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NINETEEN MONTHS
A PRISONER OF WAR.

NARRATIVE OF
LIEUTENANT Q. E. SABEE,
SEOOKD EHOBE ISLAND CATjtLEY,
01'
lis (BxpnUnst
m THE WAR PRISONS AND STOCKADES OP MORTON,
MOBILE, ATLANTA, LTBBT, BELLE ISLAND,
ANDERSONVILLE, MACON, CHARLES
TON, AND COLUMBU,
AND
HIS ESCAPE TO THE UNION LINES.
TO WHIOH IS APPENDED,
A LIST OF OFFIGSRS CONFINED AT COLUMBIA,
DURING THB WINTBB OP 1864 AND 1865.

NEW YOEK: "
THE AMERICAN NEWS COMPANY,
119 & 121 If ASSAU STHEilT.
1865.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1865,
By the AMERICAN NEWS COMPANY,
In the Clerk's Office ofthe District Court ofthe United States for the
Southern District of New York.

RENNIE, SHEA & LINDSAY,
SxEEBOTrPERS AHD ELECTROTTPBRa,
81, 83, and 85 Centre-street,
New York.
R. CRAIGHEAD, PRINTER^
Cation Building, 83 Centre street.

CONTENTS,

CHAPTER I.
Paob.
A Prisoner — Morton, Miss. — Mobile, Ala. — Atlanta, Ga.-^A Pore-
taste of Southern Inhumanity — Off for Kichmond  9
CHAPTER II.
At Eichmond— Libby — Terrible Forebodings— Belle Island— Its
Appearance— How the Prisoners lived — The daily Bill of Fare —
Deliberate Torture  ,  19

CHAPTER III.
Redaction of Diet— Conflict between Life and Death — Eevolting
Extremities— Surgeon's Call— Eichmond Hospitals— Mortality —
Soldiers buried alive  29
CHAPTER IV.
Sharp Practices of Eebel Surgeons — A New Way of Making
Money — Convalescent Hospital in Bic'hmond — Efforts to Escape —
Discovery — Back to Belle Island  38
CHAPTER y.
The Winter o/ 1863 and '64 — Miseries multipUed — Arrival of Pris
oners from Burnside's Army — Their terrible Sufferings — A

4 CONTENTS. PA8&
Night of Horror— Fearful Extremities of Cold— Pitiable Expe
dients to keep Warm— Tte Number of Deaths during the Win
ter—Burial of the Dead  42
CHAPTER VI.
Punishments— Bucking and Gagging— Kiding the Horse — Great
Sufferings and Torture under the rigors of a fiendish Vindictive
ness  50
CHAPTER VII.
Theft — Police Eegulations of the Island — Eegnlators and Bald
ers— Summary Punishments — Treacheiy of the Camp-guard  53
CHAPTER VIII.
National Airs— Hatred of them by the Southern Soldiers — Green-
baoks and Contraband Trade— Speculations in Food — In Money
— Quotations— The Eichmond Brokers— How the Yankees out
witted the Guards  ,   58
CHAPTER IX.
Desertions to the Enemy — Twenty-eight Eenegade Cobblers — The
Devotion of Southern Union Soldiers — Contribution of the
Sanitary Commission — The Treatment received from the Eebel
Government  63
CHAPTER X.
A special Exchange— Sad Disappointment— A Eevolt organized —
Details of the Plan — Its discovery — Precautions of the Eebel
Authorities  68

CHAPTER XI.
Clearing Belle Island — Expectations, of Home— The ovdr-bnoyant
Spirits of the Men— Fatal Consequences— Sad Eealizationa. ., ,. . 72

CONTENTS. 6
t
CHAPTER XII. Paok
From Belle Island to Andersonville — A Terrible Journey — W hat we
Experienced ou the Way — Universal Sympathy of the Negroes. . 74
CHAPTER XIII.
Arrival at Anderson — The Condition of the Men— Brutality of a
Eebel Officer — The March to Camp Sumter— Description of the
Carap  81
CHAPTER XIV.
Going Back to the Old Treatment— The Expedients fpr Shelter—
Bations — Withholding Bations as a Punishment — Cooking in
Prison  86
CHAPTER XV.
The Arrival of the Summer Season— The Crowded Condition of
the Camp — Appearance of Summer Diseases — Poisonous Odors —
Immense Swarms of Flies  ^  90
CHAPTER XVI.
Sickness and Mortality — The Nature of' the Diseases— fhoir im
proper Treatment — Hospitals— The Immense Mortality — Vacci
nation and its melancholy Effeats  .'  93
CHAPTER XVII.
The Consummation of Sufferingr-Despair and Insanity — The Con
versation of Oneof the Victims — Moon-blind— Its Effects  97
CHAPTER XVIII.
Flans of Escape — "Chickamauga" — He serves the Eebels as a
Spy— The Death of Chickamauga — " Mugging the Guard" — A

6 CONTENTS. FAai:
grand Conspiracy— Eight Thousand Prisoners to Eevclt— Discov
ery of the Plot— Punishment of the " Traitor"— Efforts to
Escape by feigning Death  l**"
CHAPTER XIX.
Traitors in Camp— Their Punishment— Tempting Prisoners from
their Allegiance — Discovery of a guilty Shoemaker— Meting
out Justice  106
CHAPTER XX.
Amusements within the Stockade — Establishment of the Mark
ets — Scene on Market-street — Competition in Business — The
Effects ofthe Markets upon those who oould enjoy them  109

CHAPTER XXI.
Eaiding at Camp Sumter— Detection' of a Number of " Eaiders" —
Tlieir Trial — Sentenced to be hanged — Their Execution — The
Effect of extreme Measures  ,. . 112
CHAPTER XXII.
Eemoval to Macon — An agreeable Journey — Prison Life at
Macon — Au extraordinary Privilege — Description of Macon —
More Prisoners Arriving — Preparations for another Transfer .... 118

CHAPTER XXIII.
Off for Charleston^Enthnsiasm of the Prisoners — The Displeasure
of the People — Under Fire— Nobody Hurt— Eelieved— An Ex
change—Presents from Home   ,  123

CHAPTER XXIV.
Transferred to Columbia, S. C— The Expressions of the People on
the Way — General Grant's Combinations beginning to Pinch.... 128

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXV.
Fagx.
Extract from the Diary of Lieutenant J. N. Whitney, 2d Ehode
Island Cavalry  131

CHAPTER XXVI.
The Escape of Lieutenant Whitney and Captain Van Buren — Their
Experiences on the Way — Attacked by Hounds — Arrival at a
Mill— Obliged to Turn Back— A Sorghum Boiling  143

CHAPTER XXVII.
Off the road — Discover a Pea-stack — Eest — Morning — Where the
Travellers fdund themselves — Making themselves known to the
Negroes — The Hospitality of the Negroes  150

CHAPTER XXVIII.
The Travellers again on the Way — Their Guide— Peleg's Home
— A flnal Parting — Dense Forests — Again off the Eoad— Strike
the Savannah Eiver — Efforts to find a Negro — Eun into a Eebel
Picket — Again in the Hands of the Enemy.  156

CHAPTER XXIX.
Taken to Augnsta — ^Baok to Columbia — Meeting old Friends — An
other Exchange — Prisoners transferred to the Yard of the Luna
tic Asylum — Building Quarters— Suffering  ISS

CHAPTER XXX.
Sherman again in motion — Speculations as to his Destination — Ee
moval of Prisoners to Charlotte — Our concealment — We leave
our Hiding-place at Night — Fired upon — Meet two Eebels —
Succored by a true Union Lady  168

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XXXI. Pask.
The Occupation of Columbia — We are within the Union Lines
—The Burning of the House of our Benefactress— Our Efforts
on her Behalf— Home  '.  172

LIST OF UNITED STATES OFFICEES, Prisoners of War,
Confined at Columbia, South Carolina  '.. 175

NINETEEN MONTHS
A PRISONER OF WAR.

CHAPTER I.
A Prisoner— Morton, Miss.— 'Mobile, Ala.— Atlanta, Ga.— A foretaste
of Southern inhumanity- Off for Eichmond.
As I seat myself to indite the following narrative of
my experience in Soutbern prisons, I am impelled by no
motives of courted martyrdom, nor a desire to appear
before the world as a hero : I rather sicken at a, repeti
tion of what were once inexorable realities. Indeed,
when I become deeply absorbed in a recollection of the
sgenes still fresh and vividlj* toefore my mind, I sorae
times forget that I am again surrounded by friends and
humanity, and become despondent and oppressed. - A
person hardened to all sorts of wretchedness for nineteen
long months is often apt, for some time after, to overlook
his freedom. The mind, accustomed to long subjection
and restraint, is slow to realize its acquired liberty, and
lurks, mournfully in the dark sepulchres of the past,
brooding over miseries gone, yet present, mental agonies?
whose lacerations tirae may heal, but the scarsi remain
forever the indelible marks of a terrible ordeal.

10 NINETEEN MONTHS
In telling my story, I will confine myself exclusively
to the narrative style, not striving for literary efiect, but
to state plainly what I witnessed and endured. In
doing this, I must be understood as not awarding to my
self an undue claim upon the sympathies ofthe Christian
and enlightened people of the North, but using my own
trials as an example, as the mouth-piece of thousands of
others^iany of whom harve endured wretchedness com
pared with which mine has been nothing. With this
understanding I will begin.
On the 2d of July, 1863, the expedition. Colonel J.
N. Hannan commanding, of which my command formed
a part, left camp, near Port Hudson, with orders to
occupy Jackson, Louisiana. At this time. General
Banks was closely investing Frank Gardner, in Port
Hudson, and it wag confidently believed there that he
must soon surrender. The objeot of our movement was
to reconnoiti'e the country adjacent and in the rear of
our lines, to watch the operations of small parties flying
about the country, and give timely notice ofthe approach
of a considerable hostile force to succor the beleaguered
garrison, and oblige General Banks to raise the siege.
After pursuing our route for some distance, on July Od
I was detached with twenty-five men, of the Third
Massachusetts cavalry, to move and make observations
on another road. Upou nearing Concord Churoh, four
miles from Jackson, I suddenly encountered the whole
of Colonel Logan's brigade of rebel cavalry. Almost
simultaneously my command was attacked on all sides,
and after a desperate conflict against overwhelming
numbers, I gave what are termed in military parlance
"stampeding orders," in hopes that by taking to the
woods some of us might escape ; but so completely were

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 11
we invested, that nearly every man before night was
picked up. I was taken with a squad with which I was
endeavoring to cut my way back to our lines.
Scarcely had the firing ceased, than a drove of rebel
soldiers fell upon me like a pack of rapacious and raven
ous wolves. After unceremoniously depriving me of my
hat, boots, and blankets, they made me disgorge the con
tents of my pockets, and finally " swapped" clothes. A
sneaking fellow, who secured my jack-knife, seemed par
ticularly fortunate, and rejoiced. After each one of our
party was subjected to an involuntary distribution of his
property, I was sent to the rear, in a squad of felloW-
prisoners. Two days after, the whole party, under guard
of twenty-five rebel cavalry, was marched ofi" to Morton,
Mississippi, a small town o^ the Jackson and Meridian
railroad, about twenty-five miles east of the former
place. The distance we were obliged to travel was
about one hundred and fifty miles. The weather was
simply torturing. The sun potired down upon our hat-
less heads a perfect stream of fire. The intense heat
falling upon our ill-clad persons raised painful and fever
ish blisters, and the abrasion of what remnant of cloth
ing we had upon us rendered our sufferings still greater.
Our feet, swollen and torn, were made doubly painful by
the heated roads. The country through which we passed
was poorly supplied with water, and when at hand, it
was not the limpid, refreshing, fatigue-dispelling eleraent
of the mountain, but the dead, slimy, green, vegetable,
and animal decomposition of the bayous, the haunt of
the aUigator and foul reptiles. Thus day after day we
trudged, rather were driven on our way. Some of our
party often fell to the ground, overpowered by the, com
bined effects of heat and exhaustion. For a few moments

12 NINETEEN MOlfrTHS
we would be halted for the unfortunate one to revive,
These were treasured moments. They were Often for
hours our only chance of escape from the intolerable
heat. Singular that the torments of a comrade should
give so much satisfaction ! In time of misery, men care
only for themselves. Self seems to be naturally a pre
dominant impulse. When we resumed our march, we
set out wondering who would be the next to suflfer, that
the rest might have another moment's respite.
After a lapse of about three weeks we reached our
destination, and though the inhospitable chambers of the
prison awaited us, this prospect, in view of Our painful
march, was rather a source of joy than of despair.
Our place of confinement at Morton was an old negro
prison, in which, at the time, in an adjoining room, were
thirty of this unfortunate race. Some were shackled
and manacled with great cruelty, and the most fiendish
punishments, from their piteous cries, must have been
applied to them. The greatest crime ofthe larger num
ber was a desire for freedom.
While at Morton, I first heard of the surrender of
Vicksburg and Port Hudson, and that General Sherman
had routed and driven Johnston eastward ofthe Pearl
river. I now observed, also, that General Johnston was
sending large numbers of his troops eastward, by rail, —
as I since -have learned, with a view to reinforcing and
assisting Bragg in the operations which culminated in
the sternly contested battle of Chickamauga.
I remained at Morton about seven days, and embarked
by rail for Mobile. On the way to that city I was pros
trated by a severe spell of illness, and left at Lodlan
Springs. By the efficacy of a strong constitution and
little drugging, I speedily recovered sufficiently to be

A piiisoNEis or WAE. 13
able to resume my journey. I waa again placed upoh
the train, and arrived at Mobile in the latter part 61
August. Upon reaching the city, I was placed with my com
rades in a building which in former times was used for
mercantile purposes, but since the war had been con
verted into a prison, miscellaneously for Yankees and all
sorts of villains. On the first floOr were nine or ten
men of the Second Tennessee cavalry ; these poor fel
lows, on account of their devotion to the old flag, were
treated with additional severity, and subjected to every
humiliation. On the second floor. General Neal Dow
was confined, awaiting trial at the hands of the civil
authorities, in whose power he had been placed, after his
capture by the military. The crime charged again.st
him was " permitting his men to pillage the inhabitants
of certain districts, while conducting a raid of national
troops through Mississippi."
After undergoing a, close confinement of two weeks at
Mobile, our squad again resuftied its travels, this time
bringing up at Atlanta, Georgta.
At Atlanta we got our first glimpse at, and began to
realize the wretchedpess and misery of Southern cap
tivity. We were rudely turned into a small pen or
B^tockade, a short distance south of the city. In this
inclosure were proiniscuously confined four hundred
national prisoners of war, and about five hundred rebel
soldiers. The latter were awaiting trial for deser
tion and other capital military misdemeanors. The
bloody code of Southern tyranny npon these unfortu
nates was executed without even a show of clemency or
regret, and with an exacting fiendishness. Without a
moment's warning, some were dragged from their hovels
2

I'i NINETEEN MOUTHS
and conveyed to an adjacent field, where they were
brutally shot; others were hanged, or rather suspended
upon trees and choked to death, without the mitigating
-appliances of a regular scaffold. Another set were sent
under guard to the front, as the condition of military
operations at diff'erent points was uncertain. I cannot
express my horror, when I sat brooding over the un
happy lot of these men, and questioned myself whether
I and my comrades, though prisoners of war, hdd any
thing to expect from Wretches who had so little heart.
To speak in detail of life ia the Atlanta stockade
would be to give, on a smaller scale, the horrors endured
on Belle Island and at Andersonville. As my object is
to be as brief as possible^ I will leave those two haunts
of pestilence and woe as the representative types of what
it is to conduct war on chivalric principles.
A short time after my arrival at Atlanta, a small
batch of prisoners were brought in from Rosecrans'
army, operating south of Chattanooga. The advent of
this new lot of " Yanks" was a matter of the highest sat
isfaction to the prison guards, who immediately sug
gested an exchange of rebel notes for greenbacks. These
financial transactions were always numerically in favor
of the prisoner, though the guards always reaped largely
the benefits of a knowledge of the money market, and
never failed to falsify the price of greenbacks. There
was but one resort, and that was to make the exchange
as quickly and secretly as possible, or the possessor of
greenbacks stood a fine chance of being deprived of
them without any return whatever. At the time of my
capture I had a small amount of money concealed ; for
tunately, I was not deprived of my jacket, though I had
on my body, when I arrived at Morton, scarcely a single

A PEBONEB OF WAB. 15
Other article with which I left camp at Port Hudson. The
secretion in the lining of my jacket of funds for a cam
paign, was a precautionary measure I always adopted
before starting. Realizing that Confederate notes, un
der the circumstances, were a vastly more secure invest
ment than greenbacks, I prudently exchanged at the
best terms I could get — ^namely, sii dollars rebel notes
for one of greenbacks. '
The Atlanta prisonei-s, at the time of my arrival, were
receiving rations in quality enough to sicken the most
hardened; and in quantity, a close calculation apon the
amount of sustenance required to prolong or eke out
life, without supporting it.
The daily rations at this time were :
One half-pound of corn-meal, and one ounce of raw
beefi The coru-meal we were obliged to use without salt,
and the beef we boiled into a kind of weak soup.
I was at Atlanta until the 6th of September, 1863,
when a large detachment, in which I was included, was
ordered to prepare to be transferred to Richmond.
Prisoners, particularly in Southern prisons, carry little
luggage, so we wei;p ready in about an hour, and were
at once marched for the depot. On the way we passed
a number of pereons, principally women, children, and
mechanics, on the streets. It was difficult to determine
from their expressionless &<ies whether tbey felt any com
miseration of our condition. It seemed not. They all
wore a look of apathy. This may have been the result
of h.abitnal humiliation, and the tyranny of the Southern
aristocrats. Occasionally we would hear a word of in
dignity cast at us ; on our part, we moved with sealed
lips, and gave no cause for remarks; whenever any

16 NINETEEN MONTHS
thing was said by the inhabitants, it was from pure vin
dictiveness. I may here say a few words about Atlanta ; my oppor
tunities, of course, were not the best to judge of the
town, in the mere aspect of a city, for, from the time I
entered the stockade gate until ordered for transporta
tion to Richmond, I never crossed the prescribed limits
of the camp and its adjacent privileged space. Atlanta,
as Sherman, our country's great explorer, has already
informed us, was, before he visited it, a city of about
twelve thousand resident, and probably no less than
forty thousand transient population, made up of officers,
soldiers, and men employed in the itinerary workshops
of the rebellion. As a tailroad centre, it was one of the
most important in the South, having communication with ,
all parts. At all hours of the .day and night trains could
be heard arriving and departing. Often when my mind,
despondent and wearied by the ennui of captivity, seemed
ready to give way, I listened to the laboring puflT and
shrill whistle of the locomotive, and followed the
rumbling cars off in the distance, — thinking often, that
leads to liberty; and then catching up the sound ofthe
remote approach of an incoming tifain, would follow it
back, noting the increased volume of noise until bronght
to a stop at the depot. From the incessant activity of
trains, I could well judge ofthe importance ofthe place,
and the hum of machinery, the smoke, of various indus
trial establishments, convinced me that much of the
material of war consumed by the rebellion was manu
faotured there. The success of our arms along the boi--
ders of the rebellion had driven a great deal of the
machinery used elsewhere to that point for safety. In
consequence of thia, private dwellings were converted

A PEISONEE OF WAE. ' 17
into workshops, or temporary sheds were erected, in
which the machinery was set up, and applied to useful
.purposes, until Atlanta became rather a city of manufac
tories thau resi(Jences. I am satisfied that the capture
of Atlanta was one of the severest blows to the material
interests of the rebellion that up to that time it had sus
tained. Ofthe country suiroimding, I only speak from outside
information, though I observed in approaching the city
and in my departure, that we passed through a rtgioh
of fine agricultural merits. We were continually im
pressed by the guards with the fact that Georgia was
one of tl?e most fertile States in the South ; but we never
experienced any tangible evidences of this fact in our
prison diet. I belieye, though the remark ofthe guards was
true, that the lack of abundance was owing to the inter
ruptions of labor by th,e great pressure of the war inter
ests of the country. I cannot admit, however, that food
was so scarce as to necessita,te the -meagre allowance
issued to us; for money could always command any
quantity. It was, without question, one phase of the
studied inhumanity which the degraded character of the
Southern leaders ^ad adopted to exercise their intense
animosity. We left Atlanta towards evening, and crowded as we
were in close cars, we all felt a glimmer of liberty. Th'e
fresh air pf the cpuiitry filled our lungs with vigor. We
drew deep inhilations, and felt revived. For a moment
we forgot our destiny, and looked out upon a fine and
eyer-changing prospept of plantations and indications of
former wealth, forests and swamps, bayous and rivers,
valleys and hills. The people seemed lo b,e advised be
forehand of our coming, for the road at many points
¦ 2*

18 NINETEEN MONTHS
presented groups of women and children, white and
black, and at every station there was a large turn-out of
those not gone to the wars to see what they considered
the fruits of the prowess of their chivalry.
During our journey, particularly acrpss Georgia and
South Carolina, I noticed the movement of large num
bers of troops. I inquired their destination, and was in
formed they belonged to Longstreet's corps, moving to
reinforce Bragg, in Tennessee.
While stopping at a station, on what was termed
Stone Mountain, there occurred a little incident which
displayed the devotion of even the children ofthe South
to the cause of treason. The moment our train came to
a stand, about fifty youngsters congregated about the
cars. Our appearance was so forlorn that the little fel-
, lows took us for rebel soldiers.. Sympathizing with our
situation, a number of them disappeared for a short
time, and soon after returned heavily laden with corn-
bread, ham, and yams; These aicceptabie donations were
readily received by the occupants of the cars. After all
had been distributed, one of the youngsters discovered
the persons they were thus gratuitously feeding were
not " Confederate" soldiers but " Thanks ;" whereupon
the congregation set up a terrible lamentation, and de
nounced us as mean and contemptible, and they hoped
we would get sick. As these infantile invectives were
perfectly harmless, and raany of them incomprehensible,
we relished our unexpected imeal, and considered the
freely expressed opinions of the children an exceedingly
cheap rate. As the train moved from the station, some
of the youngsters threw stones after us, but not materi
ally lessening our gratitude for their kindness.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 19

CHAPTER II.
At Eichmond — Libby — Terrible forebodings — Belle Island — Its appear
ance — How the prisoners lived — The daily bill of fare — Deliberate
torture. Eight days after leaving Atlanta, we arrived in the
rebel capital. We were met there by a large crowd of
hangers-on, loafers, and hard cases generally, who were
idling around the depots. I saw very few of w&at I took
to be the better class of people. At Richmond, as well
as everywhere along our route, there were those who de
lighted in ridiculing our situation ; and one more callous
to magnanimity than the rest would make remarks, whieh
were received with the highest approbation and merri
ment by the surrounding crowd. As we had already
learned to endure this species of torment, we kept down
our galled spirits, not, indeed, without a frequent wish
for a single pounce upon some superlatively provoking
wretch near by. *
It was night, and from the depot, in the darkness, we
were marched without delay to Libby prison. I could
not enter the portals of this abode of suffering without a
shudder. So much had been said about its horrors that
I even borrowed misery from wretchedness itself. De
tachments of our party were unceremoniously turned into
the respective quarters we were to occupy, as if so many
animals. Each made a dash at some- choice spot which
first met his eye^ and immediately took possession. All
fellow-feeling was lost, and the strife was for the greatest

20 NINETEEN MONTHS
jComfort of self. It fell to my Ipt to triumph over several
disputants, and secure sufficient room to lie down at
least. After all became quiet, I tried to sleep, bnt it was
impossible. Tired and sore from continuous travel,
burning with thrist and craving with hunger, my brain
in a perfect whii'l of confusion, I tossed about, turned
from one side to the other, thO'Ught of every thing, per
formed all sorts of dry mathematical calculations to in
duce sleep, bnt sleep was impossible, the deep and gloomy
future yawned before me, full of the most terrible fore
bodings. It is not so trying to suffer when we see ber
fore us at least a prospect of good, but to endure anguish
of body and mind, and have not even one ray of cheer,
is a test against which human weakness stays the tide,
only when moved by that invincible impulse, despair.
Towards morning t forgpt my condition, and fell into a
broken sleep, from which I was very soon aroused by
the morning call. As the clothes on our backs answered
the manifold purposes of wearing apparel by day, and
night-shirt, bed-:linen, and counterpane by night, we were
not long in dressing and making beds. The whole party
was then marched out for ablution., which was performed
in the most primitive manner, several tubs answering the
necessities of the whole party, and evaporation, aided by
a fragment of a shirt or coat, or probably shirt or coat
itself, took the place of a towel. This being finished, we
were marched off to breakfast, wluch was slow in com
ing, and painftiUy limited in quantity.
During the morning after my arrival at Libby, I had
the pleasure of exchanging a note and a few words with
Lieut. J. H. Whitney, of the 2d Rhode Island cavalry.
He was also a prisoner, having been captured about two
months befor.e. We had little to communicate that was

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 21
not familiar to both, as we were captured about the same
time. However, the satisfaction of meeting a friend
was in itself a joy, and we compared notes upon our ex--
perience as far as it went, and exchanged words mutu^
ally encouragiflg.
During the same morniiig officers of the prison came
in and searched aU those who arrived the night before
for greenbacks. We were informed that if we would
give them up they would be returned to us.
We had so often in other places, during our captivity,
been deceived by the mean, low-bred proclivities of our
ligh-born and chivalric keepers, that our wits were im
mediately set to work to devise some method of escap
ing the force of this extraordinary financial transaction.
I felt so strongly convinced of my own ability to take
all necessary care of my money, that I proposed to an
intimate comrade to be searched among the first, and
upon being sent above, whieh was the routine, to lower
a string through a hole which I spied in the floor, to
which I was to affix my Valuables. As he had no money
he was soon disposed of. The string soon made its ap
pearance. The room being poorly lighted, and the in
vestigating committee very deeply occupied in their sys
tematic robberies, I rolled my money, which amounted
to some hundreds of dollars, and my watch, in a small
bundle and fastened it to the string, and in a few mo-
ments I had the satisfaction of seeing the string and
package disappear through the lucky hole. When my'
turn came, I was accordingly found an unprofitable
subject and speedily passed up stairs. Here I rejoined
my comrade and received from him the package. I now
took care to secrete it so as to avoid eliciting the atten
tion of the prison-keepers. The money of the party had

22 NINETEEN MX3NTH8
scarcely been stolen when we were ordered below to pre<
pare to be marched to Belle Island, a beautiful name for
a spot whose record is so big with one phase of the in
famy and the everlasting damnation of every man who
has ever supported the treason of the South. After
considerable delay, late in the evening we were in motion.
It was ten o'clock at night when we left the gloomy
precincts of Libby, and marched through one of the
principal streets of the rebel capital. On our route
every thing was perfectly quiet. There were but few
people on the streets. They took but little notice of us.
Occasionally we would pass a night patrol ; he would
perhaps halt for a moment oiit of curiosity and then pass
on without remark, or even an evidence of feeling for
the horrors which awaited us at our destination. Having
marched about a half an hour we crossed the main bridge
over the James River, to Manchester. Thence follow"
ing along the river a short distance on the south side,
we crossed another bridge, which spanned the southern
channel and terminated on BeUe Island.
When we arrived at the main entrance of the prison
limits we were unceremoniously turned in like a drove
of cattle, and left to shift for ourselves. The least we
expected was some accommodations, even the rudest.
But no, the camp was already crowded to its full capaci- ,
ty, and the only resting-place, we could find was on the
bare ground^ without shelter or covering save the broad
canopy of heaven. ^
My first night in Libby was one of indescribable
sensations. Though the terrible place was palled in
darkness, my imagination conjured up pictures of emaci-
• ated forms, starvation and disease struggling for their
victims, and all sorts of human woe in its most hideous

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 23
forms. The very air was full of the foul exhalations of a
miserable existenoe. Dark forms could be seen totter
ing about, and often through the dreadful night issued
moans from the agonies of a dying victim. I took no
sleep my first night on Belle Island. Every thing was
too strange, too awful to be real. I often pondered over
my situation, and wondered to myself whether it was not
all a dream.
At the earliest gray of morning I arose from the
ground, shivering from the chill and dews of the night.
Bnt I soon forgot my own miseries in the scene of deso
lation and suff'ering which unfolded itself before the great
luminary of day.
Having taken but a general glance at what was
passing before me, my first inclination was to find out
something of the location and appearance of the island,
before penetrating the sickening details of its wretched
occupants. Belle Island, an oblong tract of land — the Whole
dimension but one mUe in length, and less than one-
fourth of a mile in breadth — is situated in the James
River, between Richmond and Manchester ; the channel
passing on the Richmond side being nearly one-third
wider than between the island and the south bank. The
island was reached alone from the Manchester side of
the river, and by a rickety bridge, upon which was laid
a branch of the Danville Railroad for the convenience of
the Old Dominion Iron Works, which were located on
the upper end of the island. The prison camp was situ
ated on the extreme lower end of the island. The site
seeraed to have been chosen for its capability of adding
to the wretchedness to which our brave men were com
pelled to submit. The ground was low, wet, and flat,

24 NINETEEN MONTHS
and caltiulated to breed every character of fatal diseaseii.
The area occupied by the prisoners was not over the size
of an ordinary regimental camp — say about four acres.
Around the whole was an embankment about three feet
in height, somewhat resembling in appearance a hasty
field defence. The ditch lay inside, and was about two
feet in depth. The ditch aiid bank formed the boundary,
beyond which it was death for a prisoner to Wander.
Here was the fatal '' dead-line," outside of which, encir
cling the whole camp, were a chain of sentinels, ready to
carry out tbeir instructions to kill at every opportunity.
The death of a Union prisoner always secured a fur
lough. Still further from this were the guard and
officers' quarters, cook-house, hospital, and graveyard.
A ridge of low hiUs surrounded and overlooked the
camp. Here were posted, at diff'erent points, four pieces
of artillery, charged with shell and canister, and pointed
to rake all parts of the camp. Cannoneers were always
at the pieces, ready at an instant to open upon any indi
cations of a revolt. North of the camp was the grave
yard, in plain view, and thickly marked with evidences
of its dense population of bodies wantonly deprived of
life. West of the graveyard was the hospital, the step
ping-stone from the camp to the grave.
^ While I was quietly sauntering in the vicinity of the
guard-line, towards the north channel of the river, I was
accosted by a grim specinlen of Southern chivalry.
" Hello thar, Yank, how d'ye make it ?" said he.
" Nothing to coraplain of yet," I replied.
" How long you^re been in thar ?" he inquired, with
an eminently tantalizing accent.
" Just as long again as half," I replied, not wishing to
gratify his curiosity.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 25
" You're a mighty bright un," answered the inquisi
tive ggntleman, somewhat nonplused by being cut off
so short.
After a few moments' pause, as if coUecting his ideas,"
if he ever had any, he again broke out —
" Hello, smart Yank, in thar, do you want some
thing to eat ?"
" No. Do you want some greenbacks ?" asked I.
" Yes," said he, with a greediness which Uncle . Sam's
currency always calls forth among Southern soldiers.
" WeU, you can get plenty of them up North," I an
swered. " That's so. Again taken down. You're a d  d
sharp un, you are."
Not wishing to continue this conversation, for fear of
trespassing too far upon the temper of the guard, I
walked off" to another part of the prison inclosure ; seeing
which, the fellow exclairaed after me —
" Oh, Yank, -caU again if you want something to eat,
or a nice new blanket, — here's the place to get it."
As this was said merely to bring before my mind
these comforts, most painfully deficient, I treated the
remark with sUent contempt.
My first visit through the carap was a theme of the
greatest horror. I lost all consciousness of self. I felt a '
perfect agony of exasperation at what was sufl'ered there.
I could not even withhold a bitter censure of the gov
ernraent. I thought of the humanity which has charac
terized all its acts towards men who have lost all rights.
I thought of rebel prisoners in the North, living upon
the best of food, and abundant in quantity, with every
medical care, and then asked myself the question
whether' it was humanity to nurse an eneray and con-
3

26 NINETEEN MONTHS
demn a-friend. I thought not of my own gloomy future,
but the horrible past of this abode of misery an^ suffer
ing. It would be utterly impossible to convey more than a
general idea of the picture presented by the sufferers on
BeUe Island ; and my own lot cast with them was indeed
often a subject of painful contemplation. Around me
were seven thousand men, human beings, massed, literaUy
massed, within a space which was not sufficiently large
to conveniently accomraodate one-half that number.
The quarters , were constructed of any thing and every
thing, and of all styles of architecture, from the rudest
and raost dilapidated species of .cabins, which were con
sidered palaces, down to a burrow or a piece of blanket,
the centre raised upon two sticks, eighteen inches in
height, and the four cornei-s pinned to the ground, thus
allowing one or two raen to slide under horizontaUy.
The materials used in the construction of these hovels
were principally pieces of board, strips, mud, earth,
strips of tenting, coats, pantaloons, and shirts, rudely
lashed together, — in fact every conceivable thing not eat
able, and not absolutely necessary for cooking. Rude
and squalid as was their exterior, infinitely worse were
they within. For economy of material many of the
hovels were sunk several feet in the ground, and the
loose earth was banked up to give height on the sui-face.
The interior dimensions varied from six feet square and
upwards to about two or three times that size, and shel
tered from three to twelve men, and sometimes even
more. The accoramodations inside were of the rudest
character, consisting merely of a board, or a piece of a
blanket, to raise the body from the damp ground ; and
in some cases men did not possess even this luxury.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 27
The majority of the hovels were without light and ven
tilation, the means of ingress and egress bearing no pre
tensions above what would be called a hole. How men
managed to survive the damp and confinement of such
places I could not divine, and doubted the strength of
my own constitution to successfully struggle against the
test. <
The camp was deficient in even an attempt at drain
age, and consequently every rain added greatly to our
discomfort. As the result of this defect, there was no
regular plan observed in the laying out of the camp.
Each hovel was erected upon the most eligible site stand
ing out of the way of the frequent floods.
The Jaraes River, whioh washed the island on all
sides, answered a variety of purposes. About one hun-
' dred and fifty feet of river front was set apart for the
sink. A space of ten feet adjoining the upper limit
afforded aU the conveniences allowed for washing, and
ten feet above this was marked off for drinking. Ac
cording to the regulations pf the camp, no one was per
mitted to visit the sink during the night. It is there
fore unnecessary to describe the scene presented every
morning after eight to ten weary hours of darkness and
suffering : it can be better imagined.
About thirty-six hours after my arrival on the island,
I began to realize the eff'ects of the reduced state of the
commissariat, for the supply of prisoners. The daily
aUowance per man, at this time, was as follows :
One half pound of corn-bread, about half baked.
One pint of bean soup.
One to two ounces of meat.
This liberal supply was served in two instalments,
morning and afternoon.

28 NINETEEN MONTHS
The soup could hardly be classed among the nourish
ing fluids generaUy recognized under that head, and
would have been a curiosity to any one but an inhabit
ant of BeUe Island. He was indeed himself the more
curious to satisfy the hungry curiosity of his stomach, j;
The fact of its being bean soup was sometimes patent in
the appearance of' a stray bean on the surface. Any one
who discovered a dozen beans was considered in luck.
The recipe used in the manufacture of bean soup for
prisoners was, in general terras, a few wormy hog-beans,
the more worras the better, a superabundance of James
River water, and occasionally an imperceptible quantity
of salt or saltpetre.
We had in name at least one luxury, and that was
coffee. It was not the valuable product of the tropical
plant known by that name, but a manufactured article
of which the sum and substance was burnt bread-crust.
The merit of this species of' coffee was guaged by
bringing it in contact with the greatest araount of heat
without being consuraed. The maxira accepted in re
gard to this article of diet was, the blacker the bread-
crust, the better the coffee.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 29

CHAPTER III.
Eeduction of Diet— Conflict between Life and Death — Eevolting Ex
tremities — Surgeon's Call — Eichmond Hospitals — Mortality — Sol
diers buried alive.
Patiently, day after day, the victims of rebel barba
rism on BeUe Island endured their sufferings without a
murmur. Day after day as the winter grew they felt
the harsh hand of hunger and cold, disease and death,
seizing thera with a tighter grasp, and yet they kept their
peace. What was working in those minds full of an
guish and despair no one knows, but with the fortitude
of martyrs they asked nothing of their enemie^ trusting
in God.
About the middle of the month of November our
greatest suflferings commenced. This new regime of
torture was inaugurated by a perceptible reduction in
our diet. At that time the issues of meat suddenly dis
appeared, and by the expiration of the month the soup
also ran out. In the place of soup about twice a week
two spoonfuls of beans unboiled were graciously issued
tp each man. But here another obstacle arose. Our
daily aUowance of wood was so limited that it scarcely
lasted more than half an hour. This was sufficient
time only to soften the beans, or set the water to
boiling. Hence our alternative, under these circum
stances, was to give the beans and the water the full
beneflt of the fire, and- when that gave out, to eat the
parboUed mixture despite the consequences.
3*

30 NINETEEEN MONTHS
The growing scarcity of food soon brought numbers
to the most revolting extremities. Frequently I remem
ber seeing men of noble frames, but emaciated to mere
skeletons, crawling about the camp, voraciously snatch
ing the veriest crumbs dropped or thrown away by
some new arrival. It was a daily sight to see men sup
porting themselves with one hand, and plunging the
other into a barrel of refuse matter in search of a bone
or a bean. An old bone which had been repeatedly ex
amined and gnawed at, was often a subject of bitter
strife between several starving contestants, and frequent
ly the victor triumphed to his disappointment, in finding
the bone familiar tp him as the object of former strug'
gles. /-^ne day while resting against the chimney of a cabin
near ray quarters, I Witnessed a similar though raore
agonizing contest. Two men so reduced that they
could scarcely keep on their feet, were fighting with all
the energy they had left, for the .possession of a bone
which sorae new-comer had thrown away. They held
the cause of the conflict between them, and turned and
twisted, repeatedly both falling to the ground, and rising
again together to renew their efforts. After about
twenty minutes thus occupied, tbey undertook to cora
proraise the matter by more peaceable means. At this
juncture a third party stepped upj suddenly seized the
bone, and ran off! The two men immediately shuffled
and staggered in pursuit. In a few moments the three
had disappeared among the huts.
The most disgusting scene of all^ I saw a few days after
while walking through the camp for exercise. I men
tion it as but a single instance of the extent to which
the men were hardened by their sufferings. Two sol-

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 31
diers lying on the ground were apparently in conversa
tion, one of them being sick suddenly ejected the con.
tents of his stomach. His companion, incredible and
revolting as it may appear, perceiving a fragraent of
undigested meat, drew it /rom the vomit and without
hesitation placed it in his mouth, masticated and swal
lowed it with apparent relish. This was too much for
me. I turned my back and hastened to my quarters :
while on the way I passed a poor fellow in the very
embrace of death, alternately coughing and singing. I
halted, and after contemplating him a few moments said
to him, " My man, you seem to be in a happy mood,"
not at first perceiving the impulse of his song.
He looked at me a moment, grinned and again began,
" Hard up, hard up ! I never shaU forget the day when
I was hard up ; but I'll be weU off yet, I'll be well off
yet !"
The manner of the man's expression soon told the
whole story. His raental faculties were gone. The in-
tenaty of his suffering was more than he could endure.
He was a maniac in the camp, strolling about chanting
his mournful refrains, "Hard up, hard up! I never
shall forget the day when I was hard up ; but I'U. be well
off' yet." Yes, I thought, wfien death puts an end to
your misery.
Probably the principal cause of suffering, and one I
think to which the insufficiency of food and clothing was
secondary, was the want of proper shelter. -.^
The crowded state of the camp, and the scarcity of
building material, often obliged men to lie in the open
air without the covering even of a blanket, for weeks at
a time, awaiting their turn to step into the quarters ot
some comrade who had succumbed in death to the mis-

32 NINETEEN MONTHS
eries ofthe place. WhUe undergoing this test many of
the unfortunates themselves died. In the matter of
clothing, the first stroU I took through the camp I dis
covered hundreds of shoeless feet and bodies almost
naked. About one-half of the men were without over
coats or blankets. The result of this deplorable neglect
was an immense mortality. The prevaiUng disease of
the camp was diarrhoea, which coupled with exposure
and starvation, reduced the men to a most frightful con
dition. Many looked more like hideous spectres than
human beings — their eyes were wild with the delirium
of suffering, and their faces sunken, wan, and sad, and
were fit subjects to affright the stoutest heart.
^One day standing at the gate leading to the hospital
I observed a mournful procession. It was made up ot
between two and three hundred suff'ering men, attend
ing " surgeon's call." This was the daUy average. As
the line moved slowly by it wavered and staggered
with the weight of wretchedness. Some of the men,
with almost superhuman effort, succeeded in carrying
themselves erect, o'thers tottered along, often grasping
for support a comrade, who, unsteadied by this unexpec
ted shock, seized another ; thus the struggle spread until
nearly the whole line was affected. Numbers of men
. were unable to walk alone and were assisted by some
stronger companion. Those who were not able to keep
their feet at all, were either left behind to die or con
veyed by their comrades in a blanket.
^ — pSurgecm's call was more ajferm than a blessing J The
medical department ofthe Island~^was~attendea by an
insufficient and inefficient corps of raen. Judging from
their manner many of them had never seen a work on
medicine, and most probably were graduates of the

A PEISONEE OF WAK. 33
school of horse medicine, or that sphere of medical ex
perience which relates to the treatment of the white
trash of the South. The surgeon-in-chief of the rebel
armies evidently made it a raerit to send the poorest of
his craft to practise upon the Yankees.
One day whUe watching the passing of the victims of
surgeon's call, perceiving one raan tottering along with
decrepitude, brought about by the weight of woe, I
stopped him a moment —
" Comrade," said I, " you are very iU, why don't you
get a permit for the hospital ?"
He looked up surprised at my question, and raerely
asked, " Have you ever been there ?"
"No," I replied.
" Well, then don't ask snch a question."
" But pray is the hospital any more than what you
suff'er here ?" I inquired.
" Ten or a hundred tiraes : just as much more as it
takes to quickly put an end to a raan," he said, glooraily.
He seeraed for a moraent in deep raeditation, and then
continued :
" I had two brothers, both older and stronger than
myself; we belonged to the same company and the same
regiment, and were captured in the sarae battle."
" Three brothers captured in the sarae battle !" I re
peated, with sorae commiseration.
" YeS, three brothers taken iu the same battle. After
fighting hard all day, late in the afternoon, while on
picket, we were run down and taken prisoners, and car
ried tp the rear. Aft^r stealing .aU we had, and making
us exchange clothing, we were sent off by the rebels to
this terrible place."

34: NINETEEN MONTHS
The raan again? became quiet,' and seemed to be rievolv-
ing in his mind awful scenes.
" What has become of your brothers ?" I asked.
"We were not," he replied, "on the island twoweeks
before one of them was taken down sick. He was sent
out there (pointing to the hospital) for treatment. Four
mornings after, I was counting from the guard-line the
number of dead laid out for burial. Among the num
ber I recognized the. face of my brother. I felt recklessj
and would have crossed the dead-Une, and let the guard
shoot, so that I might have another look at my brothei^.
As I started forward a companion with whom I' had
been conversing seized me, held me back, and persuaded'
me not to commit a folly which ^ would inevitably resiilt
in my own death. I obeyed, but all the morning Watch
ed frora within the limits of the camp the dead body of
my brother without. At noon I saw hita rudely tossed
into the dead-cart, and hauled off to the sUent grave."
Here the man shed tears, and supporting himself on
my shoulder, remained: thus giving vent to a- grief that'
had hitherto been unable to escape. Drying his eyes on
his coat sleeve, or rather on the rags which represented
it, he again spoke :
" My second brother," said he, " gave way about a'
week after the first died. After the experience of the
first he refused to go to hospital. He went to sur
geon's call, but that did him no good. One night we
laid down in our hut. About midnight he said he
was cold. Il gave him aU the blanket I' couldi The
next morning I: looked at: him, and' found' he was stark-
dead." Here the soldier thought for a moment, and then
looked me full in the face, and wifth a wUd grin said^ in

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 35
a voice as hollow as the sepulchre itself: "And I expect
they'll have the trouble of carrying me out in a blanket
one of these fine mornings." With this remark the sick
man continued on his way to surgeon's caU.
I watched as the victim parted from me ; death's stamp
seemed fixed upon hira. Two weeks after, I uncovered
a dead body which was about to be carried to the grave
yard. It was the last of the three brothers. 1 could
not stay a tear, and thought of the anxious raother
awaiting their return or some tidings from her three sons.
By a rule of the camp, the most severe types of dis
ease were, at the expiration of each week, sent to hos
pital in Richmond, where they received but little better
treatment than on the island, (^n the subject of the
Richmond hospitals I conversed one day with Corporal
Bowie and others, who had facilities of ascertaining. I
learned that Ithe accommodations of the hospitals were
limited, and always more than fiUed. The patients were
closely ranged along the floors, with scarcely sufficient
room to pass between them. The rooms were withont
ventilation, and were so filthy that the greatest surprise
was the non-appearance in the city of some terrible
plague originating in the hospitals. Medical supplies
were scarce, and sometiraes absolutely exhausted. But
the worst feature of the place was the inattention and
brutality of the rebel nurses. Men in the last struggles
of death were permitted to lie unheeded in the most vio
lent paroxysms. Others, from their inabUity to move,
made their evacuations in their beds, and lay for whole
days in the filth, and surrounded by the foul effluvia.
Others, iu the delirium of fever, fell savagely upon some
patient near by, and after striking and tearing him with
a perfect frenzy of passion, fell exhausted and power-

36 NINETEEN MONTHS
less, or perhaps a corpse ; wtile the sufferings of the vic
tim of his insanity were increased or terminated.
But if life in the Richmond hospitals was terrible,
death itself was no,alleviation. The average daUy mor
tality was twenty. The bodies were often perraitted to
reraain in the beds untU putrefaction had set in, or some
times in haste were hurried off' to the dead-house before
life was fully extinct, to make room for sorae new
patient. The dead-house is said to have presented a
horrible sight; the bodies were piled upon the fioor,
sometimes several deep, awaiting sepulture. In the
mean time innumerable rats, attracted by the ovation
laid out for them, feasted themselves without interrup
tion, and morning revealed a horrid sight of ghastly and
mutilated faces, some devoured entirely, and others
without eyes and noses.
On the island I found, of my own observation, the dis
regard of human life, and the neglect to which human
bodies were conderaned, most mournfuUy verified. I
shall never forget one evidence of this. On January 12,
1864, 1 was passing where I could see five bodies of sol-
• diers, lying side by side, in the rear ofthe hospital, pre
paratory to burial. I stood a moment in deep contem
plation watching thera. I soon discovered what I sup
posed to be a convulsive action in one of the bodies. I
looked more closely and found the man, though laid out
to be buried, was not dead, and was then endeavoring
to turn over. The doctor, in making his round, consid
ered the poor fellow dead, or so nearly so that he might
•as well be taken out to make room, in expectation that
he would die before the remaining four wpuld be
buried. Another instance of tbe carelessness, we can hardly

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 37
suppose it ignorance or design, of persons in charge ot
the sick I witnessed one day, whUe watching the process
of disposing of the dead. There were a number of
coffins lying in the vicinity. In one I noticed two men
unceremoniously cast a corpse, and were nailing down
the lid : suddenly I was startled to find the lid lifted, and
a man, partiaUy naked, by a miraculous return of
strength, seat himself upright in the coffin. The man
was not dead. What a fortunate return of conscious
ness ! I thought how many, in the extreme exhaustion
and lethargy of disease, thus revived when too late. My
blood chilled as I thought of perhaps scores, maybe hun
dreds, after enduring all the horrors of Southern barbar
ism, awake to find its consummation in being buried
alive. 4

38 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER IV.
Sharp Practices of Eebel Surgeons — A New Way of Making Money —
Convalescent Hospital in Eichmond — ^Efforts to Escape — Discovery—
.Back to Belle Island.
A SHORT time after my arrival oh thP island I entered'
into an arrangeraent with one of the doctors, whereby I'
expected to better my condition, by being transferred to
a Richmond hospital as an invalid. As I discovered'
afterwards, I was merely the victim of a sharp practice
in vogue amotig the surgeons of the island and a number
of accomplices at Richmond. It appeared these men
had organized a well-understPod arrangement between
themselves, in order to secure money from prisoners of
war. The plan, as I learned by experience, was this.
When a prisoner was considered "fiush," a doctor imme
diately set upon his track, and, after a brief familiarity,
introduced a conversation which invariably terminated
in a suggestion that for fifteen dollars, in greenbacks he
would be sent across the river to the city convalescent
hospital as an invalid, and there be paroled with the _
sick. The accommodations at these establishments, iu
view of the small suras occasionally realized, were a vast
iraprovement on ariy thing experienced in other places
devoted to the uses of prisoners of war. If the prisoner
had money sufficient to meet the expense of this privi
lege he handed it to the doctor, and in a day or two
the first part of the bargain was consummated — he was
passed into a boat, and conveyed across the river.
This agreeable change lasted usually, at the utmost,

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 39
from two to four weeks, at the expiration of which time
a new set of doctors were sent around, purporting to
overhaul the city hospitals. The individuals invariably
knew the subjects of the arrangement, and at orice or
dered them back to the island, unless they could pur
chase extension of their privilege by paying for it. Mten,
however, once thus gulled' kept their money for better
uses, and accordingly refused. The result of this w'as a
docuraent certifying or ralther announcing' the recovery
of the patient, who was imraediately restored to the'
island and permitted to reflect tipon his bargain.
Having money, I was induced to victimize rayself by
putting confidence in persons who had frequently before
given evidence, either personal or towards my Comrades,
of their bad faith. Two months I passed in hospital '
in coraparative corafort, but after the lapse of this time
I was informed that I raust either return to the island
or to some city prison. When we were alone my corii-
panions and myself held a council of war, during which
we deterrained not to go. We resolved for the time
being to ransom ourselves from the island. The sur
geon accepting the proposition three besides myself gave
him twenty-five dollars each to be invalided for two
months longer ; in the' mean time we planned measures
of escape.
For sorae days after this arrangement we were en
gaged in observing all' parts of the" hospital premises
affording the most practicable chances of escape. Having
selected the wash-house as the scene of our attempts we
commenced taldng up the boards. It was our purpose
to dig out by tunnelling the foundation. Our labors in
the beginning weut on magnificently, andthe third night
found us under the sentinel's beat. We could hear his

40 NINETEEN MONTHS
cry "AU's well," and so we thought were we, and looked
hopefully upon the issue of our undertaking. The fourth
night, however, found our ¦ operations summarily
checked. During that day the rebel sergeant of the
guard looked suspiciously upon us. Whether he had
been informed or raerely suspected us, or whether our
fears and iraagination had a great deal to do with our
alarm, we were unable to determine, but concluded that
this should not be an obstacle to a prosecution of our
labors that night. Expeditipn was now every thing.
Shortly after dark, one of our party being ou guard,
three of us crept to the wash-house and resumed opera^
tions. We were working vigorously, when the suspect
ing sergeant visited our beds and found them vacant.
Iraraediately but quietly instituting a search, he came
upon us by surprise. We were digging away, and whis
pering our instructions to each other in the quietest man
ner, when lights appeared and the sergeant and several
men approached. Our hearts sank within us. No op
portunity presented itself where we could secrete our
selves. Our only alternative was to face our misfortune
manfully. For a time my mind was filled with an in
clination to settle my accounts with life, make my peace
with God, and stand up and meet death on the spot.
The raanner of the sergeant soon, however, calraed ray
fears and thpugh all of us were roughly buffeted, we
sufi'ered no other punishraent than a few bruises, and
nuraerous epithets less beautiful than expressive and po
tential in the dialect of profanity.
We were at once placed under guard and hastened to
Libby. After passing the remainder of the night in calra
reflection and frequent self-congratulation that we were
alive, we early the following morning experienced the

A PEISONEE' OF WAE. 41
sensation of a march back to the horrors of Belle Island.
Thus terminated my first effort for liberty, but I was
determined it should not be the last. I was convinced
of one thing by my experience — ^that if the traitor gov
ernraent desired, the condition of prisoners could be
iraraensely ameliorated without much additional outlay.
The hospital in which I was an inmate because I paid
the surgeon's fee, though rude in accommodations and
managei6ent, still was infinitely better than the abodes of
filth and misery which prevailed in the buildings used
for the general sick. It appeared the whole system of
treatraent of prisoners of war was a conflict of vindictive
and mercenary motives. When the patient had raoney
which had escaped the cupidity of his captors, and the
insatiate pack of deliberate thieves he raet at his in
troduction to prison life at Richraond, he was allowed
privileges ; but when that money was all consumed, he
was treated, if possible, more severely than those who
never had means. Those who had no money at all
from the beginning, felt the full rigors of the despotism
and inhumanity of the chivalry of the South.
4*.

42 NINETEEN MONTHS'

CHAPTER V.
The Winter of 1868 and '64^-Misene8 multiplied — Arrival of Prisoners
from Burnside's Army — Their terrible Sufferings— A Night of
Horror — Fearful Extremities of Cold — Pitiable Expedients to keep
Warm — ^The Number of Deaths during the Winter — Barial of the
Dead. Mt absence from the island now pi'oved worse for me
than if I had remained and endured aU its privations.
Winter was not yet passed, and the quarters which I
had occupied before leaving were now in possession of
another. By a fortunate circumstance, one of my com
panions and rayself succeeded in securing a shelter —
which, by a stretch of iraagination, was called a tent by
the islanders sufficient, by care and close contact, to ac
commodate two. This at least had the effect of lessen
ing our exposure, though we were obliged to lay on the
ground and had only such covering a,s we could secure
by the polite manner in which we approached the
guard and a prompt levy upon the late possession of a
dead comrade.
The winter of 1863 and '64 .was a terrible one for the
miserable inhabitants of Belle Island. The season was
colder than had been known for some years. The cold
winds, rains, and snows swept the island mercilessly. It
seemed to blow fiercer than ever, to increase our wretch-
,edness. Those who had tents or huts were compara
tively comfortable, aud still they suffered ; but the misery
and suffering of those unfortunates who were without
any protection whatever, cannot be told. All night

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 43
long the emaciated forms of the outcasts could be seen
staggering through the camp in order to keep from
freezing. The scarcity of fuel drove them to it. In the
darkness, or perhaps in the calm cold light of the moon,
they could be seen moving about, feebly striking their
shoulders with their hands like spectres preparing for
some terrible exhibition of demonology. The only rest
which these men found was during the day, to get in d
sunny place and take the repose nature demanded.
Two days after my reappearance on the island my
attention was attracted by four men carrying out of the
Camp the remains of a soldier. I inquired the boy's his
tory, for he was a boy not raore than sixteen. The sol
diers informed me that he was brought in about a month
before. When he came he was Without any thing, his
captors had robbed him_of his overcoat and blanket.
He could find no shelter. There was no mercy araong
the miserable beings on the island, and the boy was
obliged to shift for himself. The night was extremely
cold. He ran about the camp trying to keep his blood
warm, but despite his exertions, the merciless wind
pierced him to the very heart. At last, overpowered by
his exertions, he fell to the ground exhausted : the cold
\ \ throwing him into a stupor, he soon feU asleep. It was
his last sleep. The next morning he was picked.up by
some companions stark cold, and lifeless, aS a piece of
marble. In the latter part of December some new prisoners
arrived on the island. The men were greatly fatigued
by their trials. They were all without blankets and
overcoats, having shared the fortunes of all their prede
cessors who had faUen into the hands of the enemy. I
noticed two, wha seemed to be particularly devoted to

44 " NINETEEN MONTHS
each other. The one wa^ yet strong and healthy, the
other weak and in poor health. He was corapletely
overcorae, and the whole of the first night his companion
belabored him with his fists to keep him awake. The
night was cold : the weak man could not overcome his
desire to sleep, and would rouse himself at the urgent
wish of his companion, but almost immediately again fall
asleep. At length the night was passed, and as the sun
rose the strong man conducted his corapanion to a small
fire where he laid hira on the ground. Between the slight
heat of the fire and the scarcely perceptible warmth of
the sun the weak man fell asleep, and did not awake
until aroused by his companion late in the afternoon.
On the last, day of the year 1863, during a terrific
storra of wind, snow, and sleet, several hundred of Burn
side's raen who were captured in the defence of Knox
ville, East Tennessee, were brought in. I never gazed
on a more forlorn, dUapidated, raiserable set of'-men in
my Ufe. They were fit subjects to be the companions ot
the tortured beings of Belle Island. Their captors had
stripped thera of every thing, eyen the clothes on their
bodies, giving them in exchange their own ragged and
fflthy garments. Nearly two-thirds of them were with
out shoes, and not more than a score out of the whole
number were permitted to keep a blanket or overcoat.
Very few of the new-comers could fin^ shelter, and the
remainder- were left out in the open air to sweU the
record of misery nightly experienced. The m,en re.
ported the most terrible suffering on their way to Rich
mond. Part of the way they were oMiged to march
over mountains, through swamps and streams. The'
wind, and rain, and cold beat upon them fearfuUy. Their
clothes were a sheet of ice, and their feet were blue,

A PEISONEE OF. WAE. 45
swoUen, and frostbitten. In this condition they were
driven daily on long marches, whUe tbeir keepers were
riding by their side mounted. At night the miserable
procession would halt. There were no axes with the
party ; they were therefore obliged to gather sticks and
dead-wood, for fire. Invariably before midnight the
fires were out, and the tedious Aours untU morning
were spent in shivering and watching. The rations of
the men were limited to what could be gathered by par
ties of the guard detailed as foragers. They always had
an eye to themselves, but their indolence or inhumanity
generally found the prisoners short. When this batch
of prisoners arrived on the island a large number com
menced dying within three days, and many others be
fore the expiration of a week were obliged to submit to
araputation of frozen limbs.
One night in January, 1864, was the worst I remem
ber on Belle Island. The day had been clear, but very
cold. Men who usually sought rest at this tirae were
obUged to keep up and bestir themselves to keep warm.
Many sought and found a few moments rest during the
day in the quarters of a comrade, but those who were
deprived of this privUege dreaded a night which would
probably prove their last. Night came. A piercing
fierce northeast wind was sweeping ruthlessly across the
Island. The men who had blankets and quarters were
frequently driven to the necessity of running through
the carap to keep warra. What then must have been
the sensations of those outside ! About midnight I could
no longer stand my shivering, and jumped into the open
air for exercise. I never shall forget the scene I wit
nessed there. The whole carap was crowded with raen,
dashing about, jumping, stamping their feet, and swing-

46 NINETEEN MONTHS
ing their arms according to their strength and the de^
gree of heal still left or awakened in thera. I joined
the throng, clasping ray hands rapidly around nay shoul
ders and jumping occasionaUy to start the circulation
in my fpet. While undergoing this process of warm-
,ing, occasionaUy dashing across an open space in the
carap, I saw nunibers of men move from tent to tent
begging and crying piteously, their j^ws rattling with
Cold, to be admitted. As far as there was any possibility
of accommodating another they were admitted, and the
huts and tents were crammed tjO double their capacity.
Frequently the too incautious entrance pf a stranger
would demolish the frail ^belter pf the occupants, and the
whole were driven out to pass the rest of the night a
victim of their syrapathy. Refusal where, the quarters
were absolutely fuU, only raultipliM the desperation of
the raen disappointed, when in the consummation of their
sufferings they fell frantically upon their knees and at
tempted to burrow with their naUs into the frozen sur
face with a perfect frenzy. When disappointed in this,
the wretched men would throw themselves in a heap,
one on the othpr, in order to aggregate the warmth of
their bodies, so as to make a sensible effect through the
whole mass. In these efforts the recklessness of the men
was really painful. They would faU upon one another
and struggle tobe beneath. Here a desperate fight en
sued, having at least the good effect of exciting the men
and firing their blopd. In these struggles the strongest
invariably found the warmest part of the mass, and the
weakest, lying on the outside sl^ivering with th« wind,
would keep his place for a moment and jump up and
strike for himself. This would bring the cold on the
next. He too would jump up, and so on until the whole

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 47
mass would be broken up and the raen seeking other
means of comfort. Thus the weary night wore away,
rendered doubly long and cruel by the anxious wretches
who were praying for morning. I could not return to
my quarters. Several - attempts found Uttie comfort
there, and the next morning I found myself well-nig^
overcome. The scene presented by the return of day was horrible.
AU through the carap bodies of men frozen to death
were found. Many made insensible by the cold had
fallen asleep, and been frozen. Others would fall asleep,
but arouse at a tiraely raoraent to save themselves from
the fatal stupor. I now observed a large number spat
themselves, hugging their knees close to their bodies.
Others would fall over and sleep a few minutes, and then
start to their feet, as if in doubt whether they were
frozen or alive. Nature seemed to sympathize with the
wretchedness, and as the morning grew, the sun rose
bright; it was never so comfortable and full of-
warrath. The sufferers of the night now assured of a
chance of awakening, gave way to exhausted nature.
They lay everywhere through the camps; on the sunny
side of hovels, and seemed to enjoy their slumbers as
though they reposed on beds of down.
About noon a burial-party searched tbe camp for the
dead who had fallen during the night. I watched the
sad office. The detail was from the island guard, and
the raanner in which they perforraed their duty was
brutal in the extreme. Many a poor fellow who was
comparatively comfortable was well shaken and disturbed
in his slumbers, by the heartless inquiry : " Hello, there,
are you dead yet ?" The frozen, or rather those who
made no reply to the questions of the burial-party (and

48 ¦ NINETEEN MONTHS
no one knows how many of these, by proper treatment,
were capable of resuscitation), were placed in rude pine
boxes, and conveyed -to the graveyard, where they re
mained several days, and were finally buried.
At the time, during the winter, when the suff'ering of
Xhe raen was at its height, there were from exposure
alone as many as twenty-seven, and soraetimes fifty
deaths in a single night ; and so completely insensible
had the men become to these scenes of wretchedness,
that scarcely a word passed on the death of a most inti
mate comrade, and frequently frozen bodies would lie a
whole day in camp, exposed to the view of everybody
who chose to look at thera. What else could be ex
pected than this awftil mortality? Nine long weeks,
during the months of December, January, and February
passed, without the issue ofa single load of wood to the
prisoners on the island. Who was to blame for this
heartless oversight, neglect, or indolence, is of course..
not known. Daily, hundreds of men would call upon
the officers of the guard, and beg that sorae fuel be sent ;
even if necessary to cut down the rations. But no, no
wood carae, and many a long night and. weary day, under
every description of weather, the prisoners endured their
dreadful lot. I often thought how raany lives, by a
single stick of wood, might have been saved. But to .
save life was evidently not the wish of the traitors ; they
seemed to care nothing for that. There was to them
an evident satisfaction, next to his suff'ering, in the death
of a Union soldier.
I shaU never forget the month of January, 1864. This
was the worst of the winter. Every day, after witness
ing some new phase of horror aud human suffering, I
could not but breathe a prayer that God, in his inexorable

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 49
justice, would deal with our enemies according to their
deserts. I tried to suppress a desire for revenge with
my own hands. I looked on all sides of me. There
were stalwart frames, wrecks of men who left their
homes at the patriotic impulse of love of country and
constitutional liberty, men who had stormed the breach
and marched upon the cannon's mouth, now helpless
victiras of the outrageous crime of Southern treason.

50 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER VI.
Punishments— Bucking and Gagging — Eiding the Horse — Great Suffer
ings and Torture under the rigors of a fiendish Vindictiveness.
Not satisfied with the sufferings of the men frora the
want of food aud shelter, there were numerous punish
ments inflicted upon them from the slightest causes.
Therp was a red-whiskered sergeant of a portion of the
rebel guard on the island, who particularly revelled in
inflicting the grossest torture. His chief delight was to
buck and gag the men, and he executed his diabolical
work upon the slightest pretences. Backing and gag
ging was carried out by obliging the victim to seat him
self on the ground. Next his hands were tied, and his
arms forced around his knees. The next situation was a
stout stick shoved horizontally between the arms and
the knees, passing over the forraer and under the latter,
securing the man completely in a most painful position.
A block of wood was then fastened in the mouth by
means of a string. Men in this situation were often per
mitted to remain, weak and half clad as they were, with
out food, seated for a whole day, and in extraordinary
cases a day and a night, on the cold ground, ex
posed to the cold and pelting rain, without the power of
extricating or moving a limb. Kept in this constrained
and painful attitude, the suffering of the unfortunate
victim may be imagined. The author of the cruelty, or
at least the medium of its execution, looked upon it with
pecuKar reUsh.

THE CHAIN GANG.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 61
During one of the raids or sudden movements in Feb
ruary, 1864, against Richmond (I could not learn the
exact nature of thq^ affair), the rebel capital was evident
ly thrown into great anxiety, judging frora the manner
of the guards on the island. Their fear of speedy ret
ribution instead of effecting a relaxation of their severe
measures, rather heightened them. A few days after
the first excitement was over, a sraall number of cap
tured raiders were brought on the island. The red-
whiskered sergeant was particularly dehghted at his new
subjects. His mind seemed immediately to plan some
original torture for the new-comers. The first day — and
it was rainy and terrible — he compelled three of these
men to place themselves astride a wooden horse. He .
then fastened a rope to each foot, and drawing the limbs
apart, fastened the other extremities of the rope to
stakes previously driven in the ground, about six feet on
either side of the horse. The men then had their hands
' secured behind them, by means of a rope attached to
stakes in the rear ; their heads were then drawn back,
and another rope run through their mouths, between the
teeth, and both ends fastened to a thirty-two-pound shot.
Two of the men fainted in the beginning of this brutal
ity, but no heed was given them, and the three were
kept in tbis condition of torture for fully an hour and a
half. Harmless as we were, it was impossible to retaliate or
interfere. With burning rage, day after day, we were
obUged to witness our miseries, manifpld in number, in
creased by the brutal arts of a fiend, who was encour
aged in this inhumanity by the applause of all true-
hearted Southerners who visited the island, pften have
I studied the brute's features, his form, his manner, his

62 NINETEEN MONTHS
voice, and then looked again to be sure to fix hira in my
mind. How raany have done this ! For what reason,
let the first meeting say.
It would be irapossible and a profitless task to under
take to mention all the different modes of punishment.
The fuU round is familiar to every man who ever was d
victim of BeUe Island. This was but another means of
manifesting the mean and vindictive spirit, impotent in
somuch as the National Government was concerned, and
a lasting disgrace to the perpetrators of the fiendish
work upon those who, through the casualties of war,
were thrown into their hands.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 63

CHAPTER "VII.
Theft — Police Eegulations of the Island — ^Eegulators and Eaiders—
Summary Punishments — Treachery of the Camp-guard.
SuEEOuNDED by SO much misery, prison life has a gen
eral tendency to encourage all the evil of men, and very
little of the good. I allude to those acts caUed forth
by the instinct of self-preservation, for the struggle upon
BeUe Island was one of life and death, and the men were
often driven, by the necessities of their situation, to acts
of which they disapproved, and which, under any other
circurastances, would have called forth a cry for summary
dealings. The practice most troublesorae on the island
was theft. Any person possessing a coat, or blanket, or
haversack, was obliged to carry them about his person,
or leave them in charge of a reUable comrade. Any
thing wearable, eatable, or usable in any shape to add
to the comfort of the possessor, could not be left un
guarded for a moment without mysteriously or openly
disappearing. Theft was not confined to any particular class of per
sons, in a moral point of view, but was carried on as a
.matter of the most desperate necessity, by those who
were without the necessary article.- The prisoners were
much ridiculed by the Southern press for their steaUng
arid cheating, propensities, but forgot to lay the cause
where it justly belongs. If each man had been reason
ably weU suppUed, tbese things would not have occur
red But when a raan was freezing to death, whether
5*

64 NINETEEN MONTHS
it is right to steal a coat or a blanket, or when another
was starving to death, neither person wiU hesitate long
to speculate upon the moral right of an opportunity to
alleviate his sufferings^and save life. Not one man out
of ten, when he arrived on the island, had a single thing
calculated to make him comfortable. Even their clothes
were nothing but the homespun and tattered cast-off
garments of a rebel soldier or citizen. The raen were
obliged to meet their wants somehow, and were com
pelled in a majority of instances to do if by steaUng or
purchasing the clothing of the dead.
If the necessities of many drove them to theft to sup
ply their deficien cies of clothing, shelter, and food, there
were another set who, being supplied, for their own pro
tection, established a self-constituted police, known on
the island as " Regulators." This force was highly effi
cient, prompt, and severe in its way, knd was particu
larly the terror of evil-doers. The party against whom
they were banded were known as "Raiders." The
"Regulators" patroled the camp with watchful eyes,
and the "Raiders," equally on the alert, were continu
aUy on the lookout for a chance. If a " Raider" was
discovered carrying off any thing, a party of " Regula
tors" immediately gave chase. The pursuit was gener
aUy a matter of strength on the part ofthe pursued and
the, pursuers. If the former had more strength than
any one of the latter, he escaped. If not, he was over
taken and brought *to trial. The "Regulators'! were
armed with sticks, and if the " Raider" was found guUty,
they made him first disgorge and then belabored Kim
most unmercifully. From the effects of such a beating
several deaths occurred during my confinement on the
island.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 55
During the month of February, 1864, shortly before
my transfer to AndersonviUe, there was an instance of
" raiding" which proved raore disastrous than was usu
ally the case. One of the guard had thrown his blanket
across the bank to dry. While his back was turned an
expert " Raider" seized it and made off.. The guard
imraediately after, on looking for his blanket, found it
gone. In his exasperation he leveUed his piece and fired
into the crowd of prisoners near his beat, instantly kill
ing one, severing an artery in another who bled to
death in a few moments, and severely wounded a third.
This so enraged the remainder of the crowd, that in co
operation with a squad of " Regulators" they started on
a hunt for the " raider." In their rage, there was not
the least doubt that if he had been discovered at the
time he would have been hung without ceremony — not
for the crime of " raiding," but for committing an act
wbicb he knew would endanger the lives of innocent
men. The lieutenant of the guard, about an hour after,
ferreted out the culprit and had him conveyed outside
the camp limits, and ordered him to be stripped and re
ceive twenty lashes on the back. The man handling the
lash being a rebel soldier, laid it on the victim with his
whole force. The lieutenant remarked that the punish
ment " was not for being the cause of the death of a
couple of Yankee prisoners, but for stealing the
blanket." ,
About shooting prisoners the guard was perfectly
reckless, and at one time the nuraber of deaths from this
cause became so great, that it was a common remark in
camp that if " twenty-five or thirty Yankees did
not die daily in the Richmond hospitals, the guard shot
enough on the island to make up the deficiency."

66 NINETEEN MONTHS
The treachery of the island guards often proved fa
tal to the lives of venturesome prisoners. One instance
of this I wUl mention. In February, 1864, the Sergeant-
Major of the lith Pennsylvania volunteers, who had for
a long tirae been a prisoner on the island, sighed for
freedom. For some time he had been intiraate with one
of the guard. While in conversation with him on one
occasion the guard informed the Sergeant-Major that for
a certain sum he would pass him and two corarades out
side the chain of sentries and row them across the river.
The Sergeant-Major relying on the sincerity ofthe offer,
found two prisoners who had the money and were will
ing to pay and hazard the attempt to make their es
cape. The guard received the money, and the same
night the three men were passed out the gate according
to agreement. They were quickly stealing towards the
river ; arriving near the bank, they felt as if they could
almost see and feel freedom in their grasp. They were
staggered with surprise when suddenly a voUey of- mus
ketry was fired at them. Imraediately four guards
sprang frora an arabuscade. Two of the guard had been
severely wounded by their own fire ; the reraaining four
clubbed with the butts of their rauskets the three be
wUdered prisoners, exclairaing wildly, " Your tirae has
corae, you G — d d — m Yankees ! Your tirae has come,
you can put on your overcoats in the morning." The
three men would have been beaten to death on the spot
if a lieutenant, aroused by the noise, had not arrived
at this juncture and interfered on their behalf, placing
a guard, over them. The next day the three men were
searched and robbed, after which they were stripped
and turned into camp. This act of brutality so aroused
tbe sympathies of the rest of the prisoners, that a contri-

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 57
bution of clothing not in use, or fragraents of clothing
was taken up, out of which the unfortunate raen were
clad. ' The guard who practised this diabolical scheme,
boasted and laughed over his smartness, calling it a
" Yankee trick."

58 NINETEEN M0NTX18

CHAPTER VIII
National Airs — Hatred of them by the Southern Soldiers — Greenbacks
and Contraband Trade — Speculations in Food — In Money — Quota
tions — The Eichmond Brokers— How the Yankees outwitted the
Guards. The vindictive spirit of the Southern hatred of the
United States was frequently exhibited, particularly in
the dislike raanifested at the old and farailiar national
airs. AU tunes like the " Star Spangled Banner," " Co
lumbia, Gem of the Ocean," and all airs calculated to
revive a recoUection of the days when we were one, were
absolutely proscribed. There was not so much hostUity
felt against the tune "Red, White, and Blue," as these
colors were disgraced by- application to the flag of
treason. The guards often could be heard singing this
air, though in a different language and a less exalted
spirit than characterized the old song. As for " Yankee
Doodle," this was stiU raore odious than the worst.
The tune originally applied in derision to the patriots
of 1776 had become too closely interwoven by too many
glorious recollections in the rainds of the lovers of the
institutions for which our forefathers fought, to sound
harmonious in treason's ear. There were too many
memories of justice and principle associated around it, to
sound well in the ear of the outlaws of civilization.
On one occasion, while a party of prisoners were sing
ing national airs, a guard who lost his peace of mind in
listening to the familiar sounds, discharged his musket

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 59
into the tent in which the prisoners were sitting.. The
music ceased suddenly. Fortunately the deadly rnissive
passed through without harming any one. The offence
was too sacred.
There was one article of Yankee ingenuity to which
the rebel soldiers, officers and every other ' species of
rebel, took a great fancy. That article was a " Green
back," and any prisoner who saved any of them during
the thieving processes through which he was put in the
beginning of his experience as a prisoner, had a sort of
omnipotence and received a courtesy quite bending in
view of the lofty-pated character of the rebels. By
means of greenbacks, whilst they lasted, a prisoner was
enabled to live comparatively quite corafortable, orders
to the contrary notwithstanding.
Trading, by the rules of the carap, was strictly prohibi
ted. This gave rise to a brisk contraband traffic on the part
of the guard and a few " speculators," prisoners. These
transactions are worthy of some detail. The guard by
some means contrived tp bring a few trifling articles on
the island. Upon exposing these for sale an arrange
raent was imniedjately made with a speculator, who pur
chased at an enormous price. These speculators in course
of time commenced their operations more openly, until
they established themselves on the main street running
through the camp. For the reason of these mercantile
pursuits, the street was known by the name of " Market-
street." This avenue soon became the scene of busy agi
tation, and in the bustle at least, if not the business,
would rate favorably with plaoes' of considerable popu
lation. The speculators took their stands at prominent
points, and managed their sales with great dexterity and
noise. Considering that nine men out of ten were en- -<

60 NINETEEN MONTHS
tirely out of money, and nine out of that ten had very
little and held it as a reserve for sorae greater necessity
than they had yet experienced, the " speculators'' were
an indefatigable set, and kept up a terrible hullabaloo
without eliciting much money.
One could be heard yelUng at the top of his voice —
" Walk up, gentlemen, walk up ! Here's where you
get every thing you want !"
Another would sing out in the interrogative form —
" Who's the lucky man to buy this last slice of bread
for ten cents greenback or one dollar Confed?"
Another could be heard —
" Step up, gentlemen, and buy a spoonful of salt — ten
cents greenback or one dollar Confed."
These and various other invitations usually attracted
a large crowd, but very seldom a purchaser. The spec
ulators were a despised set, but as their performances
during the long weary hours of prison-life drove away
the ennui of idleness and gave much amusement to
those whose sufferings had not completely overwhelmed
them with despair, they were tolerated.
It frequently, however, happened where the men were
obliged to carry on a species of tradiiig urged by ne
cessity. If one had an article of food which he could
dispose of for something less valuable and more bulky
' in the stomach, he would take this means of meeting his
wants. A comraon practice was to trade with a sick
raan coffee for corn-bread.
Fresh meat was a luxury. As an article of trade it
coraraanded from twenty-five to fifty cents per ounce,
and few there were able to buy it. Several times dui-iug
my imprisonment on the island dogs strayed within the
dangerous precincts of the " dead-line." So it emphati-

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 61
caUy proved to the dog. In a few moments he was the
subject of contention among as many asi30uld lay hold
on him. The animal always set up a piteous howl, only
so forcible a|g could be drawn from the treatment he
might expect from men made desperate by hunger. In
the midst of the mel^ the dog was literally torn to
pieces, — men bearing off the legs and ears, and a half
dozen still struggling over the possession of the carcass,
dragging out the entrails and making a most offensive
scene. The guards generaUy laughed at these exhibi
tions of the desperate straits to which the prisoners were
reduced. Money was a legitimate article of speculation with
everybody. There were three parties interested. The
prisoners, the guards, and the Richmond brokers, — the
latter remotely. The money market "had its quotations,
its fiuctuations, and dealers made fortunes and experienced
failures: that is, in a run of good luck they became
" flush ;" and the reverse, " broke."
The current rates, generally running on the ascending
scale, were :
Belle Island: Confederate biUs, $10 to |15 for $1
greenbacks. Richmond: Confederate biUs, $16 to. $20 for $1
greenbacks. The guards were led on by the Richmond brokers, to
whom they sold the proceeds of their speculations, when
permitted to visit the city.
In their money dealings Yankee ingenuity generaUy
triumphed. In numerous cases it was a triumph of ar
tistic skiU over bUnd cupidity. The prisoners, by means
of a lead-pencU, rendered small biUs easUy convertible
into those of a higher denomination. For instance, a
6

63 NINETEEN MONTHS
one they altered into a ten, and received from some un
suspecting guard from $100 to $150 in Confeder
ate currency. The fraud was palpable at a glance and
would have been detected by a child at the North, but
combined avarice and fear of detection by their officers,
allowed the guard only sufficient time to see that the
bUl was green, had on it a picture of " old Abe" or some
other dignitary of the United States, and represented a
certain amount, when they quickly deposited it in the
barrel of their rifles and resumed walking their posts.
The guards usually realized the full force of the decep
tion upon settling up with their banker, as was evident
from the character of their countenances when again
seen at their beats.

\ A PEISONEE OF WAE. 63

CHAPTER IX.
Desertions to the Enemy— Twenty-eight Eenegade Cobblers— The De
votion of Southern Uniou Soldiers— Contribution of the Sanitary
Commission— The Treatment received from the Eebel Government.
During my confinement on Belle Island there were a
small number of men who renounced their loyalty to the
national Government, and gave in their adherence to
the rebels, by taking the oath of allegiance to support
their cause. These acts might receive some palliatipn,
if they had occurred in the cases of those who found it
the only alternative to save life. But it happened that
the traitors were those who had always been the best
treated, and were the worst, most degraded and vile-
looking set of human beings I had ever seen, even hi
the dens of iniquity and crime in the large cities. The
men who " deserted," as it was termed, were always ap
plied to some "purpose in the employ of the rebel govern
ment, and were never sent to the front. They seldom
had trades, and therefore were of but little use at the
best. There was one purpose to which they were ap
plied, that multiplied their baseness and degradation.
I mean in the service of the prison guards. We had a
squad of this class on the island, and a raore despotic
and cruel set could not be imagined. And even while
doing their greatest to please their masters, they were
the objact of distrust. Some of the men had conscience
enough left to repent of their guUt, but having taken the
fetal step, it was too late to retract.
Another case I wUl mention occurred on the 15th of

64 NINETEEN MONTHS
December, 1863. Notice was given in camp that a cer
tain number of shoemakers were wanted, and would re
ceive three doUars per day for working at their trade
in Richmond. There was considerable talk about the
offer, and it was supposed there were none who were
so totally forgetful of their fiag as to consent. The hour
for those accepting the proposition to make their assent
known arrived. All the prisoners able to stand were
congregated near the main gate, to witness the issue of
the caU. A rebel officer soon stepped forward, and called
upon all those who accepted the offer to step forward.
Every thing was quiet. Directly twenty-eight renegade
cobblers, hanging their heads in shame, and moving re
luctantly as if their legs refused to carry thera, went
over to the enemy. The men hissed them loudly, and
turned away in disgust. The cobblers were placed under
guard, and marched off the island.
I cannot pass a matter unnoticed which has elicited
the admiration and respect of all true Union prisoners.
I allude to the men of Southern birth who adhered to
the national Government, and took up arras in. its de
fence. Every one is aware that there are in the service
a number of these men, and a number of organizations
bearing the naraes of their native States. I am not
much an admirer of Southern Unionism, in the general
sense of the term, particularly among that class of men
so largely in the majority, who cry loyalty to the United
States, but remained at home giving aid and corafort to
either side who happened to be in the neighborhood.
Polioy, so far as my experience goes, is nine-tenths of
Southern fealty to the Government.
But to the point : the inhabitants from the Uberty-in-
spiring mountains of East Tennessee are loyal, and have

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 65
shown their loyalty by sending to the war for the Gov
ernment a large nuraber of brave soldiers. It has been
particularly noticeable that these men, falling -in battle,
wounded or prisoners of war, were subjected by their
capture to the grossest insults and cruelty. In prison
they were held as hostages, and during exchange of
prisoners were the last exchanged. Their prison treat
ment, if possible, was more severe than that sustained
by men of Northern regiments; and upon the most
trivial charges they were bucked, gagged, murdered,
starved, and every thing else that increased the horrors
of prison life. But with all the deep-seated and special vin
dictiveness and animosity shown them, they bore their
trials manfully, never complaining, but always ready for
the worst. I take much pleasure in placing this testi
mony on record, of the lofty and self-sacrificing patriot
ism which has characterized the loyal representatives of
tbe South.
In the month of January, 1864, the prisoners of BeUe
Island were the recipients of a large quantity of cloth
ing, as an evidence of the thoughtfulness and charity of
the United States Sanitary Commission. This was the
second lot received since the comraenceraent of thc
winter. With the clothing carae an officer, who was released
frora Libby prison, to act as agent for its distribution.
The newly delegated powers evidently greatly puffed
the officer. He carae on the island, and during his whole
stay acted with an overbearing manner greatly beneath
the dignity of a gentleraan. On his first appearance
he "bucked" and "gagged" several men, on a most
trivial cause. During the existence of his brief author
ity he exacted the greatest deference' to his rank, and

66 NINETEEN MONTHS
took his own time. He was perfectly wound up in red
tape, which looked very much like "putting on style,"
or, as the men termed it, " showing off." I mention
this fact, as it was the common remark of prisoner and
guard. It was painful in the' extreme to see scores of sick and
emaciated men, who could scarcely keep on their legs,
obUged to stand and wait several hours shivering in the
cold, until his tardy efforts brought their turns. But
above all, to see hira deliberately sit down at a fine din
ner in the presence of his suffering countryraen, and eat
with rebel officers provisions sent frora the North and
for prisoners, was exasperating to the highest degree.
I feared several times the men would overstep the hard
necessities of their situation, and rise in desperation and
despair at such consummate selfishness. At length, after
the clothing was distributed, there w.as a momentary joy
overspread the carap. A smile or a shout of rejoicing
was not an unusual thing. " Hurrah for Jersey City !"
" Three cheers for Maine !" " How are you, Pennsyl
vania!" "Bully for little Rhody!"' "Good for Minne
sota !" and so on, each man expressing the source
whence came his share in the donation. But two days
had not passed before this glimmer of sunshine was dis
pelled by a darker cloud than had previously over
shadowed the island. The same day of receiving the
clothing, the prisoners' rations were cut down almost
one-third. This reduced it considerably below the mini
mum amount previously received. There was bnt one
alternative to save Ufe, that was to dispose of their
clothi'i%'. One by one the prisoners got rid of one
article and another. It was, too, a curious and notice
able fact, that the guards were unusually well supplied.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 61
In less than one week after "the clothing was distrib
uted almost every article, had passed over to the guards.
The prisoners were again reduced to their primitive«con-
dition, and their rations were accordingly raised to the
original standard. It was palpable to every one that
the scarcity was a cover for the securement of the cloth
ing sent on the island, giving the transaction, as the
enemy supposed, a shadow of legitimacy.

68 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER X.
A special Exchange— Sad Disappointment— A Eevolt organized — DetidlB
of the Plan— Its discovery — Precautions of the Eebel Authorities.
The latter part ofthe raonth of January, 1864, brought
great rejoicing in carap, over a report spread among the"
prisoners that five hundred were counted off for exchange,
and tbat the island was to be cleared in less than a
week. No sooner had the men heard this than aU
seemed to rise in strength and spirits. Again cheers,
though frora feeble lungs, were heard, and all were talk
ing of home, and a speedy escape frpm past misery. In
deed, all that we had suffered was forgotten in the word
liberty, and many thought, as they were soon to leave
the scene of their trials, that they had at least learned
one lesson, how to appreciate the blessings vouchsafed
them by the Government in whose service they had
suffered all. The good news had a sensible effect upon
the money market, and prisoners having Confederate
bills to seU were the losers. Large inducements were
offered, but the guards preferred the greenbacks. One
prisoner passing through the gate offered sixty-eight
doUars in Confederate bills for one dollar in greenbacks,
and found no one to take him up.
The first batch of prisoners had left, and patientiy we
of the remainder were awaiting our turn. A whole day
passed, and no more news was received frora the Rich
mond authorities. The second day came, and still no
orders to prepare. In the afternoon a rebel officer was

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 69
seen riding towards the camp : aU supposed it was a call
for another batch, and many were already preparing for
their departure. In half an hour after, we were informed
that the first lot were merely to meet a special exchange.
The revulsion was terrible, some cried, others beat them
selves, and others withdrew to their huts to raourn over
their frustrated hopes.
Disappointment, heaped upon misery, drove us to the
very brink of despair. Where all betokened speedy re
lief from our trials, were now clouds doubly black with
gloora. For several days we forgot our wretchedness
in the melancholy contemplation of shattered expecta
tions. But that dash of light which hope developed only
whetted the desire to be free. Escape, desperate reso
lutions, though always in the mind, now assumed form,
and the men determined to make an effort.
For some weeks the plan of a general uprising was
discussed by the most prudent and sagacious of the
prisoners. Several methods were presented and analyzed,
but without result. None were feasible under the most
favorable circnmstances. A month passed, and still
nothing was determined ; at length, in the beginning of
February, a scheme was proposed, which, with prompt
action, might terminate at least in the escape of a portion.
of our number, if not aU, in a condition to bring to the
task sufficient strength.
It was generally beUeved that the greater portion of
Lee's army was menacing Meade's cantonments on the
Rappahannock, and that Richmond was merely held by
garrisons confined to the defences several miles from the
city. Accordingly, five hundred prisoners were advised
of the details of the plan of escape; having approved of
which, they received their instructions. At each post on

70 NINETEEN MONTHS
the guard-line there were to be three men, and a sufficient ¦
number were to rendezvous at a point as near the re
serve guard as possible. At a preconcerted signal, each
post and the reserves were to be overpowered and dis
armed, and, under penalty of death, required to follow
quickly, and hold their peace. Simultaneously, the re
raainder of the carap was to be informed of the revolt,
and, undei: the excitement thus occasioned, were to be
eaUed to strike for liberty. The piece of artillery on the
island, not raore than one hundred yards distant, was to
be carried by assault by a quick movement of a detail
made for that purpose. The remaining three pieces, being
in position across the river, could not be reached, and,
therefore, their fire we expected to sustain. According to
the arrangeraents, those taking part in the. revolt were to
cross frpm the island by the bridge on the south side,
and thence get on the north bank by the main bridge
crossing to Richmond. It was intended that the move
ment should be so quick that immediately after the
weapons of the guard were secured, about one hun
dred men thus armed should clear the way, followed by
those yet without arms ; and, by the time they were weU
under way, the parties holding the .rebel guards, destroy
ing the artiUery and boats, were to cover the rear, and
destroy the bridge, if possible, after them. After gain
ing a foothold in the city, two detachments, previously
designated, were to strike out on an independent errand ;
one to liberate all Union prisoners in the city, and arm
them with captured weapons; the other to seize aU
necessary arms and ammunition in store there. In order
to heighten the confusion, the city was to be fired by in
dependent parties. It was supposed that one hour
would suffice to accomplish matters thus far. Il* was

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 71
then intended to make a rapid march by way of the
peninsula to our lines at Yorktown. This route was
, selected, because it was at the time one most poorly de
fended in point of numbers, and the country afforded
the best protection in case of purauit.
February 7th found all our plans come to naught.
For some reasons the enemy suspected something brew
ing. Whether it was treachery on the part of any one
connected with the secret of the uprising, or whether it
was merely a suspicion .that our actions were not all
right, we never learned'. Nothing was ever, to my
knowledge, whispered on the subject. But the fear and
suspicions of the guards were evident ; for several battal
ions of home organizations arrived on the island that
day, and morning and evening, subsequently, went
through company and battalion drill in front of the
camp. The old guards were reUeved by troops from the
front, a new set of sentinels were posted^ at different
points, and the-^rovost-guard in Richmond was strongly
reinforced. The same day, while going to the river's
bank for water, I discovered on the camp gate this
notice :
Hereafter any person coming withia six feet of the bank, after
tattoo, nms the risk of being shot.
By command of
V. BASSIBUX, Lieutenant-commanding
This convinced me and every one else that we were
suspected, and the subject of escape was indefinitely
postponed.

72 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER XI.
Clearing BeUe Island- Expectations of Home— The over-buoyant
Spirits of the Men — Fatal Consequences — Sad Eealizations.
About the middle of February, the rebel government
directed Belle Island to be cleared. Accordingly, de
tachments of several hundred prisoners, every few days,
were taken off, and it was supposed, by those remaining,
the exchange was resuraed. On account of this supposi
tion, excitement again prevailed. Men, haggard and
weak-, leaped with joy. The sick, even, crawled from
their filthy and vermin-covered resting-places to share in
the universal shout. The eagerness of the men knew no
Pounds. Many, too impatient to await their turns,
rushed past the guards with the first squad, and were
clubbed, unmercifully, back by rebel soldiers. During
the second detachment, I observed about twenty raen
make an effort to force themselves by. This act so exas
perated the Ueutenant comraanding the rebel detail that
he seized a musket from one of his soldiers, and made a
lunge, impaling a prisoner upon his bayonet, kUling him
instantly. Not satisfied, he seized the piece by the bar
rel, and reversed it, striking a prisoner on the head with
the' butt, producing a fearful and mortal contusion ofthe
skull ; a third was knocked down by a blow on the
shoulder; while a fourth, in warding off a blow, was
severely wounded in the arm. This piece of brutality
accomplished its purpose, and the men, thenceforth,
patiently awaited their names to be "caUed.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 73
At the expiration of four days my turn came. The
prospect of again being under the protection of the
stars and stripes was a subject of more comfort in imag
ination than I looked for really in fact. Nothing was
said on the island about the destination of the men
which were sent off. I judged from this that they were
merely being transferred to some point further in the
interior. When we were placed on board the cars, I
inquired of one of the guard where they were taking us.
His reply was, to Carap Surater, in Georgia. I was not
at aU surprised at this piece of inteUigence, and made up
my mind for the worst. 7

74 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER XII.
From Belle Island to Andei'sonville — A Terrible Journey— What we
Experienced on the Way — Universal Sympathy ofthe Negroes.
The day upon which we took our departure ffom'the
rebel capital was February 17, 1864. It was a day lohg
to be remembered for its discomforts and food for
gloomy thought. The day was raw, wet, and cold ; one
of that peculiar atmospheric compound only known in
Virginia. None of us were in a condition for travel.
The long and weary months of the winter, with their
scenes and experiences of deliberate barbarism towards
the prisoners of BeUe. Island, had reduced us aU to a
degree of exhaustion and debUitation which verged
upon death. A distant journey was now in store for us.
It was evident that numbers would never see their desti
nation. The train upon which we were embarkei was made
up of a series of old rickety box and platforih cars.
From a slight exaraination of them, as we were awaiting
orders to get aboard, it struck me that they had been in
the service of that and other roads for at least ten years,
and for five more laid up as condemned and unfit for
use. In these we were to be conveyed, as we were told,
to Georgia. I made up my mind, in which, luckily, I
was disappointed, that if some did not lose their lives,
or were not in some way horribly mutilated by a num
ber of railroad accidents, it was no fault of tbe cars or
the rebel authorities.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 75
As in every other instance of rebel treatraent towards
prisoners of war, the train was about half large enough
for those who were to be accommodated. We were,
accordingly, huddled miscellaneously, the sick and the
well, into the same cars. Some were weak, and rendered
almost powerless from starvation ; others were perfectly
helpless from the combined effects of starvation and dis
ease. To add to our misery, not even sufficient room
was allowed for us to Ue down : the only alternative,
therefore, was to fall down in our places and trust to the
chances of escape from being trod or smothered to death
by the compact and struggling mass.
After several hours' delay the train got under motion.
The fact was very apparent that the engineer seemed
determined to add to our tortures, by giving two or
three heavy jerks, which jammed the inmates of the cars
one upon the other, throwing some upon the floor.
These wretched men, when the return motion of the
mass took place, were unavoidably trodden upon and
bruised in a terrible manner. They lay there crying for
mercy and help, until lifted to their feet/by the humanity
of some kind-hearted companion.
As we moved away from the island, the scene of five
months' experience, which probably has never been
endured by human beings other than those who have
had the misfortune to fall into the hands of the rebel
government, I could not help looking back and casting a
farewell glance upon a spot so awful in its scenes of
misery. The camp presented a fit picture of its history.
Desolation and ruin reigned everywhere. The very air
about the place hung like a shadow over the spot; a paU
biding one crirae of the greatest of all crimes recorded

76 NINETEEN MONTHS
in history. Thousands of graves, many still fresh frora
the burial of death's victims during the^night, could be
seen ; the sad mementoes of our trials, and the lasting
evidences of the inhumanity of those responsible for the
all-absorbing offence of treason. As we parted frora
these mournful associations, I could not repress a tear
and an ardent prayer that the distance which would
probably intervene between our place of future incarcer
ation and the seat of the rebel government would at
least lighten our yoke, and bring our wretchedness
within the scope of human endurance.
Our route southward lay iramediately to BurkesvUle
Junction. At this point the train stopped for about an
hour to await several upward bound. Thence we pro
ceeded to DanvUle. Thus far we saw few troops, in fact
very few persons, except old men, women, children, and
negroes. At all the stations, as we passed, the whole
population was assembled to "see the Yankees.'? We
found many who seeraed to feel a compassion for our
misfortune's, and though, as a general rule^ nothing was
said favorable or disfavorable of us, certainly not the
forraer, we were at least grateful for the sUence. Occar
sionally a woman, always showing signs of high birth, or
an old man more intensely vindictive than the rest,
would give vent to a round of epithets, which, however,
were received in silent contempt by us, and seldom
applauded by tbose hearing thera. - There was some
thing erainently pleasing in this fact. It showed, at
least, that the people, as a raass, had no blame in our
sufferings, and where curiosity tempted them to view
us as we passed, there were, unquestionably, in the
assembled crowd, many sympathizing hearts.
It happened several times on the way to DanviUe that

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 77
some miserable wretches threw stones into the trains,
and in several instances men were severely injured from
that cause.
After a tedious as well as tardy run, we reached Dan
viUe the day after our depai'ture from Richmond. Here
it was necessary to lay over several hours to get rations.
As another example of rebel inhumanity, we were put
ou board the train without food,' and kept there in our
exhausted condition, jostled and tossed about in the most
barbarous manner, by the wilful act, no doubt, of the
engineer. The rations which we received at DanviUe
were short of the standard at Belle Island. The motion
of the train had excited our appetites, so that what we
received, instead of appeasing our cravings, only excited
them. Before taking our departure the' corpses of sev
eral soldiers, who died on the way, were taken from the
train for interment.
From DanviUe our next run was to Greensboro, thence
to Salisbury, North Carolina ; thence to Charlotte,
Colurabia, Kingsville, and BranchviUe, South Carolina.
Onr journey was slow, the roads were in bad condition,
and the weather every thing calculated to add to our
wretchedness. In South Carolina the people displayed a
more bitter hostUity than yet experienced.^ All their
words, however, feU as harmlessly upon our ears as
though they were not heard. Some would reraark:
"You infernal Yanks should all be hung for coming
down here, and meddling with our rights." I thought,
in answer to this fellow, that the United States was
just giving the rights they deserved, and of which they
would reap still more bitter fruits before they got
through. Another would exclaim : . " You d — d Yankee
mudsiUs, I hope every one of you wiU die in that prison
7*

78 NINETEEN MONTHS
where they are taking you." I thought, in reply to this,
that raany of us stood an admirable chance of being dis
posed of in that way, but that we would at least prove
that we were mudsiUs in a very strong superstructure.
I felt that there would be a reckoning some day, when
all would be made right.
The greatest satisfaction which we enjoyed in travel
ling through the Carolinas, was the universal good-will
and sympathy of the negro. They heard of our coraing,
and along the route, and despite the terrible stories of
their owners, they would congregate apart from the
whites, oftentiraes where the woods were most dense,
and as we passed, wave their turbans, their eyes glisten
ing and running over with honest tears. Not unfre
quently they would cast a corn pone, a piece of bacon,
or something eatable into the cars ; and when witnessing
the conflict between the starving men within, tbey
would wring their nands, weeping bitterly, and exclaira :
" De Lor hab mercy on you ! May de hand ob the Lor
profec his people, de Yankees!" and the like. These
simple words, contrasted with the haughty spirit of the
higher class of whites, were to us like soothing balm.
One word of consolation and hope from tbe poor negro,
that innocent child of nature, did raore to alleviate, at
all events our mental anguish, than did a whole volume
of the vile and opprobrious epithets of the rich whites
tend to increase it.
We were, in the second stage of- our journey, fur
nished with the usual short supply of rations, at Salis
bury, Colurabia, and BranchviUe. The effects of our
transfer and weak condition now coraraenced to show a
more alarming increase of mortality from exhaustion.
It was useless to undertake to reason with the officers

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 79
in charge, at their downright murder of prisoners ; they
invariably would reply ; " Well, if you would have
stayed at home, instead .of trying to subjugate the South,
you would not be here.''
At Branchville I had quite a conversation with an old
female^ who, judging from a basket on her arm, and
sundry undefinable-looking objects therein, was guilty ot
the genuine Yankee act of peddling for a living. I beck
oned her to me. She came, rather hesitatingly, how
ever. *' WeU, old woman," I asked, leaning out of the car,
*' what have you in your basket ?"
"Them's pies and cakes," she answered, in a very
summary way, looking around to see whether any one
was watching her.
** How d'ye sell them ?" I asked.
*' I don't sell 'em," she said, again looking around for
spies ; " I mean-I don't sell 'em, to you'ens.
" Well, to whom do you sell them ?" T inquired, feign
ing ignorance. " Did you ever see any greenbacks ?" I
added. " I once hear'n teU on 'em. They is what you Yanks
use like our Confederate raoney ?" she said, with an in
quisitive turn of the head.
" Yes ; only they are as good as gold up where the
Yankees corae from," I replied.
The old lady twisted up her mouth, and gave utter
ance to a peculiar utterance, " Whip, whoo, I'd like to
have some on 'em ; I haven't seen any gold these long
tirae. They tells us down here they keeps all the gold
in Richmond, to use for the army ; and my old raan has
fit three years without getting any of it."
Just at this juncture, while the Old lady was disposing

80 NINETEEN MONTHS
herself to receive some Yankee money for her pies, a
rebel officer appeared moving towards her. The old
lady spied him, and, without further delay, took to her
heels. The officer came up, and said he would " put a stop to
this talking out of the cars, by giving orders to the
guard to shoot somebody." This being the case, nothing
more was said.
From BranchviUe our train proceeded to Augusta,
Georgia. At this place the enemy seemed to have es
tablished a large manufacturing centre for the supply of
war material for the Southern arraies. At Augusta we
struck almost due south to Millen, and thence west to
Macon. At the latter place we were again delayed.
After a great deal of controversy oh the papt of some
rebel officers, we again got under way, and after a ride
of sixty raUes reached Anderson, which we soon discov
ered was the end of our journey.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 81

CHAPTER XIII.
Arrival at Anderson — The Condition of the Men — Brutality of a Eebel
Officer — The March to Camp Sumter— Description of the Camp.
Upon our arrival at Anderson we were compelled to
remain on the cars for some hours, while preparations
were being made to transfer us to camp. Since our
departure frora BeUe Island we had not been permitted
to leave the cars, very seldom even to answer the most
urgent necessities. Some idea may therefore be formed
of our condition. Those who were not entirely over
come by the journey were cramped and stiff, and covered
with filth and vermin from long and close confinement.
The sick and exhausted were little better than merely
alive. These wretched men lay in the cars surrounded
by the most intolerable filth and foul smell, but were
unable to move to any opening through which to draw
a hreaih of fresh air. In the car in which I rode there
were several dead or dying. The former having died
the day before, gave unmistakable evidences of rapid
putrefaction. To add to our condition of misery, we had
received nothing to eat for twenty-four hours, and were
consequently, even those who were not sick, well-nigh
overpowered by weakness.
After every thing seemed to be ready, an officer came
around and ordered the men to get off the cars. The
men, to the extent of their abUity, obeyed. When aU
that could stand were out, there were stUl balf of the

82 NINETEEN MONTHS
number that started on the journey unable to rise to
their feet. A number who had succeeded in getting to
the door of the cars were unable to go further, and
many who reached the ground sank down, th§ir strength
completely given out.
Having waited a few moments, the rebel officer, ex
asperated at the tardiness of our movements, went
through^the cars, kicking and cuffing helpless men who
were lying on the floors unable to m-ove, exclaiming :
" Get up there, you G — d d— n Yankee, none of your
playing possum around here !"
One man, who managed by a desperate effort to par
tially rise in his place, but fell back again, he took hold
of and handled most unmercifuUy. The man '^as too
weak to say any thing, "but with the most heartrending
signs, imploring corapassion, he asked the ¦ heartless
wretch to deal more humanely with him, or kill him
outright. Another man, who stared at the officer as he passed,
with a pair of expressionless, glassy fearful eyes, was
kicked in the face because he made, in his delirium, no
recognition pf the officer's coraraand.
It was, indeed, a terrible scene. Men were even
thrown frora the car, and injured or broken lirabs added
to their sufferings. The feeling of the men who were
witness to all this was deep, but not a word could be
said, n,or a warding hand be raised without bringing
down upon aU some new form of •brutality.
The rebel officer beiug thoroughly convinced that he
had exercised his cruelty upon each man unable to leave
the cars, directed the guards to march us off to camp.
As we moved, or rather tottered away, I gave a last
glance at the unfortunates left behind. I wondered what

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 83
new device of inhumanity would forever relieve both
fiend and victim of their pains.
As we filed along to the stockade, we passed a number
of women, chUdren, and negroes, but very few men.
Nothing was said to us by these lookers on, Jbut I could
plainly discern that they were terrified at the treatment
to which we were consigned by their leaders. As we
drew in sight of the place of our future incarceration, I
felt sick at heart. There was the rude stockade, the
sentinels and sentry-boxes, and though the camp was
then but recently established, that place of horrors, the
hospital and the graveyard, were not missing, in the ex
terior view of the camp.
When we reached the main entrance, and on the way,
many of us were again subjected to the thieving process.
However, as we came direct frora Belle Island, it was
generally admitted as a consequence that we were not
rich either in money or effects. It was considered that
-what the Belle Island officials and guards left was not
worth stealing. We were hence not very cloSely ex
amined. As usual, we were turned into Camp Sumter like so
many beasts, to take care of ourselves, and without any
thing with which to do it. What we wanted particu^
larly was food, but our most urgent wants seemed to be
a good argument on the part of tbe authorities for
delay. Accordingly, we had several long hours of hun
ger left us for reflection and rest. When our first rations
were issued, we found them not perceptibly differing in'
raaterial and quantity frora what we had experienced at
BeUe Island.
Camp Surater is situated near the village of Ander
son, Sumter County, Georgia. Anderson is a station on

84 NINETEEN MONTias
the Southwestern raUroad, about midway between its
two branches, each running abruptly to the west, to
the Chattahoochee River, at Columbus, Georgetown,
and Fort Gaines, Georgia. The camp derives its name
from the county iti which it is located. It was finished
in the beginning of Febriiary, 1864, arid by the middle
of the same month received its first instalment of occu
pants. The remoteness of the locality convinced me
that the frequency of successful escape from Richmond
and Belle Island was the main reason for its construc
tion ; for, as I found, of nine prisoners who managed to
elu.de the camp-guards, not one ever succeeded in reach
ing our linds.
The camp, for the more secure confineraent of the
prisoners, in addition to the usual chain of sentinels, was
completely surrounded by a stockade sixteen feet in
height, and originally inclosed an area of about sixteen
acres ; but the large increase of prisoners by June, 1864,
required an enlargeraent, which was made to the extent of
four acres, making twenty acres in all. About ten feet
frora the stockade was a rude raiUng, investing the en
tire camp, called the " dead-line." In the centre was a
swamp, covering about one-third the original space, and
through the middle of which ran ,a small stream. This
furnished the water for washing, drinking, and cooking,
while the swamp was used as a sink. An attempt was
made- by the prisoners to drain this, by running trans
verse ditches, communicating with the stream. But
this was found to be worse than to aUow the swarap to
remain undisturbed, as the filth emptied into the creek
made the water absolutely unfit for any purpose what
ever. An attempt was subsequently made to remedy
this evU by sinking weUs. These undertakings raet with

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 86
but partial success. Few implements were aUowed the
men, for fear they might be applied to other purposes,
such as " digging out." However, about six or eight
wells were sunk, though the result was little for the
general good, as they furnished but a scant supply of
water, and were owned and guarded by the squads that
ddg them. '
With the exception of the first three thousand prison
ers sent in-^and unfortunately we were not of that num
ber — no shelter was provided for the occupants of the
stockade. When we first arrived, some leniency was
granted, giving us opportunities, though accompanied
by a strong guard, to leave the inclosure, to gather
wood, brush, and leaves, in an adjacent wood. Out of
the material thus accumulated, a few of us were enabled
to construct huts and hovels, which,- in a measure, shel
tered us from the sun, and heavy night-dews, for which
the climate is remarkable. Against the rain, however,
our accommodations were less comforting.
There was some show Of a plan in the laying out of
the camp, but nothing further. Every thing else was of
the meanest and most primitive character.
8

86 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER XIV.
Going Back to the Old Treatment— The Expedients for Shelter— Ba
tions — Withholding Eations as a Punishment — Cooking in Prison.
It was evident, when our party first arrived at Camp
Surater, that sorae effort was to be made to practise a
little more leniency. The new order of things, however,
worked but a very short time.
As the number of' prisoners increased, the conduct of
the camp officers and guards reverted to the old rule of
things. They raade a trifiing exception in the cases of a
few higher commissioned officers of white regiments, but
all others, officers and privates, white, black, and mulat
to, were thrust into the inclosure to. shift for themselves.
Two months after my arrival at the camp the crowd of
prisoners became so great, and the tyranny of the guard
so uncompromising, that the gates of the stockade were
even closed against any one leaving under guard even for
wood to build a shelter. The substitutes which were
now made to take the place of wooden huts gave the
camp the poverty-stricken and squalid appearance of
Belle Island. The new men, too, when brought in, as in
every other instance, und'er my observation, were de
prived of blankets and almost every thing, except the
clothes which tbey had upon their backs, and which
were rebel uniforras, ragged and dirty, exchanged for
their own. These the men were frequently obUged to
,tear up to protect themselves from the weather, sunshine
or rain, whUe others burrowed into the earth.

A PEISONEE OF WAB. 87
Indeed the expedients of the men on the subject of
shelter were rather novel and various. At one place
might be seen one ofthe United States shelter tents, set
ting at naught the raging of the elements ; next a brush
shanty, hot, dirty, and darap, partiaUy terapering the
sun's rays, but not by any means water-proof during a
rain. At another place, while walking off tha main
avenues and alleys of the camp, a person frequently
stepped upon soraething which instantly moved, and
from beneath a voice would be heard, in emphatic terms,
" Get to hell off my Shebang." Upon examination, it
would be found that the speaker was none other than
a soldier lying at full length in a cave, into which he
entered horizontaUy, and feet foremost, his head resting
in the entrance. At another place, a prisoner, changing
his positior continually, would be found reclining be
neath the shadow of a pair of pants, or an old coat
spread out after the fashion of ari awning.
The ordinary ration, I mean in quantity, at Surater I
found a few days after' my arrival was materially larger-
than was issued at Belle Island, though still insufficient
to keep a man in health. It consisted, in general terms,
of one-eighth ofa pound of meat, and corn-bread enough
to sustain life. In the place of corn-bread uncooked
meal or mush was frequently issued. But both, as well
as the corn-bread, was not fit for the stomach of a
human being. In the North I had seen a better quality
cast aside as unfit for a hog. The meal was unbolted,
about one-third being made up of huUs and cobs.
The supply of rations, however, was irregular, and
often withheld entirely for twelve to twenty-four hours,
upon the slightest pretexts. If there* was a prisoner
unaccounted for, the whole camp was obliged to suffer.

88 NINETEEN MONTHS
One day a prisoner could not be found. As usual, the
commandant of the camp refused to issue any rations
that day unless the prisoner was found or accounted for.
A search and inquiry were instantly made, and the man
was soon found laid out with a row of dead bodies
awaiting burial. He had died but a few hours before.
The»e was not the least apology for either the eharac
ter or the quantity of the rations issued to the prisoners
at Camp Sumter. The contiguous country was fertile,
and, judging from appearances, a fine crop was planted
and harvested during the season of 1864; besides, for a
circuit of several hundred mUes no hostile or contending
columns had ever penetrated. The carap-guards were
well fed, fat, and hearty. It was not want or scarcity,
but deliberate, vindictive, and uncompromising enmity.
Whatever may have been the instructions to the officers
in charge of the camp, whether they were to be rigid or
lenient, one thing is certain, the first few weeks of our
imprisonment at Sumter were tolerable, but in less than
two months after, we were again subjected to all the
cruelty endured at Belle Island. The conduct of the
men was certainly not the cause, for during the few
weeks of better treatment there never was known the
same class of men better behaved and under better sub
ordination. But when inhumanity again commenced its
terrible work, the men were driven to many acts called
mutiny, out of sheer despair.
Our cooking conveniences were generally in keeping
with the other arrangements of our prison life. There
were a few, but very few, who possessed kettles, either
of tin or iron, but the utensil mainly used was a flat
board. On this-' the corn-raeal, when not already ra^de
into bread, was prepared and baked. The raeat always

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 89
came cooked. Considering their situation, the men
speedily brought the art of cobking, in their priraitive
way, to great perfection ; and invariably, when wood
was abundant, their own cooking, in point of health, was
infinitely preferable to the prepared food issued by the
commissary. a*

90 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER XV.
The Arrival of the Suramer Season— The Crowded Condition of the
Camp — Appearance of Summer Diseases^Poisonous Odors — ^Im
mense Swarms of Flies.
During the first few months at Camp Sumter exist
ence was endurable, but the approach of the hot
season, coupled with the increase of numbers and de
crease of diet, gradually brought about a degree of suf
fering to which it would be difficult, at least in ray expe
rience, to find any thing superior or even equal. A.t
Belle Island we underwent all the bodly discoraforts
and raiseries which could spring out of exposure to
cold : now we were obliged to battle against the oppres
sive heat.
Suraraer in Southwestern Georgia is every thing that
can possibly be involved under that narae,. The raorn-
ings are heavy, sultry, and full of miasmatic poisons ; at
meridian the sun pours down with a temperature ready
to scorch man or beast to the crisp ; the evenings are
close, and the nights cold and damp. If this, under the
most favorable of unfavorable circumstances, was not
sufficient to produce the most complicated set of dis
eases, the case of Camp Sumter, during the sumraer of
1864, certainly did not prove the contrary.
Towards the middle of July our numbers sweUed, it
seemed, to about twenty thousand men, who were
brought in from all parts of the theatre of war. If we
had to believe the extravagant stories of the rebel

A PEISONEE OF WAK. 91
guards, we would long have given up the cause of the
Union as hopeless.
Every time a batch of prisoners were added to the
carap, the guards fabripated a wonderful narrative suited
to the occasion. But whatever they said, for very ex
ceUent reasons, we disbeUeved, and particularly after the
new prisoners themselves confirmed our views, greatly to
the discredit of rebel veracity.
Any one who can imagine twenty thousand men con
fined to a space of twenty acres, in the midst of summer,
without shelter, and with rations barely sufficient to
allay the pains of hunger, can form some idea of our
situation. Midsummer in Southern Georgia, under any
circumstances, is simply terrible; but now, infinitely worse,
the men Were crowded together so as to admit of scarce
ly roora for circulation. No accommodations for clean
liness were allowed. The result was vermin and disease.
To successfully combat the former, in camp language, it
was necessary " to skirraish" two or three times a day,
in order to gain some respite from persecution. In re
gard to the latter, the men were at the mercy of their
own constitutions. Not even soap was aUowed, with
which to wash ; and we were obliged to use sand, the
abrasion of which partially supplied its place.
A crowded camp, excessive heat, and scarcity of food,
were in themselves sufficient, it 'seemed, to consummate
our trials. But no ; the camp atmosphere was alone
more fatal than all the rest put together. It will be re
membered, as already mentioned, in the midst of the
camp was a swamp, which wa.s used for every purpose
of washing and a sink. The hot sun had developed all
its pestiferous poisons, and the 'foul effluvia which arose
hence was terrible. It would be absolutely impossible to

92 NINETEEN MONTHS
convey a better idea of the stench, than merely to state
that even we, who had been trained to all sorts of nox
ious odors could not endure it, and were obliged often
to crowd to the windward, or find sorae distant part of
the camp and lie down, nose to the ground. Myriads of
files, and every kind of insect, attracted by the numer
ous impurities of the camp, visited us in clouds. It
seemed like a plague. The aggregations of these little
insects was so great, that the hu^ of their innumerable
wings could be heard resembling the sound of an ap
proaching wind. Though troublesome, these very flies
so often bitterly condemned, were unquestionably the
great sanitary agencies at work, to lessen, in a measure,
the dreadful havoc of death amongst us.

A PEISONEE OF WAB. 93

CHAPTER XVI.
ft
Sickness and Mortality— The Nature of the Diseases — Their improper
Treatment — Hospitals — The Immense Mortality — ^Vaccination aad
its melancholy Effects.
The very natural result of the camp atraosphere, and
our exposure at Surater, was a wide-spread and alarming
sickness and mortality. The most fatal 'of the diseases
>to which we were subject were scurvy and diarrhea,
though every other possible form of bodily complaints
were perfectly famUiar to us, and the victims were at the
mercy of capricious chance, as proper medical treatment
was entirely out of the question.
The hospitals of the camp were rude, without venti
lation and suppUes, and presided over by a more ignorant
and vain class than were found at Richmond. Infinitely
the best class were the hospital stewards, who were detailed
prisoners. They did all in their power to lessen the suf
ferings of the sick committed to their charge, but they
could do nothing without mean^, and to complain would
result in an order to return to carap. They were thus
obliged to.look on, and see their comrades carried. away,
without being able to Uft a finger to save thera.
The prisoners' hospitals were composed of a limited
n-uraber of very sraall "wedge" tents, battered and torn,
and during a rain no protection whatever to the inraates.
In each of these tents from four to six sick, depending
on the nature of the disease, were confined. In our own
service, five healthy men to an ordinary " wedge" tent

94 Nineteen months
for privates is considered a large number ; what then, can
it be iraagined, raust have been the condition of the sick
prisoner, breathing day and night the impure and poison
ous exhalations not only of himself, but of four or five
others ? Few ever entered the hospital to return ; and
when a sick man was seen being borne *hence on a
stretcher, every one thought tp himself his next step
will be the grave.
The mortality consequent upon our treatment, well or
sick, was more than alarming. Even as early as the lat
ter part of Ma^, whUe our treatraent was the best we
had ever received in a rebel prison, and before there
were four thousand congregated, I often saw within the
stockade, awaiting transportation to the dead-house, as
raany as forty corpses placed in a row, showing the pro
ceeds of death's work the day before. What made the
scene stiU raore appalling was the fact that no epidemic
or contagion raged in camp. A few cases of smaU-pox
broke out during the spring, but were carried to a dis
tant point outside the stockade, and treated separately.
The inen soon became so hardened to these constant
and multiplying scenes of death, that the removal of a
corpse from the camp was made the subject of no more
feeling consideration than the remark : " Well, whose
turn will be next?"
As the number of prisoners increased, so did the num
ber of sick ; and for want of room the hospitals^ were
removed without the stockade. We were now able only
to judge of the deaths in camp. These were numer
ous. What they numbered in hospital must now have
greatly exceeded the highest number ever attained. Out
of thirty of my personal acquaintances sent to the hos'
pital but one returned, and the rest I have never, heard

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 95
of. In April, 1864, our squad numbered ninety persons ;
in July, the whole number alive was twenty.
Prom a very trustworthy source I learned, that by
the expiration of two months, after Camp Suniter was
established, one thousand Union soldiers had died, and
this out of less than four thousand, the aggregate num
ber then in the camp. Iri July following the mortality
was at its height, ranging from one hundred to one hun
dred and fifty deaths daily. I had witnessed " death and
suffering in all shapes on tbe battle-field, but this was
nothing to the sickenipg sensktion of death from the
terrible agency pf disease.
On a scorching day in July, while standing on a
knoll within the camp, and looking over and beyond the
stockade, the dead could be seen carried away in wagons,
and piled fifteen and twenty, one upon the other. Judg
ing from this, it is not difficult to forra some idea of the
rudeness of their interment.
The hospital soon beoame a word which involved aU
that was horrible, untU the men feared tP be sent there.
The result was, hundreds suffering from the severest
types of disease determined rather to run the chances
of recovery without medical treatment. It was no un
common thing in the morning to find, scattered through
the carap, the dead bodies of raen who bad thus died,
the victiras of brutaUty on the one hand, and fear on the
other. In spring, as already mentioned, the smaU-pox made
its appearance in camp, and orders were given to have
aU the prisoners vaccinated. Very few fortunately sub
mitted to the precaution, preferring to run the risks of
escaping rather than be contaminated with all sorts of
constitutional impurities. Many of the men who ac-

96 NINETEEN MONTHS
ceded to the orders, in a few weeks after found tbeir
arms swollen and sore. Instead of healthy indications
ofthe taking ofthe scab, they found maUgnant chancres,
which devoured tbeir flesh to the very bone ; and run
ning sores broke out all over their bodies, and in a few
months the patients were loathsome victims of scrofula,
syphiUs, and other taints. The sufferings presented by
these unfortunate men were pitiable in the extreme.
They prowled about tbe camp, shunned by everybody.
They were seen for a few months, daily giving evidences
of the literal eating away of their very lives, until
death, which must have long been a wished-for terraina
tion to their misery, overtook thera. The treatraent of
such diseases at the best is no easy task, but to watch.
them day by day, taking full course, without the least
effort or ability to check them, was a phase of suffering
a fit climax to the horror and wretchedness every day
witnessed in Camp Sumter.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. , 97

CHAPTER XVII.
The Consummation of Suffering— Despair and Insanity- The Conver
sation of One ofthe Victims— Moon-blind— Its Effects.
The height to whieh the suffering of the prisoners
attained, before I was transferred from Sumter, resulted
in the most heart-rending derangement of the raental
faculties of large nurabers. The nien of this unfortunate
class were the objects of the most unparalleled misery.
Their diaturbed minds wandered in the midst of scenes
connected with the wretched past, and those who had
strength were running madly through the camp, asking
every one to shoot them, and then standing back, laugh
ing madly, and exclaiming, " It is too good." Others, in
a state of coraplete nudity, stroUed about, their bodies
nothing but skin and bone, and covered with immense
sun-blisters and vermin. Others could be seen erawUng
about in the filth, and asking the guard to shoot.
The spectacle presented by these nien has probably
seldom had its counterpart anywhere in the history of
persecution^. But nothing in the shape of human suffer
ing was remarkable or extraordinary to us, but all was
considered a natural part in the gross outrages against
nature and humanity perpetrated by the execrable lead
ers of the rebeUion against the helpless victims at their
mercy. One day while washing a coat in the camp-ditch, a
prisoner came up to me and opened a conversation. His
9

98 NINETEEN MONTHS
eyes glared with deliriura or insanity. His voice had
much of death in it. He was a sad example of which
there were too many at Surater. I asked no questions,
but rather chose to hear than speak. The whole drift of
his words was that of the deepest despair. He spoke
quickly and mechanically ; his reason at intervals would
indeed seem to flash a little light, but in an instant all
was again madness. His words, which I could but occa
sionally understand, were to the effect that his life had
long been a burden ; that he saw no end of his misery ;
that he had borne up as long as possible, and that. the
only obstacle to his taking his own life was the thought,
whenever he had r&ade up his mind, of a widowed
mother and sisters. A recollection of them seemed to
intervene and check the last act of desperation. I gave
him what encouragement I could, but encouragement in
such a place was poor consolation — a set of empty words,
idle fancies. He walked off. Less than fifteen minutes
after, I saw him crawl under the guard-Une, and dare the
guard to shoot him. Several of his companions laid hold
of him, overstepping the fatal bounds at the peril of
their own lives, begging: tbe sentinel "not to shoot a
crazy man," and dragged hira by force back within the
limits of the camp.
I mention this as but a single instance of this terrible
affliction ; there were hundreds who suffered in different
degrees. Their roaming thoughts were continuaUy run
ning upon scenes of woe, wbich their tongues were rne-
chanically and constantly narrating. They threatened
suicide, or begged the guards to shoot them. During a
sane moment tbeyTvould talk of home, frpm which they
would soon wander, and talk, about sorae horrible deed
or tale of woe which their invention would suggest. In

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 99
time these cases became worse ; and unless checked by
some treatment or rather care, however rude, the suffer
ers were a source of danger and disturbance by their
wild behavior. When their condition reached this
extremity, these unfortunate men usuaUy mysteriously
disappeared from camp, and nothing more was heard of
them. There was another calamity which afflicted many, and
when subject to the disease, were caUed by tbe prisoners
" raoon-blind." This was from the fact that the men
affected lost the power of sight, and were unable to dis
tinguish objects except by fires. No medical treatment
was known by the camp physicians for this malady.
The sufferers were permitted to raove about at night,
stumbling and bruised by coming violently in contact
with sorae unseen object.
It would be irapossible to give an adequate idea of the
depth and variety of suffering which was endured at
Carap Sumter during the nearly five months that I was
confined there. There were deaths in fearful numbers ;
disease in every conceivable form, and derangement
which was a kind of halfway step between life and
death. If the history of Camp Sumter contained only
acts of deliberate inhumanity recorded against the rebel
government, an eternity of repentance would never
wipe out the infamy, but to remember that it was but a
single example, wiU make the rebeUion of the South, if
for no other reason, the execration of aU time.

100 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER XVIII.
plans of Escape — " Chickamauga" — He serves the Eebels as a Spy —
The Death of Chickamauga—" Mugging the Guard"— A grand Con-
spiuacy; — Eight Thousand Prisoners, to Eevolt — Discovery ofthe Plot
— Punishment of the "Traitor" — Efforts to Escape by feigning
Death. As the only relief from their wretchedness, the minds
ofthe most desperate turned to schemes of escape. Tun
nelling, strategem in passing the gate, organizations to
assault the stockade, to overpower the gtmrd and cap^
ture the artillery, were all planned but never carried out.
As at Belle Island, the camp was full of rebel spies, who
reported to the guards all understandings among the
men looking to revolt, and all our movena«nts were
closely watched and guarded. One of these fellows, a
Union soldier nicknamed " Chickamauga," having lost a
leg in that battle, was detected giving tbe guards
informatiou concerning the designs of the prisoners.
This ingrate was always treated with the greatest kind
ness and care by the men, and when discovered felt hia
humiliation and disgrace so deeply that he tempted the
guard several times to shoot him. Tbe prisoners up
braided himi for bis treachery, and tormented him so
continually that one day he again crept under the
"dead-line." The gnard, pitying his miserable condi
tion, held his fire, calling to a prisoner to draw him
back. " Chickamauga" resisted, falling upon the
ground, and usmg aU sorts of language to the guard,

A PJHSONES OF WAE. lOl
calling him a coward, and afraid to shoot. Several
prisoners, who sympathized with the man for bis weU-
known bravery in a number of battles, endeavored to
induce him to desist from his desperate intention, to re
turn to his corarades, and strive to do better, promising
forgiveness. But he would not listen. His recklessness
and insults went too far. The guard near by brought
up his piece and fired. A buHet through the head
instantly finished the raiserable man's career. The
prisoners who witnessed the act turned away from
another scene of wanton bloodshed without saying a
word. No one wished the unfortunate man to be shot,
though his crime was not too good for such an end.
The guard, however, laughed, after the act was done.
Baying, " WeU, there's another d  d Yankee done for."
In the beginning, efforts to escape were frequently
made by smaU parties. I remember an instance which
occurred in AprU, 1864. A guard was sent with three
prisoners for wood. The party left early in the after
noon. Several hours on such an errand was generally
considered over the tirae. Night came, but no pris
oners and no guard returned. The next day, how
ever, the guard made his appearance, but came
alone. When questioned, he told the story of his
adventures rather excitedly. It seems the "Yanks" in
duced him to escort them more than the usual distance
from camp, by the promise of a few brass buttons. -As
soon as the prisoners got him pretty well out of hearing,
and in a remote, secluded spot, they disarmed him, and
marched him. about fifteen raUes. Here one of the party
obliged him to swap clothes, and then bound him se-
cm-ely to a tree. The three prisoners, leaving the guard
to be extricated from his predicament by some passers*
9*

102 NINETEEN MONTHS
by, started for the Union lines. The guard stated that
he reraained tied until morning, when, iu the midst of
his yelling, somebody rode up to inquire his trouble.
When he told his story he was released, and hastened
back to camp. This operation was known in camp as
" mugging the guard." It was frequently practised, but 5
seldom the prisoners succeeded in getting off. Two
days after the guard had returned, the three prisoners
were brought in, having been arrested and secured by
citizens. Soon after this occurrence, myself and several others
atterapted to escape by the tunneUing process, and suc
ceeded in burrowing thirty feet ; but the sandy nature
of the soil defeated our undertaking, when on the eve of
completion, by caving in and attracting the attention of
the guard.
One object in removing the prison-camp to such a re
mote region was, undoubtedly, to put an end to the ;fe,ir
chances of reaching our lines, as when prisoners were
kept further north. I found, eyen when one or more
succeeded in getting a good -start on their way
to freedom, they were overtaken by means of blood
hounds, which were able to scent a man two days after
he left the camp, and followed untU the fugitive was
overtaken, and held at bay untU their masters rode up
and secured him. The killing of the dogs seldora bet
tered the escaped man's fortunes, as the attention drawn
towards his escape, by the pursuit, by mieans of hounds,
set the inhabitants on the alert, and at the first place he
stopped for food he was invariably picked up, and sent
back to camp. What little service came from the
negroes was always for the benefit of the fugitive ; they
satisfied all his wants, and gave him directions about the

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 103
woods. But fear of their masters made them reserved
and cautious, their timidity and caution being frequently
the cause of the exposure of the fugitive.
All recaptured prisoners, on being brought back to
camp, were immediately chained and balled, — some by-
means of balls attached to their ankles, and others by
the same fastened to the neck. A more scientific mode
of this kind of punishment was adopted, by fastening by
the necks of three or four prisoners, sometimes a dozen,
standing in a row, with a -twenty-four-pounder shot at
tached to the ankle of each, and sixty.-fbur-pounder fast
ened to the chains around the neck, so as to oblige each
victim to bear an equal share ofits weight. In the early
part of July, 1864, with twelve others I effected my es
cape from the stockade, through the cook-house. We
were out several days, but one by one were retaken and
brought back. As each came in, he was fastened by
tbe chain to the one who was brought in immediately
before him, untU we were all ironed together, neck and
hands, with a twenty-four pounder shot attached to the
right leg of each. The latter we were forced to wear
for several months. From the effect of the cruelties
practised upon prisoners after recapture many died, and
numbers with the irons on them. There were almost
continually about one hundred prisoners ironed, for the
single offence of- an attempt to escape
A gigantic conspiracy, in which no less than ten
thousand men were engaged, was arranged in June,
shortly before my departure for Charleston, nurabering
in its accomplishment the active participation of eight
thousand men. This force was organized into companies
and battalions, and the appropriate officers assigned to
each. Six tunnels were dug, and a day appointed.

104 NINETEEN MONTHS
Every thing was ready to be carried out, when rein.
forcements arrived, and other measures taken to defeat
our purpose, and let it be known that we were discov
ered. The plan faUed as usual, through information
given the authorities by spies among our own number.
The first decided intimation we had that we were dis
covered was the appearance of the post-quartermaster
within the stockade, accompanied by a guard and a body
of negroes, equipped with spades and shovels. The offi
cial's knowledge of the tunnels which he had come to
destroy was so accurate, that he went directly to them,
and set tbe negroes to work upon their demolition.
Measures were at once set on foot to bring the in
formant to justice. Several weeks had passed, and the
task was about to be given up, when the villain was de
tected. He was accused, and, after a close examination,
admitted that he did it for a plug of tobacco. He also
accused other persons, who, upon subsequent examination,
were found innocent.
It was now resolved to make a good example of the
guilty man. One side of his head was shaven to the
skuU. He was then forced to lie upon his back, and
held down, while an old man-of-war's man pricked upon
bis forehead the letter T, to raark through life his in
faray as a traitor. The culprit w^s then obliged to ruH
the gauntlet from one end of the stockade to the other,
between two lines of about eight thousand prisoners,
who groaned and hissed him as he passed. The culprit,
having passed through his humiliation, hid himself in an
obscure corner, and was so disheartened, that he proba
bly would have died there, if the officer ofthe day, with
a guard, had not removed him several days after from
the stockade.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 105
A novel method of escape was successfully practise.d
for some time, by feigning to be dead, and being borne
out by men at the hospitals who were favorable to the
interests of the prisoners. The bodies were placed with
the dead in the dead-house, whence they took their de
parture after dark. At least fifty men were unaccounted
for at the expiration of several weeks. This large deficit
in his rolls, and the number of men on hand, started the
captain of the guard to a diligent search by raeans of bis
spies. After several days, the raethod of escape was dis
covered. A guard -^as iramediately placed around the
" dead-house." The same night two of the dead sud
denly resuscitated, and were making their way out
when ^they were picked up, much to their own as
tonishment, and sent to camp, where they were safely
secured by the baU and irons. 4

106 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER XIX.
Traitors in Camp— Their Punishment — Tempting Prisoners from
tbeir Allegiance — Discovery of a guilty Shoemaker — Meting out
Justice. Notwithstanding their sufferings and huraUiation,
the men, as a general rule, were true to the loyalty
which had moved them to fight. In my own experience,
up to my departure from Sumter, I had known but about
one hundred, who so far forgot their duty to the national
Government as to swear allegiance to the rebellion.
Twenty-eight of this number were the renegade cob
blers of Belle Island. How many men were secretly
inimical, from yarious causes, it would be impossible to
tell. That there were spies in our midst was, in several
instances, shown by the detection of the' despicable
scoundrels giving information. Our plans of liberation
set at naught by timely precaution, just as they were to
be carried into effect, was very sure evidence that the
rebel authorities were kept advised by somebody.*
Whether these persons were of their own number, aping
the holy martyrdom of the prisoners, or whether a pris
oner alleviating his own sufferings at the expense of his
comrades, was always an unsolved question, except in
the several instances where the crinunal was discov
ered. The manner of treating those detected in their infa
mous treachery was summary and deserving. It several

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 107
times occurred, as already mentioned, that the guilty
parties, out of a sense of shame,, hid theraselves, or
tempted the guard to shoot them, in which latter
extremity they were too often readily gratified, and
released alike fi-om their degradation and their misery.
There were othej-s .whose depravity and lack of con
science thought lightly of their crime. These were,
therefore, brought to justice by the unrelenting hand
of those who suffered by their evil doings.
The mildest form of punishment, as far as bodUy com
fort was concerned, was the scorn and reproach of their
comrades. This, however, applied only to those sensi
ble of such treatment. Another, and more violent and
offensive method, was to pitch the culprit into the filthi
est quarter of the camp sink, and keep him there until
well saturated with the foul matter and powerful odors,
when he was permitted to come out ; after which the
crowd at once proceeded to kick and cuff him out of
the stockade. Tonsorial operations were much in vogue,
as a mild punishment of traitors and scoundrels general
ly, one half of the head being shaved from the front to
the back of the neck, after which the delinquent was
escorted through the camp by a noisy crowd, and
laughed at by everybody.
A fellow named WiUiara Carrin, of a Massachusetts
regiment, was discovered one day making the rounds of
the carap, inducing men who were shoemakers to desert
and join the Confederacy. They were to follow their
trade, for which they were to be weU paid. Among the
arguments used to convince the men were such as had
a powerful influence upon the weak-minded. For
instance, he told them there would be no raore ex
changes or paroles during the war ; that the black flag

108, NINETEEN MONTHS
had been raised, and the two armies were slaughtering
each other promiscuously. He would also urge the
point of personal comfort, stating that they would have
excellent quarters, their food and clothing would be of
the best, and their wages enormous. The renegade had
himself taken the oath to the rebel government, and had
been working for them for a long time. Fortunately
the cobblers of Camp Surater were not to be so easily
deceived. One of those tempted exposed the errant
shoemaker, who was at once brought before a committee
called on the spot. After a clear analysis of his crime,
he was forced to acknowledge his guilt". His person
was searched, and papers found placing his offence-
beyond all question. He was sentenced to have his
head shaved. The sentence was summarily carried out.
He also took an oath not to aid the enemy any more,
and that he would remain within the stockade. The
same day he broke his oath, and informed the com
mandant of his treatment. The rations were at once
withheld untU the principals in the affair were discov
ered. The three persons most activS in the affair at
once stepped forward. Of this party, I was one, Peter
DonneUy, of the Excelsior brigade, another, and the
name of the third I have forgotten. The camp com
mandant gave vent to his rage in a few oaths, and then
dismissed the matter, much to onr surprise, as we ex
pected, at least, some more effective and durable mani
festation of his ire.

A PEISONEE OP WAE. 109

CHAPTER XX.
Amusements -within the Stockade — Establishment of the Markets —
Scene on Market-street — Competition in Business — The Effects of the
Markets upon those who oould enjoy them.
As at Belle Island, those of the prisoners who had
strength enough to partake in amusements to wUe away
the dull and monotonous hours of prison life, devise^
various means for their sport. These amusements al
ways formed a sad counterpart of the experience of
those unfortiinate men, prostrate by sickness and dis
ease. But men bound only by the common impulse of
a comraon cause, suddenly thrown together by some mis
fortune, soon lose the warm feelings at flrst engendered
between tbem undei" happier circumstances. The mpre
they suffer, the wider the breach that divides them,
until raisery makes each man nothing more than a raere
animal, struggling for self-existence, regardless of the
wishes and efforts of every one around him.
The source of a great deal of interest and excitement
at Sumter, to those who could enjoy them, were the
markets. They were originated by a few of the prison
ers- incUned to speculations. Who had a little surplus
meal, and baked it into slap-jacks and biscuits. These
they would offer for sale. Those -wbo had money, and
having as well a taste for this agreeable transformation
of ground corn, purchased liberally. Soon after the
markets were establislied, trade received a powerful im
petus by the arrival of a large number of prisoners cap-
10

110 NINETEEN MONTHS
tured at Plymouth, North Carolina. By a remarkable
exhibition of generosity on the part of the enemy, the
prisoners were permitted to retain their money and
clothing. After these persons arrived, the money they
brought with them was soon put into circulation through
the camp. The enterprising speculators reaped largely
the benefits, and at pnce extended the scale of their
operations. They purchased at wholesale, frora the guard,
a number pf articles not recognized in a prisoner's
rations. The rebel authorities seeing their opportunity,
established a sutler at tbe post, and allowed hira such
privileges as enabled him to do a lucrative business. He
was also even perraitted to bring his produce and goods
within the stockade. Capitalists purchased of him in
quantities, and then retailed in suitable amounts to the
men. Frequently a number of prisoners, allowed to go
outside with working parties, bought from the farraers
in the neighbo'Thood. This resulted in a corapetition of
prices, as the latter were able to sell at a rauch lower
rate than the sutler.
By the tirae I was transferred from Camp Sumter,
Market-street had grown into a business mart of con
siderable respectabUity. Booths and tables were erected,
and a display of eatables spread out quite flattering to
the fertility of Southwestern Georgia. The only obsta
cle in the way of unlimited operations was the exceed
ingly limited supply of " legal tenders." Even to those
however who had no funds, the markets were a source of
benefit, in the amusement they afforded, and the reUef of
the mind from the wearying sameness of our every-day
life. There were several other methods of occupying time
among tbe weU, when the camp was first organized, but

A PEISONEE OF WAE. Ill
these gradually wore out, -until there was nothing left
. but ennui, and a restless craving for freedora. The
opening, or rather toleration of the markets, by the
rebel officials, I found one of the raost fortunate events
in the history of the camp. Though there was no ap
parent diminution in the fearful mortality which carried
off scores every day, those whose, constitutions and phy
sical strength were superior to the horrors and wretched
ness of our situation, were occupied by the new source
of entertainment allowed. I have not the least doubt,
tbat araong those iron men who successfully bore up
under all their sufferings, that is, kept their feet, the
sickness was very materiaUy lessened by the excitement
and occupation of tbe thoughts upon matters enlivening
and calculated to dispel despair.

112 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER XXI.
Eaiding at Camp Sumter— Detection of a Number of " Eaiders" — Their
Trial — Sentenced to be hanged — Their Execution — The Effect of
extreme Measures.
The system of " raiding," which was carried on with
so much annoyance at Belle Islaifd, was practised, with
even greater industry, at Camp Sumter. The class of
vagabonds who thus indulged their thieving propensi
ties, spent their nights in prowling through the camps,
carrying off every thing they could lay their hands
upon. The sick and helpless were particularly annoyed by
their depredations, but every one suffered more or less.
It was impossible to possess any thing, unless it was
closely watched. While one man was absent, it became
necessary for a comrade to remain as a sort of guard to
the property. At length the evil becarae so great that
it was determined to set a terrible exaraple.
Quietly, one afternoon, a small number of the prison
ers held a secret meeting to consider the nuisance and
adopt measures to stop it. After exchanging yiews
upon the subject, it was determined to organize a smaU
and reliable detective force, to keep watch and draw
out^ny suspected parties, in hopes of discovering the
ringleaders. The same night the detectives commenced their duty.
A close surveiUance was kept upon different parts ofthe

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 113
camp, but moming came without making any discover
ies. The following day was passed in mixing with sev
eral suspected parties, but without avail. The second
night met with the same results. It was now supposed
that the raiders had got wind of the efforts to find them
out, and they had taken the wise precaution of desisting,
at least' temporarily, from their labors. During the
same day, however, a blanket was missing from a poor
fellow who was dying from the effects of chronic diar
rhoea. The "detectives" immediately started in quest
of the " raider." After an hour's diligent search he was
. discovered, and drawn from his hiding-place, not only
with the article last stolen, but numerous other evidences
of his guilt, and which were at once claimed by their
owners. A preliminary examination drew frora the arrested
man an acknowledgment of his crime ; and at the same
time the names of a number of others implicated in the
same acts were elicited. The entire party was arrested,
and a trial called.
On the next morning the sergeants of the different
messes were assembled, and, out of this number, twelve
were chosen to act as a jury. Several officers were
brought down from Macon to witness the trial. Those
of the sufferers by the depredations of the " raiders,"
who were able to attend, were summoned to appear as
witnesses, and the accused were permitted to choose their
own counsel and witnesses. During the exciteraent of
the arrests a number of men were held for trial, but
who, upon proving their innocence, were at once dis
charged. The trial of the " raiders" was conducted with tbe
strictest impartiaUty. After hearing all the evidence,
10*

114 NINETEEN MONTHS
the respective cases were argued with considerable abili
ty. The verdict given, was for the leading " raiders"
to be hanged by the neck until dead, and the remainder
to suffer such other punishments as the extent of their
crimes deserved.
The foUowing were the names of the men condemned
to death :
WUliam Collins, alias Moseby, 88tb Pennsylvania vol
unteers. Patrick Delany, 83d Pennsylvania volunteers.
Andrew Meever, United States navy.
Terrence SuUivan, 72d New York volunteers.
John Sarsfield, 140th New York volunteers.
Charles Curtis, Sth Rhode Island artiUery.
On Monday, July 11, 1864, a rude gallows was erect
ed by our own men on a rising ground at the southwest
ern portion of the stockade. The gallows was a rude
piece of workmanship, built out of material -which the
rebel officials, but too wiUingly in this case, provided. It
was composed of two heavy, forked logs, which were
fixed perpendicularly in the earth, with a strong cross
beam resting in the forks at the top. A platform, about
six feet from the ground, was built and supported upon
props, which, at the final moraent, were to be cut away,
and the unfortunate men launched between heaven and
eaith. Six men from the camp were designated to
adjust the ropes about the necks of the conderaned, and
a seventh detailed to execute the dropping of the plat
forra. At five o'clock in the afternoon the southwestern gate
was thrown open, and the prisoners were marched in,
under guard of rebel soldiers, coramanded by Captain
Wurtz, accompanied by the colonel commanding the

A PEISONEE OF 'WAE. 115
post. The solemn procession moved in front of the gal
lows, and halted.
. By this time several thousand prisonei^ had asserabled
to witness the execution. Many sympathized with the
unfortunate situation of their comrades. But the crime
of stealing- from a fellow-prisoner was always regarded
not only as the most unprincipled of acts, but also a
matter in which every" one who suffered was reduced
from a state of deplorable misery to absolute deprivation
of probably the last hold he. had upon life. The crime
was. much aggravated by the depredations committed
upon the helpless sick. In view of these facts,' however
benevolent or yielding the wishes of the feUow-prisoners
of the condemned, all wished -the sentence carried to the
melancholy end, as a warning, in the future, to others
disposed to the same practices.
When the culprits were formed in line, the rebel cap--
tain stepped forward, and, as near as I could note them,
after the affair was over, made the following remarks to
those in charge of the execution :
" Peispnbrs — I now hand over to you, in the same
manner I received them, the raen whora you have con
deraned to death on the gallows."
Then turning to the culprits, he said :
" You have been arrested and condemned by yourown
comrades ; I now turn you over to them, and leave them
to carry out the sentence, pr do as they may see fit."
'After this, the colonel, captain, and guards imme
diately left the inclosure.
The condemned now received the consolations of reli
gion, administered by a 'Catholic priest, who was per
mitted by the rebel authorities to visit the stockade on
'different occasions. The priest accompanied the culprits

116 NINETEEN MONTHS
to the foot of the gallows, and engaged in prayer. In
the midst of these holy offices, Curtis took occasion to
make an attempt at escape. He succeeded in breaking
through the crowd, but was immediately pursued and re
turned. The prayer being finished, the six eriminals, each ac
companied by the persons appointed to execute the- sen
tence, stepped upon the platform. The criminals each
said a few words, whicii were scarcely audible, proclaim
ing their innocence, and begging for mercy.
When they had concluded what they had to say, the
ropes havingbeen previously adjusted, a sack was drawn
over tbeir heads, aud the six men who accompanied them
descended. At a given signal the platform was cut away, and five
of the unfortunate men were struggling in mid-air. The
rope, however, of the sixth broke, and the culprit fell to
the earth. He begged piteously to be released, but his
comrades were inexorable. Another rope was secured,
and, when the five bodies were removed, he was hanged
alone. The bodies of the six men were remoyed from the
stockade, and buried in a separate part of the graveyard,
distinct from those who died in camp.
During the execution, I observed outside of the inclo
sure the whole of the rebel troops on duty at Camp
Surater were drawn up facing the gallows. This was, as
I understood afterwards, a precautionary measure, sup
posing sorae treachery on the part of the prisoners.
At first thought, the above action on the part of the
prisoners appears an act of useless severity on the part of
the corarades of the men so dishonorably and summarily
deprived of liffe. But our after experience in the evU

A PEISONEE OF :WAE. 117
which it was designed to correct, does not justify this
opinion. The example of extreme punishraent thus
placed before the minds of others, of "raiding" pro
clivities, had a good result. It at once put a stop to this
class of annoyance. During the reraainder of the time
I remained at Camp Sumter I did not hear of a single
article being stolen, and the feelings among all classes
of prisoners were stronger and more sympathizing, to an
extent surprising, as the very natural selfishness created
in times of extreme suffering, and which, in our case at
Sumter, never relaxed, now changed to a bond of closer
union ; and it was not unusual to see men waiting upon
each other, as kindly as though they had some important
interest at stake.

118 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER XXII.
Eemoval to Macon — An agreeable Journey — Prison Life at Maoon —
An extraordinary Privilege — Description of Macon — More Prisoners
Arriving — Preparations for another Transfer.
In the beginning of August, 1864, with seventy other
officers, I was transferred to Macon, Georgia. It was,
at least, with some regret that I left the unhappy scenes
and associations of Camp Sumter. During my stay
there I ,had forraed intimate and agreeable acquaint
ances, which I was not sure would be ray fortune else
where. I expected Uttle iraproveraent in camp living,
and even with this inducement would have foregone
much for the sake of corapanions, with whom the tardy
hours of imprisonment were always made light and full
of life.
On the day that I made my departure I met my
friends to say a farewell. How solemn were these mo
ments ! How sadly against us were the chances of ever
meeting again ! Consuraed by the devouring terrors of
the place, some were already one foot in the grave. I
cheered them all, though I felt myself on the verge of
giving up. When we parted there was no farewell
smile, but a tear of mutual commiseration and prayers
for strength to outlive our sad lot.
It was known that the prisoners about leaving were
to be confined at Maoon ; still, with a faint expectation
that some of us might be exchanged, our parting was

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 119
also given to messages of love to the dear ones at home,
— a single word to cheer them and keep alive tbeir
hope. We left Anderson by rail shortly after noon, and after
a ride of four hours were landed at our destination.
This brief journey was one of the most agreeable I
had yet experienced in the South. Though the day was
oppressively hot, the open fields and fresh air had a
cooling refreshing effect upon my feverish blood. I
often wished, on the way, that a few hours of such a
change could be, or rather would be, given the wretched
inmates of Sumter. With all their deplorable wretched
ness from hunger and disease, and the vitiated atmos
phere of camp, in the pure air alone ofthe open country
there was an invigoration which would have made their
hearts leap with renewed strength, and a new lease of
life given them, where before tbey watched and watched
and felt eyery day the inevitable drawing near of its
expiration. When we arrived at Macon we were immediately
confined in the officer's prison. In fact none but officers
were permitted in the prisons at that place.
As might naturally be expected, the treatraent which
I received, in general with all others confined at Macon,
was an improvement, though very Uttle, on that endured
by the wretched inmates of the stockade at Sumter.
Our rations were a trifle better, and, what was rather
novel to me, in quantity were sufficient to sustain life.
This state of affairs evinced a partiality which at once
convinced me of the depravity of sentiment which con-
trolfed the rebel leaders in their conduct towards pris
oners. The almost powerless private was treated with a
cruelty and rigor which wiU make aU history blush to

120 NINETEEN MONTHS
cwn such an unnecessary crime, while officers, who pos
sessed more influence and weight with the Government,
were soraewhat respected. If all had been treated alike
the case would bave been different; but as it stands,
there is plainly a fear standing out in the shameful
policy of the South towards those whom the uncertain
ties of war bad thro-wn into their power. Tbe rank and
file of our armies seemed to be persecuted, first from the
impotent and inherent exasperation of the Southern
leadei^s at the delay in the accompUshment of tbeir aims
of separate government ;. second, on account of the help
lessness of their victims; and, third, to render as many
as possible unfit, for a long tiniie to come, for the duties
of the soldier. In the case of officers, I found the perse
cutions less, as their cases would be mucb more easily
and directly brought to the attention of their Govern
ment. During my brief stay at Macon I enjoyed a privilege
wbich was somewhat out of the r6le of my former expe
riences. By a remarkable act of kindnesSj on the part
of one of the officers of- the guard, I was permitted to
spend a portion of an afternoon in perambulating the
town, haying, previous to ray going, solemnly jpromised
not to go beyond a certain Umit, and to return at a cer
tain tirae.
As I left tbe conifinement- of a prison, for the first time
in a year, and unembarrassed by a guard, I never felt
sucb a weight of sorrow removed as in the few hours of
that pleasant aft^noon. In fact so intense was tbe feel-
mg of reUef which I temporarily enjoyed^ that, after my
return, I could scarcely reaUze that I had been ofit at
all ; yet my mind and whole body were pervaded by an
indescribable sensation and satis&etion alraost too gi'eat

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 12l
to have any other foundation than in a pleasing
dream. My walk was confined entirely to the limits of the
heart of the town. I met some persons on the streets,
but very few, as the day was yet warm, and all who
were not absolutely caUed out reraained in doors. Of
the town, however, I could form some opinion.
Macon, the county-seat of Bibb county, judging from
the number of houses, had, before tbe war, a population
of about four thousand souls. It is beautifully situated
on the west bank of the Ocraulgee River, at the head of
navigation, and at the intersection of the Macon and
Western and Southwestern Railroads. Frora this fact
the business of the place before the war was quite brisk,
and -since had greatly increased, particularly in the
manufacturing interest, as much of the machinery of
the insurgent party was set up here, as our armies ad
vanced. The convenience of coramunication to aU
parts of the South made it an inviting centre for this
purpose. The residences of the town are generally plain but
comfortable. There were several churches and a num
ber of stores. The Wesleyan Female Institute, a place
of some note in the South, was located here, and before
the war was well attended from all parts of the Gulf
States. Upon the general average, Macon, as far as my
observation extended, was, and probably will be again, a
town considerably above the standard of small Southern
towns. The batch of prisoners, in whioh I was transferred to
Macon, was immediately followed by others. Every
day there were fresh arrivals, until, at the expiration of
five days, thei'e were nearly six hundred congregated
11

122 NINETEEN MONTHS
for some purpose, which we could not understarid,
though with the high expectations that we were to be
immediately exchanged. With this thought were all
correspondingly rejoiced. Nothing, however, was pub
Ushed on the subject untU we were about to start.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 123

CHAPTER XXIII.
Off for Charleston — Enthusiasm of the Prisoners— The Displeasure of
the Peoplo — Under Fire— Nobody Hurt— Eelieved— An Exchange— ¦
Presents from Home.
. Just one week after I reached Macon I resumed my
melancholy perigrinations in the direction of Charleston.
As we were about to depart we were gratuitously
informed that " the Yankee government" had placed a
large number of " Confederate" prisoners under fire on
Morris Island, and that the " Confederate" government
intended to do the sarae. This,; I have since learned,
was their side of the story, whereas ours shows the act,
on our part, a retaliation, for the sarae, first done by the
rebel authorities in Charleston, and that we were sent to
the city as a retaliation for a retaliation.
When we understood our destination, though it was -
not then known that the part of the national government
was retaliatory, we all admitted it was for some wise
purpose, and therefore submitted without saying a word.
As we were obliged to be persecuted in spme way,
there was something extremely satisfying, indeed cheer
ing, in the fact that it was for the Governraent. This
feeling prevaiUng over all, I never saw a more ready,
wiUing, I had almost said happy set of men, than those
chosen to submit to the fire of their own countrymen.
As the ;;rain left Macon I witnessed and felt th'e first
enthusiasm since I was taken prisoner. The officers

124 NINETEEN MONTHS
cheered, as if they were going to battle for their flag,
and sang the national songs as if their journey was
nothing more than a mere holiday excursion. What a
contrast, I thought, with our departure from the horri
ble scenes and recoUections of Belle Island, and the deep
sympathy felt as many of us left the pestUence and woe
of Carap Suniter. We now seemed to have lost all
thought of the circumstances by which we were sur
rounded, and looked only to the supreme satisfaction of
being of service to our cause.
The enthusiasra of the prisoners as they left was evi
dently displeasing to the guard, as well as the people
who had asserabled about the train. A few women took
occasion to exhibit their disapprobation, by twisting
their mouths into all sorts of contortions, and at inter
vals displaying their tongues. A few old men also gave
utterance to the requests^ " Shut up your d — — d
noise." " What are ypu howling at, you're all going to
get killed by your own men," and the like. One pris
oner rather aptly replied,
" Well, it's better to be kiUed by a ' Yankee' than a
- ' rebel.' "
This was rather unpalatable to the person to whom it
was addressed, as he was still of the ancient impression
that one Southern man, particularly in the value of the
earth of which he was made, was better than a dozen
Yankees, and got out of hearing rather rapidly. '
Our route to Charleston lay over the same road we
traveUed when we were sent to Anderson, namely, by
the way of Millen, Augusta, BranchvUle, and thence to
Charleston. At once upon our arrival at Charleston we were trans
ferred from the cars to the city jaU-yard and work-

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 125
house. I had the honor of being one of the occupants
ofthe former.
A few days after it was announced by the rebel com
mander that he would proceed iramediately to place us
under fire. This piece of information was loudly
applauded, greatly to the disgust of the informant.
We were now ordered to be in readiness to be moved.
His orders were obeyed as promptly as they were mag
nificently given, and in a few hours we found ourselves
confined in the Marine and Rosser Hospitals, under flre
of our long-range guns.
There was something eminently pleasing in our situa
tion at that tirae. We could look out upon the bay, and
in the dim distance see the vessels of our Government,
proudly investing and cutting off from the world the
birthplace and cradle of treason. OccasionaUy the deep
boom of a big gun from our batteries would be heai-d,
almost speaking to us in familiar tones. We felt that
the stars and stripes, which through the distance we
could scarcely discern, were still there, moving over
many stout hearts and wiUing hands iu the service of
the cause of right.
I raust say, I never passed so many happy moments of
reflection as during my imprisonment under fire. Every
body indeed seemed fired with a pride at bdng again
the victims of this new phase of Southern chivalry.
Though our rations were scant, our bodies were strong.
AU seemed to be lifted up, to live upon the thought of
the sacrifices we were about to make for the govern
ment. But with all the efforts of tbe rebels to put us in
exposed positions, not a single man was hurt by our
shells. A fragment one day entered General Stone
man's room, but harmlessly lodged in the wall. There
11*

126 NINETEEN MONTHS
were numerous other instances of this kind, but not a
single person killed or even wounded, though the build
ings were well riddled.
For six weeks we were under fire, when, very unex
pectedly, we were reraoved, and, much to our surprise,
an exchange commenced almost immediately after.
This was rather an incomprehensible piece of business,
which was never explained ; suffice it that I was not one
ofthe fortunate ones exchanged.
Our prison-life at Charleston, in the way of comforts
of food and clothing, was the sarae experienced every
where by officers. There was less imposition, as might
be expected, from the authorities, than that universally
experienced by the privates. There were little of the
robberies and schemes of extorting money, already men
tioned as practised upon the soldier of the ranks. In
deed, in keeping with the general character of rebel
officials in subordinate positions, "they imposed only
upon those whom they took to be their inferiors, though
they were often much astonished to find even "Yankee"
privates too wise for them.
During our stay at Charleston a number of boxes,
containing various articles, arrived from the North. At
first, to save the necessity and expense of a strong
guard to watch us, the rebels took this means of
endeavoring to extort a parole frora the prisoners. We
were up to the designs of this, and all peremptorily
refused. For a, short time the boxes were withheld
frora us, but the sense of shame was too dfeep for even a
rebel official, and the most of the supplies were distrib
uted. When the boxes were received, and their contents
weU examined, there was a sense and universal expres-

A PEISONEE OF WAE. ' 127
sion of gratification, which it would be impossible to
convey in words. These evidences of the thoughtful
ness of the folks at home, were always deeply cherished,
and were food for thought and conversation for weeks
after. Even the rebels themselves could not withhold a
look or a word of adrairation of at least this one good
side ofa "Yankee" heart.

128 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER XXIV.
Transferred to Columbia, S. C. — The Expressions of the People on th9
Way — General Grant's Combinations Beginning to Pinch.
In September, 1864, the squad of which I was a mem
ber, resumed' its travels. Before we left, I discovered
our destination was Columbia, the capital of South Caro
lina. The rebel authorities were evidently of the opin
ion we were in favor of prison -life in Charleston, from
the fact that we enjoyed accomraodations vastly better
than allowed to prisoners any'\*'here else in the South.
It is true we were quite comfortably fixed in the way of
sleeping conveniences, and it was with some disapproba
tion we heard the news of our contemplated removal.
Our journey to Columbia was performed by rail,
again, in a series of dilapidated .and antiquated box cars,
considerably the worse for wear. The first stage of our
travels was to Branchville. At this point we were de
layed by trains passing North, until night, when we rode
ai few miles further to Orangeburg, and were obliged to
wait for some wood to be chopped for the engine, and
thence proceeded to Kingsville. It was morning when
we reached the latter place ; accordingly the train halted
for several hours, to allow time for tbe distribution of
rations. This very acceptable work accomplished, we
pushed on about thirty miles further, when we entered
Columbia.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 129
Durin.g this trip we were subject to a more universal
calling of hard names and epithets, than when I passed
over the same road about seven months before. I ac
counted - for tnis in the fact, that Lieutenant-Gederal
Grant, who we knew had been assigned to the general
command of all the armies of the United States, and
was more than a match for Lee, was yery closely pressing
down upon the rebel cause and teriitory, gradually re
ducing it to a very sraall compass. We were not suffi
ciently well advised to forra any very correct ideas of the
situation, yet from the rebel papers, which were willing
ly sold to " Yankees," we drew our inferences; and frora
what we gathered here and there from persons loitering
about with the camp-guards, we concluded that General
Grant's combinations were beginning to pinch.
In order to give an idea of prison life in Columbia,
South Carolina, I submit some extracts which I have
been perraitted tP use, from the diary of Lieutenant J.
N. Whitney, 2d Rhode Island cavalry, not only an old
friend, but for some time a messmate and intimate cora
panion. His record presents, from day to day, a com
plete picture of all the scenes and incidents which came
under our observation during our imprisonment.' It is
not, however, my intention to give his journal coraplete,
but to select such portions as will convey a clear insight
into his experience, without the natural repetition found
in a diary covering an extended period. I find an inter
val running frora October 20, 1864, soon after our arrival,
np to Noveraber 22d following — a duration of on? month
— contains all this, and therefore make that my selection.
It will be observed in his narrative, that, though our
treatraent was little less than that . of brutes, still we
were not reduced to the suffering and disgusting extrem-

130 NINETEEN MONTHS
ities which characterized the prisoners of war elsewhere.
This is rather an unaccountable fact, confined as we were
in the very capital ofthe first State to revolt, and among
a people historically hostUe and vindictive towards the
people of the North.
I may add, that I accept Lieutenant Whitney's diary,
not only on account of its raerits as a daily record, bnt
my inability to keep my own, while suffering from a
severe illness which befell me soon after our arrival.
With this understanding, I will make the diary the
subject of another chapter.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 131

CHAPTER XXV.
Extract from the Diary of Lieutenant J. N. Whitney, 2d. Ehode Is
land Cavalry.
OcTOBEE 20, 1864. — ^To-day the weather is again fine.
Nights frosty and cold. We commenced to live in a
tent of our own. I will hei;e give an account of our
arrival from Charleston. We were turned into a new
lot, in the suburbs of the town, lying on a hill bounded
on the east by the riiain road from Columbia, running
north. On the west by a deep vaUey, through which
runs a small creek, tributary to the Saluda. This creek,
I may add, runs through the lower portion of the camp.
On the north we touch a heavy pine wood, which, with
intervals of openings, and smaller growth, encircles the
entire camp though at various distances from its bounda
ries. On the south ranges a low ridge, overgrown with
brush and scattered pines. The site of the camp was
originally covered with a stunted growth of small pines,
wbich soon disappeared in the shape of huts foivprotec-
tion against the weather. The camp is completely in
vested by a guard-lirie and chain of sentinels. It has
been a rule in camp to permit small parties to go into the
woods, to carry fuel for cooking. Some have already
collected sufficient spare wood to construct the walls of
a cabin, which, covered with, brush, are quite comfort
able. Our quarters, which we hope to improve now.

132 NINETEEN MONTHS
consist of two blankets sewed, or rather strung toge
ther, and fastened by the fonr corners to as many posts
driven firmly into the ground, and rising from the sur
face about two feet. A wedge-pole, supporting the
blanket in the centre, is fastened on two stakes, about
six inches higher. Onr bed (upon which six' of us sleep)
is made of pine logs, crossing each other at the ends,
making a height of about one foot, on which a surface of
logs has been laid. The greatest difficulty we find in
sleeping on this bed is, to avoid the sharp corners, being
almost entirely withont any thing to lie upon, except a
little brush and leaves, and these even are scarce. We
are however satisfied with this, in the absence of an im
mediate-prospect of any thing better.
To-day cutting down of our rations took place. The
issue per man, for five days, is as follows :
Five quarts of corn-raeal, very coarse.
One quart of sorghum.
Two tablespoonfuls of coarse salt.
• Two tablespoonfuls of rice.
In addition to this, those who have money are per
mitted to purchase of the sutler. He being in league,
no doubt, with some ofthe officers, has a monopoly, and
is perraitted to sell at his own price. His rates, in Con
federate money, are :
Sweet potatoes, twenty doUars "per bushel. Price iu
town, twelve doUars.
Butter, fifteen dollars per pound.
Fresh beef, two dollars and fifty cents per pound.
Mutton, the same.
Irish potatoes, thirty-two doUars per bushel.
Eggs, five dollars per dozen.
Salt, six doUars per quart.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 133
Apples, two for a. dollar.
Bacon, seven doUars per pound.
Tea, seventy-five dollars per pound..
Coffee, twelve dollars per pound.
Cigars (viUanous), four for a dollar.
Shoes, sixty-five dollars per pair. Tapping-boots,
twenty-^five dollars.
Cotton cloth, formerly seven cents, three dollars per
yard. One sheet of paper, and one envelope, one dollar.
French fiannel shirt, fifty dollars.
Tent-fiy, one hundred dollars.
One tin pint measure, five dollars.
One three-quart pail, twenty dollars.
We have some difficulty in keeping the scant supplies
which we receive. Our sorghum is kept in an old black
bottle, whioh reminds ns very forcibly of better cheer in
former days. Its history is often a subject of- amuse
ment in our mess, talking over the many sprees it has
witnessed. Our corn-raeal is secured in a bag raade out
of an old coat-tail, picked up in the rubbish-heap oF the -
camp. Never, during our prison experience, have we
had any conveniences for safely securing rations from the
weather, wastage, and dirt.
Our accommodations for cooking and eating are equal
ly primitive and simple. In our mess, which is better
supplied than the majority of others, we possess four
earthen dishes of the rudest and roughest fabric, two tin
plates, much battered and bent ; two whole forks, and
two with one prong ; three knives without handles ; one
earthen cup of antique pattern, two earthen saucers;
two tin pans; one huge tin pail, somewhat dUapidated
and leaky, holding about twelve quarts. This answers
12

134 NINETEEN MONTHS
also the purpose of a boiler. We have also one tin can,
holding about one quart, used for making coffee. The
repast which these conveniences and our limited rations
permit us to make is spread upon the ground.
Onr wardrobe, and that of the majority o7 officers in
this prison, is confined to the clothes upon our backs.
Under garraents are rare, and many who once possessed
them were obliged to throw them away on account of
the vermin which had congregated in them.
October 2\st. — One of the finest days in auturan. I
often look ont upon the fields around, and wish for one
hour's liberty. To-day a new coraraander, a lieutenant-
colonel, took charge of the carap. He has proraised a
reforra and better tiraes; but we have been promised
this so often that we expect little.
October 23c?.^-Last evening occurred one of those
painful scenes which we are called upon too frequently
to witness. Lieutenant Young, of the 4th Pennsyl
vania cavalry, while Sitting on a stool with a number of
companions clustered about a fire near tbe northern
boundary of the camp, was shot through the body, and
died in about twenty minutes. His only words were,
" I am hurt," and was imraediately seized with a hemor
rhage at the lungs. The guard, who was the cause of
the lieutenant's death, said it was done accidentally,
while adjusting the cap on his musket. But no one' has
ever been punished, or even reprirnanded for tbeir care
lessness. I remember one instance, in Richmond, where
a soldier, for a simUar " accident," received a promotion
and furlough. The same occurred during my imprison
ment at Macon. A " Yankee" is never killed for auy
cause whatever, without evident signs of satisfaction on
the part of the guard and thdr officers.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 135
To-day the artillery, under tbe direction of our new
coraraander, was removed to a hiU at a greater distance,
and giving better range to sweep the camp. This is
probably a precautionary measure, suggested by the
alarm of a few nights since. The affair was rather
amusing. The particulars were these: About eight
o'clock P. M., four shots were heard in quick succession
from th'e west side of the camp. Imraediately in the
camp of the chivalry there was a great commotion.
Men were flying hither and thither in evident conster
nation. One shouting,
" Where is company B ?" Another, an officer, yell
ing at the top of his voice, " Fall in, company G."
Another, " Rally on that yer artiUery," and so on for
five minutes, the whole reserve guard was in a wild
clatter. At last, they got into position, and became somewhat
quiet. A small reconnoitering party ventured near the
border of our camp, one exclaiming, i
"Fetch out yer Yanks." Another, "We're ready for
you now."
Finding no signs of disturbance, the party withdrew.
Upon inquiry, I found that three prisoners ran by the
guard, and were fired at. The guard. Supposing a
rautiny on the eve of breaking out, aroused their whole
force, but only to find tbeir alarms unfounded.
October 23d, /Sunday. — Severe frost last night. We
are having signs of the approach of winter, and few of
us are prepared. The fires are nightly the centres of
a shivering group.
There have been a number of instances in tbis camp
of gross injustice in the distributiQU of supplies sent
here for distribution by the sanitary commission. A few

136 NINETEEN MONTHS
weeks ago, over one hundred quilts were received. If
equitably distributed, they would have supplied nearly
every destitute ma5 in camp, or^it least would have al
lowed one quUt to two. This, however, was not satis
factory to some. A colonel, for instance, whose name I
forbear to mention, kept back about twelve for his own
mess, which was well supplied before. Every morning
the blankets can be seen hung about his tent airing,
while there are upward of a hundred men who are
obliged to pass the nights hugging the fires, and sleep
by day.
Lieutenant Young, who was killed yesterday, was
buried to-day. The funeral services were read by
Lieutenant Ogden. Thus another victim of treason and
treachery lies buried far away from horae and friends.
It is sad to think of this. How soon will the plowshaje
obliterate the araple mound which now marks his resting
place !
October Z^th. — A confederate soldier, caught steaUng
spoons, knives, forks, &c., during the evening roll call of
prisoners, has been placed under arrest, his officers
promising to punish him.
Lieutenant King arrived in camp from hospital in
town. He reports Union feeUngs among the rebel sol
diers, repeating a nuraber of reraarkable stories told by,
them of what they intend doing. Not being credulous,
we listen to the lieutenant's story, because it is something
new, and not because there is much confidence placed in it.
October 2&th, Wednesda-y. — We coraraenced building
a cabin for shelter against the approaching cold and
storms of winter. For the past two weeks we have been
" lugging" pine logs upon our shoulders from the woods,
about st quarter of a mUe distant. This was somewhat

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 137
of a task in our weakened state, and the accumulation
of material was necessarUy very slow.
October 2lth, Thursday. — Commenced splitting slabs
for roofing.
October 28th, Friday. — To-day we succeeded in put-,
ting up the sides and one end of our hut. It is now
raining, the first we have had for twenty days. In our
present quarters it is impossible to keep dry. We are
soaking wet, and will have to remain so until the weather
clears, and we can again start the fires. These rains are
uncharitable things. How raany poor fellows I can now
see sitting without shelter, and but half clothed, taking
the rain in all its fury I AU the huts, and tents are
crowded with wet and steaming clusters of men. Such
misery I I pften long, in the parlance of the prisoners,
" for sorae northern hog-pen." I hear a home sick pris
oner exclairaing, " I wish I was in ray father's barn."
His father raust be a farraer. Another sings out with a
stoical indifference, "'Tis a place to be joUy in." An
other, with a mixture of irony and sincerity, reraarks, " I
want to go home." There are some cheerful spirits
amongst us who make sport over everything. Without
them it would be hard to survive this miserable place.
October 2Qth, Saturday. — Still raining, no fires, nothing
to eat, wet and weary. The day passed never so slowly.
No sleep at night. The same sad spectacle of men
seated on the leeward side of a hut hugging their knees,
the rain pelting thera raercilessly.
October 30th, /Sunday. — The clouds broke during the
night, and the sun rose be.autifully this morning. De
tails of raen have returned with wood, and the fires are
again burning. Many are down sick with colds and
pneumonia from the effects of the late exposure. A
12*

138 NINETEEN MONTHS
great many are laid up with hunger, the rain interfering
with the supplies.
Tbis afternoon was spent in bringing logs and brush
for our hut.
October Z\st, Monday. — Suffered unusuaUy from hun
ger to-day. Our labor in building we find very exhausting.
November Ist, Tuesday. — Received a letter from
raother, dated Septeraber 25th. .It is the only one that
has reached me since May 1st. These always welcome
missives of home are rendered doubly valuable in the
isolation of prison Ufe. To read them over and over
again is a pleasurable way of wiling away the dull hours.
November 2d, Wednesday. — Last night an officer at
tempting to make his escape was wounded in the leg ;
several, however, under coVer of the fire which he drew,
were more successful.
To-day we occupied our hut, which turns out more
corafortable than an exterior view would suggest. Its
diraensions are seven feet by ten, and about six feet in
height. The sides are weU secured with mud, and the
roof, which is made of boughs and earth, is a tolerable
protection from the weather. The internal conveniences
are rather economical in variety, consisting principally
of- a platform of logs covering nearly the entire space-
within, and used for lounging on rainy days and a bed
at night.
November- 3c?, Thursday. — The great event of to-day
was a visit from a highly appreciated personage, an old
porker. As he approached the camp his -movements
were closely watched by about a hundred hungry fellows.
No sooner had his porkship crossed the " dead line" than
he was enthusiastically greeted by a popular demonstra
tion. At least a hundred feU upon him, some seizing

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 139
hira by the tail and ears, and every other portion of the
animal furnishing a handle. Those who were unable to
lay hold plunged their knives into bim and clubbed him,'
the hog meanwhile squealing to the fuU extent. The
hog, unable to endure this treatment, soon expired,
then came the contest for a share in the spoils ; finally,
however, it fell in smaU quantities into the hands of
about fifty, and the cooking soon spread through the
carap an odor of fresh meat, which had been foreign to
us for a long time.
November 4th, Friday. — To-day we have had con
siderable exciteriient on the subject of "counts." A
short time since the number of officers confined in this
prison was fifteen hundred, to-day ^but eleven hundred
and sixty-four are all tbat can be accounted for. The
cause of this deficit is the loose manner of paroling the
men, who a short tirae since were permitted to go out
alone for wood, provided they promised upon honor or
oath that they would return. The applications were
numerous, and the regulations not rigid. There were
many who left the prison without giving their parole.
These left the camp for our lines, sorae succeeding and
others not.
November 5th, Satvrda/y. — An officer who made his
escape yesterday reached a distance of five miles on his
journeyj and returned for want of food and a blanket.
Approaching a sentinel, the officer stated that he was an
inmate of the hospital, and promised an order on another
officer in camp for a new rubber blanket if the sentinel
would give him his. The sentinel seized at the chanpe,
and gave the officer his blanket. The officer again
started on his journey, and the sentinel, after a delinquent
search, found he was the victim of a " Yankee trick."

140 NINETEEN MONTHS
November ^th,' Sunday. — Raining; cold and un
pleasant. Our frail domicile proves rather leaky. Those
who are unprovided with any shelter at all, are com-^
mencing to feel the effects of their unfortunate con
dition. Colds, rheumatisra, and lung diseases, are com
mencing to spread". After the terrible experience
of last winter, I dread the coraing of the present
one. November 1th, Monday. — Left the camp on parole.
Walked to the factory. Not perraitted to enter. Saw a
large nuraber of the feraale operatives. They are, I
find, the best of the 'lower class, bnt greatly inferior in
intelligence, good-looks, and taste in dres.s, to the North
ern factory girls. Towards prisoners they are generally
kind, when an opportunity offers for tliem to show their
feelings, though the rules are strict that they shall have
nothing to do with a " Yankee."
Returned to camp in the afternoon, feeling much bene
fited by the exercise and fresh air enjoyed in my ram
bles. The only obstacle to our happiness, coraparatively
speaking, is a very limited . supply of food to raeet the
cravings of exceUent appetites.
November 8th, Tuesday. — Over sixty escaped prison
ers bave been reclaimed up to this time, many bitten by
hounds used in their pursuit.
An officer named Murphy, a perfect specimen of an
Irishraan, was brought in this raorning. Ever since, he
has been narrating to an extensive and interested au
dience his perilous adventures and capture. He was out-
four days, and witnessed aU sorts of sights, and passed
through an infinite variety of hairbreadth escapes. He
• represents the people hospitable, but ' reports that they
pick up every able-bodied man, friend or foe, who can

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 141
not give a good account of hiraself. The country he
represents uninviting, and difficult of travel.
November \Oth, Thursday. — We are rapidly assuming
the appearance of a winter encampment. More sub
stantial " shebangs" than have answered the purpose oi
shelter during the summer are being erected.
The messes are each reduced five or six less in number,
and work in common, carrying logs from the woods, a
half mile distant. The sides of the winter " shebangs"
are solid and secure, but the rooms, raade of strips and
bi'ush, much expose the interior to the weather. Each
" shebang" is provided with a chiraney of wood, " cob
bled," and lined with clay-mud. All the crannies are
filled in the same way, making every thing very close.
Each place has one door, but no windows. However,
by the time everybody is accommodated, we will have,
if not the most beautiful, at all events, under the circum
stances, the most corafortable quarters now in a South
ern prison-camp.
November Wth, 'Friday. — Last night a man was shot,
attempting to pass the guard.
November 12th, Saturday. — More escaped prisoners
brought in. All report poor prospects of discovering a
passage out of the country, on account of its intricacies
of roads and rivers.
November 13«A, Sunday. — A beautiful Sabbath. The
weather clear and sparkling. The air rather cool and
damp. We enjoy few opportunities of religious in
struction. Everybody's religion here is to reach God's
country, as the North is terraed, as soon as possible.
November 16th, Wednesday. — Nothing new. Monot
ony, bad weather, nothing to eat, and every thing else
to make our confinement irksome.

142 NINETEEN MONTHS
November 11th, Thursday. — Thinking about trying
my .fortune iri an effort to escape ; been revolving in my
mind a number of plans, none of which seem to answer
the -purpose.
November 18th Friday. — Had a conversation with
Lieutenant G. M. Van Buren, 6th New York Cavalry, on
the subject of escape. He agrees to be my companion.
Passed the day in secret conversations on the subject.
November 20th, Sunday. — Our plans of escape, which.
were ready to be carried into effect to-night, were de
layed by the arrival of a box from home, containing
shirts and stockings. This comes at a very appropriate
time, as I as well as my companion were in need of
such supplies for our journey.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 143

CHAPTER XXVI.
The E'«oape of Lieutenant Whitney and Captain 'Van Buren — Their
Experiences on the Way — Attacked by Hounds — Arrival at a Mill —
Obliged to Turn Back — A Sorghum Boiling.
Bt November 21st I had returned to my raess, and at
once entered into the arrangements of escape suggested
by Lieatenant Whitney. My strength was not sufficient
for me to undertake any such journey ; it was therefore
understood that I should keep guard over the personal
effects ofthe Lieutenant and his companion, and in event
of not being recaptured, and returned to camp at the
expiration of four weeks, the things in my possession
were to be disposed of as I saw fit.
As Lieutenant Whitney and his companion were both
brought back to Columbia, after being out a few weeks,
I will let the diary of the former note their experience,
and narrate their adventures.
The day before their departure two passes were writ
ten out, one for the Lieutenant, the other for Captain
Van Buren. The Lieutenant assumed the name of Lieu
tenant Jackson, and his companion. Captain Mann. In
addition to writing these passes themselves, they also
took the privilege of signing the name of Captain Mar
tin, officer of the guard.
We resume the diary where the Lieutenant and Cap
tain left camp :
November 22d, Tuesday. — The sun rose clear thia

144 NINETEEN MONTHS
morning, and every thing turned out to facUitate our es*
cape. The understanding was to pass the guard singly.
Bidding a quiet good-by to but two of our most intimate
friends, we commenced our operations by a little man
oeuvring about the guard, to catch them withont an
offieer. At the proper moment, with my pass in hand,
my haversack under my coat; containing a few necessary
articles of food, a blanket thrown over my shoulders,
and with two loaves of corn-bread in my hand, I ap
proached the guard, handed him my papers, at the same
time adding, in the weakest voice at my command, that
I wished to go to the "hospital wliere I belonged." The
guard looked at the pass mechanically, looked at me,-
and then gave the document back, saying it was " aU
right." I crossed the Une, and at once felt like another
man) ready to undergo every privation and fatigue for
liberty. I immediately hastened towards the hospital,
where I was soon joined by the Captain. We reraained
about the hospital, but as rauch removed from atten
tion as possible, until 7 o'clock p. m., when we set ont on
our uncertain journey, feeling strong and full of hope.
Our first duty was to elude the soldiers and inhabi
tants continually found in the vicinity of the camp, and
having reached the country, we felt rather safe. Passing
along the edge of the open field in the rear of the rebel
headquarters, we could' see the rebel soldiers seated
around their camp fires, talking and laughing, singing
and smoking, some stretched atfuU length on the ground,
sleeping, and others standing. How unconscious they
were that two " Yanks" were anxiously creeping^ by
thera on their way to " Yankeedom." We made our
way through briers and mud-boles until we had effect
ually " flanked" the enemy, and came out on the road a

A PKISONEE OP 'WAE. 145
short distance beyond. We halted a few moments to
listen and reconnoitre. This was a wise precaution. We
had scarcely set our ears to work than two rebel soldiers,
talking enthusiastically upon various subjects that they
knew nothing about, passed within a few rods of us.
We dropped flat on the ground, and lay there in anxious
suspense, every moraent expecting them to challenge us.
But they passed on, infinitely to our reliefj without ob
serving , us. We lay iti our cover about half an hour
longer, until it was later, and consequently less proba
bility of finding any one abroad. At length we arose,
and struck out into the road, making our way directly
fpr Columbia, whence we intended to take a road lead
ing off to the right towards Augusta, Ga., — the latter
point being onr destination, in hopes of falling in with
some of Gen. Sherman's forces reported moving for tbat
point and the coast.
After a great search, and considerable scratching
through brambles, we ran into an inclosure, in which
was a small cabin. The inmates were in a state of jol
lification, which was manifested by sundry exercises
effected in unison with the labors of a negro fiddler, who
was deeply engaged in extracting certain imitations of
tunes from his instrument. We passed the house with
out attracting any attention, and struck the road leading
in the desired direction. Down this road we pushed
with all speed. The night was clear and cold, and the
ground frozen^— a good night for walking. We made
no delay on our way, more than to stop occasionally and
listen. About five miles from Columbia, we struck a wide
creek, crossing the road. There was no bridge, and the
only way to cross it was by wading. Accordingly we
13

146 NINETEEN MONTHS
Stripped our feet and legs, and walked in with a shiver.
When less than half the distance across, the water
reached onr pantaloons. We gave a glance at the op
posite shore, whicb was, at least, twice as far distant as
the space we had crossed. There was but tbe alternative
to strip or turn back. Adopting the latter, we turned
about and walked out, to make an effort to find some'
more practicable and convenient raeans of getting over.
After reconnoitring in the darkness, on both sides of
the road, we discovered something whioh, upon investi
gation, was found to be a foot-bridge. Upon this we
cautiously oi*08sed, and again took the road.
About midnight we passed a plantation on the road
side. This was the first and only one during our first
night's travel. The negro huts were close to tbe road,
and as we went by, we could see the bright fires shining .
through the chinks, and hear the negroes earnestly
talking. We kept on our way without attracting their
attention. Soon after, we came to a miU, in which there
were a number of men at work. We searched diUgently
fbr a crossing, but could find none except by passing
through the niill. Not deeming it prudent to hazard
such an alternative, we turned back, and struck another
road, which, though not foUowing our general direction,
we hoped would bring us out on another road leading
south. Southern roads, we found, were not the most
regularly surveyed, nor excellently constructed. They
are nothing more than wagon-tracks winding in every
direction through forests, over plantations, and across
strearas without bridges. Any obstacles, such as a
fallen tree, are conveniently avoided- by making a- detour.
The roads, consequently, are ranch obstructed, and diffi
cult to travel. In tbe darkness, more than once we lost

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 147
the track, and several times were thrown to the ground
across logs and stumps in our way.
During the night, we made as much distance as pos
sible. As day was breaking, -we reached a plantation,
yet we ventured past. The house stood off some dis
tance, but the barn was immediately on the road. We
heard several voices in the barn, and soon two men came
out. We sprang into a thicket on the road-side, and
ran about a hundred yards into a ravine.
November 2%d, Wednesday. — Having remained quiet
in the ravine for fully a half an hour, and feeling assured
that we were not detected by the two men from the
barn, we looked about -us for a secluded spot where we
might be secure from discovery. It was now broad day
light. After a little search, we found a dense cluster of
briers, thickly - surrounded by large trees. We felt it
would be impossible for any one to find us, unless they
accidentaUy walked right into the bushes. This was not
a probable contingency, so we opened our haversacks,
and ate sparingly of our food, a little bacon and a little
bread. We here discovered one cause of distress, we
were without water, and had been since early yesterday.
As it would be dangerous- to attempt to satisfy our thirst,
we determined to wait until night.
We now lay down for rest, covering ourselves with
the blanket I had brought. We both feU into a sound
sleep, from which we awoke long after noon. An hour
before dark, we took another meal, but could find no
water. When night had set in, we resumed our journey.
After fairly " flanking" the plantation, we again entered
the road. Having tramped but a half a -mile on our
way, we reached a cross-roads. Van Buren cUmbed- the

148 NINETEEN MONTHS
sign-post, and read the directions, which indicated that
we had come out on tbe main Colurabia and Augusta
road. We foUowed the index finger pointing to Augusta.
No incident occurred dM-ing the night. We passed a
number of plantations, in the bouses of which Ughts
were burning, but the buildings standing away from the
road, we experienced no danger in getting by.
November 2Uh, Thursday. — During last night my
legs pained me severely, probably from the effects of
the attempt to wade the streara across the road on -our
first night out. But I gave no attention to my suffering,
hoping another night's exercise might restore them to
good walking order.
At dawn this morning we reached a densely populated
district, that is, for the South. WhUe passing a house
near the road four hounds sprang at us. We took to
the bushes, they after us. Fortunately we w^e not dis
covered on the road, and the uproar occasioned by the
hounds was not an unusual annoyance, so no attention was
paid to them, else we should have been detected at once.
After holding us at bay for about an hour the dogs
went off, evidently satisfied that they had annoyed us
enough. We now kept under cover of tbe bushes in
the bottom of a ravine, where we discovered a beautiful
little stream. Our thirst, which by this time had be
come alraost intolerable, was heartily quenched.
We both now, soon after, lay down, and fell into a
sound sleep, fi-om which we were called to onr senses
about ten o'clock, shaking with the cold. We now ate
onr breakfast ; in fact, it was the remnant of our whole
stock of food. After washing in the stream, we both
felt refreshed, and hid ourselves in the bushes for the re
mainder of the day. The long hours were spent in lay-

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 149
ing out plans over our future movements, with intervals
of sleep, and no dinner.
Late in the afternoon we gathered a number of acorns.
There were a number of hogs near us engaged in the
same search, and seemed to look upon our labors as an
inti-usion upon the already precarious supply of this ar
ticle of diet.
About an hour after dark we again ventured on the
road, and resumed our journey. For two hours, we
moved onward without incident. We passed several
plantations and a number of negro quarters, bnt at- '
tracted only the attention of an occasional hound, which
saluted us as we passed with onje or two raournful howls.
Shortly before ten o'clock in the evening, we ap
proached a sorghum boHing. The glare of the fires lit
up the road for some distance. There were a large num
ber of whites and blacks superintending the operations.
Our greatest concern was to get by without eliciting ob
servation. We left the road as we drew near the light ;
in feet, we were expedited in this manoeuvre by the sud
den appearance in onr rear of a planter gaUoping towards
\is on a mule. We lay in tbe bushes about twenty feet
from the road until be passed, and then rose, and started
to make a detour of the sorghum boilers. We expe
rienced the greatest difficulty in forcing a passage through
the briers, and suffered greatly from the lacerations thus
occasioned both to our bodies as well as our clothes. We
suffered much from a want of water, and were obUged
to drink from hog wallows, in which frequently stood
a small quantity of stagnant water from the last rain.
By this time also the pains in my limbs became so great
that I hobbled along with the assistance of two sticks,
and with the greatest. difficulty. ^ 13*v

150 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER XXVII.
Offtheroad— Discover a Pea-stack-— Eest — Morning— Where the trav
ellers foujid themselves — Making themselves kno-wn to the Negroes. —
The HospitaUty of the Negroes-.
November 25th, Friday. — Shortly after 3 o'clock in
the morning, during the darkness, we strayed from our
road into a lai"ge field. FoiJ-'at least an hour we wan
dered about unsuccessfully, endeavoring to extricate
ourselves. At last we carae to a number of stacks of
cow-peas. To satisfy our hunger, we set to and ate a
large quantity of them, after whieh, lying close up to
the stack, and covering ourselves with a goodly supply
of the darap vines, sank into a sound slumber.
At dawn, we were aroused by a negro, who crossed
the yard on which we were lying, and disappeared in a
cornfield. Before creeping from our cover, we made a
good preliminary optical reconnoissanee of onr locality.
We found ourselves in an extensive fleld, and two hun
dred yards frora the negro quarters, which stood between
us and the plantation house, a short distance beyond.
At sunrise the negroes conld be seen flocking from
their comfortable cabins, ready to begin their day's
work. Some went' to the fields ; several fat wenches
took a conspicuous position^- near the stack in which we
lay, and set up a tremendous " Coo-o-hoo," " Coo-o-hoo."
In a few moments, this summons was answered by the
appearance of a large niimber of hogs, apparently in

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 151
great excitement in expectation of their morning raeal.
WhUe watching these proceedings a patriarchial negro
passed in a wagon, singing vociferously a psalm, in the
favorite doleful minor key.
A few minutes after sunrise, about a dozen negroes,
tnale and female, had congregated in front of their quar
ters, and were holding an earnest conversation, judging
from their manner, on an important subject. Our object
now was to attract the attention of one, without alarm
ing the others. Directly an aged and a middle-aged negro,
with axes on their shoulders, crossed the field, and ap
proached the stack-yard. They entered the inclosure, and
commenced to work within a few feet of our conceal
ment. After laboring for a few minutes they held up,
and again entered into conversation, probably a contin
uance of that in which they indulged at theip quarters.
We listened attentively. The old darkey was talking.
" I tink," said he, " dis here war had to be, and I
tink God is on de side ob de Yankees. 'Tis just as in
de days ob pfore, when dey sprinkled de sides ob de
houses wid blood, and de nation was smote, 'cause of its
wickedness." The younger African fully coincided with this obser
vation, and they resumed their work.
A few minutes after, they took another breathing
spell. This time the subject of their talk -was a raatter
which deeply interested both of us, relating to several
officers who designed attempting their escape the same
night of ours. The old negro alluded to one in unmis
takable terms, and mentioned having giveri him food the
night before.
The younger African passed a compliment on the
stranger, to the effect that he was a " man who used the

152 NINETEEN MONTHS
most correctest language dey heard in all def days — dat
massa was no comparson."
Basing our conclusions of their feelings from this con
versation we had listened to, we determined at once to
discover ourselves to them.
In an undertone, but still covered with the pear-vines,
my head alone exposed, I addressed the elder of the
negroes, calling him " uncle." The two stopped work,
when one of them, seeing me, came -np. I said to
bim —
" Uncle, do you know who we are ?"
" I kind o' 'spec youse Yankees," said the old negro.
His companion now joined him, and we assured the
two tbat we were Yankees. At first they were in doubt
whether to believe us, but a few rainutes sufficed to con
vince them. Their countenances immediately lit up with
satisfaction, and tbey seemed heartily glad to see us, dirty,
ragged, haggard, and travel-worn as we were. The two
negroes offered their kindness, which we accepted in the
same spirit of gratitude with which it was tendered.
Their first thought was to get us out of the stack-yard,
which they knew was not safe. ' ^
The old negro, speaking, remarked —
" Massa, dis place am very unsartain ; when de boss
comes out, he comes right here, so I speck dat de safest
way am to git out ob dis stack, and lay away somewhar
else." We at once mentioned our confidence to the negroes,
and that we would be guided by their directions.-
After the ancient negro thoroughly reconnoitred
about the premises, and found the coast clear, they
hastened us to a thicket on the edge of the field, where
we were told to remaui, whUe they resumed their work,

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 153
nntU " Boss," whom they were expecting at the stacks,
should return to the house.
Two hours thus passed away. Wg had crept a short
distance into the bushes, in order to be more secure, and
were discussing our future movements, when the
younger of the two negroes made his appearance, with a
bottle of sorghum, some sweet potatoes, and an immense
pone, made mostly of fiour, which being a luxury among
negroes, he had saved it, probably, since the beginning
of the war. In our half-famished state we devoured it
withont much ceremony, and much to the astonishment
and sympathy of our benefactor.
Having concluded our meal, the negro appeared
decidedly anxious to know something about the prog
ress of the war. After over a year's imprisonment, we
were almost as ignorant on the subject as himself;
though in prison we had all kinds of rumors and reports,
and an occasional sight of a newspaper. We told him,
however, that General Sherman, with ever so many
more men than all the rebel army put together, was
marching across Georgia, fpr Augusta. This was then
the general impression among the prisoners. This
information greatly excited the joy of the negro; he
laughed and swung his hat, but when we told him that
General Sherman would soon be in South Carolina, and
set all his brethren free, his delight knew no bounds.
He rolled on the ground, kicked and cut up a variety of
antics, and was only restrained from shouting by a
thoughtful consideration of our safety.
At each pause in our remarks, the negro would chime
in, " To be shoo ;" and when we finished said, " Ise
gwine to 'Gusta to-day, after his nice gold watch ; he's
afeerd de Yankees cotoh it ; y?ih, yah." Judging frora

154 NINETEEN MONTHS
this remark the master evidently expected the Yankees
there himself, and the negro had now discovered the
meaning of sending him for the watch.
A half an hour after the negro who brought us food
had joined us, another carae up, and, in a few rainutes,
the old negro', whose narae, I learned, was Uncle Ben.
The old man was a venerable looking old African, and, I
have no doubt, the embodiment of all rare virtues at
tributed by fiction writers to the higher order of slaves.
I forraed an affection for the old man at first sight, and
was greatly strengthenjed in it by his many kindnesses
to us in our forlorn and dependent condition. Uncle
Ben, frora all accounts, was an iraportant negro among
his race in the vicinity. He could read and write, and
was the oracle of the neighborhood. He frequently
smuggled a paper, from ¦which he enlarged his ideas for
the edification of his people.
This day I shall never forget. As we sat surrounded
by our three generous protectors, I cpuld scarcely sup
press a tear pf sympathy that so much goodness of heart
should be wasted in the abject and forced servitude of
bondage. As we sat on the thick leaves, and told them
of the war, of the Emancipation- Proclamation, and many
other things, they displayed an eagerness seldom wit
nessed in the most intelligent. From their raasters, in
whora they had no confidence, they had overheard many
marvellous stories, but with wonderful sagStity sifted
the truth frora fiction. Indeed they seemed to possess a
very good idea of the war, and laughed to think that
their raasters took thera to be such fools as to believe
their stories. Here the old negro spoke of tbeir suffer
ings, their privations, and particularly the universal im
position of the masters, and their encroachment upon

A PEISONEE OF WAK. 155
prerogatives they and their ancestors had enjoyed, tirae
out of memory. The old negro said he was wUling to
work, if he got paid for it. Their ideas are of necessity
incoherent, and liberty in their mind is merely an inde
scribable sensation. At least, so I judged from Uncle
Ben's views.
We were particularly cautious against " tory" negroes,
as the old man termed them, adding, "Some niggers
haint got no sense." The word tory was one applied by
the inhabitants of South Carolina to aU persons of Union
sentiments, whUe the negroes used it to signify a negro
who exposed the Yankees.
About noon all the negroes left us, promising to
return with food towards evening.
It was five o'clock, and we had just aroused frora a
sound sleep, when the three negroes reappeared, with a
bountiful supply of boUed bacon, wheat bread, boUed
and roasted sweet potatoes, boiled chickens, and every
delicacy within- their reach. We ate our fill, and the
remnants being sufficient for a number of meals, were
nicely deposited in our haversacks. Though the kind
ness was the act of hospitality, we paid the negroes
handsoraely for their food, and felt, whatever might
have been the drain upon their stock, they possessed the
means of replacing it by purchase ; otherwise it is proba
ble they would have suffered for their kindness.

156 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER XXVIII.
The Travellers again on the Way— Their Guide— Peleg',s Home— A
final Parting — Dense Forests — Again off the Eoad — Strike the Sav
annah Eiver— Efforts to flnd a Negro— Eun into a Eebel Picket —
Again in the Hands of the Enemy.
Designing to resume our journey, we now coraraenced
to discuss the best route of travel. Peleg, the young
est and best-looking of the darkies, spoke up, and in
formed us he was going a distance of six miles to see
his wife, and offered to guide us by a shorter route than
the one we proposed to take.
Very soon after dark we were ready, and, bidding
adieu to our good friends, started, led by Peleg. As
we separated from these siraple, noble-hearted negroes,
I felt a gratitude deeper than I ever felt before, and
again thought what . a worth of huraan feeling slavery
withheld from the world. ,
With a thoughtfulness rather remarkable, the negro
insisted upon carrying our haversacks, in order to relieve
us as much as possible, saying-we had " a long ways to
travel." He strove to make himself agreeable. He
told us that he had been married five years, and iri all
that time, rain or shine, had not missed a single night in
seeing his wife.
After an hour's walk we reached a stream, about forty
yards in width, which was considerably swollen, inso
much that the foot-bridge was submerged about twelve

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 157'
inches. The night was cold, and the water not at all
agreeable to the feet. However, following the example
of our guide, we took off our shoes, rolled up our pan
taloons, and walked in, following the bridge by a horizon
tal pole, answering the purpose of a railing. Having
reached the other side, we again put on our shoes and
resumed our journey.
A short distance beyond this stream we came to the
cabin of our guide. It was a rude structure, but as near
as we could judge in the dark, comfortable, and prettily
situated in the midst of a small plot of ground, adorned'
with shrubbery. We expected him to ask us in to rest,
but not so. When we got close up to the rear of the
cabin, he said :
" Massas, dis place am filled wid de tory niggars, who,
if dey was to see you, would run right away an tell de
boss; derfore, you must stay right here, till I come
back." We promised him to remain. Accordingly, he disap
peared in his cabin.
During the absence ofthe negro, we talked over sever
al plans for our future raoveraents ; but being unfamiliar
with the country, and without a compass, we determined
to leave our route to our negro companion.
The negro was gone nearly an hour, and we had al
most given bim up, when, much to our surprise, he joined
us, heavily laden with all sorts of provisions for our jour
ney. He brought bis wife with him, as he said, to see
"de Yankees." It was evident that the negro was
pleased with us, and took an imraense araount of deUght
in turning us around, and laughing with great satisfac
tion at the opportunity of showing his faithful spouse
two live " Yankees." 14

158 NINETEEN MONTHS
From the goodly store of provisions brought by the
negro we ate heartily, and deposited in our haversacks
as much as we- could conveniently carry, returning the
rest. When all was ready for us to again set out, we offered
tbe negro money for his kindness ; but be peremptorily
refused to take any thing at all, exclaiming : " Dis am
de charity dat de Lor says mnst be given to dose who
suffer." This speck of religion was all the more forcible by a
very hearty " Amen;" emanating frora Peleg's wife.
It would have been a crime to destroy such pure and
9onscientious impulses ; we accordingly accepted the do
nation with the deepest feelings and expressions of grat
itude. Our next subject was, which route we should take.
The negro proposed, as the most direct, and with little
care in keeping on the lookout, ahead and in the rear,
just as safe, and certainly more sure for night travel, tbe
main road to Augusta, by way of Leesville, striking the
Charleston and Augusta raUroad about Aiken, thence
pursuing that line until near the city, when we would be
able to hide in the swamps until General Sherman came
up. The suggestion was satisfactory, and entirely in ac
cordance with our own views on the subject. Bidding
good-by to the wife of our friend, Peleg accompanied us
on the road a short distance, and got us fairly started,
when he returned to his little cabin, and we moved on
our way to liberty.
Noverriber 26th, Saturday. — After parting with our
negro friend last night, we walked until the break of
dawn this morning. We crossed several streams, and

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 169
passed a number of plantations, but met no person, on
the road. Therefore the night passed without incident.
During nearly all of to-day we slepti The distance
frora Columbia to Augusta is about sixty mUes. We are
now more than two-thirds on our way.
November 21 th, Sunday. — At eight o'clock last even
ing we were again on our feet, and making our way
carefully. Passed a village during the night, making a
detour to avoid discovery.
Towards morning, it became evident that we ¦were ap
proaching a large river. We pushffd on rapidly, to get-
as near as possible, to make the other side during to
morrow night.
Passed the day in a swarap, a short distance off the
road. OccasionaUy, from our retreat, we could spy per
sons on foot and in wagons.
November 28th, Monday,-^Ai dusk, last evening, we
came out on the road, and after carefully looking around,
resumed our journey. Our route lay principally through
dense foi-ests and swaraps. We passed no plantations
during the night. Every thing had a wild appearance.
We now feel sure we are in 'the vicinity of the Savan
nah, or some other large stream.
At daylight this morning there was no termination of
the forest into which we had penetrated, and we had
doubts whether we were on the Augusta road. In the
darkness, we thought we. might have strayed by the
wrong path.- At all events, we resolved to press on to
the river, and then direct our course by the current.
After halting several hours for breakfast, andr a little
sleep, we resumed our journey. At noon, we came to
a sraaU viUage, which we avoided, and in less than two
hours came out upon tbe river.

160 NINETEEN MONTHS
Our first act, after accomplishing this part of our
journey, was to hunt up a negro, in which we failed.
We also needed food, as our supply was weU-nigh ex
hausted, and also wished to find sorae one to take us
across the river.
It was agreed not to go into the viUage, but to follow
down the stream, until we came to a negro quarters,
where it was certain we would find both food and a
boat. We had walked probably about ten mUes through one
of the worst countries I ever witnessed, nevertheless
making excellent time, when, to our despair, at a bend
in the river, we ran into a road in full view of a rebel
cavalry picket, guarding a crossing.
"Halt!" " halt !"-exclaiined twarebel soldiers at the
same tirae, one standing in the road about twenty yards
distant, and another springiag from a cluster of bushes
not more thari ten feet from us.
Almost simultaneously we could see a dozen men seize
their muskets. At first I felt like darting back into the
timber ; but this was of no use, as I found, upon looking
roun.d, we were completely surrounded. There was,
therefore, bnt the single alternative of surrender.
When summoned to halt, we obeyed instantly. One
of the rebel guard approaching, looked at us closely, and
reraarked, after he got through —
" Yankees, eh ! Well, we got you."
At first I thought of representing both of ns as con
nected with some branch of the rebel service, on our
way to Augusta ; but this would not do, as our passes
would at once identify us as Union soldiers, which, in
case of a denial of the fact, would be sufficient to con
demn us as spies. So neither of us said any thing.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 161
" You are our prisoners," continued the guard. By
this time nearly the whole picket off duty had gathered
around us. " Where do you come from ?"
"Well, that's more than we can tell," I repUed, "as
we know nothing about this country."
"WeU, we'll soon teach you soraething about it,"
said the guard, " if you don't tell us where you belong,
and where you're going."
I was puzzled at first whicb array to claira, whether
Sherman or the troops at Hilton Head, because we were
some distance out of the way of each. At length the
thought struck me. I replied :
" We belong to Sherman's army, and got cut off in a
skirmish in which our boys were badly whipped, and
were trying to make our way to Augusta."
" Then," asked an officer, who had stepped up by this
time, " you expect Sherraan at Augusta ?"
" Not exactly," I replied ; " I do not know where he
is aiming at. I thought if his main army did not go
there, at least sorae troops might pass that way."
As my first remark announced a victory for the rebels,
the guards wSre satisfied that we were punished enough,
so we were taken to the guard quarters, and treated bet
ter than we expected.
A great many questions were asked about moveraents
" and so forth, which I evaded, claiming ignorance on the
plea of being a " private." I learned from, the guards,
whom we impressed with the idea that we came from
the other side of the river, that we struck the river
twenty miles from Augusta, and at present we were ten
miles from the town.
By a fortunate oversight we were not examined when
first taken, and while seated alone we both took out our
14*

162 NINETEEN MONTHS
pipes and carelessly lit tbem. with paper which we took
from our pockets. These were our passes, and were the
only evidence we had about ns contradicting the account
which we had given of ourselves.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 163

CHAPTER XXIX.
Taken to Augusta — Back to Columbia— Meeting old Friends — Aaother
Exchange — Prisoners transferred to the Yard of the Lunatic Asylum
—Building Quarters — Suffering.
Aftee lyeing detained in Angusta for several days,
Lieutenant Whitpey and his companion were returned
to camp at Columbia. They were a pitiable spectacle,
almost shoeless, their clothes ragged and dirty, and bore
every other evidence of a distant and toUsome journey.
It was on the evening of December 3, 1864, when they
arrived, and just as I was about cooking some corn-cake
for the mess. The new-comers were ; almost famished,
and partook largely in our repast, after which we sat by
our fire and listened to their narrative of the adventures
whioh I have already given.
On the day after the return of the two prisoners, the
subject of exchange was again agitated, and created
great excitement.; During the same day two raen were
shot, one while attempting to escape, and the other
while walking within the Umits of the camp. The disci
pline of the carap, all of a sudden, and without notifica
tion, became very rigid. Sherman's movements towards
tbe coast had created a great deal of alarm, particularly
at this time, when it was knowti that there was no
doubt of the complete success of the movement. Rebel
papers, which we were hitherto allowed, were of a sud
den withdrawn, and it was accordingly only by smug
gling that we now got them.

164 NINETEEN MONTHS
On December Sth, two hundred naraes were caUed for
exchange. There was immediately the usual " pulling"
and bribery among those especiaUy ardent in tbeir
efforts to get off. I always found, and iri^ this instance
particularly, in the matter of exchange there was great
injustice done. Those who were longest in prison
always stood the poorest chance of being released, and
day after day for long months we wore our lives away
in almost hopeless ¦waiting, while those who were in
prison but one or two months were sure to be among
the first exchanged.
On the Oth of December the exchanged men left
camp. In calling the names a number were absent, but
others stepped up and answered in their places. In
this piece of pardonable fraud, under the circumstances,
tXvip men were detected, and sent -back, but the others
all got away. In this exchange we got rid of one nui
sance in camp, a Colonel  , who showed great par
tiality for his favorites, to the exclusion of justice and
every thing else.
On Monday, December 12tb, we received orders from
the rebel officer in command to " pack up" for a move.
They claimed it was for humanity's sake, but, as this
was a rare virtue, we at once concluded that General
Sherman was on his way to Columbia.
As soon as orders came, the men at once set to
burning their quarters. The rubbish accumulated made
quite a confiagration, which was stUl at its height as we
left. The march to the city was a perfect mob ; everybody
tried to be first, in hopes, at the end, of getting better
quarters. As we went along, we were paraded through
the main streets. The people, however, manifested very

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 165
little feeling or excitement. " The Yanks are coming"
had become too comraon to be rauch heeded. It oc
curred to rae stUl more forcibly, after this transfer, that
General Sherman was certainly expecteid, sooner or later
The people, I observed, paid much more deference to
"Yankees." On the way I noticed a lady waving a handkerchief at
tbe men. A rebel officer stepped up to her and asked —
"Madam, do you mean that for those Yankees?"
The lady, expressing some surprise, replied —
" Sir, I thought they were our men."
The manner in which this was said was sufficient to
interpret her real meaning.
As we passed the hotel, a rebel officer, of the old
school, was standing in front. As we came up he
opened^a volley of epithets upon us, and made a com
plete ass of himself. Growing stiU more excited, he
threw off his coat, and swore he could whip the best
" Yankee" among us. The only recognitions we made
of his enthusiasra were groans, and a feW expressions
frora the prisoners, as, "Go it, old pudding-head;"
" Why don't you go to the front," etc.
When we reached the Lunatic Asylum, which we
now found was our destination, we were drawn up in
•Une; when Major Griswold, commanding the post, made
a speech. His words were as follows :
" You are prisoners ; I intend to do all in my power
for your comfort. As you enter that yard you wiU see
a Une of boards near the waU. That is the " dead-Une."
Any man crossing that wiU be shot. You will be snp
plied with lumber and tools, with whieh you must build
your own houses, under the direction of our master-
joiner. Any thing about the grounds destroyed by you.

166 NINETEEN MONTHS
its value wUl be deducted from your money. Any tools
that are missing, kept back by you, after building, their
value wUl also be deducted from your money."
After the major concluded his remarks, we were
turned into the yard. There was at once a big rush for
quarters. In five minutes the pnly building in the inclo
sure, to be used for the purpose, and capable of holding
about two hundred, was packed full, with almost double
that nuraber. Those outside sat on the ground, without
wood, shivering with cpld, and no prospect of speedily
being better off.
The yard in which we were confined contained about
five acres, and was surrounded on three sides by a brick
wall ten feet in height, while on the fourth was a board
fence, the same height. There were two buildings, in
addition to the one raentioned, used as hospitals. Sinks
and water were convenient. The " dead-line," alluded
to jn the major's speech, was a row of boards aboiit ten
feet from, andN within the wall, running around the
entire inclosure. On the west, in the extension of our
yard, was the Insane Asylum, pretty weU populated,
judging from the numerous doleful sounds emanating
thence. The night of December 12, the first at the asylum,
was very cold ; we, consequently,, without shelter, were
obliged to keep awake, and run up and down the inclo
sure to keep warm.
The next day the work on the buUdings was contin
ued. One was completed, and immediately occupied.
They were built to accommodate thirty-six men, were
without floors, no windows, and a mud chimney.
By December 26th, four buildings were erected, and
one of which was occupied in part by our mess. There

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 167
were, however, yet a large nuraber under blankets, and
exposed to the inclemency of the season. The delay in
the building was no fault of the prisoners, but tbe tardy
labors of those who were supplying the lumber. The
sickness and suffering, which resulted from this state of
affairs, was rapidly developing to an alarming degree,*
and deaths increased at a rate alarming, considering the
altogether better general treatment given us, than expe
rienced at BeUe Island and Sumter.

168 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER XXX.
Sherman again in motion— Speculations as to his Destination — Semoval
ol Prisoners to Charlotte — Our concealment-^ We leave our Hiding-
place at Night — Fired upou — Meet two Eebels — Succored by a true
Union Lady.
Tbdiouslt the days passed by, while in anxious watch
ing we awaited the future movements of Sherman's army.
His almost unopposed occupation of Fort McAUister and
the abandonment of Savannah by the enemy, convinced
us that he was sufficiently strong, and the general- bold
enough, to undertake another tramp northward.
Onr speculations, however, upon the details of his
subsequent operations; were entirely different from what
really took place. Every one supposed that, from Sa
vannah, he would move directly against Charleston, and
invest that strong city, after which tedious process he
would, probably, making his base at the fallen city, march
into tbe interior. But this general has proven that a
large army, as well as a smaU one, can move without a

In the early part of January, 1865, rumors prevailed
in camp that Sherraan was concentrating at Beaufort,
S. C, a large portion of his forces. This act greatly de
ceived the rebel officers, as was apparent in the con
versations of the carap-guards. They argued concliL-
sively that the "Yankee" general was destined for
Charleston.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 169
In the latter part of January, we had later news in
camp, which, to the rebels, was apparently quite astound
ing, namely, to the effect that two columns of " Yankees"
were moving into Sonth Carolina. Not only the one
from Beaufort, but another across the Savannah River,
pursuing a northern but paraUel route. ' It was even
then a question as to what point Sherman had in view.
While the exciting news of these operations was com
ing in, the prisoners were full of expectation. It was
hoped that one of onr columns would strike Columbia
in its line of march. Nerved by this hope| it was grati
fying to see the immediate effect upori the prisoners ;
even the sick were seen about the camps catching up
every little item of news. It was confidently thought
that a few weeks more would find them again under the
shadow of their glorious flag. These feelings were bet
ter than all the medicine in the world, especiaUy that
part of the world temporarUy known as the Southern
Confederacy. By the middle of February, the rebels were convinced
that the ''Yanks" were unquestionably striking for
Columbia ; so they deterrained to reraove the prisoners
to Charlotte.
A party of us learning this fact, determined to make
an effort to escape. Within the carap inclosure there
were two buUdings, one of which was used by the Luna
tic Asylum. The one which we chose for our purpose
was two stories high, the upper rooms finished to the
. eaves and extending a portion of the distance with the
roof. Between the highest part of the room, and the
point of meeting of the two sides of the roof, there was
a space of several feet perfectly dark. All the rooms
were finished with boards instead of plaster. One of
16

170 NINETEEN MONTHS
these boards, sufficiently large to admit the passage of a
body, was sawed out by means of a saw-knife, and the
board again secured in its place, tO avoid detection.
On the 13th of February, the rebels commenced to re
move the prisoners. Six hundred in round numbers
were marched off to Charlotte the 'first day. The next
day the rest were to follow. During the same night,
thirty of us crept into the place of concealment deter
mined upon. Tbe following morriing^ the last batch Pf
prisoners, all packed up, were assembled near the gate,
ready to march, but awaiting the termination of the
searches by a detaU of rebels, to hunt up any " Yanks"
who might have hid themselves. Every now and then
some unfortunate feUow would be discovered, and drawn
out of bis hiding-place, whereupon the prisoners would
set up a cry of " Fresh fish," " Fresh fish."
After the rebels were convinced that they had found
everybody, they started on their journey, and by after
noon no sound was heard in tbe camp. It was conse
quently concluded that all had gone. However, it was
not deemed prudent to come frora our hiding-place too
soon. So for two long days, without "food, and suffering
dreadfully frora thirst, we remained secreted. On the
third night, at eleven o'clock, several of us made our
way down, and, as we passed across the Pamp, were fired
upon bj two rebel sentries, posted in a conspicuous po
sition overlooking the grounds. No one was hurt, and
we made good our escape over the wall.
¦TraveUing as rapidly as we could, we made our way
around towards the eastern edge of the town, and came
in near the depot.
As we were walking alongj two privates from Hamp
ton's cavalry haUed us.

A PSieONEfi OF WAE. 171
" Halt, there," said one of them, " What coramand do
you belong to ?"
We promptly halted, and replied,
" To the Telegraph corps."
" Ah, you belong to the bombproof department," said
tbe rebel, laughing.
The other, upon both coming Up, was very desirous
to sell us some sugar ; but, as we had no use for it, we
declined, and went on our way.
After entering the town, our first move was for the
house of a lady whom we knew to be unquestionably of
Union sentiments. We approached her door quietly. We
knocked. The lady promptly responded. It was now
several hours after raidnight, and our sudden appearance
at sucb a time somewhat agitated her.
The door opened cautiously.
" Who's there ?" the lady whispered.
" Friends," one of us replied.
"Are you Union officers?" again sbe whispered, half
in fear.
" Yes," we replied.
" Come in, then, quick," again she whispered.
We went in, and related our story. The lady imme
diately gave us something to eat, and hid us away untU
tbe arrival of Sherman's army.

173 NINETEEN MONTHS

CHAPTER XXXI.
The Occupation of Columbia— We are vrithin thfl Union Lines— The
Burning of the House of our Benefactress- Our Efforts on her Be
half—Home. On the iTth of February, we had the pride of wit
nessing the advance of the right wing of Sherman's
array enter the capital of South Carolina. As our raen
marched in, the rebel picket stationed in the city rapidly
disappeared, pursued for a ghort distance ; and when as
sured that our cavalry were iri undisputed possessipn, my
companions and myself came from our hiding-places, to
greet the incoming of the long colurans of infantry,
bronzed by long exposure, and as stout and hardy as
veterans of such raagnificent carapaigns as Sherraan's
must necessarily have been.
It would be in vain for rae to atterapt to describe the
sensations I felt, when I found myself again surrounded
by the brave soldiers of the Union. Nineteen months
in rebel prisons were a perfect blank in my career, as
regarded every thing connected with the events of the
war or the Governraent. The presence of national troops,
though long expected, T could now scarcely realize as
a- fact. Tbe battles and marches which must have
filled up the interval, I thought, must have been ter
rible. There was the Army of the Tennessee, at the
time of my capture, just consummating its brilUant oper-

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 173
ations against Vicksburg, now in the heart of South
Carolina. It seemed impossible tbat such could be the
fact. Yet it was true, remote as was its theatre of oper
ations in July,*1863.
As the soldiers passed,- a number, witnessing our for
lorn appearance, questioned us as to our comraand, and
other matters generally asked, by soldiers. When we
told thera that we were feUow-'soldiers, prisoners of war
just escaped from the wretchedness of Southern inhu
manity, they displayed their sympathy in the true soldier
way. They offered us rations, and every thing to make
us comfortable. In the course of a few minutes after it
was known we were escaped prisoners, we were the cen
tre of a large group, anxious to get a glimpse at us.
As soon as headquarters were established in the town,
we reported ourselves, and were, provided with uniforms
and rations.
Returning to the house of the lady who had secreted
us, we remained with her till the columns again raoved.
During the burning of Colurabia, after the evacuation by
our troops, unfortunately this lady's house was destroyed
in the confiagration. Myself and corapanions did all in
our power to save her property, but without avail. The
flames spread, and in the devouring element we saw the
home of one who had been really a friend to us destroy
ed. It was now. our turn to reciprocate the kindness ex
tended to us. By permission of the provost-marshal the
lady was aUowed to accompany the army to Fayetfevillej
thence to Wilmington ; and before leaving there, I had
the satisfaction of seeing her comfortably situated with
her relatives.
Frora Wilraington I embarked for Fortress Monroe,
as bearer of dispatches ; which having deUvered, I bas
is*

174 NINETEEN MONTHS
tened North to greet once more the friends at home,
and narrate to them the scenes which I have endeavored
to give in the foregoing pages.
As a conclusion to this imperfect narrative of my own,
and the experiences of thousands of others, who have
undergone the trials and misery of Southern prisons, I
can only hope that the Government wiU not overlook
the sufferings which the innocent victims of the traitors'
hate were brought to endure. We feel sorae coraraisera
tion for the misguided spirit in which all these gross
acts of barbarism were committed, and therefore only
ask for justice. Thousands of lives sacriflced to the
vindication of the holy principle of the Government and
the American Constitution is regretted, but still wilUngly
made for the great and good ends which have been
reached ; but lives sacrificed by the wilful act of disap
pointed and wicked men should not be passed by. Even
those who have outlived their cruel treatment are de
crepit, and with constitutions broken, they have been
restored, it is true, to their homes, but useless both to
themselves and to society.
As I stated in tbe beginning, my efforts would not be
directed to an attempt at literary effect, but to give a
simple insight into prison life among the rebels, I feel
confident that I have kept my promise in regard to the
former ; if I have been equally successful in the' latter, my
labors are amply repaid.

A PEISONEE OF WAE.

176

LIST 0? UNITED STATES OFFICERS, PRISONERS OF WAR,
CONFINED AT COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAKOLINA.

The follp^wing isa list of the offlcers confined at Columbia^ South
Carolina, durii^ the ¦winter of 1864 and 1865, gi^ving name, com
mand, date, and where captured.
Aidrich, 0. S., Capt., 86* Neir Tork Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. 0.
Auatin, J. W., lat Lt, Sth Iowa Vols., Nov. 25, 1868, Mission Eidge, Ga.
Alter, J. B., Oapt., 75th Oliio Vols., Aug. 17, 1864, Jamesville, Ela.
Allebrough, Wm., Gapt, 51at Fennsjlvania Vols., May 12, 1864, Spottsylvania, Va.
Alger, A. B., Lt. 22d Ohio Battery, Jan. 8, 1864, JonesviUe, Va.
Avery, W. P., Oapt, ]82d Ne-w York Vols., July 25, 1863, North Carolina.
AUinder, W. F., ist Lt, 7th Tennessee Cavalry, March 24, 18p4, Mine City, Tenn.
Albro, S. A., Lt, SOth Illinois Vols., May g, 1863, Bome, Qa.
Adair, ^W., Lt, 5l5t Indiana yols., uuu
Adams, John, Lt, SOth Illinois Vols., " " " '
Allstadt, O. L., Adjt, 64th New Tork Vols., July, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Abirn, M., 2d Lt, 10th Virginia Vols., Jan. 3, 1864, Morsfield, Va.
Ahlcit, J. W., 2d Lt, 46th New Tork Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Adams, C. A., Capt, 1st Vermont Cavalry, Oct 11, 1868, Brandy Station, Va.
Alban, H. H., Capt, 21st Ohio Vols , Sept 25, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Andrews, H. B., Oapt, 17th Michigan Vols., May 12, 1864, Spottsylvania, Va.
Apple, H., 1st Lt , 1st Indiana Cavalry, June 9, 1863, Brandy Station, V«.
Anderson, .
Aller, Abraham, Lt, 16th Illinois Cavalry, Jan. 3, 1864, Joneaville, Va.
Abernethy, H. C, 1st Lt, " " "
Acker, G. D., Lt, 123d Ohio Vols., June IS, 1863, Winchester, Va.
Adkins, P., Lt, 2d Tennessee Vols., Nov. 6, 1863, Bogersville, Tenn.
Asham, A. B., Lt, Tth Michigan Cavalry, May 11, 1864, Tellow Gap, Va.
Aigan, John, Capt, 5th Ehode Island Vols,, May 5, 1864, Groton, N. 0.
Adams, J. G. B., 1st Lt, 19th Massachusetts Vols., June 22, 1664, Petersburg, Va.
Alexander, E. P., 1st Lt, 26th Michigan Vols., " •'
Anderson, H M., 1st Lt, 8d Maine Vols., June 20, 1863, Gnm Springs, Va.
Abby, A^ L., 1st Lt, 8th Michigan Cavalry, Aug. 8, 1864, Eosswell, Ga.
Anderson, J. S., Ist Lt, 2d Fennaylvanla Vols., June 2, 1864, Gaines Mills, Va.

176 NINETEEN MONTHS
Arther, J. A., Capt, Kentucky Cavalry, Aug. 8, 1863, Todd. C. T., Ky.
Artherrs, 8. 0,, Capt, 67th Pennsylvania Vols., Juno 16, 1863, Wincheater, Ta,
AUen, 8., Capt, 85th New Tork Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. C.
Adams, S. B., Oapt, " " "
Andrews, 8. T., Oapt, " " "
Andrews, W. E., 1st Lt, 16th Connecticut Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. OL
Albright, J., Oapt, 87th Pennsylvania Vols., June 16, 1863, Winchester, Va.
Abbott, A. A., 23 Lt, 1st New Tork Ih-agoons, May 7, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Anderson, B. W., 2d Lt, 122d Ohio Vols., June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va.
Armstrong, T. S., '• " "¦ "
Airy, W., Capt, 15th Penijsylvania Cavalry, Dec. 24, 1863, Dandridge, Tenn.
Anderson, 0. L., 2dLt, 3d Iowa Vols., July 12, 1863, Jackson, Miss.
Applegatt, A. 8., 2d New Tork Cavalry, June 12, 1864, Macon, Tenn.
AUen, Robert, 2d New Tork Dragoons.
Adir, M., Capt, 15th Now Tork Cavalry, May 20, 1863, Front Eoyal, Va.
Ansbutz, H. S., Lt, 12th Virginia Vols., June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va.
Adams, H. W., Lt, 29th Indiana Vols., Sept 19, 186-3, Chickamauga, Ga.
Austin, G. A., A Q. H., 14th and 15th Illinois, Oct 4, 1864, Acworth, Oa.
Albin, H. 8., Lt, 79th Illinois Vols.
Andrews, E. E , Lt, 22d Michigan Vols.
AUen, 0. C., Lt, 112th Illinois Vols., May 20, 1864, Cap. Station, Ga.
Belger, James, Oapt, 1st Ehode Island Vols., May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va
Baker, 8. 8., 1st Lt, 6th Missouri Vols., October 29, 1863, Bine Creek, Mo.
Butler, C. P., 1st Lt, 29th Indiana Vols., Sept 19, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Baird, .T. F., 2dLt, Ist Virginia Vols., Sept. 11, 1863, Moorefleld, Va.
Bricker,- W. H , 2d Lt, 8d Pennsylvania Vols., Augu6f23, 1863, Burbers, Va.
Bick, W. C, Oapt, 62d Pennsylvania Vols., May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Brady, S., Lt, 2d New Jersey Cavalry, June 11, 1864, La Grange, Miss.
Bulver, A., Lt, 3d New Jersey Cavalry, July 6, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Burdick, 0. H., Gapt, 1st Tennessee Cavalry, June 10, 1864, Stilesboro, Ga.
Bertraoi, D. 8., 2d Lt, 2d Connecticut Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Brown, J. A, Capt 85th New York Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. (X
Bradley, A. B., K. (J. M., " "
Butts, L. A., lat Lt, E. Q. M., "• "• "
Brown, G. W., Oapt,, lOlat Pennsylvania Vols., " "
Benner, H. 8., Capt, 101st Pennsylvania Vols., " ' '¦
Bowera, G, A., 1st Lt, 16th Connecticut Vols., " "
Blakesly, B. F., 2d Lt, 16th Connecticut Vols., " »
Bruns, H., 2d Lt, 16th Connecticut Vols,, " • "
Buiaon, E. It., Ist Lt, 103d Pennaylvania Vols., " "
Burns, S. D., 2d Lt, 1033 Pennsylvania Vols., " «
Bierbower, W., 2d Lt, 87th Pennsylvania Vols., June 16, 1863, Winchester, Ta.
Beagle, D. F., Ist Lieut, 101st Pennsylvania Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. OL
Brion, J. H,, 2d Lt , lS4th Pennsylvania Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Vn.
Berry, A., Capt, 3d Maryland Cavalry, February 11, 1864, La.
Bruiting, G., 2d Lt, 6tb Maryland Vols., June 15^1863, Winchester, Va.
Eascomb, K., 1st Lt, 60tb N.T. Vols,, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. G.

A PEISONEE OF WAE.

1V7

Baldwin, M. B., Oapt, 2d Wisconsin Vols., July 1, 1868, Gettysburg, Fa.
Blake,  , 2d Lt, 8d Maine Vols., June 20, 1S63, Aldii, Va.
Brown, W. H,, 1st Lt, 9Sd Ohio Vols,, Jan. 17, 1864, Dandridge, Bast Tenn.
Baird, J. V., Lt, 89th Ohio Vols., Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Byron, C., Oapt, 3d Ohio Vols., May 3d, 1868, Eome, Ga.
Banks, B. V., Capt, 13th Kentucky Cavalry, Dec. 14, 1868, Clynile Mount, Tenn.
Burch, J., Capt, 42d Indiana Vols., September 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Baily, G. W., Lt. 3d Ohio Vols,, May 8d, 1868, Eome, Ga.
Brownnell, F. J., Lt, Sist Indiana Vols., " "
Booker, A,, Lt, 73d Indiana Vols,, " "
Brown, J, L., Lt, 7Sd Indiana Vols., " '¦
Barlow, J. W., Lt, 81st Indiana Vols., " "
Bath, W.,-2d Lt, 132d New Tork Vols., February 2d, 1864, Newbern, N. 0.
Binding, H. E., Capt, 61st Ohio Vols,, July 2d, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa.
Bush, J. Gr. Oapt, 16th Illinois Cavalry, January 8d, 1864, JonesviUe, Va.
BUnn, L. B., Capt, 100th Ohio Vols, Sept 3, 1863, Lime Stone. Tenn.
Baldwin, H. A., 1st Lt, 2d New York Vols., May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Bastley, E,, 2d Lt, Signal Corps, U. S. A
Bradley, G., Capt, 2d New York Vols., May 14, 1864, Spottsylvania, Va.
Brandt, 0. W., 1st Lt, 1st New York Cavalry, March 10, 1864, Keys Ford, Va.
Bonten, O. W., Capt, 4th Vermont Vols,, June, 2-S, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Barrett D. M, Capt, S9th Ohio Vols., September 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Brandt, O, B., Lt, 17th Ohio Vols., September 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Byers,.S. H. M , Lt, 5th Iowa Vols., November 25, IS63, Mission Kirtge, Ga.
Barker, H. P., Lt, 1st Ehode Island Cavalry, June 18, 1868, Middleburg, Va.
Boone, 8. G,, Lt, SSth Pennay' vania Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Besbee, L, 0., Lt, 16ih Maine Vols., " "
Besbee, G. D., Capt, 16th Michigan Vols., " "
Brittan, G. C., Lt, 22d -Michigan Vols., September 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Beeby, H E., Lt, 22d New York Cavalryi May 8, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Butler, T. H., Col., 5th Indiana Cavalry, July 81, 1864, Limestone Church, Ga.
Boon, 0. D., Gapt, ISth Connecticut Vols., June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va.
Benaett, D., Capt, 22d New York Cavalry, June 29, 1864, Beams Stution, Va.
Brush, Z. T., 1st Lt, 100th Ohio Vols., September 8, 1863, Limestone, Tenn.
Bigley, 0. H., 2d Lt , 82d New York Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Burns, M, Lt, 13th New York Cavalry, July 6, 1864, Aldu, Va.
Bassett, M. M., Lt, 58d Illinois Vols., July 13, 1863, Jackson, Miss,
Bostwick, N., Capt, 20th Ohio Vols,, June 11, 1864, Wavellnm Station, Va.
Brown, 0. A, Lt, 1st New York'Artillery, May 18, 1864, White Church, Va.
Benson, J. F., Capt, 120th lUinois Vols., June 12, 1864, North Mississippi, Miss.
Bospard, W. E., Lt, lat New York Vols , May 17, 1864. Spottsylvania, Va.
Burns, J.. Lt., 57th Pennsylvania Vols., Jaly 2, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa..
Burton, J. L., Lt, 49th Pennsylvania Vols., May 10, 1864, Spottsylvania, Va.
Beebe, B. L„ Capt, 13th Indiana Vols., May 10, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va.
Buchanan, W., Lt, 76th New York Vols., May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Benson, A. N., Capt, 1st D. C. Cavalry, June 27, 1864, Beams Station, Va.
Barkley, C, Lt, 149th Pennsylvania Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Blasee, W., Lt, 43d New York ¦vf Is., May «th, 1864, Wilderness, Va.

178 NINETEEN MONTHS
Bristol, J. H,, Lt, let Oonneotient Cavalry, May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Ta.
Berpee, E. A., Capt, 18th Maine Tois., June, 1864, Petersburg, Ta.
Bryant, J. W., Capt, Stb New York Cavalry.
Bubel, H,, Capt, 6th Connecticut Vols., May 14, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va.
Bi.tby, H. L., Lt, 9th Maine Vols,, June 1, 1864, Cold Harbor, Va.
Byrns, J. M., Capt, 2d Pennsylvania Eifles, July, 1863, Gettysburg, Fa.
Barrett, J, A., Capt, 7th Pennsylvania Eifles, May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Vs.
Burkholder, D, W., Lt, 7th Pennsylvania Kifles, May 6, 1864, "
Beale, E., Capt, Sth Tennessee Vols., April 21, 1864, BuUs Gap, Tenn.
Bayard, J. A., Capt, 148th Pennsylvania Vola.
Bruon, S., Lt, SOth Illinois Vols.
Brady, W. H., Lt, 2d Delaware -Vols,, June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Brion, J,, Lt, 148th Pennsylvania Vols.
Bishoff, P., Lt, 6th United States Artillery, April 12, ll64, Fort PUlow.
Burnett, E. W., Lt, 4th Indiana Cavalry.
Blair, B, T, Adjutant 123d Ohio Vols,, June 15, 1868, Winchester, Ta.
Boyce, T. W., Lt, 123d Ohio Vols,, " "
Breckenridge, F. A., Lt, 123d Ohio Vols., •¦ »
Boyed, W. L, Lt, Sth Michigai Cavalry, June 29, 1864, Beams StafHon, Va.
Bick, W. C, Capt, 62d Peimsylvania Vols., May 6, 1864, ¦Wilderness, Va.
Brown, W. L., Lt, 14th Tennessee Vols.. October 20, 1863, Philadelphia, Tenn.
Burrows, S. W., Lt, 1st New York Cavalry, June 13, 1864, Monterey, Va.
Brown, T,, United States Navy, October 28, 1863, Eappahannock Eiver, Va.
Beeman, W. M,, Capt, 13th Virginia Cavalry, October 11,1863, Brandy Sta., Va.
Boas, E, P.. Capt, 20th IlUnois Vols., May 24, 1863, Eaymond, Miss.
Bryan, G., Adjt, 18th Pennaylvania Cavalry, Nov. 18, 1863, Germania Ford, Va.
Bath, A., Lt, 45th New York Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Beadle, M., Lt, 128 New York Vols., July 2, 1868, "
Bigelow, A, J., Capt, 79th Illinois Vols,, September 19, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Borehess, T. F., Lt, «7th Pennsylvania Vols., June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va.
Borehess, L. T., Capt, 67th Pennsylvania Vols., Jun e 1 6, 1863, "
Brown, G. L., Lt, 101st Pennsylvania Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. O,
Blanchard, G. A., Capt, SSth Illinois Vols., Jiily 19, 1864, Atlanta, Ga,
Bradford, John, A. 0. S., 4th New Jersey Vols., Oot 15, 1863, Chantilly, Ta.
Barns, O. P., Lt, 3d Ohio Tois., May 3, 1363, Eome, Ga.
Beeman, S., Capt, 3d Michigan Vol^., M«y 5, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Brickenhoff, M., Lt, 42d New York Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersbnrg, Va.
Barae, George E., Lt„ Sth Michigan Cavalry, Oct 19, 1863, Buckland, Va.
Bliss, A. T., Capt, 10th New York Cavalry, Juno 29, 1864, Petersburg, Vs.
Buckly, H., Lt, 4th New Hampshire Vols., May 16, 1864, Bermuda Hundred, Ta.
Bader, H., Lt, 29th Missouri Vols., November 27,1863, Eioggold, Ga.
Blue, J, G., Lt, 8d Ohio Vols,, May 3, 1868, Eome, Ga:
boughton, S. II,, Lt, 71st Pennsylvania Vols,, July 2, 1863, Gettysburg, Ta.
Barnes, A. T., Lt, Uth Illinois Battery, October 4, 1864, Acworth. Ga.
Beasley. J., Lt, Sist Illinois Vols., September 2, 1864, East Point, Ga.
Baker, H. D., Capt, 120th Illinois, Vols., June 5, 1864.
Burke, T. F., Capt, 16th HUnoia Vols., June 8, 1864.
Barnes, W. G. *

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 179
Bennett, ¦W. F., Oapt, S9th Iowa Vols., Oet S, 1864, AUatoona, Ga.
Bassett, W. H., Ist Lt, 79th Illinois, Sept IS'l", 1868, Chickamauga, Ga.
Botta, W. S,, Lt, 10th Wisconsin Vols., Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Briggs, J., Lt, 123d Illinois Vols., " "
Bennett, F. T., Lt, 18th U. S. L, " "
Brown,J. P.,Lt,16thU, 8. I, " "
Bryant, M C, Lt, 42d Illinois Vols., " "
Butler, W. O., Lt, 10th Wisconsin Vols.
Brooks, E. P., A^t
Berrington, A., Lt, 140th New York Vols,, June 8, 1864, Cold Harbor, Va.
BaUard, 8. H, Lt, 6th Mich. Cav., July 2, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Brown, J. H, Capt, 17th Iowa Vols, Oct 18th, 18S4, AUatoona, Ga.
Byron, S.. Lt, 2d U. S. I., April 11, 1864, Gallett Station, Va.
Blaire, Geo, E,, Lt, 17tb Ohio Vols., Sept 20, 1868, Ghiokamauga, 6a.
Bishop, F. P., Lt, 4th Tenn, Cav., August 15, 1864, Westport, Ga.
Coleman, T. 8., 1st Lt, 12th Kentucky Cav., Oct 11, 1863, Sweetwater, Tenn.
Charlpret, J. F., Captf 11th Pa. Vols., May 9, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Gall, G. H., Gapt,- 29th Illinois Vols,, June 23, 1864, Leclere, Miss.
Caswell, H., 2d Lt, 91st Illin9is Vols., April 19, 1864, Big Black, Miss.
Carpenter, K D., 2d Lt, 181* Ct Vols., June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va.
Caldwell, 0.,2dLt, 1st Wis. Cav., April IS, 1864, Cleveland, Tenn.
Cook, A. A., 2d Lt, 9th Ohio Cav., AprU 13, 1S64, Florence, Ala.
Casdroph, 0. H., 2d Lt, 8th Virginia Vols,, Dec. 19, 1863, Jackson Eiver, W. Va,
Castler, B, G., Capt, 154th New York Vols,, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Cook, J. L., Lt, 6th Iowa Vols., May 14, 1863, Holly Springs, Miss.
Cusac, L, Gapt, 21st Ohio Vols., Sept 20, 1863,-Ghiekamauga, Ga.
Camfleld, 8. S., Capt 21at Ohio Vols., "
Cotton, M., " " " "
Coffin, T. L., Lt, 31st Maine Tola., May 7th, 1864, Gold Harbor, Ta.
Chandler, G. A, Lt, 5th Maine Tois., July 24, 1863, White Plains, Ta.
Conn, J. H,, Lt,, let Ta. Cav., AprU 80, 1863, Bridgeport, Ga.
Culver, F. B., Lt, 123d Ohio Vols,, Jane 16, 1863, Winchester, Va,
Caruthers, I. Q., Lt,123d Ohio Vols,, May 8, 1863, Eaymond, Miss.
Cildghorn, A. a, Lt, 21st Ohio Vols., Sept 20, 1868, Chickamauga, Ga.
Carey 8. E., Lt, 13th Mass. Vols., July 8, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Campbell, L. A., Lt., 152d New Tork Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Ta.
Carnes, W. C, Gapt, 2d Tenn. Vols., Nov. 6, 1863, Bogersville, Tenu.
Center, A. P., " " " " " "
Carrolle, E,,Lt, 11th Tenn. Vols., Feb. 22, 1864, Lubec, Va.
Carr, G. W., Lt, 4th Virginia Vols., June 23, 1864, Petersbnrg, Va.
Cunningham, J,, Lt,7th Fa. E., May 5,1864, Wilderness, Va.
Casiett, G., Lt, 115th Pa. Vols.
Cooper, E., Lt, 7th New York Vols.
Creurford, C. H., Lt, 183d Pa. Vols., May 12, 1864, Spottsylvania, Va.
Cromack,- S. 0., Lt, 77th New York Vols., May 6th, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Cornell, H., Lt, 2d Vermont Vols., " "
Cornell, C. H., Lt, 96th New York Vols,, May Sth, 1364, Wilderness, Ta.

180 NINETEEN MONTHS
Cutter, C. H., Lt, 95th New York Vols., May 1864, WUderness, Va.
Crasey, G. W., Lt, SSth Mass; Vols,, May 24, 1864, North Anna Eiver, Ta.
Chute, E. A., Lt, 69 th Mass. Tola. " "
Cross, H. M., " " " " " "
Chapin, H. A,, Lt, 95th New York Vols., May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Ciyder.J., Gapt,76th
Cahill, W., Lt, " " " "
Coaler, J. L., Lt, " " . "
Chisman, H., Lt, 7th Ind. Vols,, May 16, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Cooper, A., Lt, 12th New York Cav., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. C.
Cribben, H., Lt, 140th New York Vols., June 2, 1864, Cold Harbor, Ta.
Curtis, G. M., Lt, " " "
CaldweU, .J. B., Lt, 16th Illinois Tois., June 8, 1864, JonesviUe. Ta.
Caalin, C. J., Lt, 151st New York Tois., Nov 29, 1868, Mine Eiver, Ta.
Crossly, L., Lt, 118th Fa. Tois., June 2, 1864, Meohanicsville, Ta.
Chenncy, C. E., Capt, 84th Mass. Vols., July 22, 186-1, Atlanta, Ga.
Carlisle, L, B., Lt, 146th Pa. Vols., June 16, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Conner, 8. D., Capt, 125th IHinois Vols., Sept 21, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Cole, 0. L., Lt, 64th Illinois Vols., Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Cane, J. H., Lt, 140th New York Vols., .Tuly 1, 1363, Settysburg, Fa.
Cassell, E. P,, Lt, 11th Iowa Vols., July 22, 1864, Atlanta, Ga.
Chambers, J. H., Lt, 103d Fa. Vols., April 20,-1564, Plymouth, N. C.
Cottingham, B., Lt, 85th 6hio Vols., 8ept 20th, 1S68, Chickamauga, Ga.
Coddington, .J. P., Lt, Sth Iowa Vols., July 80, 1864, M  , Ga.
Cole, A. F., Capt, 69th New York Vols,, June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Curtis, W. M., Adjt; 19th Mass. Vols., " "
Clark, J. W., Lt, 59th New York Vols , May 12, 1864, Spottsylvania, Va.
Case, D. 8., Adjt, 102d New York Vols., July 22, 1864, Atlanta, Ga.
Clark, J. H., Lt, 1st Maas. Art, May 19, 1864, Spottsylvania, Va.
Cope, J. D., Lt, 116th Pa, Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Corse, J. W., Lt, 6th Va. Cav., June 26, 1864, Springfleld, Va. -
Coulter, W. J., Lt, 15th Maas. Vols., June 22, 1S64, Petersburg, Va.
Oulburtson, W. M., Lt, 30th Indiana Vols., Sept 19, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Casey, J,, Lt, 42d New York Vols, June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Carter, W. H,, Lt, 5th Pennsylvania Vols., May 10, 1864, Spottsylvania, Va.
Chittenden, J. S., Lt, 5th Indiana Cavalry, July 31, 1864, Sunshine Church, Ga.
Cowney, W. H,, Lt, 69th New York Tola., Jone 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Cameron, P., Lt, 16th New York Cavalry, Feb. 22, 1864, Leesburg, Va.
Campbell, W. 8., Lt, Slat Pennsylvania Vols., May 12, 1864, Spottsylvania, Va.
Cameron, J. F., Lt, Sth Indiana Cavalry, June 29, 1884, Petersburg, Va,
Can-, J. P., Capt, 98d Indiana Vols., June I'S, 1864, Selema, Miss.
Clegg, M., Lt, Sth Indiana Cavalry, July 81, 1864, Clinton; Ga.
Curtis, H. A, Lt, 157th New York Vols,, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Coffin, J. A, " " "
Collins, W. A., Gapt, 10th Wisconsin Vols,, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Crocker, G. A., Gapt and A. A. L G., 1st Cav. Div, Oot 11, 1863, Brandy Sta., Va.
Carlisle, J. B., Lt, 2d Virginia Cavalry, Sept 11, 1863, Smith Co., Va,
Christopher, W., Lt, 2d. Virginia Cavalry, July 4, 1863, Ealeigh, Ta.

A PEISONEE OF "WAE. 181
Chandler, G. W., Lt, 1st Virginia Cavalry, July 2, 1863, Gettysburg, Fa.
Chatburn, J., Lt, 150th Pennsylvania Vols., Jnly 1, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa.
Childs, .1. H., Lt, 16th Maine Vols,, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa,
Chase, H. E., IstLt, 1st Wisconsin Artillery, June 23, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Conover, W. H., Lt, 22d New York Cavalry, June 9, 1864, Turner's Bridge, Va.
Clark, J. A,, Gapt, 7th Michigan Cavalry, March 2, 1864, Mechanicsville, Va.
Cook, W. B,, Lt, 140th Penii.sylvania Vols., July 2d, 1863, Gettysburg, Fa.
Calef, B. 8., Lt, 2d U. 8. S, S,, May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Cook, E F., Major, 23 New York Cavalry, ^arch 3, 1864, Stevensville, Va.
Cook, H. P., Gapt and A. A. G., May 7, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Crocker, H., Lt, 1st New Jersey Cavalry, June 9, 1S63, Brandy Station, Va.
Camp, T. B., Gapt, 62d Pennsylvania Vola, Jnly 3, 1864, Fort Johnspn, S. C.
Clark, S., Gapt
Chapin, H, C, Capt, 4th Vermont Vols,, June 23, 1864, Petersbnrg, Va.
Cunningham, J. B., Lt Col., 62d Penn. Vols., July 3, 1S64, Fort Johnson, S, C.
Christopher, J,, Capt, 16th United States InC, Sept 19, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Corcoran, N. A., '* " " " ¦*
Causten, M C, Lt, " " 20, " "
Chubbuch, D. B., Lt, 19th Massachusetts Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Carpenter, S, D., Lt, 3d Ohio Vols., May 8, 1868, Home, Ga.
Curiey, A. A , Gapt, 73d Indiana Vols., " "
Connelly, B. J., Lt., " " "~
Cartwright A. G., Gapt, 85th NewYork Vols., April 20, 1S64, Plymouth, N. 0.
Clark, M. L., '¦'apt, lOlst Pennsylvania Vola., " "
Comphor, A., " " " "
Clapp, J. B., Adjt, 16th Connecticut Vols., " "
Case, A. G., Lt, " " "
Cralty, E, G., Capt, 103d Pennsylvania Vols., " "
Coates, H. A., Capt, 85th New York Vols., "
Crooks, S, J., Col,, 22d New York Cavalry, June 80, 1864, Beam's Station, Va.
Case, F. S., Capt, 2d Ohio Vols., June 29, 1864, Beam's Station, Va.
Cutter, J., Gapt, 34th Ohio Vols., July 18, 1863, Wytheville, Ya.
Gouchlin.
Cord, T. A, Lt, 19th United States Infantry, Sept. 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Cohs, F., Lt., 18th Connecticut Vols., June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va.
Gloadt, Capt , 119th New York Vols,, July 1, 186-3, Gettysburg, Fa.
Calkins, W, W,, Lt, 104th Illinois Vols,, Sept 20, 1863, Chictamanga, Ga.
Graig, J., Capt, 1st Virginia Vols , Sept. 20, 1863, Morefield, Va.
Galville, J., Capt, Sth Michigan Vols,, June 22, 1864, Petcr.-burg, Va.
Crossley, T. J., Lt, 67th Pennsylvania Vols,, July 2, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Cohen, M., Lt, 4th Kentucky Vols, Sept 21, 1868, Stevens Gap, Ky.
Copeland, J,, Capt, 7th Ohio Vols, Nov. 6, 1S63, Bogersville, Tenn.
Curtis, E , Lt., 4th Kentucky Vols., Sept 21, 186-3, Stevens Gap, Ky.
Clements, J., Lt, 15th Kentucky Vols., June 29. 1868, Jackson, Miss.
CaldweU, D. B,, Lt, 75th Ohio Vols., July 2, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Cubison, J., Lt, 101st Pennsylvania Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. 0.
Crawford, H. P., Oapt
Chase, E. E., Capt, Ist Ehode Island Cavalry, June, 1863, Middleburg, Ta.
16

183 NINETEEN MONTHS
Coffin, G. A, Adjt, 29th Indiana Tois., Sept 19, 1868, Chickamauga, Ga.
Coehran, T. G., Lt, 77th Pennsylvania Vols,, " "
Conrad, W. F., Gapt, 2Sth Iowa Vols., May 24, 1863, Eaymond, Miss.
Cox, J. L., Gapt, 2lBt Illinois Tois., Sept 21, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Carpenter, J. Q , Lt, 105th Pennsylvania Tois., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, F».
Copeland, W. A, Lt, 10th Michigan Tois,, Oot 19, 1864, Einggold, Ga.
Cuniffe, H., Lt, 18th IlUnois Vols., Nov. 24, 1863, Lookout Mountain, Ga.
/ Carpenter, E., Capt, 6th Pennsylvania Cavalry, May 7, 1864, Todd's Tavern, Vs.
Day, J. W., Lt, Wth Massachusetts Vols,, Feb. 1, 1864, Newbern, N. 0.
Damrell, W,, Lt, 13th Massachusetts Vols,, May 21, 1864, Spottsylvania, Ta.
Deering, G. A., Lt, 16th Maine Tois., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, f>a.
Dufer, T. J., Lt, 5th Michigan Cavalry, Oct 10, 1863, Eobinson Biver, Ta.
Dickerson, A. A., Lt, 16th Connecticut Tola., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, Ta.
Donaghy, J., Capt, 108d Pennsylvania Vols., " "
Davis, W. G., Lt, 27th Massachusetts Vols., May 16, 1864, Drury's BIuff,,Va.
Day, A. P., Lt, 15th Connecticut Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, Ta.
Derous, J. H., Major, 13th Pennsylvania Cavalry, June 24, 1S64, Malvern Hijl, Ta.
Daniels. E. 8,, Capt , 35th United States Infantry, May 23, 1864, Florida. *
Dietz, Henry, Capt, 45th New York Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Dody, C. C, Capt, 30th Michigan Tola,, June 2, 1864, Meohanicsville. Ta.
Duffenboch, A, Lt, 73d Pennsylvania Tois,, Nov. 23, 1863, Mission Bidge, Ga.
Dewees, T, B,, Lt, 2d United States Cavalry, June 9, 1863, Brandy Station, Va.
Dooly, A T., Lt., 51st Indiana Vols,, May 8, 1,.863, Eome, Ga.
Doroning, 0. J,, Capt, 2d New York Cavalry, May 12, 1864, Eichmond, Va.
Denny, W. N,-, Capt, 61st Indiana Vols., May 8, 1863, Boma, Ga.
Delano, J. A., Lt, " " "
Davis, V. P,, Lt, 148d Ohio Vols., June 15, 1868, Winchester, Va.
Derrickson, J. G., Capt, 66th New York Vols., Juno 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Dean,S.A.,Lt, 145th Pennsylvania Vols,, " 16, " "
Dailey, W. A., Capt, Sth Pennsyrvania Cavalry, Oot 12, 1868, Sulphur Springs, Vs.
Davis, C. G., Lt., 1st Massachusetts Cavalry.
Domschkee, B., Capt, 26th Wisconsin Vols., July 1, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa.
Dennis, J, B., Capt, 7th Gonnecticut Vols., Jnly 17, 18G4, Petersburg, Va.
Davis, L. E., Capt, 7th Ohio Vola.
Drake, L., Lt, 22d Michigan Vols,, Sept 20, 1 863, Chrickamauga, Ga.
Dutton, W. G., Lt, 67th Pennaylvania Vola., June 16, 1863, Winchester, Ta.
DiUam, C, D., Lt, 7th Iowa Vols., July 13, 1863, Corinth, Miss.
Drenan, J. S., Lt, 1st Vermont ArtUlery, June 20, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Dean, T., Lt, Sth Mic^higan Cavairy, Oct 10, 1863, James Cityi Va.
Dunn, J.. Lt, 164th New ¦Jlirk Vols., June 8, 1864, Coal Harbor, Va.
Dunning, K J., Lt, 7th New York Artillery, June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Davinport, J. F., Capt, 75th Ohio Vols,, Aug. 17, 1864, ftainsviUe, Ga. "
Davis, H. C, Capt , 18th Connecticut Vols., June 16, 1863, Winchester, Va.
Davis, T. C, Lt, ssfh Illinois Vols., Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga Ga.
Dirlam, G. G , Capt, 72d Ohio Vols., Juno 12, 1864, Eipley, Miss.
Doughton, O. G., Lt , lUth Ohio Vols., Sept 8, 1863, Jonesboro, Tenn.
Day, A. E., Capt, 8d Maine Vols., June 20, 1868, Gum Springs, Vs.

A PEISONEE OF ¦^AE. 183
Donavan, J., Lt, 2d New Jersey Tola., May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Ta.
Dusbrow, W., Captj 40th New York Vols., May 12, 1864, Spottsylvania, Ta.
Dyer, E, B., Lt,, 1st Gonnecticut Cavalry. June 29, 1864, Beam's Station, Va.
Diiismore, B,, Capt, Sth Peiinsylvanla Vols,, Oot 18, 1863, Auburn, Va.
Duzenberg, A., Capt, 35th New Jersey Vols., July 22, 1864, Decatur, Ga.
Dorris, W. C, Lt,lllth Illinois Vols, July 22,1864, Atlanta, Ga.
Dodge, H. G., Lt, 2d Pennsylvania Vols,, Juno 24, 1864, Virginia.
Dixon, L., Lt, 104th New York Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, P<l
Dunn, M., Major, 19th Massachusetts Vols, June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Doane, E. B., Gapt , 8th Iowa Vols., July 30, 1864, Marian, Ga.
Davidson, J. H., Lt, 6th New York ArtiUery, Oct 11, 186-3, Brandy Station, Va.
Drake, J. W.,Lt, 186th NewYork Vols,, July 3, 1863, Gettysburg, Va.
Downs, C., Lt, 33d New York Vols, ,Tuly 20, 1864, Atlanta, Gt
Davis, J W,, Lt, llSth New York Vols., Feb. 20, 1864,  Point, Ga.
Duren, J.,Lt, New Hampshire Vols., June 8, 1864, Cold Harbor, Va.
Dushane, J. M,, Capt, 142d Pennsylvania Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Fa.
Davis, W. n., Gapt, 4th Maryland Vols., May S, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Derqjjs, C. S. P., 1st Middle Tennessee Vols,, June 26, 1863, Davidson, Ga.
Devine, J. S,, Lt, 71st Pennsylvania Vols.; July 8, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Diemer, M., Lt, 10th Missouri Volunteers, May 16,1863, Jackson, Miaa.
Dingley, P., Ll,, 7th Ehode Mand Vols, July 18, 186-3, "
Durfee, W, H., Lt, 6th Ehode Island Vols., May 5, 1864, Groton, N. 0.
Durbaym, G, Lt, 66th New York Vols., June 17, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Donoliey, G. B., Capt, 7th Pennsylvania Eifles, May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Ta.
Diffenbuoh, W. H., Lt " " "
De Lay, E., Lt , 3d Iowa Cavalry.
Demmick, C. W., 11th New Hampshire Tois., June 17, 1864, Petersburg, Ta.
Drake, G. H,, Lt, 142d Pennsylvania Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Dygert,K. S., Gapt, 16th Michigan Vols,, " 8, " "
Dick, L, Lt, 72d Ohio Vols., June 11, 1864, Biploy, Miss.
Davis, S. B., Capt, 93d Indiana Vols., June 11, 1864, Salem, Miss.
DUlen, F. W,, Capt, 1st Kentucky Cavalry, May 25, 1863, Fishing, Ky.
Dahl, 0. B,, Lt, 15th Wisconsin Vols., Sept, 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Dickey, M, V., Lt, 94th Ohio Vols.; " "
Davis, Byron, Lt,71at Pennsylvania Tola., July 2, 1863, Gettysburg, Fa.
Day, E., Capt, S9th Ohio Vols., Sept ^0, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Dutton, G.A. Lt,22d Michigan Vols,, " "
Dickerson, E,, Lt, 44th Wisconsin Vols,, Oct 6, 1864, AUatoona, Ga.
Dirmand, J,, Lt, 16th United States Infantry, Sept 19, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Dunn, H. C, Lt, 10th Kentucky Vok, " " "
Drescott, D., Lt, 24th Missouri Vols,, Oct 12, 1864, Tilton, Ga.
Davis, £. G., Lt,'44th Illinois Vols., Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Duggan, J., Lt, 3Sth Indiana Vols.
Dow, H. G., Lt, 4th Massachusetts Cavalry, Oct 2, 1864, Magnolia.
Everett, Chas., Lt, 70th Ohio Vols., Aug. 26, 1864, Atlanta, Ga.
Eastman, P. E., Lt, 2d Pennsylvania Cavalry, June 22, 1884, St M, Church, Ta.

184 NINETEEN MONTHS
Elkins, J. L. P., Adjt, 1st New Jersey Vols., May 6, 1864, WUdemess, Ta.
Eastmond, O., Oapt, 1st North Carolina Vols,, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. C.
Evans, T. E,, Lt, 52d Pennsylvania Vols, July 5, 1864, James Island, S. C.
Egestone, J. W,, Lt., 13th Iowa Vols., July 22, 1864, Atlanta, Gsj.
Ellinwood, W. B., Lt, 10th Wi-sconsin Vols., Sept 20, 1893, Chickamauga, Ga.
Edwards, D. 0., Lt, 2d Maryland Vols,, January 4, 1864, Burlington, Va.
English, D., Major, 11th Kentucky Cavalry, July 81, 1864, Sunshine Cburch, Va.
Elder, 8. 8., Capt, 1st U. 8. Artillery, June 24, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Ekings, T. K,, Lt, New Jersey Vols., May 8, 1864, Spottsylvania, Va.
Evans, B. W., Capt, 4th Ohio Vols,, May 6,-1864, Wildernesii. Va.
Erickson, J. H., Lt, 57th New York Vols,, Oct 14th, 1863, Bristow, Va.
Eaverheart, H. H., Capt, 120th Ohio Vols, May 24, 1863, Baymond.Miss.
Eagan, M,, Capt, ISth Virginia Vols., May 19, 1864, Meadows Bluff, Va.
Evana, N. C, Cnpt, 184th Pennsylvania Vola., June 22, 1S64, Petersburg, Va.
Eglin, A. E., Capt, 45tli Ohio Vols., November 16, 1863, Knoxville, Tenn.
Ewing, M., Capt, 21st Wisconsin Vols., Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Eagan, John, Capt, 1st U. 8. Artillery, July 1, 1864, Eeam'.s Station, Va.
Elder John, Gapt, Sth Illinois Vols., July 22, 1864, Atlanta, Ga.
, Edwards, T. D., Chief Engineer U. 8. N., AprU 20, 1864, Plymouth, N, 0.
Edmiston, S., Lt, 89th Ohio Vols., September 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Plick, M., Lt., 67th Pennsylvania Vols,, June 1.5, 1S6-3, Winchester, Va..
Fritz, J,, Lt, 11th Tennessee Vols., February 22, 1864. Yulee, Tenn.
Pay, S. A,, Lt, SSth New York Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. C.
Prost C. W,, Lt, " " "
Freeman, D, W. D., Capt, 101st Penn.Vols,, April 20, 18ti4, Plymouth. N. C.
Fish, J. B., Capt, 2d Mass. Heavy Art, " "
Pish, 0. M., Lt, " " "
Pluke, A. L , Lt, .103d Pennsylvania Vols., " "
Pubs, J., Capt, 87th " " "
Foot, M, C, Lt., 92d New York Vols., "
Fontaine, J., Lt, 73d Pennsylvania Vols., November 25, 186-3, Mission Eidge, Ga.
Fairbanks, J., Lt, 72d Oliio Vols., June 12, 1864, Salem, Miss,
FoUett, W. H., Lt, 2d Massachusetts Vols., Nov. 22, 1863, ChancellorsvUle, Va.
Fry, Alfted, Lt, 7Sd Indiana Vols., May 3, 1868. '
Fish, G, W., Lt, 8d Ohio Vols., May 3, 1863, Eome, Georgia.
Frazier, J., Gol., 140th Pennsylvania Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va,
Flemming, G. E,, Miij,, 1st Vermont Heavy Art, June 23, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Poster, J. W., Gapt, 42d Illinois Vols., Sept 20, 1863, Cbicknmiuga, Ga,
Pales, J. M.. Lt, 1st Ehode Island Cavalry, June IS, 1863, Middleburg, Va.
Pinney, G. E , Lt, 19th Indiana Vols., May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Fowler, J, H,, Lt, 100th Obio Tols,j September 8, 186-3, Limestone, Tenn.
Fox, G. B., Maj., 7Sth Ohio Vols., August 17, 1864, Gainesville, Ga.
Farr, W. V., Capt, 106th Penneylvania Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Forbes, W. H., Maj,, 2d Massachusetts Cavalry, July 6, 1864, Alldee, Va.
Port, E. W., Oapt, 9th Minnesota Vols,, June 11, 1864, Salem, Miss.
Ferris, J. M., Lt, 8d Michigan Vols., June 1, 1864, Gaines Mills, Va.
Fairchild, H., Lt, 10th Wisconsin Vols., September 20, 1868, Chickamauga, Ga.

A PEISONEE OF WAK. 185
%
Fnnk, J. W., Capt, 89th New Tork Vols., May 10, 1864, Spottsylvania, Ta.
Paye, B. M., Lt, 42d New York Vols,, May 12, 1 864, "
Fungcrson, J., Lt, 1st New Jersey Vols,, " "
Flannery, D. P., Lt, 4th New Tork Vols. " " '
Fowler, H. M., Lt, 16th New Jersey Vols., " "
Fisk, W. M, Capt., 78d New York Vols., May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Ploger, G. M., Lt, 11th Pennsylvania Eifles, May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Fagan, C. A, .. u .'
¦ French, H., Lt, 8d Vermont Vols., " "
Francis, J. L., Capt, 136th Ohio Vols., July 8, 1864, "
Field, A, Capt, 94th New York Vols,, July 8, 1863, Gettysburg, Fa.
Fritchy, A. W., Lt, 20th Missouri Vols., Nov. 26, 1863, Mission Eidge, Ga.
Fortescue, L. E., Lt, 29th Pennsylvania Vols., July 4, 1863, Emmettsburg, Md.
Fellows, M., Lt, 149th Pennsylvania Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Md.
I'isher, E., Lt, 17th Missouri Vola, November 27, 1863, Einggold, Ga.
Fenner, W., Lt, 2d Ehode Isrand Cavalry, July 2d, 186-3, Port Hudson, La.
Pox, J.D., Lt, 16th Illinois Vols,, January 3, 1864, JonesviUe, Va.
Fritz, C, Lt, 24th IHinois Vols., September 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Fisher, L. W., Lt, 4th Vermont Vols., June 23, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Fatzer, 8,, Lt, 108th New York Vols., June 17, 1864, "
Fontaine, E. W., Lt, 7th Pennsylvania Eifles, May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Flamsburg, D,, Capt, 4th Indiana Battery.
Forney, D., Lt, SOth Ohio Vols., Jnly 22, 1864, Atlanta, Ga.
Fisher, 8,, Lt, 93d Indiana Tois., August 11, 1864, Salem, Miss.
Fiedler, J., Assistant Topographical Engineers, Jonesboro, Ga.
Finney, D. 8., Mth and 16th Illinois Vt Battery, October 4, 1864, Acworth, Ga.
Fairfleld, 0. B.,Lt, 89th Ohio Vols., September 20, 186-3, Chickamauga, Ga.
Fitzpatrick, L., 146th New York Vols,, May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Freeman, H. B,, Lt 18th United States Infantry, Sept 19, 1868, Chickamauga, Ga.
Foster, H. H., Lt, 23d Indiana Vols., June 21, 1864, Atlanta, Ga.
George, G. J., Lt, 40th Illinois Vols,, June 29, 1864, Kenesaw, Ga.
GiUespie, J, B,, Capt, 120th IlUnois Vols,, June 12, 1864, Northern Mississippi.
Gunn, F. N., Lt, 21st Kentucky Volunteers.
GUbert, E. G., Capt, 152d New York Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
GiU, A. H., Capt, 4th New York Volunteers, May 6, 1864, WUderness, Va.
Grebble, C. B., Lt, Sth Michigan Cavalry, November 18, 1863, KnoxviUe, Tenn.
Green, J. H., Lt, 100th Ohio Vols., September 8, 1863, Limestone, Tenn.
Golshall, J.,-^djt, 6Sth Pennsylvania Vols., May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va.
Godown, J, M,, Lt, 12th Maryland Vols., July 12, 1864, Atlanta, Ga.
Grover, J. B , Lt, 6tb Indiana Cavalry, September 16, 1863, Beans Station, Tens.
Gayer, H., Lt, 183d Virginia Vols,, Soptember 12, 1868, CentreviUe, 'Va.
Gatch, O. C, bapt, SOth Ohio Vols, September 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Gross, J. M., Gapt, 18th Kentucky Vols., " "
Gnlbraith, H. B., Gapt, 22d Michigan Vols., " "
Goatz, J., Capt, " " "
Gray, W. L., Gapt, 161st Pennsylvania Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Fa.
Gross, C. M., Lt, llOth Obio Vols., June 15, 1868, Winchester, Va.
16*

186 NINETEEN MONTHS
Grant, G. W., Lt, SSth Pennsylvania Tola,, July 1, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa.
Grant, H. D., Lt, 117th New York Tola., May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Ta.
Grey, E. H., Lt., 15th United States Infantry, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Garlss, J. A, Adjt, 1st Maryland Cavalry, June ?, 1868, Brandy Station, Ta.
Gates, A L., Lt, 10th Wisconsin Vols., September 20, 1868, Chickamauga, G*
Goodwin, J. A., Lt, 1st Massacbusetts Cavalry, May 10, 1864, Beaver Dam, Vs. ,
Gamble, G- H., Adjutant, 8th IlUnois.
Gates, E. C, Lt, 18th U, S. Infantry, September 20, 186-3, Chickamauga, Ga.
Gilmore, J. A., Lt, 79tU New York Tois., July 10, 1803, Jackson, Miss.
Gamble, H., Lt, 73d Indiana, May 3, 1868, Eome, Ga.
Grant, E., Capt, 1st Wisconsin Cavalry, June 29, 1864, Stony Creek, Va.
Granger, G. M, Lt, SSth New York Tois., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Ta.
Goodrich, J. A.. A(Ut, S6th New York Vols., AprU 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. 0.
Glozier, W. W., Lt, 2d New York Cavalry, October 10, 1868, Biokland Mills, Ta.
Goodin, A., Lt, SSth Ohio Vols., Jnly 3, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Gordon, C, O., Lt, Ist Michigan Cav., June 24, 1864, St Mary's Church, Va.
Green, E. H., Capt, 107th Pennsylvania, May 21st, 1864, Spottsylvania, Va.
Gimber, H. W,, Capt, 159th Pennsylvania, July 1, 1863, GettyBburg, Pa.
Gilman, Lt, Sd Maine Vols, June 30, 1863, Alldie, Va.
Gottland, C, Lt, 134th New York Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg Pa.
Gettman, D., Capt, 10th New York Cavalry, June 9, 1863. Brandy Station, Va.
Griffin, H. G., Lt, 112th Illinois, November 18, 1863, Knoxville, Tenn.
Gordon, E., Lt, 81st Indiana, September 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Geasland, 8. A., Lt, 11th Tenn. Cavalry, Feb. 22, 1864, Cumberiand Gap, Tens.
Gay, P. C, Lt, 11th Pennsylvania Vols, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Green, C. W., Lt, 44th Indiana Vols,, September 22, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Goss, J, M., Lt, 1st Massachusetts Artillery, June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Grafton, P., Capt, 64th Ohio-Vols., September 20, 186S, Chickamauga, Ga.
Gates, J., Capt, 33d Ohio Vols., " "
Grant, A., Capt, 19th Wiaoonain Vols., July 28, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Green, G. W,, Capt, J9th Indiana Vols,, Jnly 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Va.
Goodrick, A. L., Capt, 6th New York Vols., June 29, 1864, StOny Creek, Ta.
Gamble, S. B., Lt, 63d Pennsylvania, July 19, 1863, Harper's Ferry, Ta.
Garheit D., Lt, 77th Pennsylvania, Sept 19, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Good, T. G., Lt, let Indiana Cav., June 9, 1863, Brandy Station, Va.
Gordon, H. M., Lt., 143d Pennsylvania, May 5, 1864, WUderness, Va.
Gray. P., Lt, 77th Pennsylvania, Sept 19, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Gallagher, J., Lt, 4th Vermont Tois., June 23, 1864, Petersburg, Ta.
Galloway, J,. J., Gapt, A. D. C
Green, E. A., Lt, Sist IlUnois Tola.
Green, J. L., Capt.
Goove, W, A., Lt, 3d Massachusetts Cavalry,
Grant S., Lt, 6th Michigan Art, Nov. 8, 186S.
Griffin, T., Adjt, SSth U. S. I. • *
Goove, J. B., Lt, 115th Illinois Tola, Sept 24, 1863, Lookout Mountain, Tens.
Gross, T. B., Lt, 21st Illinois Tois., Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Gordon, G. 0., Capt, 24th Michigan Tola., July 1, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa.
Gishardt, Lt, 24th lUhvois Vols., Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Gs.

A PEISONEE OF WAB. 187
Gageby, J. H., Lt, 19th U. 8. L, Sept 20, 186?, Chickamauga, Ga.
Gutjahr, Capt, 16th Illinois Cav., May 12, 1864, Dalton, Ga.
Galloway, Lt, 13th U. 8. L, Sept, 20, 1868, Chickamauga, Ga.
Graham, P., Gapt, 24th Pennaylvania Tois., May 16, 1864, New Market, Ta.
Godley, M. L., Lt, 17th lows Vols., Oct 18, 1864, Tilton, Ga. '
Gould, D., Gapt, 183d W. Vs., Sept 12, 1863, Centreville, Va.
Huey, Pennock, Col., Sth Penn. Cav., June 24, 1864, St Mary's Church, Ta.
Heister, J. W., Capt, 9th Ohio Cav., April 18, 1864, Florence, Als.
Haker, D. W., Lt, Gonnecticnt, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. G.
Halsey, T. J., Mjor, 11th New Jersey Tois., June 22, 1864, Petersbnrg, Ta.
Hutchinson, J,, Lt, 2d Tirginia Vols., Sept 24, 1863, Cheat Eiver, Va.
Hoffman, M., Lt, Sth Iowa Vols,, Nov. 25, 1863, Missionary Eidge, Ga,
Hinds, H. H., Lt, Slat Pennsylvania Vola, July 2, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Haggles, J. S., Capt, 5th Tennessee Vols., May 21, 186-3, East Tennessee.
Helms, M. B., Lt, 1st Virginia Vols., Sept 11, 1863, Morefleld, Va.
Hall, O.B., " " " "
Hallenbug, G., Lt, 1st Ohio Vols,, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Gs.
Hall, A M, Lt, Oth Minnesota Tois., June 12, 1364, Jackson, Miss.
Bandy, T., Capt, 79th IlUnois Tois., Sept 19, 1868, Chickamauga, Ga.
Hubbard, H. E., Lt, 119th IlUnois Tois., Feb, 22, 1864, Miss.
Hoffman, ,T. M., Lt, 5th Illinois Tois., Nov. 25, 1868, Missionary Bidge.
Heffley, A., Capt, 142d Pennsylvania Tois., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
. Hays, A N,, Gapt., 7th Tennessee Cav., March 2, 1864, Union City, Tenn.
Hare, T. W., Lt, 6th Ohio Cav., Nov. 4, 1863, Waterloo, Tenn.
Helm, J. B., Lt, 101st Pennsylvania Tois., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. 0.
Heffley, C. P., Lt, 142d Pennsylvania Tois., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Fa.
Hubbell, P. A, Lt, 67th Pennsylvania Tola., June 16, 1863, Winchester, Ts.
Heffner, W., Lt, 67th Pennsylvania Tois., " "
Harrington, B. P., Lt , ISth Fenn. Cav., June IS, 1863, Germania Ford, Ta.
Hart, B. E., Lt, lat Termont Artillery, June 23, 1864, Petersburg, Ta.
Hanaon, J. B., Lt, 1st Massachusetts Artillery, June 23, 1864, Petersburg, Vs.
Hedge, W. E , Lt, 5th Maryland Tois., June 16, 1863, Winchester, T^
Hawkins, S. W., Lt., 7th Tennessee Cav., March 24, 18S4, Union City, Tenn.
Henry, C. D., Lt, 4th Ohio Cav.,- Sept 20, 1§63, Chickamauga, Ga.
Hays, N. W., Lt', 84th Ohio Tola., July 18, 1368, WythevUle, Ta.
Hodge, P. M., Lt
Hall, E F., Lt, 75th Ohio Tola., Ang. 17, 1864, Gainsville, Ga.
Hate, J. D., Lt, Sth Iowa Cav., July 81, 1864, Nunan, Ga.
Hastings, T. J., Lt, 15th Massachusetts Tola., June 24, 1864, Petersburg, Ts.
Hawk, A., Gapt, 68th New York Tois,, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Hill G., W., Lt, 7th Michigan Cav., May 16, 1864, Yellow Tav„ Va.
Heslitt, Lt,,3d Pennsylvania Cav., Nov. 27, 1863, Parker's Station, Vs,
Hazen,'E. J., Lt, 6th Pennsylvania Cav., May 2, 1864, Todd's Tav., Va.
Hamon, .1., Lt.^ 116th IlUnois Vols., Sept 20, 1868, Chickamauga, Ga.
Herrick, B. C, Lt, 1st New York Cav., March 10, 1864, Ghariestown, Vs.
Hyne, J. J., Lt, 100th Ohio Tois., Sept 18, 1868, Tilton, Tenn.
Hubert, B., Lt, SOth Pennsylvania Tola., Msy 12, 1864, Bpottsylrania, Ta.

188 ^ NINETEEN MONTHS
Harris, 8., Lt, Sth Michigan Cav., March 2, 1864, Eichmond, Va.
Heppard, T., Lt, 105th Pennsylvania Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. C.
Hamilton, W., Lt, 2d Massachusetts H. ArtiUery, AprU 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. G
Herstings, G. L,, Lt, 24th Now York Artillery, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. C.
Horton, 8. H., Lt, 101st Pennsylvania Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N, 0.
Huff H. B.i"Gapt, 184th Pennsylvania Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Ta.
Hampton, C. G., Lt, l^h New York Cav., Feb. 20, IS64, UpperviUe, Vs.
Hurd, W. B., Lt, 17th Michigan Vols., May 12, 1864, Spottsylvania, Va.
HiU, J,, Capt., 45th New York Vols., July 1, 1S63, Gettysburg, Pa.
Hauf, A., Lt, 4Sth New York Vols, i " "
Hitt, W. E., Capt, llStb New Yorfi Vols., June 10,1364, Briers Cross Eoads, Miss.
Harris, W., Capt, 24th Mobile Vols,, March 24 1864, Union City, Tenn.
Habbie, C. A., Capt, 17th Connecticut, May 19, 1864, Pilatka, Fia.
Holden, E., Lt, 1st Vermont Cav., Sept 26, 1863, Eichard's Ford, Va.
Hedges, 8. P., Lt, 112th New York Vols., June, Eichmond, Va. ¦
Hinds, H. C., Lt, 102aTIew York Vols., July 20, 1S64, Atlanta, Ga.
Hall, W. P., Maj,, 6th New York Cav., June 8, 1864, King WiUiam's County, Vs.
Hart, E. K,, Capt, 19th U. 8. I., Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Hodge, A, Capt, SOth Illinois Vols., May 8, 1863, Eome, Ga.
Harvey, H,, Lt, 51st Indiana Vols., May 8, 1863, Home, Ga.
Hay, D., Capt, SOth Illinois Vols., May 8, 186-3, Eome, Ga.
Harmer, E, J., Lt, SOth lUinois Vols., May 8, 1863, Bome, Ga.
Hart, C. M,, Lt, 45th Pennsylvania Vols., J)ec. J4, 186-3, Clinch Mountain, Tenn.
Hopper, J. A, Lt, 2d New York Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersbui^, Va.
Hand, G. T., Lt, 51st Pennsylvania Vols., May 8, 1863, Eome, Ga.
Hertzog, H. O., Capt, Ist New- York Cav, April 23, 1368, Shenandoah VaUey, Vo.
Hagler, J. 8 , Capt, Sth Tennessee Vols,, May 21, 1863, Morgan County, Tenn.
Hintz, H., Capt, 16th Conneoticat Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N C.
Hunt, G. 6., Gapt, Sth Maine Battery, June 13, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Halpin. G„ Capt, 106th Pennsylvania Vols., July 2, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
I-laginbach, J..G., Lt, 67ih Pennsylvania, June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va.
Hogan, P. A,,TQt, 7th Maryland Vols., Oct 19, 1863, Haymarket, Va.
Hullen, W., Lt, 5th Indiana Cav., July 81, 64, Sunshine Church, Va. '
Hawkins, H. B.,Gapt, 78th Illinois Vols., Sept, 2i, 1863. Mission Bidge, Ga.
Hur, B. A, Capt, 28th Ohio, June 6, 1864, New Hope, Va.
Hart, G, D,, Gapt, 6th Pennsylvania Cav., June 10, 1864,,Feterabnrg, Va.
Hull, G. W., Lt, 185th Ohio, July 3, 1864, N. Mountain, Ga.
Hoyt, H. B., Capt, 40th N. Y. I, May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Hamilton, H. G,, Lt, 1st New York I., May 6, 1864, WUderness, Va.
Hezelton, D. W., Lt, 22d New York Cav., Jone 28, 1S64, Stony Greek, Va.
Hovey, W., Lt, 9Sth Illinois, Sept 22, 1863, Mission Eidge, Ga.
Hume, L. J., Capt, 19th Maaaachusetts, June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va
' Holahan, C. P., Lt, 19th Pennsylvania Cav, June 12, 1864, Eipley, Miss.
Hamilton. H. N,,Lt„S9th NewYork, June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Happin, H. P., Lt, 2d Massachusetts Artillery, April 20, 1864, Flyinouth, N. 0.
Huntington, B. S., Lt, 11th U. 8. L, June 2, 1864, Mechanicsville, Va.
Hutchinson, B. C, Capt, Sth Michigan, May 6, 1864, WildernesSj^Va.
Hoyt, W. H., Lt, 16th Indiana, July 22, 1864, Atlanta, Ga.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 189
Hart, P. H.,Lt, 18th Indiana, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg. Pa,
Hughes, E. M., Lt, Mth Illinois Cav., July 81, 1864, Sunshine Church, Ta.
.Henekay, D., Lt, loth Wisconsin, Sept 20, 1868, Chickamauga, Ga.
Harkness, E., Capt, lOth Wisconsin, Sept 20, 1868, Chickamauga, Ga.
Herbett, W., Lt, 106th Pennsylvania, May 12, 1864, Spottsylvania, Ta.
Hastings, C. W., Capt, 12th Massachusetts, May 12, 1864, North Anna Eivor, Ta.
Heaton, J., Lt, 4th New Jersey, May 12, 1864, Spottsylvania, Ta.
Hays, E., Gapt, 9Sth New Tork, May 6, 1S64, ¦WUderness, Va.
Heffelflnger, J., Lt, Ith Pennsylvania E. V. C, May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Harvey, J. T., Lt, 2d Pennsylvania Artillery, June 2, 1864, Meohanicsville, Vs.
Hurst, T. B., Lt, 7th Pennsylvania E. V. C, May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Hobart, J. V., Gapt, 7th Wisconsin T, May S, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Heek, B. B., Gapt, 12th New York Cav., AprU 20, 1864, Plymonth, N. C.
Holman, W. H, Capt, Oth Vermont, Newport, N. C.
Hadley, J. V,, Lt, Ith Indiana, May 6, 1664, Wilderness, Va.
Hall, G., Lt, 13th Wisconsin Cav., Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Go.
Hagden, J. A., Capt, 11th P. E,, May 6, 1364, Wilderness, Ta.
Hill, J. B., Lt, Mth Massachusetts, Feb. 1, 1864, Newbern, N. C.
Hallett, M. V., Lt, 2d Pennsylvania Cav., July 12, 1864, Beam's Station, Vs.
Hodge, W. S., Capt, 120th Illinois, June 10, 1864, Northern Miss.
Henry, A. J., 120th Illinois, June 12, 1864, Northern Miss,
Hamlon, S. G„ Capt, 134th New York, July 1, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa.
HuUaday, A J., Lt, 13th Indiana Cav., August 2, 1864, Carrolton, Ga.
Havens, D., Lt, SSth Illinois, July 19, 1864, Peach Creek, Ga.
Hays, G. A, Lt, 111th Pennsylvania, July 20, 1864, Atlanta, Ga.
Hastings, J. L., Adjt, Ith Pennsylvania B., May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Hunter, A N., Lt, 2d U. S. Artillery, AprU 12, 1864, Fort PUllow, Tenn.
Harris, J. W., Lt, 62d Indiana Cav.
Hellemus, J. B., Capt, 18th Kentucky, June 23, 1S64, Einggold, Ga.
Herzberg, F., Lt, 66th New York, June 17, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Henry, J. M, Lt, 154th New York Vols, Jnly 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Fa.
Harris, G., Lt, 79th Indiana Cav., Sept 20, 1S6S, Chickamauga, Ga.
Holt, W. C, Gapt, 6th Tennessee Vols,, March 24, 1864, Baldin, Tenn.
Harrison, C, E., Lt, SOth Pennsylvania Vols., Sept 20, 1868, Chickamauga, Ga.
Huey, B., Lt, 2d Tennes^e Vols., Nov. 6, 1863, BogersviUe, Tenn.
Henderson, J. H., Uth and ISth Vet Bat Sd 111. VoKj-Oct 4, 1864, Acworth, Ga.
Height, T.
Higley, E. H,, Lt, 1st Vermont Cav., June 24, 1864, Stony Creek, Va.
Hall, G. W., Lt, 136th Ohio Vols., Sept 12, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Hamilton, W. B., Lt, 22d Michigan Vols., Sept 20, 1863; Chickamauga, Gs.
Hendricks, F,, Gapt, 1st New York Cav., June 15, 1863, ¦Winchester, Va.
Henderson, B., Lt, 1st Massachusetts H. A., June 26, 1864, Petersburg, Vs.
Howe, Charles, Lt, 21st Illinois, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Gs.
Heffleflnger, J., Lt, 8Sth Indiana, Bept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Himroa, P., Gapt, 105th Ohio, Oct 27, 1S64, DairsviUe, Ga. ,
Irwin, C. L.,Lt, 73th lUinois Vols., September 22, 1863, Mission Bidge, Gs.
Imbrie, J. M., Capt, Sd Ohio Vols., May 8, 1863, Bome, Ga.

190 NINETEEN MONTHS
Isetti J. H., Major, Sth IHinois Vols., July 80, 1864, Ne-wman, GA
Irwin, W. H., Adjutant, 163d Pennsylvania Tois., AprH 20, 1S64, Flymottth, N. C,
Irsch, F., Capt, ISth New York Tola,, Jnly 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa,
Jackson, B. W., Lt, 21st Wisconsin Tois,, Septeraber 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Gs.
Jenkins, E. M., Adjt, 21st Wisconsin Tois., " "
Johnson, H. A., Lt, 8d Maine Tois., May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Ta.
James, H. H , Lt, 6tb Indiana Cavalry, January 19, 1864, Big Springs, Tenn.
Jonea, 8. T., Capt, SOth Illinois Vols., " "
Johnson, G., Lt, 16th Connecticut Vols,, April 20, 1864, Plymonth, N. O.
Judd, J. H,, Lt, 27th Maaaachusetts Tola., May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va.
Jacobs, J. H., Gapt, 4th Kentucky Vols., July 81, 1864, FayettevlUO, Ga
John, E., Lt, ISSth Ohio Vols., July 3, 1864, Virginia.
Johnson, J. C, Capt, 149tb Pennsylvania Vols,, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Fa.
Job, B. A, Capt, 11th Pennsylvania Eeserve Vols., May 30, 1864, Cold Harbor, Ta.
Johnson, T. W., Lt, 10th New Tork Cavalry, October 14, 1868, Auburn, Ta.
Jones, J. A., Lt, 21st Illinois Vols., September 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Johnson, C. K,, Lt, Ist Maine Cavalry, June 24, 1864, St Mary's Church, Va.
Jennings, J. T., Capt, 45th Ohio Vols., November 15, 1863, Knoxville, Tenj;
Judson, 8. G, Capt, 106th New Tork Vola, May 6th, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Jenkins, H., Capt, 40th Massachusetts Vols., May 16, 1864, Drnry's Bluff, Va.
Jackson, C.G., Oapt, 84th Pennsylvania Vols, May 6, 1S64, Wilderness, Va.
Jones, J. P., Lt, SSth Ohio Vols., July 2, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Jenkins, G. W., Lt, Oth Virginia Vols.
Jones, 0. W., Lt, 16th Pennsylvania Cavalry.
Justus, J. G, Lt, 2d Pennsylvania B., May 24, 1864, North Anna Biver, Ts.
Jackson, J., Lt, 4th Indiana Cav., May 7, 1864, WUderness, Ta.
Johnson, J. D., Capt, 10th New Tork Vols., May 7, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
¦Tones, 8. B. , C(ipt, 7th New Tork ArtiUery, June 16, 1864, Petersbnrg, Vs.
Jones, H., Lt, 5th U. 8. Cav,, Oct 29, 1863, Elk Eun, Va.
Jackson, J. 3., Capt, 22d IlUnois, Sept 28, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Johnson, E., Gapt, 6th New Tork Cav., June 25, 1868.
Johnson, J. W., Lt, 1st Massachnsetts Artillery, June 22, 1S64, Petersfoui^, Vs.
Johnson, W. N., Army correspondent, June 18, 1864, Staunton, Va.
Jones, Webster, Lt, 8ith Ohio Vols,, Oot 19, 1864, Bough Station, Ga.
Jones, M. P., Lt, 116th Illinois Vols., Oct 8, 1864, Mill Creek, Ga.
Kelly, D. 0., Lt, 100th Ohio Vols., Sept 8, 1868, Tenn.
Krohn, P., Lt, 5th New Tork Cavafry, June 1, 1864.
Keeler, 0. M., Oapt, 22d Michigan, September 20, 1863, Chickamanga, Ga.
Kelly, D. A, Oapt, 1st K-entncky Vols., Nov. 14, 186-3, East Tennessee.
KendrickB, E., Adjt, 10th New Tork Vols., May U, 1864, Wilderness, Vs.
Kuehn, A, Lt, Sth Maryland Vols,, June 15, 1863, ¦Winchester, Vs
KendaU, 8., Lt, 15th U. 8. Infantry, September 20, 1868, Chitkamauga, Ga.
Knapp, P. H., Lt., 9th Ohio Oavalty, April 12, 1864, Florence, Ala.
Karr, 3. C, Lt, 126th Ohio Volunteers, May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Keis, G. W., Lt, 18th Connecticut Vols., June 15, 1863, Winchester, Vs.
Kennedy, J. B., Lt, 8th Ohio Csvalry, June 19, 1864, Liberty, Ga.'
Kempton, F., Lt, ISth Ohio Vols,, August 17, 1864, GSinsviUe, Va.

A PEISONEE OP WAB. 191
Kline, D. J,,Lt, 75th Ohio Vols., August 17, 1864, GainesviUe, Ta.
Kennedy, J. W., Lt, 184th New York Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Kidd, J. H., Lt, Ist Maryland Artillery, Juno 21, 1864, Salem, "Va.
Kendrick, E. H., Lt, 26th Wisconsin Vols., July 21, 1864, Decatur, Ga;
Kenyan, G. G, Lt, 118th Illinois Vols.; June 12, 1864, Blpley, Miss.
Kidder, G. 0.,Lt, 113th Illinois, " "
KeUy, H. K,, Gapt, 118th Pennsylvania Vola.i Jiine 2, 1864, Mechanicsville, Ta.
Knox, G. W., tt, NewYork Tois., July^O, 1864, Atlanta, Ga.
Kelly, 8. M,, Lt, 4th Tennessee Tois., July 30, 1S64, Noonan, Ga.
Kh-bey, W. M, Lt, 8d New York Artillery, Feb. 2, 1864, Newbern, N. 0.
King, T., Quartermaster, 1st Pennsylvania Vols,, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. 0.
Keniston, J., Lt, 100th Illinois, 8epf20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Kriagee, A., Lt, 67th Pennsylvania Vols., June IS, 1868, Winchester, Vs.
Kendall, Capt, 40th Massfthusetts ¦Vols. •
King, H,, Oapt, 16th Connecticut Vols,, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N, 0.
KendaU, H, S., AcUt, Sth Pennsylvania Vols., May 7, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Knowles, E. A, Lt, 116th Ohio Vols,, June 15, 1864, Winchester, Va.
Keister, W. H. H., Lt, 103d Pennsylvania Vols,, April 20, 1864, Plymonth, N. G
Kirk, J. B., Lt, 101st Pennsylvania Vols., " "
Kautz, J. D., Lt, Ist Kentucky Vols., September 10, 1863, Graysville, Ga.
Keith, C. B., Lt, 19th Illinois Vols., September 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Kellog, J. H,, Lt, Sth Michigan Cavalry, July 14, 1868, Palling Waters, Va.
Krounmyre, C, Capt, 52d New YorlrVoTs., May 10, 1S64, Spottsylvania, -ta.
KeUy, A, Capt, 126th Ohio Volunteers, May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Knowles, E, M., 42d Indiana Vols., Sept 19, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
King, M. D., Lt, 3d Ohio Volunteers, May 3, 1868, Eome, Ga.
Kendall, J,, Capt, 18th Indiana, " "
Kenkell, E., Lt, 4Sth New York Vols,, July 1, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa.
King, G. B., Capt, 103d Illinois, Juno 10; 1864, Brier's Cross Eoads, Misa
Kandler, H., Lt, 4.5th New York Vols., July 1, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa.
Knight H. E., Lt, 20th Michigan Vols., May 9, 1863, MonticeUo, Ky.
Kelly, J. E,, Lt, 1st Pennsylvania Cavalry.
Keen, J., Lt„ 7th Pennsylvania E,, May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va
Kirkpatrick, G. W., Lt, 16th Iowa Vols., Feb. 29, 1864, Canton, Miss.
Knox, J. C, Lt, 4th Indiana Cavalry.
Kephart, J. S., Lt , 6th Indiana Vols,, May 18, 1563, East Tennessee.
Kreuger, W,, Lt, 2d Missouri Vols., Sept 20, 1868, Chickamauga, Ga.
Kerin, J,, Lt, 6th United States Cavalry, June 9, 1863, Bealton Station, Va.
Kenyon, P. D., Oapt , 14th and 15th N. Y. Vet Bat^ Oct 14, 1864, Acworth, G»
-Kreps, P. A. M, Lt, 77th Pennsylvania, Bept 19, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
King, Lt, ISth Illinois Cavalry, May 8, 1863, Bome, Ga.
Kane, T., Lt, SSth Indiana, September 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga.
Keasler, J. G., Capt, 2d Indiana Cavalry, July 80, 1864, Newman, Ga
Lindemyer, L., Capt, 45th New York Vols., July 1, 1S63, Gettysburg, Ps.
Lamson, A T., Capt, 104th New York, Jnly 1, 1868, Gettysburg.
Logan, W. 8,, Oapt, 17th Michigan, May 12, 1864, Spottsylvania Va.
Love, J. E., Capt, Sth Kansas Vols., Sept. 17, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga

192 NINETEEN MONTHS
Lodge, G. R., Lt, 63d lUinois, July 12, 1863, Jackson, Miss.
Lucas, W. D., Capt, Sth New York Cavah-y, July 6, 1868, Hagerstown, Md.
Little, J., Gapt, 142d Pennsylvania, May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Va
Lee, A.. Lt, lS2d New York Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Longnecker, J. H., Adjutant, 101st Pennsylvania, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. 0.
Landon, H., Lt, 16th Connecticut, ' " "
Laughlin, J. K., Lt, 103d Pennsylvania " "
Lyman, J., Lt, 27th Massachusetts, May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va.
Ladd, J. O., Lt, 35th United States Infantry, May 2Sd, 1864, Florida
Litchfleld, A. C , Lt-Col., 7th Michigan Cuvalry, March 1, 1864, Alleys, Va.
Langworthy, D. A., Gapt, SSth New York, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. C.
Lyon, W. C, Lt, 28d Ohio, February 3, 1S64, Kanawha, Va
Lewis, G. E., Lt., 1st New York Dragoons, May 7, 1864, Wilderness, Va ,
Laycock, J. B,, Lt, 7th P. E. 0 , May 5, 1864, Wilderrf^ss, Va '^'
Lynch, C. M., Major, 145th Pennsylvania June 22, 1364, Petersburg, Va
Lintz, C. J., Lt, Sth Tennessee, October 6, 186-3, Morristown, Tenn.
Lesley, J, D., Lt, 18th Penn. Cav., Oct 11, 1868, Stafford Court-House, Ta.
Leonard, A., Lt, 71st New York, October 11, 1863, Brandy Station, Ta
Ladd, M., Lt, 16th lowa, July 22, 1864, Atlanta, Ga
Lymiin, H. H,, Lt, New York, May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Ta.
Luther, J. G.-, Lt, 1st Pennsylvania B., May 80, 1864, Cold Harbor, Ta
Larrabee, W. H., Lt, 7th Maine, May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Ta
Lane, L. N,, Lt, 9th Minnesota June 1^ 1864, Eipley, Miss.
Lynn, J. L., Lt, 145th Pennsylvania, June 16, 1864, Petersburg, Ta
Lamson, P. D., Lt, 8d Maryland Vols., June 29. 1864, Stony Creek, Va^
Lytte, E. A., Capt, 145th Pennsylvania June 10, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Loomis, A W., Lt, ISth Connecticut, June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va
Lock, W. H., Lt, " " "
Laning, A., Lt, 24th Michigan, May 5, 1864, WUderness, Ta
Leith, 8., Lt, lOSd New York, February 20, 1864, North CaroUna
Lindsley, A. H., Lt, 18th Connecticut, June 15, 1863, Winchester, Ta
Long, C. H., Lt, 1st Maryland Tois., June 29, 1864, Duffield's Depot, Va.
Lewis, D. B., Lt, 12th Pennsylvania Cavalry, June 29, 1864, Duffield's Depot, Ta
Livingston, Lt, 1st Tirginia Cavalry, July 18, 1863, Weytheville, Ta
Law, G., Capt, 6th Tirginia Cavalry, June 26, 1864, Springfleld, Ta
Lucais, John, Capt, Sth Kentucky Tola, September 19, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga
Lovett, L. T., Capt, " " «
Lloyd, J. K., Capt, 17th Massachusetts, Pebruary 17, 1S64, Newbern, N. 0.
Leigh,- T. J , Lt, A D.C, May 5, 1864, WUderness, Ya
Lemon, M. W., Lt, 14th New York Vols,, June 2, 1864, Cold Harbor, Ta
Leedsi, M A, Lt-Col., 153d Ohio, July 8, 1864, West Tirginia
Litchfield, J. B,, Capt, 4th Maine, July 2, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Lock, D, B., Lt, Sth Kentucky Cavalry, August 8, 1863, Kentucky.
Limbard, IL, August 4, 1864, Ga
Loyd, T. C, Lt, 6th Indiana Cavalry, Jan. 19, 1864, Big  , Tenn.
Laviince, G. H,, Lt, 2d N, Y. M Eifles.
Loud, E. D. C, Lt, 2d Pennsylvania Artillery, June 27, 1864, Petersburg, Ta
Ludwig, M. S., Lt, S3d Pennsylvania Vols,, June 22, 1864, "

A PRISONER OF WAR. 193
Lond,.J. E,, Capt, 66th Indiana Tois., Oct 11, 1868, Coicnville. Tenn.
Lombard, H. G., Adjt, 4th Michigan Vols., July 1, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa
Le^ B. N., Capt, Sth Michigan Cavalry, Oot 19, 186-3, Buckland Milla, Va
Lafler, J. A, Lt, SSth New Tork ¦Vols,, April 20, 1864, Plymonth, N. C.
Lowry, D. W., Lt, 2d Pennsylvania Artillery, July 24, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Larkin, P. A, Lt, ISth Indiana Vols., June 4, 1863, Edwarda — -, Tonn.
Myers, T., Lt, 107th Pennsylvania Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
Moony, J,, " " « "
Morris, W. J., Lt, Sth Maryland Vols., June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va
Mettea J. S., " " " .. - <i
Matson, C. C, Lt, 6th Indiana Cavalry, August 7, 1864, Atlanta, Ga
Morgan, G H., Lt, 2tst Wisconsin Vols., Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga
McGruder, W.H.,Lt, « " "
- Merrim, 8. T. C, Lt., 18th Connecticut Vola, June 15, 1863, Wincheater, Va
Moore, G. W., Capt, 7th Tennessee Vols., March 24, 1864, Union City, Tenn.
McConnilec, W. J., Lt, 4th Iowa Vols., June 20, 1868, Vicksburg, Miss.
Martin, J. W., Capt, 4th Massachusetts Cavalry, August 17, 1864, GainsviUe, Pia
Martamhea J. M., Lt, 7SthOhioVola, " "
Morse, B., Lt, 7Sth lUinols Vola, Sept 22, 1863, Mission Eidge, Ga.
McGiverin, J., Lt., 75th Pennsylvania Vols., Nov. 25, 1863, Mission Bidge, Ga
Merssel, O, Capt, 6Sth NewYork Vols., July 1, 186*8, Gettysburg, Pa
Mi lies, v., Lt, " " "
Mooney, A H., Capt, 10th NewvYork Qavalry, April 16, 1864, Fairfax, Va
McDoweU, J. 8., Capt, 77th Pennsylvania Tola, Sept- 19, 1863, Chickamauga Ga
McHugh, J., Capt, 69th Pennsylvania Vols,, June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Marshall, W. 8 , Adjt, 66th Indiana Vola, May 8, 1863, Eome, Ga.,
Mosea L,, Lt.,4th Kentucky Tola., Sept 20, 1868, Chickamauga, Ga
Morriason, M. V. B., Lt, 33d Onio Vols., " "
Moriy, ja., Lt, 10th New Tork Vola, Oct 12, 1S63, Sulphur Springs, Va,
MoGolgin, J,,-Lt, 7th Ohio Vols., Nov. 6, 1863, Bogersville, Tenm
Morris, J. H., Lt, 4th Kentacky Vola, July SO, 1864, Georgia
MoKruson, A A., Lt, lOth Wisconsin Tola, Sept 20,186-3, Chickamauga, Ga
Meade, L. C, Lt, 22d Michigan Vola, " "
Madura,M.B,, Lt, 6th Virginia Vola,_ April 8, 1864, Wincheater, Va
Marahall, W. 8., Major, 5th Iowa Vola, Nov. 25, 1863, Miaaion Eidge. Ga.
McKercher, D., Major, 10th Wlaconsin Vola, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga
McLennom, P., M^ior, 22d New Tork Cavalry, June 29, 1864, Beams Btation,"V'a
Mattocks, 0. P., Major, 17th Maine Vola, May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Va
McQuiddy, H. G, Capt, 6th Tennessee Cavalry, May 8, 1868, Bome, Ga
Meaney, D. B., Capt, 13th Pennsylvania Cav., June 15, '1863, Wincheater, Va
Mosely, H. H., Lt, 25th Ohio Vols,, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
Morrissy, G. H., Qustttermaster, 12th Iowa Vols , Jply 11, 1868, Jackaon, Mias.
McKay, D. T., Lt, 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry, Sept 13, 1863, Culpepper, Va
Mayer, L,, Lt, 12th . " June 19,1363, Front Eoyal, Va.
Merritt, H, A. P., Lt, 6th New Tork Cavalry, March 3, 1864,'SlevensviUe, Va
Matthews, A. 8., Adjt, 22d Michigan Vols;, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga Ga
McFadden, W. M , Capt, SSth New Tork Vola, June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va
17

194 NINETEEN MONTHS
Metgger, J., Capt, SSth Pennsylvania Vola, May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va
Moore, L. K, Capt, 77th Ohio Vola, June 11, 1S64, Eipley, Miss.
McCain, J. C, Lt, Oth Minnesota Vols., " "
Morris, W. M., Lt, 93d Illinois Vols., Nov. 25, 186-3, Mission Eidge, Ga
Monaghan, J., Lt, 62d New'Tork Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va
McCarty, W. W., Capt, 78th Ohio Vola, " Atlanta, Ga.
McKee. T.H, Capt, 1st Virginia Vols., Sept. 11, 186-5, Morefleld, Va
McGuire, T., Capt , 7th Illinois Vols., May 7, 1864, Florence, Ala
McGowan, J,, Lt, 29th Indiana Vols,, Sept 19, 1863, Chickamauga Ga
JI,ik,-peaoe, A, J,, Capt, 19th " July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
Miller, J. W., Lt, Mth lUinois Cavalry, July 81, 1864, Sunshine Church, Va
Murphy, J, Lt, 61st New Tork Vola, June 3, 1S64, Cold Harbor, Va
Mcintosh, J. C, Lt , 145th Pennsylvania Vols., June 16, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Matherson, E, J., Capt, ISth Connecticut Vols , June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va
McKage, P., Lt, " '\ "
Mather, F. W., Lt, 7th New Tork Artillery, June 1.6, 1S64, Petersburg, Va
Murphy, J.,Lt, United States Infnntry, Sept 19, 1863, Chickamauga Ga
Morgan, B., Lt, 76th Ohio Vols., August 17, lS64,NunansvilIe, Ga
Mulligan, J. A., Lt, 4th Massachusetts Cavalry, A-u^ust 17, 1864, Gainsville, Fia
Meade, 8., Capt. lllthNew York Vola, Deo. 7, 1863, Mine Eun, Va.
McCall, 0. M., Lt, lOSd Pennsylvania Vola, April 19, 1864, Plymouth, N. C.
McKinley, J., Lt, 98lh Obio Vola, Sept 22, 1868,-Mission Eidge, Ga.
Mathews, W. P. Lt, 6th Maryland Vola, June 19, 1864, Duffield, Va
McCreary, H.,' Capt, 145th Pennsylvania Vols,, Jone 16, 1864, Petersburg, Va
McDade, A., Lt., 164th New York Vols., July 1, 1S63, Gettysburg, Pa
Macliric. P, B., Lt, 73d " June 16, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Merril, H. P,, Capt, 4th Kentucky Tola, July 24, 1864, Jonesboro, Ga
May, J., Capt, 15 Massachusetts Vola, June 16, 1864," Petersburg, Ta
Murphy, P., Capt, 97th New York Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
Moore, N. H., Oapt , 7th " June 16, 1864, Petersburg, Ta
Marion, N. J., Lt, 93rt Indiana "Vola, August 18, 1864, Salem, Misa
McDonald, H.J,, Capt, 11th Connecticut Vols,', May 16,1864, Drury's Bluff, Va
Moody, J. E., Lt, 69th Massachusetts, June 15, 1864, Chickahominy, Va.
Myers, W. H., Lt, 76th New York Vola, May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Va
MoGeehan, J., Lt, 146th " " "
Miller, F. P., Col., 147th " '' "
Mitchell, H, W., Lt, 14th " 8. M-, " "
Mallison, J., Lt, 94th " Tola, June 6, 1864, Gold Harbor, V£-
Morem, P., Lt, 73d " " July 8, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
Martin, J. C, Oapt, 1st Tenneaaee Cavalry, Nov, 6, 1868, BogersviUe, Tenn.
MuUin, D. W., Capt, 101st Pennsylvama Vola, April 20, 1864, Plymouth. N. 0.
Melhorn, M,, Capt, 185th Ohio Vols., July 7, 1864, Maryland Heighta, Md.
Morrow, J, N., Lt, lOlst Pennaylvania Vols,, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. C.
Moon, 14. A., Lt, 6th Michigan Cavalry, Oot. 6, 1863, Cbasledown, Va
Mitchell, J., Lt, 79th Illinois Tola, Sept :9th, 1S63, Chickamauga Ga
Mendenhall, J. A., Lt, 76th Ohio Vols., July 2, 1868, Gettysburg, Ps,
MoNice, &., Lt, 73d Pennsylvania Vola, Nov. 25, 1868, Mission Eidge, Ga
Moore, M. M., 6th Michigan Cavalry, Oct 18, 1868, Ghariestown, Va

A PEISONEE OP WAR. 195
Manly, J. A., Capt, 64th New York Vola, May 12, 186^ Spottsylvania, Ta
MoCutchebn, E, T.,Lt, " " "
McWaim, E J., Lt, 1st Vermont ArtUlery, " 23, " "
McCrary, D..B.,Lt Col., 145th Penn.Vols., " 16, " "
Murry, 8, F.,'Capt,- 2d U. 8. 8, 8 , " 21, "
McCune, A. W., Lt, 2d Ohio Vols,, Sept^ 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga
McDowalled, H, N,, Maj,, 106th New York Vols., Jnne 1, 1864, Cold Harbor, Va
Moulton, 0., Lt Col., 26th, Massachusetts Vols., " 8, " "
McKennly, C, Lt, SSth New York Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. C.
Miller, W. G.,Lt, 16th Connecticut Vols,, . " . "
Mackey, J. P., Gapt, USth Pennsylvania Vote,, " "
Morrow, J. J., " " " "
McManus, P. W., Adjt, 27th Massachusetts Vols,, May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va
Mosea G. C, Capt, SSth Pennaylvania Vola, July 6, 1863, Washington, N. C.
Morringston, H., Lt, 87th " June 15, 1863, Wincheater, Va.
McKeage, J., Capt., 184 . " " 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Manning, J. 8., Lt, lllth Ohio Vola, " 15, 186-3, Winchester, Va
Mudgett, J. 8., Capt, Uth Maine Vola, " "2, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va
McMahon, E., Lt, 72d Ohio Vols., ",16, " Salem, Misa
Mash, P,, Capt, 67th Pennsylvania Vols., " " 1868; Winchester, Va.
Muhleman, J. K.. Major and A. A. G., Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga Ga'
McNeil, J., Lt, Sist Ohio Vola, " ¦"
Man; G,, Lt, SOth " Nov '25, 1868, Mission Eidge, Ga
McKinstray, J., Lt, 16th Illinois Cavalry, Jan. 8, 1864, JonesviUe, Ta.
McBvoy, W., Adjt, 8d Illinois Vola, Aug. 15, 1863, Oxford, Miss.
McBeth, W., Lt, 46th Ohio Vols., Nov. 16, 1863, Knoxville, Tenn.
Merry, W. A., Lt, 106th New York Vola, June 16, 1863, Hagerstown, Md.
Marney, A, Capt, 2d Tennessee Vols., Nov. 6, 1863, Bogersville, Tenn.
Moore, D. T,, Lt, " " "
Morton, G. C, Lt, 4th Pennsylvania Cavalry, June 11, 1864, Trevellyn Sta., Va
Moffley, 8. T., Adjt, lS4th Pennsylvania Vols., June 22, 1S64, Petersburg, Va
McKay, AG., Lt, 6th Michigan Vols., Sept 23, 1803, Eobson Eiver, Va
Molton, H., Lt, 1st United States Cavalry, June 21, 1863, UpperviUe, Va
Montgomery, B, H.,Lt, Sth " Oct 29, 1863, Elk Eun, Va
Metcalf, C. W., Capt, 42d Indiana Vols, " "
Missiok, J. W., Lt , " " "
Mackey, J. 8., Lt, 66th United States Inf , Oct 19, 1863,, "
McDill, H., Lt, SOth Illinois Vols,, May 8, 1868, Bome, Ga
Maxwell, C, Lt, 3d Ohio Vols., " "
Mattison, 0 0., Gapt, 12th New York Vola, May 5,^864, WUderness, Va
Mull, D. H., Capt, 7^d Indiana Vola, May S, 1863, Eome, Ga
Munday, J, W.,,Lt, "
Murdock, H. 8., " " ' "
McHoUand, D. A., Capt, '- '¦ "
Marrow, H. C. A, Engineer U. S. N., May 7, 1864, James Biver, Va
Mahoney, J. 8., Lt, 21st Ohio Vols,, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga Gs.
MeU, i. E,, Lt, 61st Ohio Vols., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
McNeal, D., Lt, 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry, June ID, ISOS, WincEfister, Va

196 ninetf:en months
Morgan, J.T., Capt, 17th Michigan Tola, Nov 16,1863, CampbeU's Station, Ta
Manning, G. A., Capt, 2d Massachusetts Cav., Feb. 22, 1864, Drainesville, Ta
Mather, E., Lt , 1st Vermont Cavalry, June S, 1868, Hanover Court-house, Va
McDonald, C, Lt, 2d Illinois Artillery.
Mangua H, P., Lt, 53d Pennsylvania Vols,, June 16, 1864, Spottsylvania Va
MiUie, H., Lt, 17th Michigan Vola, May 12, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Moore, W. Q,, Lt, 3d Indiana Cavalry, Feb. 11, 1864, Tangpahea P'a
McLaughlin, J., Lt, SSd Pennsylvania Vola, June 16,1864, Petersburg,' Va
McCaferty, M. J,, Lt, 4th U. S, Artillery, Feb. 22, 1864, West Pointy Misa
Millis, J., Lt, 66th Indiana Vols,, Oct 11, 1863, ColinvUle, Tenn.
McClure, T. .W., Lt, 6th ¦U. 8. Artillery, April 12, 1864, Fort Pijlow, Tenn.
McGinnia W. A, Lt, Wth Massachusetts Vols,, June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va
McNitt, E. J., Capt, 1st Penn. Cav., June 24, 1864, Sunshine Church, Va
Mathews, A., Lt, 1st Vermont ArtiUery, June 23, 1864, Petersburg,' Va
Moree, A, " " June 11, 1864, »
Maish, L., Capt, 87th Penn. Vola, " "
Mason, J , Lt, 13th Penn. Csvalry, Oct 12, 1863, Brandy Station, Va
Morgan, 8. M., Capt and A. A. G., May SO, 1864, Cold Harbor, Va
Mann, C. A., Gapt, Sth lUinois Cavalry, June 27, 186-3, Jones Co., Miss.
McDonald, J., Lt, 22d Tennessee, Nov. 6, 1863, BogersviUe, Tenn.
Moore, P., Lt, 73d Pennsylvania I., Nov. 25,1868, Mission Eidge, Ga
Mead, W. H., Lt, 6th Kentucky Cavalry, Sept, 21, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga
Morse, C. W., Capt, 16th Connecticut Vola, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. 0.
Moore, M., Capt, 29th Indiana Vols., Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga
Mclntii-e, M., Capt, 18th- Wisconsin Vola, Oct 6, 1864, Atlanta Ga.
MUler, C, Adjt, 14th Illinois Cavalry, Sept 13, 1863, Bean's Station, Tenn.
McAdama S. 3i, Lt,, lOth Wisconsin Vola, Sept 19, 186.3, Jackson E., Va
Norria A. W., Lt, lD7th Pennsylvania Vola, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa,
Nororop, ,T. C, Lt, 2d Massachusetts Cavalry, Juiy 12, 1868, Ashby's Gap, Va
Neidenhoffer, G, Lt, 9th Indiana Vola, July 11, 1864, Briers' Gross Eoads, Va
Nice, W., Lt, 2d New Tork Cavalry, August 8, 1863, Thoroughfare Gap, Va.
Nelson, W. H., Lt, 18th U. S. Infantry,, July 11, 1863, Jackson, Misa
Nutting, J. H., Capt, 27tb Massachusetts Tola, May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluflf Ta
Norria O. P., Lt, lllth Ohio Vols., Nov. 16, 1864, Tennessee.
Nelaon, P., Major, 66th New Tork Tola, Jnne 17, 1864, Petersburg, Ta
Nelson, A., Lt, » « "
Noggle, O. L., Lt, 2d U. 8. Infantry, June 2, 1864, Meohanicsville, Ta
Nichols, C. H,, Gapt, 6th Gonnecticut Tola, Jan. 2, 1864, Bermuda Hundred Ta
Newbrandt, J. P,, Lt, 4t.h Missouri Cavalry, Jnly 10, 1863, Union City, Tenn.
Norwood, J., Lt, 76th New Tork Tola, May 5, 1864, Wildefnesa Ta
Neal, A. S., Lt, Sth Indiana Cavalry, Juno 8, 1864, Sunshine Church, Va
Napffer, A., Oapt, 72d Ohio Tola, June 11, 1864, Eipley, Misa '
Norton, E. E., Gapt, 24th Michigan Vols,, May 6, 1864, Wildemesa Va
Nolan, H. J., Gapt, Mth New Tork Cavalry, June 15, 1863, Port Hudson Miaa.
Nealy, 0, IL, Lt, Uth U. 8. Infantry, May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va
Netterville, W. Mo, Lt, 12th " " "
Nash, W. H., Capt, 1st U. S. S. S., « »

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 197
-- Neher, W., Lt, 7th Penn. E. V. G, May 6; 1864, WUdernesa Va
Newscome, E., Capt,, 81st lUinois Vola, June 13, J864, Salenl, Misa
Nolan, L„ Capt, 2d Delaware* Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Nudham, J. B , Lt, 4th Vermont Vols,, June 23, 1864, "
Niswander, D. N., Lt, 2d Pennsylvania Artillery, June 2,J864, Cold Harbor, Va
Newlin, C, Capt, Tth Pennsylvania Cavalry, June 20, 1864, Marietta, Ga
Nyman, A. J., Lt, 19th Maine Vola, Oct 27, 1864, Adairsville, Ga
Outcast, E. v., Lt, ISSth Ohio Vola, July 3, 1864, N. Mount, Va
O'Harri, J,, Lt, 7th New York ArtiUery, June 16, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Ony, 0. G, Lt, 2d Virginia Cav., May 12, 1S«3, SummerviUe, Va
Ottingen, W., Capt, Sth Tennessee .Vola, March 2, 1864, Greene Co., Va
Osborne, P., Lt, 19th Massachusetts Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Oliphant, D., Lt, SSth New York Vols:, July 22, 1864, Decatur, Ga
O'Brien, E., Capt, 29th Missouri Vols., Nov. 27, 1863, Einggold, Ga -
O'Shea E,, Lt, 13th Pennsylvania Cav, June 21, 1864, St Mary's Church, Va
Olcott, D, W., Capt, lS4tb New York Vola, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
O'Kane, Jr., Lt, Tth Illinois Onv., Nov. 8, 1363, Quinn's MiUs, Mias.
Oats, J. G,, Lt, 3d Ohio Vols., Jan. 12, 1864, Benton, Tenn.
O'Conner, G, Lt, SSth Pennsylvania Vola, May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va
Owens, W. N., Major, lat Kentucky Cav., Oct 20, 1863, Philadelphia, Tenn.
Ogden, J., Lt, lat Wisconsin Cavalry.
Ogan, H, W., Capt, 14th Ohio Vols., Oct 19, 1864, Bough and Beady Station, Ga
Pickinpaugh, A. G, Lt, 6th W. Virginia Vols., June 26, 1864, West Virginia
Picquet, II., Lt, 32d IHinois Vola, July 22, 1864, Atlanta Ga
, Parker, J. S., Lt, 13th Indiana Vols., July 22, 1864, Atlanta Ga
Purviance, J, J., Lt, 180th Indiana Vols,, July 1, 1864, Marietta Ga.
Pratt, J. E., Major, 4th Vermont Vola, July 23, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Pumphry, J. B., Lt, 123d Ohio Vols., June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va
Paxton, W. N., Lt, 140th Pennsylvania Vola, July 2, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa
Parsons, W, L,, Major, 2d Wisconsin Vols,, May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Va
Pierce, If, II., Lt, 7th Connecticut Vols,, June 2, 1864, Bermuda Hundreds, Va
Pasco, H, L., Major, 16th CouBecticut Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymdttth, N. C.
Fitt, G, W., Lt; 55tb New York Tola, AprU 20, 1S64, Plymouth, N. G
Piggot J- T., Gapt, Sth Pennsylvania Cav., June 24, 1864, St Mary's Church, Ta
Phelpoa L, D., Lt, 6th Pennsylvania Cav., Oct 12,1863, Warrenton Springs, Ta.
Pease, W. B., Capt, 17th U. S. L, June 2, 1864, Mechanicsville, Va
Pentzet D., Lt, 4th New York Cavah-y, Sept 16, 186.3, -Baccoon Ford, Miss.
Pcetrey, J. G., Lt, 96th Ohio Vols,, June 10, 1864, Tishimingo Creek, Miss.
Powera D- 0., Capt, 6th Michigan Cav., June 15, 1864, Trevellyn, Va
Parmala J.. E. Capt, 7th Maryland^ Vols., Feb. 22, 1864, Okolona, Miss.
Penfield, J. A., 6th New Tork Cav, July 6, 1863, Hagerstown, Md.
Potter, E. A, Lt, 6th Michigan, July 4,1863, Falling Waters, Va
Peake, 8. 8., Lt, 55th New Tork Tola, AprU 19, 1864, Plymouth, N. C.
Pierson, B. G, Lt, 66th New Tork Tois., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. G
Puriier, H.;Lt, 20th Ohio Tois., Sept 19, 1863, Chickamauga Ga
PoweU, 0., Lt, 42d Illinois Tola, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga Ga
17*

198 NINETEEN MONTHS
FuUiam, M. D.,Lt, AGS., Uth Kentacky Cav,, Oot 20, 1863, Philadelphia, Tenn.
Patterson, J. B., Lf, 21st Ohio Vols, Sept 20, 1868, Chickamauga Ga. -
Pi-uther, G. B., Lt, 116th lUinois Vols., July 22, ISfiS,  , Misa
Parson, M, P., Lt, 100th New Tork Vola, May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va
Pemberton, H. V., Lt, Mth New Tork H. A., June 11, 1864, Petersburg, Va, '
ruisbury, 8. H,, Oapt, Sth Maine Vols., July 24, 1863, White Plains, Va
Parker, J., Capt, 1st New Jersey Vola, May 11, 1864, ¦WUderness, Va,
Powell, J. P., Capt, 146th New Tork Vols., May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va
Pharea W., Lt, 46th Pennsylvania Vols., Jan. 15, 1864, West Virginia
Paul, A. C, Capt, A. A, G,,May 9,1864, Spottsylvania Va
Furley, J. P„ Lt, 18th Michigan Vola, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamanga Ga
Paine, L. B., Capt, 121st New York Vols., May 6, 1864, VTilderness, Va.
Partridge, W. H., Lt, 67th New York Vola, May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va
Petit, G.J Capt, 20th New York Vola, June 1, 1864, Wilderness, Va
Porter, E., Gapt, 154th New York Vola, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
Poole, 8. B., Capt, 154th New York Vols , July 1, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa.
Preston, A, 8,, Lt, Sth Michigan Vols., August 5, 1864, Gainesville, Ga
Phinney, A., Lt, 9th Illinois Vola, Jnly 22, 1864, Atlanta Ga
Frovino, W. M., Lt, S4th Illinois Vols,, July 20, 1864, Atlanta Ga
Pendleton, D. B., Capt, Sth Michigan Vola, June 11,1864, Trevellyn, Va
Porter, D. M., Capt, 120th III. Vote,, June 11, 1864, Northern Misa, Va
Purdell, T., Lt, 16th Iowa Vola, July 16, 1864, Atlanta Ga
Pennypnoker, E, J., Oapt, 18th Penn. Cav., Oot 4, 1863, Buckland Milla, Va
Patterson, P. A., Capt, Sd Pennsylvania Cav. , June 15, 1863, Wincheater, Va
Potter,- H. G, Lt, 18th Pennsylvania Cav., July 6, 1863, Hagerstown, Md.
Potta C. P., Lt, ISlst Pennsylvania Vola, July 1, 1863; Gettysburg, Pa
Paul, J. 8., Lt, 122d Ohio Vola, June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va."
Fowell, W. H., Lt, 2d lUinois Artillery, July 22, 1864
Philipp, F., Lt, Sth Pennsylvania Cav., March 1, 1864, 8. Milk, N. C.
Pierce, 8. C, Gapt, 3d NeW York Cav,, June 29, 1S64, Beam's Station, Va
Price, C. A., Lt, Sd Michigan Vola, Jane 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va.
Pretzmau, G N,, Lt, 7th Wisconsin Vola, Oct 19, 1S63, Haymarket, Va
Potter, G. A., Lt, 2d Kentucky Vola, May 26, 1863, Murfreesboro, Tenn.
Petera G., Lt, 9th New York Vola, May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va
Pitt, J. H., Lt, 108th New York Vola, May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va
Potts, J. H,, Lt, TSth Ohio Vola, July 2, 1S6S, Gettysburg, Pa
Post, James, Lt, 149th Pennsylvania Vola, May 23, 1864, Hanover Junction, Va
Page, J. C, Capt, Sth Iowa Vols., Nov. 25^ 1863, Mission Eidge, Ga
Pierce, G. 8., Capt, 19th U. 8. Infantry, Sept 20, 1S63, Chickamauga Ga.
Face, N. G, Oapt, SOth Illinois Vols., May S, 1863, Eomo, Ga
Piper, 8. B., Lt, 3d Ohio Vols., May 8, 1863, Eome, Ga
Palmer, E. L., Lt, 57th New York Vols,, Ahg. 1, 1863, MorrisviUe, Va
Plielpa J, D,, Oapt, 7Sd Indiana Vols,, May 3, 1863, Eome, Ga
Parker, J. M., Lt, 48tli Illinois Vola, July 18, 1864, Atlanta Ga
Penny, P. W., Capt, 10th Wisconsin Vola, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga Gs. -
Poston, J. L., Capt, 18th Tennessee Vola, AprU 12, 1864, Port Pillow, Tenn.
Pitson, 8. v., Lt, 126th Ohio Vols., Nov. 27, 18fi8, Mine Bnn, Va
Poole, J./F., Lt, 1st Virginia Cavalry, July 18, 1863, Hagerstown, Md.

A PRISONER OF WAE. 199
Peterson, C. Q., Lt, 1st Rhode Island Cav., June 18, 1863, liiddleburg, Va.
Parker, B. B., Lt, 1st Vermont H. ArtUlery, June 23, 1864, Petersburg, Ta.
Peck, H. D,, Lt, 2d New Tork Cav, June 22, 1864, Beams Station, Va.
Pelton, E, W,, Lt, 2d Mil Vola, June S, 1864, Morefleld, Va
Patterson, G. W,, Lt, l:!5th Obio Vola, July 8, 1864. N. Mount, Va
Powera J- L, Lt., 157th New Tork Vols,, Jnly 1, 186-3, Gettysburg, Pa
Prica J. C, Lt, 75th Ohio Vols., Aug, 17, 1864, NunauvUle, Ga
Paine, H. C, Lt, 20tt! Illinois Vote,, Sept, 22,1863, Mission Bidge, Ga
Porter, P. B,, Capt, 10th New Tork Art, June 22, 1864, St Mary's Church, Va.
Perrin, L,, Lt, 77th Ohio Vols., June 12, 1864, Eipley, Miss. '
Platt 8. H., Lt, 54 Massachusetts Volunteers.
Porter, L. G., Lt, SOth Illinois Volunteers.
Paine, J. A,, Capt, 2d Indiana Cavalry.
Fholpa L. D., Major, Sth Virginia.
Palmer, J. H., Lt, 12th Ohio.
Fetiijohn, D. B., Lt, 2d U. S. S. S., July 2, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
Fickerell, W. P., Gapt, Sth Iowa Vola, Nov. 26, 1863, Mission Bidge, Ga.
Pope, W. A, Lt, 18th Wisconsin, Oct 5, 1864, AUatoona, Ga
JPing, T., Gapt, 17th Iowa Vola, Oot 13, 1864, Tilton, Ga
, ^ark. A., Lt, 17th Iowa Vols., " "
Quigg, D, Major, 14th lUinois Cavalry, Aug.*ll, 1864, Athena Ga
Eus, M,, Lt, 72d Ohio Vols,, June 11, 1864, Eipley, Misa
Eobinson, J. L,, Lt, 7th Tennessee Cav., March 2, 1864, Union City, Tenn.
Eobins, M., Capt, 2d Missouri Vola, July 1, 1S63, Gettysburg, Pa
Eockwell, W. E , Lt, 134th New Tork Vols., July 1, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa
Bobinson, G, A, Lt, SOth Ohio Vola, Nov. 26, 1868, Chickamauga, Ga
Bose, W. B., Lt, 106th Pennsylvania Vola, June. 22. 1S64, Petersburg, Va
Eeynolds, W. J., Capt, 76th Ohio Vola, Aug. 17, 1864, Newman, Ga.
Eongh, J,, Capt, 1st Illinois Artillery, June-81, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Bobbins, N, A., Lt, 4th Maine Vols , July 2, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
Eeynolds, E. P., Lt, Sth Tennessee Cav,, May 22, 1863, HuntsviUe, Ga
Eobison, J. F„ Lt, 67th Pennsylvania Tola, June 15, 1863, Winchester, Ta
Buff, J., Lt, 67th Pennsylvania Tola, " " "
Bobertson, G. W., Lt , 2d Michigan Vola, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga
Eossman, W. G, Capt. 8d Ohio Vola, May S, 1863, Bome, Ga
Eussel, M,, Capt, 51st Indiana Vols., " "
Eandall, W.,Lt, SOth Illinois Vole.,. " "
Eosencranzs, A.-G, Capt, 4th Indiana Vola, May.9, 1864, Dalton, Ga
Bowley, G. A, Lt, 2d U. 8. 1, June 2, 1864, MechanicsviUe, Va.
Eichley, J. a', Capt, 73d Indiana Vote., May 3, 1863, Eome, Ga
Eoach, A. G, Lt, 57th Indiana Vola, " "
Eeid, J. A,, Lt, 2d New Tork Vola, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. C.
Bobioa B, E., Lt, 95th Ohio Vola, June 10, 1864, Tisliimingo, Miss.
Eyder, 8. B , Capt, Sth New Tork Cav,, Oct 11, 1863, James City, Va
BussoU, J. H., Lt, 12th Massachusetis Vols., Jnly 1,1863, Gettysburg, Pa
Eeynolds, W. H., Major, Mth NeiyTork ArtUlery, June 17, 1864, Petersburg, Va

200 NiNi-rrKK.--; months
Bobinson, W. A., Capt, 77th Pennsylvania Volunteera
Enssell,-J. A, Capt, 98d Illinois Vols., Nov. ,26, 1863, Mission Eidge, Ga
Eoach, W. E., Lt, 49th New York Vols., Jone 30, 1864, Beam's Station, Va
Eogers, O., Oapt, 4th Kentucky Vola, Sept 21, 1863, Stephen's Gap, Va
EockweU, J. A.,,Lt, 99th New York Tola, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Fa
Buger, J. M., Lt, S7th Pennsylvania Vola, June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Eaymond; H. W., Lt, Sth New York Artillery, June 8, 1864, Cold Harbor, Ta
Eoach, S., Lt, 100th Illinois Vote,, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga
Koss, C. W., Lt, 1st Kentucky M D., Sept 16, 1868, Lagrange, Ky.
Hiohards, L.-S,, Lt, 1st Vermont Artillery, June 20, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Eiggs, B, T., Capt, Uth Kentucky Vola, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamanga Ga
Eose, J. E., Lt, 120th Illinois Vols., June 12, 1864, Northern Misa
Bounds, J. E., Lt, 145th Pennsylvania Vote., Jnne 12, 1864, Petersbnrg, Va
Eoberts, E. E,, Lt, 7th Illinois Vote., May 7, 1864, Florence, Ala.
Eead,- J. H., Lt, 120th Illinois Vote., Jane 14, 1864, Northern Mias.
Eichards, J. N., Lt, 1st Virginia Vote., June'SI, 1864, Virginia
Eandolph, J, P„ Capt, 128d Ohio Vote., June 16, 1868, Winchester, Va
Einge, G,, Adjt, 100th Ohio Vols , Sept 6, 1863, Jonesboro, Tenn.
Eice, J, 8,, Lt, 18th Indiana Vols., July 2-2, 1864, Atlanta Ga
Eienecker, G., Lt, 6th Pennsylvaiiia Cav,, June 29, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Eothe, H., Lt, 16th New York Artillery, May 15, 1864, Spottsylvania Va
Eichardson, H,, Lt, 19th Indiana Vote., July 1, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa
Eubb, W. J., Capt, 1st Virginia Vola, Jan. 81, 1864, Hardee County, Va.
Eamsey, E. B., Lt, 1st New Jersey Vola, May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va.
Boss, C, H,, Adjt, 13th Indiana Vola, June 2, 1864, MeohanicsvUle, Va
Eiley, L. H.,Lt, 7th Pennsylvania B. V. Cav., May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Va
Eice, J. A,, Capt, 73d Illinois Vols., Sept 20, 186-3, Chickamauga Ga,
Eatilly, W. L., Lt, 61st Pennsylvania Vols,, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamanga 'Ga
Bobbins, A., Capt,, 128d Ohio Vols,, June 15, 186-3, Winchester, Va
Eosembaum, O. H., Capt, 123d Ohio Vola, June 16, 1863, Winchester, Va
Bay, T. J., Lt, 49th Ohio Vols., Sept 19, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga
Eisden, J., Lt, Uth Tennessee Cav., Feb. 22, 1864, Lee County, Ta
Eoba E, W., Lt, 1st Tennessee Vola, Oct 19, 1868, Pjiyler, Tenn.
Eahn, O., Lt, lS4th Pennsylvania Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Eing, A,, Lt, 12th Ohio Vola, May 12, 1S64, Tirginia
Enter, H., Gapt , 52d New York Vols., June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Eichardson, J. A , Lt, 2d New York Cav,, July 6, 1863, Emmettsburg, Pa.
Euby, S. V, Lt, Tth Pennsylvania E., May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Va
Eomain, L,, Lt, 2d New York Volunteera
Enberta G., Lt, 7th New Hampshire Vola, Feb. 20, 1364, Olnstee, Pia
Itosa, G,, Lt, 7th Vermont L, Peb. 9, 1864, I^orida
Eeynolds, H., Lt, 42d Illinois Vola, Sept 20, 1868, Chickamauga, Ga
Itooney, J. C, Lt.
Eobinson, G. B., Lt
llichards, J. S., Lt
Eugg, 0. L., Lt, 6th Indiana Cav., Aug, 3, 1364, Athena Ga
Eoger, J. E,, Lt, 157th Pennsylvania Vola, April 16,- 1864, Fairfax Court House^
Virginia

A PEISONEE OF WAR. 201
Sturgeon, W. E., Lt, 107th Pennsylvania Tola, July 14, 1864, Petersburg, Ta
Bocka J., Lt, Sth Maryland Tola, June 15, 1863, Winchester, Ta '
Sweadner,J.,Lt, " " "
Stewart, T. H, Lt, " " "
Smith, 0. J., Major, 6tli Indians Cavalry, Angnst 3, 1864, Atlanta Ga
Swift, B., Lt, 74th Illinois Tola., September 24, 1864, Joneaboro, Ga
Sutherland, L. W., Capt, SSth New York Tola, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. C.
Bhaefer, James, Gapt, 101st Pennsylvania Tola, " *•
String, E E, Lt, 16th Connecticut Tola,* " ••
Sampson, J. B., Capt, 2d Massachusetts H. ArtUlery, " "
Sinclair, E.B.,Lt, " " "
Starr, G. H., Capt, 104th New York Tola, July 8, 1863, Gettysburg, Fa
B-wift, E. E., Gapt, 27th Massachusetts Tola, May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Ta
Stroman, G, P., Lt, 87th Pennsylvania Tola, June 15, 1863, Winchester; Ta
Bibley, H. L, Lt, 116th Ohio Tola, « "
Bpineller, J., Lt, 73d Ulinois Tote,, September 20, 1863, Chickamanga, Ga
Spencer, S. A., Capt, 28th Indiana Tola, " "
Spafford, A. C, Lt, 41st Ohio Toluntcers, " "
Smith, M H., Lt, 123d " June 15, 1863, Winchester, Ta
Schnyler, J. P.,Lt, " " "
Stover, J. C, Gapt, Sd Tennessee Tola, Jnly 24, 1864, KnoxvUle, Tenn,
Stover, M. H., Lt, 184th Pennsylvania Tola, June 22, 1864, Fetereburg, Ta
Stevens, J. H., Lt, 6th Maine Tola, Dec. 14, lS63,'Wilford Ford, Ta
Swan, B. L, Capt, 76th New York Tola, May 6, 1864, WUdemess, Ta
Sweet, W. H. S., Lt, 146th " " "
Btevcna P., Lt, 190th Pennsylvania Tola, June IS, 1864, Malvern HUl, Ta
Stewart, C.,Lt, 124th New Tork Tote., June 1, 1864, Mechanicsville, Ta
Bhanan, M, Lt, 140th ' " May 5, 1864, Wildemesa Ta
Stevens, J. B., 40tb " May 6, 1864, "
ScheU, G. L,, Capt, SSth Pennsylvania Vols,, July 1, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa
Schofield, B, D, Capt, SSth Pennsylvania E., May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va
Shutter, H., Lt, 43d New Tork Vote., " "
Sealy, H. B., Lt, 86th " July 2, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
Sanders, A H,, Col, 16th Iowa Vola, July 22, 1864, Atlanta Ga
Shedd, W., Col., SOth Illinois Vola, " "
Strange, H. W., Capt, " "
Smith, J. S. A., Capt, 16th Indiana Vola, " "
Steel, J. M, Lt, 1st Virginia Vola, Sept 11, 1863, Morefleld, Va
Schroedera E., Lt, 74th Pennsylvania Vola, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Sittir, J.B., Lt, 2d Pennsylvania Cavalry, May 7,1864, Todd's Tavern, Vs.
Sweatlnnd, A. A,, Lt, " July 12, 1864, Petersburg, Ta
Schroad, J. G, Capt, 77ih Penn. Tola, Sept 19, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga
Singer, G. P., Capt, 334 Ohio Tolnntoere, " 20, » "
Shaw, J.G, Lt; 7th " Nov. 6, 1863, Bogersvilla Tenn.
Shepard, D, J., Lt, 7th Kentucky Tola., May 5, 1868, Nashville, Tenn,
Sherman, A. L,, Lt, 3d Indiana Tola, June 29, 1864, Beam's Station, Ta
Spaulding, B. G., Lt, 22d Michigan ToK, Sept 20, 1868, Chickamanga Ga
Bnyder, J., Gapt, Mth New Tork Tote., June IT, 1864, Petersburg, Ta

202 NINETEEN 'MONTHS
Smith, 0. B., Lt, 4th New Tork Cavalry, Sept 16, 1863, Baccoon Ford, Va
Smith, A. M, Lt, 1st Tennessee Cavalry, July 31, 1864, Chattahoochee, Ga
Sutter, C, Lt, 89th New Tork Vola, Dec. 2, 186-3, Mine Eun, Va.
Spaulding, B. J., Lt, 2d United Stales Cavalry, June 9, 1863, Brandy Station, Va
Smythe, W. H,, Lt, 16th '* Infantry, Sept 19, 1863, Chickamauga Ga.
Schanmerhorn, J., Capt, 42d Indiana Vols., Sept. 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga
Shaffer, H. G, Lt„ 2d .New Tork Cav., Oct 10, 1863, Culpepper, Va
Swayzie, W. A, Gapt, 8d Ohio Vote., May 3, 1863, Eome, Ga
Sharp, E. E., Lt, 57th Indiana, ' " "
Smith, J. G, lit, 24th Indiana Battery, July 81, 1864, Macon, Ga
Simpson, G. W,, Lt, 67th Pennsylvania Vola, June 15, 1868, Winchester, Va
Schromforth, P., Lt, 24th Illinois Vola, Sept 20, 1868, Chickamauga Ga
Saber, G. B,, Lt, 2d Bhode Island Cavalry, August 8, 1863, Jackson, La
Schroeder, B. L., Lt, Sth Maryland Vola, June 15, 1868, Winchester, Va.
SulUvan, J., Adjt, 7th Ehode Island Vola, July 18, 1863, Jackson, Miaa
Smith, J., Lt, 67th Pennsylvania Vote., June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va.
Smith, J. B., Lt, Sth Western Va Cav., May 18, 1864, Middletown, Va
Sandon, W., Lt, 1st Wisconsin Cav., May 9, 1S64, Dalton, Ga
Bchortz, L., Gapt, 12th Pennsylvania Cav., 'June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va
Smith, E. B., Lt, 1st Vermont Artillery, June 23, 1864, Petersbnrg, Va
Sharp, 6. A., Lt, 19th Pennsylvania Cav., Feb. 13, 1864, Holly Springs, Va
Stoughton, H. E., Lt Col,, 2d U. 3. S. 8., June 21, 1864, Petersbnrg, Va v
Stone, L. L, E., Quartermaster, 2d Vei-mont Vola, Oct 26, 1863, Warrenton, Va
Smith, L, 8,, Lt, Mth New Tork Cav., JunelS, 1868, Port Hudson, La
Stoke, G. W.,Lt, 103d Pennsylvania Vola, April 20, 1864, Plymoiith, N. C.
Spence, D. M, Lt, " " •'
SmuUin, F., Capt, " "
. Sanford, 0. L,, M^jor, 7th Conneoticat Vola, June 2, 1864; Drury's Bluflf Va.
Stelle, J., Major, 3d Pennsylvania Cav., July 12, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Smith, J, P., Lt, June 2, 1864, Cold Harbor, Va.
Skinner, J. L., Lt, 27th Massachusetts Vote., May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va
Stevens, J. C, Lt, 52d Pennsylvania Vote., July S, 1863, Port Johnson, S. 0.
Smith, T. W., Major, Tth Tenn. Cav., March 24^1864, Union City, Tenu.
Spuce, L. B,, Major, Tth Pennsylvania E,, May 5, 1864, Wilderness, Va
Skelton, A. 8., Capt, Slth Ohio Vola, July 22, 1864, Atlanta, Ga
Smart, G. P. G, Oapt, 145th Pennsylvania Vote., Jane 16, 1864, Petersburg, Ta.
Schurr, G, Lt, Tth New Tork ToK, " «
Swope, G T., Lt,4th Kentucky Tola, July 81, 1864, Jonesboro, Gs
Stewart, A S., Lt, " " "
Singer, A. W,, Lt, 21st Illinois Tola, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga, Ga
Schuttz, W., Capt, 37th Ohio Tola, July 22, 1864, Atlanta, Ga
Strickland, E..P., Lt, IMth Illinois Tois.-, May 11, 1864, Tishimingo Creek, Misa
Smith, P., Lt, 4th Tennessee Tola, August 1, 1864, Franklin, Ga
Stanton, J. W., Lt, 5th Indiana Cavalry, July 31, 1864, Sunshine Church, Ta
Soper, M. H., Major, " " "
Shaffer, ¦ff. H,, Lt, Bth Pennsylvania Cav., June 29, 1864. Petersburg, Ta
Stratford, 8. A., Lt, 42d New Tork Tola, June 22, 1864, "
SearSj, D. C„ Lt, 94th " July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 203
Sheppard, E., Lt, Sth Ohio Cavalry, Sept 1, 1868, BowUns Cross Eoads, Ta.
Scripture, P. B,, Quartermaster, Tth N. T. Art, May 2T, 1864, Bowling Green, Ta
Smytha S. S., Lt, 1st lUmois Vols,, July !!2, 1864, Atlanta, Ga.
Smith, A B,, Capt, 48tll " Jnly 21,1864, "
Simmona A. B., Lt, Sth Indiana Cav., July 31, 1864, "
Star, H, P,, Lt, 22d New Tork Cav., May 8, 1864, Chancellorsville, Ta
Smith, J. E., Lt, 154th New ¦York Tola, July 1, 1868, Getiysburg, Pa.
Sprang, B,, Lt. T5th Ohio ToK, August IT, 1864, Nunan, Ga
St Jobn, 'W. II., Lt, Sth Indiana Csvalry, June 8, 1S64, Sunshine Chnrch, Ga.
Schula G,, Lt, 45ih New York Tola, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Fa
Sampson, J. B., Lt, 12tb Massachusetts ToK, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
Stover, A. E,, Lt, 95th Ohio Tola, June 10, 1864, Tishimingo Creek, Misa
Smith; D.D,, Capt, 1st Tennessee ToK, May 8, 1868, Eome, Ga
Btonabury, M. L,, Capt, 95th Ohio ToK, June 10, 1864, Barbours Cross Eoad8,Ta
Schofleld, E,, Capt, 1st Vermont Cav., July 12, 1868, Hagerstown, Md.
Byring, Wm., Gapt, 45th New York Vola, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
^Stona 0. P., Lt, Ist Vermont Cav., June 1, 1864, Ashland, Va
Spencer, P., Lt, ITth Ohio Vols, Sept 20, 1868, Chickamauga Ga.
Sheppard, B, A, Capt, 110th Ohio Vola, June 16, 1863, Winchester, Va
Shroeder, 0. H., Lt, 82d IHinois Vote,, July 1, 1868, Getty^b^rg, Ps.
Shelton, N. H, Lt, 1st New York Artillery, May 6, 1864, Wildemesa Va
Smith, M 8., Lt, 16th Maine Vola, " 6, " "
Bcudder, A. A., Quartermaster, 86th Penn. Vote., Peb. 14, 1864, Brentsville, Va
Bcooville, H. C, Lt, 92d lUinois Vols., April 23, 1864, Einggold, Ga
Btebbina J., Lt, TTth New York Vola, May 12, 1S64, Spottsylvania 0. H., Va
Swartz, C, 8., Lt, 2d,Now Jersey Cavalry.
Smith, H. J,, Gapt, 5Sd Pennsylvania Vola, June 16, 1864, Petersburg, Va
Sailor, J., Lt, 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry, June 24, 1864, St Mary's Chnrch, 'Va
Sergeant, W. G., Lt, 1st Vermont Artillery, June 23, 1S64, Petersburg, Ta
.Singer; H. G, Lt, 2d Maryland Tola, .Tune 12, 1864.
Scotti B, P., Lt,llth Kentucky Cavalry, November 14, 1868, MaysviUe, Tenn.
Schooley, D., Gapt, 2d Pennsylvania Artillery, July, 1864, Petersburg, Ta
Stewart, E, K, Lt., 2d New Tork Tola, May 19, 1864, Spottsylvania Ta, ^^
String, P. B., Capt, Uth Kentucky Cavalry, November 14, 1863, Maysville, Tonn,
Stona D., Capt, 118th New Tork Tola, May 16, 1864, Drnry's Bluff, Ta
Snowwhite, B. H. A, Lt, Ist Pennsylvnnia-B., May S, 1864, Wilderness, Va,
Stollman, G H., Lt, STth Pennsylvania Vols.
StribUng, M. W., Lt, 61st Ohio Tola, May 25, 1864, DaUas, Ga
Stewart, A, J., Gapt and A. A. G,, April 20,1864, Plymouth, S. G
Shoemaker, P. M., Lt
SiU, E, E., Lt, 186th New Tork Tola, May 25, 1864, DaUaa Ga
Scott, Georga LtVlOth Indiana Tola, July 6, 1864, Atlanta Ga.
Butcher, G B., Capt, 16th Illinois Tola, May 12, 1864, Dalton, Ga
Bmlth, J., Lt, Sth Pennsylvania Cavalry, June 29, 1864, Beam's Station, Ta
Btevens, C. G., Lt, 154th New Tork Tois., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Simpson, J. D., Lt, lOth Indiana Vola, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamanga Ga
Segar, F. W., Lt, SOth Blinois Vola, May 8,1863, Eome,Ga.
Stout, J. O., Lt, Obio Cavalry (McGIoffen Squad), Oot 5, 1864, Decatur, Ga

204r NINETEEN MONTHS
Bbepotmy, M. W,, Lt, Ohio Cavalry (McGIoffen Squad), May 21, 1364, DaUas, Ga
Bhurtz, B., Capt, Sth Iowa Cavalry, July 80, 1864, Macon, Ga
TuthUl, P. A., Lt, 104th New York Tote., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Thompson, B. E., Capt., Oth Ohio Tola, Sept 20,1868, Chickamanga Ga
Tainter, H. S., Lt, S2d New York Tote , May 25, 1864, Hanover Junction, Ta
Tamer, D, Lt, USth IlUnois Tola, May 24, 1863, Eaymond, Misa
TomkinaA., Lt,59th New York Tola, June 22,1864, Petersburg, Ta
Thomas, D., Major, 136th Ohio Tola, July 3, 1864, Nortt Anna Eiver, Ta
Trout, B. W., Lt, 106th Pennsylvania June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Ta.
Thonhburg, J. M., Lt, 89th Kentucky Tola, June 9, 186-3, Boyd County, KJ-.
Thompson, 0. H., Miyor, 5th Indiana Cavalry, July Sl, 1864, Sunshine Church, .Ta
TiUoston, H. H., Lt,73d Indiana ToK, May 3, 1863, Eome, Ga.
Teeter, A. J., Lt, 2d Ohio Vola, Sept 20, 1863, Chickamanga Ga.
Thompson, J. S., Lt, 10th Vermont Vols., June 1, 1864, Gold Harbor, Va
Thorp, T. J., Lt Col., 1st New York Drag„ " Trevellyn, Va
Tenvilliger, J. E, Capt, SSth New York VoK, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. 0.
Turner, M. C, Capt, 16th Connecticut, " "
Tilbrand, H., Capt, 4th N. H. Vote., May 16, 1864, Bermuda Hundred, Va
Taylor, A; A., Lt, 122d Ohio Vola, June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va
Thompson, B., Lt, 6Tth Penn. Vote., " "
Taylor, E., Lt, 1st Gonnecticut Cavalry, May 4, 1S64, Wilderness, Va
Thayer, H. O., Lt, 6Tth Pennsylvania VoK, Jane 15, 1863, Winchester, Va
Thorn, R P., Lt, 5th Kentucky Vola, Sept 21, 1868, 8. Gap, Ga
Tinninn, A., Lt, 16th Iowa Vola, July 22, 1S64, Atlanta, Ga
Tyler, L. D. G, Capt, 106th Pennsylvania Vote., June 22, 1864, Petersborg, Ta
' Tiffany, A. W., Lt, 9th Minnesota ToK, Jnne 11, 1864, Salem, Misa
Tum'er, J. H., Capt, 16th Indiana Tola, July 22, 1864, Atlanta Ga
Thompson, J., Gapt
Teneyck, S., Gapt, 18th U. S. L, Sept 21, 1863, Chickamauga Ga
Tayor, H., Lt, 56th Indiana ToK, Dea 14, 1863, Bean's Station, Ta'
Temple, H., Lt, 2d New York Cavalry, Sept 19, 1868, Jackson, Ta.
Thomas, A. T, Lt, TSd Indiana Tola, May 8, 1863, Eome, Ga
Thompson, 8. G, Capt, 95th New Tork Tola, May 6, 1S64, Wilderness, Ta
True, Wm. M., Lt, 16th Iowa Cavalry, June 8, 1863, JonesviUe, Ta
Thompson, J. J., Ass't Surgeon, Wth Ohio Tola, May 12, 1864, Cloyd House, Ta
Tybballs, H. G., Capt, 12th Ohio Tola, May 19, 1864, Meddon Blu^ Ta
Taylor, J., Lt, 2d Pennsylvania B., May 5, 1864, Wildemesa Ts.
Templeton, O. P., Gapt, lOTth Pennsylvania Tola, July 1, 1868, Gettysburg, Pa
Todd, H. H., Capt, Sth New Tork ToK, May 19, 1864, Spottsylvania, Ta
Todd, 0., Lt, 18th Wisconsin Tola, Oct 5, 1864, AUatoona, Ga
Twisa D. W., Lt, ITth Iowa Tola
Thompson, T., Lt, "
Tipton, A P., Lt, Sth Iowa Cavalry.
Unthank, 0. L., Capt, Uth Kentucky Cavalry, May 24, 1864, Gap Station, Ga
Ullcnbaugh, U, Lt, 1st Ohio Vola, Sept 20, 1S63, Chickamauga Ga
UrwiUer, 8. G, Oapt, 67th Pennsylvania VoK, June 15, 1868, Winchester, Vs.

A PEISONEE OF WAE. 205
Clem, J., tt, 8d Ohio Tola, May S, 1868, Eome, Ga
nptigrov8,J.E,;Lt,T3dInd.Vote, May 8, 1868, Rome, Ga
Underdown, J. D., Capt, 2d Tenn. Vola, Nov. 6, 1868, Bogersville, Tenn.
Ulffers. H. A, Gaptiud A. A. G., June 6, 1864, Bethsaida Church, Va
Underwood, J. W., Capt, Tth Ohio Vola, July 2-3, 1864, Atlanta Ga
Tan Keiser, A, Capt, 20th New York Vols , Jnne 20, 1864, A B Gap Va
Van Nutter, B. N., Lt, lat Michigan Cavalry, July 6, 1863, Hagerstown Md
Tan Valocha D. D , Lt, 12th U. S. I., May S, 1864, Wilderness, Va
Tanderhoef, J., Capt, 45th New York VoK, July 1, 1863, Gettyabur" Pa
Vettfnrd, 6., Lt, 64th « ¦' „
Tickere, D, Major, 4th New Jersey VoK. May 6, 1864, Wildemesa Ta
Ton Hqlmrick, G., Lt Gol., 4th Missouri Cavalry, June 10, 1S64, North Miasissippi.
VonKetterohnung, H., Lt, 103d New Yoi-k Vols, June 2, 1864. Morris Is.,S. G
Vnary, P., Lt, S5tb New York Vols., April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N C
Tan Dorn, D., Lt, T2d Ohio VoK, June 11, 1864, Salem. Misa
Van Ness, G. A, Lt, TSd Indiana Vola, May 3, 1863, Eome, Ga
VanEansslair, C, Lt, 148 N. Y. T, Jnne 15, 1864, Petersburg. Ta
Vanghn,Z,,Capt, 1st Maine Cav., May 11, 1864, North' Anna Biver, Ta
Van Buren, G. M., Capt, Sth N. T. Cav., July 6, 186-3, Wildemesa Va
Weakley, T. J.,Lt,110th Ohio VoK, June 15,^863, Worcester. Va
Whitney, J. N., Lt, 2d Ehode Island Cav, July 2, 1S63. Port Hudson, La
Willetta W., Lt, 22d Michigan Vols., Sept 20, 1868, Chickamanga, Ga
Washeow, P., Lt, 64th New Tork Vols., July 1, 186-1, Gettysburg, Pa
Wiltshire, J. N., Lt, 45th Oliio Vola, Nov. 15, 1868, Knoxville, I'enn.
Weaver, J. E., J,li; iSth Pennsylvania Cav, Oct 11, 1863, Brandy Sution, Va
Wilson, J., Capt, 5Tth Ohio Vols., July 12, 1864, Atlanta Ga -
West, J. H., Gapt, 4th Kentucky, July 29, 1864, Jonesboro, Ga
Warner, J. B., Lt,8th Michigan VoK, Ang. S. 1864, Athena Ga
Warner, James, Lt, SSd N. T. Vote., July 30, 1861, Atlanta Ga
White, A. B., Adjt, 4th Pennsylvania Vola, Oot 12, lJi6S, Lead Springs, Ga
Wilson, E., Lt, USth lUinote Vola, June 11, 1864, Eipley, Miss.
¦ffilliama W. H., Oapt, 4th New Tork Vols., Sept 16, 1863, Virginia
¦ffhitesida J. G, Gapt, 94th New Tork Vote., July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa.
Wicher, W. B., Capt, 21st Ohio Vola, Sept 20, 1868, Chickamauga Ga
Wistbrook, U. S., Capt, 135th Ohio Tola, July 8, 1864, N. Mount Va
Woodward, J. E,, Lt, 18th Connecticut Vola, June 15, 1863, Winchester, Va
¦Wanzer, G. G., Major, 24th New Tork Cav., May 6, 1864, WHdorneaa Va
Warren, J. 8., Lt, 1st Wisconsin Cav., Aug. S, 1864, Atklna Ga
Wesson, J. M, Lt, 40th Ohio Vola, Sept 20, 1S6S, Mission E., Ga
Walker, .!., Lt, Sth Tennessee ToK, Aug. 6, 1864, Atlanta Ga.
Webb, 6. W., Oapt, 2d Pennsylvania Artillery, June 2, 1864, Gold Harbor, Ta
West, O. W., Lt, 1st New Tork Dragoona May 9, 1864, Wilderness, Ta
Williama E,, Capt, 12th Ohio Vola, May 9. 1804, Newbern Department, W. Va.
Welch, J. G, Lt, SSth New Tork Vote., April 30, 1864, Plymouth; N. C.
Warwick, J., Lt, 101st Pennsylvania VoK, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. G
Wheeler, J. D., Capt, 16th Connecticut VoK, " "
18

206 NINETEEN MONTHS
Wilso,n, W, M., Capt, 122d Ohio Tols,,May 6, 1864, Wilderness, TS.
Williams, Wm., Lt, Sth Michigan Cav., August 6, 1864, Macon, Ga.
Weaks, E. J,, Lt, 6Tth Pennsylvania Vola, June 15, 1868, Winchester, Va
Welch, W. H. H., Lt, STth
Wilcox, C. W., Lt, 9th New Hampshire VoK, May 12, 1864, Bpottsylvania, Va
Winrick, J, E., dipt, 19th Pennsylvania Cav., April S, 1864, Memphis, Tenn.
WhUe, C. W,, Capt, 3d Pennsylvania Cav., June 15, 1863, Wilderness, Va
Williama G., Lt., Sth Michigah Vola, August 7, 1864, Covington, Ga
Wright, D G, Lu, 51st Indiana Vok, May 8, 1S63; Eome, Ga
Williams, M, &., Lt, 15th Kentucky Vote., June 29, 1868, Jackson, Miss.
Wiley, M., Capt, 1st Tennessee Vola, Augusti, 1864, Sweet Water, Ga
Whittaker, E. B., Capt, 72d Pennsylvania VoK, June 22, 1864, Petersburg, Ta
Winters, J., Lt, 72d Ohio Vola, Jnne 22, 1864, Eipley, Miss.
Wedimain, P., Lt, 16th Indiana Vols., July 22, 1864, Atlanta Ga
Wallace, J., Lt Col., 47th Ohio Vols., July 22, 1864, Atlanta Ga
¦Wheeler, J. F,, Lt, 149th New York VoK, July 20, 1864. Atlanta 6a
Williamson, J. B., Lt, 4th Virginia Vols., Jan. 8, 1S64, Morefleld, Va
Wilder, G. 0., Lt, loth Missouri Vols,, June 22, 1864, Peteraburg, Va
Wiston, 0, P., Lt, Wisconsin Vote., Sept 20, 1863, Chickamauga Ga
Wando, Capt, 22d Michigan Vola, " "
Wats'on, J.C, Lt, 121st Ohio Vols., May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va
Windship, Lt, SSth Illinois Vola, August 80, 1S64, East Point Ga
Wilson, W. G, Capt, 104th New York Vols., July 11, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
Widdis,G. C, Capt, ISnth Pennsylvania Vola, / -" "
Word, T. H., Lt, SStfa U. S. L, Jane 19, 1864, Brias's Cross Eoada
Wheaton, J., " " " "
Wright, E. J., Capt, 6th Ohio Vote., May 17, 186-3, Eichmond, Va
Wright, W. E., Capt, SOth lUinote Vote., May 31, 1868, Bome, Ga
Wilson, A., «.,««»
Whiting, J. D., Gapt, Sd Ohio Vols., » "
Wolbach, A, K.,Lt, " " « ¦ ..
Willia W., Lt, 52d Indiana Vola, " " «
Woodrow, I, A.. Lt. 73d Indiana " " "
Wilcox, W. H H., Lt. 10th N. Y. Infantry, Oct 12, 1864, Bealton Station, Ta
. Wallace, B. FT, Lt, 120th Ohio Infantry, May 24, 1863, Eaymond, Misa
Wright, L. L, Lt, 51st Indiana May 8, 1863, Eome, Ga.
.Walpole, H. H., Capt, 122d New York, May 3, 1864, Spottsylvania Ta
Wright B. P., Capt, Mist New York, May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Ta.
Woodruff, T; M., Lt, 76th New York, " "
Winner, C. N, Lt, 1st bhio VoK, Sept 19, 1863, Chickamanga Ga.
Willia H. H., Lt, 4th New York Vols., June 1, 1864, Hanover Jilnction, Ta
Wright,J. W.,Lt, 10th Iowa Tola, Nov. 25, 1863, Mission Eidge, Ga
Wealherbee, J., Lt, 51st Ohio Tois., Bept 20, 1863, Chickamanga Ga
¦W^elshelmer, P., Capt, 2lBt IlUnois Tois., Bept 20, 1368, Chickamauga Ga
Whitten, B. P., Lt, Oth Maine Vol. Infantry, June 1, 1804, Cold Harbor, Ta
Whiston, D., Lt, 13tb Massachusetts Tola, July 1, 1S68, Gettysburg, Pa
Whitimore, B. W., Lt, 5th New York Gav., June 29, 1864, Beam's Station, Ta
Willis, A. E., Gapt, Sth Michigan Vola., May 16, 1864, Drury's Bluff, Va

A PEISONEE OF WAH. 207
Wadsworth, M. C, Lt, leth Maine Tola, Julyl, 1S68, Gettysburg, Pa
Wallace, J. J., Lt, Tth Tennessee Cav., March 24, 1864, Union Ci.ty, Tenn.
Whitman, W. 8., Lt,, 66th Indiana Vols., " " ',
Wentworth, M. E., Lt, Mth New York Tote., Jnne 2, 1664, Gold Harbor, Ta.
Walcott W. B.
Worthen, T. A., Lt, ISSth Illinois Vols., May 24, 1868, Eaymond, Misa
Wakefleld, H. B,, Capt, 53d Inijiana Vola, June 29, 1864, Kenesaw Mt, Ga
Wilson, H., Lt, ISth Pennsylvania Gav., Oot 11,1863, Brandy Station, Va
Whita H. G., Lt,94th New York Vola, July 1, 1863, Gettysburg, Pa
¦Wall, ^. H., Capt, 69th New York Tola, June 22d, 1864, Petersburg, Ta
¦Whitey, M. G., Gapt, 29th Mo. Tola, Nov. 27, 1863, Einggold, Ga
Weisner, T. A, Capt, Mth and 16th IHinois Vet Bat, Oct. 4, 1S64, Acworth, Ga.
Walker, W. H., Lt, 21st Ohio Vols., July 9, 1864, Chattahoochee, Ga
Woodson. C. W., Lt, 17th Iowa Oct 13, 1864, Tilton, Ga
Wilson, B, 8., Lt, 1st Massachusetts Cav., May 10, 1864, Beaver Dam, Va.
Wari-cn, D. H,, Lt, Assist Surgeon Sth Iowa Cav., July 30, 1864, Nunan, Ga'
Yearo, B, G, Lt, 67th New York Vola, May 6, 1864, Wilderness, Va
Yentz, II. G, Capt, 126th Ohio Vola, June 14, 1863, Winchester, Va
York, B. D,, Lt, 2d North Carolina Vola, April 20, 1864, Plymouth, N. G
Young, J. W,, Major, 76th New York Vola, May 5, 1864, WUderness, Va '
Yound, A., Lt, 4th Penn. Gav., June 24, 1804, Yellow Tavern, Va. (Since killed.)
Yates, 0. H., Lt, 96thJUinote Vote., Sept 22, 1S68, Mission Eidge, Ga
,Young, J. W., Lt, lllth lUinois VoK, July 22, 1864, Atlanta Ga
Young, T. P., Lt, 4th Kentucky Vote., July Sl, 1864, Nunan, Ga
York, J. H., Lt, 68d Indiana Vols., June 27, 1864, Kenesaw Mountain, Ga
Young, D. G., Capt, Slat IUinoia Vola, Jane 11, 1864, Eipley, Misa
Zobel, C, Lt, 15th NewYork H. A., May 6, 1864, WUderness, Va
Zeis, H., Capt, SOth lUinois Vols., June 8, 1863, North Alabama.
Ziu-i-acher, P., Capt, ISth Pennsylvania Cav., May 5, 1864, WUdernesa Ta
Zelgler, Aaron, Lt, 7th Pennsylvania E. " "
Zeigler, J. D., Lt, 104th Illinois, AprU 10, 1864, Briaon's Cross Eoads, Ta