coat- of-arms of the offsprings belonging to each of the abovementioned brothers, it is clearly ex preffed by figures on the top and margin of the Table of Houses contained in Plate IV. For inftance : * This is a very ancient practice, for y. Torh, quotes feveral inftances of it; namely, in page loo, that o{ Edmund, furnamed Langley, who bore ^arterly, France and England, on a Label of three points Argent, three Torteaux •, and, in page 70, the Arms of Thomas, Duke of Clarence, the fecond fon of Henry IV, are thus blazoned, France and England quartersd, on a Label of three points Ermine, three Croffes Gules, Sir J, Ferne fays, that when Heraldry grew to a greater perfeftion, there was allowed to each brother his particular and proper difference, according to his priority of birth, 'and that, for fome refpedt, no other but the Labels were afcribed to the Arms of the royal family. Lacie's Nobility, page 47. Lor.d. edition 1586. mi,N. TaBIiE ofHouSTES&c; >^^-«- MODERN DIFFERENCES. 45 The heir or firft fon of the fecond houfe, bears a Crefcent montant, charged with a Label during his father's life only. The fecond fon of the fecond houfe, the like Crefcent, charged with another Crefcent. The third fon of the fecond houfe, a Crefcent charged with a Mul let. The fourth fon of the fecond hpufe, a Crefcent charged with a Martlet *. The fifth fon of the fecond houfe, a Crefcent charged vjfith an Annulet. The fixth fon of the fecond houfcj a Crefcent charged with a Fleur-de-lis ; and fo on of the other fons : and, in thefe com binations. Metal may be put upon Metal, and Colour upon Colour ; which, in all other cafes, is falfe Heraldry, as I have obferved before in page 28. , In what part of the Efcutcheon thefe Differ ences fliould be borne is not certain ; for Guillimi Morgan, and pthers, give us many different ex amples of their pofition. The Honour-point would be, in my opinion, the moft proper * Several Writers, both iFrench and Englifh, confound this with the Alerion, as if they were the fame bird ; but the contrary ap- ' pears from good authority :feeALERiON,inthe Diftionary \yhich is annexed to this Treatife. 5 46 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. place; if the Arms would admit of it ; but that is not always the cafe, being a part that may be charged with fome figure in the paternal Coat, which cannot, with propriety, receive the difference. To avoid this difficulty, it were to be wifhed, that the Differences fhould be appended to the Bafe without the Efcut cheon, and by that means neither would the Shield be encumbered, nor fliould we miftake the Charge for the Difference, and vice versa; for there are inftances where thefe are borne as perfedl Coats-of-arms, as the examples fub- joihed to the foregoing Table of Houfes fuffi- ciently fhow it, which are to be blazoned thus : The firft is Azure, a Label Argent. — When fuch a Label is borne, as a Difference, the pen dants fignify, according to G. Leigh, that the Bearer is but the third perfon?' The dexter pendant referring to his father; the finifter, to his mother ; and the middle one, to himfelf. The fecond is Argent, a Label of five pen dants Azure ; borne by the name of Henting ton. — If a Label has more or lefs than three pendants or points, they are to be expreffed in blazoning, as in this laft example. MODERN DIFFERENCES. 47 The third is Azure, a Crefcent Argent, borne by the name of Lucy. — The reafon G. Leigh affigns, for the fecond fon's having a Crefcent for a Difference, is to fhow that he fhould in- creafe the family by adding to it riches and re putation. The fourth is Argent, a Mullet Sable, on a Chief Azure, a Fleur-de-lis Or; borne by the name of Rogers. — A Mullet, which refembles the rowfel of a fpur, was appointed for the third Ton's Difference, as G. Leigh fays, to fhow that he fhould follow chivalry. The fifth is Azure, a Fleur-de-lis Argent; for the name of Digby, and borne by the Right Hon. Henry Digby, Earl of Digby, Vifcount Colefhill, ^c. Sir Robert Digby, was the firft of this ancient family, that was created a peer of Ireland, in the 1 8th of fames I, July 29, 1620. — The Fleur-de-lis was anciently a bearing of great dignity, being reputed the no- bleft of all flowers ; and was afligned, as a Dif ference, to the fixth fon, to remind him of his duty, to his country, and his loyalty to his prince.. > 48 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. Daughters have no mark of Differences, in their Coats-of-arms, befide the form of their Efcutcheon, as I have obferved before, page 15; therefore, they are permitted to bear the Coat-of-arms of their father, even as the eldeft fon does after his father's deceafe (except thofe of the blood royal) becaufe, when they marry, they lofe their father's furname, and receive that of their hufbands. Next" to thefe Differences, or rather Dimi nutions, G. Leigh, y. Guillim, and after them Dr. Harris, in the firft volume of his Lexicon Technicum, fet forth, at large, divers figures, which, they fay, fhould always be either Tenne or Sanguine, that were formerly added to the Coat-armour of fuch as were to be punifhed and branded for cowardice, treafon, G?c. for which they give them the name of abatements of honour : but as I cannot find a fingle inftance of fuch diflionorable bearings, as they mention, in the prefent Englifh Coats-of-arms, I fhall not infert them in this Treatife * : befides, * However, Seld:n^s Treatife, on titles of honour, affords two inftances of Englifh degradations, taken from an ancient author, which the curious may confult. M. de la Cokmiiere, in his Science MODERN DIFFERENCES. 40 Arms being marks of honour,, no body would nowadays bear them, if they were fo branded; therefore they 2xe juftly exploded by all judici ous heralds. It is true, that a man may be degraded for divers crimes, particularly high treafon, rebellion, Gfj. but in fuch cafes, the, Efcutcheon is reverfed, trod upon, and torn in pieces, to denote a total extindlion and fuppref- fion of the honour and dignity of the perfon tp whom it belonged : neither, as Sir "John -Feme obferves, have his defcendafits a right to bear the fame again ; except there happen a refiora- tion, made up by the free grace of the fove reign*. Hiftory informs us that in the 17th year of Edward IV, George Nevil, Duke. of Bedford, was alfo degraded from all his ho- Heraldique, page 70, quotes two inftances of Frfench Coats-of-arms branded with infamy ; one of which is that of Johti d'A'vefnesi natural (on of Margaret', Countefs of Flanders, who having infult- ed and reviled his mother, in the prefence oi Leiois IX (commonly called St. Lenuis) king of France, was by that Prince adjudged to bear the Lion, which he had in his Coat-of-arms, difarmed; that is, without either claws or tongue. In And. Fa'vine'a Theatre of Honour and Knighthood, is particularly defcribed the ceremony of degradation among the French, the folemnity of which fufhciently denotes their high idea of Nobility ; fee Book x, chap. viii. Lond. Edit. 1623. * See his Glory of Generofity, page 267 and 276. E 50 ELEMENTS PF HERALDRY. npurs, and his titles taken frpm him, by adt pf parliament, on account of his poverty I Were the parliament to exert this ppwer invefted in them, it wpuld be one of the moft effedlual fteps they could take to prevent the diftrefs and difgrace, which debauched and gambling lords bring themfelves to; but the prefent policy does not admit of fuch fhameful degradations ; on the cpntrary, the crcwn allows a penfion to a reduced nobleman, to enable him to fubfift at leaft, if npt tP fuppprt his dignity. CHARGES. 51 CHAP. IV. OF THE CHARGES. ARMORISTS call a Charge, whatever is contained in the Field; whether it occupy the whole, or only a part thereof. All Charges are diftinguifhed by the names of Ho norable Ordinaries, Subordinate Ordinaries, and Common Charges. Honorable Ordinaries, the principal Charges in Heraldry, are made of lines only, v/hich, according to their difpofition and form, receive different names. Subordinate Ordinaries are ancient heraldic figures, frequently ufed in Coats-of-arms, and which are diftinguifhed by terms appropriated to each of them. Cpmmon Charges are compofed of celeftial^ natural, artificial, and even imaginary figures, fuch as planets, animals, vegetables, inftru- ments, &c. And, as in the treating of thefe,! there will be required a great variety of exam ples, I fhall beftow a whole chapter uppn them in its prpper place. fe 2 52 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. A R T I C L E Of HONORABLE ORDINARIES, AND THEIR DIMI NUTIVES. THE moft judicious armorifts admit only nine honorable Ordinaries * ; namely. The Chief, The Pale, The Bend, The 'Qk^V) finifler. The Fess, The Bar, The Chevron, The Cross, and The Saltier. * Several authors that have treated of Heraldry have made long and tedious inquiries into the origin and refemblance of honorable Ordinaries. The author of La Science Heraldique fa.ys, that honor able Ordinaries being laid all together on the Coat-armour, which reprefents a man's body, they would cover it entirely. That the Chief, reprefents the Helmet which covers his head: the Pale, re prefents his Lance or Spear; ihe Bend, his . long Belt ; the Fefs, his Scarf; the Che'vron, his Boots and Spars; the Crofs and 5a/- tier, his Sword. Others tell us that anciently, after a battle, the General caufed the fhields of the officers and foldiers to be brought to him, to be viewed ; and that in order to reward the valour of thofe who appeared to have fought beft, by" the ftrokes, cuts, and -flafhes they had received on their bucklers, they caufed thofe marks of honour to be depifted or engraved upon them, from whence he ralds afterward drew the Chief, Pale, Bend, Fefs, &c. chiefs. ,53 Of thefe, fix have their Diminutives, which are as follows : that of the Chief is called a Fillet; the Pale, a Pallet and Endorfe; the Bend, a Bendlet, Cotice, and Riband; the Bend- sinister, a Scarpe and Baton; the Bar, a Clofet znd Barulet; the Chevron, a Chevrone4 and Couple-clofe : all which fhall be noticed in their order. S E C T. I. OF THE CHIEF, AND ITS DIMINUTIVE. THE Chief is an Ordinary determined by a horizontal line, which, if it is of any other form but ftraight, muft be expreffed. It is placed in the upper part of the Field or Efcut cheon, and contains, in depth, the third fpace of it. Its Diminutive is a Fillet ; the breadth of which is not to exceed one-fourth of that of the Chief, and ftands in the loweft part of it ; therefore they are always of two different Tinc tures. This Ordinary is fubjedl to be charged with a great variety of figures, and may be in dented, wavy or undy, nebule, (Sc, E3 54 ^ ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY, EXAMPLES OF CHIEFS BORNE IN COATS-OF-ARMS : See Plate V, wherein they are delineated. THE firft is Or, a Chief indented Azure; for the name of Butler, and borne with a Crefcent Argent for difference *, by the Right Hon. Edmund Butler, Vifcount Mountgar- HET, Baron of Kelts, and premier, Vifcount of the kingdoni of Ireland. The moie immediate anceftor of this npble Lord was Sir Richard Butler, fecond fon of Pierce Butler, the eighth Earl of Ormond, who was created Vifcount Mauntgarret, Odloberaj, 1550, by Edward VI. The illuftrious family of the Butlers is defcended from the ancient Counts of Brian ia Normandy ; but, fince Henry II conferred the pffice of Chief Butler of Ireland upon one of * Henry Thomas Butler, Earl of Carrick, Vifcount Ikerine, and Baron Butler, bears alfo the fame Coat-of-arms, as being de fcended from John Butler fecond fon of Sir Edmund Butler ; but the creations of his titles are of a pofterior date ; namely. Baron But ler, in May 1607, by James I; Yifcount lierine, in May 1629, by Charles Ij and Eail of Carrick, in June f748, by George II. Flaie V^- t'HIEFS &c. Fage SS chiefs. ^^ them, he and his fucceffors have affumed the furname of Butler. The fecond is Azure, a Chief engrailed Or. The third is Argent, a Chief invested Vert.. The fourth is Vert, a Chief undy Or. . The fifth is Azure, a Chief nebule Argent. The fixth is Or, a Chief cheeky Argent and Azure. The feventh is Ermine, a Chief quarterly Or and Gules ; borne by the narne of Peckham. The eighth is Gules, on a Chief Sable, a Fil let Argent. The ninth is Azure, fretty Argent, a Chief Or, for the name of St. Leger ; and borne by the Right Hon. Hayes St. Leger, Vifcount DoneRaile, &c. in the county of Cork, in .Ireland, who was promoted to this title July 26, 1785. The ancient faniily oi St. Leger is of French extradlion, and is defcended from Sir Robert Sent Legere*, Knight, who, in 1066, accompanied' William Duke of Nprmandy in his expeditipn into England. - ^' .. * In a lift of the differetit officers who ferved in the armies of Oliver Cromnudl, an anceftor of this family is there mentioned un» 4ef the denomination of Sir William Sine Legfr, alias Silencer, E4 c6 ELEMENTS pF HERALDRY. The tenth is Argent, on a Chief engrailed A- zure, a-Tortaife paffant Or; bprne by the name pf BlDGOOD- The eleventh is Argent, an a Chief Gules, two Mullets pierced Or ; for the name of St. John, and borne by the Right Hon. Henry Beauchamp St. John, Lord St. John of Bletfoe, &c. Of this ancient family, which derives its furname frpm a place called St. Jean, in Nor- niandy, was John de St. John, Efq. who ha ving a principal employment in the army of the Norman Duke, attended him in his expedition into England. The progenitor of the prefent Lord, was Oliver St. John, who was created Lord St. John of Bletfoe, by Elifabeth, January 13' 1559- The twelfth is Argent, an a Chief Vert, two Spears Heads ereSl of the Field, the points im brued Gules ; for the name of Brodrick, and borne by the Right Hon. George Brodrick, Vif- " count Middleton, and Baron Brodrick of Middleton, in the county of Cork, in Ireland. This family is lineally defcended from George de Brodrick, who came into England in the reign of William II. The firft Lprd, pf CHIEFS. C^J ancient family, was Alan Brodrick, who, April 13, 17 1 5, was created Baron Brodrick, and afterward, Auguft 15, 1717, Vifcount Mid dleton, by George I. The thirteenth is Or, on a Chief Sable, three Efcalop-fhells ofthefirfi ; for the name of Gra ham, and borne quartered, one and four, by his Grace William Graham, Duke, Marquis, and Earl of Montrose, ^c. in Scotland ; Earl and Baron Graham of Belford in England, fo created by George I, May 23, 1722. The fourteenth is Argent, ^on a Chief indented Gules, three Croffes-pattee of the Field ; for the name of Perceval, and borne by the Right Hon. John James Perceval, Earl of Egmont, Vifcount Perceval, &c. in Ireland. This no ble family is fprung from a younger branch of the ancient fovereign Dukes of Bretagne in France, of the fame name. Upon the Norman ' invafion, two of them came over into England with the Conqueror, from one of which is the defcent of the prefent Earl, whofe, titles bear, the following dates : Baron Perceval, April 2 1 , 1715 ; Vifcount Perceval, February 25, 1722; pari of Egmont, November 6, 1733, in Ire- 58 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. land ; and Barpn Lovel and Holland, in Eng land, May 7, 1762. The fifteenth is Azure, on a Chief ifidented Or, three Mullets pierced Gules ; for the name of MppRE, and borne by the Moft Noble Charles Moore, Marquis and Earl of Droghe da, &c. of the kingdom of Ireland. This noble family, which is of French extradlion, came into England foon after the conqucft. The creations of this nobleman's titles are ; Lord Moore, Baron of Melifont, July 21, 1 6 1 6 ; Vifcount Moore, February 7, 1621 ; Earl of Drogheda, June 14, 1661 ; and Marquis of Drogheda, in 179 1. The fixteenth is Ermine, on ,a Chief indented Azure, three ducal coronets Or; borne by the name of Lytton. , The feventeenth is Azure, on a Chief Or, three Martlets Gules; for the name of Wray, and borne by Sir Cecil Wray, of Summer-caftle, in Lincolnfhire, Bart. The eighteenth is Ermine, on a Chief Gules ; five Lozenges ofthefirfi; borne by the name ef DiXIN. -2 chiefs. 59 The nineteenth is Argent, fretty Gules, on a Chief of the fecond, three Leopards Faces Or ; for the name of Liddell, and borne by Sir Thomas Henry Liddell, of Ravenfworth-caftle, in the county of Durham, Bart. The twentieth is Ermine, on a Chief Gules, a Fleur-de-lis, between two Boars Heads ereSl Or ; for the name of Taylor, and borne by the Right Hon. Thomas Taylor, Earl Bective, Vifcount Headfort, Baron Headfort, of Head- fort, in Ireland, and Knight of St. Patrick. The creations of this nobleman's titles are; Baron Headfort, Auguft 19, 1760 ; Vifcount Headfort, March 24, 1762; Earl Bedlive, Odlober 28, 1766. ALLEGORICAL SIGNIFICATION. The Chief is faid to fignify Dominion and Authority ; and to have been granted alfo, as a jreward fpr eminent inftanices of Wifdom. 6o elements pf heraldry. S E C T. II. OF THE PALE, AND ITS DIMINUTIVES. THE Pale is an Ordinary confifting of two perpendicular lines drawn from the Chief to the Bafe of the Efcutcheon, and occupies the third middle part of the Field ; and may, like the Chief, be engrailed, wavy, &c. which muft be cpnftantly fo expreffed. Its Diminu tives are the Pallet * which is the half of the Pale, and the Endorfe, which is the fourth part of a Pale. The Pale and the Pallet, may re ceive any charge ; but the" Eiidorfe is not to be charged . with any figure whatever. The En dorfe, befides, is never ufed, according to J. * The French do not admit this Diminutive, although they have among them a Figure like it, as in the Arms of Harlay de Beaumont, to which they give the name of Pal,^ i. e. Pale, faying D' Argent, deux Pals de Sab'e ; and thus in the Arms of Arragon, they blazon it quartre Pals, i. e. four Pales, &c. The Endorfe is likewife unknown to the French, but as it comes pretty near to what they call Fergetie, i. e. fmall rod, the third part of a Pale, in expreffing a Pale either accompanied or charged with this Eng lifh bearing, they give it the name of Fergette ; as for example, the De Noyers' Arms are thus blazoned ; d' Azure, un Pal muraille df. trcis pieces d'Or, charge d^unc fergette de Sable ; and fo forth, Flate VI, ESEES Sec PALES. 6t Leigh, but to accompany the Pale in pairs, as • Cotices do the Bend ; but Srr John Ferne is of a different opinion. EXAMPLES OF PALES, &c. BORNE IN COATS-OF-ARMS ! See Plate VI, wherein they are delineated. THE firft is Gules, a Pale Or ; for the name of Grandmain. The fecond is Party per Pale Argent and Gules, a Pale counter changed. The third is Argent, a Pale, between two En- darfes Gules. The fourth is Party per Pale, paly of fix Ar gent and Sable, the finifier fide Azure ; borne by the name of Trenchard. The fifth is Paly offix^ Or and Azure, a Can ton Ermine; for the name of Ferrars, and borne. Quarterly, • by the Right Hon. George Townjhend Ferrars, Earl of Leicester, Baron De Ferrars, &c. eldeft fon of the Moft: Noble Marquis Townfliend, &c. 62 elements op heraldry. The fixth is Argent, three Pallets undy Gules; by the name of Downes. The feventh is Party per Pale, Argent and Gules; for 'the name of Waldegrave, and borne by the Right Hon. George Waldegrave ^ Earl Waldegrave, Vifcount Chewton, ^c. This noble Earl is defcended from Sir Henry Waldegrave, who was created Lord Waldegrave, hy James \\, January 20, 1685; and Vifcount Chewton and Earl Waldegrave, by George II, September 16, 1729. The eighth is Party per Pale indented. Or and Gules; for the name of Bermingham, and borne by the Right Hon. Thomas Bermingham, Earl of LouTH, Baron of Athenry, in the county of Galway, and premier 'Baron of Ire land. This noble Lord is defcended from Wil liam de Bermingham, who was poffeffed of the town of Birmingham, in the reign o^ Henry II. He was created Earl of Louth, in April 1759, by George II. The ninth is ^arterly per Pale dovetail. Gules and Or ; for the name ^of Bromley, and borne by the Right Hon. Thomas Bromley, Lord Mont FORT, &c. This noble Lord is mater- pales. 63 nally defcended from Sir Walter Bromley, of ' Bromley, in Staffordfliire, Knight, living in the reign of King John. Sir Henry Bromley, his lordfhip's father, was created Baron Mont- fort, in the 14th of George II, May 9, 1741, and dying on January i, 1755, was fucceeded by his only fon, ^e prefent and fecond Lord of this family. The tenth is Argent, a Pale engrailed, be tween two Pallets, Sable ; for the name of Bellasyse ; and borne Quarterly, fecond and - third, by the Right Hon. Henry Bellafyfe, Earl Fauconberg, Vifcount Bellafyfe, &c. This nobleman is defcended from Bellafius or Bellafis, a Norman Knight, who came into England with William the Conqueror, and was commander in his army. The eleventh is Argent, a Pale lozengy Sa ble; borne by the name of Savage. ' The twelfth is Argent, a Pale dancette Vert ; borne by the name pf Dixpn. The thirteenth is Argent, on a Pale engrailed Sable, three Crefcents Or ; bprne by the name of Ashley *. * There is another Coat-of-arms, for the fame name, but be- 64 ELEMENtS OF HERALDRY. The fourteenth is Ermine, on a Pale engraiU ed Azure, three Lions Heads couped Or ; borne by the name of Avery. The fifteenth is Vert, m a Pale radiant Or, a Lion rampant Sable; for the name of O'Ha ra. The fame Ordinary and Charge, but dif-- ferently blazoned, that is,- Azure, on a Pale radiant Or, a Lion rampant Gules, is borne by the name of Coleman, c^" This evidently fhows that the diverfity of Tindlures is fuffi cient to conftitute divers Coats-of-arms. The fixteenth is Azure, a Pallet Argent. The feventeenth is Vert, an Endorfe Or. The eighteenth is Argent, on two Pallets Sa ble, fix Croffes-crofiets fitchy Or ; borne by the name of Betunes. The nineteenth is Argent, two Endarfes Gules, in Chief three Mullets Sable , borne by the name of Vautort. The twentieth is Azure, on a Pale walled with three pieces on each fide Or, an Endorfe Sable ; borne by the name of Sublet. longing to a different family, and which contains a differeirt Charge; fee i'/a/? xvi. Fig, 10. BENDS. 65 ALLEGORICAL SIGNIFICATION. The Pale denotes Strength, and Firmnefs, and has been beftowed for fupporting the go vernment pf fpvereignS, &c» SECT. III. OF THE BEND, BEND-SINISTER, AND THEIR DIMI NUTIVES. THE Bend is an Ordinary fprmed by two diagonal lines, drawn from the Dexter Chief, to the Siiiifter Bafe, and contains the fifth part of the Field in breadth, if uncharged ; but the third, if charged. Its Diminutives are the Garter, which is the half of a Bend ; the Co- tice, which is the fourth part of a j^end; the Bendlet, which is limited ^o the fixth part p£ the Field ; and the Riband, the half pf a Cp- tice, but does nPt tpuch the Efcutcheen at ei ther end. The Bend-finifier*, is cf the fame breadth • Although this Ordinary is called Bpid-finlfter, which is done for the fake of diftindion ; the other b only to be named Bfnd' in tbe blazoning of Arms,, and not Bend-defcter. F §6 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. as the Bend,, but drawn quite contrary fides, that is, from the Sinifter Chief to the Dexter Bafe : its Diminutives are the Scarpe, which is the half of the Bend ; and the Bdtdjt,, vfhich is the fourth part of the. Bsnd, but does not extend quite thwart the Field, ihere being fomething wanted at both ends; and is only borne, in Englifh Coats-of-arms, as the badge of iiiegitimacy : fpe the twentieth example of this Sedlion. EXAMPL, ES OF BENDS, &c. -BORNE IN COATS-OF-ARMS ! See Plate VII, wherein they are delineated. THE firft IS fArgent.^. a. Bend wavy Sable;. for the name .of Wallop, and borne by the Right Hon.. Jahn.Wal/ap, Earl of Portsmouth, Vifcount Lymington, eff. This noble Earl is 'defcended from the Wallops of Hamplhire, a Saxon family:^ his grandfather, John Wallop, having been honoufed with feveral pofts under. government, was created- Baron Wallop, Vif-- ^a^e- <*7 BENDS. ty count Lymington, in the county of Sputh- amptpn, June ii, 172P, and advanced to the dignity of Earl of Portfmouth, April 11, 1743. r The fecond i? Cheeky Or and Azure, a Bend Ermine; for the name of Ward, and is the paternal Cbat-of-arms pf the Right Hon. Wil liam Ward, Vifcount Dudley and Ward, &c. Thi^ nobleman's anceftor Humble Ward, Efq. being married to Frances, Baronnefs Dudley^ was, on the death of his -lady's grandfather, treated Baron Ward, of Birmingham, March 23,, 1643 ; and his grandfather - ^//&r;^, was advanced to the dignity of Vifcount Dudley and Ward, April 23, 1763. < ^ The third is Azure, a Bend engrailed Argent, between two Cotices Or ; for the name of For tescue, and borne by the Right Hon. Hugh Fortefcue, Earl Fortescue, Vifcount' Ebring- tbn, ^c. *. This nobleman's brother, was crea ted Baron Fortefcue, July 5, 1746; and he * The fame paternal Coat-*,)f-arms is alfo borne, with a Cref cent for difference, by Wdliam Henry Fortefcue, Earl of Cler- MONT, Vifcount and Baron Clermont, in the county of Louth, in Ireland J whofe titles are. Baron Clermont, May 20, 1770; Vif count and Baroii Clermont, in 1776; and Earl of Clermgnt, Fe bruary I, 1777. ' F2 ' - 68, ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. was advanced to the dignity of Earl Fortefcue, &c. Auguft 1 8, 1789. The family of For tefcue is defcended from Sir Richard le Forte, a perfon of extraordinary ftrength and courage, who accpmpanied William Duke pf Normandy in his conqueft of England, and bearing a flrong fliield before the Duke, at the battle of Haftings, had three horfes killed under him, and from that fingular event, were the furname and motto of the family affumed ; for the La tin word fcutum, or the old French word efcue {^i.fineld) being added to the French sn oxd fort, or the Latin word forte (firong) compofe their name, and the mPttp is Forte fcutum falus du- turn. See ^ect. IX. The fourth is Sable, a Bend Argent be tween two Cotices indented Or ; for the name of F^RENCH. The fifth is Paly of fix Or and Sable, a Bend counter-changed; for the name of Calvert. The fixth is Party per Bend crenelle Argent and Cules ; for the name of Boyle, and bornie by the Right Hon. Edmund Boyle, Earl of CoKK and Orrery, in Ireland, &c. The creations of this nobleman's titles are. Baron BENDS. 69 Boyle pf Ypughall, September 16, 1 6 1 6 ; Vif count Dungarvon and Earl of Cork, Odlober 16, 1620; Baron of Broghill, February 28, J 62b', Earl pf Orrery, September 5, i66o'; and Baron Boyle of Marfton, in England, Sep tember JO, 1711. The machine called the Orrery, invented by Mr. Rowley, a mathema tician, received its name and patronage from the late Earl Charles, gi:andfather to the prefent Lord._ The feventh is Argent, three Bend'ets en hanced Gules; for the name of Byron, and borne by the Right Hon. William Byron, Lord By RON. Tbe firft Lordy of this ancient fa mily, was Sir John Byron, who was created Baron Byron of Rochdale, Odlober 24, 1643. The eighth is Ermine, two Bendlet s Gules; borne by, the name of Ireton. The charge of this Coat-of-arms is called by fome, two Bends, which is. a miftake *. The ninth, is Gules, a Bend Or gutty de poix, betiveen two Mullets pierced. Argent; the armo- * See a lift of the Lord Mayors of London, with the blazonry pf their Ai'ms, which is annexed to Dr. P. Heylyn's Help tp En^Ufh Hiftory, page 534, No. 331. Lond. Edit. 1773. F3 7© ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. rial Enfign of the bifliopric pf Bangor. — Irt this diocefe is contained the entire county of Carnarvon, the ifle of Anglefey, together with parts of Denbigh, Merioneth, and Montgo mery ; the whole comprehending 107 parillies. It has alfo three archdeaconries, Bangor, An glefey, and Merioneth; the firft two are annexed to the bifhopric, for fupport thereof. The tenth is Bendy, Argefit and Azure, (f^ Obferve that when the Shield is filled with fix Bendlets of metal and colour, it is palled Bendy; but if the nuniber of them is either niore or lefs than fix, they are to be blazoned by the name oi Bendlets, and their number fpe- cified. The eleventh is Party per Bend Argent and Azure, two Bendlets engrailed counter-changed ; for the name of Frenes. The twelfth is ^arterly. Or and Gules, 4 Bend over-all Vair; for the name of Sack ville, and borne by his Grace John Frederic Sackville, Duke of Dorset, Earl of Middle? fex, &c. The creations of this nobleman's titles are. Baron Buchurft, in the county of Suffex, June 8. 1567; Earl" of the county pf •BEN-DS. -- 71 Dorfet; March 17, 1603 ; Baron Cranfield of Cranfield, in the county of Bedford, and Earl of the county of Middlefex, April 4, 1675 ; and Duke of the county of Dorfet, June 13, 1720. The thirteenth is Guks, on a Bend Argent three Trefoils fiipped proper ; ' for the name of ¦ Hervey, and borne by the Right Hon. and Right Rev. Frederic Hervey, Earl of Bi^istol, Baron Hervey of Ickworth, &c. This noble Lord derives his pedigree from Robert Fitz- Hervey, a younger fon of Hervey Duke of Or leans, who came over from France with Wil-r liam the Conqueror. The creatiqnsof his titles are. Baron Hervey of Ickworth, in the county of Suffolk, March 23, 1703, and Earl of the city of Briftol, Odlober 19, 17 14, by George I. The fourteenth is Or, a Bend coticed Sable. ; for the name of Har;ley, and borne Quiarterly ift and 4th, by the Right Hon. Ediuard Har- /ey. Earl of Oxford and Mortimer, Lord Harley, &c. The creations of this nobleman's titles are, Bamn Flarley of Wigmore, in the county of Hereford,' Earl of thf; city of Ox ford, and Earl Mortimer, July 24, 1711, the I oth di Queen Anne. ':¦ F 4 ' ' yi ELEMENTS PP HERALDRY. The fifteenth is Gules, on a ' Bend Ermine, between two Cotices (pf coticed) Or, three Boars Heads couped Argent, for the n^^i^ of Edge cumbe ; and borne by the Right Hon. George Edgecumbe, Earl of MouiSit Edgecumbe, Vif count Valetort^ &,c. This family tppk its fur- rame frpm the manor of Edgecumbe near Crer diton, in Devpnfhire. One of this lord's an ceftors, Richard Edgecumbe, bpilt that beautiful feat, cz\\edMount Edgecumbe, which is fituated near Plymouth Dock, The firft Lord, ofthig noble family, was created Baron of Mount Edgecumbe, April 20, 1742 ; and the prefent Lord, Vifcpunt Mount Edgecumbe and Vale- tort, February 17, 178 1, who was advanced tp the dignity of Earl of Mount Edgectjmbe, Au guft 18, 1789, by George III. ' The fixteenth is Argent, a Bend^nijier Gules. SUP Ypn may fometimes find the Bend-finifier. borne jointly with the Bend, in one Efcut-? cheon, which form a figure much like a Sal tier; and, in fuch a cafe, you are tp obferve carefully, which of them lies next to the Field, as that muft be firft named : fee the Rules of Heraldry, Chap. VII. Rule 2. BENDS. 73 The feventeenth is Or, a Garter Gules. — This bearing is never charged but with flowers pr leaves. The eighteenth is Argent, a Riband Gules. 83" The name of this bearing correfponds well with its form, being both long and narrow, which is the fhape of a riband; befides, it is always conped at each end, as the figure ex- preffes it. The nineteenth is Azure, a Scarpe Or.— This bearing is a reprefentation of that kind of prnament called, nowadays, a fcarf, which, is ufed by officers on duty^ and ufually worn, ia foreign countries, after the fame mander, that is, pver the fhoulders ; but is in England com monly tied round the waift. The twentieth pontains three Batons., The firft is compony Ermine and Azure; and was fet over the royal Arms, for the late William Fitzroy, Duke of Cleveland, whP died Ma^ 1 8, 1 774, without iffue. The fecond is com pany Argent and Azure, fet over the royal Arms, for his Grace Augufius Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Grafton. The thir'd is Gules, charged mth three Rofes Argent, feeded and barb' 74 ELEMENTS OP HERALDRY.' ed proper, fet over , the royal Arms, for his Grace Aubrey Beauclerk, Duke of St. Alba-ns. The grandfathers of thefe noble Dukes being natural fons of Charles II, is what entitles them to the royal AriPS as they were then quartered *. allegorical SIGNIFrCATION. Bends are fuppofed, by fome authors, to be fymbols of Defence and Protedtion. S E C T. IV. OF THE FESS AND BAR. THE Fefs is an Ordinary produced by two parallel lines, drawn ..horizontally acrofs the centre of the Field; of which it contains the third part in breadth. This Ordinary is fub- -: . f> • * In Germany, illegitimate children are not allowed to bear the Coat-of-arms of their fuppofed father ; but it is otherwife in Great Britain,, heralds allowing them to bear the paternal Coat with fome flriking Oifferences, as a Border round it, or a Baton over it, l£c, which, fome do fay, may be omitted after three generations ; but this is a vulgar error : fee Baton. ^/aumi MM.ESMI i^M.^.-' raffc.75 H 10 02. 15 14 15 ¦J ,-, '» ,.. »¦ ,;, * i6 17 18 wm 10 20 FESSES AND BARS. 75 jedl to be charged wltli a variety of figures, and may be dancette, nebule, &c. It has no Di minutive, for the Bar is a diftindl Ordinary of itfelf. -: The Bar is alTo formed of two parallel lines," drawn horizontally, but contains. only fhe fifth part of the field, and there may be more, than one in an Efcutcheon, placed in different parts thereof, whereas the Fefs is limited to the Cen-. tre-point. The Bar has two Diminutives, the Clofet, which contains the half of the Bar, and the Barrulet, which is the half of the Clofet.' When the Shield contains a number of Bars of metal and colour alternate, exceeding five, that is called Barry of fo many pieces, expreffing their number. • > EXAMPLES' PF FESSES AND BARS, BORNE IN COATS-OF-ARMS : See Plate YIU. THE firft is Argent, a Fefs^dancette Sdhle; for the name. of West, arui bprne by the Right 76 elements pf heraldry. Hon. John Richard Wefi, Earl of Delawar, Vifcount Cantalupe, ^c. Sir Thomas de Weft, Knt. one of his Iprdfhip's anceftors, being at the memorable battle of Poitiers'^, and there taking John, the French King, prifoner, had granted him, for that remarkable adlion, an augmentation to his Achievement; namely, a Crampette Or, difiinguifhed by the, Chape of a fword in the middle ; thp Chape being given him by the faid King John, as an acknowledgement of his becoming his prifoner : his Cognifance was a Rafe party per Pale, Argent and Gules : which two Badges are ftill hornt; in the Achifve- ment of the prefent Earl of Delawar. The prefent Lord had the titles of Vifcount and Earl conferred on him, by George l\l, on the 18th of March 1761. The fecond is Argent, a Fefs wreathy Azure and Gules -f; for the nanie of Carmichael, • ^n anplent and conljderable tovin in France, the capital cf the province of Poitou, feated on the river Clain, near which Ed- laard, commonly called the Black Prince, from the colour of his armour, gained a vidlory over the French, in 1346. - •j- Upon the accommodation of the differences, which occafioned the war in Silefia, in the year 1742, the late king of Pruffia addecj, by a royal grant, the Ea^le of Silefia to the paterHal Coat-of-arms fesses and bars. ^ yj and borne by the Right Hon. Thonias Carmi chael, Earl of Hyndford, Lord Carmichael, &c. Of this ancient family was Sir John Car-* michael, Vfho accompanied Archibald, Elarl of Douglas, to the affiftance of Charles VI) of France, againft the Englifti ; and fignalizing his valour at the battle oi Baugey, in April 1421, and breaking his fpear, , when the French and Scots got the vidlory, had thereupon added to his Coat-of-arms, a Dexter Arm ereB holding a broken fpear, which is now the Crefl of the fa mily. The third is Party per Fefs Or and Argent, a Fefs nebule Gules ; borne by the name of An teshed. ' The fourth is Party per Fefs indented Or and Azure; for the name of Saunders. The fifth is Cheeky Or and Azure, on a Fefs Gules, a Crefcent for difference ; for the name of Clifford, and borne by the Right Hon. Hugh Benry CUfi'ord, Lord Clifford, of Chudleigh. This nobleman is defcended from of his lordfhip's predeceflbr, wh'th is therefnre marftialled and bla« zoned thus ; Or, an Eagle difplayed Sable, fwtout an Efcutcheon, Argetk, charged ijf/ith a Fefs in/reathy Azure ; being the oHginal Arms. . yS ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. Walter de CTfford, of Clifford-caftle, in the county of Hereford, who was the father of fair Rofdmond, miftrefs to King Henry II. The 'firft Lord, of this branch of the Clifford fa- imily, was Sir Thomas, who was created Baron Ghfford of Chudleigh, April 22, 1672. The'fixth is Argent, on a Fefs Azure three Lozenges Or; for the name of Fielding, and borne by the Right Hon. Bafil Fielding, Earl of E)e NEIGH, Vifcount .Fielding, &c. The creations of ihis nobleman's titles are. Baron of Caghe, Vifcount Callan, and Earl of D'efmondj July 12, 1619, Irifh honours conferred by James. I ; BarPn Fielding pf Newnham Paddp:jc, in the county of Warjwick, and Vifcount Field ing, Decembei" 307 1620 ; Earl pf the county of Denbigh, May 29, 1622, by the fame King James; and Lord St. Liz, September 14, 1664, by Charles II. ' , The feventh is Or, on a Fefs Gules, three Fleur-de-lis of the firfi ; /for the name of Len nard, and borne' quarterly, ift and 4th, in the paternal Coat-of-arms of the Right Hon. Trevor Charles Roper, Lord Dacre ; which -V.S "Pl:SSES ATWa> IBARa. 79 title was conferred, .pn one of his lordfliip's anceftors, hy Edward 11, November 15, 1307. : The eighth is Argent, a Fefs between, four Cotices ipv^double coticed) wavy Gules ; for the hame of Eliot, and borne by the, Right Hpn. Edward Eliot Craggs, Barpn Eliot of St. Get- rnains, in Cornwall, who was created to that title January' 3o>' 1784, hyGforge III. .; The ninth is Sable, a Fefs Ermine, between three Crefcents Or ; for the name of Coven try, ^ and- borne by theJ Right Hon. George William. Cmentry, Earl, of Coventry, Vif count Deerhurft:, &c. The creations of this nobleman's titfes are, VifcoUnt Deerhurft, in the county of Gloucefter, and Earl of the. city of Coventry, in the county' of Warwick, April 26, 1697, ^y William 111. .* The tenth is Sable, a Fefs cheeky Or and A- zure, between three Befants ; for the ngme of Pitt, and borne by the Right Hon. John Pitt, Earl of Chatham, Vifcount Pitt, &c. He fucceeded his father the late and 'firft Earl, on May II, 1778; who, for his unrivalled abi lities, and the eminent fervices he had dpne this nation, was created Vifcount Pitt and Earl 5 So elements of HERALDR'S*i of Chatham, July 30, 1766* This is likewife the paternal Coat-of-arms of George Pitt, who was created Baron Rivers of Stratfieldfay, in the county of Southampton, May 20, 1776; and alfp of Thomas Pitt, who was created Lord Cameiford, Baron Bocconee of the county of Cornwall, January 5, 1784. Of this noble family, which were anciently of Blandford, in the county of Dorfet, was Thomas Pitt, Efq. who, in the reign of Queen Anne, was made governor of Fort St. George, in the Eaft Indies, where he refided many years, and purchafed a diamond, which he brPught tp England in 1706, and was fold by him in 1717 to the Duke of Orleans, regent pf France (in the mi- nority of Louis XV) for i25,opp1. fterling *. It was worn by Louis XV, for a button to his hat, pn extraprdinary pccafipns. * I have feen an account of this capital diamond, , which men- lions that, when raw it weighed 410 carats ; when brilliant cut, 1 36 carats ; that it was two years in cutting, which coft 5000I. fierling, and that the clips (the pieces fawed off) yielded 8000I. flerling. This diamond is about an inch and a quarter in diame. ter, and there is an exaft chryftal model of it preferved in the Bri- tii^ Mufeum. fesses and bars. 8i The eleventh is Or, on a Fefs Sable, between three Mufcovy Ducks proper, a Rofe of the Fields for the name of Bateman. The twelfth is Sable, on a Fefs Argent, be tween three Leopards paffant gardant Or, as many Efcalop-fhells Gules; for the name of Hill, and borne by the Moft Noble //^///f Hill, Marquis of Downshire, Earl of Hillfborough, (ic. The creations of this nobleman's titles are, Baron of Kilwarling, and Vifcount Hillf borough, both Irifh titles, Auguft 21, 1717; Baron of Harwich, Vifcount Fairford, Novem ber 24, 1756, and Earl of Hillfborough, Au guft 12, 1772, Englifh titles; and Marquis of Downfhire, in Ireland, 1789. The thirteenth is Gules, two Bars Or; for the name of HarcouRt, and borne by the Right Hon. George Simon Harcourt, Earl Har court, Vifcount Nuneham, &c. This noble Earl is defcended from the illuftrious houfe of the Harcourts of the prpvince pf Normandy, in France, frbm whence Gervaife, Count de Harcourt, with his two fons Jeffrey and Ar nold, came over with the Conqueror, when he invaded England. The creations of this noble- G 82 elements pf HERAEDRY^ man's titles are, Bafon f^arcourt, September 3, 171 1; Vifcount Harcourt, July 24,, 1721; Vifcount Nuneham,^ and Earl Harcourt of Stan ton MarcPurtj December i, 1749. The fourteenth is Ermine, two Bars Gules; for the name of Nugent. By this, the. pre ceding, and the following example, you may fee the Field divided into five equal parts, ac cording to the rule mentioned in the definition of this Ordinary, page y^. The fifteenth is Argent, tivo Bars dancette Sable ; borne by the name of Ginkell. The fixteenth is Argent, three Bars gemels Gules ; for the name of Barry, and borne by the Right Hon. Richard Barry, Earl of Barry- more, Vifcount Buttevant, ^c. of Ireland. The feventeenth is Or, a Fefs humetty Gules, between two Lions pafiant Sable; for the name of Masham. The eighteenth is Argent, a Lion rampant gardant Gules, debruifed by a Fefs Azure, be tween three Etoilcs, ijfuing out of as many Cref cents ff the fecond ; for the name of Djllon. The nineteenth is Or, two Bars Azure, a Chief quarterly of the fecond and Gides, the ifi fesses and bars. 83 and /[.th charged each with two Fleur-de-lis of France, ths zd and T^d with a Lion of England; for the name of Manners, and borne by his Grace John Manners, Duke of Rutland, Marquis of Granby, &c. This Chief was an ciently Gules, and the charge thereon is a hono rary augmentation, fhowing his Grace's defcent, from the blood royal of King Edward IV. The creations of this nobleman's titles are. Ba ron Rops, &c. November 12, 151 5; Earl of Rutland, June 18, 1525; Marquis of Granby, and Duke of Rutland, March 29, 1703. The twentieth is Barry of ten Argent and Azure, over -all fix Efcutcheons, 3, 2, 1, Sable, each charged with a Lion rampant of the firfi, armed, and langued Gules, a Crefcent for differ ence'^ ; for the name of Cecil, and borne by * It is recorded, by Gerard Leigh, that in the 7th year of Ed-- •ward III, there was a challenge fent \>y 'avc John Sitfllt ox Seefil, an ancel'Or of this noble family, to William Faknaham for the bear ing ofthe fame Arms ; but the King, who would have juftice doi e wimout ihedding of blood, appointed two judges to determine the fame matter, whofe names were Ed-it-crd de Bea'ville, and John de Mawbrey, before whom the diipute was tried ; and thefe Arms be ing adjudged to Sir John, the faid tFilHam Fa'inaham wa« ex- prefsly forbidden the bearing them, upon pain of forfeiting his fword and gilt fpurs. Accedence of Armoric,, page jo, Lond, Edit, xdxz. G 3 84 elements of heraldry. the Moft Noble James Cecil, Marquis and Earl of Salisbury, Vifcount Cranborn, cffc. This ancient and noble family derives its pedigree from the Normans, of whom was William Cecil, created Baron qf Burleigh, in "the county of Northampton, February 25, 1570, by Queen Elifabeth. This Lord died in 1598, and left two fons by two wives, Thomas by the firft, and Robert by the fecond, who were both made Earls on the fame day. May 4, 1605. But Robert, the younger fon, anceftor of the prefent noble Marquis, was created Earl of Salifhury in the morning ; and Thomas, the eldeft. Earl of Exeter in the afternoon, who had fucceeded, of courfe, his father in the title of Lord Bur leigh, bearing the fame Coat-of-arms, withoup the Crefcent ; which Coat-of-arms is now borne by the Right Hon. Henry Cecil, Earl of Exe-' ter, &c. The Earl of Salifiury was advanced to the dignity of Marquis, Auguft 18, 1789. allegorical SIGNIFICATION. The Fefs and Bar are faid to reprefent the Scarf of a warrior, or a Belt of honour, given by the king ; as a reward for eminent fervices. ^/«ftEC CHEVJS.0I^S ikee Fig. 13. The Fuff^l, ca.lled alfo a Spindle, than the Lozenge, having its up per and lower parts more acute and fharp than the other two col lateral middle parts, which acute- nefs is occafioned by the fliort diftance of the fpace between the two collateral angles ; which fpace, if the Fut. fil is rightly made, is always fhorter than any of the four equal geometrical lines whereof it is compofed. See Fig. 14. There are many in- SUBORDINATE ORDINARIES. 119 ftances of this Charge in Coats-of-arms ; as. Gules, three Fufils conjoined in Fefs Ermine, for the name of Denham — Argent, three Spindles in Fefs Gules, for the name of Hoby — -Ermine, three Fufils conjoined in Fefs Sable, for the name of Pigot ; and feveral others : in Dugdale's Antiquities of Warwickfliire, page 208, there is a Shield engraved thus; Azure, three Fufils conjoined in Fefs Or, each charged with a Cinque- foil Gules ; but he has not appropriated this Coat-of-arms to any name or family. The Mafcle is pretty muph like a Lozenge, but voided through its whole ex tent, except a narrow border, as appears by*F/^. 15. This Charge is fuppofed, by fome heralds, to denote the mafh oi a net ; but o- thers affert that it reprefents the fpots oi certain flints found in Bretagne, a pro vince of France : and as no writer has given a clearer account, in fupport of this laft conjec ture, than Colombiere, author pf La Science He raldique, I will tranfcribe it fpr the fatisfadlipn pf the curipus : I 4 I20 ELEMENTS PF HERALDRY. ** Rohan bears Gules, nine Mafcle s Or, 3, 3, 3. Opinipns have varied very much about the ori gin of Mafcles or Mafhes, as being fomewhat like the maflies of nets ; but for my own part, having often obferved that thofe things which are remarkable and fingular in fome countries, have fometimes occafioned the Lords thereof to reprefent them in their Efcutchepns, I am pf ppinipn, that the Lords of Rohan *, who, I believe, are the firft that bore thefe figures in their Arms, though defcended from the, ancient Kings and Princes of Bretagne, took them, be caufe in the moft ancient vifcounty of Rohan, afterward eredled into a duchy, there are abun dance of fmall flints, which being cut in two, this figure appears on the infide of them ; as alfo the carps, which are in the fifliponds of that duchy, have the fame mark upon their fcales ; which, being very extraordinary and peculiar to that country, the ancient Lords of the fame had good reafon, upon obferving that * The name of a to\yn of France in Bretagne, and in the diocefe, o^Vannes, with the title of a duchy. The ancient and noble fami ly of Rohan has produced many illuftrious perfonages, wljereof feveral have been allied, by marriage, to the roy^l families o% prance, Navarre, Spain, Scotlandj f^'c, SUBORDINATE ORDINARIES. 121 wonder, to take thofe figures for their Arms, and to tranfmit them to pofterity ; giving them the name of Macles, from the Latin word ma cula, fignifying a fpot, whence fome of that houfe have taken for their motto. Sine Macula Macla, that is, a Mafcle withput a fpot." The Rufire is nearly the fame figure as the Mafcle, only the laft is voided fquare, and the Rufire is perfora ted round ; that is, has a large round hole in the middle, which makes it fomewhat refeOible thofe iron or metal lozenges, commonly called ^w/j-, ufed to ftop the fcrews of a lock, ^c. See Fig. \6. ... , If the forernentioned Subordinate Ordinaries have any attributes, that is, if they are engrail ed, indented, wavy, ^c. they muft be diftindt- ly fpecified, after the fame manner as the Ho norable Ordinaries are ;, and as I have already given, in the foregoing coUedlion of Coats-of- arms, various examples on this fubjedl, I pre fume they, with thofe contained in Plate XII, will be fufficient to render all the heraldic hierpglyphs intelligible tP the mpft prdinary capacity. 122 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. EXAMPLES OF SUBORDINATE ORDINARIES,, &c. BORNE IN "¦ COATS-OF-ARMS I See Plate XII. THE firft is Gules, an Orle Ermine; borne by the name of Humframville. , The fecond is Argent, three Inefcutcheons Gules ; for the name of Hay, and borne by the Right Hon. George James Hay,. Earl of Errol, Baron Hay of Slanes, hereditary High Conftable of Scotland, &c. This nobleman's titles are. Baron Hay of Slanes, and Earl of Errol in the county of Perth, March 17, 1452, by James II. The fame Coat-of-arms is alfo borne quarterly, 2d and 3d, by the Right Hon, R. Aur. Drum. Hay, Earl of Kinnoul, Vif count Dupplin, &c. who derives his pedigree from a collateral branch of the fore-mentioned family. The creations of this nobleman's titles ^re, Lofd Hay of Kinfauns, and Vifcount Dup plin, in Pertbfliire, May 4, 1627; Earl pf -i%*3ai B IMAJilB S fee Ta^e.yza SUBORDINATE ORDINARIES. I23 Kinnoul, in the fame county. May 25, 1633, by Charles I ; and Baron Hay of Bedwarden, in the county of Hereford, December 31, 171 1, by Queen Anne. — The firft of the family of Hay, that bore thefe Arms, got them, as Alex. Nifiet obferves, becaufe he and his two fons, after having defeated a party of the Danes at the battle of Loncart, in the year 980, were brought, with their Shields all ftained with. blood, to King Kenneth III, who affigned to them, as a reward of their valour, land with the rank of nobility, and the above Coat-pf- arms, tP intimate that the father and the twp fons had been the three fortunate Shields of Scotland. The third is Argent, a Fret Sable ; for the name of Tollemache, and borne by the Right Hon. Lionel Tollemache, Earl of Dy- SART, Baron Huntingtour, of the county of Perth in Scotland, Gff. This family, whofe extradlion is Englifh, was advanced to the peerage by Ys^n^ Charles I, in 1646. The fourth is Or, fretty af ten pieces Gules, a Canton Ermine; for the name of Noel, and borne by the Right Hon. Henry Noel, Earl 2 124 elements OF HERALDRY. of Gainsbprpugh, Vifcount Campden, ^c. This is alfo the paternal Coat-of-arms of the Right Hon. Thomas Noel, Vifcount Went worth, Baron Wentvvorth, ^c. whofe titles bear the following dates; Baron, Decem ber 2, 1529; Vifcount, May 4, 1762; as be ing defcended from the fame anceftor; both deriving their pedigree from Noel, who came into England with William the Conqueror ; and in confideration of his fervices, obtained a grant of feveral manors and lands of very great value. Sir Edward Noel, one of the anceftors pf this family, who wa:s knighted by King James on his accefiion to the throne, and created a Baro net June 29, 161 1, was firft advanced to the honour of Baron Noel, of Ridlington, March 23, i6i6, and afterward to that of Vifcount Campden, Odlober 18, 1629; his grandfon, Edward, was created Earl of Gainfborpugh December 1, 1682. The fifth is Gironny of eight pieces Or and Sable ; for the name of Campbell *, and * The fame- Ordinary, though differently blazoned, is alfq borne by the Right Hon, Flora Campbell, Countefs of Loudon, l^c. fee page t2, subordinate ordinaries. 125 borne in the ift and 4th Quarters of the Coat- pf-arms pf the Right Hpn. John Campbell, Earl pf Breadalbane, Vifcpunt Glenprchy, Gff. pf Scotland. This ancient and noble family is defcended, in a regular fucceffion, from Dun can, the firft Lord Campbell, anceftor of the noble family of Argyle. John, the firft Earl, in confideration of his perfpnal merit, was, frpm a Baronet, created Lord Campbell, Vif count Glenorchy, and Earl of Breadalbane, January 28, 1678, hy Charles 11. The fixth is Lozengy, Argent and Gules ; for the name of Fitzwilliam, and borne by the Right Hon. William Fitzwilliam, Earl Fitz william, Vifcount Milton, ^c. His lord fhip is both an Englifh and Irifli peer ; the ti tles conferred, on his predeceffors, being as follows; Baron, April 19, 1742; Vifcount and Earl, September 6, 1746; Englifh titles. — Baron, December i, ,1620, Vifcount and Earl, July 21, 1716; Irifli titles. The feventh is Sable, a Mafcle within a Tref fure fiory Argent ; borne by the name of Ho- blethorne. 126 ' elements OP heraldry. The eighth is Gules, three Mullets Or, with in a Border of the latter, charged with a double Treffure fiory and counter- fiory with Fleurs-de-lis ofthefirfi ; for the name of Sutherland, The ninth is Azure, a Pile Ermine; for the name of Wyche, and quartered ift and 4th in the Coat-of-arms of Sir' Cyril Wyche, of Holftein, in Germany, Bart. The tenth is Or, on a Pile engrailed Azure-, three Croffes-crofiets fitchy of the firfi; borne by the name of Rigdon. The eleventh is Or, on a Pile Gules, three Lions of England between fix Fleurs-de-lis A- zure;ior the name of Seymour, and borne quarterly, i ft and 4th, by his Grace Edw. Adol. Seymour, Duke of Somerset, Baron Seymour, &c. which' Arms were granted to Sir Thomas Seymour *, by Henry VIII, on account of his * The paternal Anns of this noble and ancient family zre Gules, tnvo Wi-nFs -conjoined i.-i lure, lips doiun'ward. Or; which, are borne quarterly, 2d and 3d, and made part of the original Creft of the firft progenitor of the Seymours, whofe name was anciently written St, Maur, and who was one of thofe that entered Ensiand with William the Conqueror ; but the prefent Creft of this family is, Q.iit of a ducal Coronet Or, a Phenix inflames proper ; which is fup pofed to be a fymbol of the birth of King Edivard VI, whofe mo ther died in childbed. subordinate prdinaries. 127 marrying his fifter Lady Jane Seymour, who was moHixe^oi EdwardNl: The twelfth is Ermine, two Piles iffuing from the dexter^ and finifier fides, and meeting in Bafe Sable ; fpr the name of Holle s. The thirteenth is Argent, three Piles, one iffuing from the Chief between the others reverfed. Sable ; for the name of Hulse, and borne by Sir Edward Hulfe, oi Bremei-, in Hampfhire, Bart. The fourteenth is Azure, a Pile wavy bend- wife Or; borne by the name of Aldham, — There is no mention made of its iffuing out of the dexter corner of the Efcutcheon, for this is fufficiently determined by the term bendwife. The fifteenth is Or, three Piles in Bend, each point enfigned with a Fleur-de-lis Sable; borne by the name of Norton. There is another Coat-of-arms for the fame name, which is Vert, a Lion rampant Or ; but this denotes a different family from the other. The fixtdenth is Argent, three Piles meeting near the point qf the Bafe Azure ; borne by the name of Bryan. 128 elements PF heraldry. The feventeenth is Sable, on a Pile Argent a Chevron counter-changed ; bprne by the name of ChestertpN. The eighteenth is Party per Pale and per Chevron Argent and Gules counter-changed. This is an uncommon Bearing. The nineteenth is Party per Pale chappe Vert and Or counter-changed. This is a Bearing feldom to be met with. The twentieth is. Party per Fefs Gules and Argent, a Pale counter-changed; borne by the name of Lavider. common charges. 129 C H A P. V. 'OT COMMON CHARGES EORNE I^ COATS-OF-ARMS. IT-has been already pbferved, that in all ages men have made ufe of the reprefentation of living treatures, arid other fymbolical figns, to diftinguifh themfelves in war * ; and that thefe markS; which were promifcuoully ufed for em blems; and peirforial devices, gave the firft no tion of Heraldry. But nothing fhows the oddnefs pf human wit more, than the great va riety of thefe marks of diftindlion; iot: they are compofed of all forts of figures, Ibme natural, * From this prevailing opinion Sir IVi'.liam Dugdale, in hie Ai>- cient Ufage in baring of Arms, infers, "that many errors have been, and are ftill committed, in granting Coats-of-arms to fuch perfons as have not advanced themfelves by the fword, being fuch as rife by their judgment in lavV, or fkill in arts, trades, or any Other means." Although they are to be efteemed for their learn ing or induftry, yet they Ihould only be allowed marks of- honour fit for their calling, and to (how the manner of their rifing, and not be fet off with thofe reprefentations, which, from their origin, ate only proper for martial men, and their pofterity : fee the ob-. fervation made, in this Treatife, upon Affinnpti'ue Arms, page- 1 5 and !2, K 130 ELEMEN-TS OF heraldry. Others artificial, and many chimerical ; in allu-« fion, it is to be fuppofed, to the ftate, quality^ or inclination of the Bearer. Hence it is, that the fun, moon, fiars; co mets, meteors, &c. have been introduced to de note glory, grandeur, power, -^c. and that lions i leopards, tigers, ferpenfs, fiags, &c. have been employed to fignify courage, ftrength, prudence, fwiftnefs, (Sc. The application, to certain exercifes, fuch as , war,' hunting, mufic^ ^c. has furnifhed lances, arrows, fwords,. daggers, buglehorns, clarions, &c. Allufions to architedlure have been made by columns, chevrons, &c. and to other arts, by the feveral things that relate to them. Human bodies, or diftindl parts of them, clothes and ornaments, have, for fome particular intention, found place in Heraldry. Trees, plants, fruits, and fiowers, have alfo been ad mitted to" denote the rarities,^ advantages', and fingularities of different countries, provinces, diftridls, &c. The relation of fome Beafts, Birds, Fifhes, ^c. to particular' names, has likewife been a very 'fruitful fource for variety of Coats-of- tOMMON CHARGEiS. I3I arms j thpugh thefe, as I have pbferved befpre, ai-e generally diftinguiflied by the denpmination of Canting Arms-; thus; the family of Colt, bears Argent, a Fefs between three Colts in full J^eed Sable; that of Coningfiy, bears Gules, three Conies fejant Argent ; that of Urfon, a bear, in Latin urfus ; of Starkey-, a ftork ; of Pawne, three peacocks, called in French paon ; oi Lucy, three pikes, iri Latin lucii, &g. See the note inferted in page 1 2, wherein more ex amples of fuch Bearings are mentioned. Befide thefe natural and artificial figures, there are chimerical or imaginary ones ufed in Heraldry, the refult of fancy and caprice; fuch as centaurs, hydras, phenixes; griffins, dragons, harpies, fatyrs, wyverns; &Ci which great va riety of figures fhows the impoffibility of com prehending all common Charges in a Book of this nature ; therefore I fhall only content my- felf with treating of fuch as are moft frequently borne in Coats-of-arms. K2 X32 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY, ARTICLE I. OF NATURAL FIGURES BORNE IN COATS-OF-ARMS. AMONG the multitude of natural things, which are ufed in Coats-of-arms, thofe moft ufually borne are, for the fake of brevity as well as perfpicuity, diftributed into the fol lowing claffes : Celeftial Figures; as the fun, moon, fiars, comets, meteors, &c. Effigies of men *, women, and children, and their parts. Beafts ; either ravenous, as lions, tigers, leo pards, wolves, bears, hoars, foxes, &c. or fo- ciable, as bulls, cats, dogs, horfes, affes, camels, fiags, goats, lambs, ram:. Sec. and their parts. Birds; either of prey, as eagles, vultures, hawks, kites, falcons, pelicans, ravens, owls,fiorks, &e. or fociable, as- cocks, ducks, doves, geefe, fwans,'- peacocks, fiwallows, &c. and their parts. * A remarkable inftance of fuch a Bearing is quoted in this- Treatife, page 41, though not delineated ; and the reafon for its- being introduced into Armory is accounted for. NATURAL FIGURES. I33 Fifties ; as dolphini, whales, fiurgeons, fal- mons, trauts, pikes, efcalops. Sec. and their parts. Reptiles and Irffedts ; as tortoifes, ferpenfs, grafijoppers, bees, &c. Vegetables; as trees, plants, fiowers, herbs. Sec. and their parts. Stones ; as rocks, diamonds, rubies, &c. Meteors ; as clouds, rainbows. Sec. Thefe Charges have, as well as Ordinaries, divers attributes or epithets, which exprefs their qualities, pofitions, and difpofitions. Thus, the Sun is faid to be in its glory or pro per, and alfo eclipfed; the Moon in her comple ment, detrime7it, decrefcent, increfient, &c. Effigies are borne naked, habited. Sec. Beafts are faid to be rampant, paffant, couchant, dor mant, fejant, &;c. Birds have alfo their deno minations, fuch as clofe, difplajed, crefied, jow- lopped. Sec. Fifhes are defcribed to be hdii- riant, naiant. Sec. All which, with many other technical terms, will be found, fully ex plained under their proper heads, in the Dic-^ tionary v;hich is annexed to this work. K3 - 134 ELEMENTS QF HERALD.RY. EXAMPLES OF CELESTIAL FIGURES BORNE IN COATS OF-ARMS : See Plate XIIL THE firft is Azure, a Sun in its glory*; borne quarterly, ift and 4th, by the Moft Noble John William JCer, Marquis of Lothian, Earl of Ancram, ^c in Scotland. The anceftors of this nobleman, were raifed to the peerage by JamesVl, and on June 23, 1701, the title of Marquis was Conferred, on the third Earl of Ancram, by William III. The fecond is Azure, one Ray af the Sun,-. bendwife Gules, between fix beams of that lumi nary Argent ; borne by the name of Aldam. There is no mention made of their iffuing out of the Dexter- chief, fpr this is implied in the * This Coat-of-arms is aftigned, by Richard Blome, to the n^me of St. Clere; fee his .<^rt of Heraldry, Exam, ii, page 109, LOnd. edit. 1693 : but I cannot find in the Peerage Books, which I have perufed, that any of this nobleman's anceftors ever bore this nairie. The Duke of Roxburgh's pedigree being from the fame origin, is tli? reafon of thefe two families having the' fame furname, ' ¦' • ' ^^:XIIL_ CE1.es TI.fflD:§^» 7k^..73S^ CELESTIAL FIGURES. I35 term bendwife ; but it is neceffary to denote the tindlure the beams are of, as they would be fuppofed to be proper, that is Or; which is the natural colour of the fun; The third is Argent, five Rays of the Sun if fuing out of the Sinifier-chief Gules. The ex- preflion of Sinifier-chief mu^ be mentioned in this example, for the reafon given in the note which is annexed to page 65. The fourth i Or, a Sun eclipfed. This bear ing is feldom to be met with, except in emble matic or hierogliphic figures^ and might be ex preffed Sable ; becaufe that hue is accidental to the fun, and npt natural. The fifth is Gules, a moan in its complement Or, illufirated with all its light proper. This is fufficient without naming the colour of the light, which could not be blazoned, by any other term, but that oi Argent. ' The i\xth: is Azure, a Moon decrefcent proper. This exprefiaon indicates a Moon in its de cline. The feventh is Gules, a Moan increfient Or. This reprefentation denptes the appeacance pf a New Mppn. K4 136 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. The eighth is Argent, a Moon in its detri ment Sable. This word is ufed, in blazoning a Moon, to denpte its being eclipfed. The ninth is Sable, a Star affix Rays pro per; for the name of Ingilby, and borne by Sir John Ingilby, of Ripley in Yorkfliire, Bart. The tenth is Gules, three Crefcents proper; borne by the name of Oliphant., This was the paternal Coat-of-arms of the late Right Hon. David Oliphant, Lord Oliphant, who died, without malp iffue, in 1752; and the title is extindl. The fame Coat-of-arms is alfp borne quarterly, 2d and 3d, by the Right Hon, Mary Douglas, Lady Mordington, the only daughter of the late Right Hon. George Doug las, Lord Mordington, who was lineally de fcended from James Douglas, the fecond fon of ' the fixteenth Earl pf Douglas, and who, by marrying Ann Oliphant, the only daughter and heirefs to Laurence, the fifth Lord Oliphant, became entitled to the above Coat-of-arms : for the ift and 4th Quarters, fee PI. XIV, Fig. 16. The eleventh is Ermine, three Increfcents Gides ; for the name of Symmes, of North-. amptonfhire. celestial FIGURES. I 37 The twelfth is Azure, a Star of fixteen Rays proper; for the narne of Huits on. The thirteenth is Party per Chevron Argent and Gules, a Crefcent counter-changed ; for the name of Chapman. The fourteenth is Azure, ten Stars 4, 3, 2, 1, Or; for the name pf Alston, and borne by Sir Evelyn Alfion, of Mile- end, Middlefex, Bart, The fifteenth is Azure, fix Mullets 3, 2, 1, Or; borne by the name of Welsh. The fixteenth is Ermine, a Mullet affix points Gules, pierced; borne by the name of Hassenhul.-— When a Mullet has more than five points, their number muft, in blazoning, be always named : the rays of the ftar are wavy, by which it is diftinguifhed froin the Mullet, which has them ftraight,' which diftindlion is properly obferved in the foregoing examples. The feyenteenth is Party per Fefe crenelle. Gules and Azure, three Suns proper ; borne by the name of Pierson. The eighteenth is Azure, a Crefcent between three Mullets Argent; for the name pf Ar- BUTHNPT, and borne by .the Right Hon. John 3 138 ELEMENTS PF HERALDRY. -I flrbuthnot, VifcPunt and Baron Arbuthnot, of the county of Kincardin, in Scotland. The ^rft peer of this noble family was Sir Robert Arbuthnot, who, for his Ipyalty to King Charles 1, was dignified with the title of Baron ^nd Vifcpunt Arbuthnot, November 16, 1641. The nineteenth is Gules, a Mullet between three Crefcents Argent ; for the name of Oli ver. The twentieth is Gules, a Chief Argent, on ihe lower part thereof a cloud, rays of the Sun iffuing throughout, proper; fpr the name pf Leeson, and borne by the Right Hop. Jofepb Leefon, Earl of Milltown, Vifcount Rufsbo- rough, &c. This nobleman was created Baron Rufsborough, in the county of Wicklow, A- pril 27, 1756 ; was advanced tb the dignity of Vifcount, ofthe fame place, Auguft 26, 1760 ; and proniPted to that of Earl of Milltown, ii^ the county of Dublin, April 3P, 1763. j%*xr\^ ElPFICTE S,&o JPafe.73^ HU,MAN EFFIGIES. I 39 EXAMPLES QF EFFIGIES OF MEN, &c. AND THEIR PARTS BORNE IN COATS-OF-ARMS : See Plate XIV. THE firft is Azure, the Virgin Mary fiand- ing upright and crowned, with her Babe in her right arm, and a Sceptre in her left, all Or; the armorial Enfign of the bifhopric of Salis bury. — This Bifhop's fee was at firft fixed at Sherborne in Dorfetfhire, and contained all that diftridl which is now divided into the diocefes of Salifbiiry, Briftol, Wells, and Exeter. In the year 905, the diocefes of Wells, Crediton, and St. Germans (now Exeter) were alfp taken frpm it. The prefent diocefe of Salifbury or Sarum, contains all Wiltfhire, except two pa- j-iflies ; and all Berkfliire, excepting one parifh, and part of another. There' are in it three archdeaconries, namely, of Salifbury, Wilts, and Berks: and the number of papfh churches, in' the whole, is 544, of which 109 are im- 14-0 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. propriated. The BifhopS' have enjoyed, ever fince the reign of King Charles II, the prero gative of being djancellors of the moft noble order of the Garter. The fecond is Azure, Prefer John fitting on a tomb-fione, with a ducal Crown on his head and Glory Or ; his right hand extended, and hold ing in his left an open Book Argent, with a Sword crofs his mouth Gules * ; the armorial Enfign of the bifhopric of Chichester. — The fee of Chichefter was anciently in the ifle of Selfey, but rempved to Chichefter by Stigand. This diocefe contains the county of Suffex (exr cept 2 2 peculiars belonging to the archbifhop ric of Canterbury) and in it there are 250 pa rifhes, wherepf 112 are impropriated. It has, moreover, two archdeacpnries, thpfe pf Chir chefter and Lewes. * This Coat-of-arms is blaEohed much after the-fame manner jn the third volume of the Englifj Compendium or Rudiments of Ht)- nour, page 56, I^ond. Edit. 1753; b'ut, as Mr. Salmon has blazon- «d it differently, I will infert it here in his own words : Azure, a Freflyter John fitting on a tomb-fione, in his left hand a Mcund, his right hand extended Or \ laith a linen Miire on his head, and in his, mouth a Sucrd, all prcfir. Short View ofthe State pf the Peer age of England, page 283, Lond. edit. 1761. ¦ human EFFIGIES, I4I The- third is Azure, a Bifiiop habited in his pontificals, fitting on a chair of ftate, and leaning on thefinifter fide thereof, holding in bis left hand a Crofier, his right being extended toward the dexter-chief of the Efcutcheon, all Or; and reft- ing his feet on a Cuff ion. Gules, taffelled of the fecond. The armprial Enfign pf the bifhporic of Clogher, in Ireland. The fourth is Azure, a Bifioop . bareheaded, and habited in his pontificals, having before him in Pale, a Crucifix proper*. The armorial En fign of the bifliopric of "VyATERFORD, in Ire land. The fifth is Sable, a Fefe Argent; in Chief three Women s Bufis, arrayed and veiled Argent, and crowned Or; and in Bafe an Ox of the fe cond, pqffing over a Ford proper ; the armorial Enfign of the bifhopric of Oxford. — This diocefe contains only the county of Oxford^ and therein are 195 parifh churches, of which 88 are, impropriated; it has but one archdea!« conry, which is that of Oxford. • This is, by fame blazoners, called the Cr^fs ofC^vcay. i42 ELEMENTS OF HERAL-DRY. The fixth is Azure, three finifter Hands ereSt^ couped at. the wrifi Argent ; borne by the name ofMALMAINS. The feventh is Argent, three finifier Hands ereb, couped at the wrifi Gules ; borne by thf! name of MaynArd. ^ By thefe laft two examples (6th and yth) it appears, that dif ferent Coats-of-arms may be eafily made from the fame figure or figures, by varying the co lours only, either of the field pr charges, with out the additipn pf any other charge, counter- changings, partings, Gfc. though it is not uncommon to fee Coats-of-arms differenced by an additional charge, Gfc. as for example, the paternal Coat-of-arms pf the Right Hpn. Charles Maynard, VifcPunt Maynard, efr. is Argent, a Chevron Azure, between three finifter Hands ereSl, couped at the wrifi Gules. This npbleman is bpth an Irifh and Englifh peer, being cpllaterally defcended frpm Lprd Charles Maynard, who was advanced to the Englifh peerage by the tit]e pf Barpn pf Much-Eafioni and VifcPunt Maynard, Odlpber 28, 1766. The eighth is Gules, two Lions paffant guar- dant Or ; on a chief Azure, the Virgin Mary HUMAN EFFIGIE6. 143 fitting on a tomb-fione, and crowned, with het* Babe in her right arm and a Sceptre in her left, qf the fecond; the armprial Enfign pf the bi- flippric of Lincoln. — This diocefe is t|ie largeft in the kingdom, containing the whole counties^ of Lincpln, Leicefter, Huntingdon, Bedford, Buckingham, and part df Hertfordfhire ; iri which extent of ground there are 1 255 parifhes, whereof ^jj are impropriated ; for the govern- rhertt pf whiehy under the diocefan, there are fix Archdeacons ; namely, of Lincoln, Leicefter; Bedford, Buckingham, Stow, and Hunting don. Thp ninth is Giiles, three Legs armed properi conjoined in the Fefs-point at the upper part of the thighs, fiexed in a triangle, garnifioed and fpurred Or. This is the armorial Enfign of the Isle of Man *, and is borne in the 3d Quarter * This ifle was taken from the Scots in 1340, by William Mon- iacute, the great Earl of Salifbury, who fold it to Lord Scroope, who being condemned for high treafon, Henry IV gave it to Percy, Earl c£ Northumberland ; but he oppofmg his fovereign in 1404, it was given, in 1405, to Sir John Stanley, a predeceffor to the Earls of i>«-<^, in whofe family it continued, till Johji, the third Diike df Athol, by marriage, acquired right thereto. But the fo- vereignty of this ifle was purchafed from him, in the year 1765. for the fum of 70,0061. and is now annexed to the crown of Great Britain ; yet, he referved the patronage thereof to the family. i44 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY, of the Coat-of-arms of his Grace John Mtir- ray, Duke of AthoL, Marquis and Earl of Tullibardin, Gfr, in Scotland,^ and Lord of the Ifle of Man. The paternal Arms of his Gracej for the name of Murray, contained in the iff and 4th grand Quarters, are blazoned in Plate XIX, Fig. 7. The tenth is Gules, three dexter Arms vam- hraced in the Fefs-^point proper; borne by the name of Armstrong^ This Coat is very well adapted to the Bearer's name> and ferves to de note a man of valour. The eleventh is Or, three dexter Legs couped above the knee Sable ; for the name of Hosy. The twelfth is Vert, three Arms conjoined at the fiooulders in the Fefs -paint, and fiexed in a tri angle Or, with fifis clinched Argent ; borne by the name of Tremaine. The thirteenth^ is Argent^ a Man^s Heart Gulesi within two equilateral triangles braced Sable; borne by the name of Villages. The fourteenth is Argent, a Man's dexter Leg erafed at the middle ofthe thigh Sable ; borne by the name of Prime. human effigies. 145 The fifteenth is Argent, a dexter Hand couped nt the wrifi and ereSi; within a Border engrailed Sable ; borne by the name of Manley. The fixteenth is Argent, a human Hearf im perially crowned, proper ; an a Chief Azure, three Mullets of the field ; for the name of Dou glas*, and quartered, ift and 4th,, in the .pa ternal Coat-of-arms of the Moft Noble William Douglas, Duke of Queensberry; Marquis of Drumlanrig, ^c. ; the Right Hon. George Douglas, Earl of Morton, Lord ,Aberdour, &c. the Right Hon; Dunbar DouglaSi Earl of Selkirk, Lord Dair, &c. and alfo, as 2d and 3dj by the Moft Noble Douglas Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton in Scotland, Chattelhe- rault in France, and Brandon in England, Mar quis of Hamilton, &c. Thefe noblemen being paternally defcended from the great and ancient hoxxie oi Douglas, in Scotland. The feventeenth is Gules, a Saracens Head iff'rontee, and. erafed at the neck Argent, wreath- * The reafon afligned, by Alexander Nifbet, for fuch a Charge being introduced into Armory is, that one of the Douglas family, was fent on a pilgrimage to the Holy-land, in 1328, with the heart oi Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, which, by order of that Prince, was buried there. L ' 146 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. ed of the fecond and Sable ; for the name of" Lloyd, and borne by Sir Edward Lloyd, of Pengwern, in Flintfhire, Bart. The eighteenth is Argent, three Blackamoors Heads in profile, couped proper, banded Argent and Gules ; borne by the name of Tanner. The nineteenth is Gules, three Befants ff gured; borne by the name of Gamin. The twentieth is Or, a Blackamoor s Head in profile, couped proper, banded Argent ; borne hy the name of Ustoc. Obferve, that when half of the face, that is, a fide face, of human figures, is fefen in a Fields as in the i8th and 20th examples, it is faid to be in profile ; but„ if the Figure is fet with the face in front, or lopking forward, as in the 17 th example, thi* po'fition is denoted by the term affrontee : and when the head of a man or Woman is reprefented with a full head, neck, and fhoulders, down to the breaft, as in the Chief of the 5th example, then it is called a hufi. XiXo:K§,te JPd^e. 7-4J LIONS. 147 EXAMPLES OF LIONS AND THEIR DIFFERENT POSITIONS, &c. IN COATS-OF-ARMS : ' See Plate XV. THE firft is Or, a Lion rampant Azure * ; quartered, ift and 4th, by his Grace Hugh Percy, Duke" of Northumberland, Earl of Percy, ^c. This nobleman derives his paternal pedi gree from, the ancient family of Smythton in ' Yorkfhire, who removing, in the beginning of the reign of Richard II, to Yafford, and pur- chafing lands at Newfome, both places not far from their original refidence ; they, by an eafy tranfition, common in thofe days, firft altered * Thefe were the ancient Arms ofthe duchy of Brabant, which were, -and have ever fince been, marfhalled with the paternal Coat- of-arms of the illuftrious houfe of Percy, namely. Azure, fi've^ Fufils iii Fefs Or ; on account of the marriage of Agnes de Percy (daughter and fole heirefs of William de Percy, defcended from a noble family refiding in their domain of Percy in Norfllandyi and who accompanied King William the Conqueror to England, in ¦ J 066) with Joceline de.Lorrain, fon of the Duke of Brabant,- who, by exprefs ftipnlation, took alfo the fiimame of Percy, to preferve the memory of the fa,mily. L2 148 elements PF HERALDRY^ their furname intp Smythfan, and afterward into- Smithfon. Of this family was Sir Hugh Smith- fon, who was created a Baronet, Auguft 2, 1660, and from him defcended, in a collateral line. Sir Hugh, the father of this prefent Duke, who having married, in 1740, Lady Elifabeth Seymour, daughter and at length fole hen oi Algernon Seymour, late Duke of Somer fet, Earl of Northumberland, and Baron W'ark- worth, fucceeded to that earldoni and barony, on the death of Duke Algernon, February 7,. 1749-50 ; as did his Lady to the baronies of Percy, Lucy, Gff. And he was created Duke ofthe fame county, Odlober 22, 1766. The fecond is Azure,, a Lion rampant^gar- dant Or ; for Fitz-Hammond. The third- is Gules, a Lion rampant-regar- d'ant' Or ; for the nanie of Cadogan*, and quartered, ifl and 4th, by the Right Hon. Charles Shane' Cadogan, Lord Cadogan, G?r. ¦ This noble Lord derives his pedigree fi-pm the * The feme Coat-of-arms was alfo borne, without any devia tion, for the name of Pryce, by \}at-\&X.e ^\'c John Povoell Pryce, of New-town, in Montgomeryfhire, Bart, and this fimilitude is no limre accounted for, than that of the. Arms of -Lane and Kingsmatf before mentioned, page \ i o. LIONS. 149 Princes of Powis, in Wales; from -whom de fcended William Cadogan of Llanbeder, in the county, of Pembroke, another of the anceftors of this prefent Lord, who was created a peer of Great Britain April 7, 17 18. The fourth is Ermine, a Lion faliant Gules ; borne by the name of Worley. The fifth is Azure, a Lion fiat ant -gar dant Or ; for the name of Bromfield. The fixth is Azure, a Lion paffant Or, be tween three Fleurs-de-lis Argent ; for the name of North, and borne by the Right Hon. George Augufius North, Earl of Guilford, Baron North, &c. This noble Lord is lineally defcended from Sir Edward North, who for the great fervices he had rendered the crown, was advanced to the dignity of a Baron, under , the title of Baron North oi Kir t ling in Cam- bridgefhire, February 17, 1553, the ift of Queen Mary. His grandfather (the Right Plon. Francis North) Lord Guilford, inherited the title of Lord North, by the death of Wil liam Lord North and Grey, on the 31ft of Oc tober 1734; and on the 8th pf March 1752, 150 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. was created Earl of Guilford, in the 24th of George II. The feventh is Gules, a Lion couchant, be tween fix Crofs-crofiets, three in Chief and as , many in Bafe, Argent ; for the name of Tynte, and borne by an ancient family of that name, in Somerfetfhire. The eighth is Argent, a Lion paffant -gar dant Gules, crowned proper ; for the name of Ogil vie, and borne quarterly, ift and 4th, by the Right Hon. James Ogilvie, Earl of Finlater and Se afield, Vifcount Redhaven, ^c. The preations of this nobleman's titles are. Ba ron of Defkford, Odlober 4, 16 16, and Earl of Finlater, February 20, 1637, bpth in the cPunty pf Bamff ; Vifcount Redhaven, June 28, 1698, and Earl of Seafield, in the county of Fife, June 24, 1701 ; all Scotch titles. The ninth is Or, a Lion rampant double-tete, A'zure; borne by the name of Mason. This Charge, fays Sylvan Morgan in his Armilogia, page 1 80, is, a fingular bearing of prudence. Another Coat'i^of-arms, for the name of Mafon^ oi Nottingham, is thus blazoned. Party pet- Pale, Ardent and Sable, a. Chevron between three LIONS. 151 billets, all counter-changed. But they are two diftindl families. , The tenth is Sahk, two Lions rampant com batant Or, armed and langued Gules ; borne by the name of Carter. The eleventh is Azure, two Lions rampattt addorfed Or. An armbrial Enfign, of the fame Charge and Tindlures, is faid to have been borne by Achilles, at the fiege pf Troy. The twelfth is Azure, a Chief Gules overr.all a Lion rampant doubkr queue Or * ; borne by the laame of Hastang. Some blazoners make ufe of double queue, and others of his fail four chy. This Charge, according to Sylvan Morgan, fig^ nifies confederacy and ftrength. The thirteenth is Argent, a Demi-lion ram pant Sable ; for the name of Mervin. The fpurteenth is Gules, two Lioncels paffant Argent, collared Azure ; bprne for the name pf Delamere, of Dorfetfliire. * R. Blome, in his EfTay to Heraldry, p^ge 134, quotes the following exataples of the fame Charge : Or, a Lion rampant dou ble queue Azure; borne by the name of Wansford of Yorkfliire. — Or, a Lion rampant double queue Sable ; for the name of Wells, — Sable, a Lion rampant double queue Or ; for the hame of Kings ton. — Azure, a Lion rampant double queue Or; borne by the name OfBaUMBALL. h4. J52 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. The fifteenth is Argent, two Lioncels counter^^ paffant Gules, the upper mofi toward the dexter -> fide ofthe Field; for the name of Glegg. It is the natural difpofition of the Lion not to bear a rival in the fame field ; therefore fe veral entire Lions cannot, with propriety, be borne in one Coat-of-arrns *, but muft be fup pofed to be Lion's whelps, called Lioncels; ex cept when they are parted by an Ordinary ; as in Plate VIII, Fig. ly ; or io difpofed as that they feem to be diftindlly feparated from each other; as in Fig. 20, of the fame Plate. In the 1 oth and 1 1 th examples, they are called Lions; becaufe, in the loth, they feem to be ftriving for the fovereignty of the field, which they would not do, unlefs they were of full growth: and in the nth, they are fuppofed to reprefent two valiant men, whofe difpute * It may be objedled, that in the royal Achievement of Great Britain, the Arms of England are blazoned Three Lions paffant, which defcription I have adopted in conformity to modern bla zoners ; but ancient writers declare them to be Leopards, one of whom expreffes himfelf in the following manner : Rex Anglia hahet pro armis tres Leopardes aureos in campo ruheo ; fed unde hoc, nifi quia afferit fe effe Ducem Normania, qui habet pro armis fuis duos Leo- pardos, i^ Ducem Aquitanits, qui utitur, iS habet unum, i^ ha tres fimul copulat feu accumulat, t^ ponit ratione Regni, V. Barthol. Cha.Sfa.ams Catalogus' Gloria Mundi, LIONS. ' l^.» being accommodated by their Sovereign, are leaving the field ; their pride not fuffcring them to go both one way. The fixteenth is Azure, ten Billets, 4, 3, 2, I, Or ; an a Chief of the fecond, a Demi-lion rampant naiffant Sable; for the name of Dor mer, and" borne by^ the Right Hpn. Charles Dormer, Lord Dormer of Wenge. This no ble Lord is defcended from Sir Robert Dormer, Knt. who, in the 35 th oi Henry VIII, obtain ed a grant, in fee, of the manor of- Wenge, in Buckinghamfliire; and whofe grandfon Robert was created Baron Dormer, June 30, 1615, by James I. The feventeenth is Party p^r Pale, Argent and Sable, three Lions rampant counter- changed ; for the name of Etherington, and borne by Sir Henry Etherington, of Hull, in Yorkfhire, Bart. * The eighteenth is Gules, a tricorporated Lion iffuing from three parts of the Efcutcheon, all meeting under one head in the Fefs-point Or, langued and armed Azure; for the name of Crouchback. This Coat appertained to Ed- 154 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. mund Crouchback, Earl of Lancafter, and- bro^. ther to King Edward I. The nineteenth is Gules, a Befant between three Demi-lions rampant Argent ; for the name of Bennet, and borne by the Right Hon. Charles Bennet, Earl of Tankerville, Baron Offulfton, &c. This noble Earl is defcended from the family of Bennet, in Berkfliire, who fiourifhed in the reign of King Edward III. Charles, Lord Offulfton, grandfather of the prefent Earl, was created Earl of Tankerville, pdloberi5, 17 14, hy George I. ^ The twentieth is Party per Pale, Azure and Gules, three. Lions rampant Argent, armed and lan gued Or J for the name of Herbert, and borne by the Right Hpn. George Augufius Herbert, Earl of Pembroke and Montgpmery, Baron Her bert, &c^. This noble family is defcended from Henry Fitz- Roy, natural fon to Henry I. Sir William Herbert, one of the anceftors of tht * The fame Coat-of-arms is alfo borne by the Right Hon. George Ednx'ord Henry Arthur Herbert, Earl of Powis, Vifcount L.udtew, i^e. and likewife, with a Crefcent for Difference, by the Right Hon. Henry Herbert, Earl of Carnarvon, who was created Baron Porcheller of Higljcfere, in Hamplhire, OSober 17, 1780, andEarl^ as above, June 29,, 1793. LIPNS. 1^^ prefent Earl, was advanced tp the dignity pf Baron Herbert of Cardiff, in the county of Glamprgan, Odlpber ip, 1551, by Edward VI; and the very next day created Earl of Pembroke, Obferve, that if a Lion, or any other beaft is reprefented with its limbs and body feparated^ fo that they remain upon the Field at a fmall diftance from their natural places, it is then termed dehache, or couped in all its parts; oi which very remarkable bearing, I haVe met with an inftance> in armory, which is. Or, a Lion rampant Gules, dihachi, or couped in all its parts, within a double Treffure fiory and counter- fiory of the fecond; for the name of Maitland. ALLEGORICAL SIGNIFICATION. The Lipn was by the ancients Ippked upon as the king pf beafts, and that title has been cpntinued tp him dpwn tp pur days, being efteemed the nipft magnanimpus, the mpft ge-o nerpus, and the mpft bpld pf all the fpurfpoted lace, and therefpre he has been chcfen to re prefent the |reateft heroes, who have been en- 1-^6 elements of heraldry. dued with fuch like qualities. This noble ' creature alfo reprefents cpmmand and the mag nanimity of majefty, at once exercifing awe and clemency, fubd'uing thofe that refift, and fparing thofe that humble themfelves. cl' To bear a lion, or other animal, of k different co lour from that which is natural to him, as gold, red, &c. is not a reproachful bearing, though contrary to nature, if we confider' the occafion of its inftitution, as it may have been done for the fake of diftindlion. EXAMPLES OF ANIMALS AND THEIR PARTS BORNE IN COATS^ OF-ARMS : See Plate XVI. THE firft is Sable, a Camel fiat ant Argent; borne by the name of Camel. — This beaft is remarkable for enduring hunger and thirft, and jfurpaffes the horfe for ftrength, his common burden' being one thoufand pound weight, It ^^.t.:syl .^^XJMfflLS L o ^.^^.e.7£_^ ANIMALS" AND THEIR PARTS. 1 ^J may ferve in Heraldry, to denote patience, and docility. The fecond is Gules, an Elephant fiat ant Ar gent, tuffed Or; borne by the name of El- PHiNGSTON. — The Egyptians made the ele phant the hieroglyph. of a powerful and wealthy man, who ftands not in need of his neighbours, but can live of himfelf, becaufe this animal, with his trunk, fupplies all his wants ; he car ries his meat and drink to his mouth with it, tears the branches of trees, &c. The third is Argent, a Boar fiatant Gules, armed Or ; borne by the name of Trewar- THEN.— -This animal, thpugh he wants hprns, is no way defedlive in his weapon, his .ftrPng and fharp tufks being reckoned as ferviceablc and executive as any inftrument of ofience among the wild beafts, and he bears an en counter with a noble courage. , The foui;|h is. Sable^^ a Bull paffant Or ; borne by the nime of Fitz-Geffrey.— The bull is of the greateft efteem among all horned ani mals, and his patience in enduring labour is exceeded by none. It is faid that the Athe nians, to exprefs their gratefulnefs for this la- 158 elements of heraldry. borious creature, did ftamp its figure on a cer tain coin called didrachma* . The fifth is Sable, three Nags Heads erafed Argent; for the name of Blayney, and borne by the Right Hon. Andrew Thomas Blayney, Baron Blayney of Monaghan, in Ireland. This noble family is defcended from Cadwalla^ der, a younger fon of a Prince of Wales ; and the firft peer was Sir Edward Blayney, Knight, who was created a Barpn by James I, July 29, 1621. The fixth is Gules, three Leopards Heads re verfed, with Fleurs-de-lis jeffant Or -j* ; the ar mprial Enfign of the biflioprip of Hereford. — -This diocefe contains the county of Here ford, and part of Shropfhire, wherein are 313 parifh churches, of which 166 are impropri ated ; and it has two archdeaconries, Hereford and Salop. * An old piece of coin, containing two drachma or denarii ; i. e. of the value of sAiOxA fifteen pence in Englifh money. Tertull. de Prcefc. ii. Sedul. 3, 316.^ •J- This was the paternal Coat-of-arms of Thomas de Cantelupe, fon of William Ldrd Cantelitpe; he was Chancellor of Eng-- land and Oxford, and Bifhop of Oxford in 1275, being the 4^th Bifhop of that fee. Heylyn's Help to Englifh Hiftory, page 77, Lond. edit. 1773^. ANIMALS AND THEIR PARTS. I59 The feventh is Azure, three Boars Heads erafed Or ; for the name of Gordon, and borne quarterly,' firft, in the paternal Coat-of-arms of his Grace Alexander Gordon, Duke of Gor don, Marquis and Earl of Huntley, &c. This ¦ancient family took its furnatne from the ba rony of Gprdon, in the county of Berwick, in Scotland; and the firft Duke of this noble man's predeceffors, was George Gordon, the fourth Marquis of Huntley, who was created by the title of Duke of Gordoii, in the county of Bamff, November i, 1684, hy Charles 1\. The eighth is Argent, three Bulls Heads erafed Sable, armed Or ; for the name of Skef fington, and borne by the Right Hon. Clot- worthy Skeffington, Earl of Massareene, &c. in Ireland. This noble faniily derive their fur name from the village of Skeffington, in the county .of Leicefter, of which place Simon Skeffington was Lord in the reign of Edward L The father of the prefent Earl, and the fourth Vifcount Maffareene, was created Earl of Maf- fareene, in the county of Antrim, July 3, 17 $6 i by George 11. i6o Elements of heraldry; The ninth is Argent, two Foxes cauHt^r- failant, the dexter furmounted of the finifier fal- tierwife Gules ; for the name of Kadrod-Hard, that of an ancient Britifh family, from which is defcended Sir Wat kin Williams Wynne i Bart* who bears this Charge quartered, 2d and 3dj in his Coat-of-arrris.— ^This animal is reckon ed the moft crafty of all beafts ; and, if we confider the fubtle temper of this creature^ it may ferve to reprefent thofe who have done fignal fervice to their prince and country, iii the adminiftration of juftice, or upon embaffies and the like negociations, where there is inore ufe for wit and dexterity than for ftrength and valour. The tenth is Argent, three Bulls paffant Sa lle, armed and ungulefi Or ; for the name of Ashley,' and borne quarterly, ift and 4th, by the Right Hon. Anthony Afioley Cooper, Earl of Shaftesbury, Baron Afhley, &c. This no ble Earl is defcended from Richard Cooper, who fipuriflied in the reign of King Henry VIII, and purchafed the manor of Paulet, in the county of Somerfet ; but, his anceftor, who makes the greateft figure in hiftory, was Sir Anthony ANiMALS AND THEIR PARTS. l6l AJhley Cooper, cheated Baron Afhley of Win- borne St. Giles, April 20, i66i, and after ward Earl of Shaftefbury, April 23, 1672, by Charles IL The eleventh is Ermine, three Cats paffant in Pale A^ure ; for the name of Adams. — The cat is an animal very well known, and there fore needs no defcription : it is generally taken for the fymbol of liberty, vigilance, forecaft, and cpurage.' The twelfth is Gules, tii)o Greyhounds ram-i pant Or, refpeSling each other; borne by the name of Dogget. — Dogs are, of all irrational creatures, the moft grateful to their mafters; and are alfo endued with other excellent quali ties, as fidelity, affedlion, fincerity and obe dience : they are likewife bold and refolute in revenging the wrong offered to their benefac tors. 1 The thirteenth is Or, an Afs Head erafed Sable; borne by the name of Hackwell. — The afs, whicli is the lively emblem of pa tience, is not without fome good qualities, for he feems to know his mafter, and can refpedt M t6.2 , ELEMENTS of HERAL^Rr.- him d)pve all pther men, thpugh he has beeif everfo ill treated; he has alfo good ©yes, a fine feiell, and an excellent ear. The fpurteenth is 'Gulesy three Lions Gambs erafed Argent ; fpr the name pf Newdigate, and borne by ^r. Roger Newdigate, pf Arbury, in Warwickfhire, Bart. The fifteenth is Arg-entf thr-ee Lions Tails, ereB and er-afed Gules; borne by the name pf Cork. — Tails. pf animals are bprne in Coats-pf- arms, as well as Pther parts; and efpeeially thofe pf lipns, who are faid to ffap them about their back and fides when they are in aryger, as- alfo to fv/eep the ground with thena when pur- fued, to wipe put their footfteps, that they may not be followed by the track. The fixteenth is Azure, a Buck's Head ca- hoched Argent r for .the name of I^egge, and borne by the Right Hon. WilUam Legge, Earl of Dartmouth, Vifcount Lewifliam, '^c^ This noble Earl is defcended from Signer de Legge, an Italian nobleman, who flourifhed in- Italy,, in the year 1297. What time the family came into England is uncertain; but'it appears. ANIMALS AND THEIR PARTS. 163 ithey were long feated at Legge s-place, near Tunbridge, in Kent ; and that Thomas, one pf their aneeftprs, was twice Lord Maypr of Lon don ; in ii/[f>, ^-nd 1353. The grandfather of his lordfhip, William, was created Baron pf Dartrnputh, in the cpunty pf Kent, December 2> 1682, hy Charles II; and his father, George, Was raifed tP the dignity of VifcPunt Lewifham and Ear^ pf Dartniputhj, September 5, 1711, by .Queen Anne. The feventeenth is Argent, two Squirrels fi' jant addorfed Gules ; for the name of Samwell, and borne by Sir Thomaf Samwell, of Upton, in Northamptonfhire, Bart. — The fquirrel is a lively and adlive creature, and is much com mended for its fagacity. The eighteenth is Gules, a Goat paffant Ar gent ; borne by the name of Baker. — It is hard to guefs at the motive which induced the firft bearers of this aninaal to take it for their Arms; for all the good that can be faid of goats is, that, in fome places, they are ufeful, and are more eafily tamed, and brought to live more fahiiiiar among mankind than fheep, M 2 . 164 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. The nineteenth is Sable, a Stag fianding at gaze Argent, attired* and unguled Or; bprne by the name pf Jones, of Monmouthjhire. — > The ftag, whofe gait and afpedl is very ftately, is endued with two excellent qualities above Pthers ; namely, quicknefs pf hearing, and fwiftnefs of foot, by which it may ferve to re prefent quicknefs in execution. The twentieth is Azure, three Holy Lambs Or; borne by the name of Row. — The lamb is well known to be a mild, gentle animal, and may very properly be taken for the fymbol of lenity and tendernefs of nature. EXAMPLES OF BIRDS, FISHES, REPTILES, &c. BORNE IM COATS- OF-ARMS : 5ee Plate XVII. THE firft is Ermine, an Eagle df played Gules; borne by thfe name of Bedingfeld, * The flag being by nature timorous, is fuppofed to wear its lofty antlers, not as weapons but ornaments ; therefore, in He« raldry, this animal is faid to be attired. t/.f.xvii ]BlRBS,]Fi§H:ES,&c» J%../^^ IS 14- X5 .| 16 4v % BIRDS, FISHES, &c. 165 and is the paternal Coat-of-arms of Sir Richard Bedingfeld, pf Oxburgh, in Oxfprdfl:iire, Bart., — The eagle was by the ancients dedicated to Jupiter, pn accpunt pf its generofity, ftrength, and coutage, above all other fowls ; for which reafon it is confidered as the moft aoble bearing of birds. Kf- When there^are feveral in a Coat- of-arms, they are called Eaglets, as in this ex ample; Ermine, on a Fefs Vert, three Eaglet^ difplayed, points ' of their wings pendent. Or ; .borne by the name of Winn, and is the pater nal Coat-of-arms of Sir Rowland Winn, of Nof- tell-abbey, in Yorkfhire, Bart. The fecpnd is ' Gules, a Swan clofe proper j bprne by the name of Leigham. -^This bird, the largeft and handfomeft of all webfooted fowls, is remarkable for never ufing his ftrength to prey on, or tyrannife over any other, but pnly to be revenged of fuch as firfi offer hinn viplence. He was, by the ancients, dedicated tP Venus, and i^ a very hpnprable bearing, The third is Argent, a Stork Sable, menfbered Gules; bprne by the name pf Starkey.— Stprks are very ufeful birds, fpr they deftrpy a vaft number of ferpents, .caterpillars, and alj Ms l66 elements OF HERALDRY. kinds pf verniin ; and they were fo imach ef teemed by the ancients, that they paid then^ divine honours. The fourth is Gules, a Pelican in her nefi', with wings elevated, feeding her young aftes Or, vulned proper; borne by the name of CArne. -—The pelican reprefented in the fore-men tioned pofition, exprefifes paternal love ; Pr fh6 tender cpncern pf a fuperior, WhP facrificeg himfelf for his inferiors. The fifth is, Argent, three Peacocks in their pride proper ; borne by the name of Pawne ; a name derived frotn the French- Wotd paoit, which fignifies in Englifh a peacock. — This bird is diftinguifhed from all other birds by its beau tiful head and tail. It Was formerly dedicated to Juno, as being the gpddefs pf richer, which attradt our hearts, as the peacock doe's our eyes. It may ferve to reprefent fublimity, ppvj€t, an4 grandeuf. The fixth is Sable, a Gdffmwk Argent, perch-. ing upon a Stock fixed in, Bafe' of the fecond, armed, jeffed, arid belled Or ; borne by the name pf Weele. — Kext to fhe eagle, tfee gofhawk is accounted the chief bird' pf prey ; and thi5. BIRDS, FISHESj &c. 167 charge may reprefent, fays J: Guillim, that the bearer was ready and ferviceablc for high afiairs, though he lived at reft, and not employed. The feventh is Argent, an Owl Gules; borne by the name of Herwart. This bird is fre quently borne in Coats-of-arms*, though it is generally Ippked uppn as a bird pf ill prefage, but fpr what reafon is very hard to fay. The Heathens dedicated the owl to Minerva, and the Athenians took it for their enfign, either becaufe that goddefs was their protedlrefs, or becaufe there were tnany fuch birds in that province. It is fuppofed to be the emblem of prudence and wifdom. The eighth is Argent, three Cocks Gules, frefied and jowlapped Sable, a Crefcent upon a Crefcent for difference ; for the name of Co- KAYNE, and borne by the Right Hon. Charles Cokceyne, Vifcount and Baron Cullen, of Do negal in Ireland. Of this ancient family was Andreas Cokayne^ of Alhburne, in the county * The paternal Arms of Sir Charles Burton, Bart, are Sable, m a Cheniron a Crefcent, betiueen three Ovjls Argent crowned Or, Thofe of Sir Thomas Hewet, Bart, are Gules, a Chevron engrailed, let-ween three Owls Argent. Thofe of Sir y^'^ Stepney, Bart. are Gulp, a Fefs cheeky Or and Azure,, hetvjeen three Qwls Argent. M 4 ' l68 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. pf Derby, whp lived in the reign of Henry II, Charles, fon to Sir William Cakayne, Lprd Maypr of London, 1619, was the firft of his lordfhip's anceftors, who was advanced to the peerage, Auguft 11, 1642, hy Charles 1. The ninth is Sable, a Dolphin naiant em- bowed Or, vorant a Fifio iffuant proper ; for the name of Symons, and borne by Sir Richard Symons, of Mund, in Herefordfhire, Bart. — The dolphin is reckpned the king of fifhes, as the lion is of beafts ; and niany fabulpus ftpries are told of him for truths, and publifhed even by grave authors, which I pafs by, tp take no tice that the greateft honour done him is, his being borne, by the eldeft fon pf the French Monarch, whpfe name is Dauphin, and is the . pejft heir to the crown ; no other fubjedl in that kingdorn ht\ng permitted to bea^: it. In pngland, where that rule cannot take place, there are feveral families that have dolphins in their Cpat-pf-arnis. Some authors fuppofe it to be the emblem of friendfhip and prudence; becaufe, according to naturalifts, when it ap prehends a ftprm coming, it rifes above the ^ater and fwims toward the fhore. FISHES, INSECTS, &c. 169 The tenth is Argent, three Whales Heads freSl and erafed Sable ; borne by the name of Whalley. The relation of the Ijearer's name tp that of this fifh, has, I fuppofe, been the reafon for appropriating to this family fuch a Coat-of-arms. The eleventh is Gules, three Efcallop-fhells - Argent ; for the name of Keppel, and borne by the Right Hon. William Charles Keppel, Earl of Albemarle, Vifcount Bury, iic. This prefent Earl is defcended from Arnold Joofi, Van Keppel, a nobleman of the province pf Guelderland, in Hplland, whp came over into England, with WilHam Prince of Orange, jn 1688, to whom he was then a page of ho nour, and- afterward mafter of the robes; and ^as by him created a peer of England, by the titles of Earl of Albeniarle, ^c. February lo, J696. The twelfth is Azure, three Trouts fretty jn triangle Argent * ; bprne by the name pf I'RouTBECK.^Trputs generally delight in cppI * If the fins of fifhes be of a different TinSure from their bodies, they are then faid to be/«a^ and Marquis of Winchefter, Odlober 12, 1 55 1 j by Edward Yl. The title of Duke of Bolton^ in Yorkfhire, was con ferred ort one of' his defcendants, Charles, the fixth Marquis of Winchefter, April 8, 1689, the I ft pf William and Mary. The fahie Coat- pf-arms, withput the Crefcent, is alfo borne by the Right Hon. Jahn Poulett, Earl Pou lett, Vifcdunt Hinton, &c. Though the family names, of the above noblemen, arc dif ferently written, yet they both have the fame origin ; their anceftor. Sir John Powlet, Knt. who died in the reign- of King Richard II, ha ving two fons, Thomas and William : from hrs eldeft fon Thomas,- is defcended the prefent Earl., whofe titles are, Baron Poulett, of Hintpn St. N 178^ ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. Geprgei June 23, 1627; Vifcpunt Hintpn and' Earl Ppulett,, December 24, 1706. The fecond is Argent^ three Battering-ram^ barwife proper, headed Azure, and hooped Or, an Annulet for difference; for the name of Ber tie, and borne by the Right Hon. Willoughby Bertie, Earl of Abingdon, Baron Norreys, &c. The firft of the family of Bertie, that was raifed to the dignity of Earl of Abingdon, was James Bertie, to whom the barony of Nor reys of Rycote, in Oxfordfliire,, defcended by heirfhip; being created Earl of Abingdon in the county of Berks, Noveniber 30, 1682, by Charles II. The third is Sable, three Spears Heads ereB Argent, imbrued Gules, on a Chief Or, as many Poleaxes Azure ; for the name of King, and borne by the Right Hon. Peter King, Lord King, &-c. Peter King, the firft peer of this ancient family, and grandfather of the prefent Lord, was chofen recorder of the city of Lon don, July 27,-1708, and on the 12th of Sep tember following had the honour of knight hood conferred on him. He was conftituted Lord Chief Juftice of the Common Pleas in the ARTIFICIAL FIGURES. I79 firft year of King G^org-^ I, 171 4; on the 5 th pf April fpllowing was fworn of his Majefty's Moft Honorable Privy Council: and vn May 27, 1723, was made Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, and created a peer of this king dom by the title of Lord King,, Baron of Ock- ham. The fourth is Azure, three Arrows armed and feathered, with their points toward the Bafe, Or', for the name of Archer. The fame Charge, but of a different Tindlure, that. is. Gules, three Arrows, with their points-' toward the Bafe, feathered and armed Argent, is borne for the name of Hales ; and is the paternal Coat-of-arrns of Sir Edward Hales, Bart. The fifth is Gules, two Helmets in Chief pro ' per, garnifhed Or, in Bafe a Garbe of the third; for the name of Cholmondeley, and borne by the Right Hon. George James Cholmondeley, Earl of Cholmondeley, Vifcount Malpas, &c. The creations of this nobleman's titles are. Ba ronet, May 22, 161 1; Vifcount Cholmonde ley, of Kells, in Ireland, March 29, 1661 ; Baron Cholmondeley of Wich-Malbank, alias , Namptwich, in the county of Chefter, April ¦ N2 i8o elements pf heraldry. lo, 1 689 ; Vifcpunt Malpas and Earl of Choi-* mondeley, in the fame dpunty, December 29'^ 17P6. The fixth is Argent ^ a Ship with its fails furled Sable. This is the armorial Enfign of the earldom of Arran, and is borne quarterly, 2d and 3d, by the Moft Noble John James Hamilton, Marquis of Abercorn, Vifcount Hamilton *, Earl of Abercorn in Scotland, &c. The defcent of this nobleman's family is from that of the Dake oi Hamilton : iot James, the fourth Earl of Hamilton, and fecond Earl of Ar ran, marrying Lady Margaret Douglas, daugh ter of James, the third Earl of Morton, by her had four fons, James, John, Claud, and David; whereof Claud, from whom his lordfhip derives his pedigree, was, in confideration of his merit * The firft and fourth Quarters of this nobleman's paternal, Goat-of-arms is. Gules, three Cinquefoils pierced Ermine, for the name of Hamilton } which Coat is alfo borne quarterly, ift and 4th, in the firft grand Quarter of his Grace Douglas Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton, in Scotland, Gh attel-herault, in France, and Brandon, in England, ^r. the, ad and 3d, ofthe faid grand Quarter, of his Grace's paternal Coat-of-arms, beirig the fame as the above, Argent, a Ship &c. borne for the forefaid earl dom of Arran, in the cOunty of Bute, in Scotland, granted to fiimes, the third Lord Hamilton, by King James IV, of Scotland, who created him Earl thereof, Augud 10, 1503. ARTIFICIAL FIGURES. igi -and loyalty to Mary -Queen of Scots, created by James Yl of Scotland, Lord Paifley in 1591, Baron of Abercorn in 1604, and Earl of the fame place. Baron of Hamilton, &c. July 10, i6p6. The feventh ' is Gules, three Clarions Or ; for the name of Granville, and borne quarterly, 2d and 3d, in the firft and fourth grand Quar ters of the paternal Coat-of-arms of the Right Hon. Henry Frederic Carteret, Lord Carte ret, &c. This nobleman's original name was Thynne, but being heir to the late Right Hon. Robert Carteret, Earl of Granville, he took, after this Earl's demife, the name, and likewife the Arms of Carteret, which are Gules, four Fufils in Fefe Argent, quartered, ift and 4th, with thofe of Granville, as mentioned before; and the title of Baron Carteret, of Hawnes, in the county of Bedford, was conferred on him, January 29,, 1784. The eighth is Gules, three Towers * Argent ; * The difference between a Tower and a Caflle, in Heraldry, js this ; the Tower ftands in or about the middle of the Field, but a Caftle extends from fide to fide ; fo that there can be but one Caftle in an Efcutcheon, but there may be two or tljree Tpwerj, , N3 i82 elements of heraldry. for the name of Flower, and borne qiiarterly, 2d and 3d, by the Right Hon. William Flower, Vifcount Ashbrook, Baron pf Caftle Durrow, &c. in Ireland... Wilham Flower, great grand father to this prefent Lord, was advanced to the peerage by King George II, and created Ba ron of Caftle Durrow, in the county of Kil kenny, Odlober 27, 1733, and his fon, Henry, was raifed to the dignity of Vifcount Afhbrook, of Afhbrook, in ireland, pn September 30, 1751, the 25th oi George II. The ninth is Gules, two Keys in Saltier, be-! tween four Crofs-rcrofiets fitchy Or ; the armorial Enfign of the bifhopric of Peterborough. — - This bifhopric derives its appellation from St. Peter, to whom the cathedral church was de dicated, in the year 633 : it contains the county of Northampton, in which Peterborough ftands, and the county of Rutland ; and in them both there are 293 parifhes, whereof 91 are impro priated I it, has but one archdeaconry, that of Northampton. The tenth is Sable, two Crofiers in Saltier Or and Argent, on a Chief Azure, three Mitres with Labels of the fecond ; the armorial Enfign artificial figures. 1^3 of the biftiopric of Landaff. — This diocefe comprehends the greateft part of Glamorgan- ftiire and Monmouthfhire, wherein are 177 parifhes, and 98 of them are impropriations ; it has but one archdeaconry, that of Landaff. The eleventh is Gules, a Sword in Pale, the point toward the Chief, blade and hilt proper, furmounted with two Keys Or ; the armorial En fign of the bifhopric of Exeter. — This dio cefe contains the two counties of Devon and Cornwall, wherein there are 604 parifli church es, whereof 239 £ure impropriated; it is divided into four archde^onfies, Cornvyall, Exeter, Barnftable, and Totnefs. The twelfth is Azure^ two Keys in Saltier Or; the armorial Enfign of the bifhopric of Gloucester. — This diocefe .caatains only Gloucefterfhire, wherein are 267 parifties, of which 125 are impropriations; and one arch deaconry, that of Gloucefter. The thirteenth is Gules, two Keys in Saltier Argent, in Chief a Cro-Wn royal Or ; the armo rial Enfign ofthe archbiftiopric of York. — This archiepifcopal fee comprehends only the Mfhppric of Carlifle, Chefter, and Durham. ' N4 184 elements of HERALDRY. And the diocefe contains about three parts in four of Yorkfhire, all Nottinghamfhire, and Hexham peculiar jurifdidlion, divided into 581 parifhes, whereof 336 are impropriations ; and it has four archdeaconries, namely, of York, Eaft Riding, Cleveland, and Nottingham. The fourteenth is Gules, two Swords in Sal tier, the points toward the Chief, Argent, pomel ed and hiked Or; the armorial Enfign of the bifliopric of London.— -This diocefe contains the counties of Middlefex and Effex, and part pf Hertfprdfhire, in which there are -about 622 parifhes, whereof 189 are impropriated; and in it are alfo five archdeaconries, Londpn, Middle fex, Effex, Colchefter, and St. Albans. The fifteenth is Sable, a Key in Bend fur mounted by a Crofier in Bend-finifier, both Or; the armorial Enfign of the bifhopric of St. Asaph. — This diocefe contains no one whole county ; but part of Denbigh, Flint, Montgo^ mery, and Merioneth fhires, and fome towns in Shropfhire, wherein are to the number of 121 pariflies, moft of which are in the imme diate patronage of the bifhop; and it has but one archdeacpnry, that pf St. Afaph, which i^ ARTIFICIAL FIGURES. I85 united, to the bifhopric, for the better fuppArt of it. The fixteenth is Gules, two Keys addorfed in Bend, the upper mofi Argent, the other Or, a Sword interpafed between them in Bend-finifier qf the fecond, pomeled and hiked of the third; the armprial Enfign of the bifliopric of Winches ter.-— This diocefe contains the counties of Surry and Southampton, with the ifle of Wight; and likewife, the ifles of Jerfey, Guernfey, Sark, and Alderney, which once belonged to the bifhopric- of Coutances in Normandy, but were added to this, in Queen Elifabeth's reign : the two counties, with the ifle of Wight, con tain 362 parifhes, of which 131 are impropria tions ; the ifle of Jerfey, i 2 1 ; and Guernfey, with the other two, as many more 2 there are in it two archdeaconries, Winchefter and Surry. KT The Bifhops of this fee are Prelates oi the moft noble order of St. George, called the Gar ter ; which office was vefted in them, by King Edward III, at the firft foundation of .that order. The feventeenth is Gules, three Mitres with f^eir Pendants Or ; the armorial Enfign of the l8& elements OF HERALDRY. bitliopric of Chester. — This bifhopric was anciently part of the diocefe of Lichfield, one of whpfe Bifhpp?, removing his fee thither, in the year 1075, occafioned his fucceffors being frequently called Biftiops of Chefter. But it was not eredled into a diftindl bifhopric, till the year 1541, by King Henry Vlil. It con tains the entire counties of Chefter and Lancaf ter; wherein there are 256 parifhes, of which IOI are impropriations; it is divided into two archdeaconries, Chefter and Richmond. The eighteenth is Sable, three ducal Coronetf palewife Or ; the armorial Enfign of the hi- ihopric of Bristpl. — This bifhppric was fpunded by King Henry VIII, and taken out pf the diocefes of Salifbury, Wells, and Worcef ter. It contains the city of Briftol, and the county of Dorfet; in which there are 236 .pa.- rifhes, wherepf 64 are impropriations : it has only one archdeaconry, that of Dorfet. The nineteenth is Gules, three ducal CorO" ¦mfs Or ; the armorial Enfign of the bifhopric .of Ely. — This bifhopric was taken from that of Lincoln, by King Henry 1, in 1109. It cpntains all Cambridgefliire, and the ifle of Ely^ ARTIFICIAL FIGURES. 187 excepting Ifelham, which belongs to the fee of Rochefter, and fifteen other parifhes, that are in the diocefe of Norwich ; but it has one parifh Emneth, in Norfolk. The whole num ber of pariflies, within the diocefe of Ely, are reckoned to be 141, of which 75 are impro priations : it has only one archdeaconry, that of Ely. The twentieth is Azure, three Mitres with their Pendants Or; the- armorial Enfign of the bifhopric of Norwich. — This diocefe contains the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, wherein are 1121 parifhes, of which 385 are impropria tions : it is divided into four archdeaconries, J^orwich, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Sudbury. I will conclude this article by a remark on the Dagger or Sward, borne in the armorial Enfign of the City of London, which is thus blazoned ; Argent, a Crofs Gules, in the firfi garter, a Dagger of the fecond, &c. This dagger, accprding tP the opinion generally re ceived, had its origin from the following anecr dote : In the fourth year pf King Richard II, there was an infurredlipn, in the cpunty pf J^ent, cpncerted with a defign tP fhake pff the 2 1'8'8, ELETViENTS OF' HERALDRY. vaffalage, which the common people, at that time, laid under to their lords ; and the leader of this feditious commotion was Wat Tyler, a poor labourer, fo called from his trade. This man's infatuation was fuch, that he even ven tured to enter the metropolis with his rebellious party ; where' he was met by the King, accom panied by William Walworth, the Lord Mayor of London in that year, who not being able to bear the traitor's infolence, had the. courage to vindicate the violated majefty of his Prince, hy ftabbing, with his dagger or fword, the daring villain at the head of 200,oop armed and en raged rabble, when all the nobility prefent, men bred to arms, were trembling for fear : in this he was feconded by the refolution of the King himfelf, who by his prefence of mind and voice daunted the mifcreants, on whom the au^- thority of his proclamations, and repeated offers of pardon- could m^ke no impreffidn before. For this loyal and brave adlion, the Lord Mayo# was knighted, and his dagger added to the city Arms. But, though this Bearing nevtr could be affumed on a nobler inftance, it has, how-r ever, ^a njore apcient origin, as the following ARTIFICIAL' FIGURES-.r 189 account will make evident. There is near Staines, in Middlefex, on the banks of the. Thames, a little below, and on the oppofite fliore to, the famous Runny- Mead, a pedeftal on which was fixed, in the year 1781, a ftone that bears the appearance of antiquity, and is , the boundary of the jurifdidlion of the city of London, as the infcription on the weftern fide of it indicates : on the eaftern fide, and under the ,relics of this monument, whereon may ftill be feen the city Arms, as they now ftand, are the following words : The ancient Stone, above this infcription, is raifed upon this. Pedefial exaBly • over the Spot where it formerly fiood, infcribed God PRESERVES the City of London, A. D. 1285. Now the year 1285 was long before Richard II, who came not to the throne till the 2 ift of June 12)77 ' therefore the ^<3g-^(fr could not have, been derived from the above anec dote. The moft probable reafon feeins to be, that the faid dagger or fword was originally a part of the armorial Enfign itfelf, as. a mark of the magiftrates of the city of London anciently pof- feffing the Jus Gladii, or what the French ju- 190 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. rifprudence terms Le Droit du Glaive, i. e. the Right of holding and executing Juftice, within their jurifdidlion, in the nature of a county pa latinate. ARTICLE III. OF CHIMERICAL FIGURES BORNE IN COAtS-OF-ARMSi THE laft, and the odd eft kind of Bearings in Coats-of-arms, is comprehended under the name of CJiimerical Figures, that is to fay, fuch as have no real exiftence, but are either mere fabulous inventions, or the refult of fancy and caprice. Thefe Charges, Griffins, Mart-^ lets, and Unicorns excepted, are fo uncommon in Englifh Coats-of-arms, that I have been obliged, in order to make up the fame number of examples hitherto contained in each collec- tion, to introduce, in this laft clafs, feveral fo reign Bearings ; which, however, as they are conformed to the laws of Englifh Heraldry, will alfo contribute both to entertain and in* CHIMERICAL FIGURES. igi ftrudl the -Reader. Thofe, moft in ufe, are of thefe forts following * Angels, Mermaids, Cherubim, Centaurs, Martlets, Satyrs, Alerions, Wyverns, Griffins, Harpies, Unicorns, Cockatrices, Dragons, Phenixes. Thefe, like the foregoing Charges, are fub jedl to various pofitions and difpofitions, which^ from the principles already laid down, will be plainly underftood, * To the following figures might be added thatof iht Montegre, an imaginary creature, fuppofed to have the body of a Tiger with a; Satyr's head and horns ; as alfo the Opinicus, a fantaftical figure, re prefented as having the body and fore legs of a Lion, the head and neck of an Eagle, the 'wings of a Griffin, and the tail of a Camef. The Company of Barber-furgeons, have affumed this chimerical creature for the Creft of their armorial Enfig-Ot 192 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY^ EXAMPLES Pf CHIMERICAL FIGURES BORNE IN COATS-OF-ARMSf See Plate XIX* THE firft is Ga/^j, an Angel fianding ereB i with his Hands conjoined and elevated upon his breafi, habited in a long robe clofe girt Argenti his Wings difplayed Or ; bprne by the name pf Brangor de Cerevifia, a foreign prelate,, who affifted at the council of Conftance, 141 3.( This example is quoted by J. Guillim, Sedl. 3.. Chap. I. ' . The fecond is Sable, a Chevron between three Cherubim Or ; borne by the name of Chalo ner, pf Yorkfliire and Chefliire. ** The third is Azure, a Fefs dancette between three Cherubim Argent ; for the name of Ayde. Thefe Arms were granted to John Ayde, Efqi of Doddington, in Kent ; and regiftered by Sir William Segar, Knt. Garter Principal King of Arms. The fourth is Gules, a Cherub having three pair of Wings, . the uppermofi and lowermofi coun- ^/^:S3C CHTMERoIFICJIIKE S . :raff..7^3 CHIMERICAL FIGURES. I93 ter-croffedfaltierwife, and the middlempfi difplayed Argent; borne by the name of Buocafoco, a foreign prelate. - This example is copied frdm Menefiriers Methode du Blafon, page 120, No. viii. The fifth is Azure, a Griffin fegreant Or, armed and langued Gules, between three Crefcents Argent ; for the name of Bligh, and borne by the Right Hon. John Bligh, Earl of Darn# LEY, Baron Clifton, Gff. of Ireland ; and alfo Baron Clifton, of Leigh ton Bromfwold in England. The firft of this nobleman's ancef-r tors that was raifed to the peerage was John Bligh, the eldeft fon of Thomas Bligh, pne of the privy council to Queen Anne, in which honorable poft he died ; and, after his demife, the aforefaid fon was created Baron Clifton of Rathmpre, September 14, 1,721; Vifcpunt Darnley, March 7, 1723 ; and Earl pf Darn- ley, June 21, 1725. The barpny. of Clifton in, England, defcended to his ion Edward, in. right of his mother Catherine, Baronefs of- Clif ton, fole daughter and heirefs to Edward, Earl of Clarendon, who died January 3P, 1722. O 194 ELEMENTS PF HERALDRY. The fixth is Gules, three Martlets Or ; bprne by the name of Macgill. Various are the opinipns of blazoners concerning thjs bird, the principal of which are inferted in the Didlionary annexed to this Treatife, under the word Martlet ; however I fliall obferve that Guil- /iJa- makes no difference between this bird and the Alerion, as if he thought them to be the fame bird, though the contrary appears in that the Martlet is reprefented by Englifh heralds without feet; but not without beak, as the Alerion is ; v/hlch may alfo be found defcribed in the Didlionary. The feventh is Azure, three Mullets within a double Treffure fiory count er-fiory Argent, and in the centre a Martlet Or * ; for the name of Murray, and borne by the Right Hon. Alex ander Murray, Lord Elibank, &c. in Scot land. One of this nobleman's anceftors. Sir * This I take to have been formerly introduced as a Difference ; for the original Coat-of-arms, borne for the name of Murray, is only Azure, three Mullets Argent : and the Moft Noble Jahn Mur ray, Duke of Athol, (jfc. the Right Hon. David Murray, Earl of Mansfield, ^f. bear the like paternal Arms, nuithin a double Treffure ffry and counter -fiory Or, for the fame name of Murray, but witliout the Martlet. CHIMERICAL' figures. I95 Gideon Murray, was knighted by King James VI, to whom he was Treafurer-deputy, for his faithful difcharge of that office : and his fon Patrick, in refpedl of his loyalty to Charles I, was, on May i6, 1628, made a Baronet; and, in the year 1643, advanced to the title of Baron Elibank. The prefent Lord is the fixth noble man pf this ancient family. The eighth is. Sable, a Cockatrice difplay e^ Argent, crefied, membered, and jowlapped Gules. This is only an imaginary creature, fuppofed to rife from a cock's egg. But J. Guillim, in his Difplay of Heraldry, Sedl. 3. Chap; XXVI, calls it the king of ferpents, not in refpedl of its bignefs, but of the infedlion of its peftife- rous and poifonous afpedl. The nitith is Ga/(?/, a Mermaid proper, crined and finned Or, holding in her right hand a Mir ror, and in her left a Comb ofthe latter ; for the name of Prestwich, and borne quarterly, ift and 4th, in the paternal Coat-of-arms of Sir John Prefiwich, of Preftwich, in Lancafliire, Bart.-r-There may perhaps be fome refemblance of this creature in the fea, but as they ai-e re prefented in Coats-of-arms, Devices, &c. they O 2 196 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. are the fancies of painters, engravers, ^c. They have been ufed fometimes for the fymbol of eloquence. The tenth is Argent, a Wyvern, his Wings elevated, and his Tail nowed Gules ; borne by the name of Drakes. — Some fuppofe this creature to be a kind of ferpent ; the upper part re- J fembling a dragpn, and the lower a fnake i Pthers make it a.winged ferret, called viverra in Latin ; pthers a winged viper ; though, if I might give my opinion, it owes its being, as the laft mentioned, to heralds, ^c. and can boaft of no other creation. The eleventh is Or, a Dragon paffant Vert. Dragons may be juftly fuppofed to be imaginary monfters, notwithftanding all the feveral ftories we have "of them ; I mean dragons with wings and legs, and not ferpents of an extraordinary magnitude, as I make no doubt but that there have been fuch. The twelfth is Gules, a Centaur or Sagittary regardant proper. This was the affumed Coat- pf-arms of Stephen*, furnamed of S/ow, fon * G. Leigh fays, that the reafon which induced this king to change his paternal Coat-of-arms for this, vvaS, that on his enter- chimerical figures. 197 ai Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, and oi Stephen, Earl of Blois.; and on this de- feent grounding his pretenfion to the crown of England, he was proclaimed King, by the power of the clergy, on the ift of December, 1135^, and reigned to the 25th of Odlober 1154. The thirteenth is Argent, a Unicorn fejant Sable, unguled, and horned Or; borne by the name of Harling. The Unicorn is, by fonie authors, fuppofed tP be a very rare and beauti ful beaft nearly like a horfe, and many pretend to defcribe him, as if they were fure of its ex iftence: but after the moft diligent inquiries, made by travellers in all parts of the known world, it is certain there is no fuch creature to be found. No other quadruped has been dif- f pvered tP have a fingle hprn but the rhinoceros^ and that it is npt in the niiddle pf the fprfehead, but pn the npfe; however, this has, in all like lihood, given rife to the fable of the Unicorn. There are indeed many horns kept in the cabl ing the realm, the fun was in the fign Sagittarius., and that he had obtained a great victory by the help of his archers. Accedepce of Armory, page 43, Lond. edit. 161 z. O3 198 elements OF HERALDRY. nets of the curious, that have been faid to be Unicorn's horns ; but they do not belong to a quadrupede, but to a fifh, that is now diftin guifhed by the name of the Sea-Unicorn. The fourteenth is Argent, a Dragons Head erafed Vert, holding in his mouth a finifier Hand couped at the wrifi' Gules; borne by the name pf Williams*. The fifteenth is Gules, three Unicorns Heads couped Or; for the name of Paris. , The fixteenth is Argent, a Wyvern volant bendwife. Sable ; for the name of Raynon. The feventeenth is Azure, a Lion fejant gar-; dant and winged Or, his head incircled with a Glory, holding in his fore-paws an open Book, wherein is written. Pax tibi, Marce; Evange- * There are no lefs than fix different Coats-of-arms, for the name of Willi ams, inferted in J. Millan's CoUeftion of the Arms ofthe Baronets of pngland and Nova Scotia, correfted to Septem- ter, 1753. and not one of them is like this; as is evident by the Wazqning of them : Gironny of eight pieces Ermine and Ermines, a Lion rampant Gules; borne by Sir, Williams of Llangibby, in Monmouthfhire, Batt. Argent, a Chevron betiueen three Cocks, Gules, on a Chief Sable three S.pears Heads embrued proper ; borne by Sir Williams of Iflington, in Middlefex, Bart. Gules, a Che'vron betiueen three Saracens Heads, affrontee and couped at their, fhoulders proper; borne by Sir Williams of Penrkyn, in Cam a r von fh ire, Bart. And fo forth, as may be feen in the afore faid Colleflion. chimerical figures. 199 lifta meus ; over the dexter fide of the Book a Sword ereB, all proper. This is the armorial Enfign of the republic of Venice. The eighteenth is Azure, a Bull faillant and winged Or ; for the name of CadeNet. The nineteenth is Argent, a Wyvern with a human face hooded, and winged Vert ; borne by the name of Buseraghi. The twentieth is Azure, a Harpy difplayed, armed, crined, and crowned Or. This is the armorial Enfign of the imperial city of Nu remberg, the capital of Franconia in Ger many. O4 200 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. CHAP. VI. or THE EXTERNAL PRNAMENTS Of ESCUTCHEONS. THE Ornaments that aecpmpany pr fur- rpund Efcutcheons, were intrpduced tp denpte the rank, dignity, or office * of the per fons tp whpm the Cqats-of-arms appertain; which is pradifed bpth ampng the laity and • The office of Earl Marjhal of England is ftill diftinguifhed by tuuo Truncheons, or Marfhal Staues, placed behind the noble Duke of Norfolk's Arms, as being hereiitAry Earl Marjhal of England. This nobleman's paternal Coat-of-arms is Gules, a Bend betiueen Jtx, Crofs-crojlets fitchy Argent ; furmounted on the upper part by an Inef cutcheon Or, charged uuith a Demi -lion rampant, pierced through the, mouth uuith an Arroiu, 'luithin a double Treffure counter-flory Gules ; for the name of Howard. His Grace the Duke of Argyle's Coat-of-arms is alfo accompanied with two honorabla badges in Saltier, which his anceftors have borne a long time, as Great Mafters of the King's houfehold, and Jufiiciaries of Scotland. The firft is a Staff Gules, feme of Thiftles Or, enjigned luith a royal Crouun proper, and thereon the Crejl of Scotland, v/Yivih is a Lion fe jant gardant Guks, crowned, hailing in his dexter paiu a Smord pro per, pomeled and hilted Or, and in the finifter, a Sceptre of the laft : the fecond is a Sivord, as that in the Lion's paiu. In France and Germany it is cuftomary to decorate the Coats-of-arms of General Officers, with implements and trophies of war; and of feveral tem porary Dignitaries, with certain figures, devices, or emblems rela tive to their refpeftive offices. CROWNS. 201 clergy. Thpfe which are moft in ufe, at pre fent, are of ten forts ; and are denominated as follows : Crowns, Qhapeau, Coronets, Wreath, Mitres, Crefi, Helmets, Scroll, Mantlings, Supporters. SECT. I. OF CROWNS. THE firft Crowns were only diadems, bands, or fillets ; afterward they were cpmppfed pf branches of divers trees, and then flpweris were added tp them. Ampng the Greeks, the Crpwns given to thpfe who carried the prize at the Ifthmian games, were of pine ; at the Olympic, of lau rel; and at the Nemean, oi fmallage, which is a fprt pf wild parfjey. The Romans had ten different Crowns to re-*- Ijvard martial exploits, and extraordinary fervices done tP the republic, fuch as : 2,02 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. The Mural Crown, which was a circle of gold with battlements; fee I ,Fig. I. It was conferred upon him, who firft, at an affault, mounted the walls of a befieged town, and there ict up a ftandard ; and therefore, in the fhape of it there was fome allufion made to the figure of a wall. The creft over the right Right Hon, Lord Montfort's Cpat-pf-arms, which is in ferted in Plate VI, Fig. 9, contains a Crown of this kind ; On a Wreath Or and Gules, a Demi- lion rampant Sable, iffuing out of a Mural Crown Or, holding a' Standard Vert, charged with a Griffin pafiant Argent ; the Staff proper, headed Or; which Creft was conferred in the 4th year of Henry Y, on John Bromley, one of his lordfhip's anceftors, together with the ho nour of knighthood, for his great courage at the battle of Le Croby, and for recovering the: Standard of Guienne, in that memorable en gagement: and I find no lefs than nine Englifh Baronets Coats-of-arms, which alfo have the Mural Crpwn as part pf their Creft *. * The furnames of thefe Baronets are Auften, Cann, Clayton^ Cotke, Heathcote, Hudfon, Pennyman, Repferell, Williamfon. , crowns. , 203 The Naval or Rofiral Crown, which was a circle of gold with the figures 2 of crabs or fhrimps engraved on it, and on the top of it were put the beaks and fterns of fhips; fee Fig. 2. This Crown was given to him who firft grappled, or entered an enemy's fhip, or had otherwife fig- nalifed his valour at fea. Virgil makes mention of this fort of crown, in his iEneid * ; and it is recorded by Pliny, Lib. xvi. Chap. 4,' that Augufius conferred this mark of honour on M. Agrippa, for defeating the pirate Sextus Pom- peius near Sicily, u. c. 718. There are in ftances of it in mpdern Cpats-pf-arms, as may be feen by the Creft placed over that of Sir William C. Burnaby, of Broughton Hall, in Qxfordfhire, Bart, which is, on a Wreath Ar- gent, and Gules, a Demi-lion rampant gardant Or, iffuing out of a Naval Croivn, holding in his dex ter paw, a Staff with a Rear Admiral's Flag proper. * Tempora navali fulgent roftrata corona. Lib- 8. F. 684. 4 t^aiial croivn that binds his manly brows. Dr vp E9> 204 ELEMENTS PF HERALDRY. The Vallary pr Cafirenfe Crpwn was pf gold, formed like a circle with pales 3 or pallifadpes on the top of it; iee Fig. 3. It was con ferred by the General on him who firft entered the enemy's camp, or forced their entrenchments. We have inftances of this kind of Crowns in feveral Crefts ; that of Sir Bellidgham Graham, of Nor- ton-conyers, in Yorkfliire, Bart, whofe pater nal Coat-of-arms may be feen in Plate V, Fig, 1 3, is one of them ; On a Wreath Or and Sa ble, a Crown Vallary of the firfi. The Civic Crown was made pf pak-bpughs, as Fig. 4, and beftpwed uppn 4 fuch a Rpman citizen, as had faved the life of one of his fellow citizens, either in bat tle or at an affault. Virgil calls it civilis quercus *. This Crown was fo highly efteemed ampng the Rp- mans, that it was cpnferred uppn M. T. Cicero, * At qui umbrata gerunt civili temporum quercu. &-S. Lib. vi. Ver. 772. Bui they, 'txho croian'd uuith taken lureaths appear ; Sec. 2 DRYDENi CROWNS. 205 for having deteded Catiline's confplracy ; and afterward upon Augufius Ccefar himfelf. The creft of Grice Blakeney, Efq. is encompaffed with fuch a Crown. The Radiated ox Eafiern Crpwn, as fpme call it, pn account of its being 5 formed like that worn for merly by the Jewifh Kings, was made of gold with rays about it;- fee Fig. 5. It was beftpwed, by the ancients, on Princes and Emperors .when they were apo- theofed, or ranked among the Gods, either be fore or after their death. This Crown, accord ing to J. Yorke, was placed over the Arms of the Kings of England, till the time of Edward III. It is ftill ufed, as a Creft, on the Arms pf fome private families ; thofe, for example, borne by the name of Whitfield, are orna mented with it. The Celefiial Crown is formed like the Radiated, with the addition of a ftar on each ray; and is only ufed upontomb-ftones, monuments, and the like. The other ancient Crowns were all made of different fprts pf grafs, plants, or branches of 206 ELEMENTS PF HERALDRY. trees *, nearly after the fame manner as the Civic Crown : and fuch are ftill. borne, as may be feen in the Creft pf the Right Hohi John Bowes Lyon, Earl of Strathmore, Lord Gla- mis, &c. and in pthers: fee Crown, in the Pidionary which is annexed to this Treatife. As to Modern Crowns, being fuch as are re prefented in Plate XX^ Fig. i, 2, and 3, they are .chiefly ufed as an ornament, which Empe rors, Kings, and independent Princes fet on their heads, in great folemnities, both to de note their fovereign authority, and to render themfelves more awful to their fubjedls. Thefe are alfo the moft in ufe in Heraldry -f-, and are as follows : The Imperial Crown, which is made of a Circle of gold, adorned with precious Stones and Pearls, heightened with Fleurs-de-lis', bor dered and feeded with Pearls, raifed in the form of a Cap voided at the top, like a Crefcent. * Poets wej-e wont to have their Crowns of Laurel, and hence to this day there is in England a Poet Laureaf, whofe honorary fti- peiid, however, is better than a fprig of laureL f F. Mencflrier afTures us, that the praiElice of crowning Ef cutcheons was firft ufed on coins, and began in the reign of Charles Vii, who came to the throne in the year 1422. ^/afeXX: C.KOWET^^^c^ CROWNS. > 207 From the middle of this Cap rifes an arched Fillet enriched, with Pearls, and furmounted pf a Mound, whereon is a Crofs of Pearls :. fee Fig. I. The Crown of the Kings of Great Britain is a Circle of gold, bordered with Ermine, en riched with Pearls and precious Stones, and heightened up with four Croffes pattee, and four large Fleurs-de-lis of gold, placed alter nately J from thofe CrPffes rife four arched Dia dems adorned likewife with Pearls, Diamonds, Rubies, Emeralds, Sapphires, &c. which clofe under a Mound*, furrounded with a Band or Fillet of gold, and furmounted of a Crofs like thofe over the circle, though rather larger ; the Crofs is moreover embelliftied with three oval Pearls, one of them being fixed on the top, and the others at each fide of it : fee Fig. 2. Mr. Sandford, in his Genealogical Hiftory, page ^381, rem.arks, that Edward lY, is the firft * This Mound, in the Crown of State, is one entire ftone of a feagreen colour, known by the name of an Agmarine ; and has therefore that appearance, in the Crown fet over the royal A- chievement, when properly blazoned. 2o8 elements OF heraldry. King of England, that ifl his feal, or pn his cpin, is crpwned with an arched Diadem. The Crown of the Kings in France is a Cir cle enamelled, adorned with Diamonds and pre cious Stones of divers kinds, and heightened up with eight arched Diadems, rifing from as many Fleurs-de-lis, that conjoin at the top^ under a double Fleur-de-lis, all of gpld : fee The Crowns pf Spain, Portugal, and Poland, are all three of the fame form,, and are, among others, thus defcribed by Col. Parfons, in his Genealogical Tables of Europe : A ducal Co ronet, heightened up with eight arched Dia-. dems that fupport a Mound, enfigned with a plain Crofs. Thofe of Denmark and Sweden zre both nearly of the fame form, and confift of eight arched Diadems rifing from a Marquis' Coronet, that conjoin at the top under a Mound enfigned with a Crofs-bottony. The crowns of other Chrijiian Sovereigns, are a Circlet of gold, adorned with divers precious Stones, and heightened up with large Trefoils, and clofed by four, fix, of eight Diadems, fup porting a Mound, furmounted of a Crofs. CROWNS. 209 The Great Turk bears over his arms a Tur ban, ornamented with Pearls, Diamonds, and othei' precious Stones, , heightened up with two Coronets, the lowermoft of which being made of a Fillet pf gpld, furmounted of twelve pyra- midical Points of the fame, on the top of which is a large Pearl i and the uppermoft cpnfifting of ten fimilar Points^ over-topped with a Cref cent of gpld : fee Fig. 4. The Pope, or Bifhop of Rome, apprppriates to himfelf a Tiara, or long Cap of golden cloth, from which hang two Pendants embroidered and fringed at the endsj feme of Croffes of gold. This Cap is enclofed by three Marquifes Coro nets, and has on its top a Mound of gold, whereon is a plain Crofs of the fame : fee Fig. 5. — It is a difficult matter to afcertain the time that thefe haughty and ambitious prelates arro gated to themfelves the three forementioned Coronets. A patched up fucceffion of thefe holy pontiffs engraved and publifhed a few years ago in Englifh, by order of Clement XIII, for the edification of his good fubjedts in Great Britain and Ireland, reprefents Marcellus, who %vas chofen Bifhop of Rome in the year 3 1 o, P 2t.O ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. and all his fucceffors, adorned with fuch a Cap j But it appears> from very good authority, that ¦ Boni/hce VIII, eleiSed to the fee of Rome in 1295, who had the boldnefs, or rather impu dence, to deckre that Kings were iahjeOl to him, even in temporals, was the firft who eompaffed his Cap with a Corpiiet; BenediB XII, in 1 3^3 5, added a fecpnd to it; znd John XXIII, in 141 1, pver-tppped them with a third, in prder to indicate hf thefe affumed or naments, that the Pope is, or rather pretends to be, the fovereign Prince, the fupreme Judge, and the fole Legiflator ampng Chriftians ! SECT. II. OF CORONETS. THE wprd Coronet, which is derived frpm the Italian coronetta, implies a little crown, or chaplet, which is fet over the Coats-of-arms of Princes, Dukes, Marquifes, Earls, Vifcounts, and Barons, and is likewife worn by them at a coronation. CPRPNETS. 211 The Cprpnet pf the Prince pf Wales, pr eldeft fon of the King of Great Britain, Was anciently a Circle of gold relevated With four Croffes-pattee, aiid as many Fleurs-de-lis alter nately ; but fince the happy reftoratlon, it has been clofed with two femicircular Arches, con joined at the top,, adorned with Pearls and pre cious Stones, and furmounted of a Mound with a Crofs-pattee thereon ; and within it a Cap of crimfon velvet, turned up with Ermine : fee Fig- 7- Befide the aforefaid Corpnet, the Prince pf Wales has another diftinguifliing mark of ho nour, peculiar to himfelf; namely, a Plume of three Oftrich feathers, with the ancient Core- net of a. Prince of Wales; and under it, on a fcroU, is this motto, ICH DIEN, which, in the German or old Saxon language, fignifies. I ferve. This device was affumed by EbwARD Prince of Wales, eldeft fon of King Edward III, but commonly called the Black Prince, after the famous battle of Crecy*, in 1346; where * A town of France, in the province of Picardy. As fome o£ my young readers will perhaps be pleafed with a curious Anecdote relating to the memorable event that caufed this coronet and motto to be an appendage of the Coat-of-arms of the Prince of Walest, I P2 212 ELEMENtS PF HERALDRY. having, with his pwn hand, killed John, King pf Bohemia, who ferved Philip, the King of: France, in his wars, 'and was his ftipendiary; he tPok from his. head fuch a plume and motto, and put it on his own, to perpetuate the vie-' topy : fee Fig. 6. The Coronet of the prefent Dukes of Tark, , Clarence, zndGloueefler , and of all the imme diate fons and brothers of the Kings pf Great- Britain, is a Circle of gold adorned with Pearls' and precious Stones, bordered with Ermine,- and heightened with "four Fleurs-de-lis, and as many Croffes-pattee alternate: fee Fig. 8. — The particular and diftinguifhing form of fiich! Coronets as are appropriated to Princes of the- will infert it as I have found it recorded.— At the ¦famous' battle of Crecy, which is, by different authors, written Crefcy, Cre'fTy, and Crecie, there appeared a i^ing of Bohemia, who was blind with age ; and ^en he heard that viftory was hovering over the ftand ard of Edivard, - he at random galloped among the ranks of his own legions, begging that the bridle of his horfe might be inter laced with that of fiome general officer. Upon this a couple of Knights fixed the brave old King between them, interlacing' his bridle as; he hadrequ^ilad, and ip this fituation he exchanged two or three ftrokes with the Prince of Wales, but received a mortal wound and' expired. The Creft of this gallant old King was com pofed of .three Oftrich Feathers, with the motto Ich Dien ; and in commemoration ^hereof, the Prince of Wales afllimed both, which have been continued by his fucceffors ever fmce. ¦.CORONETS. , ; 213 blood royal, is defcribed and fettled in a grant oi Charles II, the 13th of his reign. The Co ronet of the nephews of the blood royal, differs ¦from the immediate fons and brothers, by ha ving the Circle heightened ^with Crofifes- pat- tee and Strawberry leaves,- inftead of Fleurs- de-lis. . . . The Coronet of the Princeffes oi. Great Bri- •tain, is a Circle of gold, bordered with Ermine, and heightened with two Croffes-pattee, four Fleurs-de-lis and two^ Strawberry leaves alter nate; whereas a Prince's Coronet has only Fleurs-de-lis and Croffes : iee Fig. g. A Duke's Coronet is a Circle of gold, en riched with precious Stones and Pearls, bor dered with Ermine, and heightened with eight large Strawberry leaves : fee Fig. i o. A Marquis' Coronet* is a Circle of gold, adorned with precious Stones and Pearls, and bordered with Ermine, heightened with four Strawberry leaves, and as many Pearls on pyra- * This is to be underftood of a real Marquis, whofe title is Moft Noble ;which I mention, left anyone fhould be led. into a miftake by not diftinguifhing a r^ij/ Marquis, i. e. by creation, from a nominal Marquis, i. e. the eldeft fon of a Duke ; the latteris only Hj^led Moft Honnrable. P3 214 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. midical Ppints of an equal height and alter-? nately: iee Fig. ii. An Earl's Coronet is a Circle of gold, en-r ¦riched with precious Stones and Pearls, border ed with Ermine, and heightened with eight pyramidical Points or Rays, on the top of which are as many large Pearls ; five pf thefe only are ieen on paintings, and engravings : they are placed alternately with as many Straw berry leaves, but the Rays are niuch higher than the Leaves*: fee Fig. 12. A Vifcounfs Coronet, which was granted by King James I -f, is a Circle of gold adorned with * Mr. Sandford obferves, in his Genealogical Hiftory, page 154, that the figure of Ji9/{'s of Elth.am, Earl flf Cornwall, to whom Jris father. King Edward ll, gaye the manor of Harborough, ir\ the county of Leicefter, is adorned upon his monument in the cha pel of St. Edmund, at Weftminfter- abbey, with a diadem on hi; head, nearly refembling a Duke's coronet, at this day, that is, compofed of a~ circle of greater and lefTer leaves or flowers, and was the moft ancient inftance of an Earl, in his obfervatipn, that has a coronet. Bflt, as he died almoft two years before any Duke was created in England, we may fuppofe that the coronets, at leaft of fijme Earls, were formerly of like form to thpfe of Dukes : fee alfo Selden's Title of Honour, page 679. f In the zd of King James I, and the zoth of Auguft, Robert, Lord Cecil of Effmgdon, was created Vifcount Cranbourn, i,\ Whitehall, and was the firft, of that degree, who ever wore a Cq- ronet. Heylyn'i Help to Englifh Hiftory, improved by Wright^ page 559. ¦ ¦ ' ¦ • '¦ CPRPNETS. 215 precipus StPnes, and bordered with Ermine, with krge Pearls fet clofe together on the upper rim, without any limited number, which is his prerogative above a Baron, whofe number is limited: iee Fig. 13. A Barons Coronet* which was granted by King Charles II, differs from the preceding Co- rpnets, as beinj; but a plain Circle pf gpld, i. e, withput any precipus Stpnes uppn it ; it is like- wife bprdered with Ermine, and furmpunted with fix pretty large Pearls fet at an equal dif tance, pn the upper rim, four pf which pnly are feen pn paintings, engravings, S^c. to fhpw he is inferior to the Vifcount : fee Fig. 1 4. You are to obferve, that the eldeft fpns pf npblemen, abpve the degree pf a Baron, bear their fathers Arms and Supporters, which fliould be borne with a Label, as mentioned before, page 44 ; and thofe, above the degree pf a Vifcpunt, ufe the Cprpnet appertaining tp their father's fecpnd title : but all the younger fons bear their Arms with proper Differences, and ufe neither Coronet or Supporters. As the Crown of the King pf Great Britain is nPt quite like that pf Pther pptentates, fp do P4 2l6 ELEMENTS PF HERALDRY. mpft pf the cprpnets pf foreign noblemen differ a little from thofe of the Britifh nobility : as for example, the Coronet of a French Earl is a Circle of gold with eighteen Pearls fet on the brim of it; a French Vifcount' s Coronet is a Circle of gold only enamelled, charged with four large Pearls ; and a French Baron's, is a Circle of gold enamelled, and bound about with a double Bracelet of Pearls : and thefe Coronets are only ufed on French noblemen's Coats-of- arms, and not worn on their heads, as the Bri tifh noblemen and their ladies do at the King's "coronation. SECT- III. OF MITRES. THE Archhifljops and Bifhops of England and Ireland place a Mitre oyer the armprial En fign pf their dignity*. It is a rpund Cap • Before the difTolution of monafteries in England, Abbots had Mitres to their Arms, as appears by feveral monuments ; but, for diftinftion fake, they were placed in profile on the Dexter-fide, and a Crofier, on the Sinifter-fide, turned toward the Mitre; to fignify ¦ MITRES. 217 ppinted and cleft at the tpp, frpm which hang *^wo Pendants; or Labels, fringed at both ends ; with this difference, that the Bifhop's Mitre is furroimded only with a plain Circle of gold, like that of a Baron's Coronet,- defcribed before, page 215 ; fee Plate XXIII, Fig. 6 ; whereas the Archbifhop's iffues out of a ducal Coronet ; fee Plate ^Y., Fig. 15. This Ornament is ftill worn by all the Arch- bifhops and Bifhops of the church of Rome, whenever they officiate with folemnity ; but it is never ufed in England," otherwife than on Coats-of-arms. SECT. IV. OF HELMETS. Tl^^ Helmet, which was formerly worn as a defenfive arrhour, to cover the head, is now they had no fpiritual jurifdiftion out of their refpeftive monafteries. A remarkable inftance of a Mitre being placed as a Creft on the Cqats-of-arm^s ofthe laity, is to be feen on that ofthe Right Hon. Frederic Augufius Berkeley, Earl of Berkeley, iSc. which is, on a Wreath, a Mitre Gules, garnijhed Or, charged luith the paternal Coat-of-arms, namely. Gules, a Cheuron between ten Croffes-pattee,. fix above «nd four below; for the Dime of BsKKEtZY. , 2lS ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. placed over a Cpat-of-arms as its chief orna ment^ and the triji^ mark of gentility. Therji a;re feveral forts, which are diftinguifhed, aft, by the matter they are made of; 2dly, by their form; and, 3dly, hy ^e\x pofition. ift. As to the matter, they are, or rather were, made ofj the Helmets of Sovereigns were of burnifhed gold damafked; thofe of Princes and Lords oi filver figured with gold ; thofe of Knig^hts-ofy?^^/ adorned with filver^ and thofe of private Gentlemen of polifhed_y2^p/ *. 2dly, As to their form ; thofe of the King, the royal family, and noblemen of Great Bri tain are open-faced and grated, and the number of bars ferves to diftinguifh the Bearer's quality; that is, the Helmet appropriated to Dukes and Marquifes is different from the King's, by ha-^ ving a bar exaftly in the middle, and two on each fide; making five bars m all; fee Plate XXI, Fig. I ; but the King's Helmet has fix bars, three on each fide; fee Fig. 7. The other grated Helmet with four bars, fee Fig. 2, is common to all degrees pf peerage under a * Tiis is feldom attended to by the Hej-ald-painiersi. ISc of this country; but thofe of other nations obferve it ftriiftly. ^.^jDo; OMJ^.AM]EHTS,&e. ^a^^& HELMETS. 219 Marquis. The Helmet, With the beaver with out bars, fee Fig. 3, denotes Baronets and Knights *. The clofe Helmet, as in Fig. 4, is fpr all Efquires and Gentlemen. 3dly, Their pofition is alfo looked upPn as a inafk pf diftin(3ipn. The grated Helmet in front belpngs tp fovereign Princes and Dukes md Marquifes. The grated Helmet in pr^le is common to all degrees of peerage under a Marquis. The Helmet direB without bars, and the beaver^^a little open, denotes Baronets and Knights. Laftly, the fide Helmet, with the beaver clofe, belpngs tp Efquires and Gen tlemen. SECT. V. OF MANTLINGS. MANTLINGS are pieces pf clpth jagged or cut intP ilpwers and leaves, which npw ferwc * In France, and other countries, the open helmet placed direft and without bars is appropriated to Emperors and Kings, becaufe they are to fee and know all things, and command all without con- tradiftion ; this pofition is in England affigned by all heralds, ex cept G, Leigh, to Knights. 220 ELEMEN-TS pf HERALDRY. as an ornament for Efcutcheons, &0. They -were the ancient covering of- helmfets to preferve them,- dr- the wearer, from the injuries of the weather, as alfo' to prevent the ill confequences of their too much dazzling the eye in aftion. But J. Guillim very judicioufly obferves, that their fhape muft have undergone a great altera- tipn iinee they have been put of ufe, and there fore might more properly be termed i^/oar^- ings than Mantlings : fee the examples annexed to the Helmets which are reprefented in Plate XXL . The French heralds affure us, -that thefe Mantlings were originally no other than fhort coverings which commanders wore over their helmets, to defend their heads from the wea ther; and that gpinginto battles with them, they often on their coming away, brought them back in a ragged manner, occafioned by the many cuts they had received ; and therefore the -more hacked they appeared, the more honorable they were accounted ; as our colours in time of war are the m^ore efteemed, for having been (hot through in many places. CitAPEAU. '*sasi 221 Sometimes fkins of beafts, as lions, bears, &c. were thus borne, to make the Bearer look more terrible ; and that gave occcafion to the doiibling of Mantlings with furs. SECT. VI. OF THE CHAPEAU. A Chapeau is an ancient Hat, which fome heralds call a Cap of Maintenance, and others a Cap of State, but might, with more pro priety, be denominated a Cap of Dignity ; as it was formerly worn by Dukes only : it is fup pofed to be made' of crimfon velvet on the out- fide, lined and turned up with fur. This or nament is frequently to be met with above a Helmet, inflead of a Wreath, under gentle men's Crefts : fee the reprefentation of this ex ternal ornament, in Plate XXF, Fig. 5. — Such a cap is faid to have been fent by Pope Julius IT, with a fword, to King Henry Ylll; for his writing a book againft Martin Luther. Here tofore they were feldom to be found, as of right / 222 ELEMENtS OF HERALDRY. appertaining to private families; but by tng grants pf Robert Cooke, Ckrencieux, and Pther fiicceeding heralds, thefe, together with ducal Coronets, are fometimes to b& met with pn the Cpats-pf-arms pf feveral families, whp yet claim npt abpve the degree pf Gentlemen. SECT. VII. OF THE WREATH. THE Wreath wa^ a kind of roll made pf two .fkeins of filk of different colours twitted together,, which ancient Knighfts wore as a headdrefs when equipped for tournaments : fee Plate XXIy Fig. 6. The colours, of the Wreaths ufed in Heraldry, are moft ufually taken from the principal Metal and Colour contained in the Coat-of-arms of the Bearer*. They are ftill accounted one of the lefler orna ments of Efcutcheons, and are placed between the Helmet and the Creft. When a Wreath * Yet fome Wreaths differ from this rule, but thefe may poffi- t)Iy have been at firft the Bearer's miftrefs' colours. WREATHS. 223 happens to be part of a Creft to pbviate the re- petitipn pf terms, it is neceffery to ufe Torfe, for that pn which the Creft is placed, as in thef following example ; In a Wreath on a Torfe, a human leg and thigh in armour, couped and drop^ ping blood, all proper, embelUjhed Or ; borne by Sir Richard ABan, of Aldenham, Sbrppflkire, Bart. In the time of Henry V, and long after, no man, who was under the degree of a Knight, had his Creft fet on a Wreath ; but this, like other prerogatives, has been infringed fo far, that every Bearer of a Coat-of-arms, nowadays wears a Wreath. SECT. VIII. OF THE CREST. THE Crefi is the higheft part pf the prna ments of a Coat-of-arms. It is called Creft from the Latin word crifia, which fignifies comb or tuft, fuch as many birds have upon their heads, as the peacock, pheafant, ^c. in allufion to the place on which it is fixed. 224 ELEMENTS PF HERALDRV . Crefls were fprmerly greater marks of honouf than Coats-pf-arms, becaufe they were Pnly wprn by heroes of great valour, or by fuch as were advanced ' tp fpme fuperior military com mand, in order that they might be the better diftinguifhed in an engagement, and thereby rally their men, if difperfed; but they are at prefent confidered as a meer ornament. The Creft is frequently taken from one, or from a part, either of the Supporters or of the Charges borne in the Efcutcheon ; thus the Creft of the royal Achievement of Great Britain is, a Lion paffant gardant crowned Or ; which is the fame figure as the Supporter on the Dexter-fide of the faid Achievement ; as may be feen in Fig. 7, Platey.^1. Out of the feveral Crefts which are taken from either a part, or the whole figure, of one of the Supporters of the Coats-of-arms of the Britifh nobility, I will only difplay the follpw- ing inftances of them : His Grace the Duke of Manchester's; which is. On a Wreath, a Griffin's Head couped Or, with wings . endorfed Sable, gorged with a collar Argent, charged with three Lozenges . crests. 22.C. Gules; being a pari): of; the finifter Supporter of the fame Goat-of-arms. His Grace the p,uke -of Northumber land's ; which is. On a Chapeau Gules, turned^ up with Ermine, a Lion fiatant Azure ; being a part of the dexter Supporter, and likewife; of the Charge in the firft Quarter of the fame Coat-of-arms. ' , The Right Hon. the Earl of Westmore land's ; which is. Out of a ducal Coronet Or, a Bull's Head Argent, pyed Sable armed of the firfi, and charged on the neck with a Rofe Gules, barbed and feeded proper ; being a part pf the finifter Supporter of the fame Coat-of-arms. The Right Hon. Vifcpunt Weymputh's; which is, On a Wreath, a Raindeer trippingOr, gorged with a plain collar Sable ; the like animal being the dexter Suppprter pf the fame Cpat- pf-arms. The. Right Hpn. Ldrd Cliffprd's ; which is. Out of a ducal Coronet^ Or, a Wyvern rifing Gules, with wings expanded Azure ; being taken frpm pne of the ¦ Supporter? of the fame Cpat- pf-arms. 226 ELEMENT!? OF HEKALDKr. There af-e' alfo feveral inftances of Crefts that are relative to defcents, alliances, eihployments, pr names ; and which on that account haVe been either adopted or chaiiged. S t CT. I^.. OF THE SCROLL AIJD MOTTO. ' TH£ Scroll is the ornament ufually plaeecJ under the Efcutchepn *, containing a Motto,- pr fhprt Sentence, which generally is in Latin' pr French, ; though there are alfo a few Mottos in- Englifh', Irifhj German, and Italian: -but, -in order to throw fome light on this external ap-' plendage of Ccfets- of-arms, I '^ will clafs them undoa: the thtee following denprninations*;: thef ' - - io * -Iti? freq,uently placed by the. French and the Scotcji above the Achievement;' which,'^ according to S\r f. Mackenzie; is right, pro-_ viikd the, Motto relates to the Creft, otherwife it Ihouli be* annexed to the pfcutcheoni the prefent mode,, however, ampng all, the, herald" painters, i^'c. is to place the Scroll and Motto over the Crefi, when.it is:.re|)refented withqut. die Arms ; but under the'. Efcutcheon, -whether the Creft is ufed* with it or not. As.for^the Mcttos of the feveral orders of Knighthood, they are 'moft com monly placed round the Shields^ [ai may be feen in Plate XXIII, MOTTOS. 227 enigmatical, the emblematical,' and the. fentl- mental. The greateft number of thofe Mottos, which are confidered as enigmatical, .feem to be no^ ihcomprehenfible ; but, this is undoubtedly owing to Pur being Jgnprant of the original motive, that induced the anceftors of" the pre-i fent families to affume them ; as there ar? fome that can be unriddled, or accounted for : fuch is that of the royal Achieveniejit of the mo- narchs of Gre-at Britain; namely, Dieu et mon Droit; .i. e. God and my Right: "which Motto is as ancient as the reign of Richard 1, furnamed Cceur de Lion, who firft affumed it to fhow his independency upon al,l earthly powers ; but it was dropt in the fuc- ceeding reigns, for almoft every King of Eng land had, at that time, a particular device, or atmoriai enfign. It was, however, . revived af terward by Edward III, in 1340, when he refolved to profecute his claim to the crown of France; andj for this reafon, he alfo quafteced the Arms of France * and England on his Ef- * The royal Arms of France did not, in thofe days, confift of three Fleurs-de-lis only, as they do at prefent ; but were blazoned CL2 228 i^LEMENTS OF HERALDRY.- cutcheoii, Which no pther Englifh mpnarc!i had dpne bcfdreS or that of the Prince ot Wales; namely, Ich Dien ; 1. 1. i ferve : the origin eif which I have mentioned before^; in defcribing the Corpriet pf his Royal High- nefs, page 211. Some curipus cpmmentatprs/ on that German cxpreffipn, refer the frieaning; of it tP this fentiment pf the appftle ; That th^ heir, while he is a child, differ eth nothing front afervaht : but it is nevertheiefs true, that this MpttP and the three pftrich feathers, have cpn ftantly been the device of ^e Princes of Wales,i ever fince the famous battle alluded to.- Their RpyaL Highneffes the Dukes pf Tork, Clarence, ^nd Gloucefier, have" np other MpttPy than that pf the Garter, with which the Knights of this noble order furround their re* fpedlive Coat-of-arms : fee W example of it, in Plate XXIII,. Fig. 7. 'thus;; Azure, feme of Fleuvs ^e-li^. Or ; and it appears, by Dr.: Heylyn's account, that thefe Fleurs-de-lis were reduced to three, ia- ihe reiga^ of Henry IV, and were always quartered firft, in the loyal Achievement of Great Britain, till the acceffion of George I, in 'i7r4: fee Heylyn's Help to Englifh Hiftory, improved by Wright, on the Kings of England! ol^ the Line of Lantafiev, pagp -f7 and i8,'r-" ¦.•..'-.,. •: • . - . MOTTOS, 229 The follpwing Mpttps cpntain fpeciniens of the fame kind; but, as it is not in my power to trace the caufes from whicH they originated, I fhall only annex to theni a literal tranflation^ pf the words they are compofed of: His Grace the Pukp of Bedford's; Che fara, fara ; i.e. What will be, will be. His Grace the' Dulje pf Bridge water's; Sic, donee; i. e. Thus, untih His Grace the Duke of Leinster'^*; Cram a. boa: i.'e. I will burn. The Moft Noble Marquis of Lansdpvstn's j Ut apes geometriam; i. e, As bees praBife geometry. The Right Hon. the Earl of Stamfprd's; Ama puiffancei, i. e, T^ my power. The Right Hon. the Earl of Egremont's ; Au ban droit ; i, e. To the beff right. The Right Hon, the Earl of Exeter's; Cor unum, una via; i. e. One h^art, one way^ The Right Hon. the Earl of Berkeley's; J^ieu avec nous ; \. e. Qod with us^ ? His Grace only ranks as a Vifcount in the Britifh houfe of peersi as being created Vifcount Leinfter in England, ., by King George II, February 17, 1746. 230 ELEMENTS^OF HE.j!,ALDRY. . The Right Hon. the Earl of Oxford's j Fart qucefentiat ; i. e. To fpeak what he thinks. The Righf Hon. the Earl of Pomfret's; Hora efempre ; i. e. It is always time. The Right Hon. the Earl of Huntingdon's; In vcritate viBoria ; i.e. ViBbry is in truth. The Right Hon. the Earl Delawar's; Jour de ma vie ; i. e. The day of my life:. The Right Hon. the Earl of Suffolk's ; Non quo, fed quomodo; i. e. Not where, but hfiw. The Right Hon. the Earl of Uxbridge's; Per ilfuo co7itraria ; i. e. By the reverf of it. The Right Hon. the Earl of Macclesfield's; Sapere aude; i. e. Dare to be wife. The Right Hon. the Earl of Carlisle's ; Volo, non valeo ; i.e. I am willing, but not abk^ ^ The Right Hon. Lqr4 Holland's; Faire fans dire i i.e. AB -without talking. The emblematical, or canting, Mottos have a reference either to the Bearings or the Bearer's names ; fuch are. His Grace the Duke of Richmond's j En la rofe je fieurie ; i. e. Ifiourifh in the rofe. This Mottp alludes tp the Bearings pf the Bpr- MOTTOS. , 231 der, whithdecprates the paternal Cpat-pf-arpS of this nobleman; fee Plate IIL Fig. 14. The Right Hon. the Earl of Abingdon's j Virtiis flriete fortigr ; i.e. Virtue is fironger than a Battering- ram. This relates to thofe ancient martialj engines, which are reprefented in his lordfhip's paternal .his iPrdt- fhip's/ paternal Cpat-of-arms ; fee PJateX,.Fig. -J. This is ; likewife the Mottp pf .the Right Hon. Thomas Villiers, Ezrl, oi Clarendon ; and of the Right Jfon. George Mafo,n Villiers, Earl Sii Grandifon, of Dromana, in Ireland. Theffe ibree noblemen deriving thfir pedigree from thf ancient family of the Villiers, in Normandy, as QL4 232 ELEMENTS PF heraldry. mentipned befpre^ page 97, is the reafon of their having the fame family Arms and Mpttp,' The Right Hon. LordFoRTESCUE's ; Forte fcutum, falus ducum; i. e. A firong fhield is the fafety ofthe leaders. The firft two words of this Motto imply fo clear an allufion to the family name of his lord fhip, that we may readily afllert that it was adapted to that purpofe : fee page 68. The like conjedture may be made upon others; fuch as thefe two : Nevilevelis; i.e. Form no mean wijh ; which is the Motto of the Right Hon. Henry Nevill, Earl oi Abergavenny, whofe Coat-of-arms is inferted in Plate XI, Fig. 8. — Ver nan femper viret ; i. e. Thefpring is nat always green ; that of the Right Hon. George Venables Vernon, Lord Vernon; which, by joining the firft two WPrds oi it, fo as to make but pn©, as I have feen them; wpuld change the fignificatipn pf the whple intP Ver^ non always fiour ijhes. I fhall make np further remarks pn thefe kinds pf MpttPS, but prpceed tp give a few ex amples pf thpfe which I c^lfentimental, pn ac- MPTTPS. I 233 CQunt pf their implying fpmething divine, mp- ral, pr heroic ; they are. His Grace the Duke of Norfolk's ; Sola virtus inviBa ; i.e. Virtue alone is invincible. His Grace the Duke of Portland's; Craignez honie, i.e. Fear fhame. The Moft- Noble Marquis Cornwallis'; Virtus vincit invidiam; i. e. Virtue overcomes envy. The Right Hon. the Earl of Plymouth's; Je me fie' en Dieu ; i. e. Itrufi in God. The Right Hon. the Earl of Albemarle's ; Ne cede malis ; i. e. Da not yield to misfortunes^ The Right Hon. the Earl. of Effingham's; " Virtus mille f cut ft ; i. e. . Virtue exceeds a thoufand fimlds. The Right Hon. Vifcount Went worth's 5 . Penfes a bien ; i. e. Think to do good. The Right Hon. Lord Teynham's; Spes mea in Deo ; i. e. My hope is in God. The Right Hon. Lord Clifford's; Semper par at us ; i.e. Always ready. The Right Hon. Lord Hay's;- Renovate animos ; i.e. Keep up your fpirits. The Right Hon. LdrdMoNSPN's; Prefi pour mon pais ; i. e. Ready for my country. 234 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. Mottos have generally been hereditary in the families that firft took them up; and as a proof of it, I fliall refer the Reader to thofe of the Earls- of Chefierfield, Stanhope, and Harrington, whofe Motto is A Deo et Rege ; i. e. From God and the King. Thefe three noblemen being all defcended from Philip 'Stanhope, the firft Earl of Chefterfield, on whom the title of Baron Stanhope of Shelford, in the county of Notting ham, was conferred November 7, 1616, by James I ; and that of Earl of Chefterfield, in the county of Derby, Auguft 4, 1628, by Charles 1. But, the like conformity is not ob ferved by the collateral branches of the family of the Howards, confifling of the Duke of Nor folk;, the Earls of Suffolk, Cqrlifie, and Effing ham, whofe Mottos have been changed on fome particular occafipns, which we cannpt accpunt for^ and others appropriated in their ftead ; as may be feen in the preceding examples. Many inftances of the fame kinds are to be found in the peerage of Great Britain. SUPPORTERS, 235 SECT. X. OF SUPPORTERS. SUPPORTERS are figures fianding on the Scroll, and placed at each fide of the Ef cutcheon ; they are fo called, becaufe they feem to fupport or hold up the Shield. The rife of Supporters is traced up, by F. Menejlrier, to ancient tournaments, wherein the Knights caufed their fhields to be carried by fervants or pages under the difguife of lions, bears, griffins, negroes, &c. who alfo held and guarded the Efcutcheons, which the Knights were obliged to expofe to public view for fome time, before the lifts were opened. On the other hand. Sir G. Mackenzie -i^ys, in his Science of Heraldry, chap, xxxi, page 93, " that the origin and ufe of them was. from the cuftom which ever was, and is, of leading fuch as are invefted with any great honour, to the Prince who confers it : thus, when any man is created a Duke, Mar quis, or Knight pf the Garter, pr pf any pther 236 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY, order, be is fupported by, and led to the Princes between twp of the quality, and fo receives from him the fynibpls pf j:hat honour; and in remembrance of that folemnity, hi§ arms are thereafter fupported by any two creatures he chppfes." Suppprters have fornetimes b^en taken from fuch animals or birds as are bdrne jn the Shields, as may be feen by feveral of them; ai^d fometimes they have been chofen, as bearing fpme allufion to the names, exploits,, adventures, ^c. of thofe whofe Coat-of-arm^ they fupport. The Supporters of the Arms of Great Britain^ fince King James the Firft's ac ceffion tp the thrpnC;, are, a Lion crowned Ort on the Dexter- fide ; and "a Unicorn Argent,^' gorged with a Coronet Or, &c. pn the finifler," Sep Plate XXI, Fig. 7, and page 238. This laft mentioned figure reprefents the Coat^ of-arms of the King of Great Britain, or" the Royal Achievement, as it has been marfhalled fince the happy acceffion of King George I, and is blazoned as follpws ; StPPORTERS. , 237 ARMS. ^arterly, the firfi quarter Gules, three Lions paffant gardant in pale Or, the Arms of Eng land * ; impaled with Or, a Lion rampant, w-jth- in a double treffure fiory and counter -fiory Gules., the Arms of .Scotland :* the fecond quarter Azure, three Fleurs-de-lis Or, the Arms of France : the fhird quarter Azure, a Harp Or, fringed Ar gent, tbe Arms of Ireland : the fourth quarter Gules, two Lions paffant gardant in pale Or, for Brunfwick ; impaled with Or, feme, of Hearts proper, a Lion rampant Azure, for Lunen- burgh ; w.ith grafted in bafe Gules, a Horfe cur rent Argent, for ancient Saxony ; and in an In efcutcheon furtout Gules, the Diadem of Charle- main Or, as Archtreafurer of the Empire : tl3£ whole 'within- a Garter, infcribed with this motto, HoNi SOIT ctui MAL Y EENSE; as fovereign of that order. ¦ * Henry If, fon to the emprefs Maud, and great grandfon to William the Conqueror, was the firft King of England, who tooli three Lions paffant gardant Or, for his Coat-of-arms ; in which ~hp Vvas imitated by his fucceffors. Heylyn's Help to Englifh Hiiloiyi inproved by Wright, page 17.. 238 ELEMENTS of HERALDRY^ .CREST. On a Helmet full-faced, grated and furmounted of a royal Crown, a Lion paffcint-gardant ' Or, crowned with the like ; the mantlings of cloth of gold, doubled ermine, I SUPPORTERS. On the Dexter-fide, a Lion rampant-gardant Or, crowned as the Crefi. On the Sinifier-fide-, a Unicorn Argent, horned, maned, and hoofed Or ; gorged with a collar furmounted of Croffes pattee and Fleurs-de-lis, with a chain affixed thereto, refieBing Over \ the back and pqffing over the hind legs of the lafi, all Or ; bath fianding on a Scroll infcribed with this motto, Djeu et mon DROIT, from which iffue the two royal Badges of his Majefty's chief Dominions ; which are, on the Dexter-fide a Rofe party per pale Argent and Gules, fialked and leaved proper, for England ; and on the Sinifter aThifile proper, for Scotland : being fo adorned' for King James 1, upon his fucceeding to the crown of England. As King of Scotland he bore two Unicprns fpr his Sup- suppbKTERS". i^g porters; but, upon the union of that crown with England, in, 1603, one ofthe above Sup porters was ' introduced on the finifter-fide of the royal Achievement, and is continued to this day. Obferve, that the beiaring Cpats-of-arms with Supporters is, according to the heraldic laws of Great Britain, the prerogative ; Firft, of thofe called nobiles majores ; as, Dukes, Marquifies, Earls, Vifcounts, and Barons: ^nd that, if one of thefe peers marry a peer's" daughter, who is an heirefs or coheirefs, he has alright to the finifter Supporter of her paternal coat-pf-arms ; therefore he omits the fame Sup porter of his own, and replaces it by that of his lady : but the next heir may reaflTume the family Supporters. Secondly, of all the Knights of the Garter, though they fhould be under the degree of Ba- fpns. , / Thirdly, oi Knights oi the Bath, who like- ¦Wife receive on their creation a grant of Sup porters to their Coat-of-arms*. And, laftly, • Thefe Knights, as well as thofe of the Garter, have not en joyed fuch privileges from the firft inftitution of their refpeftive or* 240 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRVi of fuch Knights as the King choofes to beflp^^ this hpupur uppn ; as in thfe inftance pf Sir An drew Fountain., Vi\\o was knighted by Philip, Earl pf ' Pembrpke, when Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Fountain being then his fecretary ; and on his return to England, King William granted him Supporters to his Coat-of-afms; namely, two- Griffins Gules and Or. Supporters are not hereditary, except ift, to the eMer branch of fome'Knights of the Gar* ter, whofe anceftors had this honour granted them, as may be feen by the Coats-of-arms of feveral of their defcendants, who are now but Baronets; and 2dly, to the eldeft fons of peers, above the degree of a Baron, _ as mentipned be fore, page 215; for it is not fit the extrinfic* parts of Achievements fhould be fo, that men may have fomething to affume or alter, when ever any particular cafe requires it. ^ Obferve that peereffes have no Creftj and feldom a Motto, to their Coat-of-arms, but their male heirs al ways have ; and thii.tBi/hops have neither Creft, Motto, or Suppprters tp theirs. der, as feveral Coats-of-arms of the" firft Knights Companions are reprefented without Supporters. '" ROLES OF BLAZONING. 24I CHAP. VII. OF THE RULES OF BLAZONING. TH E feveral Efcutcheons, Tindtures, Charges, Ornaments of Coats-of-arms, and their various properties being now explain ed ; it may not be improper to prefent the reader with fuch rules for blazoning the fame, as are eftablifhed by the ancient ufage and prefent laws of Heraldry. The firfi, and mpft general rule is, to ex prefs one's felf in proper terms> fo as npt to omit any thing that ought to be fpecified, and at the fame time to be clear and concife with- Piit tautplogy; as in Example 14, page ^y ; and alfo in Example 9, page 107, wherein thefe expreffions of the Field, or of the Firfi, prevent the repetitipn pf the fprerrientipned Tinfture. II. If the Field be undivided, that is, if it be nPt divided ^arterly pr gartered, npr Party per Pale ox Paly, and the like, you are to bp- R 2^42 ELEMENTS PF HERALDRY. gin with the Tinfture pf the Field, and theif prpceed - tP the principal Charges * which pof-* fefs the moft honorable place in^ the Shield ;• fuch as a Chiefs Pale, Bend, &c. fee page 54, Examples i, 2, 3, 4,. &c. always naming that Charge firft, which lies -next and immediately upon the Field; iee page ^g,. Example 13, 14, ^c. But, if otherwife, that is, if divided whether per Pale, per Bejtd,. per Fefs, &c. the divifion is to be mentioned firft ; as in Examples 7 and 8, page 62. III. After naming the Tinfture of the Field,^ the honprable Ordinaries,, or other principal Figures, you muft fpeeify' their Attributes; that is',, whether they be indented, engrailed,. wavy,' &c. and afterward their Metal or Co lour,- as in E^/2ii!«!^/ This rule is obferved in Great Britain and' France; but the Italians, Spaniards, and fometimes the Germans, begin the blazon ing of Coats-of-arms with the principal Bearbgs, aiid afierwari »3aic the TinfturjE of the Field, RtJLES OF BLAZONING. 243 IV. Wheri a honorable Ordinary, pr fpme figure is placed uppn another, whether it be a Fefs, Chevron; Crofs, &c. it is always to be named after the Ordinary, or figure, over which dt is placed, with one of thefe expreffions, over all or furtout , as in Example 20, page 83. Vi When a cpmmon Charge pofTeffes the centre of the Field, its pofition is not to be ex preffed *, or Which amounts to the fame thing, when fUch a Bearing is named, without fpe- cifying the point where it is placed, then it is tmderftobd to poflfefs the middle of the Shield ; as in Examples 4, 5^ 6, &c. of Plate XIII. If there be more than one, that which lies next the Field, and neateft the centre muft be firft named ; and then thofe which are more remote, as in Examples 1 8 and 1 9; ef the fame Plate. Yl. The number of the points of Mullets, and the rays of Etailes or Stars, muft be fpeci fied when more than five^j and alfp if a Mullet, pr any pther charge, be pierced, it muft be • This muft not be underftood of Bearings placed in the manner of a Pale, Bend, Fefs, i^c- for the Figure ipuft be faid to be in Pale, in Bend, in Fefs, or fcdeiuife, bendiuife, fefswife, &c. as T have mentioned before in page 174, and is further expreffed after Rule X, /«!•« Z4S> ^'c. ¦ R 2 / Z44 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. mentioned as fuch : fee- Plate XIIJ, Fig- ^v 12, 1 6, G?r. VII. When fubordirfate Ordinaries of com mon Charges, fuch as Piles, Rays of the Sun, ^c. are borne in any other part of the Field than the centre, the point theyare ifluing from muft be named: fee Example 12 and 13, of Plate XII ; and likewife Example 3, of Plate XIII. VIII. In blazoning all ravenous Beafts, fuch as Lions, 'Tigers, Bears, &c. their teeth and claws are to - be called their arms, and likewife the Horns of Bulls, Goats, Rams, &c. becaufe th6y are their weapons of defence and pfFence; therefore we fay armed and langued Gules, A- zure*, &c. the wprd langued relating tp their tongue : but, the tofty horns of Deers, Stags, and the like, are to be blazoned attired; be caufe they are rather ornaments than weapons. In blazoning Birds of prey, as the Eagle, Vul ture, Hawk, &c: their beaks and talons ^re alfo termed arms, for we fay armed and membered fp and fp, when they differ in colour from the * The claws- and tongue of a Lion are always Gules, unlefs ths Field or Charge be Gules, then they muft be Azure. ^/«fexxn: B.I SJPHSIZIIIQSS^. a^2«.2ai? Wm> Wm w^ Wi ?#^ !^m 10 ^^^ ^^ li #^# 12 i3 14 IJ 5 CTT C^J ^ RULES OF BLAZONING, 245 Tbody-: but thpfe birds which have up talons, as Swans, Ducks, Cranes, &c, are to be bla zoned beaked and membered; the laft denoting the legs of any bird.. IX. The natural and only colour of Trees, Plants, Fruits, &c. is no otherwife to be ex- prefifed in blazoning, but by the word proper, as may be feen by the 2d and 5th Examples oi Plate XVII ; but, if they fhould naturally be of divers colours,' as the Charge of Example 17 of the fame Plate is, fuch difHn^ion muft be particularized : fee the note annexed to page 172. X. When there are many figures of the fame kind borne in a Co'at-of-arm^s, their number, pofition, and difpofition is to be obferved, and diftin(32ly exprefled. But, for the better underftanding of this laft rule, I Will infert a few examples of the num ber, and different difpofitions,. which common Charges admit of: Thus Two, may be ranged in Pale, in Fefs, G?f. as in Plate XXII, Fig. i and 2. As, for ex ample, the paternal Coat-of-arms, for the name pf Adams, contained in Plate XYl, Fig. ij, R3 246 ELEMENTS OE HERALDRY. and that of Sir Thomas Samwell, Bart. In th^c fame Plate, Fig. 17, are inftances of fuch dif pofitions. • , Three, may be 2 and i, as alfo in Bend, in Pile, in Bar, in Fefs, &c. See Fig. 3 and 4. I have inferted in the foregoing Plates feveral Coats-of-arms wherein the Charges are difpofed after the firft manner ; namely, 2 and I *. The 2d and 3d Quarters of Sir aS. Henry Northcote, oi Pynes, in Devon-' fhire, Bart, are 4rgent, three^ Crofiets in Bend Sable. The Charges of Fig. i, P/a^^ XVIII, are in Pile; and thofe of i^?^. 2, are barwife. The I ft and 4th Quarters of Sir Watkin Wil liams Wynnei Bart, are Vert, three Eaglets dif played in Fefs, points of their, wings pendent Or, for the name of Wynne; being the fame Charge, though differently blazoned, as be longs to the Coat-of-arms of Sir Rowland Winn, Bart, before mentioned, page 165; * This difpofition is not ufually expreffed in blazoning, Coats-of- arms, even when the C harges are parted per Fefs or Chevron, as being the regular and ijfual diftribution of three figures ; yet fo reign authors abound with examples of fuch bearings, wherein they denote both their number and pofition, the laft of which, 1 think^ is unneceffary ; except when the figures are of a different kino, as in the Arms of Sir Cloudefky Shoniel, Knt. mentioned in'page lo. R?JLES OF BLAZONING. 247 ^hich family is probably defcended ivom'O-wyn (furnamed Vejtdepote) Prince" of North Wales ^ who fucceeded Griffin, the fon of Conah, in the faid principality; as he. had this armorial En- ^gn : fee Millei, part iii, page 302. The pa ternal Coat-of-arms of the Moft Noble Charles Cornwallis, Marquis Cornwallis, Earl Corn wallis, ' Vifcount' Brome, K. G. &.c. is, another inftance of the fame difpofition'; Sable, Gutty 4'eau, 'an a Ffs Argent, three Cornifto Choughs proper : but, the bearing of, animals and birds in Fefs, is rather uncommon in Englifh Cpat:r -of-arms. Four, are placed 2, and 2, or cantoned ; fee "Pig. 5, as alfo in Fefa, &c. Examples : The Crefcents in Fig. 1 1 , and the Rofes in Fig. 1 2, of Plate XI, are inftances of Charges being cantoned in Coats-of-arms. The pater nal Arms for the o^me of Carteret, bla:^ori- ed before, page 181, exhibit four Fufils in Fefs. Five, may be placed i, 3, i,, and are fre-r ¦quehtly borne on Croffes ; fee Plate X, Fig. 5 and 8; or elfe placed 2, i,.2, in Saltier; fee ^/^/(?XXn, Fig. 7; and alfo in Fefs, ^c. as JI4 24S elements OF HERALDRY. fpr example ; the paternal Cpat-of-arr^s of Sir Jofeph Pennington, Bart, of Muncafter, in Cumberland,, is Or-, five Fufils in Fefs Azure ; Bcc. Six, 3, 2, I, in Pile; or 2, 2, 2, palewife: fee Fig. 8 and 9 ; as in thefe Examples : The paternal Cpat-pf-arms of Sir Philip Muf grave, oi Eden-hall, in Cumberland, Bart, is Azure, fix Annulets, 3, 2, i. Or. The fame difpofition may be obferved in Plate Ylll, Fig. 20. Th2Xoi^\r Thomas Fleetwood, of Martin-- fands, in Chefliire, Bart, is Party per Pale ne bule. Or and Azure, fiix Martlets pak'Wife coun ter-changed. Seven, may be placed 3, i, 2, i ; an in ftance of this difpofition of figures, occurs in the paternal Coat-of-arms of the Right Hon. James Somerville, Lord Somerville of Scot land, which is Azure, three Mullets Or; ac companied with feveri Crofs-croJlets fitchy Argent ; three in Chief, one in Fefs, two in Flanks, and the laft in Bafe. Eight, are frequently placed in Orle or Bor der ; fee Fig. II; as in the Coat-of-arms for the name of Chamberlayne, which is Guks, RULES OF BLAZPNING. 24^ en Infcutcheon Argent, between eight Mullets iu Orle Or. Nine, maybe placed barwife or faltierwife; fee Fig. 1 2 ; and Plate XI, Fig. 9, which laft reprefents the Coat-of-arms for the name of Dalrymple; fee page 107: that, fpr the name pf Actpn, cpnta;ins alfo nine figures, which are blazpned thus; Gules, two Lioncels paffant Argent, between nine Crofs-crofiets fitchy, 3 in Chief, 3 in Fefs, 2, \ in Bafe, Or'. Ten, are placed either 4, 3, 2, i, in Pile; fee Fig. 1 3 ; or 6, 4, as in thefe examples : The paternal Coat-of-arms of Sir Evelyn, Al fion, Bart, is- Azure, ten Stars 4, 3, 2, i. Or; blazoned in Plate XIII, Fig-. 1 4 : and fo are thofe of the Right Hon. Charles Dormer, Lord Dormek, G?f. blazoned in Plate XY, Fig. 16. The paternal Coat-of-arms ,of the Right Hon. Frederic Augufius Berkeley,' Earl of Berkeley, afford an example of the other difpofition ; and is blazoned as follows; Gules, a Chevron Be tween ten Croffes-pattee, 6 above and 4 beJoie, Argenf. , Eleven, may be ranged 3, 2, 3, 2, i, as in Fig. 14; or elfe 4, 3, 4, as for inftance; J, 250 elements OF heraldry. Guillim produces, in his Difplay pf Heraldry, chap, xvii." fedl. 3, a Coat-of-arms which is blazoned thus; Argent, eleven' Emmet s_ 3, 2, 3, 2, I, Sable, but the Bearer's name is not men tioned. Twelve, maybe cantoned 3, 3, 3, 3, as in the paternal Coat-of-arms of the Right Hon, Other Hickman,' E^rX of Plymouth, which: is blazoned in Plate X-l, Fig. z. There are pther difpofitions called irregular; as for example, when three figures, which are jiaturally placed, in a Field, 2 and i, are dif pofed 1 and 2, &c. It muft alfo be obferved, that when the Field is ftrewed with the fame figjures,' fome whole, others half feen, as in Fig.i^, Plate XXII, this i« expreffed by the vjordfeme. Out of many examples that could .be produced of Charges pf this fort, I will only mention the paternal Coat-of-arms of Sir Charles Pole, of Wolverton, Bart, which is A- zure, femi of Fleurs-de-lis^Or, a Lion rampant Argent. According 'to fome French armorifts, if the figures ftrewed on the Field are whole one, this is to be denoted by the words fans mmbre, which fignify innumerable; where^ • RULES PF BLAZONING. 25 1 as, if part of them is cut off at the extremities pf the Efcutchepn, the word feme * is then to be ufed: others, who are ftill more accurate, apply the expreffion fans nombre to fuch figures only as exceed the number 16 ; and if they are finder j6, they fpeeify their number. * This word, like moft others in Heraldry, is borrowed from the French, and fignific'. feeded, ftreiued^ or fcattered-, 'hut fome Englifh heralds, either through want of underftanding the language it is derived from, or in order to find a conf6rmity between the name ofthe figure it i* appropriated to, fuppofe its etymology to be fronfi the Latin -viori femis -, which expreffion 'S in my opinion, improper ; as there is often but part of one figure or two cut oiF, and not the half of all the figures, as the word imports. 25® ELEMENTS PF HERALDRY. CHAP. VIII. • OF MARSHALLING "coats-of-arms. BY the Marfhalling of Coats-of-arms, is to be underftood the art of difpofing divers of them on one Efcutcheon,, and of diftributing their contingent, Ornaments in proper places. Various caufes may occafion Arms to be thus conjoined, which J. Guillim comprifes under two heads, manifefi and obfcure. What is meant by manifefi caufes in the marfhalling of Coats-of-arms, are fuch as be^ token defcent, alliance, marriage, gifts of a fovereign, ^c. granted either through the fpe cial favour pf the Prince, pr fpr fome eminent fervices. Concerning marriages, you are to make the following obfervations : I. When the Coats-of-arms of a married cpuple are to be, marfhalled on one Efcutcheon, the Field of , their refpeftive Arms is conjoined palevwife, and blazoned thus; Party per Pale, :p^ate:sssL. \MAlAM'B,T..is3 MARSHALLING, gJ'J Baron and Femme*, two Coats; firfi, &c. in which cafe the Barons Arms are always tP bs placed pn the Dexter-fide, and the Femme's Arms on the Sinifter- fide, as in Fig. i, Plate XXIII; which is blazoned thus: Party per Pale, Baron and Femme, two Coats ; firfi. Ar gent, on a Bend Azure, three Efcalop-fiiells cf the firfi, for the name of Barnard ; fecond. Argent, two Garters Gules, for the name of Haggatts. — The Creft, on a Wreath Argent and Azure, a Demi-lion rampant of the firfi, holding in his paws a Serpent Vert, langued Gules. If a widower marry again, his late and pre fent wife's Arms are, according to G. Leigh, " tP be both placed on the Sinifter-fide, in the Efcutcheon with his own, and parted per Pale^ The firft wife's Coat ftiall ftand on the Chief, and the fecond on the Bafe; pr he may fet them both in Pale with his pwn, the firft wife's Coat next to himfelf, and his fecond utter- * Baron fignifies a Man, and Femme a Wproan, of whatever' rank or degree; fo that Baron and Femme js an expreffion ufed, ia blazoning fuch Coats-of-arms, to denote a Hujband and Wife. 2^4 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. moft*." But you muft obferve, that thefe forms of marfhalling are meant of hereditary Coats- of-arms, whereby the hufband ftands in exped:ation of having the hei-editary.pofifeflions of his wife united to his patrimony. ' 2. In the Arms of Femmes joined to the pa ternal Coat of the Bq,ron, the proper difFerenceS with which they were borne by the fathers or fuch women, muft be continued -f-; for by thofe marks of cadency, it will be known of what branch they are defcended. 3. The perfon who marries an heirefs, or coheirefs, inftead of impaling his Arms with thofe of his wife, is to bear them on an Incf-* cutcheon, placed over his paternal Coat-of- arms, and in the centre of the Shield; as iii Fig. 2, Plate XXIII ; and which, on account * If the firft was an heirefs or coheirefs, her Coat-of-arms,- which is on an Efcutcheon of Pretence, may alfo be placed in the centre ofthe Dexter-lide, over his Qoat-of-arm^or quartered with his own ; and that of his fecond wife on the Sinifter-fide of thfii v.. Shield, and parted per Pale as ufual: ^ If a. Coat-of-arms, thathas a Border, be impaled with ano'- ther, as by marriage, the Border is wholly omitted on- the fide of the Shiel.d parted per Pale, which contains the Wife's Arms : buf if a Coat, encompaffed with a Border, is marftia'.l'ed quarterly with Other Coats, then no part of the Border muft be omitted. marshalling, 255 €ff its fhpwing fprth Ws pretenfipn to her eftate^ is generally called an Efcutcheon of Pretence *v and is blazoned _^r-/(?2//, i.e. over- all, as in this example r Two Coats, firfi. Argent, a Crofs jeffant of Fleurs-de-lis Sajble ; in a Canton Gules, a Wolfs Head crazed of the firfi, for the name of WoLFE ; fecond, on an Inefcutcheon fur-tout Argent, a Lion rampant double- queued Gules, ducally crowned Or, for the name of Peshall. — The Creft, on a Wreath Argent and Azure, a Boar's Head couped Gules, crined and tuffed Or, and langued. of the fecond. , Should the huf band have any ifiiie by the heirefs, his wife, the heir fhall bear the hereditary Coats-of-arms di the father and mother quarterly, which de note a fixed inheritance,, and fo tranfniit them to pofterity; the fiirft and fourth quarters con taining the father'^s Arms, and the fecond and third the mother's. But if the wife be no heirefs, after her deceafe neither her foulband nor child fhall have further to do with her Coat- of-arms, than to fet up the fame in theif houfe * All^c6heireJ^esconvey alfo to their 'hufbands a right of bearki^ their paternal Arms on an Efcutcheon of Pretencst. 256 ELEMENIS OF HSfRALDRV. palewife, tP fhpw the father's fprmer alliance with fuch a family. 4. If a maiden or dowager Lady of quality, marry a commoner, or a nobleman inferior to her in rank, their Coats-of-arms muft be fet on the fide of one another in two feparate Efcut-- chepns, uppn a mantle or. drapery, and the Lady's Coat-of-arms ornamented according to her title * : fee Fig. 4 and 5, reprefenting the Coats-of-arms of the late General Charles Mon tagu ; which are ^arterly, firfi and fourth Argent, three Fufils conjoined in Fefs Gules, with in a' Border Sable, iot MonTAGu ; fecond and third Or', an Eagle dfplayed Vert, beaked and membered Gules, for Monthermer ; and thpfe of the late Lady Elifabeth Villiers, Vifcountefs Grandison, which Arms have already been blazoned ; fee page 96, Example 5. 5. Archbifhops, and Bifhops impale their Arms differently from the forementioned Cpats, * As the Lady does ftill retain, not only her title and rank, but even her maiden or widow appellation, fhe muft therefore cvntinae riie bearing of her Coat-of-ai-ms in her own Efcutcheon, which is a Lozenge, placed on the Sinifter-fide of her hufband's, ,))ecaufe fhe cannot ftiare her title and rank with him. There are many inftances •f tins kind extant. 'MAkSHALLING. 257 b}>^ivin^g the place of honour, that is, the Dexter-fide, to the armorial Enfign of their fee; as it is.expl-effed in Fig, 6, which repre fents the Coat-of-arms of the late Right Reve rend Philip Tonge, Lord Bi^op of Norwich; 'Pdrty^ per Pale., tim-Gadts i -firfi, the armorial El>fig.nffihe-fe^-^-NoRwicti,w^hich are bla- i^ned in' ¦page'' \%'j,'Exdniplb-ior; fcond. Or, three Rofes Gules',' 'bctrbed^^and feeded -proper, for the' name of ¦ Ypnge ; - i'nftead' pf a 'Creft, a Bi- ihop's Mitre.-' ' ¦- ^-(- ' '^^'^ -^ ¦' : It may be obferved of the above prelates, that they thus bear their paternal Arms Party per Pale to denote their being joined, as it Were, to their cathedral church, in a fpiritual marriage *, and their Cdat-of-arms is mar- sfhalled on the left fide of the Efcutcheon, as if they were knit in nuptial bands of love and care for their diocefe. 6. A Bachelor and a Maid bear their pater- lial-, Cpat-of-arms, either fingle or quartered, ,with other Cpats, if they have any right tP them, but never Party per Pale till they are '¦'¦¦'¦ ' ' . ' 'i. . ; V* The Canon Law calls a Bifhop Maritus Ecclefiae. s 258 elements OF HERALDRY. married ; and the latter muft have her Coat-pf-j arms in a Lozenge, while fhe remains fingle. 7. A Widow, not an heirefs, retains the Coat-of-arms, of her late hufband, impaled on the Dexter- fide of her own, within an Efcut cheon of the form of a Lozenge : and if the widow be an heirefs, flic continues bearing her paternal Coat-of-arms, in an Efcutcheon of Pretence, over thofe of her late hufband, but both a^e within an Efcutcheon ofthe form of a Lozenge, /. e. like that of Fig. 5, Plate XXIII. r I With refpedt to fuch armorial Enfigns as the Sovereign may think fit to augment a Coat-pf* arms, i have already given examples, as may be feen by the paternal Arms pf his Grace' John Manners, Duke pf Rutland, ^c. inferted in PZ2/^ VIII, Fig. 19; and by thpfe contained in Plate X11-, Fig. 11. \^ To fuch augmentations may be added ; ,*\ Firft, The Baronet's mark of diftindlion,- or the AriTK of the province of Ulfier, in Ireland, granted and made hereditary in the male lineby King James 1, who inftituted this dignity on the 2 2d of May 161 2, in the ninth year of his 5 marshalling. 259 reign ; in order to raife money for the reduc tion of that province. This mark is Argent, a finifier Hand couped at the wrifi Gules ; which may be borne either in a Canton, or in an In efcutcheon, ks the Beirer pleafes * ; fee Fig. ^, Plate XXIII, which reprefents the "paternal Coat-of-arms of Sir Jofeph Mawbey, of Bot- leys, in Surry, Bart, and is thus blazoned; Or, a Crofs Gules, fretty of the field, between four Eagles dijplayed, with wings ereB, Azure, each charged on the breafi with a Bezant. — The Creft, an a Wreath Or attd A-zure, an Eagle, as in the Arms. Tlie Baronets of Nova Scotia, inftituted by King Charles I, have alfo their Arms augmented with a Canton pr an Inefcut cheon, which is Argent, a St. Andrew's drofs Azure, charged with an Infcutcheon of the Arms of Scotland, as they are blazoned in the firft grand Quarter of the royal Achievernent, page 237- Secondly, The Enfign of the order of the Garter, inftituted by King Edward III, on the * The pofition of this honorary badge is 1 kewife aib'trar.y, that is, it may be placed on the centre, in chief, or in the dexter or fi nifter point ofthe Shield, as feems mott convenient for the Charges contained in the Efcutcheon. S 2 26o ELBMEi«T?-pii''HERALDRY. 23d of April 1349, in the twenty-third yeaj*- pf his reign. This hpnprable badge is made to furround, as with a garter, the Arms of fuch Knights * ; and is infcribed with this Motto; HoNI SOIT QUI MAL Y PENSE : fee Fig. 7, which reprefents the Coat-of-arms of the late George Brudenell Montagu, Duke of Montagu, Marquis of Monthermer, &c. , This noblei man, whofe paternal Arms were Argent, a Chevron Gules between three Marion's- proper, iot the name of Brudenell, did, after the deceafe of John Duke of Montagu, on his being ad vanced to the dignities of Marquis and Duke, Oftpber 28, 1766, take the name and Cpat-df^ arms of Montagu, which Arms are blazoned in' page 2^6, Example 4 ; and marfhalled Quari terly, as firft and fourth ; the fecond and third Quarters being. Sable, a Lign rampant Argent, and- an a Canton of the fecond^ the Crofs of St. George, for the name of Churchill ; the whole 'within a Garter, infcribed with this Motto, HONi * The Arms of a Knight of the Garter, Bath, Thiftle, or St. Patrick, when he is married, muft ftill be borne in a diftinft Ef cutcheon, furrounded with the enfign of the order he is honoured with ; and thofe of his Lady in another Efcutcheon next to his own. MARSHALLING.' 2^1 SOIT QUI MAL Y pense'; as being a Knight of the Garter * ; his Grace being entitled to bear thofe Coats-of-arms, on account of his having been married to Lady Mary Montagu, iecond and joungeft daughter, and coheirefs of his Grace, the faid John Duke of Montagu, whofe wife. Lady Mary Churchill, was' the fourth ahd youngeft daughter and coheirefs, of John firft Duke of Marlborough. '. , ''^ ^¦*' So far the caufes for marfhalling diviers Coats- of-arms, on one pr twp Shields, ¦ zre ''i^ant/efi 2 As tP fuch as are called obfcure, that iS; iivherl Cpats-pf-arms are marfhalled in fuch a manner, that np probable reafon can be given why they are fo 'conjoined, they muft be left to heralds to explain, as being the propereft perfons fo un fold thefe, and other myfteries of this fcience. * The Creft over his Grace's Achievement is. On a Wreath Argent and Gules, a Griffin's Head couped Or, ivith nx'ings endorfed and beaked Sable. — The Supporter^, on the Dexter-fide, a Griffin Or, beaked luinged and meinbered Sable ; on the Sinifter-fide, a IVyvern rwinged and membered Gules, collared Or, and charged on thehreafl, in a Canton Azure, luith St. Andrew's Crofs ; both fianding on a Scroll, infcribei m:ith this Motto, Spbctemur agendo, i.e. Let us be judged by our adtions. S:3 26z elements of heraldry. CHAP. IX. OF HATCHMENTS. AFTER having treated of the efifential ¦ parts of the Coats-of-arms, of the vari ous Charges and Ornaments ufually borne there with, of their Attributes and Difpofitions, and of the Rules for blazoning and marfhalling them', I fliall next defcribe the feveral Funeral Achieve ments, commonly called Hatchments,' wherehy may be known what rank the deceafed perfon held when living ; and if it be a Gentleman's Hatchment, whether he was a bachelor, huf band, or widower ; and if a Lady's, whether fhe was a fpinfter, wife, or widow. The great Hatchment in Plate XXIV, repre fents fuch as are affixed to the front of houfes, when any of the nobility and gemry dies ; the Arms therein being thofe of a private Gentle man and his Wife parted per Pale ; the Dexter- fide, which is Gules, three Bars Or, for the. Hufband, having the ground without the Ef- iS'.ftXXIV IHI A TUBIME J T S . Taye.2C^3 HATCHMENTS. j 263 cutcheon black, denoiies the man to be -dead ; and the Sinifter-fide, which is Azure, a Bend Ermine, for the Wife, having the ground with out the Efcutcheon white, indicates that the wife is living: this is alfo -demonftrated by the fmall Hatchment marked Fig. i, which is de- pidled without the Plelinet and Mantlings, for perfpicuity fake pnly; the Creft being On a Wreath Or and'Gules,\ a Lion's Head erazed Or. When a Wife dies firft, the Hatchment is diftinguifhed by a contrary colour from the former, that is, the Arms on the Sinifter-fide have the ground without the Efcutcheon black ;^'- whereas, thofe on the X)exter-fide, for her fur- viying hufband, are upon a white ground ; the Hatchment of a married woman is, moreover, differenced by a Cherub Or, over the Coat-of- arms, inftead of a Creft: fee Fig.. 2. VV'hen a Bachelor dies, his Arms are depidied fingle, or quartered if he be entitled to more than one Coat, with his Creft placed over them ; but never impaled as the firft two are, and the ground of the Hatchment,, without the Efcut cheon, is all black: fee Fig. 3. S 4 264 ELEMENTS OF HERALDRY. When a Spinfter, or maiden Lady, dies,'' Bet> Coat-of-arms, which is placed in a Lozenge^ may be fingle or quartered, as thofe of a bache lor ; but, inftead of a Crefi, have either a CheJ rub or a knot of Riband over them, and all the ground without the Efcutchepn is alfp black ; fee Fig. 4. When a Widpwer dies, his Arms are repre-: fented impaled, with thofe of his deceafed wife, having a Helmet, Mantlings, and Creft over them, as in the great Hatchment over the win dow, and all the ground without the Efcut chepn black : fee Fig. 5. When a Widow dies, her Arms are alfp re-> prefented impaled with thofe of her deceafed hufband, but inclofed in a Lozenge ; and, in ftead of a Creft either a Cherub or an Efcalop- fhell is placed over them, all the ground of the Hatchment, without the Efcutcheon, is alfo black: iee Fig. 6. ¦¦' ¦ f If a Bachelpr pr Widpwer fhpuld happen tp be the laft of his family, the Hatchment is de- pifted either as in Fig. -5, or 5, according tp what he is, and that of a maiden Lady or Wi.< dow, whofe family is extinft by her death, is depicted either as in Fig. 4, or 6, according tq what flie is, with this difference only, that a Death-head either fupplits the place pf the Creft, &c. or is annexed to each Hatchment, to denote that Death has conquered all. By the forementioned rules, which are fome times neglected through the ignorance of illite rate people, may be known, upon the fight of any Hatchment, what branch of the family is dead; and by the Coronet pr Helmet, what was the title and degree of the deceafed perfon. The fame rules are obferved with refpedl to the Efcutcheons placed on the hearfe and horfes ufed in pompous funerals, except they are not furmounted with a Helmet, Creft, Cherub, or Efcalop-fhell, ¦as in the fpregping examples, but are plain. Herald painters, however, ge nerally enfign thofe pf the nobility with Coro nets, and that of a maiden Lady with a knot of Riband, as in the example Fig. 4, befpre pentiuned. 266 ELEMENTS OF HERAiDRY. CHAP. X. OF PRECEDENCE. THE order of Precedence, which is ob ferved in general, is thus, that perfons of every degree of honour, take place according tP the feniority of their creatidn, and not of years, unlefs they are defcended of the blood -royal, in which cafe they have place of all others of the fame degree. The younger fons of the preceding rank take place from tbe eldeft fon of the next mediate ; thus : The younger fons of Dukes, from the eldeft fons of Marquifes; the younger fons of Marquijes, from, the eldeft fons of Earls; the younger fons of Earls, from the eldeft fons of Vifcounts ; the younger fons of Vifcounts from the eldeft fons of Barons. All the chain of Precedence is founded upon this gradation ; and was thus fettled in 1539, by the ftatute 31, Henry VIII, chap. ip. But there have been, fince that time, fome alterations made tp it, by feveral pther ftatutes PRECEDENCE. 267 in the fucceeding reigns : whereby all the fons of Vifcounts and Ei'-rons are allowed tO' precede Baronets ; arid the eldeft fons and daughters of Baronets have pLce given them before the eldeft fons and daughters of any Knight, of what de gree or order foe ver, though fuperior to that of a Barpnet: thefe being- but temporary digni ties, whereas that of Baronets is hereditary ; ¦and the, younger fons of Baronets are to have place next after tlie eldeft fons of Knights. Obferve alfo, that as there are fome great ofticers of ftate, who take place, although they are not noblemen, above the nobility of higher degree ; fo tiiere are fome perfons^ who for their dignities in the church, degrees in the univer fities and inns of court, officers in the ftate or army, although they are neither Knights, nor gentlemen, born, yet take place among them. Thu!?, all Colonels and field-officers, who are honorable, as alfo the Mafter of the ordnance, Quarter-mafter general, Dodtors of divinity, law, phyfic, and mufic ; Deans, Canons, Pre- 'bepdaries. Heads of colleges in univerfities, and Serjeants at law, are, by courtefy, allPwed 26"8 ELEMENTS OF HlERALDRY. place before reputed EfqiiireS*. And all Ba*^ chelors of divinity, law, phyfic, and niufic; Mafters of art's, Barrifters in the inns of courts ; Lieutenant-colonels, Majors, Captains, and other commiflioned military officers ; and divers patent officers in the King's houfhold, may equal, if not precede, any gentleman that has none of thefe qualifications.' ¦ ^ in towns corporate, the inhabitants of cities are preferred to thofe of bor#ghs ; and thofe; who have been magiftrates; tb all others. And herein a younger Alderman takes, not precedence from his fenior, by being knighted ; or as be ing the elder Knight, as was the cafe of Alder man Craven, who, though vno Knight, had place as fenior Alderman, before all the reft, who were Knights, at the coronation of King James. This is to be underftood as to public meetings relating to the town ; for it is doubted whether it will hold good in any neutral place. It has been alfo determined in the Earl Mar-i vftial's court of honour, that all who have been Lord Mayors of London, fhall every where take * For the proper application of this title, fee the -word !fis- QuiRE, iri the Didlionary annexed to this, Treatife. PRECEDEMGE. 269 place pf all Knights-bachelprs, becaufe. they have been the Kings Lieutenants. : It is alfo ^quoted by Sir George Mackenzie, in his pbfervatipns pn Precedency, .that in the cafb of Sir John Crook, Serjeant, at law, it was ad- judged by the judges m court, that fuch Ser jeants as' were his ^feniors, though not kfiight- ed, fhould have preference notwithftanding' hife knighthood. — The Precedence among nien' is ak follows : V - The King. j' ,The pRiNcfe of Wales. '' Princes ofthe Blood Royal, namely. The King's fons. V. The King's brothers. The King's uncles. The King's grandfons. The King's brothers or fifters fons. The Vicegerent, when there is any fuch officer, by the faid ftatute, 3 1 Henry VIII. The following precede all Dukes, by authority of the forementioned fiatute. The Archbifhpp of Canterbury. Lord High Chancellpr, or Lord Keeper. y , 270 ELEMENTS OF H'ERALDRY. Archbifhpp of York. Lord High Treafurer of Eiigland. Lord Prefident of the Privy Council. Lord Privy Seal. Thefe alfo precede all of their own Degree ; that - is, if Dukes above Dukes ; if Earls, &c. Lord Great Chamberlain *, Lord High Conftable. Lord Earl Marflial. Lord High Admiral. Lord Steward of his Majefty's Houfehold. Lord Chamberlain of his Majefty's Houfehold, Secretaries of State. Then according to thiir patents of creation. Dukes. Marquifes, Dukes eldefi fons. * By a ftatute paflfed i George I,^ chap. 3, for fettling the prece dence of Robert Marquis of Lindsey, then hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain of England, who, on being created Duke of Ancafter, Sec. gave up the precedence of this office from him and his heirs ; except when he or they 'hall be in the aftual execution of the faid office of Great Chamberlain of England, attending the perfon of the King or Queen for the time being, or introducing a _p,eer or peers into the Houfe of Lords. PRECEDENCE, i27l Earls. Marquifes eldefi fons. Dukes younger fons. Vifcounts.Earls eldefi fons. Marquifes younger fons. , B i fhops of — L ondoji — Durham- — Winchefier. T^e .others,- accordiitg to feniority of confecration. Barons *. Speaker of the Ploufe of Commons. Vifcounts eldefi fons. Earls younger fons. Barons eldefi fons. Knights of the Garter. Privy Councellors. Chancellor of the Exchequer. Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancafter. Lord "Chief Juftice ofthe King's-bench. * By the 23d article ofthe Union, which was confirmed by fta tute 5 Queen Anne, chap. 8. all peers of Scotland fiiall be peers- of Great Britain, and have rank next after the peers of the like de gree in England, at the time of the Union*; which commenced May 1, 17Q7; and before all peers of Great Biitain of the like degree, created after the Union. — The peers of Ireland -take place, in England, at all public ceremonies fexcept coronations) next the youngeft Englifli peer of the fame degree ; by ftatute 4 Charles I, June 28, 1629. &y2 ELEMENSDSi4ei5«K«.LDR^i Mafter of the Rolls. Lord Chief Juftice ofthe Comtociri-pleas'k Lord Chief Baron ofthe Exchequer., ^''v^ Judges afid Barons in the Courts of Law. Bannerets; made by the' King hitnfelf Vifcounts younger fons. .:.'¦.'¦, A,*' :,'<¦•'¦ Barons younger fons. - ¦ - Baronets of England-^Ndva Scotia-r^Ireland%^ Bannerets, not made by the King in perfon i- ''¦ Knights of the Bathi - . . . Knights-Bachelors. Baronets eldefi fonsi. Knights ofthe Garter's eldefi fons k Bannerets eldefi fons, of bath kinds. Knights ofthe Bath's eldefi fons. Knights- Bachelors -'eldefi fans. , Baronets yaUnger fons. Efquires, ^^_y theJCing's creation -f. ^ Efquires, attending Knights ofthe Bath. Efquires by office, as Jufiices ofthe Peace, Sec. * Baronets, EngHlh and Irifh, when in Ireland take their placp and precedence among thepifelv;es, according to their feniprity^of creation, i. e. by the dates of tlieir refpeftiye letters-patents, nn.der the Englifli or Irifli feal.' ,! . f Thefe Efquires are created by the impofition of a Collar af SS ; 'by ftatute, '20 Ediuard IV, and 9 Henry VI. ' ¦"•i^ ; PRtCEDENCEl S73 Gapkins, , Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber, &p. Knights, &c. younger fons, as with the eldefi. Gentlemen; eiititled to bear Arms'. Gentlemen, by office or profefiion. Clergymen, Attorneys _^2r LaW, &cc. Citizens, Burgeffes, Sf^, , .ti It is rieceffary to obfetve that the priority of fignirtg any treaty Pr public inftrument; by public minifters; is always taken by fank pf place, dhd not by title. The. Precedence among men being kridwrij, that which is due to women, according to their feveral degrees; - will be eafily demonftrated ; but you are to obferve firft, that women, before rnarriage; have precedence by their father,' with this difference betWeeri them ahd the male chil dren, ihat the farhd precedence is due to all the daughters that belongs to the eldeft ; ' which is not fo arriong the fons ; and the reafon of this d4fparity feems to be, that daughters all fucceed equally, whereas the eldeft fon excludes all the refti By marriage^ a WPman participates of her hufband's dignities ; but npne pf the wife's dig- T 274 ELEMENTS PF HERALDRY. nities can come, by marriage, t6 her hufband, but defcend tP her next heir. If a wpman liave precedence by creatipn, or birth, fhe retains the fame, though ihe mar'r.y an inferior : but if a woman nobly born marry any nobleman, as a Baron, &c. fhe fhall take place accprding tp the degree pf her hufband only, thpugh fhe be a Duke's daughter. A woman, -privileged by marriage with one of noble degree, fhall retain the privilege due to her by her hufband, though he fhould be de graded by forfeiture, H^c. for crimes are per- fonal. — Sir G. Mackenzie, of Precedency, chap. JX. But if a woman, noble by marriage, fhould marry one under the degree of nobility, ftic then lofes for ever her title, rank, and privi leges ; and was fhe to commit treafon or felony, fhe would be arraigned as a commoner. 20 Henry VII, chap. ix. , The wife of the eldeft fon of any degree, takes place of the daughters of the fame degree,^ who always have place immediately after the wives of fuch eldeft fons, and both of them take place of the ypunggr fpns pf the preceding. ^ PRECEDENCE; ' 275 degree. Thus, the wife of the eldeft fon of an Earl, takes place of aii Earl's daughter, and 130th of them precede the wife of the younger ion pf a Marquis ; alfp the wife of any degree^ precedes the wife of the eldeft fon pf the pre ceding degree. Thus, fhe wife of' a Marquis, precedes the wife pf the eldeft fon of a Duke. This, holdsj not oiily in cbriiparing degrees^ but alfo families of the farne degree among themfelves ; fpr inftance^ the daughter pf a fe- iiipr Earl yields place tp the wife of a junior Earl's eldeft fon. Though, if fufch daughter be an heirefs^ fhe will theii be allowed place before the vi^iyes of the eldeft foiis of all younger Earls ; W, Segar', of Honorable Places, chapi XXIL — The Ptecedeilce' aiiiong WPmen is as foUovvs : The QuEENi Princess of Wales. f RINCESSES, 7 .^^^ of th^ King's fpftS4 . Duchesses, 3 Princesses; daughters pf the Ki^g. Wives ofthe King's brothers, tVives ofthe iCings unclei. T z 276 ELEMENTS PF HERALDRY. ' Wives ofthe eldefi fons of Dukes ofthe blood. Daughters^ of Dukes of the blood royal. Wives ofthe King's brothers or fifters fons. "^ DuchefiTes. MarchipnefiTes. , Wives pf the eldeft fons ; daughters'^ of Dukes. Counteffes. Wives of the eldeft fons; daughters of Mar quifes. Wives af the younger fons of Duke t. Vifcountefifes Wives of the eldeft fons ; daughters of Earls. Wives of the younger fons of Marquifes. Baroneffes. Wives of the eldeft fons ; daughters of Vif- ; cpunts. Wives of the younger fons of Earls ^ Wives of the eldeft fons ; daughters of BarpBSv Wives of the yawiger fons of Vifcount s.r Wives of the younger fons of Barons. Wives of Baronets. Wives of the Knights of the Garter. Wives of Bannerets, afeach kind.- * Thefe, and the other daughters* mentioned in this order of Precedence, rank next to the wivesii- - PRECEDENCE. 277 Wives of the Knights of the Bath, Wives of the Knights- Bachelors. Wives of the eldeft fons ; daughters oi Baronets. Wives of the eldeft fons ; daughters of Knights of the Garter. Wives of the eldeft fons ; daughters oi'^'s.nner- rets, of each kind*. Wives of the eldeft fons ; daughters of '¦ Knights of the Bath. Wives of the eldeft fons of Knights-Bachelors ; daughters of faid Knights. Wives of the younger fans of Baronets. Daughters of Knights -Bachelors. Wives of Efquires, of each kind. Wives of Captains, Gentlemen of tbe Privy Chamber, &c. Wives of younger fons ofthe Knights. Wives of Gentlemen, entitled to bear Arms. Daughters of Efquires, of each kind. Daughters of Gentlemen, bearing Arms. Wives of Gentlemen, by office or profeffion. -Wives of Clergymen, Attorneys at Law, &c. * Eftabliflied by ftatute of Benry IV, Henry VI, and Edward IV, T3 278 ELEMENTS PE HERAJ.DRX. Wives pf Citizens. , Wives of Burgeffes. The Wives of Privy Councellors, Judgeg, Barpns in the Cpurts pf Law, &c. zre tp, take the fame place as their Hufbands do ; fee the former lift, page 271; and thofe of the ypungeg fons of Knights and Efquires, according to their refpeftive diftindlion ;, fee page 272. DICTlbNARY OF ^n^ TECHNICAL TERMS, T4 EXPLANATION Ofthe Abbreviations ufed in this Dictionarv. / ^ fubfiantive. a. ddjiBi'iifi. " V. verb. /. particle.' P- page. Fig- Figure. PL Knt. ' ftands for < Plate. Knight. K. B. Knight ofthe Bath. K. G. 'Kni^t of the Garter. Bart. Baronet. Bp. BiftiPp. Abp. Archbifhop. i. e.'' .. M eft, or that is to fay BIGTIONARY CONTAINING A clear and cpncife Explanation of the technical Wotd^, and fcien- " tific Terms made ufe of in Heraldry ; their Etymology and Re ferences to the Arms, Charges, and other purpofes they are ap- ' plied to in the preceding Ti-eafife : with a concife account of the . Jurifdidlion, Power, Duty, and Privileges of the great Officers pf State; and of the different Orders of Knighthood in' Great ' Britain and Ireland. ACH A Batement, / An accl- 4% dentaj figure- which is faid to have been added to coats-of- krms, in order to denote fome djlhonorable demeanour or ftain, , wjiereby the dignity of the coat- armour was rendered of lefs ef teem : fee p. 48. • ACHIEVE, ii. This term is' deHved from • the French word 'achever, i. e. to finifh or make an end pf, but fignifies, in heral dry,' to perform great aftions or exploits. • . ¦-',, Achievement,/ Thecoat- of-arms of a perfon, or family,' with all the exte'rior ornaments of thefhieldi together with all the qnanerings which the faid perfon, or family, may have acquired by alliances, i^c. fo marfhaEed in their order, as the fcience diredls. : ALL fee P.l. xxiii. As to Funeral A- chievements, fee Hatchment. ¦ Adder, fee Serpent. Addorsed, a. The corrup tion of the French word ado£e, and fignifies borne or fet back to back : fee Bl. xv. Fig. 1 1 . ¦ Admiral, fee High Adm. Adumbration, y; The Iha- dow' only of any figure, outlined and painted of a colour darker than the field. AfFRqNTE. a. This expref fion, which is borrowed from the French, is made ufe, c)f by he ralds, in blazoning figures, but chiefly human heads, fet with the , face looking frontwife : fee gl. xiv. Fig. 17. Alerion, or) Anim^gina- Allerion,/ |ry birdwhicl^ % Guillim, in his Didlionary, ANN- ARC feys is painted fmall and without beak or feet like the martlet, and refers us to that word, as if they were the fame bird.' F. Mene- frier, in his Noa-v. Meth. p. zz, calls it an eagle, without beak or feet, v;ith hi's wings expanded ; and yet, in p. 25, the fame bird is reprefented with a beak. M. de- la Colombiere, in his Science Heraldique, tells us that alerions arc like eagles without beak or feet, fo, called, becaufe they have nothing perfetl but the wings ; and they differ from maVtlets in that their wings are expanded and thofe of the martlets, on the contrary, are clofe, and are not reprefented facing like, the ale rions. They denote, fays he, imperialifts vanquifhcd and dif- . armed ; for which reafon they are ¦ more frequent in French than in German coats-of-arms. Alternate, a. A word ufed to- danote the pofition and parti tions of different figures, which anfwer one another by turns, as . fhe crofTes-pattee and fleurs-de-lis do, on the circle of the, coronets JI,, 8, 9, reprefe.nted in PI. xx. ' Amethyst,/. The name of a precious ftone, formerly ufed inftead of purpure, in blazoning the arms of the Englifh nohi- Jity only : fee p. 21 . — It is a tranfparent ftpne, of a violet co lour, arifing from a , mixture of ied an^ blue. ' Annulet,/ A little cir cle, borne as a 'charge in coats- pf-arms, and alfo added to them as a difference for the fifth fon : fee p. 43, and pl. iv, Fig. ij. A- mong the Romans it reprefented liberty and nobility. It, alfp de notes ftrengtii and eternity, by reafon of its circular form:- fee PvING. , *»* When this figure is adi- ded as a difference, fome au thors allert, that it ferves to re mind the bearer to achieve great exploits. Antler,/ The branch of a ftag's horn ; but this word is fre quently ufed in a figurative and poetical fejife, to denote the horns of this or any otiex quadrupede. Apaumee, a. This expref fion is ufed, by fome blazoners of arms, to denote a hand open^ ed and upright. Archbishop,/ The nafne of a church digpitary of the fi:?fi clafs. There are but two npw in England ; thofe of Canterbury and Tork. The archbifhop of Canterbury is confidered as the firft peer of England, next to the royal family : he writes himfelf, by Dimine Proiiidenee, and has the title of Grace given him, as to dukes ; and likewife M-ofi Remerend Father in God. He is ftyled Primate of all England, and Metropolitan. The archbi fhop of York has precedence- of dukes and great officers of ftate, except the Lxjrd Chancellor ; his title is Grace and Mofi Reueren^- Father in God, and writes him felf, as other bifhops do, by ZU- •vine Pcrmifjion.. Hfe is ftyled Pri-, mate of England, and Metropo litan, *«* The title of ArchhifiopstiiA, not known in the Eaft, till a.bout the year 320; and though there were fome prelates, foon after this, who had this title, yet that was Only a perfona,l honotu-, by- ¦whicli the bifhops of confidera- |)!e cities were diftinguifhed." It was not till of late that archbi- ihops'becaihe metropolitans, and had fuffragans 'under them, A- thanafius appears tp be the firft who ufed this title, which he gave occafionally tb his prede- teffor. " Gregory Nazianzen, in like manner, gave it tb Ath'ana- pus ; not that either of them were -intitled to any jurifdidlion, or even any precedence in virtue of it. Among the Latins, Ifidore Hifpahnfis h the firft that fpealcs pf archbifhops ;' he diftinguilhes four orders or degrees in the ec clefiaftical hierarchy ; namely, jpatriarchs, archbifhops, metro politans, and bifhops. The archbifhop, befide the infpedlion of the bifhops and inferior cler gy, in, the province over which he prefides, exercifes epifcopal jurifdidlion in his own diocefe. He is guardian cf the fpiritualities of any vacant fee in his province, as the king is of the temporali ties; and exercifes ecclefiatlical jurifdidlion in it. He is intitied to prefent, by lapfe, to all the Ecclefiaftical livings in the difpo- 6,1 of his diocefan bilhop, if not iilled within fix months. He has likewife a cuftomary preroga tive, upon confecratin'g a bifhop, to name a clerk or chaplain to be isrovided fpr by fuch bifhop ; in lieu of which it is now ufual to accept an option. He is faid to tie enthroned when vefted in the Archbifhopric; whereas bifhops are laid to he inftalled. The archbifhop of Canterbury had, till the year 1152, jurifdidKon over Ireland as well as England, ARC and was ftyled a patrutrch, aaij fometimes alterius orbis papa, an4 orhis Britannici pontifex. Matter! were done and recorded in hi» name thus, Aano pontificatus no- ftri primo, &c. The firft arch bifliop of Canterbury was Auftin, appointed by king Ethelbert, on his cpnverfion to Chriftianity, a.; bout the year 598. He was al^ legatus natus. He ,even enjoyed fpme fpecial marks of royalty; as, to be patron of a bifhopric, which he was 6f Rochefter ; an4 to make knights, coin monies, i^c. It is his privilege, by cuf tom, to crown the kings and queens of this kingdom. He may retain and qualify eight chaplains ; whereas a duke is by ftatute allowed only fix. He has, by Common law, the power of probate of v^ills and teflaments, and granting letters of admini ftration. He has alfo a power to grant, licences and difpenfa^ tions in all cafes formerly fued fpr, in the court of Rome ;, he accordingly iffues fpecial licences to marry, to hold two livings, i^c. and he exercifes the right of conferring degrees. He alfiij holds feveral Courts of judica-; ture ; as, court of arches, court of audience, prerogative court, and court of peculiars. — Thei archbifhop of York has the like rights, in his province as the arch-f bilhop of Canterbury. He has alfo the rights of a count palatine over that diftridl of Northumberr. land, formerly called Hexham- fliire. The firft archbifhop of York was Paulinus, appointsatj by pope Gregory about the year,- 622^ He had fprmerly jurifdic- ATC tion over all tfie bifhops of Scot land ; but in the year 1470, pope Sextus IV, created the biftiop of St. Andrews archbifhop and me tropolitan of all Scotland. Argent, / The common French word for {ilver, of which metal all White fields or charges are fuppofed to confift : fee PI. ii, F^.z. *«* Argent of itfelf is ufed in heraldry to fignify purity, in nocence, beauty, and gentlenefs ; and, according to G. Leigh, if it is compounded with Gul. J „.r Boldnefs. Azu. / ^ I ¦ Courtefy. Ver. J, tg < Virtue. Pur. 1^1 Favour. Sab. J " L Religion. Armed, a. Ihis word is nled to exprefs the horns, hoofs, beak, or talons of any beaft or bird of prey, when borne of a different tindlure from their bo dies : fee p. 193, example 5. Armorist,/ a perfon fkil- led in the knowledge of armory. Armory, / One branch of heraldry, confifting in the know ledge of coats-of-arms, as. to thdr blazon, and various purr^ |)ofes. , Armour, fee Coat. Arms, / A word derived from the Latin arma, and ufed to denote a badge or mark of fo- ¦vereignty, grandeur, and ho nour •; ferving alfo to diftinguifh flates, cities, families, l^c fee p. 8. ' Arrondie, a. This is a French word ufed, in tlazonry, to denote a charge, or part of it, made of a round fotm. Atchieve, fee Ach:(ev£,. , BAN Attired, Ifl. This is faid of the horns of flags or bucks, when of a different tihSufe from their bodie,s or heads : fee p. 164, ex ample 19. Augmentation, / This word fignifies in heraldry a par ticular mark of hPnour, granted b}' the fovereign, in cpnfidera- tion cf fome noble adlion, or cut of favour, either quartered with. the family arms, or borne on an efcutcheon, a canton,- l^c. fee PI. ix, Fig. 16. Azure,'/ A French word ufed to exprefs blue. In engrav ings, this colour is denoted by li'.es drawn from the dexter to the finifter fide ofthe efcutcheon, and are parallel to the chief: fee PI. ii. Fig. 4. This colour may fignify juftice, perfeverance, and vigilance ; but according to G. Leigh, if it is compounded with Or -^ r-Chearfulnefs. ^^?>- / " 1 Vigilance. Gul. ( im" I Readinefs. Ver. f 2 j Enterprize. Pur- 11^/ Goodnefs. Sab, J L Monrnfulnefs. French heralds, N. Upton, and his followers, rank this colour before Gules, B. B AD GE , / A fign or mark by which the bearer is, or may be, known, Banded, a. This is faid of a head or any thing tied ro.und with 3 band of a different tinc ture : fee PI. xiv. Fig.- 1 8 and 20. Banner,/ A flag, ftandard or enfign, carried at the en^ p{ BAN a lance, or pole, and generally made fquare. *#* There are fome families in Europe who ftill bear their coat-of-arms in an efcutchepn of this fprm; that, for example, of de Coucy, originally of Picardy, in France, does to this day; and ' the occafion of this fingularity is thus related by M. de la Colom biere : we read that a lord of the ancient and illuftrious houfe of Coucy, having his banner beaten down, aud his men put into dif- order by the infidels, on whom he was waging war, he be thought himlelt to cut his cloak and hoift a piece of it on the point of his fpear, like a banner, by which means he rallied and encouraged them fo much that he Came off vidlorious ; and to com memorate this exploit, he bore his arms in a fqaare efcutcheon like a banner, which his pofte rity adopted. Banneret,/ A very an cient title of honour, faid to de rive its inftitution from the Ro mans, toward the end of the em peror Gratian'i reign. Knights bannerets are called in Latin mi- lites 'vexilliferi, by Maith. Paris, p. 134 ; and milites •vextUati, by the author of t\ie Dia. de.Tre- •vouni; their Ihield was fquare, and they bore their arms in a banner of the fame form : fee p. 14, and Pl. i. Fig. 4. - *#* This was a very honora ble order, as it was never con ferred- but upon fome heroic adlion performed in the field; whereas other orders have fre quently been beftowed for favouri «r other meaner motives. I do BAR not find any mention particularly made of them in Englifh hiftory bsfore the reign of king Ed-Tjaard 1 , and they feem to have been next in degree to barons. El- fy-ige, in his Manner of holding Parliaments in England, p. 40, fuppofes a knight banneret was a ho..orary baron, or a peer, who enjoyed a mixt honour ; and fays he was called at the king's pleafure to the upper houfe, and was exempted from ferving on juries, and in the houfe of (.om- mons. Sir WiUiam Segar, knt.. in the fecond book of his Trea tife on Honour, both military and civil, chcp. i o, p. 69, gives a full account of the creation of a knight of this order. In the year 1773, at a review of the royal navy at Portfmouth, his majefty conferred this honorable title on the following flag officers, under the royal ftandard ; name ly, admirals Pye, and Spry ; captains Knight, Bickerton, and Vernon. Bar, / One of the honora ble ordinaries, defined in p. 75, and reprefented in Pl. viii. Fig. 13, 14, is'c. Barbed, a. Though this term alludes to fomething that is either bearded or has the appear ance of a beard, yet, it is ufed, in blazoning coats-of-arms, to denote the green leaves, which are reprefented on the outfideof a full-blown rofe; as in Pl. xvii. Fig. IJ. Baron,/ -the loweft title of peerags in Great Britain and Ireland. A baron is fometimes made by writ, being thereby fil led vip- to fit in the houfe of lojds BAR tiutufually by letters patent, and John Reauchatnp of Holt, was the firft baron created, by Richard II, after this manner. The^ ti tle of a baron is Right. Honorable, his mantle has two doublings, and his coronet has "fix pearls tpon the circlci four of which are ufually reprefented in paint ings or engravings : fee Pl. xx. Fig. 14. Baron and Femme. Terms ¦ufed in Ijlazoning the arms of a man and his wife marfhalled to gether : fee p. 253. Baronet,/ A modern de gree of honour, inftituted by king James I, on the 22d of May, 1 61 2, and the 9th year. ef his reigp, who made it here ditary in the male line. This title is conferred by patent under the great feal ; and, a baronet, like other knights, is diftinguifh ed hy the appellative Sir, pre fixed to his chriftian nanie, in ijjeaking and writing to him : his armorial enfign is to wear, in a canton or efcutcheon, the arms iof the province of Vlfter, in Ire land, which is Argent, a finifter Hand, couped at the lurifl. Gules : fee Pl. xxiii. Fig. 3. *** This monarch, king y The order of baronets in Scotland was alfo projedled by king James I, for the plantation and cultivatipn of the province of No.-va Scotial in America ; and his fon, Charles I, executed his royal father's plan by inftituting this order foon af ter his acceffion to the throne i the firft perfon dignified with this* title v/as Sir Robert Gordon _of Gordonftonei a younger fon of the earl of Sutherland, whofe pa tent bears date the 28th of Mayi 1625. *»* King Charles I, was fp- defirous of adding eveiy mark of dignity to this, his favourite or der, that four years after its in ftitution, he iffued a royal war rant granting them the privileges of wearing an orainge riband and a inedalj which laft was prefent ed to each of them by the kingf himfelf, according tb the words 3 EAR of the warrant. All the privi leges of the order, particulafly this of wearing the medal, were confirmed at the king's requeft "by the convention of eftates, in the year 1630 ; and in order to eflablifh them on the moft folid foundation, they were again con firmed by an adl of the parliMnent of Scotland, in the year 1633. This mark of diftindlion fell to the ground, wi;h all the odier honours of this country, during the ufiirpation of the long parlia ment and of Oliver Cromwell. There havfe been former meet ings -pf the order to revive the ufe of it; one in the year 172 1, and another in 1734; however, thefe meetings proved ineffedlual, becaufe the proper fteps toward its revival were not^ taken : but, under the aufpices of our illuftri ous monarch George III, fuch meafures were concerted in the, year 1775, as have effedlually eftablifhed this honorable dignity. Baronet ol Ireland. This order was likewife inftituted by king -James I, in the eighteenth year of his reign, for the fame purpofe and with the fame privi leges within the kingdom of Ire land, as he had conferred on the 'Uke order in England ; for which the Irifh baronets paid the fame fees into the treafury of Ireland. The firft of that kingdom that was advanced to this hereditary dignity was Sir Francis Biundcli, then fecretary for the affairs of Ireland r fince his time feveral liave been created, iio number feeing limited. Barrulet, / One 6f the ^iraihatjves of the bar : fee p. 75 . B AT Barry, a. This word i» ufed to denote a field divided tranfverfe into feveral equal par titions of two different tindlure* interchangeably difpofed : fee Ph viii. Fig. 20 and p. 83. If the divifion be odd, the field muft be firft named, and the number of the bars mentioned. Barry-bendy, a. This ex preffion denotes a field divided into even parts, botli barwife and bend-wife. Barways, or '1 This term is Barwise, a. jmade ufe of td denote a charge difpofed after the manner a bar is: fee PL xviii. Fig. 2. B A s"^, / The bottom or lower part of the Ihield : fee p. 16, let ters G, H, I. Bath, fee Knight. Baton, /I This word is Baston, >French, and fig- Batune, j nifies a ftick, ftaff, or cudgel ; it fliould be fpelt baton, but is, by moft Englifh writers, corruptly fpelt aj above. It is only borne in Englifh coats-- of-arms, as a badge of illegiti macy; but, in French coats-of- arms, this charge is introduced as a difference, or mark of con fanguinity. I have inferted ex amples of it in this treatife : feg p. 73, and Pl. vii. Fig. 20. Battering-ram, / An engine- much in ufe among the ancients,' before gunpowder wai invented, for beating down the walls ofthe places they befieged : fee- PA xviii. Fig. -i. . *,* The following defcrip tion, taken from Baron P'on Low- inn's Analyfis af Nobility,' wifl inform the reader riicffcpartica-- BEA BEZ ¦ larly what a battering-ram was. —The ' ram, fays he-i . was a vaft ¦long, beam, like the maft of a fliip, ftrengthened at One end with a liead of iron, fomething Tefembling that of a ram, whence it took its name., This is hung by the middle with ropes to ano ther beam, which lies acrofs a couple of pofts ; and hanging thus equally balanced, is, by a great number of men, violently thruft forward, and drawn back ward, and fo fhakes the wall with its iron head. Nor is there any tower or wall fo thick and ftrong, as to refift the repeated affaults of this forcible machine. — But this engine did moft execution when it was mounted on wheels, which is faid to have been firft done at the fiege of Byzantium, under Philip of Macedon. Plutarch tells us, that Mark Antony, in the Parthian war, ufed. a ram, eighty feet long ; and Vitruvius afl'ures us, they were fometimes a hundred and fix, fometimes a hun dred and twenty feet in length ; to which, perhaps, the forc'e of the engine was in a great meafure owing. The ram was managed by a centenary of foldiers at a time, who were relieved when weary by another centenary ; fo that it played without anyintermiffion. Battleax,/ a fort of wea pon formerly ufed in war : fee P/. xviii. Fig. 3. Battlements,/ The in- terftiees on caftle-walls or towers : fee Pl. xviii, I'ig. 8. BeakIed, a. This is faid cf the bills of birds, when they are of a different tindlure from the body : fee Pl. xjuii. Fig. 7. Bea,ring, fee Charge. ; ;/ Beaver,/. This term is nfe4^ in heraldry to fignify that part of the helmet which defends the^ iight, and is. likewife called, by' fome heralds, gudrde 'vifure ; fee p. 2igy and P/. xxi j example 3 and 4. Belled, a. , Having bells af fixed to fome part of the charge i fee p. 1 66, example 6i Bend,/ One of the hono-' rable ordinaries, defined in p. 6;; and reprefented in Pl. viiy Figi ,1, 2,'i^i. Bend-finifter, is that *hicH comes from the finifter to the dexter fide of the fhield : fee Pl. vii. Fig. 16 : and we fay in bend-i when things borne in coats-of.^ arms are placed obliquely, froiri the dexter chief to the finillef bafe, as the bend lies : fee Pli xxii. Fig. 4. Bendlet, / One ofthe di minutives ofthe bend : fee p. 65,' and PL vii. Fig. 7 and 9. Bendy, a. This word ferves to denote a field, divided dia gonally into an even number of partitions, varying in metal and coleur : fee Pl. vii. Fig. i o. In - England, the number of divifions is always even, in other coun tries, this is not regarded ; but,' wh^n the number is uneven,' diey muft be called bendlets. Besanted, or \ This word, BezanteEj a. iitieims full of befants, and is ufed to denote a field, ordinary, or charge, co vered with above eight befants. ;^ Besants, or 7 Thefe wer^ Bez%nts,/ 3 the current' coin of old Byzantium, now cal led Gonftantinople, and fTuppofed I3i3 to have been introduced into - Coats-of-arms by thofe who were at the holy war ; but fince that, they have been borne by fuch as have acquired tiches by being treafurers, bankers, or in the cuftomhPufe : fee p. 23, and PL ii. Fig. to. Billets,/ This charge is confidered by feveral writers iip- on heraldry, as one of the fub ordinate ordinaries, mentioned in Article ii, p. in, and by'o- thers as a common b'earing only : it is reprefented in the form of oblong fqUai^5, and is frequent ly met Vith in Englifli coats-of- arms : fee Pl.-xv, Fig. 16, and P- '53- *** The authors I have con- ful'ted on this charge differ gteat- ly concerning its origin and na ture ; fome pretending they re prefent bricks, and others billets of wood, on account of their form ; and fome taking them for letters fealed up, the word im porting fo much in French, or fuch miffive papers : this laft opinion is, however, the moft prevalent. Billete, or 7 The firft Billetty, a. j French, the latter anglicifed, fignifying' a field ftrewed with billets. This expreffion is ufed in blazoning billets that exceed ten ; otherwife their number and pofition muft be expreffed. ' Bishops,/ Church digni taries; they are barons of the realm, and have precedence next tp the vifcounts ; they are called Lords, and ftyled Right Reverend Fathers in God. There are twen ty-four biftiops, in England, be- Jbis fiile that of Sodor and Man who has no feat in the houfe of peers, beirig appointed by the duke of Athd : fee the note annexed to p. 143.— The biflnops of Lon don, Durham and Winchefter, take place of the other biftiops. Who are to rank after them ac cording to their feniority of con fecration. -*** As the manner of eledl- ing and confeCrating a biftiop, is not generally known, the follow ing account of the ceremonies' obferved on fuch occafion, may be agreeable to fome of the read ers. 'When a biflio^'s fee be comes vacant, the dean and chap ter of that cathedralgive infor mation of it to the king, and humbly requeft that his majefty will grant them leave to eledl a- nother. The king then grants to the dean his csnge d elire, which, according to the ancient form, was v/ritten in French, and fignifies Ita-ve to elc^. The dean afterward fummons a chapter, or affembly, of the prebendaries, who are bound to eledl the per-, fon recommended by ths king's letter, underpain of 3. premunire. The elediion is then certified to the perfon eledled ; and, upon his acceptance, notice is given to the king and the archbifliop of the^provincs ; after which the king fandlions it, by his royal affent under the great feal, which is exhibited to the archbifliop of the province, with command to confirm and confecrate him. The archbifhop fubfcribes fat conftrmatio, and gives commif- fion, under his archiepifcopal feal, to his vicar-general,, to per- bis B?L A form ail the adts required to cbfti- plete the confirmation of the e- ledled bifhop. After thefe, for malities,, the new bifhop takes the oaths of fupremacy, fimony, and canonical obedience j the jcdge of tlie arches reads and fub fcribes the fentence ; and by the king's mandate, follows the fo lemn confecration of the eledled biftiop, which is performed 'by the archbifliop, with the affift ance of two other bifhops.- A rhandate is then iffued from the archbifliop to the archdeacon of his diocefe, to inftal the bifliop cledied, and confirmed, and con- fccrated. The mode of inftal- ment is as follows: — Upon any cl <.y, between the hours of rune Lindideven, in the prefence of a public notary, the bifliop eled>, or his proxy, which is moft u- fu;!!, is introduced into the ca thedral church- by the archdea con of Canterbury, by whom, or by his proxy,, all the bifhops of that province are inftalled. Firft, he declare? his cfTen: to thfe king's iupremacy, and fwears, that un- Itfs he be othcrv^ife difpenfed with, h'e will be refideijt accord ing to tlie cuftom of that cathe dral, obferve the manners of the faiu church, and caufe others to, (jBfcrve the fame. Then the ;.roh,deacon,, with the petty ca- ,nons and officers cf the church, accompany the bifliop up the choir, and there place him in the feat prepared for the biftiops, between the altar and right fide of the choir ; v/hen the archdea con pronounces tliefe words : — " Ep, authoritate mihi commiffa, induco et inthronizo Rpverendum in Chrifto Patrcm Ddminumy T-f. N. .Epifcopum, et Dominus' cuftom diat fuum introitum et exitunt ex hoc nunc et in feculum. Amen." After the finging of Te Deum by the fiibdean and petty canons,- prayers follow., The bifhop is then condudled into the chapter- houfe, and there placed on a high feat ; when the archdeacon and all the prebendaries and officers of the church, appear before the bifhop, and- acknowledge cano-- nical obsdience to him. ,The new bifliop Is afterward intro duced into the Mng'5 prefence,. to do him homage for his tem poralities, or barony, by kneel ing, and putting his hands be tween thofe of the king, who fits in a chair of ftate. Here the fecretary of ftate adminifters to the bifhop the oath — To be p'ui' and faithful to his majefty— from whom he acknowledges to hold his temporalities, Laftly, the' ,new bifhop compounds for the firft fruits of his bifhopric— that is, agrees that the firft year's profits fhall be paid to the corpo ration for augnlenting tlie bene fices of the poor clergy, within- three years. Blazon,/- This word is' ufed, either to denote the draw ing of coats-of-arms, or to ex pound them. It is derived, as> Mr. Niftyet obferves, from the- German word blafen, which fig nifies the blowing of a horn, and. introduced,, as a term iji heralr- dry, from an ancient cuftom the heralds, who were judges, had, of blowing or winding a horn at jufls and tournaments, VV'hen they explained and recorded the a- BUG ctrievenients of the knights fpdft- ers : fee Justs. To Blazon, i». To explain i.T, proper terms, all that belongs to coats pf-arms. Blazonry,/ The art of de fcribing properly coats-of-arms. Border, or 7 The firft ,the BoRDURE,/ j Englifh, the latter the French haine, and is defined, p. 33, and reprefented in P/.' iii. *»* Borders often ferve, in ~Enghfh heraldry, for the fame purfjofe as the Baton, i. e. to in dicate an illegitimate defcent. BoTONY, or ) This is faid BoTONNY, «. j of a crofs which terminates at each end in three buds or buttons : fee Pl. X, Fig. 18. Braced, a. This word is applied to two figures of the fame fort, interlaping one another : fee Pl. xiv. Fig. 13, and p. 144. Erased, or 7 This term. Brazed, a. 5 which is deri ved from the French word bras, i. e. arm, is ufed in heraldry to defcribe three chevronels, inter laced in the bafe ofthe field : fep p. 93, and PL ix. Fig. 19. Bretesse, a. This expref fion is ufed to denote a charge or ornament, which is embattled on both fides. Buckler, / The moft an cient of all defenfive arms, and was originally ufed to cover tbe body againft the blows, darts, and arrows of the enemy : it was made, fometimes of ofiers or wickers interlaced and woven to gether, fornetimes of brafs or wood, and moft commonly of hides or fkins ftrengthened with CAN a plate of fome fort of metal : fee Shield. *»'* Menage, a famous French etymologft, derives the name of bouclier, in Englifti buckler, from thefe two words huccida clypei, which, in the decay of the Latin tongue, were ufed to fignify the bimle cf thefa.eU: but F. TLo- mafin, fetches it from the word bucc.t, i. e. the mouth or cheek ; becaufe the mouths and heads of animals v/ere often reprefented on bucklers. Buckle,/? The buckle was fo much efteemed in former times, that fe.v perfons of rep.'te and honour wore their girdle without it, and it may be confidered, in coats-of-arms, as a token of the furety of the faith and fervice of the bearer. , Budget, fee Water-Bud get. BuFFLE-HpRN, or '} An in- Buglehorn, / 5ft'''^™sn' of wind-mufic made of horn : fee PL ix. Fig. 8. CABOCHED, or Ca bosh ed, a. A term derived froiri caboche, a French word, fignify ing a head ; it is faid of the head of beafts borne without any part of the neck, and full-faced : fee Pl. xvi. Fig. 16. Caltrop, / This word ferves to denote a fmall military engine made with three fpikes, fo that which way foever it lies on the ground, one of them points upright. Cannets,/ Ducks, when reprefented without beak or feet. Canton, / The French U2 CH A C'HA word for corner ; it is. a fquare figure, lefs than a quarter, as defcribed and reprefented, under ¦I' '£¦ h- ?• I' l> ^""^ placed at one of the upper angles of the fhidd: fee PL -iU, Fig. 16. C.'.;;toned, u, '1 his is faid, in blazoning a crofs, ^c. be tween fcur figures : fee Pl. x,. Fig. 9 and 1,2. Cap, fee Chapeau.. Carbuncle,/ One ofthe prcci'Ous ftones, reprefented in coats-of-arms, by a rofe ia the CLntie, with eight rays or flaves round it, in the form of fcepters. *** It is of a very deep red, rnd has been thought to fhine in tlie dark like a lighted, coal,, but this is known to-be otherwife. It is faid to be as hard as a fap- pKire, and to be found naturally iif an angular figure ; however, as it is very uncommon, there needs no rao.-e tc be faid about it. Csrcelee, feeTRECERCELEs:. CaA.MBERLAiN (Lord). This. tide belongs to the Lord Cham- bjrlain cf the Houfhold. He prefects to the Idng, on the co- ri-siaiich day, all his robes, and otjier parts cf royr.l attire, as al fo the fword, fcabljard, crown, and the gold to be offered by the king, (Sc. On fuch a day he has forty -ells, of crimfon velvet for his own robes. To him be-, lor.gs the care of providing all things in tj-ie houfe of lords, in the, lime of parliament. He if fues o-at warrants- for furnifhing. Weftminfter-hall, , r.gair.ft coro nations, trials of .peers,, {^c. The gentlcmap-uftjer, yeoman- ulliers, and doorkeepers, are under bis command. He fuper- intends all the officers of the* king's houfliold, above ftairs,, except the precindl of the king's bedchamber ; as alfo all the of ficers of the wardrobe at all his majefty's houfss, the ferjeants at arms, phyficians, furgeons, apo thecaries, and chaplains :- all, -or moft of thefe places,-- and many others, are in his gift, and he enjoys a falary of twelve hundred- pounds a year ; and to him be longs livery and lodging in the king's court. Chancellor (Lord). A ti tle given to the firft civil officer cf the kingdom, who by his of fice is keeper of the great feal, and fpeakerof the houfe of lf>rds : the name cuncellarius is derived from one part of his office, that is the power he has to cancel wha't he thinks amifs, in £«iy patent,. ccmmiffion, or warrant,- fent from- the king to be fealed with the great feal. The words to be' cancelled, he expunges by draw-- ing, ciofs, lines over them, like- lattices, called in Latin, cancelli-;. or- elfe he acquired this appella tion by fitting anciently inlra-. cancellos, within fuch a partition as now feparates the church from the chancel. The lord chancellor- andithe lord keeper are the fame ¦in authority, power, and prece dence ; yet there is a difference betw.e2n them in the creation : the keeper is created by the king's delivering the great feal into his. hands, and his taking the oath ; but the chancellor has a patent befide. A lord keeper is created' only .during l4ie vacation of the; chancellorfliip, to perform the, fundtioiis of this oltice. CHA *#* His office is to keep the "ting's great feal ; to moderate the rigour Pf the-law ; to judge accordmg to equity, confcience, and reafon ; to beflow all eccle fiaftical benefices in the king's •books under zol. per annum. He is fworn to do right to all people, to counfel the king truly, to keep fecret the king's counfel, not to fuffer the rights of the' •crown to be diminilhed, iSc. This high office is held during the king's pleafure ; the falary is above 7000I. Chape,/ The iron, brafs, metal, or filver, pnt at the end of the fcabbard of cutlaffes, fwoi'ds, ¦^c. as mentioned in p 76. Chape, or 7 Is faid of a Chappe, u. 3. field that has a fort of a cope of another tinflure, Spreading from a point in the middle of^ the chief, to the two bafe angles of the fhield : fee PL xii. Fig. 19, and p. 128. Chateau, / The common French word for a hat ; but is taken in heraldry for an ancient cap of dignity, formerly worn by nobility, being made of crimfon velvet in the outfide, and lined -with fur, as reprefented in Pl. xxi. Fig. 5. Dr. Harris fays, in his Lex-con Technicum, Vol. I, that in old time Englifi kings ufed a kind of cap of fate called abacot, which was 'wrought in the figure of two crowns. Chaplet, / An ancient ornament for the head, like a garland or wreath ; but this word is frequently ufed to fignify the circle of a crown. There are in ftances of itsbeingborneincoats- .pf-arms, as well as for crefb ;, for CHE inftance, the paternal arms for the name of Lascelles, are Ar- gent, three Chaplcts Gules. Chappe, fee Chape. Charge,/ The figures or bearings contained in an efcut cheon : fee p. '51. It is faid,' that many charges in one field are not rxcounted fo honorable as a few. * Charged, «. Shields or or dinaries carrying fome figure, are fometimes faid to be charged therewith. Chausse, i!z.^ This is faid of a fedlion in btfe. - ChECKY, Or'CHEqUE, a. Ts fiiid of fmall fquares of two dif ferent tindlures, fprea.1 alternate ly over a field or ordinary : fee PL vii. Fig. 2 ; as alfo PL viii. Fig. 5. This is always com pofed of metal and colour : and, according to La Colombiere, it is the moft noble and moft ancient figure borne in armory, and ought never to be given, but to perfons that have .diftinguifhed themfelves in war ; for it repre fents a chefs-:board, which is compared to a field of battle ; the pawns, and other pieces placed on both fides, reprefent ing the foldiers of two armies, ¦which move, attack, advance, or retire ; according to the will of the two players, who may be confidered as the genei-als. Cheval-trap, fee Cal trop. Chevelee, «. This word figmfies ftrcaining, i. e. like the' ftream of a light darting from a comet. Chevron, or 7 One of the CiiE-vERON,/ y honorable U3 CIV CLE ordinaries defined, p. 8v and reprefented in /"/. ix. Fig. i , 2, ^,i^c. Chevronel,/ The dimi nutive pf the chevron : fee Pl. ix. Fig. 17 and 18. Chief,/' One of the hono rable ordinaries, defined, p. 53, and defcribed in Pl. v. Fig. i, Z, 3, ^c. Chimerical, «. An epi thet given to figures that have no other exiftence but in the ima gination ; fuch as are contained m PL xix. Chough,/ The name of a bird, called in Latin, coracias, and in French choucas ; it is, of the fame fhape as a jackdaw, but almoft as large as a crow : its bil', legs, and feet are red ; but the feathers ail over the body are black. It is ufually feen in Cornwall, for which reafon it is frequendy denominated the Cor- nilh chough ; and as an inftance of its being Ijorne in coats-of- arms, fee that of marquis Corn- tuallis, which is blazoned in p. 247. CiNQUEFOiL, / The five- leaved grafs. This charge is not fo frequently met with in coats-of-arms as trefoil, yet there are inftances of it : the family of Seabright, of Warwickfhire, bears Argent, three Cinque-foils Sable. Civic Crowns, / Thefe were beftowed on fuch as had faved the life of a Roman citi zen, and were reckoned more honorable than any other crown, though compofed of no better materials than oak-boughs : fee Fig. 4, p. 204. %* Plutarch, in the life of. C. M. Corolianus, accounts, a's follows, for ufing, on this occa fion, the branches of this tree be fore all others ; becaufe, fays he, the oaken wreath being iacred to Jupiter, the great guardian of their city, they thought it the moft p.rppe'r ornament for him who had preferved a citizen. Pliny, Lib. 16, cap. 4, fpeak ing of the honour and privileges conferred on thofe who had me rited this crown, fays ; They who had once obtained it, might wear it always ; when they ap peared at the public fpedlacles, the fenate and people rofe to do them honour, ana they took their feats, on thefe occafions, among the fenators : they were not only perfonally excufed from all trou- blefome offices, but procured the fame immunity for their father and grandfather by the father's fide. CLARENCIEUJf, fee KlfTG. Clarions, / Thefe are thought to have been a fort of trumpet : fometimes they are taken for the rudders of fhips, and fometimes for the refts of lances ; by which laft name they are moft generally known : fee ' PL xviii, Fig. 7. Clechee, a. This is faid Pf a crofs fpreading from the centre toward the extremity, nearly like a crofs recercelee in ferted in Pl. X, Fig. 20, with •- this difference, however, that th^ crofs clechee ends with an angle in the middle of the extremity, by lines from the two points that make the breadth, till they come to join. COG COM Clinched, a. This term is ufed to denote the hand being ftiut in fuch a manner, as to Ihow the fingers doubly bent ; fee PL xiv. Fig. 12. .Close, a. This word is ufed to exprefs the clofe bearings of fuch birds wings, as are addidled ,to flight,: fee PL xvii. Fig. 2. Ckfs-girt, is faid of figures habited, whofe clothes are tied about the middle: fee PL xix. Fig. I. Closet,/ The diminutive ofthe bar : fee p. 75. Coat-armour,/ The mi litary garment which the knights- of old wfore over their armour, and which is ftill continued in life, among heralds at their cere monies. ' *#* Thefe coats were hung loofe,'and frequently variegated by feveral lifts of different co lours alternate, placed various ways, either quarterly, wavy, Sa'c. CoAT-OF-(kRMS,/ This ex preffion has 'the fame etymology as coat- armour, and is frequently ufed inftead of the word Arms : fee p. 7. CpcKATRiCE,/ A winged lieraldic monfter, with fhe head, comb, 'and , feet of a cock, and the tail of a dragon : fee PL xix, pg-i- ' Cqa-::iisANCE,f. Moft he ralds . confound this word with that of creft, fuppofing that this laft has been fubflituted in lieu of the firft, as being a ihore nio- dern expreffion, and therefore make the'm fynonimous terms ; but this is an error, for crefts were only worn formerly, by heroes of great valour, and by^ fuch as had a fuperior military command, in order that they might be the better diftinguifti.ed in an engagement, and thereby rally 'their men, if difperfed: but cognifances were badges which fubordinate officers, and even foldiers did hire on their fhields, for diftindlion fake, be ing not entitled to a creft. Colour,/ This word im plies, in a general fenfe, the ap- pearance of bodies to the eye ; and as this varies from the dif ferent refrangibihty ,of the rays of light, it is diftinguiflied, ac cording to fir Jfaac Neiuton, by the feven following denomina tions ; the red, orange, yello-jj, green, blue, indigo, and purple : they are alfo called primary or fimple colours. The others, com pounded of thefe, are called fe- condary colours ; and admit of an indefinite variety of interm,e- diate gradations : as 'white is a compofition of all colours, fo black is a privation of them, all ; and therefore properly no co lours. Yet, the laft two are ad mitted in heraldry, which the learned in that fcience call, as well as the primary colours, by other names ; as may be feen in p. 19. Combatant, a. A French' word, fignifying fighting face to face: fee PL xv. Fig. 10. Complement, / This is faid of a moon, when at its full : fee PL xiii. Fig. 5. , Compony, a. A word ap plied to a border, pale, bend, or' other ordinary, made up of fquares, of alternate metal and colour : fee Pl. iii,' Fig. 8. "U 4 COR Conjoined, or ') Joined to- CONJUNCT, a. 5gether:fee Pl. xiv. Fig. 9 and 12. Constable,/ Some wri ters derive this title from the Greek jjoi/ej-Ta ^uhy.i, which fig nifies a company of men of war; for the fundllon of the Lord High Conftable, an officer long dif- ufed in England, confifted in the care of the common peace of the land, in deeds of arms, and in matters of war : others fuppofe that it comes from comes ftabuli, which .was an office under the Roman empire, much of the fame nature aj that of MaP ter of the Horfe at the ting's court. ' . * ss * In the table of prece dence, p. 270, is inferted the Lord High Conftable, yet this officer is only occafionally cre ated, 01) the trials of peers, l^c. for his power and jurifdidlion were anciendy fo great, that after the death of the duke of Buck ingham, in 1 5 2 1 , it was thought too much to be trufted any longer in the hands of any fubjedl. CoNTOURNEE, a. This word is ufed to denote a beaft with its head turned toward the finifter fide of the efcutchepn. CoNTRE, fee Counter. Cony, or 7 A young rab- Coney,/ jbit, borne by the name of Co-ningsby : -f&e p. 13'- CoRpNET, / This terin' is derived from the Italian word coronetta, and denotes an inferior crown worn, at a coronation, by princes, dukes, marquifes, earls, vifcounts, and barons ; there are different forts, \yhich mav be COU found refpedtively defcribed ii^ Chap. VI, Sedl. ii, and as they are ufually reprefented over coats^ of-arms, fee Pl. xx. Fig. 7, 8, 9, '^c. ' • •¦ Cotice, or ¦) One of the CoTisE, / I diminutives of the bend: fee p. 65 : it is fel dom borne but in couple, with a bend or fefs between them : fee Pl. vii. Fig. I ; , whence I fup pofe it may derive its name from the French word cote, which fig nifies a fide ; cotice? being, as it were, placed upon the fides of the charge. Coticed, or) This term is CoTisED, a. 5 ufed by Eng lifh heralds, to blazon a charge, that is accofted, fided, or ac-, companied by cotices ; fee PL vii. Fig. 15, and PL viii. Fig. 8. - . : Couchant, «. Atermbor- rowed from the French, expref fing the poffure of any animal that is lying on its belly, but with the head lifted up : fee PL XV, Fig. y. Count,/ A title of foreign , nobility, which anfwers to that of Earl in England. *«* Counts Palatine were foi- merly fiich as had an office in the king's palace, as appears by their . titles ; but counts palatine hi England, were fuch as had re gal power within their own ju rifdidlion. Counter,/. This particle, which is derived from the French word contre, is generally ufed in, compofition, and fignifies either, conirarywife or in oppofition of any metal with a colour. CouJJTER - CHANGED, a.. CR A This expreffion denotes the in- ' ^erroixture, or oppofition of any metal with a colour : fee PL xii. Fig. 17, 18, ISc- Counter-flory, a. This is -faid of a treffure, whofe fleurs- de-lis are oppofite to others : fee PL xix, Fig. 7. Counter-passant, a. This " is faid of two animals paffing the f ontrary way to each other : fee Pl. XV, Fig. 15. CoUNTERrSALIANT, a. This expreffion denotes two animals leaping different ways to each pther: fee Pl. xvi, Fig.g. CoUNTER-VAIR, a. An ex- pre.Tion which means that the lit tle bells, of which 'vair is com pofed, are ranged bafe againft bafe: fee PL ii. Fig. 18. Couped, a. From the French coupe, i. e. cut : it is faid of the head, or any limb cut off from the body quite finooth ; as in PL xir. Fig. 5, 6, 18, and 20. It is alfo ufed' to denote fuch croffes, bars, y^. as do not touch the iides of the efcutcheon. Couple-close,/' One of the dimintidves of the chevron : fee p. 85 : it is feldom borne in coats-of-arffls Courant, a: This is faid of any animal running. Courtesy, y/ This expref fion fignifies, in general, ci'vilit^ or complaifance ; ^nd is ufed in. this Treatife, in fpeaking of ti tles held, not of right, but by the favour of others. 1 Coward, / This is faid of a lion, i^c. either paffant, ram pant, or in any other pofition, with its tail between its legs. Crampette, / A fmall CRI piece of iron, commonly calle^ a cramp-iron, bent at each end^ by which two bodies are lield to-? gedier. Cramponee, «. This is faid of a crofs that has at each end the fliape of a cramp-rirph coming from it. Crenelle, a. A word bor rowed from the, French, and ufed by fome heralds, inftead of im battled, to exprefs the outlines of any charge, 'drawn like tiie bat tlements of ancient walls and towers : fee p. 29, Fig. 4, and PL vii. Fig. 6. *** This attribute may be- Ipng to the arms of fuch as have defended caftles for their prince or country, or of fuch as are fkiUed in architedlure. Crescent, / The half- moon with its horns turned up ward ; which is the general po fition of this charge, in coats-of- arms : fee Ll. xiii. Fig. 10 and 1 1. *,* The fymbolical fenfe, af cribed to this figure, when borne as a difference, or as a charge in armory, if reprefented mon tant, is, according to fome he ralds, to put the bearer in mind of increafing his family in for tune and honour. Crest,/ The figure placed above the helmet in an achieve ment : fee Pl. xxi. Fig. 7. Crested, a. This is faid of a cock, or other bird, whofe creft or comb is of a different tindture from the body : fee Pl. xix, Fig. -8. C R I N E D^ a. From the French word crin, i. e. hnr : this is faid of any creature or animal whofe CRO CUR hair is of a different tindlure from its body": fee p. 195, example.9. . Croisades,/ Warlikeexpe- ditions, which upon an indifcrete zeal, were formerly ordered and diredled, by the Roman pontiffs, to be waged againft the Turks, for the recovery of the Holy Land. Thofe who lifted in thefe rafh and cruel wars, fandlified .by fuperftition, ignorance, and prieftcraft, took upon' themfelves ,the crofs, which, for diftindlion fake, the feveral nations of Eu rope wore of different colours, as before mentioned in p. 6. Thefe holy wars comprehend a period of a hundred and feventy- eight years, i. e. from 1095 to 1273. Crosier,/ The epifcopal ftaff oif a bifhop : fee PL xviii. Fig. 15. Croslet,/ a Crofs croffed .again at a fmall diftance from each of the ends :' fee Pl. x. Fig. 19. Cross, / One Pf the hono rable ordinaries, defined p. 94, and reprefented in Pl. x. Fig. 1, '2, 3, ^f. *** Althougji this was an m-r ftrument of execution among the old Romans, yet it is a very an cient and honorable bearing, . and is frequently to be met with in the coats-of-arms of thofe whofe anceftors attended the fanatic ex peditions againft the Turksy or made, pilgrimages to Jerufalem. — St. George's crofs, the ftandard of England, is a Crofs gules, in a Field argent. — St. Andrtiv's crofs, the ftandard of Scotland, is,- a Saltier atgent, in a Field azure. — St. Patrick's crofs, the ftandard of Ireland, is, a Saltier gtiles, in a Field argent. CROss-molii;ie, fee Mo line. Cross -patriarchal, fee Pa- tri'archa'l. Crown, / An ornament of the head, which denotes imperial and regal dignity : fee PL xx. Fig. I, 2, l^c. Cr. civic, fee Civic Cr. mural, fee MCRal. Cr. kav^l, fee Naval; *** Befide thefe different crowns, the ancients had others, as mentioned in p. 205 ; namely, the corona ohfidialis, which was prcfsntsd by the befieged, to him who freed and delivered them from the fiegf . The o^val crontjn, which was given to a general, when entering the city without bloodfhed. The triumphal crowit of laurel, the greateft fignal of joy and vidlory, v.'hich was given to him who was allowed a tri umph, i^c. Thefe glorious tefti^ monies of great valour and con- dudl, wonderfully ftirred up the courage of their warriors, and made them attempt any danger, and cheerfully go through it, for the honour of obtaining diem. Crusades, fee Croisades. Crusily, or ¦) a term ufed Crusuly, a. j to denote 3 field feme of croffes. Currant, or } This expref- CuRRENT, u. j fion, which is derived from the Latin, figni fies running, and is faid iri the blazoning of a horfe that is re prefented going full fpeed, and without a bridle or faddle: fee PL xxi. Fig. 7. PEN D. DAGGER,/ A fliprt fword, or ftabbing weapon. The gene ral opinion,' concerning the dag ger borne in the armorial enfign of tjie city of London, refuted : fee p. 187. Damasked, a. This is faid of various flowers "or figures, ufed to adorn ftecl, iron, i£c. fee p. 218. ' Dancette, or 1 A large DancetTEd,^. 5 fort of in denting, being wider and deeper ¦than that called indented, and whofe teeth or points never ex ceed three in number : fee P.-29, and PL viii, F.g. i. Debruised, 3, Atermufed to denote the reftraint of any a- nimal, who is debarred of its na tural freedom, by another charge, or any of the ordinaries, being placed over it : fee PL viii. Fig. 18. Decrescent, or 1 This is Decressant, a. jfaid of a tnoon in its wane, whofe horns are turned toward the finifter fide of the efcutcheon : fee Pl. xiii, Jig. 6. Dehache, «. This is an ob folete French word, which was formerly ufed to defcribe an ani mal, whofe limbs had been cut, in all app-':arance, with a hatchet ; but the term couped is now ufed inftead of it : fee p. 1 5 5 , Demi, or This word is DJEMY,/. always joined to a fubftantive, and its fignificauon is half; as a demi-lion, i. e. half a lion: fee Pl.xv, Fig. I3. " Denticulated, a. ,This is faid of a line or an ordinary form- 5 . ¦ DIA ed, outv/ardly, very much like the imbattled-, differing only from it, in having fmaller and clpfer incifures, refembling a row of teeth : fee p. 30. _ Detriment,/ The'moon is faid to be in its detriment when eclipfed : fee Pl. xiii. Fig. Descent, fee Pedigree. Device,/ An emblem or hieroglyphic, expreffing fome hidden myftery. Thefe were much in ufe among the Egyp-' tians, and ferved inftead of 'wri ting : of latter tiroes they are more ufed with the addition of a 'motto to explain their fignifica- tion, which ptherwife would often be unintelligible. Devouring, fee Vorant. Dexter, «. A word ufed in heraldry to fignify the right fide of any thing ; as the dexter chief is the right angle of the Chief, reprefented by letter A, p. 16. Diadem,/ This was either a wreath of white or purple cloth, in the nature of the prefent Turkifh turbans ; or elfe a cir cle of gold with points rifing fi-om them, like thofe of fome coro nets at this time, worn by ancient kings as the token of royalty. It is now frequendy ufed to fig nify the circles, Which clofe on the top of the, crowns of fove reigns, and fupport the mound. Diamond, a. The hardeft and moft valuable of all the pre cious ftones, which was ufed by fome heralds to denote the co lour/-^/;?, in blazoning the arms of the nobility : fee p. 22. Diapered, a. This is faid of a field divided into panes. DIM DOD 'like fretwork, and filled with Va riety of figures. Difference,/ A term gi ven to a certain figure added to Coats-of-arms, fervipg to diftin- guifti one faniily from another, and to fhow how diftant younger branches are from the elder or principal branch : fee from p. 42 to p. 46, *»* Coats-of-arms had not in former ages fuch differences as are now ufed, which caufed fre quently a great embarraffment in drawing pedigrees ; for-there are examples of younger fons who, only retaining the colours which -their father did bear, took charges, for diftindlion fake, quite different from thofe of the paternal arms ; fo that one would judge them defcended from differ ent families : therefore the nine differences, delineated in p. 43, were introduced to remove this inconvenience : Camden places the origin of thefe differences, in the reign of Richard \ ; but this point is controverted. It muft be obferved, however, that the arms of the royal family do not admit of thefe differences, but have, in lieu thereof, Inbeh, which are diftinguiflied, either by points or pendants, and fome times by different charges on them ;' as thofe of the royal princes are; fee Label. Dimidiated, ^^. This word is fometimes ufed in bJazoning an animal divided into two parts, and is chiefly applied to demi- lions, l:Sc. borne in crefts. Diminution, / A word fometimes ufed inftead of dijjh-- ence : fee p. 48. Diminutive, / A word ufed to denote heraldic charges contradled, either in breadth or length, from the refpedlive di- menfions appertaining to the ho - noraile ordinaries : fee p. 5 3 . Displayed, a. This word is faid of a bird, i^c. whofe wings are fpread and expanded ; as in PL. xvii. Fig. 1 , PL xix. Fig. I and 8. Doctor, / This is a title of which the moft diftinguifhed nobility were not afiiamed. The books of heraldry afford long lifts of em.inent perfonages, among whofe titles ftands that of a> Doc tor, and the Lords of Great Bri tain flill accept of it, as a com pliment from the univerfities. DoOMSDAY-BoOK. / It is that wherein all the lands of England, except the four north ern counties, are defcribed ; with an exadl lift of all the cities, towns, and villages then in it, with the number of all its inha bitants, their yearly income, and the value. of allthe lands therein. This regifter was began by order of William the Conqueror in ic8i, the fourteenth year of his reign, and was finifhed in fix years. It was for many years kept in the king's exchequer, but is novv depofited in the chapter- houfe of the abbey cf Weftmin fter, where I have infpedlcd it. It confifts of two volumes ; one is a large folio, of 382 double pages of vellum, with two co lumns in each page ; the other a quarto of 450 double pages pf vellum, containing one column only in each. The latter con tains an account of. Effex, S^f., Dr A fdlt, and Norfolk only. The firft volume contains a defcrip tion of the other counties, except Northumberland, Cumberland, Weflmoreland,^ Durham, and part of Lancafhire. It is not opened to ftrangers, except up on the payment of fix ftuUings and eight pence, and not to be tranfcribed under four pence for every line. Dormant, a. The French word for fteeping, ufed to denote the pofture of a lion, or any o- ther beaft afleep. Double-tete, a. Having two heads : fee PL xv. Fig. g. Double-queue, a. Having fflfo tails : fee Pl. xv. Fig. 12. Double-tressure,/ Two treflures or orles, .one within the other: fee Pl. xii. Fig. 8. Doublings,/ The linings of robes of .ftate ; as alfo the rows of fur, fet on the mantles of no blemen. Dovetail,/ A term ufed in heraldry tc denote a kind of partition, wherein the two differ ent tindlures are fet witliin one ' another, in fuch a manner, as to reprefent the form of the tails of doves, or wedges reverfed : fee Pl. vi. Fig. 9. Dragon,/ An imaginary creature> fuppofed by fome 'hifto- rians to be a terrellrial animal, which is moft commonly repre- fented'with four feet, two wings,, and a ferpent's tail : fee PL xix. Fig. II., *** The dragon is faid to be the emblem of vigilance and fafe- , guard.— The ancients and the moderns have both fpoken of this fabulous bei-ng. Confecrated DRA by the ' religion of the earfieff* people, having become the ob-- jedl of their mythology, the mi-" nifter of die will of their gods, the guardian of their treafures : obedient to the power of enchart- treffes, and entering even intoJ the divine allegories of the moft facred coUedlions, it has been ce lebrated by the firft poets, and- portrayed with all the colours that could embeEifh its form ; the principal ornaraenr of pious- fables, invented in the remoteft ages, fubdued by heroes, who-- combated for a diiine law ; con-- fidered ' as the emblem of the fplendid achievements of valiant- knight-errants, it has enlivened the poetry of the moderns, as it' animated that of the ancients ; fometimes clothed with tbe great eft power, deftroying the vidlims of its fiir'y by a fingle I'ook,, tranfporiing itfelf through the- clouds with the velocity of light ning ftriking like a thundcrboltj,. uniting the agility of the eagle, the ftrength of the lion, and tlie fizo: of a ferpent ; fometimes affuming even the h-aman figure, endued;' with an intelligence almoft di vine, and adored even at prefent in the ,vaft kingdoms of the eaft», the dragon has been all things, and has been found every wh;fe- but in nature. Dr'AGOn's-head,/ a name; given to the northern node of a planet, and afligned by fome he-- ralds to exprefs the colour tcnne^ in blazoning the arms of fove reigns ^ fee p. 2 2. Dragojs's-tail, / The fouthern node, oppo.'ite to tha-" laft-mentioned article, s^fo ap-. eAg EAR pointed by the fame heralds to Itand for the colour fanguine: fee p. ,22. Ducal, a. Pertaining to a duke ; as a ducal cor'pnet, ^c. Duke, / The higheft de gree of Britifli peerage, next to the Prince of Wales. This title is derived from die Latiu word dux ; noblemen being anciently either generals and leaders cf ar mies in time of war, or governors of provinces in time of peace. In p-.-pcefs of time great eftates being annexed to it, then it was held by lands and fees, and at length made hereditary and titu lar. Duke had been a title of (Ugnity, in foreign countries, from Otho the Great, emperor of Germany, in 97c, but is not fo ancient in England; for the firft duke created here was Ed- nvard, commonly called the Black Prince, eldeft fon to Ed-ward llli who created him Duke of Cdrn- •uiall, in the year. 13561 which title has ever fince belonged to ^he firft born fon of the kings of England, without any other crea tipn, as is requifite to give him the tide of Prince pf Wales. A duke is at this day created by patent ; his mantle has four dou blings ; his ufhil title is Grace ; and his coronet has only leaves raifed above the circle without pearls : fee PL xx. Fig. lo; DuRK, fee Dagger* E. EAGLE,/ A royal Vird : fee p. i6i;, and PL xvii. Fig. i. *^*'' The reafon why the em peror of Germany bears an ea gle with two necks, which feems againft nature, is' this ; on the union of the kingdom of Roma nia, now a province of Turky in Europe, its arms, which were an Eagle difplayed. Sable, being the fame as thofe of the empe ror, were united into one bodyj leaving it two necks as they are now reprefented, ¦ with the heads turned toward the right and left. Eaglet,/ A young eagle. A term ufed in blasioning feveral eagles in a fliield, as , fpecified and exemplified in the foregoing, Treatife, p. 16;. ' Earl,/, The. third degree of Britilh peerage, anciently the moft eminent of this nation. This term Comes from the Saxon Word cor!, in Erfe eoryl. It was formerly the cuftom, upon crea ting an earl; to affign him for the fupport of his ftate, the third penny 'out of the fheriff's" court, iffuing out of the pleas of the fhire, whereof they had their ti tle ; as heretofore there were nd counts or earls, but had a county cr fhire for his earldom ; the firft earl in England was Hugh Lupus; to whom William the Conqueror gave the county palatine pf Chefter, under that hereditary title : afterward, when the n-um-^ ber'of earls increafed, they took their title from fome eminent town, or even a village, their own feat or park; ar^d fome from illuftrious families. He is created by patent, his mantle has three doublings of ermine; his title is Right Honorable ; his co ronet has the pearls raifed upon pyramidical points, and leaves low between : fee Pl. xx. Fig. 12. £MP ENF • EARL-Marflial,/, The title of an officer that has the chief care of military folemnities : fee Marshal. Emblem,/ This word is ufed to denote a typical repre fentation, or an occult defigna- tion. Emblematic, i, on which a man car ries the coat-of-arms of his wife, being an heirefs : fee p. 1 15, Fig. 8. EsQryiRE, / A title of hd- nourj above a gentleman and be low a knight. *** This appellation, terme'd in Latin armiger or futariu's, ferved anciently to denote fuch as were bearers of arms, or car ried ihe fhield, and was accord ingly confidered as a name of charge and office only ; ho-U'ever, it, ftands upon records that this degree was in the reign of Henry IV an order conferred ,by the king, by putting about the par ty's neclt, a collar of SS and giving a pair of filvef fpurS. Go-wer, the poet, appears fro'm his effigies, oh his tonib in South wark, to haVe been an efq#e by- creatipn. On the acceffion £~SCL of Henry V, a fiatute was paffel which ordained that in all cafes where proeefs of oudawry lay, the additioiis of the eftate, de gree, or profeffion of the defen dant fliPuld be inferted; this made it neceffary to afcertain whP Was entitled to this degree : and the moft learhed in the art or titles of honour, hold now there are feven forts of efquires : Ii Efquires ofthe king's body, limited tp the number^f four; thif keep the door oPthe king's bedchamber; Whenever he fhall pleafe to go to ,bedj walk at a coronation, and have pi'ecedence pf all knights ybunger fons, z. The eldeft fons of knight^, and their elde|l: fons fueeeffiveiy-. 3. The eideft fons of the Y^u'ngeft fons of barons, and 0- thers of the greater nobiUtjf ; and when ftich heir male fails, the title dies likewife. 4. Such as the king invefts with collars of SS, as the kings at arms, heralds, i^c. or fhall grant filver Or white fpurs ; the eldefi fonS of thofe laft mentioned can only bear the title. 5. Efquires tb the knights of the Bath, being their attendants Pn their inftallation; thefe tnuft bear' coat-armour,' according to the law of arms, are efquires for life, and alfo their ddeft fonS, and have the fame privileges as the efquires of the king's body* 6. Sheriffs of counties ahd juf« tices of peace (with this diftinc- tion, that a fheriff in regard to the dignity of the office, is an efquire for life, but a juftice of the peace only fo long, as he con tinues in the commiffion) and all ¦X ESQ, tliofe who bear fpecial office in the king's houfliold, as gentle men of the privy chamber, car vers,' fewers, cupbearers, pen- fioners, ferjeants at arms, and all that have any near or efpecial .dependence pn the king's royal .perfon, and are not knighted ; ,,alfo captains in the wars, record ed in the king's Ufts. , 7. Councedors at law, bache lors of divinity, law, and phyfic ; mayors of towns are reputed ef quires, or equal to efq^res, though not realy fo; alfp,; the penon- bearer to , the king, , who is a perfon that carries his f|a,g or banner ending in a point or tip, wherein the arms of thefkiiig, either at war, or at a fijjieral, are painted, which office is equi- _valent to the degree of an ef quire. ' Befides, this degree of efquire is a fpecial privilege tp any pf the king's ordinary 'and neareft'atten- dants, for be his birth gentle or bafe, yet if he ferVe in the place of an efquire, be is abfolutely an efquire, by that fervice, for it is the place that, dignifies the per fon, and not the perfpn the place ; fo if any gentleman or efquire ihall take upon him the^place of a yeoman of the kingfs guard, .he immediately lofes aU his titles of honour, and is, no more than a yeoman. There is a general opinion _that .every gentleman„,of landed property, that has 3 col. a year, , is an efquire ; which if a vulgar error, for no money whatfoever, or landed property, yvill give a man properly this title, unlefs he tomes within pne o(. the above iTOiLE, or 7 The French r o I L E , / 5 word for zftar. FES rules ; and no perfon can afcriW this tidej where it is not duejf unlefs he pleafes, there being nO difficulty in drawing the line by the above account ; but the meaner ranks of people, who »,know no better, do often bafely proftitute this tide } and to the great confufion of all rank and precedence, ¦ every man who makes a decent appearance, far from thinking himfelf any way ridiculed by finding the fuper- fcri prion of his letters thus.de.co-' rated, is fully gratified by fuch an addrefs. ESTC Etc and is by many confounded, for a mullet fi, but fome diftinguifli it by reprefenting the ftar ^-with fix waved, rays, and the mallet with five plain ppint^only : fee Mul- ' LET-. .; :,; Exerce, or .) A word de- ExERGuE,/;]" rived from the Greek, .-which iis chiefly ufed by medallfts to denote the word, motto, or infcription, found ei ther under or|round the ground whereon the-'Mgures are repre fented. i ,'f. FEMME,-/ The.i*renc_h word for a -xvOman-, generally ufed in blazpning the coat-of- arms of a man and his wife mar fhalled together ; fee p. 253. Fess,/ One of the honora ble ordinaries, defined p. 74, and reprefented in PL vili. Fig. i, z,.3, &c. J*.** The arms ofthe houfe of Aiiftria are Gules, a Fcfs'Argent j becaufe Leopold, fecond diike ,of Aijflria, in the firfi batde of the holy war, had his coat, which was of filver cloth, fo covered with blood, that it appeared all red, except that part which his fcarf covered, which remaJiied ftill of its proper colour. This ~ fhows, that this ordinary repre fents the fcarf, and may have been given by heralds in allufion to it. Fess-point,/ The exadl tenter of the efcutchepn, fee p* 1 6, letter E; it is fp called be caufe it is tlie point through which the fefs line is drawn, ¦when the field is parted per fefs. Fes SWISH, a. This expref fion is made ufe of to denote a charge difpofed after the manner a fefs is. Field,/ The furfaee of the fhield or efcutcheon, which contains the charge : fee p. 13, Article i. Figured, a. Thisisfaidof thofe bearings virhich are depidled vyith a human face : fee PL xiv. File, fee Lajel. Fillet,/ The only dimi nutive belonging to the chief: fee p. 53, and PL v. Fig. 8. Fimbriated, a. By this term we underftand an Ordinary, Cff. having a. narrow border or liem of another tindlure,, for which reafon it might be applied tp the charge contained in Pl. xi. Fig. 14, though it be blazoned otherwife : fee p. J09. FiTCM'E or 7 -A word de- FiTCHY, a. j rived, from the French fift^e, i. e. fi.^ted ; this is faid of croffes' when the lower branch ends in a fliarp point ; FLO and the reafon of it Mackenzie fuppofes to be, that the primitive chriftians were vi^ont to carry croffes -with them wherefoever they went, and when they ftopt on their journey at any place, they fixed thpfe portable croffes in the ground for devotion fake : fee PL x,-Fig. 17. i'^ L A N K , / That part of the fide of an efcutcheon which is, between the chief and the bafe. Flanches, or 7 Heraldic Flaunches,/ ^figures : fee p. IJ7, Fig. 10. Flasques, ^ Heraldic fi-, gures : fee p. i ^7, Fig. ii. *»* A learned herald fays* that this bearing is to be given by the king; only for virtue and leaf-niiig; efpecwlly for fervices done on an embaffy. Flexed, «. Bent: fee Pli xiv. Fig. gi and iz. Fleur-de-lis, or j The Flower-de-luce,/ j name of a charge frequently to be met with in coats-of-arms; It is the emblem of wifdom, fidelity, and candour, and has been ufedj in coats-of-afms, as a difference for the fixth fon, as may be feen in- pj 43, to remind him, fays G. Leigh, of his duty to his cotin- try, and his loyalty to his king; , *,* The inquiry into the ori gin and nature of this chatge in the rPyal French efcutcheon, has produced many volumes, and employed the lucubrations of di vers critics and antiquaries ; fome pretending it reprefents the garden hly, others the top of a fceptre^, fome the head of the French battleax, C2.\\eifrancifca, and others the iron of a javelin, Xz FRE iifcd by the ancient French, which laft is the mofl probable conjec ture. However, it may be ob ferved that Edivard Hi was the firil Englifli monarch, as I have mentioned in this Treatife, p. 9, that ^quartered the arms of France and England on a banner • and fhield; the- arms of France being,' at that periad, Azuret Jhne of Fleurs de-lis Or : but Hetiry IV., king of France, 'te- d«eed the number of thefe lilies, to three ; as they are now borne in the royal arms. This charge, though the true'Tneroglyph of royalty, is become very common in coats-of-arms; fome bearing one, as in PL i-.-. Fig. 5 ; others three, as in PL viii. Fig. 7 ; iSc. f Flowers,/ They are much ufed in eoats-of-arm's, and in ge neral fignify hope, or denote hu man frailty, and momentary profperity: fee Rose, fs'r. Flory, or 7 This word Flowery, (7< 3 fignifies /ow- ered, or adorned with the fteur- de-lis : fee p. 116, Fig. 9, and Pl. xii. Fig. 7 and 8. Formee, or 7 r t) „ > fee Pattee. Formy, j FouRCHY, a. This word is derived from the French fourche,- and fignifies /or^e^ or divid.;d at the ends ; thereforci^a crcpfoiir- chy is a crofs forked at all 'its ex- ti-emities. Fret,/ A figure refemblirig two litde fticks lying faltierwife, and interlaced within a mafcle : fee Fig.- if, p. 114, and Pl, xii. Fig. 3. *,* Some have termed this figure the herald's trueloveknot j F U S fee (he note which is annexed te p. 114. Fretty-, a. This word is ufed to denote a field or ordinary covered with eight piecds, inter lacing one another, in the man ner of a f-i-et : fee Fig. 5, p. 114,, and PL X, Fig. t. *.«* Where the frets exceed the number cf eight pieces, as in Fig. 5, before liientioned, it muft be expreffed thus ; Fretty of ten, tnueliie, ox fourteen pUces, that a draught may be made thereof; but if there be no more than eight pieces, that is fo many croffing one another, it 'is fuffi cient to fzy fretty-. Fructed, a. This is faid of* trees that have their fruit on them, but of a different colour from the tree. Funeral Achievement, fee HATCHMEri-r. Fur, y; A term ufed in he raldry to denote the linings and doublings of mantlings in achieve-" ments, and likewife different va riegated colours; as ermine, vair, &c. fee p. 25. Furled, a. This is faid of the fails of a fhip, when they are contradled or drawn np : fee PL xviii. Fig. 6. Fusil,/ A term derived from the French wordfufie, i. e, a fpindle ; it is longer, and more acute than the lozenge : fee pj 1 1 8, Fig. 13 and 14. It may ferve to denote the execution of a great undertaking by patienc* andaffiduity. *," Some authors account fu* fils marks of difgrace to the fa milies that bear them, and pre tend, that when crufades were GAR proclaimed. In order to go and wage war againft the infidels, fuch gendemen as did not take up the crofs were ordered, by their refpedlive fovereigns, to change their arms, and put fu- ,fils in their efcutcheons, as a to ken of their effeminacy ; but no authority being produced to countenance fuch a conjedture, no ftrefs ought to be laid upon it. FusiLLV, ^4. Thisisfaidof a field or ordinary cpvered with fufUs. G. GAMB, or Gambb, / An obfolete French word, fignifying a leg, and ufed as fuch by he ralds, for the whole fore-leg of a lion, or other creature, borne in coats-of-arms : fee Pl. xvi. Fig. 1 4. If it is couped or e- xafed near the middle joint, it is called a porw. — -The legs of a lion may very properly ferve to denote ftrength. Garb, or ¦? ; This term is a Garbe,/ j corruption ofthe l|rench word gerbe, jvhich figni fies a flieaf of -icay kind of corn : fee Pl. xvii. Fig. 19. GardanTj «. This word denotes a beaft full-faced, or looking right forward : fee Pl. XV, Fig- 5 and 8. *#* Thotigh this be a French word, it is not made ufe of a- jnong their heralds, who fay a lion "is never to be fo reprefented ; but a leopard always, which they fignify by this e^fpreffiqn au na.- furel, i. e. proper. Garland,/ A vvreath of branches or flowers. GAR Garnished, d. This term is ufed in heraldry to exprefs the ornament fet on any charge what foever : fee Pl. ix. Fig. 8. Garter,/ The moft no ble order of the Garter, infti tuted by king Edward III. See Knight of the Garter : and, foi* the form pf this enfign, or badge of honour, fee a -model of it which encircles the coat-of- arms of a knight companion of this order, in PL xxiii. Fig. 7. *sf* A vulgar ftoiy prevails, though unfnpported by any real authority, that the countefs of Siilijbury, at a ball, happening to drop her garter, the king took it up, and prefented it tb her with thefe i;words, Honi fit quimal y penfe, i- e. Ev\l he to him, that evil thinks. This ac cident, it is faid, gave rife to the order, and the motto with which it is infcribed; it being the fpirit of thofe times, to mix love a*d war togethei- ; hut, as in the original ftatutes oQhis orr der, there is not the leaft cpn- jedlure to countenance fucli a fe minine inftitution, credit cannot be given to this vague tradition : the true motive is therefore at tributed, by very re^dlable hif-, torians, to a nobler origin, which is, that king Ed-ward III having iffued forth his own garter for the fignal of a battle (which is fuppofed to he that of Crecy, made mention of in p.. 2 1 1 ) it ended lb fortunately, that he thence took occafion, afterward, to inftitute that order ; not only as an incentive to honour and martial virtue, but alfo as a fym^ Ipol of unity and fbciety. Tha 'X3 GAR G AU Order of the^ Garter is a kind of jcollege or corporation, which, from its firft eftabliftiment, con fifted of the fovereign, and twenty-five companions, called Knights of the Garter; but, by an additional ftatute, made by injundlion of his prefent majefty, king George III, June 3, 1786, it is to confift, henceforth, of twenty-fix knights, including the ifovereign, befide all the king's fons. The collegiate chapel of St. George, which is fituate in the lower ward or court of the caftle of Windfor, is the place appointed for the ' inftallation of the knights of this order, and the prefent eftabUftiment of the officers belonging to it, is as fol lows : The Prelate of the Garter, which dignity is annexed to the bifliopric of Winchefter ; the Chancellor of the Garter, vefted in the bifhop of Sahfbury fince the reign of Charles II ; the Re gifter of the Garter, belonging to the deap of the collegiate chapel aforefaid; the fourth officer is Garter, the principal king of arms ; and the fifth and laft is ^lack Rod, whofe office is to car ry a black rod before the fove reign, or his deputy, at all the feilemniries'and chapters of the order.— T-Thofe who are intitled to perform, or attend, the daily divine fervice of the chapel, con fift ofa dean, and twelve canons or prebendaries, in whom is vefted the temporary legiflative power of this college ; of feven minor canpns, pr vicars ; eleven clerks, or finging-men ; ten cho- rifters, or finging-boys, and an organifl: : tiiofe that are appo^it- ed to execute the bufinefs of ci ther departments are, a fleward, treafijrer, chanter, chapter- clerk, and verger ; two fextons, a bell- ringer, a porter, and a clock-r keeper: fee Installation. Garter, / 'The title of^thft principal king of arms in Eng land : fee King. Garter, / This is accord-: ing to Enghfti heralds, one of the diminutives of the bend : fee p. 65. Gauntlet,/ Armour for. the hand, which was a kind of glove covered with iron plates, formerly ufed, for defence. *,* It m.ay be obferved that, befide the original defign of gauntlets, as a covering fpr the hands, they were likew^ife em ployed in the challenge of fingle combat, by throwing one upon the ground ; on which occafion, he who threw his gauntlet down, was thereby underftood to give a challenge ; ' and he who took it up, to accept it : and, though fuch combats have been difufed, in this country, ever fince the reign of queen Elifabeth, as ap-! pears by an account, given by Sir Henry Spelman, of a duel ap-. pointed to be fought in Tothill- fields, in tlie year- 1571, yet there is a ceremony ftill prac- tifed, at the cbronation of- the kings of England, wherein fuch a challenge is given. On this occafion, his majefty's champion; completely armed, and well mounted, enters Weftminfter- hall, and proclaims tiiat, if any man fhall deny the king's title to the crown, he is ready to maintain and' defend it by fmgk <50L combat. After which declara tion, he throws down his gauntlet, pr glove, as a token of , defiance. Gaze, / Intent look ; this is faid of bucks and %gs ftand- ing ftill, with a full face, and their four feet on the ground : fee Pl. xvi. Fig. 19. Gemels, or 7- A corruption Gemells, a. 3 of the French word jumelles, which fignifies double, and is therefore ufed to denote a double bar. But this , charge fhould, in my opinion, be denominated harrulets : fee PL viii. Fig. 16. Genealogy, fee Pedigree. Gentleman,/ The loweft title of honour in England, be low an efquire; but which is, nowadays, given indifcriminately to all thofe who either live on tiieir means, or by a genteel pro feffion. F, Meneftrier very juft ly obferves, that a gentleman, is he whofe name and coat-of-arms are regiftered by heralds. GEN,TRy, / Under this de nomination are comprehended baronets, knights, efquires, .and gentlemen. GiRON, fee Gyron. Girt, fee Close-girt. , Gliding, a. This is faid of ferpents, adders, or fnakes, when they are reprefented moving for- \vard, pLORY, / A circle of rays, which furrounds the head of any f gure : fee PL xiv. Fig: .2.. Gobony, or 7 fee Com- Gobonated,, J PONY. poLPEs, /- .Roundelets of the purple colour, accordiiig to the Englifh way of blazoning; b^t the French pall all:«oundelets. pRB- teurteaux, and then add their pe-' culiar colour : fee p. 2 3, and/"/.. ii. Fig. 10. Gorged, a. This term, which is derived from the French word ' gorge, i, e. neck, is faid- of an a- nimal that has a collar about its neck : fee PL xxi. Fig. 7, GouTT'E, fee Gutty. Grafted, a. This is faid of that part of the efcutcheon which is jointed, or inferted in to .tlie other, as may be feen in the fourth.,jguarJqr^ the royal aGhieVemen*t,7!'/7.-*X}Jij: Fig. 7. I - Great C h A'm'4'E R l a i n (Lord). . The title ofjpne ofthe ' chief officers in England : fee p. 270. His, power is- great, and he enjoys a great number of per- quifites : he takes care to- pro vide , all things in the houfe of lords in time of parliament : and to him belongs the government of the whole palace. He iffues warrants for preparing and fur- mifhing Weftminfter- hall for co ronations and trials of peers ; and the gentleman ufher-of the black rod, with his deputies, are under the chamberlain's com mand. Upon all folemn occa fions, the keys of Weftminfter- hall,.the court of wards, and the court of requefts, are delivered to this officer. He is intitled to, ' livery and lodging in the king's court, and to certain fees from the prelates, when they do ho mage or fealty to the king, as well as from! all the peers of the realm at their creation. At the ceremony ofa coronation, he re ceives forty ells of crimfon vel vet for his own robes ; and after he has apparelled the king foi X4 GUL GUZ this occafion, he takes for bis fees, the bed and furniture of the bedchamber, together with all his majefty's night apparej. He carries at the ceremony the coat; gloves, apd linen, the fword and fcabbard, the gold to be offered by the king? with the robe royal and crown r he attires hi? "majefty in the royal robes, and fei'yes him that day, before and aftisr dinner, widi water^ taking the bafin ai^d towel for his fees. " Griffik, or 7 A fabulous Grifeo-n, / J animal of an tiquity, ,faid to be generated her itween the lipn and the eagle, and is reprefented as par,ticip3,t- ing of b6th. It is fpppofed to liave been introduced into ar mory, tp denote ftrength and fwiftnefs. GuARDANT, fee Gardant. Guard, / A tprm ufed by fome heralds to fignify the dou- jjlihgs pf the mantles of thf; no bility. GuiEa, / A corruption of the Ftehch word gueules, which, in this. fcience, figai&es red; and JS reprefented in' engravings by perpendicular linfes: fee PL ii. Fig. j.-rU may ferve, of itfelf, tft denpte 'martial prpwefsi bold nefs,' and hajdinefs ; for'the an- cieijts ufed tliis colour to make themfelwes terrible to their ene mies; to iiir up magnanimity, and prevent feeing of feloiad, ^y the llkenefs pf the potoiirs ; for which. If afatf, perhaps, it is ufed m the r^grmental drefe of the EnglJflji iddieiy: but aosdrdiBg to 6. Leigh, if this tmSiire h compounded ¦with Dr -^ j-Defire, , Arg. I ^' \ Envy. * Azu. I (^ ) Ardour. Ver. f H- j Strength. Pur. Us / Juftice. r - Sab. -J i-Wearinefs. This colour is, by the generality oft Englifli heralds, ranked be fore Azure ; but French heralds, N. Upton, and i^is followers pre-: fer Azure to it. " GiJNSTQNE^, fee Pellets. Gutty, a. A term derived from the Latin word gtetta, i. e, ^Kop; and ufed to denote a field or bearing full of drops,' as jnen- tipned in the blasion pf the pa ternal arms of CornviaMis, p. 247, and likewife in that of the atrdorial enfign of the bifhopric pf Eiango^ ; p. 69, example" 9, But as thefe drops may be o£ different tindlures, they muft be diffihgulfhed accpirdingly, in hl^!- zoning them ; as, OR-^Gutty- d'or. Drops cf liquid gold. Arg. — Gutty d'eau, D-TOps of vjater. GtjL Gutty de fans. Drops of blood. . Azu.T^Gutty delarmes, Drops of tears. Ver. — Gutty de vert. Drops of oil of olives. S^ab. — Guttyde poix. Drops of liquid pitch. GuzjEs; / ' Rbtmdflets of the fanguine or murrey colour : fee p. 23,. and- Pl. ii. Fig. la. — Thisfe'are fb called by none but Englifh heralds ; all others callih|; them tourJeaux, as th^ey da oth^. rdundelats. They axe, by fpme fupgpfed to reprefent woundSi as; being, of a bibddy hufe. HEt Gyhon, / A heraldic fi- jgure; of a triangular form : fee p. 112, Fig. 1. *,*'* This word is the French for bofom, and thefe figures are palled gyrons, becaufe they meet in the center or bofom of .the fliield. Gyronny, fl. Thisisfaidof a field divided into f|x, eight, or Jen triangular parts in the form of a gyrdn, of two different tinc tures, the ppints uniting in the centre of tjie field ; fee pi: xii, Fig- S- . H. HABITED, a. This word is ufed to denpte a figure clothed : fee PL xiv. Fig. 3 and 4. Hatchment,/ Theepat- pf-arriis of a perfon dead, ufually - placed on the front pf a houfe, w-hereby may be known what rank the deceafed perfon was of, yvhen living; the whole being diftingiuifiied in fuch a manner, as to Enable the beholder to know, jvhethM he was a bachelor, mar ried man, or widower ; with the ¦ like diftindlions for women : fee PL xxiv. Fig. I, 2, 3,, l^c, . Hauriant, a. A term pe-j culiar to fifties, and fignifies their pofition to be eredl, or upright, as if they were refrefjiing them felves by fucking in the air. Helm, or ) -A defenfive Helmet,/ j weapon to cover the head and neck. In achieve- pients it is placed above the ef- CHtcheo.n, as its principal orna ment ; and is the true mark of ch^ivalry and nobility. Helmets vary, according to the different degrees of thofe \yhq bear them : HER fee p, 217: they are alfo ufed- as a bearing in coats-of-arms : fee Pl. xviii. Fig. 5. Heightened, «.. This is faid ofa bearing, which is decorated or ornamented by a charge placed above it : fee Pl, x. Fig. 6, Herald,/ This name, fays Verftegan, is derived frpm the Saxon word herehault, arid by abbreviation heralt, which, in that language, fignifies t|ie cham pion of an army ; and growing, afterward, to be a name of of fice, it was given to him who, in the army, had the fpecial charge to denounce war, to chal lenge to battle and combat, to proclaim peace, and to execute marfhal meffages. But the bu-; finefs of heralds with us is, to marfhal, order, and condudl all royal cavalcade^, ceremonies at coronations, royal marriages, in^ fiallations, creations pf dukes, marquifes, earls, vifcounts, ba rons, baronets, and dubbing of knights; embaffies, funeral pror ceffions, declarations of war, proclamations of peace, l^c. tp record and blazon the coats-of- arms of the nobility and gentry, and to regulate any abides therein through the Britifh dominions, under the authority of the Earl,-: Marflial, tp whom they are fub-v fervient. The ofiice of Windfor, Chefter, Richmond, Somerfct,- York, and Lancafter heralds, i& to be affiftaiits to the king of arms, in the different branches- of their pfHce ; and they are fu perior to each other, according tp creatipn, in the order I have placed them. *#* The office and dignity of HIG a herald was firft inftimted by Anctts Martius, fourth king of the Romans, as Livy declares ; but fome writers afcribe its ori gin to Numa Pompilius, and that be ordained a college of heralds. Richard III was the firft who ferined them, in this kingdom, into a college ; and afterward grefat privileges were granted them by Ed-ward VI, and Philip and Mary. For a further ac count, of them, the curious may lead a Treatife on Heraldry, publifhed by J. le Freron, a JPrench author. Heraldry, / A fcience confifting in the knowledge of marfhalling royal ceremonie's, re gulating coats-of-arms, tsff. fee "The definition, origin, l£c. of. lAis fcience, in Chap. I. of this Treatife. Hiacinth, fee Hyacinth. fllEItOGLYPH, or 7 A fi- HigRocLYPHic,/ C gure by which fomething is impfied. . Hieroglyphic, a. Expref- five of fome meaning beyond what immediately appears. High Admiral (Lord). A title given to the commander in chief of Ithe Britifli navy, to -whom was committed tjie whole government ofthe marine, veft ed V(fith a power to appoint fea-f «}fficers, as. well as commiffioners or judges for exercifing juftice in the court of admiralty. *,* This office is now put into commiffion, and the comr miffioners are ftyled Lords of the Admiralty. Their duty i? to take cognizance of. every thing relating to the fea, and to them is fubferyiept the nayy bo^r4> HIG vidtualling office, and all ^ commiffioners of tbe dockyards in England : but the firft lord is generally the only perfon who is vefted with i authority at thist board ; the other lords being - deemed only automatons, who are paid loool. a year; for figning papiers of courfe. High CoN^sTAELE,fee Coni stable. High Steward, / The higheft office in England under, the king, was that of Lord High Steward, fo called from the Sax-- on wordftede and nuard, i, e. lo cum tenens ; properly fpeaking, a viceroy. ' The law ftylgd him Magnus AngliiB Senefchallus , and his power was fo exorbitant, that it is not now trufted in the hands of any fubjedl, A high fteward however, is created occafionally (pro hdc vice) to officiate at a coronation, and prefid? at the trial of a peer or peerefs, for treafon, felony, ^c During his fteward ftiip, he has the tide of Grace given him ; and he bears in his hand a white rod or ftaff, which, when the trial is deter-i niined, he Ij-eaks, and fo his of-. fice ends. In cafe of a corona tion, he enjoys perqnifites ; but, when he prefides at- a trial, he has loool. per day, during that trial; *** This office was hereditarjj in the family of the earls of Lei cefter, till forfeited, by the re bellion of Si-mon de Mountfort, , earl of Leicefter, to Henry III ; fince which time it has been aiv occafional appointment. The firft lord high fteward, fince that tijnei who was appointed for tl^ HON lyemnizing of a coronation, was nomas of Lancafter, fecond fon pf , Henry IV ; and the firft, for the trial of a peer, was Ed-ward earl of Devon, on the arraign ment of John Holdernefs, earl of Huntingdon, in the fame reign. At the trial of Elifabeth Chud leigh, April 22, ij-d, for ha ving publicly married the late duke of Kingfton, during the lifetime of her lawful hufband Auguftus John Hervey, earl of Briftol, lord Bathurft, then lord chaijcellpr, prefided as lord high fteward. Highness, / A title now given to princes, bat formeriy pnly to kings ; Ferdinand, king of Arragon, and his queen Ifa bella, of Caftile, were only treat ed with the title of Highnefs. Charles, was the -firft who took that of Majefty, not in his qua lity of king of Spain, but as em peror: fee Royal Highness. Hilted, a. .Is faid of the handle of a fwordj in order to denote what tindlure it is of: fee Pl, xviii, Fig..\. Honour, / The degrees' of honour which are obferved in England may be comprehended under thefe two heads, nobiks majores and nobiles minores. Thofe included under the firft rank, are ^rchbiftoops,^' dukes, marquifes, farls, vifcounts., biftiops. and ba rons,, which are all diftinguiflied by the refpedlive ornaments , of their efcut^ieons ; and thofe of the laft are baronets, knights, ef quires z-nd gentlemen. There are fome authors who will have ba ronets to be 'the laft under the frft rank,; and their reafon is. HUE becaufe their honour is hereditary and by patent,, as that of the no bility. Honorable, a. This tide is conferred, together with Moft, that is Mft Honorable, on the el deft fon of a duke ; but is an nexed to Right, that is Right Honorable, for earls, vifcounts, and barons. It is alfo conferred, fingly, on all the fons and daugh ters of noblemen ; likewife upon fuch perfons as have the king's commiffion ; and thofe who en joy places of honour and truft : fee Right. Honour-point, / It is that which is next above the ex adl centre of the efcutcheon, and is reprefented by letter D, p. i6. Hooded, a. Is faid of any creature whofe headdrefs refem bles a hood ; fee Pl. xix. Fig. "9- Horned, a. This term is ufed to denote that the hprn of a unicorn is' of a different tinc ture from his body : fee p. 90, example 14. HuMET, or 7 A term Humetty, a. 3, made ufe of to denote an ordinary which is couped, or cut off, 'and no where reaches to the edges of the ef cutcheon, fuch as croffes, feffes, i^c. fee PL viii. Fig. 17. Hurts, or 7 Roundelets of HuERTS,/ 3 the azure co lour; fo tei-raed by none but Englifli heralds, all others calling them tourteaux, and mentioning the tindlure the)^are of: fee p. 23, and PL ii,, Fig. lo. Thef* being blue, fome will have- theni to fignify, bruifes or contufions in 1MB the flefh, which .often turn to that colour. Hyacinth, / The name of a precious ftone introduced by J. Bofwell, into this fcience, and • ufed by fome heralds tp exprefs fenne iti blazpning the arms of the nobility: fee p, 22. — It is a ftone of a yellowifti red hue : paturalifts fay there are fbur differ r, ent kinds. ILLUSTRIOUS, a. This title, fays C. Suetosius Tranquil-; lus, was never given, till the reign of Conftantine, but to thofe whofe reputation was fplendid in aims or m letters ; and was not, qf courfe, contii^aed to their de fcendants : at length, it became, through flattery, more general. Imbattled, a. The fame as Crenelk, and is faid af towers, walls, ,>&d ordinaries, when their omtviiSTd- lines are drawn Kka bat- djBmenta : fee p. 3Q. - Imbowed, fee' Embowed. , Imbrued, a. This is feid of Ipears hsfeds fpotted "Vifitdi blood : lee Pl. V, Fig, 12, Impale, v. To conjoin two coats>-of-arms palewife ; women impale their coats-of=arms with thofe of'theiii hufbands: fee Pl. xxiii, jS?^. rand 6. It maybe obferved, that, to impede cities, camps, forttfications, (Sc, was to inckife diem ^ith pali&dssi. Imperial, a. iBeloogingi to- gji emparoK. Tins yirord i^ ufBd,- in the fopegoitig Treaitife, to de note his .crowif, which is repre fented in Pl. XX, Pig. I . *¦»* By tikis term is alfo meant, s^n independent ciawD;^ that is. INS a croivn not held of any other,' as the princes of Germany hold theirs of the emperor ; that of Great Britain, . being ind^n- dent, is, accordingly, in adls.of parliament ftyled an Imperial crown, the form of which is de-s pidled in P/. XX, Fig. 2. Incensed, a. This is fajd of leopards and panthers, that have fire iffuing from their mouths and ears. Increment,/ This is faid of a moon increfcent ; for a moon in her increment implies the fame meaning. Increscent, or 7 This is, Incressant, / 3 faid ofa new moon, whofe horns are turn ed toward the dexter fide of the pfcutcheon : fee PL xiii. Fig. 7. *j(* This kind of bearing may* ferve to denote the rifing of fa milies, and even pf ftates ; and it is fuppofed the Turks have a- dopted it, on that account, for their armorial enfign. Indentedj a. This is faid of fuch figures or .ordinaries as have their outward lines drawn like teeth, and much fmaller than the dancette : fee p. 30, Indorsed, fee Addqrsed, Inbscutchbon-, / The name given to a fmall efcutcheon borne within thje fhield : fee PL xii. Fig. 2, OP upon an ordi-^ nary : fee PL xxiii. Fig. 2. Ing.railed, fee Ehgrail- EE). iNSTAtLATipN,/ The adfc of gi-ving vifible pofleflion of aa order, rank, or office, by placing in the proper feat. As the detaal ef the ceremonies obferved at tha inftaJiatipn of the Knights of tbn- INS dfder of the Garter, may give information and afford entertain ment- to the lovers of heraldry, I ¦ivill infert thS particulars of thofe which I was an eyewitriefs to, at the inftallation of his royal highnefs the Prince of Wales, his royal highnefs the Biftiop of Of naburgh, his royal highnefs the Duke of Cumberland, his ferene highnefs the Duke of Mecklen- burgh, his ferene highnefs the Prince of Brunfwick, the DukP of Muftbofifugb-, the Duke pf Grafton, the' Ekri of Albemarle, and Eari Govner, in prefence of the Sovereign, at Windfor-caftle, on the 25 th day of July, I7'7i. . The knights companions, in the full habit of the order ; the officers of the order in their' man tles : the knights eledl in the un der habit of their order, having theii" caps and feathers in their hands, and t^e proxies in their ordinary habit, attended the fo vereign^ in the royal apartment ; the officers of arms in the pre fence chamber, the canons and poor knights in the guard-cham ber. The proxies not going in the proceffion, retired before it be gan, to their chairs, at the back of the altar. . About eleven the proceffion began to move, being called o- Ver in the following order by Garter, The Marftjal-men, 2 and 2. — Poor Kniglits, 2 and. 2. — Canons, 2 and 2: — Officers of arms, fuch as Purfui-vants, 2 and 2. He ralds, z and 2i K'mgs at Arms. —The Knights eleSt z and 2, ha ving their caps and feathers in INS their hands ; namely. Earl Gotxiti', Duke of Graf toil. —Duki of Marl borough, Earl of Albejnaile.—Hit royal highnefs the Duki of Cumber land, his royal highmfs the Bijhop of Oftiaburgh..^His royal highitefs the Prince of Wales.— The Knightt cmnpaHions irt their order ; name ly. Marquis of Rotkinghain, Earl if Hertford. — Duke of Northum... berland, Dnke of .Montagu.'— DukA of Nevjcaftle. — - Dvfejf lihigftan. -^His royal higm^.the Duke of Gloucefter. -^^GeAtleinaH Vfier of the Black Rod, with his I'od, tlit Regifter, with- the book, GWi^r king of arms. With the fteptre. — The Biftiop of Salifbury, Chancel lor of the Order, vdth the" pUrfe. ^^-Tbe Vice-that^erlain.y^S'word of State, hortte hy.tU Duke of St, Albans.— The SOVEREIGN, iri the habit of the order, his train borne by 2 dukSs' eldeft fons, and the mafter of thii rohes.^— Thi .^and of Gentlertie-ti Penfioners. In this manner, pi-oceeding to fhe chapel, they entered' at th« fouth door, paffing down the fouth ifle, and up the north ifle, to the chapterhoufe; the poor knights, canons, and officers of arms,- dividing on either fide for the proceffion to pafs ; the knights dedt retiring to their chairs in the ifle behind the altar, the knights companions and the of ficers of the order only entering into the chapterhoufe with tlje fovereign. The fovereign and knights companions being feated. Garter was commanded to introduce hi^ Royal Highnefs George Prince of Wales, who was received at the chapterhoufe door by the two ju- Ins kiior knights companions, and condudled to the table; where the furcoat, girdle, and fword had been placed ; and Garter pre^ fentuig the furcoat to the two fe nior knights, they invefted his royal highnefs therewith, the Chancellor; reading the admoni tion ; Garter then prefented the girdle and fword, which were put on. His royal highttefs the Biftiop ef Ofnaburgh^tgfA his royal high nefs the DMe of Cumberland, were then feverally introduced, and invefted in like manner. Then the proxy for his fefehe highnefs the Duke of Mecklen- iurgh was introduced, and after ward the proxy for his ferene highnefs the Prince of Brunf- nvick. „ I Garter then introduced the Earl of Albemarle, and was re ceived at the chapterhoufe door, by the tw/o junior knights com-^ panions, and invefted as before ;" the Regifter reading the admoni tion. Then the Duke of Marlborough, the Duke of Grafton, and Earl Gower were feverally introduced, and inveftqd, as the Earl of Al bemarle had been. The knights eledl continued in the chapterhoufe while the proceffion to the chapel was made, and the achievements, that is, the banner, fword, helmet, and creft, ofthe deceafed knights were oflered, the proceffion paffing down to the weft end of the ifle, and up the middle ifle, into the ichoir, in the following order : , Firft the Poor Knights, z and 2 ; who, coming into the choir. INS made their reverences all tcge-^ ther, and placed themfelves on each fidci near the altar. The Canons making thfeir re verences, in like manner, went to their feats under the ftalls. , The Officers of Arms, making: their reverences, ftood next thei poor knights. The Knights Companions, iri tlie order they walked, made, their reverences, and retired un der their banners. The , Regifter, Garter, and Black Rod made their reverences together, aiid -ftood before their refpefti-ire featsi , , The Chancellor did the like. The So-vereign made one reVe-^ rence to the altar ; aiid, being in his ftall, repeated the fame, the train-bearers ftanding upon the ftejis going up to the ftall ;' the fword of ftate, '.vitli the F.ce- chamkerlain, on the fteps before, or rather under the Sovereign's ftall.^ The two officiating Canoni were' condudled to the altar by the Verger. Garter, with the ufual reve rences, taking up the banner of the late Duke of Ctrnihe-iland, and holding it up, two officers of arms immediately joined,- and making their reverences, repair -i- ed to his royal highnefs the Duke of Gloucefter and the Duke of Kingfton, being the two fenior knights ; who thereupon joining, and making their reverences to gether, received the banner from Garter, and being preceded by the two heralds, advanced to the firft ftep, where they repeated their reverences, and, coming to i INS tne rails, made one to the altar ; then kneeling, they delivered the banner to the Canons, who placed it vipright, at the fouth end of the altar. The fword was, then delivered to Garter, the hilt being "up ward, and offered in like man- ' ner ; and then the helmet and creft ; the knights retiring under their banners. The achievement of the late Duke of Tork was offered in the fame manner.. The fwords of the other de ceafed knights; namely, the Duke of Dorfet, Duke of Nevo- caftle, Duke of Bedford, Earl of Granville, Earl of Winchelfea, Duke 'of Devonftiire, and Earl Waldegrave, were then offered together, in the fame manner, by the two next knights in rotation. Garter then fummoned the knights to afcend into their ftalls. AU the knights being in their ftalls, the two feniors were fum- inoned down to inftall the Prince ^ Wales ; and they proceeded to the chapterhoufe- in the followr ing order j — Poor Knights — Of- fi. ers cf Arms — The Regifter, Gar ter, and Black Rod, as before— The Chancellor — The two fenior Knights. , And from the chapter houfe his royal highnefs was con dudled to the chapel in the fol lowing order: ¦ Marjhal.^men. Poor Knights. Offi.cer s of Arms. ^ Garter carrying, on a cufhion, the mantle, hood, great collar, ' and book of ftatutes ; having on his right hand, the Regifter, and Mlack Rod on his left. INS The Chancellor. The tniuo fenior knights, having[ his royal highnefs between them, in his furcoat and fword, carry ing his cap and feather in his hand. All entering the choir with tte ufual reverences. Garter placed the cufhion uponthe de(k. The two knights condudled his royal highnefs into his ftall (the Sovereign having difpenfed with his taking the oath, by rea fon of his tender years) and Gar.^ ter delivering the mantle to the knights, they invefted the Prince therewith ; the Chancellor read ing the admonition. Then Garter prefented the hood to the knights, and after ward the collar ; and the knights invefted the Prince, the Chancel lor reading tlie admonition. Garter next prefented the fta-- tute-book, which the knights delivered to the Prince ; and dien placing the cap and feather on his head, they feated him in his ftall ; and the Prince rifing up, made his double reverences ; and the knights, after embracing and congratulating his royal highnefs, defcended, made their reverences, and went up into their ,^alls, and the officers to their places. His royal highnefs the Bifhop of Ofnaburgh, was then intro^ duced, and inftalled by the two fenior knights, in the fame inan- ner as the Prince of Wales had been. The tvi^o fenior knights like- wife inftalled his 5-ayal highnefs the Duke of Cumberland, who be ing introduced with the ufual re- iNs fsf§ VerenceS, they entered into the lower ftall, where the Regifter adminiftered the oath to his royal ' highiiefs, ^Bltick Rod holding tH6 book. , Then the knights condudled bis rtfyal highnefs into the upper ftall, the Chancellor and Gctrter- enteiing into the lower ftall, the Regifter aind Black Rod. remaining in the area. ' Garter then prefented the man tle,- hood, and collar, with which his royal highnefs was invd^edi the Chancellor reading the admo nition ; and tten the ffatute-book was delivered, and Ke was in ftalled with the fame cei'emony, as before mentioned. Th^n the two btxt kiiights in feniority were fuinmohea to in- ¦flall Sir Charles Frederick, the proxy for his ferene highnefs the Diiie ef Mecklenburgh, who -fvas conduced into the lower ftall, where the bath was , adminiftered to him under the rSferVations fti- pulated: he was then condudled into the upper ftall, and the man tle being prefented by Garter, the knights put it over his arm, fo that the garter thereon ap peared ; He was then feated in the ftall as thfe knights had beeii ; and, during the reft* of the cere mony, ftood up, or leaned on the 'cufliion, a proxy not being al lowed to fit in the ftall. Sir John Griffin Griffin, the proxy for his ferene highnefs the Prince of Brunfwick, was then inftalled in the fame manner. The Earl of Albemarle was then brought in, and inftalled in the fame manner as the Duke of ^liniierland, except the atten dance ef the Chancellor, tli^ Rii^ gfter prdnoundng the adm'ohi- tion. , In Rfce mariner the Duke of Marlborough, the Duke of Graf ton, and Earl Goiver, were feve rally introduced and inftalled. Divine fervice then began j and at the words of the offertory, Lei y air light fo ftiinij Sec. While the organ was playing,- the poor knigBt:s Aid officers at arms ranged tftismfeives in their for-^ mer order, after having made; their ufual rSVerfences ; thfcn Black Rod made his feV-efehce, and , went u!^' to iM .rail of the altar &a the right fidfe, where he re ceived, front thfe yeomen of thfe wardrobe, a rich carpbt and Cuftiioh; which; with the affift ance of the fSid ySoiiifen, he liid down for the Sovereign to kneel upon: In the mean time G-drtir fum'- moiied the knights from their ftalls ; and being all under their banners. The Soveteigh, making or« reverence to the altar, defcend ed from his ftall ; and then, ma king another reverenccj , pro- cfeeded to the offering in the foi* lowing order : Garter and the Regiftet". The Chancellor. Vice-chumberlain and Snuord of State. The SOVEREIGN, his train, borne as before. As the proceffion piffed, the Duke of Kingjion (being the fe-' nior knight, not of the royal fa mily) making his reverence, placed himfelf a litde behind his majefty, on the right fide, and 2 INS / . .- - - ¦^'. coming agamft the 'ftall of the FatJ of Hertford, lord chamber lain, he came from under his banner, ^oihg a little behind the Sovereign on the left fide. The So-vereign coming tP the rails of the altar. Black Rod delivered the offering, on his' knee,' to thp Duke af Kingfton, who prefented it to the Sovereign ;' and his ma jefty, taking oft" his cap " and kneeling, put the offering into the bafin ; then rifing, his ma jefty made his reverence to the altaf-,' another in the middle of the choir (all the attendants turn- .ing as his m'ajfifty did, ahd m'a- itirig th'eir reverence at the fame time) and. Being in his ftall, Another; the lord chatriberlkin, and the' knight whp delivered t'he offering, retiring under their bann&fS, t^hefi they carfie' oppo'- fite to them. During the' Sovereign's" return, .,the officers of the wardrobe re moved the 6arpet and c'ulhion, wherebn his" majefty h'ad kneeled; leaving the firft carpet a'nd tw6 tufliions for the knights ; ' and Black Rod returned to his pla'ceV All flie knights tSfus ftanding under their banners, twp offi'cer's 6f ,arms joined, with the ufual ' reverences," and went t6 his royal highnefs the Prince of Wales, whb thereupon making hSs reve rences in flie middle of the -choir, ivas condudled tP the altar,' and" 'made his offering; and,' return ing in' th^ fame order,' went into fiis ftall, \<>here making hJs', re ference,' he fat down." Then the- liext knight, or fcnights, in feniority, being com panions,! offered in like manner ; INV and fo on till all the fenights and proxies had made th'eir refpedlive offering. Divine fervice went on; and, when it was ended,' Garter fum moned th'e knights uiiiier their banners,' the juniors firft ; which' being done, the Poor Knights made their re'verences, and went out of th'e choir ; then tfie Ca nons, then the Ofticers of Arnir, then the Knights, then t\\e-^Of. ficers of the ^ Order, then the SiL'crd of State, aind the Sove reign, all in the fame order, as; ' before ; thus proceeding to the great weft db^r of the chapel, and up thi2 fouth ifle, oiit at the fouth door, to th'e upper court oT the caftle ;' but the Proxies -went in proceffion no farther than thfe fouth doPr o"f the chapel, where the mantles were ddliv^red to thp fextons. , , , The drums and trumpets halt ed at the foot of the ftairs, the' Poor Kiiights feW off on eith^ fide' in the guard-chamber, the Officers (f Arnis in the prefence- chamber ; fhe Knighis Cornpd- Hlons (fivided 6n either fide d- bove them ; fhe Sovereign, ha- ¦ving the office'rs bisfo're him', went under th'e ftate,' where hd fal'ufed the knights, by pulling off his cap ,and feathSrs, and then re tired. .,,,'„ ; , . Interlaced, ai This term' is applied ih blaK'bning annulets, rings,, drefcents; tfc. that are linked together in the faWe man ner as a:-e th'e links of a chain. Irf-^ECTED, 6r 1 This i's the InVecKed, a. \ieverfecfen- gt-ailed, for it haS th'e points to- - vizard thi.Lop- PED, J ESS A NT, a. This word fig nifies ft^ooting fo-rtlo, as vegeta- blels do ; it^ is alfo ufed, in bla- ^noning, to exprefs the bearing- of fieurs-de-lis coming out of a leo pard's head, or out of any other bearing ; as for example : Sable, three Leopards- heads.' Or, vuith JS'S Fleurs-de-lis jeffiant Argent ; boni* by the name of Morley, of Suffex. Argent, a Fefs betweere three Crefcents jeffant as many:. Fleurs-de-lis Gules ; borne by die- name ofOoL-E, of Lincolnfhire, idc. fee PLxv'ir Fig. 6. J^EssED, a. This is faid of a hawk, 01' any other bii'd, whofe jeffes, i. e. ftraps of Lather, are of a tindlure different from the reft': fee PL xvii, Fg. 6. JoLLoPBED, or 7 A teria JowLOPPED, a. i ufed to fig nify the gills of a cock are of &. different tindlure fpQm- the reft"".: fee PL xvii, Fi^.^. Jupiter,/ The name pf one of the planete, ufed in the place of azure, by fiich heralds- as think fit to blazon thus the arms of fovereigns and princes-, inftead of metals and colourstr fee p. 2 J. Justs,/ Thefe, like tour naments, were public exercif^s> formerly ufed by all perfons of any note, that defired to gain re putation in feats of arms, from the king to the-^ private gentle man. . *#* The manner thefe an cient martial diverfionst wer^e condudled was as follows : The time and place were appointedr and challenges fent abroad., fpr all that defired to fignalize them felves. Places were provided for the ipedlatoEs, and the lifts,, i., e. ground, raifed about, in which., the adventurers -were to fhow their dexterity. Rewards were affigned to the vidloHousj* and'great lionours paid them.— As"^to the contenders, two only, werjE let-in at once, through difi- JUS ferent barriers, being , in com plete armour from head to foot, and mounted on ejfcellent horfes. After performing the ufual cere monies, and. paying their refpedls |o the fovereign or judges, and to the ladies;' they took their feveral ftations, and being thus in rpadinefs, when the trumpets Tounded, they both 'at the fame time cduch'ed, their lances, i.' e.' fet the but-tnd againft f heir breafi, ihe point bearing toward their an- kagonljl, and fpurripg their l\prfe'S, ran fiercely toward one another, jh fi}ch manner,, that theii^ fpears points' darting againft each o- ther's armour, gave a,, terrible fhock, and generally broke in pieces. ,, , ,. ¦ , , If neither party, teceiyed aSny damage, jhey both turned rovind,' took _frefli fpears', and , attacked ene another a fecond time, then' k third.' and if neither fu'ffered any damage in thefe three en- Gpunters, they both came off with teputatioii. But if a man was thrown , off his horfe, he wis quite, difgraoed ; and, if he vvas fjiaken in the faddle, or let fall bis lance, or loft any piece of his armoiir, or h'urt Ms adverfa- ry's horfe, afl. thefe and other particulars, were looked, iSpon is difreputalsle. I haye quoted feveral inftances, pf jufts and tournaments, vyhich may be feen Under the article of Tourn'ameni's. ^Xbere were alfp rules for diftri buting , the prices to thSfe that Sell behaved themfel-ves, which tjie intended foncifenefs of this Didlionary prevents my infert- W ; , as other, writers, fuch as a: thfber, M. Chambers, Sd- KiM have given a full account of thefe, a;nd all other circumftancest Of thefe jufts, however, it was not faid amifs by a Turkifh en voy, " that they were too rough, if onlyfor fport ; andifinearn- eft, boy's play." Justers,/ a name given to the adventurers at jufts. . K. :, :„, , , / This term js de rived from the. ancient Teutonic word cyningl and did fignify, as Pierftegan ,lzys, brave pr valpur- ous; becaiifemonarchs were fup pofed,, or ought, to be fuch. .,,*ft* The prefent ; illuftriou* fnonarch of -the Britifli domi nions is diftinguifhed by the ti tles of G?o?-,je, by the Grace of God,' of Great, Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, i^c. fee Titles. He ftyles himfelf i?z»^ qf France', from an ancient claim which his predeceffors had tb that Icingdom, of vyhich he poffefles . npthlng, but three or four inconfiderablS ifland^' on the coaft, of Norman dy-fee p.' .9. .The title. De fender of the Faith, was an an cient appellation given to thp kings, of England j but more particularly confirmed by Leo X,' tq Henry 'VlIIj in confequence of a'tioo-k, written by .this prince' £jgainft Luther, in deieac'e of th'e feven facraments ; and was af- teryvEifd contjinued by adl of par liament :' fee Lynwood's Provin- ciale, feu , Conftit-utibnes Angli'^i &c. Though the'king of Great Britain, be not in all refpedls ab- folute, yet his ppwfr and prCrOn, gatives are very great and exten-«- y i KtN five ; for he alone, without an adl of parliament, has power- to declare war, piake peace, leagues, aud treaties, fend and receive ambaffadors, to give com- miffions for levying mep, arms, and money, for the purpofes of war and peace, i^c By his royal prerogative, of his mere will and pleafure, he can con- vPke, adjourn, prorogue, re move, and diffolve parliaments. He may refufe his royal affent to any bill, which has paffed both houfes, without giving, his rea fon. He alone has the choice and nomination of all command ers and officers at land or fea, of all officers of ftate, of the archbifliops, bifhops, and moft other ecclefiaftical dignitaries ; of beftowing all honours on the higher and lower nobility of Eng land. He has the power of de termining rewards and punifli- ments, can pardon crimes, and remit penalties. By his letters patent he may eredl n^w univer fities, colleges, hofpitals, fchools, fairs, markets, forefts, chacesy kSc. He only gives patents or briefs to cplledl the charitable be nevolences of the people, in cafe of loffes, iSc. 'No proclamation can be made but by the king. He is the guardian of idiots and l-unatics, the receptacle of all eftates when no heir appears, which then revert or ef cheat to him. All treafure trove (word derived from the French trouve, which fignifies found") or monies, goods, i^c. loft, and the owners unknown, belongs to the king; All wafte grpund and lands re- Bevered from the fea ; all lands, iLlN of fiich aliens as die before ns-* turalization ; all mines of gold and filver, all royal fifhes and fowls, belong to the king. In- the church his power and prero gative are extremely confpicuous ; for he has ppwer to call or con vene a national or provincial fy - nod, to prefide as head, and, with the confent thereof, to make canons and conftitutions; to itl- ftitute ceremonies, to corredl he- refies, fchifms, i^c. And abun dance of other prerogatives be long to, and are enjoyed by, the king of England, as fuprfeme' prince and prieft-of his people. The title ufed, in fpeaking to the king, is Sire,, oi' Tour Ma jefty ; and the king of England, fince the time of krrig "ycAw, ftyles himfelf We, in the plural num ber, in his public inftrnments and letters. King at arms, or ) • One King of arms, J of the principal ,heralds, of which fort thei'e are three af Jirefent in Eng land, whofe titles are Garter, Clarencieux, and Norroy. The firft is ftyled Garter principal King of Arms, which are two diflindl offices united in one per fon ; for, as Garter, his duty is to attend on the knightS of 'the Garter, at their folemnities ;' in reference to which he is allowed a mantle and badge, a houfe in 'Windfor-caftle, and zpenfion from the fovereign. As King of Arms, he is to perform fervices relating to the office of arms, on which account he; is allowed a rich coat and cro'wn, lodgings within the college, and a /«»/?fl« Put of'the- exchequer,. King Cldrencieux's KNI jarifdidlion extends through the realm on the fouth fide of frent ; as that of king Norroy does on the north fide of the fame river, from which the latter derives his name. Keeper (Lord), fee Chan cellor. Knight,/ A title of ho nour derived from the Saxon word cnikt or k-necht, i. e. fen- iiant, or one bound to attend on his fovereign, and efpeeially in his warlike expeditions. Thefe knights generaUy attended on horfeback, for which reafon they were fometimes called knights- riders. *#* The folloj^ing particulars were formerly requifite for the qualifications of a knight : That he was no trader, and efpeeially of no fervile condition. That he fhould fwear, that he would not refufe to die for the gofpel, or his country. It was alfo re quired, that he fhould be brave, expert, well-behaved, and of good morals. A candidate for knighthood being approved of, he ' prefented himfelf in the church, comfeffed h-is fins, and afofplution was given him ; he heard mafs, watched his arms all night, placed his fword on the altar, which was returned to bim by the prieft, who gave him his benediftion. The faerament was adminiftered to him, and having bathed, was dreffed; in rich robes, and his fpurs and fword put on. He then appeared before his chief; who dubbed him a knight after the fame manner as the knights-bachelors are at jbis time. T^k? ^¦)^o\e ceremo- KNi . ny was concluded with feafting and rejoicing. i , Knight-Bachelor. The loweft order of knights in Eng land ; known by the name of Knights only. ' They are'' ftyled Knighi-s- Bachelors, becaufe this title does not defcend to their pofterity. * » * This honour was former ly in very high efteem ; but the original inftitution being pervert ed, it is now cpnferred indifcri minately upon gownfmen, burgh ers, and phyficians, by the king's lightly touching die perfon, who is then kneeling, on the right flioulder, with a drawn fword, and faying Rife. Sir , men tioning his chriftiirn name ; aCr cordingly the title has loft much of its fprmer dignity. Knight-banneret, fee Banneret. Knight arid Baronet, fee Baronet. Knight of the Mo/? Honorat ble Order ofthe Bath. This dignity was, according to fome' hiftorians, inftituted by Henry IV, in tbe year 1399. They are fo called from their bathing formeriy, ' at the time of their creation; but this ceremony is now omitted. Sir William Dug- dale, in his Antiquities of War- •wickftjire, p. 5 3 j , gives an ac count at large of this order, and of the ceremonies obferved, from the remoteft -time, on this occa fion ; tp which I refer the curi ous, being very little different from the form attended to at , prefent. *,* It may not be amifi, however, to obferve h*re, tjjaf JiNJL- this o];der, which had, grown ob- foletei was revived - by' king George 1, on the i8th pf May '1725 ; when eighteen noblemen, and as many commoners, were inftalled Knights ofthe Bath wit\i 'great cei'eraPny at 'Weftminfter- abbey, where the place of inftal- ment is Henry the Seventh's ch'a- Jiel, for the particulars cf which, the inquifitive reader may have recourfe to J. Edmonfon's Com- •plete Bo^ ofHtraldry, Vol. I, p. 107. The number of the knights of this order.'befide the fovereign ^nd the great mafter, is limited to thirty-fix ' companions ; they iifually wear, — ^ift. On their up per garment, arid over the left breaft. Three i-.^perialCrovins Or, environed viith this' motto, Tria jundla in uno, i.e. Three join ed' in one, ' •wrought' vitth fine gold nuire, viithin a circular ' band Gules ', the vjhole upon a Star of eight ponts Argent. -^2d\-y'.' A -broad Riband of a fcarlet cplour, wbrn 6Ver the right fr oulde f, ha- ving'the badge or fymbol of this order thereto pendent, which is. A fhield Azure, three imperial Crowns ' - Or, encompaffed ¦ with the fore-nientioned mptto : their coat-pf-arms 'is alfo furrounded with the farne. ^ Knight of the Moft Noble Order of 'the Gart£r. The higheft degree pf knighthood in: England, inftituted by king Ed-. 'wardlU, on the 19th of Janu ary, 1350, in' the- 2 jd year of his reign. ' - ' ' *«* Thpugh /hiftorians, as I have obferved before,' under the word Garter, are divided, not only vyith refpedl to the motive, KNI that induced king Ed-ward to foulid tills order, but a:lfo to tl\ time, it was inftitrited ; yet Elias Aftomole, in his elaborate Hiftory of the Moft Noble Order of the Garter, chap. V. has deduced from recoi'ds, ftatutes, and other- authentic teftimbnies,' that this inftitution muft have been made toward the beginning of the 23d year cf the founder's reign. Thd enfigns ufually worn, af prefent, by the knights of this order? ar^ ' — ift. A narrow Garter, which is of blue velvet or filk, bordered with fine gold wire ; whereon is Wrought of the faine the follow ing motto; Honi fit qui mal y penfe, which may be interpreted thus. Shame be tb him viho puts a •bad'conftrufiioA on this order : it is placed 6n the left leg, and buck led a litriebeloW the knee. — zdly. A broad riband pf a deep blu6 filk, worn over the left ftioulder, and brought under the right arm ; Vsfhereunto is appendent the Image of St. George on horfeback, and iti armour, encountering the Dragon •with his dravm fword, and fur rounded vjilh the Gatter ; . this rnedal, which is generally of gold, . may be ornamented at the pleafure of the poffeffor, and is commonly called fhe leffier George, to diftinguifh it froni that which is pendent tP the collar of thd order j called the great George', wherein the figure of St. George is reptefented in the fame riding drefs and pofture, but encounter* ing the dragon with a tilting fpear inftead of a fword, and with out being encompaffed with tHe- Garter, a's the other al-ways 'is. —jdly. The Crofs of the Ord^r, KNI -enc'fscled with the Garter ; which was ordained, i^ the reign of king Charles II, to be encom paffed by a Jilver ftar of eight rays or points, and to be worn by each knight, upon the left fide of his coat : this may like- wife be enriched, as the former. — Lallly, the Coat-of-arms of thefe knights is circ'umfcribed with the Garter, after the man- -nei; reprefented in PL xxi, and Fl. xxiii. Fig. 7. As the de fcription of the Habits of the Or der, and the forms of inveftiture would unavoidably require too prolix a detail, the reader, who .vvifhes to be amply informed on thefe fubjedls, "may confult EL jl/hmole's work before-mentioned, which will be a copious fource of information for him. The cere- inonial, which was obferved at the inftallation of feveral knights of this order, in 'Bt.JGeorge's cha pel, in 1771, may be feen un der the word iNSTAiLATION, in this Didlionary. Knight of the Moft Ancient Order of the Thistxe. A de gree of knighthood for Scotland. The collar of this order is com pofed of the two fymbols of the Scots and Pidts, beings Thiftles z-Bid- Sprigs of Rue alternate and linked together, enamelled green, having the imageof St. Andrew jrradieited, refting upon a ground of green, and bearing the crofs on his breaft, appendent to it ; and this motto round it : Nemo me impune laceffit, i- e. No rn^n fresoikes. me luitheut hurt ; which alludes to the principal emblem of the badge.of honour, which is Vi^n upon the left breaft of the ;kni coat or upper garment of thefe knights: this badge being St. Andrew's Crofs- furmounted by ft Star of four rays,, iffuing betiueen the joints of ihe Crofs, all of fil ver embroidery; adorned with a - Circle of gold voire, infcribed with the fore-mentioned motto, and on the middle of which is, upon a Field Vert, a Thiftle of gold and green, flonxiered and leaved pro- jier. *** The firft inftitution of this order is not exadlly known? fome attribute it to Hungus, king of the PiUs, with a view to en courage his fubjedls in a war a- ^ainft king Athelftane of Eng- - land : others will have Achaius, the ,.6 5 th king of ScotLmd, to have been the founde* of it, a- bout the year 800. — At the time of the reformation it was laid a- fide, being looked upon as a token of popery"; but king James. the fecond of England (and the feventh of Scotland) reeftablifli- ed it on May 29, 16,87, ^"^^ figned a body of flatutes for that ipurpofe, which may be feen in Nifbet' s Syftem of Heraldry, Vol. 11, p. XJ5 : but through the misfortunes and troubles of his reign, they w^erenot put in force. This order was.^ however, rcr vived in the beginnipgof queen Ann's reignj her majefty having figned. on the 51ft of Decem ber, 1703. the ftatutes and .or ders, which are now vobferved ip the ceremonial and other folem^ iflties thereto belonging; fhe likewife appointed the knights to wear a broad green rifiahd over their left Jhoulders like the knights of the Garter, appendent |9 Y4 Km wl'iich is the Image of St. Andreiv ivith his Crfs bfor-e hint, in a circle of gold enamelled Vert, vuith the Motto of tbe Order. Bjit fora.etimes they Wear encircled, after the fame maniier, a thif- 'tle crowned .With an imperial dia dem. The royal chapel, of Holy- rood houfe, is the chapel of the ord,er, ' and.' the number, of the knights is'to cpnfiflonly of t)iir- teen 'jjerfons ; namely, the So vereign and twelve Knights, in memory pf our ^^vioiir arid his twelve Apoftles. 'Knight of the Mofi lUuftri- ca,f Order of Sir. Patrick. A modern order of knighthood, for Ireland, inftituted by king George II f, on the 5th of February 1783. The firft invefljture of the knights of this order was per- . farmed on the nth of March, 1783 ; iri the, great ball-room of the caftle I of Dublin, which wa^s, on tha't oicafion, ftyled 'St. Pet- . trick's Hall : . that day having been appointed, for that purpofe, by a letter from his majefty tb liis excellency Earl Temple, theii lord lieutenant of that kingdom ; wherein were named thole no- bjemen who were to be the firft Icnights' companions of this or der : but the ceremonial of their inftallation, in the cathedral- of St. Patrick, was not obferved till fix days after, that is, pn the 17 th of the fame mpnfh ; when the, whole of it wa!s condudled with the utihofl propriety, ' and fplendid magnificence, • The number of knights of this order is now limited tp fixteen, includ- ipg fhe fovereign ; the lord lieu tenant being appointed to adl a§ KNI . grand piafler thereof, whil? in office, ' Knights of Windsor, com monly called Poor Knights. This name is g.ivei; tp a fociety of eighteen gentlemen. Including their governor, which owes its inftitution to king Edward III, the founder of the Order of the Garter. Thefe he called milites pauperes, that eftablifliment being defigned puVpofely for diofe whb were decayed in wars, and indi^ gent. The intended number was to equal that of the knight^ companions pf the Garter, twen ty-fix ; but, in the fucceffive reigns, it was npt kept up, through fome differences between the deap and ' canons of Windfor and them, j-elative chiefly to their income : nay,, it was like to have been abollftied by that crafty fet of religious men, with a view of app'ropriafing fo themfelves the provifion inade for its fupport ; they did not, however, entirely fudceed in their ambitious de-, figns, fpr Henry VIII, the re- no\vned fcprner of ecclefiaftical arrogance, reeftabliftied thirteen of -themy under the denomination of Kiiights of Windfor; fpr the maintenance of whoni and their. fucceffors, he left, by his will, the income of certain lands which, in. thofe days, were of th^ yearly value of 600I. On queen ' Elifabeth^s acceffibn to the crown, ¦ fhe confirmed her fat|ier's will ; - and had feveral orders and rulei . made for theij- hetter regulation, tp which they are , ftill- fubjeS. To thefe thirteen knights, 'five more were added,, in the reign of Charles I ; namely, two by LAB .the faunda,tIon of Sir Peter le Maire, Knt. and three hy that of Sir Francis Crane, Ejit. and fpmetime Chancellor of the Gar ter ; for the fupport of whom, and likewife the repairs of their "hou'(es, the manor of Canhrook, jn Norfolk, ftands charged 230I. per annum. Thefe five muft al fo acquiefcg to the fame orders and rules made for the thirteen before-mentioned ; and they are all of them' now appointed by the fovereign. — The habits and en- ^gn of thefe knights, confifl of a ''Surcoat or veft of fcarlet cloth, "and a Mantle or robe of purple cloth, upon the left fide of which' is eriibroidercd, on a Scutcheon. Argent, St. George's Crofs ; which ,drefs they are only obliged to wear while they attend the daily fervice at St. George'^s chapel ; and in proceffions relating to the inftallations of the knights of the Garter. LABEL,/ 'The pioft ho norable difference, ferving to ^ftinguifh the coat-of-arms of the eldeft fon, from the younger; fee p. 43. and Pl. iv. Fig. i. *** This term is derived from the Freuph word lambeau, and rpprefents, accprding to Selden, z fillet or piece of filk, where- Vi'ith princes formerly furrounded their heads ; but Erench heralds affert, that it denotes. a kind of fcarf or riband, which young men formerly wore about the .neck of their helmets, as we do cravats, with pdints hanging down, when they went to, the yi:^xs, PT tp aiiy military exercife. 1. A-Q with their fathers ; and by this, they were diftinguiflied froni them : from whence heralds have borrowed this figure, and made ufe of it on the coat-of-arms of eldeft fons, while the father is a-? live. The label, which oClght to be the ninth part of the chief, is adorned yi^h -pendants, fome what like the drops under the triglyphs' of the frieze of the Doric order. When there ' are more than three pendants to ' it, the number fhpuld be expreffed in blazoning. A Leibet Argent, in Chief, is the difference borne by the Prince of Wales, over the royal arms : but the Diike of Gloucefter' s arms are differenced by a Label of five pendants Ar- ' gent, the middle pendant being . charged viith a Fleur-de-lis A- zure, the other four voith a crofs Gules. The Duke of Tork, bears alfo the fame arms, with this dif ference, that on ihe middle pen- dfint of the Ltibel is a crofs Gules, and that the fourth great quarter is charged, in Surtout Argent, v-ith a Wheel of eight fpokes Gules, for the bifhopric of Ofiabrug. The coat-of-arms of the I)uke of Clarence is alfo differenced by a Label 'Argent, whereof the middle pendant is charged --with a crofs Gides, and the othsi's viilh an .An~ chor .Azure. This heraldic re- batement is fuppofed to be affign-r ed to fhe eldeft fon, while the father Hves, to put him in mind, that he is but the third perfon of his family ; his father being one, his mother another, and he him felf the third. Labels, / This term is al fo employed tp fignify the pen-' LEO LOR dants or ribands that hang dovirn &om a mitre, ^c. fee p. 217. Lady,/ This title is de rived from two Saxon words, which fignify loaf-day, which words have in time been contrac ted into the prefent appellation. It properly belongs only to the daughters of earls, and all of higher rank ; but cuftom has made it a word -of complaifance for the wives of baronets, and other knights, '*** As to the original appli tation of this expreffion, it may iae obferved, that heretofore it was the fafhion for thofe fami lies, whom God had bleffed with affluence, to live conftantiy at their manfion-houfes in the coun try, and that once a-week, or oftener, the miftrefs of the houfe diftributed tp her poor neigh- boui-s, voith her ovm hands, ¦ a certain quantity of bread : but the pradlice which gave rife to this title, is now as little known as the original meaning of it : however, it may be from that faofpitable cuftom, that, to this day, the women, in this king dom alone, ferve the meat at their own tables. L.-iiNGifED, a. A term de rived from the French word /«?- ^3te, i. e. tongue ; ,and ferves to fignify the tongue of a bird or Iwaft, when it differs in tindlure frpm the body. Leaved, a. This word de motes that a plant is furnifhed with foliage or leaves : fee p. 174- L E.O p A R D, / A fierce beaft, faid to be ingeridered between a iion and a foe panther, or be tween a lionefs and a he panther, Plin. Hft. lib. .18. cap. 15. The leopard's head is always repre fented with a full face, as in the arms of the earl of Strafford, PL ix. Fig. 3 , with both eyes, which is never the cafe of a lion's head, it being always reprefented fide- vvjfe, and with one eye only. LjLY, / The lily, that is the wihite lily, grows fo upright that it declines neither to the right hand, nor to the left, and becomes, when in bloom, the glory and ornament of the place in which it is cultivated. This beautiful and confpicuous flower conftitutes the effential part of, the armorial enfign of the Royaf College of Eton ^ fee p. 174. *«* This may ferve to denote uprightnefs in condudl, and pu rity, of morals; a very proper emblem to remind young people how they are to depprt them felves. Lineage, feeJ'EDiGREE. Lion, / TlS'king of qua- • drupeds, or fourfooted animals ; fee Pl. XV, and p. 155. Lion CEL., / A young lion: this term is to be ufed in blazon ing arms, when there are more than one lion in the fame field, as mentioned in the foregoing Treatife, p. 152; fee, Pi. xv. Fig. 12. List,/ The enclofed ground in which tUts were run and com bats fought. Lodged, a. This word is ufed to denote the fame pofture of beafts of chafe, as couchant is for thofe of prey. Lord,/ A general name for ja peer of Englandi w^ch ^s alfp applied to feveral offices, as 'fjord Chancellor, Lord Mayor, Sec. It is a Saxon word, but abbre viated from two fyllables into one; for it was originally hla- ford, which by dropping the af- -piration became laford, and af terward by contradlioji lord. f The etymology of this word, fays J. Coates, is well worth ob ferving, for it was compofed of hlaf, a loaf of bread, and ford, to give or afford ; fo that hla- ford, now krd, implies a giver -"of bread ; becaufe in thofe ages fuch great men kept extraordi nary houfes, and fed all the poor ; for which reafon they were cal led givers of bread, a thing now much out of date ; great men being fond of retaining the title, but few regarding the pradlice for which it was firft given." Did. of Her, p. 206. Lozenge, / A four-cor nered' figure refembiing a pane of glafs in old cafements : fee p. 1 18, Fig- 13- Though all he ralds agree, that fmgle ladies are to place their arriis 'on lozenges, yet they differ with refpedl to the caufes that gaye rife to it. Plu tarch fays, in the life of The- feu's, tnat in Megara, an ancient- town of Greece, die tomb-ftones, under which the' bodies of the Amazons lay, were fhaped after ;hat forin; whi<;h fome conjec ture to be the caufe why ladies have their arms on ' lozenges. %ilvefierde Petra StinSa will have thi.i> fliield to reprefent a cujhion, whereupon womcn.Aifed to fit arid fpin, or do Other houfewifery. Sir fohn Ferne thinks it is form ed frp^n the fliield c^^^edteffera, MAR which the Romans finding unfit for war, did ::llpw to women to place their enfigns upon, with one of its angles always upmoft. Lozengy, a. Covered with lozenges of two difierent tinc tures, alternately : fee PL xii. Fig. 6. Luna,/ This is a Latin word, which, fignifies the moon, and is ufed by fome heralds in ftead of argent, -in blazoning the arms of fovereigns : fee p. 21. Lure,/ A term ufed in heraldry to fignify two wings conjoined, and inferted with the tips downward. M. MANCHE,/ The French word for a fiesve, but Englin( heralds ufe the word maunch in ftead of it, to denote an old fa- fhioned fleeve ofa coat with long hangers to it, as for inftance; Argent, a Maunch Sable, which is- the paternal coat-of-arms for the name of Hastings, , Maned, a. This is faid of the hair which hangs down the neck of horfes, unicorns, tigers, or other animals : fee p. 90, ex ample 14. Mantle, / This is fo named from the French manteau, and fignifies a long robe or cloak of ftate. Mantlings, / An orna^^ mental foliage-wofk reprefenting cut pieces of cloth, ufed nowa days for the adorning of hel mets : fee Pl. xxi, Figi 1,2, Z, i^c. ' ¦' Marc^uis, / The fecond -prder pf nobifity in England, MAR MAR next to a duke. This title was not kn-ownin England, tillRichard IL in the year 1337, created his great favourite, Robert de Fere, who was then earl of Ox ford, marquis of Dublin ; fince whiph time there have been o- ther creations. A marquis is created by patent ; h's mantle is double ermine, three doublings and a half: his title is Mtfi No- ' ble, and his coronet has pearls , and flrawberry leaves intermixed round, of equal height : fee PL xx. Fig. 11. A nominal mar quis, i. e. the eldeft fon of a dyke, '. i? only ftyled Moft Hono rable, as mentioned before, p. 213. Mars, / The name of one of the planets ufed by fome he ralds, inftead of gules, in bla zoning the arms of fovereigns : fee p, 2 1 . Marshal,/ , This term, as moft others ufed in heraldry, is derived from the French word marichal, the name of a great military officer. The marfhal commanded formerly the horfe, Ai J. du- Tillet proves, whereas' the conftable commanded both : old orders in military cafes ran thus ; To our conftable ana Mar jhal, Sec. It is ftill ufed in England as the name of feveral military and civil officers ; among the latter, the principal is the , Earl Marftml, a poft of great honour, which has been long he reditary in the family ofthe duke of Norfolk. His fundlion and prerogatives were fprmerly very great, as may be feen in Charles Hoviard's Hiftorical Anecdotes 'of. the Hou/c^d Famfy, Lipndpn, 1769. But, at prefent, his of fice confifts chiefly in marfhalling the ceremony at the proclama- tiorti and coronation of kings, their marriages, funerals, fefti- vals, i^c. for h'w power, \n o- ther refpedls, is almoft abroga ted. Marshal,':;. A term which fignifies to range and difjjofe re gularly diverfe coats-of-arms in one fhield, with their contingent ornaments and appurtenances: fee p. 252. Martlet,/, This kind of bird is ufed fingly, on coats-of- arms, as the diftinguifhing' mark of the fourth fon ; and hkewife as a proper charge or bearing, in which cafe the number is npt limited ; it is reprefented fmall, fidewife, without feet, and with its wings clofe : fee p. 4)3, and PL xix. Fig. 6 and 7. * « * Writers on heraldry vaiy extremely in their opinions of this bird ; French authors call it merlelte, which word is a dimi nutive of merle (a blackbird) and of courfe might be Englifhed a little blackbird; they reprefent it as a fmall bird without beak or feet. Englifli authors fay, it is the mart'in or martinet, fo fre quendy to be feen under the cor nices of houfes, whofe feet are fo fhort, as very feldom to be feen, and their wings fo long, that fhould they pitch upon level ground, they would not be able fa rife ; whence it is reprefented in coats-of-arms .without feet; and for. this caufe it is g^ven, as Guillim obfecves, for a difference to the fourth" fons, to put them in mind, that in order tb raif^. MAS themfelves, they are to truft to their wings of virtue and merit, and not to their legs, having little or no land to fet their feet upon. La!tin waters on heraldry name it merula, but define it dif ferently. Therefore I fuppofe it to be only an imaginary biid, invented by heralds, as they have ¦invented many other things that have no exiftence. Mascle, / A figure which is faid by fome to reprefent fpots in certain flints found in Bre tagne, and by others the mafti ofa net: fee p. 119, Fig. 15. Master of the Horfe. This office is of great honour and an tiquity, and the poffeffor of it is reckoned the third great officer of the court. *** The Mafter ofthe Horfe has the management and difpofal of all the king's ftables and breed of horfes ; he has authority over the equerries, and pages, poachr , men, footmen, grooms, iSc, He appoints all the tradefmen who work for the king's ftables, and by his warrant to the aveiier, makes them give an oath to be true and faithful. In fhort, he is intrufted with all the lands and revenues appropriated to the king's breed of horfes, the ex- perices of the ftables, of the coaches, ^c. He alone has the privilege of making ufe of any ofthe king's horfes, pages, foot men, l^c. and, in every folemn cavalcade, rides with his majef ty in fhe ftate coach. His fa lary, in the king's book, is 1266I. 13s. 4d. a year; but his per^aifites, which are very con- MER fiderable, make it above 4000!, a year. Master of the Rolls. A ti tle given to the fecond civil of ficer of the kingdom, who is fo called fi-om having the cuftody of all charters, patents, com- miffions, deeds, recognizances, l^c. At his office in the Rolls- chapel are kept all records, fince the beginning of the reign of Richard 111; thofe prior to that period are kept in the Tower of London. I *,* The Mafter of the Rolls, is an officer of great truft ; he is always of the privy council, and is fo far an affiftant of the lord chancellor as to hear catifes iri his abfence ; but he does not go fo far as to make a decree. By Virtue of his office, he keeps a court at the RoUs-phapel with two affiftants, mafters in chan cery, where he hears knd deter mines caufes that come befor? him, though his decrees are ap pealable fo the lord chancellor, His' {)lace is in the king's gift, but he has the appointing of the fix clerks in chancery, the exa"- miners, three clerks of the petty -r bag, and the fix clerks of the RoUs-chapel. He has under hinj a fecretary, tyvo regifters, an uflier, a trainbearer, and a tip- ftaff, Maunch, fee Manche. Membred, a. A term ferv ing to exprefs the beak and legs of a bird, when of a different tindlure from the body : fee Pl, xvii. Fig. 3. ' Mercury, / The name of one of the planetf, ufed inftead MOL MOU ©f purple, by fome heralds, in blazoning fhe arms of fovereigns : fee p. 21. Bpffwell, as Phave obferved before, firft introduced this different method of blazon ing, but fhe reafon that could in duce him to affign fuch colpur to Mercury, is beyond iny compre- ienfiom Metal,/ This word im plies, in its natural acceptation, a firm, heavy, and opake fub- llance, fufible by fire, and con creting by cold into a folid body, which is malleable under the hammer. There are commonly reckoned fix forts of metals ; namely, gold, filver, copper, tin, iron, leaf: but the firfi two are the only metals ufed in heraldry, wherein they are denominated or and argent, being the French names for tiiem. *»* If is againft the modern rules of blazoning, to put metal upon metal,, or coloiu- upon co lour, unlefs for fpecial reafons : therefore, if the field be of any colour, the bearing muft be of one of the metals ; and, on the contrary, if the field be of one of the two metali, then the bear- "5ng muft be of fotae colour. Though it might eafily be prov ed, by feveral ancient coats-of- arms, that this difcrimination ivas not formerly adhered to : fee *. Gibbon's Introduciio ad Lati nam Blafoniam, p. 150, London edit. 1682, - Moiety,/ A corruption of the French word moitie, which fignifies half. MoLiNE.y". Eromthe French ^ord moulin, i. e. mill; if is ftfed m heraldry to denote a crofs which ttirns round both \yay?j' at all the extreriiities : fee Pl. Xo' Fig. 13. *,* This crofs is the differ ence allowed to the eighth fon, to remind him, sis Heralds would' have it, that he is to hold faft what he has obtained, having ' nothing elfe to truft to: fee p. 43- Montant, a. This French expreffion is ufed in heraldry, to denote that the horns of the half^ moon are turned upward; i. e. foward the chief of the efcut cheon : fee Pl. xiiij Fig. I o. Montegre, /, An imagi nary animal, reprefented under fhe form of ^ tiger^ with the; head and hbriis of a fatyr. Morion, / A fteel cap, or ancient armour for the headj -which refembles very much thjS chapeau,, reprefented in PL xxi,' F'g'-S- ' . Motto,/ The word or fhort fentence inferted On a fcrollV which is placed Under, and fome times over coats-of-arms : fee PL xxiii. Fig. 5 and 7. *#* It is reafonable to fup-;' pofe that many mottos, arid chief ly thofe of the nobility and gen try, have originated from cir- cumftances relating to the arms, name or family of the bearers ; and others, either tb glorious' achievements or eminent fervlcesf performed by tlieir anceftors, though feveral of them are to tally incomprehenfible at prefent : fee p. 226. Mound,/ A corruption pf the French woi^d monie, i. e. world,; which it reprefents/ be ing a ball or globe encircled, "ftrf-. NAV mounted of a crofs, as on the imperial crown : fee PL xx. Fig. ,1 and 2. Kings are frequently reprefented holding fuch globe in their left hand, and a fceptre in theif right. Mullet,/ This term is derived from the French word mdeite, which fignifies the rowel of a fpUr, and fliould confift of five plain points only : fee Pl. xiii. Fig. 1 5 and r6 ; whereas fiars confift of fix or more waved rays ; fee Fig. 9 and 12: and yet, die, French, from whom this fcience is chiefly taken, have etoiles, of five points, as well as jne^ettes of fix. *«* This cliarge Is appointed by heralds to be added to coats- of-arms, as the third fon's dif ference : fee p. 43. It indicates, as- Leigh fays, that he Ihould fol low chivalry. Mural Crown. It is a cir cle of gold with batdlements: fee p. 20 2, Fig. i. Murrey, fee Sanguine. Muz^zLED, a. This is faid of a beaft whofe muzzle-band is of a different tindlure from his .head : fee Pl. ix. Fig. 1 5 . N. NAIANT, a. A term de rived from the French^word na- .geant, i. e. fwimming, and is faid of a fifti in a fwimming pof ture : fee Pl. xvii. Fig. 9- Na ISS A NT, a. This word- fignifies coming out,, and is faid of a lion, or other living creature, that feems to be rifing out ofthe laiddle of an ordinary : fee Pl. xv> Fig.^16. Naval, or Rostral Grown,- '3 NOB was a circle of gold, with the figure of a crab or fhrimp en graved on it: fee p. 203, Fig. 2. Nebule, or 7 This term fig- Neduly, a. j nifies cloudy, or reprefenting clouds, and is ufed when the o'iitlines of any or dinary run arched,' in and out, as in Pl. viii. Fig. 3. *** This attribute may be long to the arms of fuch as have been eminent for their flcill ia navigation, for that employment obliges them to underftand clouds, fforms, and winds. Noble, a. This word. In Latin xobilis, deriving from ne- •ui, at firft fignified known, as iis minimum nobilis fui. Plant, or noted, as nobilefcortum,-lAV. vittis nobilis, Cic. But yhat is better worth obferving is, that the word mhle is of a narrower import in England, than in other countries ^ as it belongs- to none but perfons above the degree of knights;: whereas abroad, and particularly in France, it cpmprehends not only knights„ but alfo a nume rous dafs of gentlemen by birth,; whether they be rich or poor. Nobility, / Under this denomination are comprehended archbifhops, dukes, marquifes^: earls, iiifiounts, biftiops, and ba rons orAy: fee Honour. *»* The nobility of England enjoy many honorable privileges j. but poffef« no power, which-' would be incompatible with the rights and liberties of their fel- Ipw fubjedls. They are equally .peers of England; created hy pat6nt;and fit as barons in the' houfe of lordsj which is the fu- koB preme fcourt of judicatri're in the kingdom; Some of the privi leges of the' peers, it may not be amifs to fpeeify. A peer is the king's hereditary counlellor ; his •perfon is facted from arreft, ex cept iri cafe of treafb'n, felony, breach of the peace, condemna tion in parliament, Oi contempt pf the king. In thefe cafes he cannot be tried but by a jury of peers ; he cannot be impstnnelled on any jury of inqueft : he can not be bound to his good beha viour, nor obliged to fwear in a- court of juftice ; but only to de clare upon'hls honour : yet, there was an inftance, in the trial of the late Rev. Dr. Williatn Dodd, at the Old Bailey, on the 22d of February 1777, wherein the right hon. Philip Stanhope, eari of Chefterfield, waved this laft privilege. In cafe of lawful ab fence, he can conflitute, or ap point a proxy, to vote for him in parliament ; a right which no ^commoner enjoys. He is ex empted from all attendance at Iheriff's turns and leets,, where ether fubjedls are obliged to fake the oath of allegiance ; as alfo from joining the poffe comitatus, . when if is raifed by the flieriff to fupprefs riots, l^c. 'He cannot be outlawed in any civil adlion, and his houfe, in cafe ofa fearch for prohibited goods, i£e. can not be entered by the officers of juftice, without a warrant under the king'^ own hand, figned by fix inembefs of the privy council, four of whom muft be peers of the realm. A peer cannot be affeffed toward a ftanding militia, but by fix more of his own qua* 6A EtyV lie has the privilege oT" qualifying a Certain number of chaplains, who, after a difpen- fatiori from the arohbifnop, ra- - tified under the great feal of Eng-- land, may hold plurality of be nefices, within fuch a diftance,' With ctire of fouls : fi'nally, hii Charadler is pecyliarly guarded' from flander and abufe, by a fta tute called fcaridalum inagnatuttii The fons of nobility enjoy cer tain titles by courtefy; according, tP the rank of their fathers ; but' the law raiiks them arriong the comniOnefs of England : fee Peera'g'e.' NoMERIL-PpIN-T, /' Thfe' next below the fefs-point, being- the oppofite place to the honour- point : fee letter F, p. 16. No'rrPy, fee King. NPwed, a. 'This wbrd fig nifies tied or knotted, and is faid of d fervient,' vf^yvern, or the like, Whofe bodies or fails are fwifted and infolded like a knot: fee fL xvii. Fig. 16, and Ph xix. Fig. 10. ¦ O. OGRESS,/. A term ufed b> Englifti heralds only, to exprefs the black roundelets, which are alfo called *f//f?j and gunfibnes : fee PL ii. Fig. 10. Opinicus,-/ A beaft of heraldic invention ; the body and fore legs of which are like thoffe ofa lion ; the head and neck like' thofe of an eagle ; it has wingV like thofe of a griffin, and a tail, like a camePs. It i^ the creft of the armorial enfign of the Bar ber-furgeons. Gic, / The French- word- for ORL gota, by which this metal is ex preffed in heraldry. In engrav ings it is denoted by fmall points all over the field or bearing : fee -PLii, Fig. I. *,* This colour may be fup pofed to fignify of itfelf genero fity, fplendour, or folidity ; and, according to G. Leigh, if it is compounded with Gul. \ ...r Courage. Azu./ ZA Truft. Ver. \°g\ Joy. Pur. I a^/- Charity. Sab. J ¦" t Conftancy. Oranges,/ Englifh heralds give this name to all roundelets that are tenne, fuppofing them to be oranges : fee p. 23, and Pl. ii. Fig. 10. Order of the Bath, fee Knight-. Order of the Garter, fee Garter. Order of St. Patrick, fee Knight. Order of the Thiftle, fee Knight. ORDiNAR-i^, / A term ufed to denote feveral heraldic figures borne in coats-of-arms: fee'p. 52. Orle, / This term is, ac cording to Sir G. Mackenzie, de rived from the Latin word orula, i. e. a border, or, according to others, from the French word ourlet, i. e. a hem or felvage ; J. Guillim would have it derived from oreiller, a pillow, which it nowife refembles ; but be this as it will, the orle is no other than a border within the fhield, at fome diftance from the edges thereof: fee p. 115, Fig. 7; and PL xii. Fig. i . In-orle. This.ls faid of fe- ?AL veral things borrie within the tf- ciltcheon, in the form of an orle .- fee Pl. xxii. Fig. 1 1,. Over-all. This expreffion is faid of any figure borne over another, either heraldic or com mon, and obfeuring part thereof: fee Pl. vii. Fig. 12. P. PALATINE, fee Count. Pale,/ One of the hopo- rable ordinaries, defined p. 60^ and reprefented in PL vi. Fig. I and 3. *»* It is called ;»«/ in French, znd pale in Englifh, becaufe it is like the palifades ufed about for tifications, and formerly ufed for the enclofing of camps, i£c. for which reafon every foldier was obliged fo carry one, and to fix it according as fhe lines were' drawn for the fecurity of a camp, i^c. Palewise, a. This expref fion is ufed to blazon a chai-ge difpofed after the manner of a pale. Pall,/ A figure like the Greek T, about the breadth of a paHet ; it is, by fome heralds, called a crofs-pall, on account of its being an ecclefiaftical bearing* The only example of this charge, in Englifh heraldry, is, in the armorial enfign of the archbi fhopric of Canterbury : fee PL X, Fig. 6. The archiepifcopal fee of Armagh, in Ireland, has the fame armorial enfign ; but that of Dublin is dift'erenced by having the pall furmounted with five croffes-pattee, inftead of four. *^* The origin of this bsar- Z AR- P A S ititg is faid fo proceed from a kind of cloak or mant'e made of the wool of white lambs, , which ,\va3 formerly beftowed on metio- poltans, by the bifhop of Rome, I ccnimonly cilled the popq. Pallet, f. One of the di- inii!U'.ives of the pale : fee ,P1. vi, Fior. 6 and i6. Paly, a. This v/ord is ufed to denote a field divided by per pendicular Lines ir.to four or more equr.l parts, confifting of two dif ferent tindures interchans:eably c(':f'pofcd : fee Pl. vi. Fig. 5 . Wnen the field is divided into fix, eight, or te;i divifions pale wife, it muft be blazoned Paly of fix-j i^c. Btit if the number be, odd, then ,the field is to be n. med firft, ar,d afterward the number of" pales- fpecified. r.-.LY-EiiKDYj a. This ex- preiTion denotes a field divided bcth p.'.lcwife and bend-wife. Pantaloons, J'. An old Fiei-.ch exprcfiicn, ftill mcde ufe. of to denote the lower part of the ^¦arment which is woj-n, by the k.iights cf the garter, in their fail habits ; it confifts cf pearl coloured fi'k ftockings and breeches, joiafd together fo as to appear to be ai,l cf a piece. Farted, or ] ^ This term fig- Party, u. j nifies dividid-j, and is applied to all divifions of rhe fie'd, in which cafe Englirti heralds dift'er from the French ; fur the latter ufe this term only to denote a partition per Pale, 0- ther partitions being e.vpreffed by diss: ent n::mes ; as follows : Parry pe). Pale, is blazOilcd, by Fiencli her.iids. Parti only : fee the examples contained \n.PK vi, Fig..z,.i\., 7, &c. _ Party per Chevron, is Chappe : fee PL ix. Fig. 1 1 . Party per fej's, is Coupe : fee Pl. viii, i-Vij' 3 and 4. Party per Bend, is Tranche:. fee PL vL, Fig. 6. Party.ptr Bmd-finifter, is Ti.il- le ; whicfi is the reverfe of the laft examj.le. **¦* All thefe partitions, ac cording to M. de la Colombiere, have their o.rigin from the cuts and bruifes that appeared on fhields after engagements ; and being proofs of the danger the, bearers had been expcfed to,; they gained them efteem ; for which reafon, they were tranf- mitted to pofterity, and became arms and marks of honour ta their future families. Passant, a. This is faid of a lion, pr any other animal, re prefented paffing or in a walking pofition : fee Pl. xv. Fig. 6. Passant-gardant. This is faid V, htn an animal is in tbe fam'e pcilure as ^>ffant, but with his face turned, fo tli.-.t his eyes are both diilindlly feen : fee PL xv. Fig. 8. Pas-1 oraL-staff, is a kind of ftick formerly ufed by fliep- herds, in attending their flocks ; which is lilt le^ifbn of its making a part of the armorial enfign of archbiftiops, as- the crofier is that of hifiiopa ; in order to remind thefe prelates, that they were in ftituted to in-ii;ate flicpherds in taking care of the fculs of thofe chriftians they prefide over ; but tempora imnaunir, &c. The ar- PED morial enfign of the Archbift^bp cf Canterbury aft'ords an exariiple of this charge : fee Pall. Patee, or 7 This is faid Pattee, a, j of a crofs which is fmall in the centre, and' fo goes on widening to the ends, which are very broad : fee Pl. X, Fig. 15.- Paternal, «. Atermufed to denote fhe original arms of a family : fee p. 11. Pater-noster, a. This Latin expreffion ferves to denote a charge or bearing formed of beads; as, a crofs pater-nofter, iSc. - Patonce, a. This is pro per to a crofs that is nearly flory, i. e. Uke fhe bottom of a fleur- de-lis, at its extremities : fee Pl. X, Fig. 14. Patriarchal, a. A crofs is fo called when the middle piece is twice crofTed, the lower arms being longer, and the upper fhorter : fee Pl. x. Fig. 4. Though fuch a crofs is borne in the coat-of-arms of the righf hon. Thomas Vefey, Vifcount de Vesci of Ireland, yet it proper ly belongs to patriarchs, as ' the tripple crofs does to the pope. Pearl,/ This word is ufed for argent, by thofe who blazon the arms of peers by precious ftones, inftead of metals and co lours : fee p. 21. Pean, / The name of a tindlure, which is fable and or : fee p. 26, and PL ii, Fig.^ 14. Pedigree,/ The origin of this word, to which we aflix the meaning of defcent, genealogy, or lineage, is of very great difficul ty to explain. Skinner gives it P£fi thus ; gallice gres feu degres d^s peres, i. e. gradus pat rum, vel a petendo gradus ; which defini tion Dr. S. Johnfon has adopted* *,* This expreffion has much the appearance of a French word, and was, at various times, differently written ; for, in Mr. Thoroton's Antiquities of Notting- hamft^ire, p. 159, we find peti- grewe or petygrewe; and, inan old vellum manufcript, 1 have feen it written pee de crue. It has been ingenloafly mentioned,- by fome etymologifts, that it may probably be derived from the: French words pie de grue, which can literally fignify nothing but the/10/ of a crane, and yet might figuratively be applied to a line age of extent, refembling the long foot or leg of a crane. Peer. / A name given to every nobleman of this kingdom, becaufe they are all pares regni, that is, nobilitate pares, though , gradu imp ares : there are five de grees of peers in Great Britain, namely, dukes, marquifes, earls, vifcounts, and barons : fee No bility. *** When a peer is intro duced intP the houfe of lords, or is advanced to a higher d-gnity, he has certain fees to pay tp the officers and clerks of that houfe, which I will infert for no other purpofe but that of informing my young readers of them : An archbifliop 2700 A duke 27 o o A'marquis 19 6 o An earl ' 14 o .0 A vifcount 1 2 o "o A biftiop 1400 A baron 900 Z2 PEE A bifliiop does not pay fees upon a tranflation, unlefs it be to the fees of Canterbury, York, Durham, or Winchefter. Peerage, / The dignity of a peer. There is not a great er dignity than that of the peer age- in this, nation ; for .peers, while they . prefejrve their cha- radlers and fortunes, are certain ly to be looked uppn as fuperiors. 'To fupport this dignity, wife ftates were formerly careful not to grant frefh titles, but as old ones became extindl ; left nobi lity fhould become too general and degenerate. The peerage bill, recommended from the throne in 1717, limited the niun- .ber to 236, by adding fix Eng lifh and' nine Scotch peers to the houfe of peers, which then con fifted of 221 lords; but this, number has been much aug mented fince, except that of fhe peerage of Scotland, which can not .b.; increafed, being fixed at 91 peers. ¦*»' There cannot be a greater mark of -fhe poverty of any na tion, than a numerous peerage, poor in charadler, and more fp in fortune ; nor can there be a fironger proof of the weaknefs of any monarch, than that of creating new titles ; unlefs for fome great achievements, fome eminent fervices, or remarkable virtues,: and unlefs the perfons, renowned for fuch achievements, fervices, or virtues, are poffeffed of great eftates. A peer with out a foot of land is not fo re- fpedlable a man, as a freeholder of forty fliillings a year. A cur might as well boaft that he is PER called Ponipey or Cato, name* given by a mafter, as a man pride himfelf in an erinpty tide acquired merely by the favour of his prir.ce : fee Nobility. Pellets, / The name gi ven to the black roundelets, by Englifti heralds alone,; for the French and other nations call all roundelpts tourteaux, and fpeeify the tindlure they are of; thefe are alfo denominated in EngHfh by the appellations of ogreffes and gUnftones : fee P/.li, Fig. 10. Pelleted, or 7 A term ufed Pellited, a. jtodenofeany charge or bearing marked with pellets. Pendants,/ This word, which is French, is made ufe of, in heraldry, to denQ,te the bands which are affixed by way of or nament to the fides of archbi fhops and bifliops mitres : fee Pl. XX, Fig. 1 5 ; and PL xxiii. Fig. 6. Pendent, a. This term fignifies hanging, whence it is faid of efcutcheons which were worn by ancient knights and warriors : fee Pl. i. Fig. i , 2, 3 and 4. Penon, or \ A fmall flag Pennon,/ (or ftandard, of an oblong form, ending in a fharp point or two, which ufed to be carried on the tops of Ipears ; and upon it was painted the owner's coat-of-arms, and folnetimes only part of them, fuch as his cognizance, creft, or motto. Perforated, a. This is faid of fuch charges as appear to be bored or pierced through : fee p. 121, F.ig' 16, PHE Perflew, fee Purflew. Phenix, or 7 A celebrated Phoenix,/ j fabulous bird, among the ancients. *»* This bird is fuppofed to be fingle, or the only one of its kind. Hence, Taffo calls it pu- nico augello, and Milton names it the fole bir:d. Some writers of antiquity, have defcribed it as of a very beautiful plumage ; its neck covered with feathers of a gold colour, and the reft of its body purple ; only the tail white, intermixed with carnation : its head finely crefted, and its eyes fparkling like ftars. They hold that it fives five or fix hundred years ; that when thus advanced in age, it builds itfelf a funeral pile of wood and aromatic gums, which being kindled by the fun; -it is confumed by the fire, and a- nother phenix arifes out of the afhes, anceftor and fucceflbr to itfelf; See the note on the creft -of the paternal coat-of-arms of the duke of Somerfet, p. 126. Claudian has a poem de Phcenice, which is elegantly tranflated by TickeL Pheon, / The iron part of ¦a kind of miflile inftrument or ¦dart, with a barbed-head, made nearly in the fhape of an anchor- hold ; fo that, when it had en tered the flefh, it could not be drawn out again, without en larging the wound by incifion; becaufe the barbs being in, would otherwife tear all before them. "The French call '\tfer de dard or fer de javilot, and the Latin wri ters on heraldry ferrum jacidi. The reprefentation of it is, in England, frequently borne in PL A coats-of-arms, and termed a Pleon's head; as in the follow ing example; Argent, a Lion rampant Gules, bet-ween three Pheons headf Sable, for the name _ of Egerton; and borne by his Grace Francis Egerton, Duke of Bridoewatea, Marquis of Brackiey, i^c. P I E R c E d, a. Bored through : fee Pl. xiii. Fig. 16. Pile,/ An heraldic figure reprefenting thofe piles on wnich bridges are built, or other edi fices raifed from the ground : fee Pl. xii. Fig. g, 10 and n. *** Thefe are faid to have been granted to fuch as have been very ufeful in founding co lonies, Sc. PiLY, a. This is faid of a field divided into partitions ofthe form of the pile. Planets, / Thefe have been introduced in heraldry by Bofwel, but are ufed only by Ibme Engufh heralds, inftead of me tals and colours, in blazoning the arms of fovereigns : fee p. 1,8. *** I cannot help obferving, that this -fantaftical wa.y of bla zoning is very unfit for the art in which it is employed ; for it perplexes the reader, makes this fcaence unpleafant, and deters natives from ftudyi-ng it, and fo reigners from underftanding what Englifli heraldry is ; for " it can not, with propriety, be ufed in Latin, French, or any other , language. Plates,/ A name which Englifh heralds afcribe to the white or filver roundelets : fee p. 23, and PL ii. Fig. 10. Z3 P O T PRE Point,/ This Word is ufed to denote fhe different parts of fhe infide of the efeafcheon, in order to afcertain the local pofi tion of any bearing : fee p. 1 6. —We alfo' fay the' points of a mullet, to dilUnguifti them from the rays of a ftar : fee Pl. xiii. Fig. .r6. ¦ Pointed, a. This is faid of a charge that ends in a fharp point ; as a crfs pointed, that is, a crofs ..which having proceeded with plain' and diredt lines almoft to its ends, there thofe lines wind in and terminate into a cufp, which refemble the gable end of a houfe : fee Pl. x. Fig. 10. PoLEA.'i:, fee Battleax. POMEIS, fee PoMMES. PoMELLED, a. This is faid ofthe round ball or knob affixed to the handle of a fword : fee Pl. xviii. Fig. I. POMM.EE, fee Po.mmette. Pommes,/ Green rounde lets ufed in coats-of-arms, fo called only by Englifli heralds, w^io .exprefs the colours of the roundelets by the feveral ' names given them : fee p. 23, and PL ii, Fig. 10. PoMMETTE, or 7 This is Pommetty, i?. y faid of a crofs, whofe extremities feririi- nate with a ball or knob at each end, like an apple ; if tliej-e be more than one, the number is to be mentioned. Portcullis,/ A ftrong gate grated, and generally made cf» or tipt -ivith, iron ; it is ufed to defend the entrance of caftles. Potent, a. This is faid of a crofs terminating like a T, at its upper extrem'ities : fee Pl. x,.Fig. 12. This expreffion is derived from the French word potence, which, in this fenfe, fig nifies a crutch ; and -was former-' ly ufed in the fame acceptation ; as may be feen by the quotation from Chaucer's Romance of the Rofe, which is annexed to p. zy. PoTE NT-counter-potent. This is faid of ^ field or charge covered with potents counter-placed : fee Pl. ii, Fig. 20. Powdering, / Small fi gures, as ermine irregularly ftrewed on z field : fee /'/. ii. Fig. 12, 13, i^c. Precedence, or } The adl Precedency, / ', of going before, or fhe ftate of priority, according fo the adjuflment of rank, which I have defcribed in the tenth chapter of this Trea tife, p. 26^. Predominant, a: This term is fometimes ufed in heral dry to fignify that fhe field is biit of one , tindlure : fee p. 28, Ar ticle 3. Premier, a. This French word, which - fignifies firft, is ufed by Englifli, heralds, 10 fig nify the moft ancient peer, pf any degree, by creation ; as premier baron, l^c. Prerogative,/ An ex- clufive or peculiar privilege. President (Lord). The title of the fifth great officer of ftate : fee p. 270. He is cre ated by letters patent under the great feal, during his majefty's pleafure. He attends upon the king, to propofe matters at th? council table ; and to report the P RI trknfadlions, of the council to his majefty. Prester John. This is the tiame afcribed to a bearing con- ^tajned in the armorial enfign of the epifcopal fee of Chichefter; fee Pl. xiv. Fig. z, *,»* Some call this 'bearing Prefiiter John, which is a deno-- -mination better adapted to the figure it alludes to, than that of Prefer John ; thougli I am in clined to think, that neither of them is ftridlly proper : for I re colledl to have read, in a book of repute, that formerly there was in Abiffinia, a king who was called l-'retcr Cham, that is. Prince cf the Worjhippers ; from which expreffion is very proba bly derived the name of this fin gular bea.ring, as this yery king is recorded, in the popifli legend, as a faint. In Mr. Hecford^s SuccinH Account of all the .Reli gions, and various Seiis in the World, mention is made of this perfonage, under the denomina tion of Prefion John, and is there called a Neftorian prieft, being one of the follo-.vers of Kefiorius,- - the bifhop and patriarch of Gon ftantinople, and founder of a Cliriftian fedl, in about the year 429, l^c. Sedl. IV, No. 42. Pretence, fee Escut cheon. Pride, / Peacocks are faid to be in their pride, when they extend their tails into a circle, and drop their wings : fee PL xvii. Fig. 5. P-RiNCE,/ A tide of ho nour, in Latin princeps, a com pound word of primus and caput, properly belonging to a fove- PRI reign, or his fans— The eldeft fon of the kirg of Ergland is riot born, but created l^iince of W.q',es, with letrers-pa'ent, yet he becomes at his birih (wuhout any creation) Dii'-.c of Co-nwall, which has be -n fetded ever fince t\\-z firft duke of that name, Ed ivard, furnamed the Black Prince, fan of Edward \\\, was fo cre ated ; that is, from March 1 7 , I ;36 7 ; and, iri cafe of the d;- mif'e of any Prince'of Wales, the duchy, with its revenues, reverts to the crown. Ths titbs of the prefent heir apparent to tbe crown, are — Prince eft Wales, Duke of Cornvjall o.ud Rotkef v. Earl of Chejler and Carrick', E- lectoral Prince of Br-unfixick-Lu- nenburgh. Baron af Rcjifrc'w, Lord cf the Ifies, Great it^wui-d of Scotland, Ciptain General of the Honorable ttje Ariilitrf Com pany of Lo-ndon, &c. and Knight of the Garter. * ,^ The eldeft fon of the kings of England was ftyled, be fore the laft mentioned epocha. Earl of Qhefter ; which title was , conferred by Henry Ifl, 1 247, on his fon Ednvard 1, and in perpe tuity to all fhe eldeft fons of the fucceeding monarchs of ' this realm. That of Pi ince if Wals was given by' Edvjard I, after the red'jdlion of the laft Britilh prince Llewellyn, 1 2B4, fo his only furviving fon Ed-ward of Carnarvon, then an infant. Thofe of Duke of Rothefay, Earl of Carrick, and Baron of Rea- frevj, were fettled in .396, by Robert III, king of Scotland, on the prince *Z)ai'?rf' Stuart, his el deft; fon, and on all future eldeft ' Z4 PUR fons of the kirigs of Scotland, as foon as born : and fuch have been annexed to the Prince of Wales' titles, fince the acceffion of fames (VI, of Scotland, but) I, to the crown of England, 1603. The younger fons ofthe king are by birth counfellors of ftate, and ftyled Princes, fill they are created dukes. The daugh ters are alfo ftyled- Princeffes, and are all addreffed with the ti tle of Royal Highnefs. Prince-, or -') of the blood. Princess jThis title, by an ordinance of Henry VIII, on ly belongs, by right, to the fons, daughters, nephews, nieces, and grandchildren ofthe crown. Privy-seal (Lord). One ofthe chief officers of the realm : fee p, 270. He is a privy coun- fellor, fx officio, through whofe' Jiands all charters, grants, a;,d pardons figped by the king, are paffed before they are confirmed by the great feal of England ; he likewife feals warrants for penfions, and the payment of money in other matters, which do .not require the confirmation of the great feal : his falary is 1500I. per annum. Profile, / This exprefs fion, which is French, ferves to ,, defcribe a figure whofe- head is fet fidewife, fo that the half of it only is expofed to view : fee p. Mfd, Proper, a, A term ufed to denote any animal, vegetable, l^c. borne in coats-of-arms of Its natural colour : fee PL xvii, Figi 2 and 5. PuRFLE, or 7 A term u- Purflew,/ | fed by feme QUA Englifli heralds to exprefs the embroidery of a border of fur : fee p. 38, example 12. Purpure; / The colour fa called, which fignifies purpU, is in engraving reprefented by dia . gonal lines drawn from the fini fter tb fhe dexter fide of the fnield : fee Pl. ii. Fig. 6. *»* It may ferve to denote an adminiftrator of juftice, a law giver, or a governor equal to a fovereign ; and, according to G. Leigh, if it is compounded with Or. "J r Riches, Arg. \ " \ Quietnefs. Gul. ((^) Politics. Az. j 2. 1 Fidelity. Ver. \ (J / Cruelty. Sab. -* '-Sadnefs, PuRsyivANT, / The low eft order of officers of arms ; they are ufually called by the ge neral denomination of Purfui- vants of Arms, though they are diftinguiflied by the appellations of Portcullis, Rouge Croix, Roug§ Dragon, and Blue Mantle ; their chief duty is to attend upon' fhe Heralds of Arms in all pubUc cer remonies, QUADRAT, or Quadrate, a. I'his term fignifies fquare, or having four equal and parallel fides ; it is applied, in the fore going treatife, to a crofs repre fented in Pj. X, Fig. 12. Quater-foil, / A four- leaved grafs or flower, refem- bhng a primrofe. This charge, has alfo obtained a place in cdats-of-arms, thpugh not fo frequently met with as the tre foil ; the following arms are in- QUA ilances of it ; namely. Argent, a Chevron betvoeen three ^ater- foils A«ure, borne by the name of Kem — Or, a Fefs cheeky A- zure and Gules, between . three ^ater- foils Azure, borne by the name of Cooke, of (Sloucefter- Ihire. *»* The double ^ater-foil, is mentioned, in p. 4^, as a difference for the ninth fon ; an cient heralds having appointed it, to denote that the bearer thereof is removed from his el deft brother, and the inheritance, by eight degrees. Quarter, / The fourth part of the field, or one of its divifions. *** The paternal arms are always placed in the firft and fourth quarters of a quartered coat-of-arms ; and thofe of alli ance in the fecond and. third : but where coats are too nume rous, it is fufficient to ufe the pa ternal arms but once, placing them in the firft quarter or divifion of the field. Quartered, iz. This is faid of a field divided into four equal parts : fee p. 31, Fig. 1 and 2. Quarterings,/ This fig nifies the partitions or feparate areas of one fhield, containing divers coats-of-arms. Quarterly, a. This term is ufed to blazon an efcutcheon, or one of the ordinaries; divided into "four equal parts, as in Pl. ix. Fig. 10, and Pl. v, Fig. 7. Quarterly quartered is faid of a faltier quartered in its centre, and the four branches of which .are each parted by two different REB tindlures alternately depided : fee Pl. xi. Fig. i;. Queue,/ The tail of an animal, which is fometimes borne double, or- fowchy, i. e. forked: fee PL XV, Fig. 12. R. RADIANT, a. This term is ufed in blazoning, to denote any charge reprefented with rays, or beams about it : fee Pl. vi. Fig. 15, Raguly, or 7 This is faid Raguled, a. J of a bearing which is uneven or ragged like the trunk or limb of a tree lop ped of its branches, of which the ftumps only are feen : fee PL X, Fig. 3. Rampant, a. A French word ufed fo denote a Hon, l£c. ftanding upright on its hind legs : fee Pl. XV, Fig. i . *#* We feldom fee in coats- of-arms any otiier animal but the lion borne in this pofition. Rams, fee Battering-ram. Ray, /- A ftream of light proceeding from any luminous body, as the, fan or ftars : fee Pl. xiii. Fig. z, 3 and 20. Rayonnant, Or 7 This is Rayonnee, a. Jfaid of a charge that has rays of glory be hind it, darting from the centre to ail parts of the efcutcheon. Rebatement, fee Differ ence. Rebus,/ This term is thus defined in Dr. Johnfon's DMicna- ry ; A 'word rep'- ejented by a pic ture. But in heraldry it means fuch a coat-of-arms as by its fi gures alludes to the name of the. REV ris .bearer; as three caftles, forthe name of Caftleton ; a bear, for Bernixrd; three falmons,- for Sal mon ; three Jhea-ves, or garbs, for Sheffield; ice. The expreffion of canting arms is now generally made ufe of, by Englifli heralds, for the fame purpofe: fee p. 131, and the note annexed to p. 12. Recercelee, a. This is faid of a crofs that circles or curls at the ends, very much refembling a ram's horn : fee PL x. Fig. 20. Recrossed, a. A Word im plying the fame fignification as that of a crofs- crofief. Regalia,/ Enfigns of roy alty. Regardant, a. This French word, which fignifies looking on ly, is ufed by Englifh heralds to fignify an animal looking be hind, i. e. having his face turn ed toward his tail : fee PL xv. Fig. 3- B.ESARCELEE,Or 'JfeeRECER- Ressercelee, 5'^elee. Respecting, v. This is faid of any beaft or fifli, whether rampant, faliant, (Jc. when re prefented face to face : fee PL xvi. Fig. 12. Rest, a. A figure ufed in coats-of-arms, which fome take to be a reft for a horfeman's lance ; and others for a mufical inftrument called clarion or clari- cord. Reverend, a. The hono rary epithet of fhe clergy; a clergyman is ftyled Reverend, a bifhop Right Reverend, and an archbifhop Moll Reverend. ' Riband, or 7 An expref- Ribband,/ j fion derived from the French word ruban, and is ufed, in heraldry, to de note one of the diminutives of the bend : fee p. 65, Pl. vii. Fig. 18. Right, a. This title is con ferred — ifl. Upon all bifliops, as mentioned before : fee Bi shops. — 2dly, Together with Honorable, upon earls, vifcounts, and barons.^ — J'Hyj ^''j courtefy, together with Hcnoruble, upon all the fons of dukes, marquifes, and the tldeft fons of earls. — 4thly, Together with Honorable, to the fpeaker of the houfe of commons ; but to no commoner, excepting thofe who are mem bers of hi,s majefty's moft honor able privy council: and the three lord mayors of London, York, and Dublin ; and the lord pro- voft of Edinburgh, during their office only : fee Honor'able. Ring,/ The privilege of wearing gold rings, was fo far a mark of nobility among the'Ro- mans, that they were at firfi al lowed only to fenators that had been in fome fplendid office. The people wore filver rings, and the flaves iron ones ; but luxury increafing, gold rings' were common, even to foldiers. It vvas a cuftom anciently,' efpe eially in France, to ufe only a rufli ring at the ceremony of marriage, when there had been too intimate an acquaintance be fore. RisijjG, a. This expreffion is applied to birds preparing to fly. ROY S AB Rolls, fee Master of fhe Rolls. Rose,/ This flower is much ufed in coats-of-arms, becaufe among the ancients it had the '^preference before all other flow ers : examples of it are inferted ;n PL xvii. Fig. 17, arid Pl. xxiii. Fig. 6. *#* This flower is afligned, by heralds, as a difference for the feventh fon, fee p. 43, to remind him that he Ihould en deavour to excel others by his deportment. It is the emblem ,of grace and beauty, and may alfo denote, as all other flowers, human frailty and momentary profperity. Rostral, fee Naval. RouNDLE, or ¦) A fmall Roundelet,/ j round fi gure ufed in heraldry, and of which there are nine forts, fuch as are contained in Pl. ii. Fig. 10. *^* 'This is a common and vague denomination : for every roundelet has a particular name with Englilb heralds, according to its colour: fee p. 23. It is here proper, moreover, to ob ferve that thofe of metal fhould be reprefented flat, aad thofs of coldur, globular. Royal Highwess. This title is, according to ftridl heral dic ceremonial, confined to the heir apparent, and his brothers and fillers, if fons and daughteis of kings, as their appellative birthright; in all other cafes, the branches of a royal family are properly ftyled Moft Serene Highnefs, until the fovereign ei ther addrefleiS a letter to them. or writes concerning them, by the title of Royal Highnefs. Ruby,/ TTlie 'name of a precious ftone, fcrmeily ufed, inftead of gules, for blazoning fhe coats of-arms of the Engliih nobility : fee p. 2 1 . *** This is a tranfparent gem of a reddifh colour, with a fmall portion of blue, and cannot be touched vvith a file. Rubies are generally found in the fame mines with fappliires, and fome of them are pretty iarge ; for the empe ror RoCidphus had one that uas as large as a fmall pullet's egg; but thij was thought to be the largeft that was ever feen in Eu rope. Rules of Blazoning: fee p. 241. RusTRE, / A figure refem bling the nut of a ferew : fee p. 121, Fig. 1 6. SABLE, / This word in heraldry fignifies black, and is borrowed from the French, z& are moft terms in, this fcience; in engravings it is expreffed by both horizontal and perpendicu lar lines croffing each other : fee Pl. ii. Fig. 7. Sable of itfelf fignifies conftancy, learning, and grief: and anc-ent he/aids will have it, that if it be compound ed with Or '\ . r Honour. Arg. I, "¦ I fame. Gui \^\ KefpcJl. Azu. (' I; j Application. Ver. I S I Comfort. Pur. -¦' ^ Auftcrity. , The occafion that introduced this colour into heraldry is thus rela- SAN SC A ted by Alexander Nifbet, p. 8. The duke of Anjou, king of Si cily, after the lofs of that king dom, appeared at a tournament - in Germany all in black, with his fhield of that tindlure, femi de larmes, i. e. befprinkled with drops of water, to reprefent tears, indicating by that both his grief and lofs, Saliant, or 7 This term Salliant,^. iis ufed tPex- prefs the pofture of a beaft of prey that is fpringing forward, or leaping in bend : iee Pl. xv, Fig. 4. Saltier, / One of the honorable ordinaries, defined p. 103, and reprefented in Pl. xi. *«¦* This, fays G. Leigh, in his Accedence of Armorie, p. 70, was anciently made of the height of a man, and driven full of pins, the ufe of which was to fcale walls, l^c. Nich. Upton fays it was an inftrument fo catch wild beafts, whence he derives this word from faltus, i. e. a forefi. The French call this word fau- (oir, from fauter, to leap ; be caufe it may have been ufed by foldiers fo leap over walls of towns, which in former times were but low ; but fome modem authors think it is borne in imi tation of St. Andrew's crofs. Saltierwise, a. This ex preffion is ufed to blazon a charge difpofed in the form of a faltier. Sanguine, a. This word in heraldry, fignifies the murrey colour, and is expreffed in en gravings, by lines croffing each other diagonally, from the dex ter to the finifter-fide, and from the finifter to the dexter-fide : fee PL ii. Fig. 9. — Some he ralds will not allow this colovu- to have a place among the other tindlures, though it is certain it has been ufed : fee the note in p. 19. Sans-nombre, an expreflion ufed by both Englifli and French blazoners, with fome diftindlion, however, to fignify feveral fi gures ftrewed on the field : fee p. 250. Saphire, or 7 The rame Sapphire,/ j of a precious ftone formerly ufed, by Englifh heralds, to exprefs the colour uzar«, in blazoning the arms of the npbihty: fee p. 21 — It is a hard gem of a blue or fky colour, very tranfparent, and it fparkles much. Sardonyx, / The name of a precious ftone which was ufed inftead of fanguine, in bla zoning the arms of the Englifh nobility: fee p. 22. , *«* This ftone is faid to be of a middle nature, between the cornelian and the onyx, which its name feems to imply. It is generally tinged vrith white, black, and blood colour, which are difiinguifhed from each other by circles or rows, fo plain, that they appear to be the effedl of art. Saturn,/ The name of one of the planets, ufed for the colour fable, by fuch heralds as thought fit to blazon thus the^ arms of fovereigns and princes, inftead of metals and colours : fee p. 22. Scallop, fee Escalop. Scarpe,/ A term derived from the French word efharpe. SEG that is, a fcarf, in Englifti, and one of the dnninutives of the bend-finifter : fee p. 66. Secretary of State. One who is intrufted with the manage ment of the ftate bufinefs. There are, at prefent, two fecretaries of ftate; the' principal, is for the home department ; the other for foreign affairs. Their refpec- tive falary is 4500I. a year ; but, including perquifites, is compu ted at 8000I. Before the reign of queen Elifabeth, the fecretary of ftate, there being but one at that time, did not fit iuifhe pri vy council, he only prepared -bu finefs for the council-board, in an adjoining room, and then pro duced his papers ftanding. ' Scepter, or 7 Aroyal ftaff. Sceptre,/ Jan enfign of fovereignty borne in the hand, more ancient than the crown it felf. Homer, the Greek poet, calls kings and princes fcepter- bearers. *»* It was originally a jave lin without a head. Tarquin, fhe Old, firft ufed it among the Romans, which he adorned on the top with an eagle. SCROL, or ¦} Oneoftheout- ScROLL,/ j ward ornaments of an efcutcheon, wherein fhe motto is infcribed: fee p. 226, and PL xxiii. Fig. 7. Seeded, a. This is faid of rofes and other flowers, to ex prefs the tindlure of their feed : fee p. 172, example 17. Scutcheon, fee Escut cheon. Segreant, a. This epithet is applied to a griffin eredl, and fiifplaying its wings, as if it was SHI going to fly : fee PL xix. Fig." 5- Seiant, or 7 This is faid Sejant, a. 3 of any animal reprefented fitting : fee Pl. xix. Fig. 13 and 17. Seme, or 7 A ,word bor- Semee, a. jrowed from the French, and which fignifies/r^'u;- ed or feeded : fee p. 251. Sergeant at Arms. The name of an officer belonging to the heralds coflege, whofe duty is to execute fhe commands of the eari marfhal. Serpent,/ Serpents, ad ders, fnakes, may be compre hended under one head ; being alike in fhape, and creeping or fiid'mg on their bellies, nowed, i^c. An exam.ple of fuch a bearing is inferted in PL xvii. Fig. IS. *** The ferpent has always been the emblem cf prudence, and when it is difpofed like a cir cle, with the tail in its mouth, it may ferve to denote the year» the world, or eternity. Shield,/ An ancient de fenfive piece of armour, on which arms or devices were frequently depidled, *** The firft and moft an cient I find among the Greeks, was of a round form, and was, called afpis ; if was generally made of hides or fkins ftrength ened with wood or metal. Ho mer, who defcribes the fhields of moft of his heroes, fays, that of Ajax was of feven hides, or fe ven folds of bullock's leather, covered with a brafs plate ; and that of Achilles of ten hides or folds fortified by two plates- of 5 STA STO brafs, two of tin, and a fifth of gold. The clypeus, which was fometimes in ufe among the Ro mans, was lil^e the afpis. To defcribe the feveral forts of them, and mention their names, would be not only too tedious, but alfo fcreign to oar purppfe. If gave th'i original to that which is now called the efcutcheon in heraldry, and that being treated of in its proper place, it is needlefs to re peat the fame here : fee p. 14, Sinister, a. A word ufed in heraldry to fignify the left fide or part of any thing ; as the finifier baft is the left part of the bafe reprefented by the letter I, p. 16. Sir, / The title ofa knight or baronet, vvhic'i, for diftinc- t'ion fake, as it is nowadays gi ven indlfcriminatdy to aU men, is aKv.fvS prefixed to their chrif^ ti;in name, either in fpeaking or ¦v.iiting to tlicm. SiRKAME, fee Surname. Snake, fee Serpent. SpRiNGiKG, a. This word is ufed to denote the fame pof ture of beafts of chafe, i.ij'uliant is for thofe of prey. Sqj.'jre, fee Es'quire. Sol, y': This word fignifies the / .IT, and was formerly ufed, by i'ngliih heralds, to exprefs gild, in blazoning the arms of ioverei;';ns : .^eep.. zi. .Splendor, / The fun is faid to be in its fplendor or glo ry, when it is reprefented with the lineaments of a human face, and environed with ra,ys : fee 'PL xiii. Fig. I. Staff, / This word is fometimes uied to denote the en fign of an office : fee Pasto ral. •Standard, ./ A mar'tia! enfign, carried by the horfe, dif tinguifhed by the name of «- lours for the foot foldiers. There is alfo the royal ftandard which is difplayed-at fea. Star,/ This charge is by many confounded with a mullet, which is the rowel of a fpur, as mentioned before : fee Pl. xiii. Fig. 9 and 12. *#* The badge or enfign of an order, worn on the left fide of the upper garment of a knight, is oftentimes, though improper ly, called _a/«r, thus; a noble man wears a ftar, not to be dif tinguiflied by the people, but from the people. Statant, a. A term ufed to exprefs an animal ftanding on his feet, both the fore and hind legs being in a diredl line : fee Pl. XV, Fig. 5. *,,* I do npt find that any Englifh herald has ever taken notice of this pofition, although it be as diftindl, and at leaft as honorable, as the rampant, fa liant, paffant, couchant, l£c. there are befide many examples of it in coats-of-arms. Steward, fee High Stew ard. &T0NESi' / The names of precious ftones have been intro duced in heraldry, by Bofvjell, and afterward ufed by Englifh heralds, inftejd of metals and co lours, in blazoning the coats-of- arms of the' nobility : fee p. 18. *,' This way of blazoning is condemned by all foreigners, and rejedled by moft heralds of SUR 'this nation, and that very juftly ; for can the dignity of a peer be feffened for being told that his robe is purple, blue, black or red, as though it really ceafed to be that, or the like, by beirig upon him. Sun.,/ The name of the luminary that makes the day, which, when, ufed in heraldry with the lineaments pf a human face, environed with rays, is cal led a fun in its glory or in its fplendor, and even proper : fee PL xiii. Fig. I and 17. Super-charge,/ Ths is Ibid of a figurfi borne on another bearing. Supporters, / Are ani mals, birds, or other figures, which ftand on each fide of the fliield, and feem to fupport it : fee p. 235, and Pl. xxi. Fig. 7. Surmounted, a. This is fhid of a charge or bearing that has another over it, both being pf different tindlures : fee Pl. Xvm,' Fig. II. Surname,/ This word de notes an appellation added to the original name, for diftinguifliing perfons and- families ; but fhe choice,, as well as the ufe, of furnames has been various, ac cording to the- , different caufes that produced them.. Thofe, for inftance, of fhe famous old Ro mans ; fuch as CeJ'ar, Balbus,. Calvus, Cicero, Claudius, Nafi, &c. ferved to denote accidental occurrences, perfbnal blemifhes, l^c. which is obvious to every one converfant with the claffics. Thi.s remark may likewife be applied to the origin of feveral Englifli furnames ; fuch as Black,, SUR Broixn, Grey, White; .Ambler^ Beardmore, Broadhead, Coxhead,. &c. Some may be derived from the progenitors trades, occupa tions, and profeffions ; as Archer, Baker, Butler, Carpenter, Car ter,, Dyer, Fuller, Garditier, Mil ler, Potter, See. Others, from the lands or demefnes which their family had poffeffed, or the town or county they came from,: as. thofe of AJhion, Bedford, Brick- dale, Butterfield, Churchill, Corn- v}all, Hafievjood, Fenvjick, Mill- bank,, &c. In England, Scot land, arid Ireland, many people, though inheritors of lands, took no other furname but the appel lation of their refpedlive ancef tors ; by adding fon, or prefix ing mack or fitz, to it, for dif ference fake ; as Atkinfon, Ben- fon, Charleffon, Da-vidfon ¦ Mackdortald, Mackenzie, Mack-, leod Fitzjames, Fitzgerald, Fitzpatrick, &c. However, it i-s probable, that many perfons, who agree iri furname, are not: defcended from one and the fame family; their country,, cr their armorial enfigns being anciently very different:. Though there were furnames frequently ufed in England, lori'g before the con queft, yet, when the Normans firft came to this ifland, they dif- fufed that cuftom more univer- fally, and were, undoubtedly the occafion of the particles de, du, de la, des, being prefixed to fe veral of them ; fuch as De Grey, De Home, D'arcy, Deluce,. De- vaynes,. Delatre, Du Val, Dela- val, &c. which monofyllables imply ftill, in France, a ho norable mark of diftmdlion. SWO TEN Whence, it may be concluded, that the word J'urname, did not originally comprife the fame meaning as that of firname, i. e. the name of the fire of the pro genitor : befides, we find that furname *is defined mmen fupra nomen adaitum, whereas firname is, only nomen palris additum pro pria : therefore, though thefe two expreffions are, according to modern cuftom, indifcriminately ufed, it is clear they were not formerly fo. Surtout. An expreffion borrowed from the French, which fignifies ever-all, and is faid of a fmWl efcutcheon, within the large one, containing either a paternal coat of-arms, or a coat of augmentatipn, thus marfhal led : fee the note annexed to p. 77, and the 4th quarter of Fig. 7, PL xxi. Sword,/ The ufual wea pon of fights hand to hand, ufed either in cutting or thrufting ; it may be taken for an emblem of courage, juftice, or authority. *J'" The following obferva- tion, though unconnedled with the elements of heraldry, will not, I hope, be thought entirely foreign to the fubjedl. — The fword of ftate that is borne before the king, lords, and governors of counties, cities, or boroughj, is not to be carried after fhe fame manner by the fword-bearers ; for that v/h:ch is borne for or before the king, ought to be car ried upright, the hilt as low as his waift, the blade up between his eyes ; for or before a duke, the blade muft decline from the head, and- be carried between the neck and the right fhoulder j . for or before an earl, fhe blade is to be carried between fhe point of the fhoulder and the elbow ; and for or before a baron, the blade is to be borne in the bend of the arm. This ceremonial. form no lefs denotes the dignitig' of a governor, than the coron^' fet on the coat-of arms of a ne-" bleman. -"'' ¦¦¦ Symbol,/ Is that which. comprehends, in its figure, a re prefentation of fomething elfe. T. TALBOT, / A fort of hunting dog, between a hound and a beagle, with a large fnout, long, round, and thick ears : fee Pl. ix. Fig. I T .—This is a fre quent bearing- in coats-of-arms ; and m^y be confidered, as all o- ther dogs, for the emblem of vigilance and fidelity. Target, / A round buck ler that was ufed by the ancient Romans, Spaniards, and Afi-i- cans. Tasselled, a. Adorned withtaffels: fee p. 141, and PL xiv. Fig. 3. — A taffel is an or namental bunch of filk, or glit tering fubftances. Tawney, or 7 One of die Tenne, a. j teri different hues or tindlures made ufe of in blazonry; it figaiRes the orange colour, and is reprefented in en gravings, i^c. by diagonal lines drawn from the dexter to the fi nifter-fide of the fliield, traverfed by perpendicular lines from the chief: fee Pl. ii. Fig. 8.— This is not admitted as a colour by all heralds, for feveral have not e- T 1 1* - Ven mentioned it, yet G. Leigh fays, it is a colour of worfliip : fee p. 19. Tete, or 7 The French word Teste,/ Jfor head, which IS fometimes borne double in coats-of-arms: fee Pl.xv, Fig. 9- Thistle, fee Knight. Tiara,/ An ancient orna ment among fhe Perfians and Parthians, wherewith their kings and priefts Were crowned; the pope's triple crown is now fo called : fee p. 209, and Fl. xx, Fig-s-- -TiERCE, or '7 This term TiERCED,tf. j fignifies the farne as divided into three equal parts of different tindlures. ***- When a field is thus di vided palewife or feffwife, it is called Tierced in Pale or in Fefs, which ever it is. Gules, Argent, and Azure; and fo on, with whatjever tindlure the field is of. Tilt, / A military exer- dfei in which the combatants- ran againft each other with lances on horfeback: fee Justs. TiLTER, / A name given to one who fights in tilts. Tincture, / This -term ijgnifies the hue or colour of any thing belonging to coats-of- arms : fee p. 1 7. TiTLfis,,/ Few words are more defledled from their pri mary meaning than titles ; this appears from the etymology of thofe of king, duke, marquis, i^c. which were form.erly no more than offices, and names of temporary dignities, like thofe of confiil, fenator, pretor, ^c. Such titles came afterward here- TOR ditary through force, favour, of fome particular compadls. *«¦* The firft Englifh creation to titles, by patent, vvas made by Edvard III, who caufed one of his favourite generals to be called to parliament, by the title pf Baron de Amiens. Royal ti tles did not , commence till the reign of Henry IV, who took that of Cracji which was conti nued to his fon Henry V. Butj I find that Henry VI, was called Excellent Gr.ice. His fucceffor Edvjard IV, adopted that of High and Mighty Prince, which the two next monarchs Edward V, and Richard 111, took like- wife. Henry VII, was ftyled Highnefs J ^nd his fon and fuc ceffor Henry VIII, was the firft king of England that was ho noured with that of Majefiy ; a title conferred on hfm together with fkiztof Defender ofthe Faith, by that crafty pope Leo X. Tha titles, of the prefent monarch of this realm, are George III, by the Grace of God, of Great Bri tain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, Duke of Brunfwic and Lunenburg, Archr- Treafurer, and Eledlor of the Holy Roman Empire. For the titles ofthe prince of Wales, fee' Prince. Topaz, / The name of a precious ftone which was ufed jnfiead of or, in blazoning the arms of the Englifti nobility on-t ly : fee p. 2 1 . *^* It is a tranfparent ftone of a ftiining gold colour without any riiixture. To R s e i / This terni is bor rowed from the French, and is Aa TOU TOO tefed fometimes to denote a thing twiftcd hke a wreath, as I have mentioned in treating of this or nament, p. 223. Torteaux, or '7 The name TORTEAUXES,/ Jglvcn tO the red roundelets only, by En glifti heralds: fee p. 23, Pl. ii. Fig. 10. *»* Some will have thefe roundelets to be cakes, -others bowls, which cannot be, becaufe they are flat ; and others wounds, which laft may be proper enough, as they are, always red. Thefe pieces may alfo have fome rela tion to war, as far as they repre fent loaves of ammunition-bread; without which an army cannot fubfift. The French and other nations, except the Englifli, give the name of tourteaux fo fuch roundelets as are of any other colour, expreffing the fame, whicli is allowed tc be a better mediod,, than giving every rovm- delef a particular name on ac count of its colour ; for it is ra ther making the fcience unintel ligible, than explaining it. Tournaments, / Thefe . were honorable exercifes former ly ufed by all perfons of note, that defired fo fignalize them felves by their dexterity, i^c. . They were firft inftituted in Ger many, according to hiftorians, toward thebegfinning ofthe tenth century, and became afterward a generarpradlice ; they derived their name from ihe French word tourner, i. e. to turn round, be caufe to be expert in thefe exer cifes, much agility both of horfe and man was requifite, they ri ding round a ring, 'in imitation S ofthe ancient Circl, they were- the principal diver-fion of the thirteenth and fourteenth cen tury. Their manner of aflifem- bling, l^c. was like that de fcribed in the article of Jtifts. *¦#* The following accounts of EngHfh tournaments, exfradU ed frota Pennant's zod- Maitland's. Hiftory of London, will not, it is-, hoped, be difagreeable to the reader. — In Smithfield, fays Pen nant, the field pf gallant tilts and tournaments, and alfo the fpot on which accufations were decided by duel, i£c. the doat- i,ng\excyEdward'\W, in his fix- ty-fecond year, 1374, infetuated by the charms of Alice Pierce, placed her by his fide, in amagn nificent car, and ftyling her the Lady of the Sun, ¦ condudled^ her to the lifts, followed- by a train of knights, each leading by- the bridle a beautiful palfrey, mount ed by a- gay damfel : and for fe ven days together exhibited the moft fplendid- jufts, in indril-gence of bisdifgracefal'paffion. — Matt- land's account is- as-follows-;- In the reign of Edvuard'Tf , Roch, who was better known by the appellation of the Bafiard', of Burgundy, being greatly- cele brated fer his aidtst of- chivalry^ came over and- challenged th© lord Scales, brother to the queen, to fight with him, which Sialet readily accepting, the king com manded lifts to be • prepared- in Smithfield- (wherein to perfonn, combat) of the length of three hundred and feventy' feet, and breadth of two hundred and fix- ty, with magnificent gsdleries fot the reception of the illuftrious TOU 'Ipedlators ; where affembled the king, the nobility, and the prin cipal gentry of both fexes. The firft day they fought with fpears, without a vifible advantage on either fide. The fecond they tduhiayed on hot-fe-back, when the lord Scales, having a long pike fixed on Ms chaffron (pom mel of his faddle) which as they enclofed, ran into the nPftrils of the Baftard's horfe, by fhe an- guifo whereof, he reared himfelf with that violence, that he ftum- bled backward^ whereby his ri der was unfortunately unhorfed, which occafioned him to cry out, that he could' not hold by the clouds ; and that though his horfe had failed him, he would not fail to meet his adverfary the next day, which being accordingly per formed, they fought on foot with poleaxes, when Scales foon pene trating the Baftard's helmet, the king threw dovt'n his warder, whereupon they were imihedi- ately parted by the marfoal. •But the Bafiard infifting upon fighting out that weapon, a council was held to deliberate thereon ; the refult whereof was, that if he perfifted in renewing the combat, he muft, according to the law of arms, be delivered to his adverfary in the fairie con dition-he was in at his horfe's misfortune. But rather than fub- mit to thofe terms, he waved his pretenfion. The famous antiquary John Stow, born in London, 1525, relates, in the hiftory and topo graphy of his native city, book ui; That \im% Richard U , de- figning to hold a tournament at TOU London, on the Sunday after - Michaelmas fent divers heralds to make proclamations of it in all the principal courts of Eu rope, and accordingly not a few' princes, ||||d great numbers of the prim ^nobility reforted hither from France, Germany, the Ne therlands, i^c. This folemnity began On Sunday afternoon, fiom the Tower of London, with a pom.pous cavalcade of, fixty la-, dies, each leading an armed knight by a filver chain, being attended by their efquires of ho nour, and paffing through Cheap- fide, rode to Smithfield, where the jufts and tournaments conti nued feveral days with magniii- cent variety of entertainments; on which occafion fhe king kept open houfe at the biftiop of Lon don's palace, for all perfons of diftindlion, and every night con cluded with a ball. Not long after this, three Scotch champions challenged three Englifli to fight, which* was likewife performed in Smith- field, with fhe greateft folemnity, the earl of Mar againft the lord Nottingham ; fir William Dorrel, the king of Scotland's banner- bearer, againft fir Pierce Court ney, the king of England's ftajid- ard-bearer ; — — Cockbitrne, efq. againft fir Nicholas Havikirke. 'Mar and CocKburne were un horfed, but fhe two ftandard- bearers were fo well matched, that between them it was a drawn-battle. Voltaire, in his Effay upon the Civil Wars of F'rance, p. 4, obferves, that this romantic and dangerous fport was put an end to by the death' A a 2 TRE of Henry IT, king of France, Vi'ho, in the year 1559, was killed at Paris in a tournament, by- the comte de Montgomeri ; for this was the laft in Europe. Towered, a. ^is is faid of walls and caftles hSving tow ers or turrets on the top, Treasurer (Lord). This Was anciently one pf the great pfiiceits of the crown, who was ,Vefted with his office by receiv ing a white fiaff'f-corri the king, and held it durante bene placito regis ; but fince ;he acceffion of the prefent royal family, the of fice has been put in commiffion, and fhe bufinefs of the revenue managed by five commiffipners, falhd Lords of the Treafury ; yet one of thefe lords is ftyled the 'Firft Lord cf the Treafury ; he adis as prime minifter, and has a yearly falary of 40C0I. The o- fher four commiffioners have 1 600I. a year each, aad are fub- fe'rvignt to him. *#* The duty cf this office is to have the charge and .govern ment fif all the king's revenues, kept in fhe exchequer ; the fu- perintendency over all the offi cers employed in colledling the taxes, cuflpms, tributes, i3c. belonging to the king ; the offi cers- of phe cufloms in all the ports of England are appointed. m this office, and fo are fhe leafes pf all lands belonging to the crown, let by thefe cpmmif- fioners. '' Trefoil, / The threer leavpd grafs : fee PL vii. Fig. I3'— It IS a very common bear ing, but how it came tp be fo fnuch ufed in coats- of- arjns, does TUR not appear to me ; being a thing in itfelf fo infignificant, and re. mote from armory ; I wiU men tion another inftance of it, which is Azure, thiee Trefoils Argent, for the name of V i n ce n t ; and is the paternal coat-ot-arms of Sir Richard Vincent, of Stoke- Dabernon, in Surry, Bart. Tressure,/ The name of an ordinary, fuppofed to be only the half of the breadth of an orle ; it is borne flory and counr ter-flory, and very often double, and fometimes treble : fee p, 1 1 6, Fig- 9. *s* This term is a corruption of the French word treffe, i. e. a thing twifted, and may have been introduced into heraldry to reprefent the filver and gold laces with which clothes are ufually adorned. Alex. Nifiet fays, the double treffure was anciently gi ven to none but fuch as had matched with, or were defcend-r ed from fome of the daughters of the royal family. Tricorporated, a. This is faid of a bearing of the bodies pf three lions rampant, conjoined under one head gardant, in the fefs-point : fee PL xv. Fig. 1 8. Trippant, or 7 A term u- Tripping, a. ffed to fig nify the fame pofture of beafts of chafe, namely, a buck, doe, fawn, i£c. zs paffant is for thofe of prey, Trunked, a- This word is applied, ^to tref^, ISc. that are couped or cut off fmooth. Turban, or 7 This word TuRBAND,/ |ferves to fi.g-. nify the cover worn by the' ' Turks on their heads ; but, a^ VAX to that which the Grand Signior bears over his arms, fee the de fcription given of it, in p. 209. Turnament, fee Tourna ment. Turret,/ A fmall tower. Turreted, a. Havingtur- j-ets on the top. Tusk, / The long tooth of an elephant, or other animal: fee Pl. xvi. Fig. 2. Tusked, a. This is faid of an animal whofe tufks are of a different tindlure from the body ; fee p. 157, example 2. U. UNDE, or Undy, il. This expreffion is frequendy ufed by blazoners inftead of the word v.'avy, and applied to an ordi nary formed ofa waved line : fee p. 55, and PL v. Fig. 4. Unguled, a. A term which fignifies hoofed, and is faid of the homy fubltance on the feet of unicorns and graminivorous ani mals : fee PL xvi. Fig. 10. Unicorn,/ An imaginary animal which is fometimes' found in coats of-arms : fee p. 197, example 13. This is one ofthe fupporters of the prefent royal arms of Great Britain : fee PL xxi. Fig. 7. VAIR, or Vaire,/ a kind pf fur, formerly ufed for lining the garments of great men, and knights of renown. It is repre fented in engravings by the fi gures of litde bells reverfed, ranged in a line : fee Pl. ii. Fig. 10 f apd PL iji. Fig. 7. Of this VAM fur is fometimes formed a crofi* abend, £5'