THE
STRANGER'S GUIDE
AND
HISTOKICAL & BIOGRAPHICAL
HAND-BOOK TO OXFORD,
FROM THE EARLIEST AGES TO THE PRESENT TIME.
CONTAINING A DESCRIPTION OF THE
COLLEGES, HALLS, PUBLIC BUILDINGS,
WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE
DEESSES, DEGEEES, MAMEES, AND CUSTOMS OE THE
MEMBEES OE THE UNIVERSITY;
TO WHICH IS ADDED
A DESCRIPTION OF BLENHEIM,
THE ROMAN VILLA,
AND SHOTOVER HOUSE.

OXFORD:
PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY F. TRASH,
10, HIGH STREET.

PREFACE

The advent of another work devoted to a
subject on which the pen has been so frequently
employed, and by writers possessing no ordinary
opportunities for investigation and powers of de
scription, might be regarded as somewhat chi
merical, were not the Editor of this work enabled
to direct the attention of the reader to one or two
points wherein it differs from all others which
have hitherto been publisLed.
This description of Oxford being intended prin
cipally for Straagers, the Editor's object has been
to make it a true Guide and a plain Directory, so
as to enable persons who are totally ignorant of
the place to visit every College, Hall, and Public
Building, which he has placed according to their
situation without regard to their nature, so that
the University and City may thereby be peram
bulated in a very short space of time. Nor has
the Editor confined his object to places only;
he has endeavoured so to analyze the whole
interior of Oxford, by entering into a short detail
of the Dresses, Degrees, Examinations, and Dis
tinctive Ranks of the Members, and, indeed, of
everything that could elucidate and explain the
nature of the University, and afford information

II PREFACE.
respecting its technical and local terms, as to
present it to his readers in the most plain and
concise manner.
Thus much for the Stranger's Guide: but it
has always been considered a matter of objection
to Guide-Books in general, that they are com
paratively useless beyond the compass to which
they direct. The desire of the Editor has there
fore been to combine the Guide with the Book
of General Information on the subjects con
tained in it, and which may be read with interest
at any time, and at any distance from Oxford.
This is exemplified in the Introductory History
of the University and City, as well as in the
historical matter connected with each society ;
and which, though condensed, will be found to
embrace all the most important features, both as
regards their earliest foundation and their suc
cessive and modern improvements. Sketches of
the lives of the various founders and benefactors
have also been added, as well as numerous anec
dotes and details concerning them, all calculated
to interest the general reader. The Peculiar
and Curious Customs of any particular society,
with their origin, have likewise been narrated:
the List of Renowned Characters who have
at various periods been members of the different
societies, will also be found to be copious and
entertaining: the whole combining a complete

PREFACE. hi
"Historical and Biographical Hand -Book
to Oxford, from the earliest ages to the
present time."
But a further, and, if unrefuted, much more
fatal objection will be raised, (as has been the
case with regard to works of a somewhat similar
character,) in the idea that the mingling of these
topics will lead to much trouble and confusion
during the time occupied by the Visitor in in
vestigating the several parts of the edifice in
course of description ; but this is completely
answered by the plan which has been adopted
of restricting the Text to a perfect description of
the subjects appertaining to a Guide; whilst the
Historical and Biographical portion of the work
is contained in the Notes to the several pages.
The Editor is happy to have the opportunity
of acknowledging the assistance he has received
during the progress of his labours, from many
Members of the University, who have not only
supplied him with much information, but also,
with kind consideration, revised the proof-sheets
relating to their several societies. The valuable
stores of the Bodleian Library have proved of
great utility to the Editor; and he is likewise
indebted for much information to the valuable
work of Dr. Ingram, the " Memorials of Oxford."
In conclusion, the Editor has only to hope that
his efforts, (in conjunction with those of the

IV preface.
printer and publisher as regards the appearance
of the work,) may meet with that approbation
which he is so desirous of receiving at the hands
of the public.
*#* The whole tour of the University may by
the assistance of this Guide, be made in a short
space of time, and the visitor will be amply repaid
for his trouble by the numerous interesting objects
he will meet with in his walk. The Porter of
each society is, of course, the proper person to
apply to in order to see the College, or to find
the residence of any of its members; a clear
direction is therefore given as to the situation of
the lodge occupied by that important functionary.
H. M. M.

THE

CITY OF OXFORD.*

The City of Oxford, which is likewise the
county town, is perhaps one of the most remark
able and picturesque cities in Europe. The
neighbouring country has long been the admira
tion of every lover of nature and historical anti
quity, and the Classic City is nearly encompassed
at a distance of one or two miles by the forest-
covered hills and valleys, commanding views of its
majestic spires, domes, and towers, — an assemblage
of noble, ancient, and modern buildings which no
other city in the world can present. It is seated
on a gentle eminence, near the junction of the
rivers, Isis and Cherwell. The former, as it
approaches Oxford, divides itself into several
branches, which reuniting into one channel,
passes to the south of the city, under Folly
Bridge, and beside Christ Church Meadow. The
Cherwell, rises in the northern part of the county,
passes under Magdalen Bridge, and unites with
the Isis on the southern side of the same meadow.

aThe present name of the city is most probably derived from
there having been a ford or passage for oxen, previous to the
erection of bridges. It is locally situated in the BuUingdon
hundred, in the Oxford circuit, fifty-four miles west from
London, by way of High Wycombe ; fifty-eight by way of
Henley ; and about sixty by rail, a branch of the Great Western.
b

VI CITY OF OXFORD.
The two streams, after thus almost insulating
the city, unitedly flow on through Abingdon to
Dorchester, where, receiving the Thame, the river
acquires the name of Thames.
Oxford, including the suburbs, is nearly two
miles in length, from east to west ; and about a
mile in breadth, from north to south. According
to the Census of 1841, its population, including
the Members of the University, 1600 in number,
was 25,746.
Oxford has four principal entrances; the eastern
one, from London by road, is very imposing.
Passing over the handsome bridge which crosses
the Cherwell, we have before us, on the right, a
view of Magdalen College, with its elegant tower,
rising proudly over the city ; and on the left, the
Botanic Gardens. At this point commences the
High Street, which is universally admitted to be
one of the finest streets in the world, not from its
uniform elegance, but from the varied beauties it
presents to the view, which break suddenly on
the sight as we pass the Botanic Gardens. The
mixture of Churches, Colleges, and other public
buildings, of ancient and modern architecture,
with dwelling-houses of a varied character, inter
spersed with occasional groups of trees, all ar
ranged in a graceful curve, at once surprises and
captivates the beholder ; while every successive
step presents some new and interesting object to
his attention. " By its curviture," says Mr.
Dallaway, " the High Street gradually expands
the scenes of academic splendour. The succession
is not too sudden, nor does it suffer from the

f CITY OF OXFORD. Vll
want of continuity or neatness in the private
houses. For variety and magnificence of public
buildings no city in Europe can offer a compe
tition." A most striking effect must be produced
on intelligent foreigners by the continued succes
sion of colleges, public buildings, — all beautiful
erections — gardens, and walks, which they will
observe only in Oxford ; and which afford a large
number of admirable subjects for the pencil of the
artist. The public buildings in the High Street
are Queen's, University, and All Souls' Colleges;
the University Church, (St. Mary's3), and All
Saints' Church.^ The view is terminated by the
City Church, (St. Martin's, or Carfaxb).
The northern entrance into Oxford from the
Worcester and Birmingham roads, is by a hand
some wide street, with a row of trees on each side,
called St. Giles's Street.0 The southern entrance
from the railway station, is over a spacious newly-
erected Bridge, called Folly Bridge, which crosses
the river Isis.d

a Sermons are preached here before the Viee-Chancellor and
University Authorities on Sundays and Holydays, (with some
few exceptions,) at half-past ten a.m., and two p.m., after
which is the usual parish service.
h The Mayor and Corporation, in their robes, attend Service
at this Church. Carfax Church is supposed to have derived
its name from quad/rwvwm^ or quatre-voiesj the meeting of the
four ways, or principal streets.
c The stranger who enters Oxford by this road will be
gratified by fine views of St. John's College to the left, the new
Taylor and Randolph Buildings to the right, and the recently-
erected Martyrs' Memorial in the centre of this handsome
street, which greatly resembles the far-famed Boulevards of
Paris. d Prom this bridge may be obtained a beautiful view of
6 2

V1I1 CITY OF OXFORD. "
The western approach from the Bath road is of
a very peculiar character. It consists of a raised
causeway, which, passing over low meadows,
intersected by branches of the Isis, has, in the
space of one mile, no less than seven stone
bridges. In the city and its suburbs there are fifteen
parishes, viz : — St. Aldate, Binsey, St. Ebbe, All
Saints, St. Giles, Holywell, St. Clement, St. John,
St. Mary the Virgin, St. Michael, St. Mary Mag
dalen, St. Martin, St. Peter-le-Bailey, St. Peter-
in-the East, and St. Thomas.2
There are six Dissenting Places of Worship in
the city, viz. r — the Wesleyan Chapel, in New-
Inn-Hall Street; the Wesleyan Centenary, St.
Clement's ; the Baptist Chapel, on the New
Road ; Mr. Bulteel's Chapel, in the Friars' ; the
Independent Chapel, in George Street ; and the
Primitive Methodist Chapel, Bull Street, Friars'.
Besides these there is a small Roman Catholic
Chapel, in St. Clement's parish, the eastern suburb.
The Post Office is under the Town Hall
near the centre of the city, in the street leading

Christ Church meadow, with its delightfully-shaded waits,
so much frequented by the residents of Oxford, and so justly
admired 'by all who witness its scenery ; by the side of this
flows the river, which is studded with pleasure boats of
every description. This spot is the scene of much animation
during the summer Terms, on account of the races, ably con
tested by gentlemen of the University, in elegant eight-oared
boats, distinguished by their costume, and the colours and
arms of their respective Colleges.
aThe parishes of St. Thomas and St. Ebbe have each a district
church, recently erected ; St. Paul's Church, at Jericho, belong
ing to the former, and Trinity Church, Blackfriars Road, to the
latter parish.

CITY OF OXFORD. IX
to Christ Church, St. Aldate's Street. The Office
is open from 7 o'clock in the morning till 1 1 at
night.3 The mention made of Oxford both by Appian
and Cyprian, in their account of British cities,
leaves but little doubt of its early existence as a
city of great importance; and the annals of
English History testify to the same facts, either
with or without regard to its connection with the
University.5 From the earliest times the citizens
"Letters to the undermentioned Counties must be delivered
by a J before 4 in the afternoon, viz. : — Cheshire, Cumberland,
Derbyshire, Durham, Lancashire, Leicestershire, Lincolnshire,
Northamptonshire, Northumberland, Nottinghamshire, Rut
landshire, Staffordshire, Shropshire, Warwickshire, Westmor
land, Yorkshire, North Wales, North of Ireland, Scotland,
and the towns of Dudley , Stourbridge, Bewdley, Kidderminster,
and Stourport. There is no Post to London on Saturday
night. Attendance is given on Sunday afternoon. The general
delivery of Letters commences at 7 o'clock in the morning,
and the delivery of Northern Letters about 10 o'clock. A Mail
to London at half-past 9 in the morning, after which time Id.
late fee until 10. North closes at' half-past 3, West at 8, all
others at 10 ; 2d. late fee, until 11. Day Mail delivered at
half-past 1 from London and West. — Monet Ojideks are issued
and paid from 9 to 6, except from half-past 3 till half-past 4. —
Letters to be registered must be delivered at least half an hour
before the closing of the box.
Receiving Bouses. — M. Johnson's, 8, New Road ; H. Whar-
land's, 8, St. Giles's Road ; W. C. Shepperd's, 45, Holywell
Street ; and T. Houghton's, St. Clement's ; at these places the
letter-bags are made up half an hour before the post oflxce
hours. b It was undoubtedly fortified in the Saxon times ; ^nd Dr.
Ingram in his Memorials of Oxford, a work of the utmost
value, supposes it, from the original plan, to have been a
Roman fortification, with a castle at the north-west, added by
the Normans. A portion of this castle still remains, a. me
mento of past ages, most interesting to the lover of ancient
history, and antique remains, it having been built at least as
early as the reign of William Rufus. It was from this spot
that the Empress Maude made her escape in disguise, during
the night, after having been besieged therein for three months
by Stephen, (who at the time occupied Beaumont Palace, now

X CITY OF OXFORD.
had always shewn great bravery and indepen
dence, and readily armed themselves against the
attacks of the Danes and Normans. The ground
to the north-west of the city, called Port Meadow,
has belonged to the citizens from time imme
morial, as recorded in the Doomsday Survey.
The mention made of the Corporation, in con
junction with that of London, in the year 1013,
establishes the antiquity of that body; nor are
other proofs wanting to confirm the high es
timation in which this city was held by the
monarchs of England;3 several of whom, from the

destroyed.) There is a very curious well-room of the time of
Henry H. ; it is not shewn, however, to strangers, on account
of a fatal accident having occurred there a few years since.
There is likewise an ancient crypt or chapel, of which, though
still retaining its Norman architecture, the roof has been some
what disturbed in building the foundations of the Gaol, which
with the new County Hall is situated in the immediate neigh
bourhood. Robert d'Oiley, who was possessor of the Castle,
early in the 12th century founded a College here, but younger
students do not appear to have resided in it for the purpose of
education. Dr. Ingram has some very interesting features in
his account of this castle. Mr. King, who has written much
on the subject, is of opinion that a tower and castle or resi
dence of some description or other must have existed here for
a considerable time before the Conquest. At an early period
during the Danish invasions, Oxford was one of the Seven
Burgs, or fortified towns mentioned in the Saxon Chronicle.
Of these, Oxford is the only one having interesting remains of
both walls, and fort, or moat. Mr. King also states that
considerable Saxon remains have been discovered by digging
within the Castle area ; and it can easily be supposed that a
royal residence must have been within the walls, in Saxon
times, since ancient records prove that even beyond the walls,
a Saxon tower of stone was standing in the time of King
Ethelred, in the very place, where, subsequently stood the
Norman tower called Eriar Bacon's Study.
1 We find that a Royal Mint was here in Saxon times,
(whence money was coined,) and various proofs of municipal
importance. The mace which is now carried before the Mayor
is about five feet in height, and has the following inscription : —

CITY OF OXFORD. XI
reign of Alfred to that of the present queen of this
empire, have held their courts here, or partaken
of the hospitality of the City and University.3
Though the latter body has always exercised the
right of watch and ward over its own members,
yet in all matters of police, &c, the ancient chart
ers recognize the joint power of the civic and
collegiate authorities : and their respective police
forces regularly relieve guard, those of the City
having watch by day, and those of the University
by night.
Oxford can likewise boast of many distin
guished men, who have claimed it as the place of
their nativity ; among them may be mentioned,
Thomas Cowper, bishop of Winchester ; Barton
Holyday, a poet and dramatist ; Thomas Harriott,
a very celebrated mathematician ; William Chil-
lingworth ; Sir William Davenant, a poet of con
siderable eminence ; Pocock, the noted Oriental
traveller ; Anthony a Wood, the renowned histo
rian ; and many others of great celebrity.

"This mace was made in the mayoralty of John Lamb, in the
reign of Charles II." John Lamb was mayor in 1668, so that
the date is clearly ascertained.
* King Henry the Second, in his progress through his
dominions, took Oxford in his way ; and that monarch
confirmed to the citizens a charter by which they were placed
on the same footing with those of London, in respect of the
customs and privileges enjoyed by them ; and, upon all
festive occasions, the mayor of Oxford was to attend at the
table of the sovereign. That dignitary still acts as under
butler to the monarch at the coronation, and has the privilege
of retaining the gold cup used on the occasion ; and the charter
just mentioned, enjoins that whatever customs, privileges,
laws, liberties, or tenures belong to the citizens of London,
the same should be enjoyed in common with them, by the
citizens of Oxford.

Xll CITY OF OXFORD.
Nor, is Oxford, which may boast of its eminent
men, and beautiful buildings, without those edifices
of a necessary, though less pretentious character, —
its Infirmaries, its Institutions, and its Charities.
But all of these will be met with at regular spaces
in our tour through the University, and we need
therefore only allude to them as above, in order to
complete our sketch of the City of Oxford.

A CONCISE HISTORY
OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD
WITH AN ACCOUNT OF ITS
MAMEES, CUSTOMS, &c,

Although it is greatly to be regretted that a want
of authentic documents prevents us from entering with
any degree of certainty into the earliest history of
Oxford in a civic point of view, yet as an University,
there is certainly no deficiency of record, in respect to
its ancient progress. From the very first periods of
English civilisation, a halo of classic glory has shed
its lustre over " the modern Athens," and shrouded it
with a mantle, the sacred mystery of which, alone
affords the most ample material for a contemplative
mind. However much we may be indebted to that patron
of learning, King Alfred, for the restoration and re-
establishment of Oxford as an University, yet it is
beyond a doubt that it was founded at a far earlier
period ; suspended, however, by the tumultuous con
duct of the Danes and Normans, and resumed when
peace was restored. It may be judicious here to
state, that the studies, discipline, and statutes of the
University were not originally what they now are, the
great improvements of the present age (and for which
there is yet ample scope), being the work of pro
gression, grafted on the opinions and practice of
preceding ages, the unpolished discipline which gave
d

XIV HISTORY OF THE
promise of a superstructure, whose soundness and
durability could only be equalled by its utility.3
For some time Schools had existed at Oxford for im
parting to the youthful students, who resorted thither,
(and who were lodged in halls, or hostels, which
were increased for their convenience, as circumstances
required,) grammar and other elementary knowledge,
necessary for completing their education. But the
first mention we have of any notable foundation for
such a purpose, is that of the Priory of St. Frides-
wide.b From this, being the earliest notice of Oxford
a Many of the colleges were founded on systems totally
distinct from the course pursued by the University ; they
were guided by the private statutes drafted for them by their
founders, their students were educated more entirely within
their own walls, and enjoyed a far more regular and wholesome
discipline ; and it is only of late years, that the society of
New College has been prevailed upon to relinquish that
clause in their statutes, permitting them to examine their
own members when candidates for degrees.
b An outline of the history of St. Erideswide, from which
arose such important results, may not prove uninteresting.
Divested of its legendary additions there is nothing incredible
in it. Early in the eighth century, Didan, a governor,
provost, viceroy, or mayor, (" Subregulus") ruled over one
of the most populous districts in Oxford, with great dignity
and honour.* Having lost his beloved wife, Saflrida, he
sought consolation in works of piety, and employed himself in
constructing a church, in the precincts of the city, which he
dedicated to St. Mary and All Saints, and committed it to
the superintendence of his daughter, Erideswide, at her own
request; she, having received a religious education under
Elgiva, a most pious devotee, not only embraced a monastic
life herself, but induced twelve other virgins of respectable
families to follow her example. In process of time by the
munificence of the King of the district, certain Inns were
constructed in the vicinity of the church, for the temporary
repose of those, who, attracted by the religious character
of the spot, came there for devotional purposes ; the com
bination of these formed the origin of the monastic foundation
[* Other citizens were associated with him, in authority, called
" Earldormen," or elder men, from whence, in later times, came our
term Alderman, as designating one holding the jurisdiction of a certain
part of the city.]

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. XV
as a place of religious instruction, may be traced
the rise of the University. A lapse in the historical
data occurs from this period till the time of Alfred,
who, having wrested the city from the Danes, restored
the educational houses, and made Oxford a royal
residence, calling his palace " The King's Hall ;" and
from this time there was a great increase in the
establishment of the numerous halls,* inns, schools,
courts, and hostels, as they were indiscriminately
called, for the reception of students and noviciates, to
promote the cause of learning ; though, for their
internal comfort, or architectural arrangement, they
could elicit but little admiration. Many of them were
covered only with thatch, and so ill-constructed, as to
be quite ineapable of yielding accommodation for the
number of aspirants, who sought Oxford for the pursuit
of literature. But an important change, the gradual
adoption of the collegiate in place of the aularian
system, soon effected an entire revolution in the insti
tutions, discipline, and education of the University.
From about the middle of the eleventh century, to the
early portion of the thirteenth, edifices of various de
scriptions had been erected, contributing alike to the
called naturally after its preceptress, St. Erideswide. There
is one remarkable feature which distinguishes this founda
tion ; from its first establishment in the eighth century, to its
suppression in the sixteenth, by Cardinal "Wolsey, who on
the site thereof founded his magnificent college of Christ
Church, it was devoted entirely to the service of religion, —
all secular studies were made ancillary to it ; and this im
pression is constantly retained throughout the history of
the University. St. Erideswide died on the 14th before
the calends of November, (October 19th,) A.D. 740; and the
anniversary is kept as a " gaudy" by the members of Christ
Church. = Many of these halls were designated by names quite
opposed to all ideas of a classic locality; thus, in the old
historians we read of Physic, Pill, Beef, Ape, and Pittance
halls, &c.
d2

XVI HISTORY OF THE
ornament of the streets, and the convenience of the
inhabitants ; and the old churches were superseded by
structures of greater service. Henry the First, sur-
named Beauclerc for his good scholarship, about the
year 1122 built a House of Congregation for the
University, wherein they might transact the important
business connected with its welfare ; and Bishop
Cobham built a library for them over the Convocation
House, stimulated thereto by the desire of forwarding
the studious habits of the scholars. The Canons of
Osney, who flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries,
liberally contributed out of their enormous wealth
towards the support of the poorer students, possessing
as they did many of the halls under their immediate
jurisdiction.2 But about the latter period we have
mentioned, the establishment of colleges, with cor
porate rights, statutes, and endowments, formed an
era in the history of Oxford, which city, after having
experienced all the vicissitudes that are alone to be
found in the annals of Great Britain, is destined for
ever to endure, — an example of the progress of ages,
tempered by civilisation. As in our account of the
various colleges, we shall gradually develope their
individual history, it will be only necessary here to
state that the example of Walter de Merton,b John de
Balliol, and William of Durham, in the respective

a Osney Abbey is supposed to have been situated in the
palish of St. Thomas ; such was its magnificence, and so
luxuriant the mode of living practised by the Canons, that
royalty considered it no degradation to partake of the
Society's hospitality ; and King Henry the Third, after the
siege of KenUworth, passed his Christmas there, remaining
for seven days, in the midst of mirth and rejoicing.
b Walter de Merton at this time was Chancellor of Eng
land ; and it is very evident that his prudence and sagacity
during the time he held this office, contributed so much
to the admirable settlement of the English law and coiistitu-

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. xvii
foundation of Merton, Balliol, and University Colleges
at the beginning of the 13th century, was soon fol
lowed by the erection, during the 14th century, of
Exeter, Oriel, Queen's, and New Colleges, by Walter
de Stapledon, Edward IL, Robert de Egglesfield, and
William of Wykeham. The latter may be said
thoroughly to have established the collegiate system ;
such was the magnitude and grandeur of his establish
ment, that it was distinguished by the name of the
New College, which it has since retained. About the
same period Lincoln, All Souls', and Magdalen Col
leges were built, and enlargements made to buildings
already in use; in the year 1472, the chancel and
body was added to St. Mary's Church, and during
this and the two succeeding- centuries, Christ Church,
Brasenose, Corpus, and other wealthy endowments
were from time to time erected, mostly with the
means of benevolent private individuals.
During this period, also, we must not omit to
mention other improvements which proceeded from
the emergencies of the times. A school for teaching
the classics had already been erected, but a separate
room being required for the disputations in divinity,
in 1480, the Divinity School, still remaining, was
finished ; and before this a library had been erected
chiefly by the assistance of Humphrey, Duke of

tion as to procure for his sovereign, Edward the Eirst, the
title of the " British Justinian." He gave a most extraordi
nary impulse to the academical tendency of Oxford as a place
of education, by the foundation of his College, which produced
the most important effects on the general system of national
education. There can be but little doubt that, at this period,
Oxford was as celebrated as Paris as an University. The
erection of Colleges, from this period, increased its celebrity ;
and, by their liberal endowments, the students were enabled
to prosecute their researches in every department of literature
and science, with the greatest advantage.
dS

XVlil HISTORY OF THE
Gloucester. The revival of the press in the 1 6th
century was found of great utility in spreading the
studies of the University, and various buildings adapted
for printing, have, from that time to the present, been
erected for that purpose. The 17th century witnessed
the rise and growth of the sciences of botany and
anatomy. Two colleges — Wadham and Pembroke —
were also founded at this period, whilst in the 18th hut
one was erected, namely, Worcester. This decrease in
the foundation of colleges after the protestant reforma
tion arose from the idea conceived by the benefactors to
the University, that the period had arrived to place the
studies of Oxford on a more enlarged footing, which
they considered would be promoted by the endowment
of Professorships in every department of science.
These, therefore, followed each other in rapid succession :
Sir H. Saville founded professorships in geometry and
astronomy ; and astronomical observations were made
from a house in New College Lane, opposite Magdalen
Hall, previous to the erection of the Radcliffe
Observatory. In the years 1632 — 1636, professors
and lecturers were appointed in — natural philosophy,
(founded by Sedley,) — moral philosophy, (founded by
White,) — ancient history, (founded by Camden,) —
and in anatomy, (founded by Tomlins.) In the latter
year, Archbishop Laud founded his professorships
in Arabic, and a professorship in poetry was founded
by Birkhead, in the middle of the same century.
And that the students might not entirely forget the
language of their pious forefathers, Dr. Rawlinson
established an Anglo-Saxon professorship, which has
proved of the greatest utility to the University. In
1755, Mr. Viner left £12,000 in order to promote
the study of the common law of England, by
establishing professorships and scholarships, as far

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. XIX
as could be supported by the produce of his legacy.
Geometry, mineralogy, and experimental philosophy,
received assistance during the regency of George
the Fourth ; a professorship in political economy
was founded in 1825, by Henry Drummond; and
in 1830, John Boden left the whole of his estate,
which he had accumulated in India, for the endow
ment of a professorship in the Sanscrit language.
Nor were the fine arts, and study of modern
languages'forgotten ; Dr. Randolph and Sir Robert
Taylor provided for them by funds which have
caused the erection of the " University Galleries and
Taylor Institute," to which we shall have future
occasion for reference. Thus has the University
arrived at a height of intellectual improvement, from
which every antagonist of the advance of education
must flee with terror.
The University of Oxford, then, consists of a num
ber of Colleges and Halls, acting together in a Cor
porate capacity, under the title of " The Chancellor,
Masters, and Scholars of the University of Oxford."
Colleges are incorporated bodies, endowed by their
founders and others with estates and benefices ; out of
the revenue arising from the estates, as well as other
resources, the Heads, and Senior and Junior Members
ON the foundation, receive an income, and the
expenses of the Colleges are defrayed. Members not
on the foundation, called Independent Members,
reside entirely at their own expense.3
There are nineteen Colleges and five Halls ; the latter

a The Dependent Members, or those on the foundation,
consist of the Heads, Fellows, (called Students at Christ
Church), Scholars, (called Demies at Magdalen, and Post
masters at Merton), Chaplains, Bible-Clerks, Servitors, and
Choristers : these have a portion of the revenue of their
College. The senior Members are appointed Tutors, and

XX HISTORY of the
not incorporated bodies, but enjoying the same privi
leges as the Colleges. Each College and Hall has a
resident Governor, under the titles of Dean, Principal,
President, Provost, Rector, Warden, or Master : these
are assisted in the government of their respective Socie
ties by the senior Members on the foundation, who hold
the offices of Dean, Censor, &c, whilst the financial busi
ness of the Society is entrusted to one or more Bursars
or Treasurers of the College, who receive all dues, and
pay all demands.
The Heads of the Colleges and Halls, and Canons of
Christ Church, have the privilege of marrying ; they
have houses, or, as they are usually termed lodgings,
in or attached to their establishments. Independent
Students are sometimes married, but in that case, they
enter at one of the Halls and reside in private lodgings.
, Each student has a bed-room, and one or two sitting-
rooms, furnished at his own expense, for which, if not
on the foundation, he pays rent to the College.
Prayers are read in the various Chapels three times
in each day, and every Member is expected to attend a
certain number of services during the week.
Each Society has a Hall or Refectory, in which the
whole of the Society assembles to dine ; and a Com
mon Room to which the Members afterwards retire.
The College gates, throughout the University, are
shut at nine o'clock, after which time, all junior Mem
bers entering the gates, or, as it is technically called,
receive classes of Students at their apartments, to prepare
them for Public Examination ; the Chaplains and Bible-Clerks
perform Divine Service ; the Servitors formerly waited at
table. The Independent Members comprehend the Noble
men, Gentlemen and Eellow-Commoners, and Commoners,
all of whom reside at their own expense ; some, however, are
assisted by grants of money, termed in University language,
" Exhibitions ;" many of the most valuable of which are in
the gift of the principal London Companies.

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. XXI
"knocking in," are reported to the College authorities,
who, if very late, reprove them and give them a
literary task, entitled an " Imposition." Great offences
are punished by rustication, (i. e. being sent from
College for a time,) or expulsion.
The Chancellor is the supreme Governor of the
University, hut he only appears, officially, on par
ticular occasions ; as does the High Steward, whose
duty is to assist the Chancellor in the administration
of justice upon certain grave occasions.3
The chief resident officer is the Vice-Chancellor,
(who is always the Head of a College, nominated by
the Chancellor, and holding office for four years) ; he,
in conjunction with the PROCTORS,b who are the Peace
Officers of the University, and are elected annually,
3 The Chancellor of the University is elected by the
Members of Convocation : the office was formerly triennial,
sometimes annual ; the first Chancellor who was elected for
life being John Russel, Bishop of London, in the year 1484.
Previous to this the office was usually executed by a resident
Member of the University ; subsequently it appears to have
been held by Bishops, and afterwards by Laymen, the first
of whom, Sir John Mason, knight, was elected in 1552.
b The office of the Proctors is one of great power and
distinction. The question of the nature of the discipline
by which the Students in earlier times were regulated, in
their Halls or Inns, must be left to conjecture in consequence
of the deficiency of authentic records to establish a certainty.
It is most probable that they recognised the authority of
a principal appointed by the Chancellor of the University,
who was invested with sufficient power to maintain due
order ; but in consequence of the desultory method of educa
tion, the increase of Students, attracted by the fame of
the place, was so great, numbering at one period over 20,000,
who flocked to Oxford from all parts of Europe, that the
Chancellor found his own individual authority insufficient for
the preservation of the public peace. Frequent tumults took
place between the scholars and townspeople, often attended
with severe results. The most dreadful of these dire conflicts
took place during the reign of Edward the Third ; it com
menced on the Feast of St. Scholastica, the 10th of February,
1354, and continued for three days. The quarrel began at
a tavern styled " The Mermaid," situated at a spot called

XXII HISTORY OF THE
from the Fellows of the several Colleges in rotation,
presides over the assembly of the heads of Colleges
and Halls, and senior Members of the Colleges, which
Meeting is called a Convocation : the proceedings

" Pennyless," or " Butter Bench," near the east end of Old
Carfax Church, between John de Croydon, the landlord and
some scholars who were drinking wine there. On the second
evening the townsmen ^called in the country people to their
assistance, and thus completely overpowered the scholars, a
great number of the latter being killed and wounded, the
streets wherein the tumult took place, being said to have
been covered with blood. But serious consequences resulted
to the citizens from this outrage : they were debarred the
rights and consolations of the Church ; their privileges were
greatly narrowed ; heavy fines were inflicted on them ; and
the annual performance of certain penitential observances
from the civic to the University authorities enjoined, which
were, however, abolished by the University in the year 1825.
To prevent the recurrence of such atrocious scenes, it was
considered necessary to add to the power of the Chancellor ;
charters upon charters were granted for this purpose ; and
at length two officers, termed Ps,octors, were therefore con
nected with him, as magistrates, to assist in keeping the
younger students within the bounds of prudence and decency.
Their power continues to the present day, but greatly increased,
and aided by that of the Marshal and Police of the University,
who act under their control ; and every evening about nine
o'clock, at which time it is requisite that all junior members
should be in College, they may be seen carefully noting the
members who pass them, and carrying into effect the duties
of their office, constituting as they do' the civil magistracy of
the University. To add to the dignity of the Chancellor's
office, whenever himself or his deputy appeared in the
execution of his duties, he was preceded by Bedels, a custom
continued at the present time. These are six in number;
three Esquire, and three Yeomen Bedels, who carry before
them staves or maces as symbols of authority. There is also
another officer, called a "Verger, who, like the Bedels, carries
a handsome silver staff, or mr.ee, before him. The following
Latin inscriptions are legible on the maces : — Divinity, Ego
sum via et Veritas — Medicine and Arts, Ego sum via, vita,
ET VERITAS : COLUMNA PHILOSOPHISE, SciENTLZE, ET MORES 
Lam, ^EauuM et eonum columns justitije. The letters on
the base are inverted; because, in the presence of majesty,
whenever the sovereign visits the University, and then only,
the broad or obtuse ends of the maces are carried upwards by
way of difference. As the emergencies of the University

UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. XX111
of this Assembly are conducted in Latin, except on
extraordinary occasions. This body has power to
make laws for the whole University ; it being under
stood that every measure must, previously to being
proposed to Convocation, have the approbation of the
Hebdomadal Board, which consists of the Heads of
Colleges and Halls, and the two Proctors only.
The University sends two Representatives to Parlia
ment, who are elected at a public Convocation of the
Doctors and Regent Masters of Arts. The Returning
Officers are the Vice-Chancellor and the two Proctors.
The Members of the University, previous to obtain
ing a Degree, are called Undergraduates ; they have to
undergo two examinations, before the Public Examining
Masters, before any degree can be takeii ; the first
examination called the Responsions, but more com-
required, the Chancellor was,relieved by the addition of fresh
officers. The duty of his Steward or Senesohallus, was for
merly to allot the provision for the junior students, but the
office has now entirely changed its character, is usually held by
a person of high family, and is almost a sinecure, the only
duties of his office being, if required by the Chancellor, to hear
and determine capital causes, whenever a scholar or privileged
person is the offending party, and to hold the University
Court Leet, by himself or deputy, at the appointment of the
Chancellor or Vice-Chancellor. The Puelic Orator, whose
office was established in 1564, has to write letters and com
pose public addresses, and, as the voice of the University, to
deliver harangues at the reception of illustrious visitors.
The office of the Keeper op the Public Archives was
instituted in 1634, for the preservation of the University
records, to be produced when the rights and privileges of the
University are called into question. The University Regis
trar attends all the meetings, records the acts, receives
the rents, and conducts all the corporate business of the
University. The two Proctors op the Vice-Chancellor's
Court are the legal advocates in all matters coming under
the jurisdiction of that Court. The University appoints two
Clerks or the Market who have to examine the quality
and price of provision, and attend to the weights and measures
used in the market. These constitute the principal governing
Members of the University.

XXIV HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY.
monly by the undergraduates, the " Little Go;" and
the succeeding, the Public Examination, or as it is
termed in University language, the " Great Go."
Responsions take place from the sixth to the ninth
term of the student's residence ; this examination
includes the Classics and Logic, or the elements of
Euclid. The Public Examination must be undergone
soon after entering the fourth year of residence, and
consists of exercises in the rudiments of Religion,
including a knowledge of the Gospels in the original
Greek, the Classics, Rhetoric, Moral Philosophy,
Logic, and Latin Composition ; to which the Candi
date, who is seeking honours, adds Mathematics and
Natural Philosophy. The names of the Members
who have passed their public examination are printed
and arranged under four heads, termed Classes. Those
who have distinguished themselves are placed in one
of the four Classes, and those who have passed only
an ordinary examination are entitled to a degree, but
their names are not published. Those who are found
imperfect, the Examiners reject — or " Pluck." The
first degree is Bachelor of Arts, from thence proceed
ing to Master of Arts, thence to Bachelor in Divinity,
or Civil Law, and finally to that of Doctor in either of
those faculties.
A Gentleman to he admitted a Member of the Uni
versity, must wait on the Vice-Chancellor, and inform
him whether he is the son of a Nobleman, Baronet,
Gentleman, or Plebeian ; subscribe to the Thirty-Nine
Articles ; pay his entrance or matriculation fee, and
take an oath of obedience to the Statutes of the Uni
versity, a copy of which he receives at the time of
admission.

DRESSES OF THE MEMBERS.

The Members of the University wear dresses according
to \heir rank and degree. The Doctor in Divinity has
three academical dresses : the first consists of a gown of
scarlet cloth, with black velvet sleeves and facings, a
cassock, sash, and scarf; the second is a habit of scarlet
cloth, and a hood of the same colour, lined with black,
and a black silk scarf; the Master of Arts' gown is
worn under this dress. The third, which is the usual
dress in which a Doctor in Divinity appears, is a Master
of Arts' gown, with cassock, sash, and scarf.
Graduates in Law and Physic wear dresses nearly alike.
The Doctor has three ; — the first is a gown of scarlet
cloth, with pink silk facings and sleeves, and a round
cap of black velvet ; the second consists of a habit and
hood of scarlet cloth, the hood lined, and the habit faced
with pink silk ; this habit is seldom used, except by the
Professors, and in presenting to degrees. The third, or
usual dress of a Doctor in Law or Physic, is a black
silk gown, richly ornamented with black lace ; the hood
of the Bachelor in Law, worn as a dress, is of purple
silk lined with fur.
The dress worn by the Doctor of Music, on public
occasions, is of white damask silk, with hood, facings,
and sleeves of crimson satin, and a round cap of black
velvet. The ordinary dresses of Doctor and Bachelor
in Music are similar to those of Law and Physic.
The dress of a Master of Arts is a black gown, made
of Prince's stuff or crape, with long sleeves, having a
circular cut at the bottom ; the hood is of black silk,
lined with crimson.
The gown of a Bachelor of Arts is of Prince's stuff,
or crape, has a full sleeve, looped up at the elbow, which
c

XXVI DRESSES OF THE MEMBERS.
terminates with a point ; the dress-hood is of black silk,
trimmed with fur. Noblemen and Gentlemen-Com
moners, who graduate as Bachelors and Masters of Arts,
wear silk gowns.
Noblemen have two dresses: the first is a gown of
purple damask silk, ornamented with gold lace, which
is worn on public occasions ; the second is of black
silk, with full sleeves, and a tippet attached to the
shoulders ; a square black velvet cap, with gold tassel,
is worn with these dresses.
The dress gown of the Gentleman-Commoner is of
black silk, richly ornamented with silk tassels ; the un
dress g'own is also of black silk, plaited at the sleeves ;
with both these dresses is worn a square black velvet
cap, with silk tassel.
The Commoner wears a gown of black Prince's stuff,
without sleeves, it has a broad strip from each shoulder,
reaching to the bottom of the dress, which are gathered
into plaits near the top ; a square black cloth cap, with
silk tassel.
A Civilian or Student in Civil Law, wears a plain
black silk gown, square cloth cap, with silk tassel.
Members on any foundation, who have not taken a
degree, wear a plain black gown of Prince's stuff, with
full sleeves, half the length of the gown, and a square
black cloth cap, with silk tassel.
The dress of the Servitor is similar to that of the
Commoner, except that it has no plaits at the shoulder,
and the cap has no tassel.
The Chancellor's dress-robe is of black damask silk,
splendidly ornamented with gold embroidery, a lace
band, and square velvet cap, with gold tassel ; his un
dress-robe is the same as the gown of a Doctor in
Divinity. The Vice-Chancellor and the Governors of the Col-

OXFORD TERMS. XXVli
leges and Halls have no particular dress, but each wears
that of a Doctor of the faculty to which he belongs.
The Proctors wear gowns of Prince's stuff, with
facings and sleeves of black velvet ; and a small tippet
is attached to the left shoulder ; to this dress is added,
on particular occasions, a large ermine hood.
The dress of the Pro-Proctors is a Master of Arts'
gown faced with velvet ; a tippet is attached to the left
shoulder. There are six Bedels ; three called Esquire Bedels,
and three called Yeoman Bedels. The Esquire Bedels
carry gold staves, and wear silk gowns, similar to those
worn by a Bachelor of Law, and round velvet caps.
The Yeoman Bedels carry silver staves, and wear black
stuff gowns, and round silk caps. These Officers walk
before the Vice-Chancellor in procession.
The Verger, who walks first in procession, has a dress
nearly similar to that of the Yeoman Bedel, and carries
a silver rod.
The Vice-Chancellor is commonly preceded by the
Yeoman Bedel, with his staff.
On all public occasions bands are considered a neces
sary appendage to the academic dress

OXFORD TERMS.
There are four Terms in the year, viz. : —
Michaelmas Term, from October 10 until December 17.
Hilary Term, from January 14 to the day before Palm Sunday,
except that day should be a Festival, then the Term ends on
the Monday following.
Easter Term, from the 1 Oth day after Easter Sunday until the
Saturday before Whit-Sunday.
Trinity Term, from "Wednesday after Whit- Sunday until the
first Saturday in July.

ROUTE
THROUGH THE
UNIVERSITY AND CITY OF OXFORD.
From the Star Hotel, Corn Market Street; Mitre Inn, and Vine
Inn, High Street; Three Cups Inn, Queen Street; Golden Cross,
Roebuck, and Three Goats Inns, Corn Market Street. (From
King's Arms Inn, proceed up Broad Street.)
In Corn Market Street is St. Michael's Church, and north of it
St. Mary Magdalen Church, and the Martyrs' Memorial, left
of which is Beaumont Street, where is Sir Robert Taylor's
Institution and the University Galleries, and Worcester
College.
On leaving Worcester College turn on the left and proceed up
Walton Place to the New University Printing Office — pass
up Observatory Street to the Observatory — Radcliffe Infir
mary — and St. Giles's Church.
Continue down St. Giles's Street to St. John's College.
Proceed into Broad Street to Balliol College and Trinity
College.
Opposite Trinity College is Turl Street, in which are Exeter,
Lincoln, and Jesus Colleges.
Return into Broad Street to the Museum — Theatre — Clarendon ,
(formerly the University Printing Office.)
Opposite to which is Park Street, where is Wadham College.
Return into Catherine Street, proceed to New College, — return
into Catherine Street to St. Mary Magdalen Hall.
Through a gate opposite the west front is the Schools — Bod
leian Library, Picture Gallery, and Divinity School.
South of the Schools is the Radcliffe Library and Brasenose
College.
Pass into the High Street, where is St. Mary's Church — All
Souls' College — University College — Queen's College — St.
Edmund Hall — St. Peter's-in-the-East Church and Mag
dalen College.
Opposite Magdalen College is the Botanic Garden.
Return up the High Street to King Street, which leads to
Alban Hall — Merton College and Corpus Christi College.
Opposite the latter is Oriel College.
Proceed up Oriel Street to St. Mary Hall.
Return to Christ Church, which faces Merton Street.
Leave Christ Church through the front gate, opposite to which
is Pembroke College and St. Aldate's Church.
Proceed up St. Aldate's Street, in which is the Town Hall.
Continue straight on to Carfax, where is St. Martin's Church.

OFFICERS AND COUNCILLORS

CITY AND BOROUGH OF OXFORD.
Mayor, C. J. Sadler, Esq., Alderman. — High Steward, The
Duke of Marlborough. — Recorder, Mr. Sergeant Manning.
City Representatives, J. H. Langston, Esq. & W. P. Wood, Esq.
Magistrates, The Mayor, W. H. Butler, T. Taylor, J. S.
Browning, L. Wyatt, W. Thorp, T. Ensworth, and J.
Parsons, Esqrs.
Aldermen, — W. H. Butler, C. J. Sadler, J. S. Browning, J.
Wyatt, W. Thorp, J. Thorp, L. Wyatt, R. C. Godfrey G. H.
Warburton, and W. Ward.  Sfieriff, Mr. J. C. Dudley.
COUNCILLORS.
Central Ward — All Saints and St. Mary Magdalen. — Messrs.
T. Mallam, R. J. Spiers, J. Coleman, J. Wyatt, jun. R. Cox,
and J. B. Floyd.
North Ward — St. Thomas', St. Giles' and Binsey. — Messrs.
J. Cox, I. T. Dobney, W. Glover, J. Collins, T. Joy, and
J. Pike.
South Ward — St. Aldate's, North Hinclcsey, St. Peter-le-
Bailey, St. Mary the Virgin, and St. John's. — Messrs. I.
Grubb, F. Telfer, J. Hastings, J. Towle, J. Wickens, and
W. Ringrose.
West Ward — St. Martin's, St. Michael's, and St. Ebbe's, —
Messrs. J. C. Dudley, J. Warne, W. Bruton, G. Guy, C. A.
Green, and W. Albutt.
East Ward — St. Peter in-the-East, Holywell, St. Clement,
Cowley, Headington and King's Mill. — Messrs. W. Thompson,
E. J. Tarry, J. Matthew, W. Wise, H. Purdue, and E.
Dore.
Town Clerk and Clerk of the Peace, and Registrar of the Borough
Court, George P. Hester, Esq.
Solicitor, Percival Walsh, Esq.— Treasurer, Mr. Robert Haines.
Coroner, W. Brunner, Esq. — Deputy Coroner, G. P. Hester, Esq.
Auditors § Assessors, Messrs. John Looker and Henry Jacob.
Ward Assessors— Central Ward, Messrs. R. H. Chilton and
C. Brown.— North Ward, Messrs. G. Read and D. N.
Margetts— South Ward, Messrs. J. G. Betteris and H. J.
Ovenell.— West Ward, Messrs. H. Jacob and R.W. Bristow.
— East Ward, Messrs J. Brockliss and R. Redhead.
Clerk to the Magistrates. Mr. H. Jacob.
Mace Bearer, Mr. Charles Foster.

\XX OFFICERS OF THE UNIVERSITY.
'.fayor's Sergeant, F. Varney.
heriff's Sergeant, G. Cook.
¦ ity Marshal, T. Lucas.
Governor of the City Gaol, G. Bossom.
' -haplain of the City Gaol, Rev. G. A. Browne, M.A., Mag. Coll.
¦¦urgeon of the City Gaol, Mr. Rusher.
,!ity Cryer, Edward Weatherstone, 7, St. Aldate's.
BANKERS.
.Messrs. Robinson, Parsons, and Thomson, High Street, on
Messrs. Coutts and Co. 59, Strand.
llessrs. Morrell, High Street, on Messrs. Jones, Loyd, and Co.
43, Lothbury.
T.iessrs. Wootten and Co., St. Aldate's, on Messrs. Masterman
and Co., 35, Nicholas Lane.
London and County Banking Company, 21, Lombard Street,
Branch of, High Street.
OFFICERS OF THE UNIVERSITY.
Chancellor, His Grace the Duke of Wellington, D.C.L., 1834,
High Steward, the Earl of Devon, D.C.L., 1838.
Deputy Steward, Hon. John Chetwynd Talbot, M.A., Ch. Ch.
3urgesses, Sir R. H. Inglis, Bart., D.C.L., Ch. Ch., and Right
Hon. W. E. Gladstone, M.A., Ch. Ch.
Vice-Chancellor, F. C. Plumptre, D.D., Master of University.
Proctors, Rev. G. Marshall, Ch. Ch., and Rev. J. E.
Henderson, Magdalen College.
Registrar of the University and of the Chancellor's Court, Rev.
P. Bliss, D.C.L., Office, Clarendon, Broad Street.
Assessor, J. R. Kenyon, D.C.L. All Souls' College.
Proctors of the Vice- Chancellor's Court, Rev. L. E. Judge, M.A.,
St. Giles's, and W. Scoltock, M.A., Ch. Ch.
Esquire Bedels, H. Forster, M.A., New College, Divinity;
G. V. Cox, M.A., Physic and Arts ; W. W. Harrison, B. A.,
Brasenose College, Law.
Yeoman Bedels, J. Pillinger, Divinity ; H. S. Harper, Physic
and Arts ; J. P. Shepperd, Law.
Solicitor, Baker Morrell, Esq.
Organist, Dr. Elvey.
Clerk of the Schools, W. Sims. — Divinity Clerk, J. Pater. —
Bailiff, W. Perkins. — Verger, M. Holliday.
Marshal, Thomas B. Brown, 14, St. Giles's Road.

PROFESSORS. XXxi
PROFESSORS, &c.
Regius Professor of Divinity, W. Jacobson, D.D., Canon of
Christ Church.
Regius Professor of Civil Law, J. Phillimore, D.C.L., Ch. Ch.
Regius Professor of Medicine, J. Kidd, D.M., Christ Church.
Regius Professor of Hebrew, E. B. Pusey, D.D., Canon of
Christ Church.
Regius Professor of Greek, Very Rev. the Dean of Ch. Ch.
Regius Professor of Pastoral Theology, C. A. Ogilvie, D.D.,
Canon of Christ Church.
Regius Professor of Ecclesiastical History, R. Hussey, B.D.,
Christ Church.
Margaret Professor of Divinity, G. Fausset, D.D., Canon of
Christ Church.
Professor of Natural Philosophy, G. L. Cooke, B.D., Corpus
Christi College.
Savilian Professor of Geometry, Rev. B. Powell, M.A., Oriel.
Savilian Professor of Astronomy, W. F. Donkin, M.A., Uni
versity College.
Professor of Moral Philosophy, J. M. Wilson, M.A., Corpus
Christi College.
Camden's Professor of Ancient History, E. Cardwell, D.D.,
Principal of St. Alban Hall.
Professor of Music, Sir H. R. Bishop, B.M., Magdalen Coll.
Archbishop Laud's Professor of Arabic, S. Keay, B.D,, Alban
Hall.
Regius and Sherardian Professor of Botany, C. G. B. Daubeny,
D.M., Magdalen College.
Professor of Poetry, James Garbett, M.A. Brasenose College.
Regius Professor of Modern History, H. H.Vaughan, M.A. Oriel.
Anglo Saxon Professor, J. Earle, M.A., Oriel College.
Vinerian Professor of Common Law, J. R. Kenyon, D.C.L.,
All Souls' College.
Lord Litchfield 's Clinical Professor, J.A. Ogle, D.M.Trinity Coll.
Lord Almoner's Prcelector in Arabic, J. D. Macbride, D.C.L.,
Principal of Magdalen Hall.
Aldrichian Professor of Medicine, J. A. Ogle, D.M. Trinity Coll.
AMrichian Professor of Chemistry, C. G. B. Daubeny, D.M.,
Magdalen College.
Aldrichian Professor of Anatomy. J. Kidd, D.M., Christ Church.
Drummond" s Professor of Political Economy, N. W. Senior,
M.A., Magdalen College.

XXXII HEADS OF COLLEGES AND HALLS.
Boden Professor of Sanscrit, H. H. Wilson, M.A. Exeter Coll.
Lee's Lecturer in Anatomy, H. W. Acland, D.M., late Fellow
of All Souls'
Reader in Experimental Philosophy, Rev. Robert Walker, M.A.,
Wadham College.
Reader in Mineralogy, W. Buckland, D.D., Christ Church.
Reader in Geology, W. Buckland, D.D. Christ Church.
Prcelectorship of Logic, H. Wall, M.A., Balliol College.
Dean Ireland's Exequetical Professor, E. Hawkins, D.D., Oriel.
Professor of Modern European Languages, F. H. Frithen, Ph.Dr.
Public Orator, R. Michel, B .D., Magdalen Hall.
Curators of the Theatre, B. P. Symons, D.D., Wadham College,
and P. Wynter, D.D., St. John's College.
Bodleian Librarian, B. Bandinel, D.D., New College.
Keeper of the Archives, Rev. P. Bliss, D.C.L., St. Mary Hall.
Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum, P. B. Duncan, M.A., New
College.
Radcliffe Librarian, J. Kidd, D.M., Christ Church.
Radcliffe Observer, M. J. Johnson, M.A. Magdalen Hall.
HEADS OF COLLEGES AND HALLS.
All Souls', Rev. L. Sneyd, M.A., Warden, 1827 .—Balliol, R.
Jenkyns, D.D., Master, 1819. — Brasenose, R. Harington,
D.D., Principal, 1842.— Christ Church, T. Gaisford, D.D.,
Dean, 1831. — Corpus Christi, J. Norris, D.D., President,
1843.— Exeter, J. L. Richards, D.D., Rector, 1838.— Jesus,
H. Foulkes, D.D., Principal, 1817.— Lincoln, J. Radford,
D.D., Rector, 1834.— Magdalene, M. J. Routh, D.D., Presi
dent, 1791. — Merton, R. Marsham, D.C.L., Warden, 1826.
—New, D. Williams, D.C.L., Warden, 1840.— Oriel, E.
Hawkins, D.D., Provost, 1828.— Pembroke, F. Jeune,
D.C.L., Master, 1843.— Queen's, J. Fox, D.D., Provost,
1827.— St. John's, P. Wynter. D.D., President, 1828.—
Trinity, J. Ingram, D.D., President, 1824.— University, F.
C. Plumptre, D.D., Master, 1836.— Wadham. B. P. Symonds,
D.D., Warden, 1831.— Worcester, R. L. Cotton, D.D., Pro
vost, 1839.— Alban Hall, E. Cardwell, D.D., Principal, 1831.
Edmund Hall, W. Thompson, M.A., Principal, 1843.—
Magdalen Hall, J. D. Macbride, D.C.L. Principal, 1813.—
New-Inn Hall, H. Wellesley, D.D., Principal, 1847.— St.
Mary Hall, P. Bliss, D.C.L., Principal, 1848.

THE
STRANGER'S GUIDE.
MAGDALEN COLLEGE.—!.
Built on the site and lands of the dissolved Hospital of
St. John the Baptist.1
Founded in 1457, by William Patten,b Bishop of Winches
ter, Head Master of Winchester and Eton Colleges, Provost
a It appears that this was not the first Hospital in this
situation. It is recorded that in 1233, Henry III. rebuilt, on
an enlarged plan, the original Hospital, and dedicated it to
St. John the Baptist, after Ms father's name, and also in
honour of the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. Henry
likewise chartered the Society. The Hospital and grounds
extended from East-bridge to East-gate, on both sides of the
street, and its burial-ground was on the site now occupied by
the Botanic Garden. This comprehended the area, or court,
where the Jews then buried their dead, with all the appur
tenances thereunto belonging, from East-bridge, and a spot
called Parry's or Paris Isle, (which latter name is still given
to the meadow eastward of the College buildings, insulated
by the waters of the Cherwell,) to the East-gate, on both
sides of the street, with all the buildings, then recently con
structed, or in any way belonging to the said Hospital,
in and without the borough of Oxford. St. John's Hospital
was dissolved in 1456, and surrendered to William Patten,
Bishop of Winchester, (a man deservedly in favour with
Henry VI.,) who had obtained a license from his royal
master to build a College on the site of it. He, however,
proceeded in the erection with extreme caution ; not a
stone was laid till 1473, when every legal matter had been
carefully adjusted; nor was he satisfied till his new foun
dation had received the confirmation of two Popes. In
1479, the first statutes were delivered to the Society ; and in
1481, the founder visited his College, bringing with him
many books and manuscripts. This venerable prelate, who
quitted his exalted station as Lord High Chancellor to give
his attention to the advancement of piety and learning, had,
previous to establishing Magdalen College, founded a Hall
near University College.
b William Patten was born at a village in Lincolnshire,
called Waynflete. Hence he was frequently styled William
of Waynflete.

2 MAGDALEN COLLEGE  TOWER.
of Eton, and Lord High Chancellor of England, in the reign
of Henry VI.
Foundation — President, 40 Fellows, 30 Scholars, (called
Demies,a) 4 Chaplains, 8 Clerks, an Organist, 16 Choristers,
a Schoolmaster, and an Usher. There are also other Members
not on the Foundation. The number of Members on the
College books is about 180.
This College is very richly endowed.
Visitor — Bishop of Winchester.
Places worthy of inspection — The Chapel, Hall, and Walks.
Renovmed Characters who were Members of this College —
Cardinal Wolsey ; Lilly, the grammarian ; Fox, the martyr-
ologist ; Cooper, the lexicographer ; Hammond ; Heylyn ;
Hampden ; Thomas Smith ; Addison ; Collins ; Holdsworth ;
Gibbon ; Horbery ; Townson ; Home ; Chandler ; Hough,
bishop of Winchester, (celebrated for his consistent resist
ance to the tyranny of James II.,) &c. This College has
produced two Cardinals, four Archbishops, nearly forty
Bishops, thirty- two Governors of high attainments, &c.
*** Porter's Lodge — Right hand corner of the entrance
gateway. b
This noble establishment has always maintained
a very high rank in the annals of the University.
The whole site extends over about 100 acres of
ground ; the buildings covering nearly 1 1 acres, and
the rest divided into the beautiful Water-Walk,
Gardens, Grove, &c. Rising majestically over
the whole is the elegant Tower, which attracts
the instant attention and admiration of all visitors
by the eastern entrance to the city. This structure
* Demies, so called from having been originally entitled to
half commons only.
h It may be well to state for the use of visitors not ac
companied by a personal guide, that on enquiry at the porters'
lodges of the various Colleges, they will learn where to find
the persons appointed to show the different parts thereof.

MAGDALEN COLLEGE  GATEWAY. 3
was commenced in 1492, and completed about
1505, and is about 150 feet in height. It was
originally intended to stand alone, but became
gradually connected with the surrounding build
ings. It contains a fine peal of ten richly-toned
bells.a The entrance to the College is through a gate
way in the Gothic style, erected in 1844, from
a design by Mr. Pugin. The exterior richly-
canopied niches are filled by figures of St. Mary
Magdalene in the centre, St. John the Baptist on
the left, and on the right is the Founder, William
of Waynflete, in .his robes and mitre, having
a richly-ornamented crozier in his hand. These
are separated by the English Arms in the reign of
Henry VI., and those of the Founder. The fol
lowing is the translation of the Latin inscription
over the gate : — " He that is mighty hath done
for me great things, and holy is his name." The
niche in the interior is ornamented with a figure
of the Virgin and Child ; and the whole gateway
is surmounted by a beautifully-finished cross.
Upon entering the court, the eye meets some
points of great architectural beauty. Opposite
the entrance is the west window of the Chapel,
with a rather curious shallow porch, over which

* The reigning monarch at the time of the erection was
Henry VII. ; and there is a tradition that formerly, on every
May-day morning, a requiem for his soul was sung upon the
top of the Tower in commemoration of his visit to the College
in 1488. The custom of chanting a hymn, written for the
occasion, in the same place, on the 1st of May, at five o'clock
in the morning, is still preserved, and a collation is prepared
for all those who take part in the ceremony. For this the
Rectory of Slymbridge, in Gloucestershire, pays £10 annually.
b2

4 MAGDALEN COLLEGE.
are five figures in niches, representing St. John
the Baptist, Edward IV., St. Mary Magdalene,
St. Swithune, and the Founder. On the extreme
right is a curious stone pulpit, from which the
University Sermon was formerly preached on St.
John's day.3 The sermon is now delivered an
nually, before the University, in the Ante-Chapel.
To the left, joining the court or garden of the
President's lodgings,b is a very ancient and
beautifully-proportioned Gothic tower and gate
way, now disused, but which was formerly the
entrance to the College. Above the gateway, on
each side of an oriel window, belonging to the
Founder's chamber, which is 'there situated, are
canopied statues of St. Mary Magdalene, St.
John the Baptist, Henry III., and the Founder,
kneeling. To the left of the entrance to the Cloisters is a
curious stained window, composed of very minute
pieces of glass;0 and to the right is the door of
the Chapel, which, if not the finest, is certainly
* The Hospital of St. .John the Baptist having been, dedi
cated on this day, the anniversary, was celebrated by a large
concourse 6f people, including the University authorities, for
whom seats, were placed ; the walls and ground being adorned
and covered with flowers, boughs, arid rushes, in com
memoration of the preaching of St. John in the wilderness.
b The houses of the heads of Colleges are thus called.
c Beneath this window, in the- Cloisters, is buried Mr.
Grantham, formerly master to the College School, whose me
lancholy, end many at the present day will remember, It
is conjectured that on retiring to rest, he was in the act
of shutting his window, when, over-balancing himself, he fell
into the grove beneath, where he was found dead the next
morning, surrounded by the deer, who were greatly attached
to him from his habitual kindness to them— the only wit
nesses of his sad fate.

¦MZg-.'k

. ' ^Magdalen, College-.}

MAGDALEN COLLEGE  ANTE-CHAPEL. 5
one of the most beautiful in the University.3 In
the Ante-Chapel there are two beautiful Corin
thian pillars, and some elegant monuments, one
of which, on the left of the organ, was erected to
the memory of two brothers, named Lyttleton,
who were drowned, one by endeavouring to save
a This magnificent edifice, according to the opinions of the
historian, Anthony a Wood, was finished in the reign of
Edward the Fourth, though other authors give a much later
date. Many of the ancient decorations which still remain,
are, undoubtedly, unrivalled specimens of the sculpture
of the loth century. Previous to its completion the Members
of the College attended divine service in the Church of
St. Peter-in-the-East. Like most ecclesiastical buildings,
especially in Oxford, this Chapel has undergone many
vicissitudes since its first erection, though it appears to have
retained, throughout, much of its original character. Early
in the reforming sixteenth century, it was despoiled of its
costly decorations, though an attempt was made to restore
them between the years 1629 and 1635, when it was furnish
ed with richly-gilt and painted panelling and wainscoting,
and a handsome screen of oak. The west end, or Ante-Chapel,
was also embellished with new windows of the best painted
glass of the time. The floor of the Inner Chapel was taken
up and replaced by a new one, but the numerous inscriptions
thereon were carefully distributed over the surface of the
walls, and on the floor of the Ante-Chapel. A new organ
was likewise provided at the same time, but all to little purpose ;
for on the 19th of May, 1649, Cromwell and the parliamentary
generals having been invited to dine in the hall, with the
new president, Dr. Wilkinson, their followers under the
sanction of their leaders, in return for this well-intentioned
kindness, committed the grossest outrages upon the College
property. The figure of the Virgin was taken from the
gateway, the painted windows were torn out, and trampled
under foot, and the organ was removed by Cromwell's order
to Hampton Court, where it remained until the restoration.
In the year 1740, the Chapel was considerably repaired from
the injury it had sustained. The eight windows of the
transept, painted by Greenbury, were removed into the choir,
and those of the .Ante- Chapel filled with the portraits above
described; — a new organ introduced — and the Ante-Chapel
paved with Portland stone. But it was not till the year 1833,
that the whole was restored to its original splendour, under
the able direction of Mr. Cottingham of London ; everything
being then executed in the best manner.
b3

0 MAGDALEN COLLEGE  CHAPEL.
the other, in the river Cherwell. The great west
window was originally painted, in chiar oscuro,
after a design by Christopher Schwartz, and was
repaired in 1740, at the enormous sum of £800 :
it represents the Last Judgment. The other
windows contain figures of St. John, (over which
is represented the Baptism of Christ,) St. Mary
Magdalene, (above which is our Saviour's appear
ance to St. Mary in the Garden,) Kings Henry
III. and IV., and Bishops Fox, Waynflete, and
Wykeham, and Cardinal Wolsey, founders of
Colleges in the University.
Proceeding to the Chapel the visitor's atten
tion is first directed to the handsome Grecian
Altar, of the Corinthian order, which is approached
by steps of solid marble. The Altar-Piece is
an exquisite picture of Christ bearing His Cross,
brought from Vigo, in 1702, and which, though
at various times attributed to Guido, Ludovico
Caracci, Murillo, and Moralez (called El Divino),
is now very generally supposed to have been
executed by Ribalta, a master of equal celebrity.
Above the Altar, is a representation, in stone,
of Christ appearing to Mary in the Garden, by a
pupil of Sir Francis Chantrey. The space be
tween this and the Altar is enriched with some
chastely-designed sculptured marble. The little
chapel on the left of the communion-table has
been admirably restored, and in it is very appro
priately deposited an alabaster tomb of Richard
Patten, the founder's father, brought from the
church of All Saints, at Waynflete, in Lincoln
shire, now demolished.

MAGDALEN COLLEGE — CLOISTERS. 7
In the Choir, which is paved with Dorsetshire
marble, there are ten windows; each of these
contains six figures, in chiar oscuro, represent
ing the Apostles, Primitive Fathers, Saints, and
Martyrs. Near the centre of the Chapel is a large brass
eagle, whose extended wings form a desk, from
which the daily lessons of the service are read.
It was placed in the Choir in 1633. The Altar-
screen, oak seats, and stalls, are beautifully finish
ed ; and the Organ-screen, of Painswick stone, is
richly carved with suitable devices. Adjoining
the latter are the seats of the President and Vice-
President; they are extremely handsome, being
constructed of splendidly-carved oak. The organ
is a richly-toned instrument of great power.
Cathedral service is performed here twice every
day, at the hours of 10 a.m., and 4 p.m., except
on Sundays and Holydays, when the morning
service commences at 8 o'clock.
From the Chapel we proceed into the Cloisters,
which encompass the great Quadrangle, and from
having been much restored to their original state,
present a good general effect. The interior of the
Quadrangle is adorned with grotesque figures and
hieroglyphics, amusingly described in a Latin
manuscript, called " CEdipus Magdalenensis," in
the College Library ; written at the request of
Dr. Clark, the President, by a Mr. Reeks, one of
the Fellows of the College, whose intention seems
to have been to exhibit them as emblems of a
system of morals which must furnish a society,

8 MAGDALEN COLLEGE  HALL.
devoted to learning and religion, with a most
instructive lesson.3
The Hall, a grand and well - proportioned
room, is situated at the south-east corner of the
CIoisters.b A flight of stone steps forms the
1 The following is a translated extract from this manuscript :
" Beginning from the south-west corner, the first two figures
we meet with are the Lion and the Pelican. The former of
these is the emblem of Courage and Vigilance, the latter of
Parental Tenderness and Affection. Both of them together
express to us the complete character of a good governor of a
College. Accordingly they are placed under the windows of
those lodgings which, originally, belonged to the President,
as the instruction they convey ought particularly to regulate
his conduct.
" Going on to the right hand, on the other side of the gate
way, are four figures, viz. the Schoolmaster, the Lawyer, the
Physician, and the Divine. These are ranged along the out
side of the Library, and represent the duties and business of
the students of the house. By means of learning in general,
they are to be introduced to one of the three learned profes
sions, or else, as is hinted to us by the figure with Cap and
Bells in the corner, they must turn out Fools in the end.
" We come now to the north side of the Quadrangle, and
here the first three figures represent the history of David, his
conquest over the Lion and Goliah, from whence we are taught,
not to be discouraged at any difficulties that may stand in our
way, as the vigour of youth will easily enable us to surmount
them. The next figure to these is the Hippopotamos, or River
Horse, carrying his young one upon his shoulders. This is the
emblem of a good Tutor, or Fellow of a College, who is set to
watch over the youth of the Society, and by whose prudence
they are to be led through the dangers of their first entrance
into the world. The figure immediately following represents
Sobriety, or Temperance, that most necessary virtue of a Col
legiate life. The whole remaining train of figures are the Vices
we are instructed to avoid. Those next to Temperance are the
opposite Vices of Gluttony and Drunkenness. Then follow the
Lucanthropos, the Hycena, and Panther, representing Violence,
Fraud, and Treachery ; the Griffin, representing Covetousness,
and the next figure Anger, or Moroseness. The Dog, the
Dragon, the Deer, — Flattery, Envy, and Timidity ; and the last
three, the Mantichora, the Boxers, and the Lamia, — Pride,
Contention, and Lust."
b The old-fashioned Kitchen, built on a portion of St.
John's Hospital, is also situated in this direction. It is
well worthy of a few moments' inspection.

MAGDALEN COLLEGE — HALL. 9
ascent; and an oak screen v/ith double doors
leaves ample space between the Hall and the
Buttery. Opposite, on the top of the landing-
place, is an elliptical arch, with fluted Ionic pilas
ters, which correspond with those forming the
divisions of the panel-work in the interior.
Above this is an oblong panel tastefully decorated
with the arms of James I. in the centre, with
those of Prince Henry and the College on either
side ; being intended as a memorial of the royal
visit in 1605, and the matriculation of the Prince
as a member of the society. The room has an
oriel window on the north side, to the right of
the high table, and is wainscoted with oak, and
ornamented with armorial bearings, and the fol
lowing portraits : commencing on the left, are
Colet, Dean of St. Paul's, — Prince Rupert — Dr. Home, Bp.
of Norwich, and formerly President — Cardinal Wolsey,1 for
merly a Fellow. Over the high table, top row, — Mr. Freman
— Bishop Waynflete, the Founder — and Dr. Butler, formerly
President : (below) — Addison, formerly a Fellow, — and Dr.
Sacheverell, also a Fellow. On the right of the oriel window,
Cardinal Pole," gentleman commoner of the College— Dr.
Hough, formerly President11— Henry, Prince of Wales, eldest
son of James I. — Bp. Fox, founder of C. C. O— Dr. Warner,
Bp. of Rochester — Dr. Boulter, Archbishop of Armagh — Dr.
Hammond — St. Mary Magdalene, an original picture.
a Of Cardinals Pole and Wolsey it was said that " One could
be Pope but would not, the other would be Pope but could
not." b John Hough, Bishop of Worcester, stands proudly pre
eminent, as connected with this College. His firm resistance
of the tyrannical commissioners of James II., led, as Hume
admits, to important consequences. Perhaps the glorious
revolution of 1688, may be attributed in a great degree to the
noble conduct of those, whom an apostate member of the
College stigmatized as the " Monks of Magdalene." They
almost unanimously supported the cause of their injured and

10 MAGDALEN COLLEGE  LIBRARY.
At the upper end there are some curious figures
carved in the wainscot, in nine compartments.
They are mostly illustrative of the history of
St. Mary Magdalene, and represent
1 . — St. Mary Magdalene anointing the feet of our Saviour. 2. —
Christ sitting between Martha and Mary at a table : over
them on a scroll, " Martha solicita es, turbaris erga plurima,
Maria optimam partem elegit ;" (Martha thou art careful,
thou art troubled about many things ; Mary hath chosen
the best part ;) beneath, the date, 1541. 3. — Mary anoint
ing our Saviour's head. 4. — Royal Arms. 5. — Henry VIII.
6. — Prince's plume. Over the second row are inscribed
the 16th and 17th verses of the 3rd chapter of Colossians,
in Latin. 7. — The Lord appearing to Mary after his Re
surrection; inscribed on scrolls, " Noli me tangere," (Touch
me not;) and " Rabboni," (My Master). 8. — Mary in
forming the disciples of Christ's appearance, and an inscrip
tion, on a scroll, " Vidi Dominum," (I have seen the Lord).
9. — St. John the Baptist and Mary.
The Library is a modern restoration, and
occupies the western side of the Quadrangle. It
is a well-proportioned, though not a lofty room.
The extensive and valuable collection of Books are
arranged in large and handsome stalls of the best
English oak. At the end of the room is a bay

insulted President, whose name will be remembered with ho
nour and gratitude, as long as it shall be esteemed a virtue in
public men to maintain their chartered rights and privileges,
against the encroachments of arbitrary power. Relying with
perfect confidence on the general issue of the case, Hough dis
regarded the sentence of deprivation, though enforced by the
overawing accompaniment of three troops of horse ; and in
the presence of His Majesty's commissioners, assembled in
the Common-Room of Magdalene College, he uttered these
memorable words, which deserve to be recorded in letters of
gold : — " My Lords, I do hereby protest against all your
proceedings ; and against all that you have done, or
hereafter shall do, in prejudice OE me and my rights ;
AS ILLEGAL, UNJUST, AND NULL J AND, THEREFORE, I APPEAL
TO MY SOVEREIGN LORD, THE KlNO, IN HIS COURTS OF JUSTICE."

MAGDALEN COLLEGE  NEW BUILDING. 11
window, to the right and left of which are beauti
ful busts, in white marble, on handsome pedestals,
of Locke and Bacon, by E. H. Bailey. Over
the entrance is a Portrait of the Founder. On
the panels of the book-cases, hang copies of the
celebrated Portraits by Vandyck, in the possession
of the Duke of Buccleuch. They are the only
copies known, and were painted by the permission
of their noble owner, by a very promising young
artist, of the name of White, who died at an early
age, and by whose father they were presented to
the College.
Through a narrow passage in the north side of
the cloisters, we pass to the New Building, 300
feet in length, which consists of three stories of
handsome apartments, the whole front being sup
ported by a Cloistral Arcade.1 These apartments,
together with those on the north and east sides of
the great quadrangle, form handsome and con
venient lodgings for the members. To the left of
this building is a small but beautifully picturesque
Grove, studded with fine old elm trees, beneath
which a number of deer are constantly gam-
boling.b This, and the celebrated and serenely-

3 The New Building was founded in 1733, after a design
by Edward Holdsworth, M.A., a Fellow of the College. It
must be confessed that it is not much in character with the
rest of this antiquated pile of buildings ; and it certainly
cannot be a. source of regret that Holdsworth's design for an
entire new College on the ruins of the old one, and which
may be seen in the Oxford Almanack, for the year 1731, was
not carried into effect.
b Bounding this is the old second or outer wall of defence
to the City. It may be interesting to bring to the recollection of
the reader, the noble conduct of the citizens and students in
standing boldly against the usurper Cromwell, in defence of

12 BOTANIC GARDEN.
shaded Water- Walk, situate on the banks of the
Cherwell, (the entrance to which is through an
iron gate to the right of the New Quadrangle,)
together form rural scenes unsurpassed in Oxford.
The latter is delightfully screened from the heat
of the sun's rays, by the shade of the lofty trees,
which, arching across the walks, overhang the
river's banks. A part of it is known as Addison's
Walk, where the poet, when a member of this
society, passed much of his time, and is supposed
to have designed many of his fine prose and
poetic writings. At one end of this walk is a
rustic Water Mill, and at the summit the stranger
is gratified with a fine view of St. Clement's
Church, and its vicinity.
Retracing our steps to the entrance of the
College, opposite its noble Tower are the
BOTANIC GARDENS.
The ground on which this beauteous combina
tion of Nature and Art now stands was used as a
burial place by the Jews, who at one time in
habited Oxford in great numbers; but early in
the 1 7th century it was purchased from Magda
len College, for its present purpose, by the Right
Hon. Henry D'Anvers, Earl of Danby, and
Gentleman Commoner of Christ Church, who
was the first through whom the study of Botany
King Charles I. ; and, previous to that, resisting the attempts
of the Norman William. These, as the bold deeds of our
countrymen and ancestors, will afford the most pleasing sensa
tions. At one end of the wall, abutting on Holywell Lane, is
a small turret, from which the assaulters were without doubt
frequently annoyed.

BOTANIC GARDENS. 13
obtained a footing in Oxford." The handsome
gateway was built from a design of Inigo Jones.
In the centre, over the arch, is a bust of the
Founder, Lord Danby ; on the right and left are
statues of Kings Charles I. and II.b Without
the walls, on the left, is the porter's lodge, and
near it the Professor's residence, in which is a
valuable Library, containing rare works on
Natural History and Botany ; besides Lecture-
rooms. The present Professor is Dr. Daubeny,
who, by his skill and scientific knowledge, has
greatly advanced the study of Botany, and much
improved the Gardens.0
» On the day of St. James the Apostle, A.D. 1632, the
Vice-Chancellor and other dignitaries of the University went
in procession from St. Mary's Church to the Garden, where
Mr. Edward Dawson, a Physician of Broadgates' Hall, spoke
an elegant oration, which was followed by one from Dr.
Clayton, the King's Professor of Medicine : after which, the
Vice-Chancellor laid the first stone of the rustic archway,
and concluded the ceremony by a short address.
b Inscription over the Gateway : — Glorise Dei opt.
max. honori Caroli Regis in usum Acad, et Reipub. —
Translation :— " Dedicated to the glory of the supreme God,
and the honour of King Charles, for the use of the University
and Kingdom." The cost of this was defrayed out of the fine
levied upon Anthony a Wood, for his libel on the Earl of
Clarendon. c The first gardener was John Tradescant, the elder, whose
name is well-known in connection with this subject. In
1669, a professorship of botany was founded, and Dr. Morison
was appointed to that office, with a salary of £40 a year. In
1728, the munificence and talents of Dr. Sherard, a Fellow of
St. John's College, and Consul at Smyrna, effected much for
the advancement of the science. He presented £500 for the
improvement of the Garden, and furnished it with his cele
brated Herbarium, which, with those of Dillenius, Morison,
and Sibthorp, are still carefully preserved here. In the eyes
of Linnaeus, the renowned Swedish naturalist, this Herbarium
rendered Oxford pre-eminent among the Universities of
Europe for its botanical treasures ; and Sir James Smith, not
many years since, pronounced it as (excepting that of the

14 BOTANIC GARDENS.
By various subscriptions and donations the
Gardens have of late years been greatly improved,
and will rank amongst the finest in England.
They are well supplied with some of the rarest
British and Foreign Exotic, Herbaceous, and
Aquatic Plants; and contain, in addition to the
celebrated Herbaria, previously mentioned, Aqua
ria for growing British and Foreign Plants ; some
fine Conservatories ; Green and Hot-houses ; and
a large collection of Foreign and English Grasses.
The portion designed for the illustration of the
Linnsean system of Botany constitutes all to the
east of the central walk ; and that devoted to the
elucidation of the natural method, all the space
westward. The ground beyond the walls is con
fined chiefly to plants employed in Medicine,
Agriculture, and the Arts; except a portion set
aside for experiments connected with vegetable
physiology, or practical gardening. There is also

learned Swede, in his own possession,) the most ample,
authentic, and valuable botanical record in the world. In it
may be seen original specimens from most of the writers
of that day, named by themselves, and accompanied by
remarks, or by important queries which will be found
scarcely less instructive. At his death, Sherard bequeathed
£3000 to increase the Professor's salary, on condition that
his friend, the accomplished Dillenius, who had accompanied
him in his travels, should be his successor. At the death of
the latter, by an arrangement with Sherard' s executors, the
appointment was vested in the College of Physicians at
London. In 1795, Dr. Sibthorp, for many years Professor, left
a freehold estate, the proceeds of which were, firstly, to com
plete and publish his celebrated "Flora Graeca;" and after
wards, to found a " Professorship of Rural Economy." This
was not accomplished till the present Professor was elected
to the chair in 1840. According to the Statute, it is required
that the Professor should travel at stated periods for the
study and collection of Foreign Plants.

MAGDALEN BRIDGE. 15
a Salicetum near the river, containing almost
every species of British willow.
This most delightful retreat can be visited free
from any charge ; it is arranged with great taste,
and kept in perfect order by the courteous Curator,
Mr. Baxter,3 who is appointed to show the Gar
dens ; and as he is a very skilful botanist, and
well versed in every branch of the- science,
any infqrmation or description of the various
plants, &c, may readily be obtained from him:
the gate-keeper will direct the visitor to his
residence on the premises.
In front of the entrance to the Garden on
the side of the meadow, there are two Yew Trees
of great antiquity, and which, according to the
fashion of Dutch gardening in that day, were
intended to represent two giants, on guard. These
trees have formed the subjects of much rival wit
in the University ; three ballads concerning them
are still preserved.
Adjoining Magdalen College and the Botanic
Gardens, and bounded on the right and left by
the Water- Walk of the former and the extensive
grounds belonging to Christ Church College, is
MAGDALEN BRIDGE.
The extreme narrowness has, in a measure,
spoiled the otherwise beautiful architecture of this
bridge which was built in 1779, and is 526 feet in
1 Owing to the age of Mr. Baxter, and his long-continued
services, (he having been Curator for thirty-five years,) Convo
cation has recently voted him an annuity ; and the duties
of the office are now discharged by his son.
c2

16 ST. EDMUND HALL.
length. It crosses the river Cherwell, and forms
the connection between the University and the
suburb-parish of St. Clement, and the London
coach roads; those to the right conducting to
the neighbouring villages of Cowley, Iffley, and
Littlemore ;a that to the left leading to Head-
ington,b Marston, &c.
Proceeding up the High Street, nearly opposite
the Angel Hotel0 is Queen's Lane, where, a few
yards on the right, is
ST. EDMUND HALL.
Visitor — The Chancellor of the University.
Renowned Characters who were Members of this Hall.. — -The
catalogue of eminent men, who have at various periods
been members of this Hall, is too long to be inserted ; but
amongst the most prominent were — Peter Payne, alias
Clerke, a vehement defender of Wicliffe, who was elected
Principal in 1410 ; Dr. Mills (whose invaluable edition of
the Greek Testament was published a fortnight before his
death,) was Principal in 1685 ; Dr. Shaw, the celebrated
traveller, was likewise a Principal ; and in the present day
must be mentioned the late Vice-Principal, Daniel Wilson,
D. D., the learned Bishop of Calcutta.
This Hall derives its name from Edmund

a At this village there are the remains of a very ancient
nunnery, converted into a seminary, by the far-famed Rev.
J. H. Newman, for students in divinity.
b Leading to this village is a pleasant walk on Headington
Hill, at the summit of which stands the far-famed tree,
planted by Josiah Pullen, formerly Vice-Principal of Magda
len Hall, who died in 1714, aged 83. The beautiful view of
the surrounding country which is here obtained, will amply
compensate for the previous walk. About half way up the hill
a road to the right leads to the Radcliffe and Warneford
Lunatic Asylum.
c Queen Adelaide made this Hotel her residence when she
visited Oxford, in October, 1835.

ST. peter's-in-the-east church. 17
le Riche, a native of Abingdon, near Oxford,
who was created Archbishop of Canterbury in
1233. He was the author of a popular work
entitled " Speculum Ecclesise ;" and is said not
only to have delivered Lectures in Divinity and
Philosophy, gratuitously, but also to have given
pecuniary assistance to the poor students. Ac
cording to the prevailing custom of the times,
he visited the University of Paris, and on his
return home introduced into Oxford the study of
Aristotle. He built that part of St. Peter's
Church called the Lady's Chapel, wherein his
pupils performed their devotions. After his death,
he was canonised by Pope Innocent V. : and the
16th of November, the day appropriated to him
in the Calendar, was formerly kept as a " gaudy"
by the members of the Hall. In 1557, the Hall
was purchased from its previous owners by Dr.
Denyse, Provost of Queen's, who presented it to
that College, in whose possession it still con
tinues; Convocation having, in 1559, confirmed
to that Society the right to the perpetual appoint
ment of the Principal.
The present edifices, which date principally
about the middle of the seventeenth century,
consist of a Chapel, Library, Hall, residence for
the Principal, and lodgings for the Students.
The front has recently been much improved in
appearance by the addition of three Dormer win
dows to the upper story.
Beyond this building is the venerable Church of

c3

18 st. petek's-in-the-east  CHOIR.
ST. PETER-IN-THE-EAST.
*»* Mr. Pearson, the Clerk, High Street, opposite the Angel
Hotel, will show the Church.
The date of the original foundation of this
Church is involved in the same obscurity as that
of most of the other parish Churches, in this
vicinity; it is certain, however, that there was a
Church here in the Saxon times, which is sup
posed to have been one of the oldest in Oxford.
The present structure is a highly interesting one ;
and, perhaps, no building has given rise to more
discussion than its celebrated Crypt, commonly
called " Grymbald's Crypt," the construction of
which is attributed to the time of King Alfred.3
It is a fine specimen of the earliest class of groined
vaulting in this country; but, in the opinion of our
best Architectural Antiquaries, its real date cannot
be far from the year 1100. The Choir above is
an interesting specimen of Norman work ; its
groined vault is of a richer and lighter character
than that of the Crypt beneath, and bears a con
siderably later date — probably near the end of the
twelfth century. On the north side of the Choir
is a Chapel, b built about the year 1240, by St.
Edmund of Abingdon, founder of the Hall, which
bears his name; here the scholars of this Hall

1 There is a tradition that the celebrated Fair Rosamond
came daily to worship at St. Peter's Church from her resi-
-dence at Godstow Priory, through this Crypt, to avoid
meeting her enemy, Queen Eleanor.
b This was formerly the Lady Chapel. There is here a fine
altar-tomb, of Petworth marble, to the memory of R. Atkinson,
Esq., five times Mayor of Oxford. He is represented on a brass
plate, between his two wives, with their eleven children under
neath. He died in 1574.

ST. PETER S-IN-THE-EAST  TOWER. 19
used to celebrate divine service. The large north
window in this Chapel was inserted by Vincent
Wyking, vicar of the parish in the year 1433.
The two elegant lancet windows on the east side,
which were long blocked up by monuments, have
been lately re-opened, and in the year 1 839 were
filled with beautiful stained glass, by Williment,
in excellent imitation of the style in use at the
period of the erection of this part of the Church ;
each contains a figure, one of St. Peter, the other
of St. Paul, the gift of the respected vicar, the
Rev. Walter K. Hamilton, and of T. Robinson,
Esq., the former of whom at this time also caused
two small windows in the Church to be filled
with stained glass at his own expense. The
Nave is about two feet wider than the Choir,
but appears to have been originally built at the
same time with it, as there is a Norman string
course continued along the south wall ; and tbe
south door, near the west end, is of a rich Norman
character, well worthy of the stranger's attention ;
the great west window and the large window
on the south side were inserted in 1501. In the
north aisle are two elegant windows with the
ramified tracery of the fourteenth century, and
three fine arches of the same age, with clustered
shafts, and capitals of sculptured foliage. The
Tower is situated at the west end of the aisle, and
is a singular structure of very uncertain date ; it
has, at first sight, a great resemblance to D'Oiley'p
Tower, at the Castle, which was built soon after
the Norman conquest, it being of the same form,
(narrower at the top than at the base,) and of

20 ST. PETEr's-IN-THE-EAST CHURCH.
rough stone ; but from the graduated buttresses,
and from other circumstances, it is not supposed
to be earlier than the time of Henry VI., when
several windows, as before mentioned, were insert
ed, and the Church seems to have undergone a tho
rough repair. From that time to the days of the
Puritans we find little to record ; in those days
of greater zeal than discretion this Church was
much mutilated, in common with most other
ecclesiastical edifices, and the rich stained glass
windows were almost entirely destroyed : but the
good taste and liberality of the present age has
commenced their restoration.
In the time of Queen Anne the Church was
fitted up afresh with pews and galleries, the
arrangement of them being as bad and incon
venient as could well be contrived ; the whole of
the Choir and the north Chapel were shut out of
the Church by the organ-gallery, and a wooden
partition, so that no one could form any idea of
the real beauty of the edifice. These obstructions
were happily removed in the year 1835, when the
Church was, in a great degree, re-pewed and
entirely re-arranged, much more conveniently and
tastefully, under the direction of the vicar, the
Rev. E. Denison, now Bishop of Salisbury : at
the same time the great east window was filled
with stained glass, principally composed of frag
ments which had escaped the fury of the Puritans;
and one of the side windows was also glazed
with coloured glass, at the expense of Dr. Ingram,
President of Trinity College.
Few parish Churches will be found to exceed
this in objects of interest to the stranger. The

ST. peter's-in-the-east — PORCH. 21
Architectural features have been already described;
but we should not omit to mention the ancient
stone Pulpit,' where the Lent Sermons were
delivered before the University for many centu
ries. The Font was executed in 1835, from
a design of Mr. Blore, in a style which corres
ponds well with the beautiful Choir. The PoRCHb
is a good specimen of the time of Henry VI.,
having a groined roof, with a small room over it,
a feature not very common in this country ; it
has been engraved in " Pugin's Specimens
of Gothic Architecture," and is considered by
architects as well worthy of attention.0
Returning into the High Street, — a few steps
to the right of the Lane is the entrance to
1 This pulpit has two entrances ; one was intended for
ordinary use, and the other, by a small stone staircase in the
pillar behind, was only used by the University preacher.
b In the west window of this antique Porch may be seen a
small portion of a very curious font, perhaps the oldest in Ox
ford. From this fragment it is easy to calculate that the shape
and size of the whole font was a polygon, measuring twelve
feet in circumference ; the rotundity being confined to the
interior. — Many heads of Colleges, and persons of distinction,
are buried within the precincts of this church ; among them
may be mentioned Dillenius, one of the first botanists that
ever existed ; and Dr. Josiah Pullen, Vice-Principal of Mag
dalene Hall, the planter of the tree on Headington Hill. —
At the Church-yard gate there was remaining for many years
a staple, where some person was executed, it is supposed in
Queen Mary's time.
c Near the north-western extremity of St. Peter's parish
was a Chapel, formed hexagonally out of one of the bastions of
the city wall, and supposed to have been dedicated to Our
Lady, St. Catherine. A. part of it still remains at the entrance
of New College Lane, with an ancient doorway, over which is
a mutilated piece of sculpture, probably intended to represent
the marriage of St. Catherine. Adjoining to it was Smith-
fate, which formed the outlet from Cat Street towards the
'arks. This street received its name from Catherine Hall,
which anciently stood on the east side of it.

22 queen's college.
QUEEN'S COLLEGE.-^.
*** Porter's Lodge — Right-hand further corner of the
Quadrangle.
This College was founded in 1340, by Robert de Eglesfield,
Chaplain and Confessor to Philippa, Queen of Edward III.»
Foundation, (old) — A Provost, 16 Fellows, (to be chosen
from the counties of Cumberland, of which the founder was
a native, and Westmorland, in which he held the Living of
Burgh,) 2 Chaplains, 8 Taberdars,b 12 Scholars, and 2 Clerks :
Foundation, (new, or Michel's Foundation,) — 8 Master-
Fellows, 4 Bachelor-Scholars, and 4 Exhibitioners. There
are also other Members not on the Foundation. The number
of Members on the College books is about 298.
Visitor — Archbishop of York.
Places worthy of inspection — The Chapel, Hall, and Library.
Renowned Characters who were Members of this College. —
These are very numerous : among them were — Prince
Edward, eldest son of Edward HI., commonly called the
Black Prince ; Henry V. ; Bishops Beaufort, Barlow,
Nicolson, Tanner, and Gibson ; the poets Sir John Davies,
Sir Thomas Overbury, Wycherley, Addison, Tickell, and
Collins ; C. Rawlinson, Thwaites, Rowe Mores, and Tyr-
whitt, learned antiquaries ; Holyoake, Langbaine, Hyde,
Mill, and Hudson, critics and linguists ; Dr. Edmund
Halley, the renowned astronomer, and Savilian professor ;
Dr. Richard Burn, (Author of Burn's " Justice" and other
valuable works.)
* Queen's College was so styled in honour of Queen
Philippa, who kindly encouraged and assisted her Chaplain
in his design of founding a College. Thus patronized, he soon
secured a site for his foundation, and having erected an
establishment, he was zealous in making improvements in it
until his death, which occurred May 31st, 1349. Queen
Philippa condescended to become patroness to the College at
the death of the founder : and the Queens of England ever
since are considered the patronesses of this Society, several of
them having been considerable donors. None of tie original
buildings are now standing.
b So called from Taberd, a short gown, which was formerly
worn by them.

>* ^H

=»,.

Ii;<* ^

^-

queen's college. 23
Perhaps no part of Oxford presents a more
magnificent appearance than at the point where
this beautiful edifice stands in proud pre-eminence.
It is comparatively a modern erection, dating
from the close of the seventeenth century; and
nothing now remains of the old buildings save
the record of them in the archives of the Society.
The College now occupies an area of three hun
dred feet in length, by two hundred and twenty
in breadth, divided by the Chapel and Hall into
two spacious Quadrangles.
The grand front, which is built in the style of
the Luxembourg Palace, abuts on the High
Street ; in the centre is the elegant entrance-gate
way, surmounted by a cupola supported by pillars,
in which is a statue of Queen Caroline, Consort of
George IL, who, in 1733, munificently subscribed
£1000 towards the completion of the New Build
ings founded by John Michel, Esq. This gateway
is connected by an ornamented wall with the
lofty lateral fronts of the east and west sides,
over which are six statues — Jupiter and Apollo
(on pediments), and the other four emblematical
of the sciences of Geography, Mathematics,
Medicine, and Religion.
The first or south Quadrangle is 140 feet long,
and 130 broad; and has lofty Cloisters, (or, more
properly, arcades) supported by square pillars, on
the west, south, and east. In the west Cloister
are the Provost's lodgings; and over it two
stories, consisting of chambers for the Fellows
and Students, (to which purpose also, the east

24 queen's college — chapel.
Cloister is devoted,) a spacious Gallery and Com
mon-Room." The second or north Quadrangle, is 130 feet
long by 90 wide, and has the Library on the
west, apartments for the Fellows and Students
on the north and east, and the Hall and Chapel
on the south.
The Buildings mostly admired are the Chapel,
Hall, and Library.
The Chapel, measuring 100 feet long, and 30
broad, is a most elegant building ;b and though
the order of architecture is one not usual in

* The foundation stone of this Quadrangle was laid on the
6th of February, 1710, (the birth-day of Queen Anne, the
reigning sovereign,) by Dr. William Lancaster, the Provost.
Hawksmoor is said to have been the architect of this court ;
but the work so surpasses his usual style, that it is most
probable that it was designed by Sir Christopher Wren, his
skilful master. The two staircases in the eastern wing were
erected with the benefaction of John Michel, Esq. , of Rich
mond in Surrey, a Member of the College. He died Septem
ber 5th, 1739 ; and bequeathed his estates in Kent, &c,
towards the completion of the New Buildings, and for found
ing certain Fellowships and Scholarships. The whole of the
western wing of this new Quadrangle, excepting the bare walls,
was destroyed by fire, December 18th, 1778 ; it was rebuilt
and restored at an expense of £6286 6s. id., which was imme
diately defrayed by the voluntary contributions of the Members
of the College and their friends, some Colleges subscribing
considerable sums for the purpose. Queen Charlotte, regardful
of the example of the former patronesses of the Society,
generously contributed the sum of £1000. — The first dinner
of the English Agricultural Society was held in this square,
(July 19th, 1839,) which was covered over, and suitably fitted
up for the occasion. The party consisted of 2500 persons.
b Sir Christopher Wren gave the original design both of the
Chapel and Hall ; N. Hawksmoor, (his pupil,) was the Archi
tect. The foundation stone was laid on Queen Anne's birth
day, February 6th, 1713'. The Chapel has recently been
thoroughly cleaned and embellished, and three of the windows
at the west end taken out and copies of them inserted,
executed by Mr. Russell, a skilful artist of this city.

queen's college — chapel. 25
ecclesiastical edifices, being Doric without and
Corinthian within, it has nevertheless a very
solemn appearance, arising from the " storied"
windows; several specimens of which, remarkable
for the brilliancy of their colours, are here seen
in high preservation, though 325 years have elapsed
since some of them were painted, by Van Linge,
for the old Chapel. Commencing on the left,
the window in the Ante-Chapel represents the
figures of St. Adhelm, St. Osmond, and St.
Lawrence — over these, the Crucifixion ; and on
the right, St. Margaret— St. Christopher, bear
ing the Infant Saviour across a rivulet — St. Ed
ward — St. John of Beverley — St. Robert — and
St. Anne. The first window on the left of the
Chapel contains the figures of three Bishops, with
their croziers — 2nd, The Annunciation to Eliza
beth — 3rd, The Last Supper — 4th, The Resurrec
tion of the Dead ; above, " The Wise Men" —
5th, The Last Judgment; over, The Baptism of
Christ— 6th, (over the Altar) The Holy Family,
a copy of a very fine painting, by Price, from the
original of Carlo Maratti ; above are represented
St. Thomas, and St. Peter. Under this window,
which is turned circularly in imitation of the an
cient tribune of the Roman basilica, the valuable
picture at the Altar is a copy, said to be by
Mengs, of the celebrated " Night" (La NotteJ
of Correggio, in the Dresden Gallery. Proceed
ing to the right, the 7th window represents — The
Ascension; above, The Passion, St. John, and
St. Luke — 8th, The Ascent from the Sepulchre ;
above, The Flight into Egypt, and Our Saviour
D

26 queen's college — hall.
Praying in the Garden — 9th, The Adoration of
the Magi — 10th, The Descent of the Holy Ghost —
11th, Two Bishops and a Pope, in their robes.
The reading-desk is formed of a brass eagle, on
a brass pedestal, the work of Mr. Borraghes,
and bears on it the date of 1662, and the inscrip
tion, " Regina avium, avis Reginensium."" The
screen, which is supported by eight columns of
the Corinthian order, is very handsome, and
formed of fine Norman oak. The two massive
chairs or seats of the Provost and Vice-Provost
are fine specimens of antique carving.
There is a passage between the Chapel and the
Hall connecting the south and north Courts, the
walls of which are surmounted by a handsome
cupola with eight ornamented Ionic columns.
The Hall is internally of the Doric order,
60 feet long and 30 broad, with an arched roof;
this noble room is exceeded by few in equality of
proportion and grandeur of effect, and is worthy
the genius of its designer, Sir C. Wren. Over
the ancient marble chimney-piece is a good bust
of Aristotle. To the left of the entrance is a
portrait of Dr. Cartwright, Bishop of Chester :
continuing on the left are those of Tickel, and
Addison, (in the window over, Charles II. and
his Queen) — Dr. Barlow, (window over, Charles
I. and his Queen) — John Michel, Esq., (window
over, Eglesfield, the founder) — Queen Henrietta,
consort of Charles I. — Queen Caroline — Philippa,
* The meaning of this somewhat canting rebus on the
College Arms, is, "The Bird of Queen's is the Queen of
Birds."

BeipTti 2 foot 87"
Mouth of the Jfom, J.J/z. ty &/¦*..
Outer <hrve, from tfie eaw&rLS peinrs J? J

-Dratvi. k-E?i$. * ly J.&. USSaro
IDHR.IUIKJLK'G M01W,
f(?LL££?Ls College.}

queen's college  LIBRARY. 27
consort of Edward III. — Edward, the Black Prince
— Robert de Eglesfield, the founder — Charlotte
consort of George III. — Henry V. — Charles I. —
Edward IV. — Sir Joseph Williamson, (window
over, Edward III. and his Queen) — Lady Elizabeth
Hastings, (window over, Edward IV. and Henry
V.) — Dr.Halton — Dr. Lancaster — Gibson, Bishop
of London — Queen Anne. In the Gallery at the
west end of the Hall, (which appears to have
been designed for music, and where strangers are
taken who desire to see the Society at dinner,)
there are a number of portraits of the same
description; six of them were given by George
Clarke, D.C.L., Fellow of All Souls' College, and
represent Queens Elizabeth, Henrietta Maria,
Catherine (consort of Charles IL), Anne, and
Margaret and Mary of Scotland : there are also
a number of ancient paintings and prints ; among
the latter is one of the College as it appeared
in 1340 ; and one of the antique Drinking-Horn,
which may be seen in the Buttery. Over this Gal
lery there is another of the same size ; a door on
the right leads to the New Common-Room, which
is of good size and neatly fitted up, and is chiefly
used by the Fellows for their private parties.
The Library, on the west side of the north
court, is about 123 feet in length, and 55 in
height, and the most splendid building of the
kind in the University. The exterior has an
elegant and classical appearance, the basement
story being decorated with eight statues in niches;
on the right they represent — Edward III. and
Queen Philippa, Charles I. and Henrietta Maria;
d2

28 queen's college  LIBRARY.
on the left — Robert de Eglesfield, Bishop Barlow,
Archbishop Lamplugh, and Sir J. Williamson.
The Library was commenced in 1692, and the
exterior finished in 1694; at the former period
Bishop Barlow bequeathed to it a valuable col
lection of books.
The ceiling of the Library is adorned with a
most tasteful display of stucco work. In the win
dow at the northern extremity, are the original
portraits of Henry V. and Cardinal Beaufort,
the gift of W. Fletcher, Esq., Alderman of this
city, by whom the former was rescued from the
destroyed chamber in which the Prince lodged,
and restored to the College. The inscription
mentions Henry as — " Hostium victor et sui."a
This room contains a handsome Orrery; and
the portraits of Queen Charlotte, and Charles I.
The book-cases are elegantly carved, and stored
with a valuable collection of curious books and

a " The victor of his foes, and of Himself." According to
Anthony a Wood the whole of the inscription, before its
removal from the window of the royal chamber, ran thus : —
" In perpetuam rei Memoriam.
Imperator Britannia?,
Triumphator Gallise,
Hostium victor et sui.
Henricus V.
Parvi huius cubiculi
Olim magnus incola."
Which may be thus translated : —
In memory for ever.
Henry V.,
Emperor of Britain,
Conqueror of France,
The victor of his foes and of Himself,
Was formerly the great tenant
Of this little chamber.

QUEEN S COLLEGE — LIBRARY. 29
manuscripts in most languages and sciences.
The doorway at the south end of this room is
particularly elegant; over it is a highly-orna
mented stone Arch, supported by fluted Corin
thian pillars. At each end of the Arch is a
female figure, one emblematical of Geography
and the other of Astronomy — between them are
arranged the instruments, &c. used in the cultiva
tion of those sciences. Above the Arch are the
Arms of the College, illuminated, and surmounted
with wreaths of flowers and clusters of Angels,
the whole carved in stone, in alto relievo. Right
and left of this doorway are the portraits of
Dr. Crakanthorpe, and Dr. Lancaster.
In consequence of the munificent bequest of
Robert Mason, D.D., formerly a member of this
College, (namely £30,000 for the purchase of
books, and a collection of Antiquities,) a second
Library has been formed by enclosing the Clois
ter under that already described. This Lower
Library which has been fitted up in the most
unique style, under the direction of C. R. Cockerell,
Esq., R.A., is divided by a range of arches down
the centre, which are alternately left open for com
munication, and in the same manner filled with
book-cases, which project from the piers right and
left, and are likewise placed along the sides of
the room. The ceiling is neatly ornamented with
stucco work, and the floor is of light polished
oak bordered with a broad band of mahogany.
At either end of the room are elegant stoves, of
peculiar construction, set in the walls; the cold air,
which passes under the polished steel pans beneath
d3

30 QUEEN'S COLLEGE  BUTTERY.
the stoves, becomes heated, and escapes through
the ornamented iron-work with which the stoves
are crowned. The mantel-pieces contain some
good busts. At the. north end of this apartment
are cases for the reception of Dr. Mason's col
lection of Egyptian, Grecian, Roman, and other
Relics of Antiquity, (which at present are kept in
the Old Library;) and here is an elegant iron
spiral staircase, much admired, which leads to
the Upper Library. The two Libraries contain
about 60,000 volumes of books, besides a collec
tion of valuable manuscripts.
In the Buttery may be seen a curious antique
Drinking-Horn, richly ornamented with silver-
gilt, and said to have been given by Queen
Philippa. It has on the lid a silver eagle, and
stands on claws of the same bird; on it is in
scribed " Wacceyl," a Saxon phrase for drinking
healths. An Engraving of it, by Skelton, is
preserved in the Lower Gallery of the Hall.a
Leaving Queen's by the principal gateway, we
cross the street to

» Some curious old customs still prevail at this College.
The Members are called to dinner by the sound of a trumpet.
On New-year's Day, the Bursar presents to each Member a
needle and thread, saying, " Take this, and be thrifty," as
a rebus on the founder's name ; Aiguille in French signifying
" a needle," a.uifil " thread," which, Anglicised, becomes —
Eglesfield. On Christmas Day, a Boar's Head is served up at the High
Table, and is ushered into the Hall in solemn procession, with
a celebrated Monkish song, " Apri caput defero," — I bear the
head of a Boar, — in memory of a Taberdar's killing a wild Boar
in Shotover Wood. The legendary account of which states
that the Student, on being attacked, thrust the book he was
reading down the Boar's throat.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. 31
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE.— 3.
*,,* Porter's Lodge — To the left of the western gateway.
Founded in 1249, by William, Archdeacon of Durham."

1 As this College is closely connected with the establish
ment of Oxford as an University, it will perhaps be interest
ing to touch slightly upon its history. The foundation of
it has been the subject of some controversy amongst anti
quaries, many of whom consider that King Alfred was the
founder, and that it was only restored by William of Durham.
It is, however, certain, that University,- Balliol, and Merton
Colleges formed the first steps in the establishment of the
Collegiate in place of the Aularian system, so successfully
carried out during the 13th and succeeding centuries. That
the National School of Oxford was supported and fostered by
Alfred, who endowed schools in this neighbourhood with
a portion of his revenue, there can be little doubt ; and
on the ground that it was a royal foundation through that
monarch, the crown rests its right to the patronage or visita
tion ; a claim, which, so lately as the year 1726, was decided
in the Court of King's Bench, on the occasion of a disputed
election to the mastership, in favour of the royal prerogative.
Of William of Durham but few particulars are preserved ; he
was a man distinguished for his learning and wealth, and was
most probably a native of the county from whence he derived
his name, and was rector of Wearmouth in that county.
According to Matthew Paris, he studied at Oxford, then
removed to the University of Paris, as customary in those
days, and died at Rouen, in Normandy, (to the archiepiscopal
see of which place he had been elected,) in the year 1249, as
he was returning from the Court of Rome. He bequeathed a
large sum of money in trust, to provide a permanent endow
ment for a College, and for the maintenance of a number of
" Masters," which title then implied the highest academical
degree. The first purchase with this bequest was made in
1253, which was increased in 1255, by the purchase of Drogheda,
or Drowda Hall, in the High Street, still the property of the
College ; and to these were subsequently added the Hall with
four schools, called then, as now, Brasenose. The first
statutes are dated 1280 ; but it was not till the year 1 343 that
the Society removed to Great University Hall, their present
situation. It is perhaps worthy to be remarked that in some
letters addressed by the University about the year 1441 to
Pope Eugenius and others, this College is not inappropriately
styled " Senior Filia, Collegium Antiquius Universitatis,"
(Their Eldest Daughter, the Ancient College of University.)
Hence it is with strict propriety that this Society, being dis-

32 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE.
Visitor — The Queen.
Foundation— A Master, 13 Eellows,a 16 Scholars, some
Exhibitioners, and 1 Bible-Clerk. The number of Members
on the books is about 250.
Places worthy of inspection — The Chapel and Hall.
Renowned Characters who were Members of this College —
Langley, Bishop of Durham, afterwards a Cardinal ; Bishop
Flemming, founder of Lincoln College ; Dr. Radcliffe,
founder of the Radcliffe Library, &c, afterwards of Lincoln
College; Stanyhurst, the poet; Bingham, author of " Ori-
gines Ecclesiasticae ;" Potter, Archbishop of Canterbury,
author of the "Ajrchsologia Grseca" ; Bishop Bancroft ;b
Sir Roger Newdigate, founder of the Prize which bears his
name; Earl Eldon, late Lord Chancellor; Lord Stowell,
judge of the Court of Admiralty ; Sir W. Jones ; and
many other dignitaries of the Law.
This College, with its frontage of 260 feet, and
handsome towered gateways, forms one of the
most striking features of the High Street. It
is divided into two Courts : the principal and

tinguished from all others in its original foundation, as well
as in its peculiar endowments and statutes, has been denom
inated " Collegium Magnce Aula Universitatis," (The College of
the Great Hall of the University,) which is still its legal title.
None of the original buildings are now standing ; the first
stone of the present structure was laid on the 14th of April,
1634. 1 Dr. Radcliffe founded two Fellowships at this College " for
persons who are Masters of Arts, and entered on the Physic
line." These are styled " The Radcliffe Travelling Fellow
ships," and are held for ten years, during half of which time
the Fellows are required to travel abroad, in pursuance of
knowledge in the Science of Medicine. — Mary Anne, Vis
countess Sidmouth, the daughter of the late Lord Stowell,
founded (in 1837,) a Civil Law Fellowship, in honour of her
father, who was a Member of the College. It is open to all
Members of the University who have passed the examination
for the Degree of B.A., and is tenable for seven years.
b Bishop Bancroft, who built the old palace at Cuddesden,
was Master of this College. His portrait, with a view of the
palace in the back-ground, is in the Master's dining-room.

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE  CHAPEL. 33
western Quadrangle is a square of 100 feet ; the
exterior of the gateway, which has a richly-groined
vault, is surmounted by a statue of Queen Anne,
and the niche in the interior is filled with one
of James II. a The Chapel and Hall face the
entrance, with the Common-Room on the right ;
the remainder of the Court being occupied by
the apartments of the Members. On the left
is a narrow passage leading to the eastern Quad
rangle. The Chapel.1* This building is much admired
for the elegance of its general appearance. It
is fitted up in the Grecian style, and the groined
ceiling, which was put up in 1802, is very neat.
The Chapel contains many monuments of chaste
design : but the most interesting is the one to the
right of the entrance, erected to the memory of
Sir William Jones, the eminent judge and oriental
scholar, formerly a Fellow of this College, exe
cuted by Flaxman. The bas-relief represents Sir
William preparing his great work, " The Digest
of the Hindoo Laws," with the assistance of a
Brahmin, and is one of the finest designs of
the celebrated sculptor. The window in the

a This was given to the College by Dr. Obadiah Walker,
who was Master in 1687, but lost his headship for his
adherence to the Church of Rome. The only other statue of
James H. in England, is that behind the banqueting-house
at Whitehall, which is of brass, by Gibbons.
b The present edifice was commenced in 1639, and com
pleted about 1655, the old Chapel, dedicated to St. Cuthbert,
being found too small. It was not till the year 1369 that the
Society possessed a place of worship of their own : previous
to this they had made use of the Churches of St. Mary and
St. Peter.

34 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE  HALL.
Ante-Chapel represents " Christ driving the Buy
ers and Sellers out of the Temple :" it was painted
in 1687, by Henry Giles, of York, and was pre
sented by Dr. Radcliffe. The magnificent Screen
which divides the Ante-Chapel from the Chapel,
is of the Corinthian order, carved by Grinlin
Gibbons. The windows of the Inner Chapel
are by Van Linge, in 1641. The colours are
remarkably rich, and the subjects may be very
easily deciphered. To the left, the 1st repre
sents Jacob's Vision of the Ladder — 2nd, Elijah's
Ascent to Heaven in a Chariot of Fire — 3rd,
Jonas and the Whale — 4th, Lot and his Family
escaping from Sodom — 5th, (over the Altar,)
The Nativity— 6th, (to the right,) The Fall
— Adam and Eve expelled from Paradise — 7th,
Adam and Eve lamenting their Fall — Abraham
entertaining Angels — 8th, Abraham preparing to
offer up Isaac — 9th, Christ Supping in the Dwell
ing of Martha and Mary. The Altar-Piece is a
very curious copy of the " Salvator Mundi" of
Carlo Dolce, burnt in wood, by Dr. Griffith,
formerly Master of this College ; to whose taste
and architectural skill the Society is deeply in
debted. The carving round the Altar is by Gib
bons. It is in cedar, and particularly fine. The
Screen is of oak, by Robert Barker of London.
The Hall, though of small dimensions, may
justly rank among the most elegant rooms in
Oxford. It was completed about 1657, but the
interior was entirely refitted in 1766, purely in
the Gothic style, at the expense of several mem
bers of the College, whose arms are emblazoned

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE — COMMON-ROOM. 35
on the wainscot. Previous to the alterations the
floor was boarded, and a grate for burning char
coal stood in the centre of the room : the present
floor is of Swedish and Danish marble, and the
handsome fire-placea (in the centre of which is a
bust of Alfred,) was the gift of Sir Roger New-
digate, a member of this College, and founder
of the University Annual Prize for English
Verse, which bears his name.b The roof of this
room is very beautiful, and decorated with the
arms of the chief benefactors ; and the oriel
window, which is similarly ornamented, has
lately been restored in a handsome manner, by
Dr. Plumptre, the present Master. The Hall
is likewise adorned with the following portraits : —
commencing on the left, Francis, Marquis of
Hastings — Sir John Richardson — John, Earl of
Eldon — William, Lord Stowell : at the upper end
of the room, Sir Simon Bennett — Dr. Potter,
Archbishop of Canterbury : to the right of these
are, Sir R. Chambers — William Wyndham — Sir
Thomas Plumer — and Sir W. Jones : and over
the entrance, Earl Radnor — Dr. Radcliffe — and
a full-length portrait of Sir Roger Newdigate.c
The Common-Room. To the left of the en
trance is a bust of Pitt ; over the fire-place is
an excellent one of King Alfred, by Wilton, from

* This is said to have been copied from a monument
in Ely Cathedral.
b Sir Roger Newdigate, Bart., D.C.L., was for some years
Member of Parliament for the University.
c In connection with the Hall, a very curious and ancient
custom called " Chopping at the tree," but the origin of
which is unknown, still prevails at this College. On Easter

36 UNIVERSITY COLLEGE  LIBRARY.
a model by Rysbrach, presented to the Society in
1771, by the late Lord Radnor, formerly a Mem-
of the College; and portraits of the Earl of
Leicester, and Henry IV., burnt in wood by the
late Master, Dr. Griffith; and two valuable en
gravings of Dr. Johnson, and Sir William Jones.
The Library may be said to owe its origin
to Walter Skirlaw, Bishop of Durham,2 who
gave several manuscripts for the common use of
students. The date of the present building is
1669 ; it contains some valuable Books and
Manuscripts, and has lately been refitted in a
handsome manner, and embellished with the
armorial bearings, in stained glass, of the prin
cipal benefactors to the Library and College.

Sunday, every member, as he leaves the Hall after dinner,
chops with a cleaver at a small tree or pole, dressed up
for the occasion with evergreens and flowers, and placed on a
turf by the Buttery, the cook standing by with a plate to
receive donations.
a Among the chief benefactors to this College may be enu
merated,— King Henry IV. ; Walter Skirlaw, bishop of Durham ;
Henry Percy, Earl of Northumberland ; Robert Dudley, Earl
of Leicester ; John Freystone, Esq. ; Sir Simon Bennett,
Bart ; Rev. Charles Greenwood ; Dr. John Radcliffe ; and
Dr. John Browne. There is extant a little traditionary matter
of Bishop Skirlaw which may prove of some slight interest.
This prelate was the son of a sieve-maker at Skirlaw in York
shire. At an early age he ran away from his father's house,
and came to Oxford, where he partook of William of Durham's
benefaction in this College, and distinguished himself so much
by his learning, that he rose to be made successively bishop of
Lichfield and Coventry, Wells, and Durham. It is added, that
his parents were ignorant of his fate till he was settled at
Durham, when he sent his steward to Skirlaw to bring them
to him, if they were still alive, and then made a provision for
them. He appears to have been an eminent architect, as the
centre tower of York Minster is said to have been built under
his superintendence, when he was Archdeacon of the East
Riding. He died early in the 15th century, (1406).

ALL SOULS' COLLEGE. 37
Of the east Quadrangle there is but little to be
said. It encloses an area of about 80 feet square,
having buildings on three sides, the fourth being
open to the Master's garden. The north and east
sides were built about the year 1719, from the
bequest of Dr. Radcliffe, (whose statue, holding
the emblems of Medicine in his right hand, fills
the niche over the gateway,) and are occupied by
the lodgings of the Master. The exterior of the
Gateway is surmounted by a statue of Queen
Mary, consort of William III.
The detached building on the west of the
College, abutting on the High Street, has lately
been erected from a very elegant design by Mr.
Barry, the well-known architect of the New
Houses of Parliament. It . contains additional
apartments for the Members.
A few paces beyond this College is the Oxford
Old Bank : facing it, is

ALL SOULS' COLLEGE.— 4.
(Styled in the Charter, " The College of the Souls of all the
Faithful People deceased, of Oxford.")
This College was founded by Henry Chichele, Archbishop of
Canterbury.1 The first stone was laid in 1437.
Visitor — The Archbishop of Canterbury.

» This was not the only produce in Oxford of the Arch
bishop's munificence. He had previously endowed a College,
dedicated to St. Bernard, on the site now occupied by
St. John's College. He also provided a chest, called after
wards Chichel6's chest, from which the University itself,
and every College then in existence, might obtain temporary
loans. The life of this eminent prelate, engaged as he was in
E

38 ALL SOULS' COLLEGE.
Places worthy of Inspection — The Chapel, Hall, and Library.
Foundation — A Warden, 40 Fellows, 2 Chaplains, and 4
Bible Clerks. The number of Members on the books is
about 113."
Renowned Characters who were Members of this College. —
Among the most illustrious were — The celebrated Leland
and Tanner, the antiquarians ; Sir John Mason, the first
lay Chancellor of the University ; Sydenham, the great
physician ; Sir Christopher Wren, first of Wadham ; lord-
chancellor Talbot; Sir William Blackstone, D.C.L., the
well-known judge, elected from Pembroke ; Sir William
Petre, secretary of state in four reigns ; Dr. Kaye, or Caius,
who died in 1572 ; Jeremy Taylor ; Archbishop Sheldon,
first of Trinity, Chancellor and benefactor to the Univer
sity ; Dr. Edward Young, author of the " Night Thoughts' ' ;
and Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta, whose lamented
death took place in 1826.
The principal front of this splendid foundation,
extending 194 feet along the most conspicuous
part of the High Street, has been recently restored
at a great expense. Over the western tower-gate
way, which is the principal entrance, and a subject

fulfilling all the spiritual and ecclesiastical duties belonging
to his high station, and employed by his sovereigns (Henry
IV. and Henry V.) in some of the most arduous functions
of civil, political, and military life, would of itself form no
unimportant era in University History. His character was
most estimable in every point : and after a long and valuable
life of 80 years, 29 of which had been passed as primate, he
departed this earthly sphere, April 12th, 1443. He was
buried with due solemnity in the choir of Canterbury Cathe
dral, under a stately tomb of alabaster, erected by himself,
which is still preserved, having been frequently repaired at
the expense of the society of All Souls' .
a In order to make the foundation more complete, the
charter of incorporation (dated 1438,) was issued in the
King's name, (Henry VI.,) thus making Chichele appear as
only a co-founder with his royal master. For greater
security, however, he did not neglect to have the Pope's
confirmation of the royal charter : and by a bull of that

ALL SOULS' COLLEGE  CHAPEL. 39
for considerable admiration, are statues of the
Founder and Henry VI. Through this we are
admitted to the first court, which is exceedingly
interesting, and one of the most characteristic
Quadrangles in Oxford, remarkable also, as re
maining in the same state as designed by the
.Founder. It is a Gothic edifice, 124 feet in
length, and 72 in breadth; the Chapel being
to the north, and the remainder occupied by
the apartments of the Members. In this Quad
rangle is a Dial, contrived by that ingenious
architect, Sir Christopher Wren, when Fellow of
this College, which, by the help of two half rays,
and one whole one, for every hour, shews the
exact time, the minutes being marked on the
sides of the rays, fifteen on each side, and divided
in five by a different character.
The Chapel is entered by the gateway under
the corner turret of this Court, and is about 70
feet long, and 30 broad ; the Ante-Chapel is of

authority, (Eugenius IV.,) the College was exempted from all
jurisdiction of the Ordinary, (the Bishop of Lincoln, ) and made
extra-parochial as regarded its situation in St. Mary's parish.
To effect the latter, the founder, in 1443, paid to the Provost
and Fellows of Oriel College the sum of two hundred marks
in consideration of these indemnities, whereupon an agree
ment was executed, and full assent given to the Pope's charter.
By this charter the Society consisted of a Warden and twenty
Fellows or Scholars, but having the power to elect, without
the King's leave, twenty other Scholars, and no more. By the
statutes of the founder, sixteen of the Fellows are to study the
civil and canon law ; the rest, philosophy, or arts and theology.
The Fellowships are mostly held by the younger scions of
noble houses. — In electing a Warden, the Society presents
two persons to the Visitor, who is, finally, to make Ins choice of
one of them. In accordance with the title of the College, the
principal benefactions have been for the erection of chantries
and altars. '
e2

40 ALL SOULS' COLLEGE  CHAPEL.
the same dimensions, and contains several monu
ments worthy of notice, particularly those of the
Hon. Doddington Greville, and Dr. Clarke ;*
there are also several brasses ; but the principal
object of attraction is a large marble statue by
Bacon, of the celebrated Sir William Blackstone,
the first Vinerian Professor of Common Law in
the University. He is represented sitting in his
robes, with his right hand placed upon a volume
of his Commentary, and holding in his left, Magna
Charta. This statue cost 450 guineas. The
slender and ornamental pillars and arches in this
part of the Chapel are much admired. Between
the windows of the Inner Chapel which are in
chiar' ¦ oscuro, are some venerable full-length
figures, larger than life, painted by Sir James
Thornhill, four of them representing the Holy
Fathers, to whom the Chapel is dedicated : the
others areJEtenry V. ; Arehbishop Reginald Pole;
Henry VI. ; Chichele; Thomas, duke of Clarence;
and Humphrey, duke of Gloucester. Over the
Communion-Table is a beautiful painting executed
at Rome by Raphaello Mengs, (said to be one of his
best,) representing our Saviour appearing to Mary
Magdalene in the Garden (" Noli me tangere") :
it is placed in the centre of a handsome Grecian
portico, of the Corinthian order, built with marble.
The space above is occupied by a painting figura-

'Dr. Clarke gave to the Chapel the massive altar-piece and
panelling of marble, with two gilt candlesticks, and a purple
velvet communion-cloth, fringed with gold, &c. The site of
his monument was formerly occupied by the Altar of the Holy
Virgins.

all Souls' college— chapel. 41
tive of the Assumption of the Founder, painted by
Sir James Thornhill, who likewise executed the
paintings on the two elegant Vases, one on each
side of the Altar; on these are represented the
two Sacraments. The Roof of the Chapel is
divided into compartments, carved and gilded.
The Screen which separates the Chapel from the
Ante-Chapel is a fine piece of architecture by
Sir C. Wren. The Arms of Sir William Portman,
at whose expense this was erected, are on the
outside; the inside represents the Arms of the
See of Canterbury, impaling those of the founder.'
Leaving the Chapel by the doorway in the
north transept, we enter the second or grand
Court, which is a spacious and beautiful Quad
rangle, 172 feet in length, and 155 in breadth,
having the Library on the north ; the Chapel and
Hall on the south ; on the west the Cloister
{or piazza,) connecting the Chapel and Library,
with a cupola'd gateway in the centre ; and on the
east, the Common-Room and other handsome
apartments adorned with two beautiful Gothic
Towers.b

* Notwithstanding the modern embellishments, much of
the original work still remains ; the stalls and desks of the
choir, with their quaintly-wrought "misereres" and grotesque
carvings, and the corbels and angel-propped hammer-beams
of the lofty roof, are in excellent preservation. That these
formed a part of the original designs appears from an entry
in the " rationarium fundationis," or college account of the
first foundation, where thirty-three shillings and fourpence is
recorded as having been paid to R. Tyllock, " Kervere," for
carving figures of angels in the roof of the Chapel.
b The view of St. Mary's Church, the Radcliffe Library,
&c, from the north corner of this court, is striking in the
highest degree. The history of this Quadrangle is rather
E 3

42 ALL SOULS COLLEGE  HALL.
The Hall is an elegant room, decorated with
good portraits of the following eminent charac
ters :— Sir Nathaniel Lloyd ; Honourable Charles
Stewart, D.D., bishop of Quebec; Young, the
Poet ; Chief Justice Willes ; Dr. Thomas, bishop
of Winchester; Dr. Clarke, M.P. ; [Over the
fire-place is a large picture, representing " The
Finding of the Law, and King Josiah rending
his Robe ;" and a bust of Heber, by Chantrey ;
also an old picture, in which is represented the
Builder and Architect (whose costume is very
ancient,) presenting to the Founder a plan for
the College.] Honourable Dr. Bagot, bishop of
Oxford; Sydenham; Reginald Heber, D.D.,
bishop of Calcutta; Colonel Codrington; the
Right Hon. Sir C. R. Vaughan; the Hon. Edward
Legge,. D.C.L., Warden, and bishop of Oxford ;
Archbishop Sheldon; Henry VI.; Archbishop
Chichele, the Founder; Lord Chancellor Nor-
thington ; Lynacre ; Viscount Tracy, and Dr.

curious. The north Tower was built at the cost of the Hon.
W. Stewart, third son of James, fifth Earl of Galloway,
whose arms are seen on the front, with an inscription below
bearing the date of 1720. The building was continued to the
Library by the well-known Philip, Duke of Wharton. The
south Tower was erected at the expense of the Duke of
Chandos, and Dr. Henry Godolphin, Dean of St. Paul's, and
Provost of Eton ; the rest of the building, as <far as the
Hall, was erected by Sir Nathaniel Lloyd, Knight, as the
inscription on it testifies. The piazza on the west wa9
finished about 1734, at an expense of £1050, defrayed by the
Hon. D. Greville, Lord Carleton, Dr. R. Hill, Thomas Palmer,
Esq., and Sir Peter Mews. The arms of the first-named, with
his profile in a medallion, are over the gate on the inside,
corresponding with those of the Founder on the outside.
The arms of the four others are painted on the spandrels of
the arches under the cupola.

~

in

m

SALT CM.IA1,

ALL SOULS* COLLEGE  BUTTERY, LIBRARY. 43
Isham, former Wardens ; Bishop Jeremy Taylor ;
Sir William Blackstone; Bishop North; Lord
Chancellor Talbot; Hon. R. Trevor, D.C.L.,
bishop of Durham ; Hon. E. Vernon, archbishop
of York ; Sir C. Wren ; Sir John Newbolt ;
the Hon. Duncan Bligh; Dr. Tanner, bishop
of St. Asaph; and a bust of the Founder, by
Roubillac. Adjoining the Hall is the Buttery, which is
not usually shown to strangers. It is remarkable
for a curiously arched and fretted roof, designed
by Dr. Gierke. There is also a good bust of Giles
Bennet, manciple ; and another, of Hawksmoor,
the architect ; also, a curious silver-gilt salt-cellar,
upwards of 400 years old, that belonged to the
Founder, and was given to the College by one of
his descendants. It is supported by an armed
figure : the lid being of crystal, set in silver.
This article is nearly eighteen inches in height,
and is used in the Refectory on certain occasions.
It may be seen on application to the Butler."
The Library is considered the most important
portion of the new buildings in the north Quad
rangle ; it occupies the whole of the north side of
the square, being about 200 feet long, 30 \ wide,
(with a recess, where it measures 50 feet in
breadth,) and 40 in height. Here is a fine statue
in marble, on a pedestal, of Colonel Codrington,b

1 The old Buttery is still in existence and in good preser
vation: it is situated immediately over the east end of
the Chapel, and is arched over and groined with stone.
b The Society of All Souls' is greatly indebted to the liberality
of a Fellow of the College, Christopher Codrington, Esq., for

44 ALL SOULS COLLEGE  LIBRARY.
the Founder of the Library ; and a Planetarium,
kept going by machinery, which is wound up
every eighth day. It has two grand ranges of
bookcases, one above the other, supported by
pilasters of the Doric and Ionic orders ; the
upper range, carried round three sides of the
room, forms a gallery. In this Library there are
upwards of 40,000 volumes, and the Society,
possessing funds for the purpose of increasing the
number of books, are continually adding to them.
Over the upper bookcases are placed, inter
changeably, bronze vases, and busts of some of
the most eminent Fellows of the Society. Com
mencing on the left with, Sir Anthony Shirley —
Sir William Petre — George Clarke, LL.D. — Sir
Daniel Dunn — Henry Coventry, Esq. — Sir Robert
Weston — Sir William Trumbull — Charles Talbot,
LL.D. — Sir Christopher Wren — Richard Stewart,
LL.D. — Thomas Tanner, D.D., bishop of St.
Asaph — Gilbert Sheldon, D.D., archbishop of
Canterbury — James Goldwell, bishop of Norwich
— David Pole, LL.D. bishop of Peterborough —
Brian Duppa, D.D., bishop of Winchester —
this building, a large collection of books valued at £6,000, and
a further bequest of £10,000. This gentleman was born in
1668, of English parents, and educated in England, but was
a native of Barbadoes, where he also died, and was interred ;
but his body was afterwards brought to England, and de
posited with becoming solemnity on the south side of the
Ante-Chapel of this College, June 19th, 1716. The spot is
marked by a large black marble slab, emphatically inscribed
with the name " CODRINGTON." An oration was delivered
on the occasion by Digby Cotes, the public orator ; and, on the
following day, the foundation stone of the Library was laid,
when another discourse was recited by the celebrated Dr.
Young, the poet; but the whole structure, as it now stands,
was not completely finished till forty years afterwards.

A1RAM. TllZIIP'DDZEIM. OJL.IM. TiOjiTTil, DI7J1,

I'TSTOM. COJLIL. CSMCT.^MM.
A>~TOr*. 1IH6T. AEM. M1DCC. 1XSH,

ALL SOULS COLLEGE — LIBRARY. 45
Jeremy Taylor, bishop of Down and Connor —
John Norris, M.A. —Thomas Sydenham, M.D.—
Thomas Ly nacre, M.D. — Sir Clement Edmonds,
M.A.— Sir William Byrde, LL.D.— Sir Nathaniel
Lloyd, LL.D. — Robert Hovenden, D.D., Warden
— and Sir John Mason. In the vestibule of this
Library is an ancient Tripod, found at Corinth,
and bearing an inscription, of which the following
is a translation :
Anthony Lefroy, in 1771, presented to the Warden and
College of All Souls', this Altar and Tripod, formerly conse
crated to Cybele, in the sacred Temple of Corinth.
In the window of this room are represented,
Henry VI.; St. Edmund; King Arthur; Chichele ;
St. Dunstan ; and Archbishop Odo ; which have
been executed more than 400 years. There is
also an ancient picture of the Founder ; and for
the Altar-piece, the original sketch by Mengs of
the Head of the Saviour.3
Immediately west of All Souls' College, is

a The Old Library is still in existence, but now converted into
an elegant set of apartments. It has, hoWe'Ver, been repaired
and -fitted up in its original style by the late occupier, the
Hon; Charles Augustus Murray, M. A., second son of the Earl
of Duhm'ore. Much of the panelling "and carving, of the time
of Queen Elizabeth, remains unimpaired. The ceiling is very
curious, and is continued through the partition into a lumber-
room beyond, to, which the staircase leads. It has, in distinct
compartments, the Royal Arms repeated, in plaster' of Paris,'
with a rose", a'fleur-de-lis, a portecullis, a harp, E. R., (for
Elizabetha Regina,) &c. ; the University Arms ; and the Arms
of the fifteen colleges, which were founded before the reign of
Queen Elizabeth.
There is a tradition that the workmen, when preparing to
lay the foundation of the original building, found, in a sewer,
a mallard of enormous size : to commemorate this singular
circumstance, the festival of the mallard was formerly held on
the night of every 14th of January ; and though this observ-

46 ST. MARY'S CHURCH.

ST. MARY'S CHURCH."
The imposing beauty of this elegant structure,
which must rank next in point of architectural
magnificence to the Church of St. Peter-in-the-
East, already described, requires a more extended
ance exists no longer, yet on one of the college gaudies there
is still sung in memory of the occurrence, set to ancient music,
a merry old song, of which the following is a specimen : —
" Therefore, let's sing and dance a galliard
To the remembrance of the mallard :
And as the mallard dives in pool,
Let us dabble, duck, and dive in bowl.
Oh, by the blood of King Edward,
It was a swapping, swapping mallard."
1 In order to distinguish this Church and parish from that
of St. Frideswide, which was likewise dedicated to the
Virgin, it was described as " The Parish of St. Mary-the-
Virgin in the City of Oxford," which title it still legally
retains. According to general tradition, Alfred is said posi
tively to have built a Church or Chapel, on the site of
St. Mary's, and to have annexed it to the Schools which
he founded or restored after the ravages of the Danes. In
process of time, by permission of the Crown, a variety of
subordinate Chapels and Chantries were erected here, and
endowed by individuals or fraternities with annual stipends
to the officiating priests. Many of these have been entirely
obliterated by subsequent alterations and repairs of the
edifice. Some of them existed long after the new Church
was erected, on the south side of the old edifice. The
Chapels or Chantries were used for the meetings of the
University, a general Library, and for schools of various
descriptions, before any public academic building was erected.
The only portions of the old Church now remaining, and
which are most interesting relics, are "The Royal Chapel,"
and " Our Lady's Chapel ;" the latter has since been called
Adam de Brom's Chapel, the Altar-Tomb of that benefactor
remaining there at the present time. The " Royal Chapel"
is now more generally known as the old Congregation-house,
and was originally the Chancel of the old Church. It is in
good preservation, and is used as a receptacle for the
University engines ; over it is a chamber still preserved for
academical use, in which the Vinerian Professor of Law
usually reads his lectures. This curious structure may,
with great certainty, be attributed to that learned monarch,
Henry I., called Beauclerc.

ST. MARY'S CHURCH  TOWER, SPIRE. 47
notice than the scope of a work like the present
will admit. It is dedicated to St. Mary-the-
Virgin, and is the Church of that parish. It is
also styled the University Church, in consequence
of the University Sermons being preached here :
these sermons take place every Sunday and
Holy day, (morning and afternoon,) excepting
Trinity Sunday, and Easter Sunday; when, in
their turn, the Dean or Canons of Christ Church
preach in the Cathedral; and some few other
exceptions.3 The present structure is entirely Gothic, and
was completed in 1498. The exquisitely beautiful
Tower and Spire will most probably be the
chief point of interest to every visitor. Viewed
externally, nothing can exceed its imposing ma
jesty. It was completed in the reign of Edward
1 1., under the superintendence of his almoner,
Adam de Brom. There is an exuberance of
decorated pinnacles and niches, the most promi
nent of which are enriched with statues. Each
angle is flanked with double buttresses of six
stages gradually diminishing, and united above
by an open parapet of trefoil work, which sur
rounds the base of the spire. The panels and
gables of the pinnacles are lined with a profusion
of pomegranates, in honour of Eleanor of Castile,

1 The names of the ministers, and where the sermons are to
be preached, may be learned from a notice affixed to the door
of the Buttery of every College on the Saturday preceding :
they are also usually announced in the Oxford Newspapers.
All the junior members of the University are expected to
attend the delivery of these sermons.

48 st. mary's church — chancel, font.
mother of Edward IL* The Chancel is said to
have been built by Walter Lyhert, or Le Harte,
Provost of Oriel, and afterwards hishop of Nor
wich, who died in 1472. On the south side are
three beautiful stalls or sedilia, of an early date,
for the priest, deacon, and sub-deacon, in very
good preservation. The remainder was entirely
rebuilt at the expense of the University, about
the beginning of the reign of Henry VII. The
architect was Sir Reginald Bray, then High
Steward of the University.
The restoration of the interior has been accom
plished with much taste, and in a manner highly
creditable to the young architect, Mr. T. Plowman,
of Oxford, who died in March, 1828, a few days
before the completion of the work. It was
entirely re-pewed, and new seats erected for the
Vice-Chancellor, Proctors, Doctors, and other
dignitaries of the University; the Galleries were
rebuilt, and the organ, &c, greatly improved.
The organ-screen, built with Painswick stone, was
erected in 1827, under the superintendence of the
same architect, who likewise executed (in 1828,)
the elegant Font, at the expense of the present
Provost of Oriel College, Dr. Hawkins, for many
years vicar of this parish. Near this Font is a
mural tablet of statuary marble, supported by
elegant figures, executed by Flaxman, and erected
to the memory of Sir W. Jones : it corresponds
^ Queen Eleanor gave the large mansion called " Le
Oriole," whence Oriel College derives its present appellation,
to her chaplain, James of Spain, who conveyed it to the
Provost and Fellows of that Society.

ST. mary's CHURCH  PORCH. 49
with the one in the Chapel of University College.
The mutilated remains of the ancient font and
pulpit may be seen near the entrance door on
the north side. The western window3 of the south
aisle has lately been filled with painted glass
executed by Wailes, from a design by W. A.
Pugin, Esq. in memory of Mr. Bartley, a Com
moner of Oriel College. The Porch, facing Oriel
Street, was erected in 1637, by Dr. Morgan
Owen, Chaplain to Archbishop Laud, at an
expense of £230. Over it is a statue of the
Virgin, holding a small crucifix, with the Holy
Child in her arms; which, at the time of its
erection, gave such offence to the Puritans, that
it was included in the articles of impeachment
against the Archbishop.
The following are the dimensions of the
Church : length of nave, 94 feet by 54, including
side aisles ; chancel, 68 by 24 ; height of the nave,
70 feet ; side aisles, 50. The height of the steeple
from the ground to the summit of the spire is
150 feet.
Leaving the Church by the northern entrance,
the visitor finds himself in the spacious Quad
rangle of Radcliffe Square,b (taking its name
from the imposing building in the centre,) com-

a This window was originally filled with painted glass,
representing, in groups of figures, an epitome of the History
of the University.
b This square is now formed by a part of the Bodleian
Library on the north, All Souls' College on the east, St.
Mary's Church on the south, and Brasenose College on the
west. It was formerly the site of Cat-street, School-street,
and three halls, viz. Black Hall, Staple Hall, and Glass Hall.
F

50 radcliffe library.
posed of some of the most unique buildings in the
University; this spot may well entitle Oxford to
the name of the modern Athens. As we have
stated, in the centre of this group of buildings,
almost in the centre of the city, and conspicuous
from every point of view, stands the
RADCLIFFE LIBRARY.*
The foundation stone of this splendid edifice
was laid on the 17th of May, 1737, and was
founded, at an expense of £40,000, by the emi
nent Dr. Radcliffe, physician to William III.,
and to Queen Anne.b To the above sum he

" By the will of the founder, the principal officers of state
are the trustees, and appoint the librarian. This structure
was at first called the Physic Library, and books relating to
Medicine, Anatomy, Natural History, &c., were placed there;
and the purchase of books is still confined to works on those
branches of science. It had originally been the intention
of Dr. Radcliffe to have made an addition to the Bodleian
Library, by building a room, 90 feet in length, from the
western window of the Selden part of the Library, the height,
pf course, to correspond with the length.
b A sketch of the career of this celebrated man, who was
certainly one of the most extraordinary characters that ever
belonged to this University, cannot but prove of great in
terest to the general reader. He was born at Wakefield, in
Yorkshire, in the year 1650 ; and having acquired a compe
tent knowledge of the learned languages at a school in his
native town, he became a member of University College, at
the age of fifteen. He took his Bachelor's degree in 1669 ;
•but though senior Scholar, he despaired of having a Fellow
ship ; he, however, obtained one soon afterwards at Lincoln
College, to which he had previously removed. Being desirous
of following the medical profession, he applied himself with
great assiduity and success to the study of botany, chem
istry, anatomy, and other necessary departments of science.
Having proceeded to the degree of Bachelor of Medicine
three years after he had taken that of Master of Arts, he
commenced practice as a licentiate in Oxford, and in 1682

radcliffe library. 51
added, also, an endowment of £150 a year for
the Librarian's salary, £100 a year for the pur
chase of books, with another £100 for repairs.
The first librarian was Francis Wise, B.D., Fellow
of Trinity College. The Library was opened for
the use of students, April 13th, 1749, the building
of it having occupied a space of twelve years,
under the direction of James Gibbs, Esq., F.R.S.

took his degree of Doctor of Medicine. His successful treat
ment of Lady Spencer, of Yarnton, near this city, contributed
not a little to his advancement in his profession, and to his
introduction into the highest circles. This lady was restored
to health in three weeks by Dr. Radcliffe, after having been
for three years in a state of hopeless suffering, under two
other physicians. At length, in 1684, he settled in London,
fixing his residence in Bow-street, Covent Garden ; and,
according to his apothecary, his receipts were twenty guineas
a day before he had been one year in town.
As no man acquired wealth more rapidly, so no man sus
tained the loss of it with greater composure. The failure of
a speculation in which he had embarked £10,000, the an
nouncement of which was made to him whilst he was at a
tavern, in the company of some persons of the highest rank,
seemed not to make the least impression on him ; he took his
glass as cheerfully as before, observing only, " that he had
nothing to do but to go up 250 pair of stairs, to make himself
whole again." Indeed, on one occasion a short time before,
he had received a fee of 1000 guineas, from Queen Mary, con
sort of William III. ; and in the campaign of 1695, his majesty,
King William, having sent for him from England, rewarded
his services by an order on the Treasury for twelve hundred
pounds. The Earl of Albemarle, also, whom he had restored
in a week, after he had languished many months, from a dan
gerous fever caught at the siege of Namur, presented him
with a diamond ring, and four hundred pounds. Dr. Radcliffe,
however, displayed a remarkable degree of unreserved candour
and ingenuousness towards his patients, whatever might be
their rank ; he also possessed the peculiar faculty of being able
to predict the deaths of his patients with singular veracity,
and even prognosticated his own. On the King's return from
Loo, in Holland, in 1697, his majesty was taken ill at his
palace of Kensington, and sent for Dr. Radcliffe, who, after
a long conference respecting the nature of the disorder, said,
" If your majesty will adhere to my prescriptions, it may be in
p2

52 radcliffe library.
This Library, from its entire contrast of style
with all the surrounding buildings, furnishes a
peculiar feature in the architectural history of
Oxford. The building stands as it were upon
arcades, disposed in a circular form ; and from
my power to lengthen your life for three or four years ; but,
beyond that period, nothing in physic can protract it : for
the juices of your stomach are all vitiated ; your whole mass
of blood is corrupted ; and your nutriment for the most part
turns to water." Though the King was so much restored by
following the advice and prescriptions given him, that he was
again able to visit his palace at Loo, where he remained about
two years, yet his life v as not protracted beyond the time
predicted. He saw the physician but once after his return to
England, when, extending his swollen ancles, whilst the rest of
his body was almost reduced to a skeleton, " Doctor," said he,
" What think you of these?" "Why, truly," replied Radcliffe,
" I would not have your Majesty's two legs for your three
Kingdoms." This offended the King to such a degree, that
though he followed his prescriptions, he never again sent for
the physician into his presence. On another occasion, Queen
Anne having sent for Dr. Radcliffe in one of her royal carriages,
to consult with him, on account of the illness of Prince George
of Denmark, the physician assured Her Majesty that he could
only keep His Royal Highness alive for six days ; and, to
the great grief of the whole court, the event turned out as
he had stated. His prediction of the death of old Tyson,
of Hackney, was accompanied with a most awful announce
ment : he told him, " that he had nothing to do but to go
home and die ; that he had raised an immense estate out of
the spoil of the public, and the tears of orphans and widows,
and that he would be a dead man in less than ten days." The
usurer, confounded with the sentence, returned home, and
died eight days afterwards.
During the last two years of his life, Dr. Radcliffe sat in
parliament for the town of Buckingham. At this time he
prepared for his own end, which he felt to be at no great
distance. He died November 1st, 1714; his body was con
veyed from Carshalton to Oxford, and interred with great
solemnity in St. Mary's Church, near the north-west corner
of the present organ-gallery. Such was Dr. Radcliffe ; a man
whose wit and talents were long remembered by his con
temporaries ; and whose benefactions will extend to the latest
posterity. Though not elected a fellow of University College, Dr.
Radcliffe behaved with singular liberality to that Society.

RADCLIFFE LIBRARY. 53
the centre rises a spacious and well-proportioned
dome. It has a rustic basement, 100 feet in
diameter, which is a double octagon, eight squares
being distinguished by their projection, and hav
ing over each a pediment that forms a gateway.
The superstructure is perfectly cylindrical, and
adorned with three-quarter columns of the Corin
thian order, arranged in couplets. Between
these, there is an alternation of windows and
niches. Over the latter, next to the architrave,
are beautiful festoons of fruits and flowers, which
contribute much to harmonise the general effect.
The entablature is greatly enriched with carving ;
and over it is a balustrade surrounding the whole,
finished with vases : this is at the height of 80 feet';
above which, though considerably contracted, is a
cupola of 60 feet.
We ascend to the Library by a spiral stone
staircase, which is light, and well-designed ; it

He left them £1100 for repairs and exhibitions, £5000 more
for their new buildings, and £600 per annum for the establish
ment of two travelling fellowships. The painted window at
the east end of the Chapel was one of his first donations to the
College ; and in 1700, he gave £200 to be divided equally be
tween the Church of All Saints, and Peckwater Quadrangle in
Christ Church, He also gave the elegant little bronze figure
of Mercury, which formerly stood in the centre of the reservoir
in the principal quadrangle at that College. His two greatest
works, however, are, the Library, described above, and the
Infirmary that bears his name. Through the liberality of his
trusters, the Observatory likewise contains evidence of his
munificence ; and the Asylum on Headington Hill, at the end
of Cheney, or China, Lane, has received so much assistance
from the same source, that the committee have given it the
name of the Radcliffe Asylum. Perhaps in no other city, has
there resided one man, who has left to posterity so many ex
amples of a great and good mind, and so true a claim to be
called a bright luminary of the age in which he existed.
f3

54 radcliffe library.
has an elegantly-worked iron balustrade, and is
surmounted by a dome, 80 feet from the floor,
which is beautifully ornamented in elegant com
partments of stucco. Over the entrance is a
Portrait of the Founder, by Sir G. Kneller,
considered to be the only original picture of
Dr. Radcliffe. Around the room is a Gallery
supported by pilasters of the Ionic order.
On the left of the. entrance is a cast of Anti-
noiis;a next to which is Discobolus : continuing in
rotation, are — Diana and Fawn ; Laocobn ; right
and left of which are two exquisite Candelabras,
taken from the ruins of the baths of Hadrian's
palace, near Tivoli, the gift of Sir Roger Newdi-
gate, Bart.; Apollo Belvidere; Fighting Gladiator ;
and the Townley Venus. Over the door-way is a
noble statue of the Founder in Doctor's Robes,
in marble, by Rysbrach. Most of the casts and
busts were the gift of J. S. Duncan, Esq., D.C.L.,
and P. B. Duncan, Esq., M.A., both Fellows of
New College.
In cases, under the Gallery, will be found the
valuable collection of Corsi Marbles, the gift of
Stephen Garrard, Esq., one thousand in number :
and in the circular portion without the piers, are
the book-cases and reading-tables.
In the Gallery. On the right of the door is
a wax model, by Michael Angelo, of " Ugolino
and his Family perishing in his Castle by famine ;"
the subject being taken from Dante's " Inferno."
» The names of the Busts, &c, above, in front of the Gallery,
(which are seen to advantage from this spot,) are printed in
Italic letters, in a subsequent paragraph.

Jftwm. k En?.* iy J.kJLS Stirrer.
C AMD TTCTLAm MA o
flladchfr'ZzhTary.}
LprufmJuh'-Ji&f -j. 1831, by She-wood. JVufy.k Janes

:iTi

1

ItraivrL 1c 2;ny.d by J.kJJ.S.Sterer^
CABTB1E1LA1B K A ,
I &OcOr Ziiraiy. I
IcnJci.J'^* Jilt ±.i3u, b. S'.-.-,.:.dlT^ i^Jci

56 brasenose college.
BRASENOSE COLLEGE.— 5.
(Styled in the Charter, "The King's Hall and College of
Brasenose.)'
Founded in 1509, in the reign of Henry VIII., by William
Smyth, Bishop of Lincoln, and Chancellor of the University ;
and Sir Richard Sutton, of Prestbury, in Cheshire.11

1 The foundation stone of this beautiful pile of buildings
was laid on the 1st of June, 1509. The present frontage
occupies nearly the whole of the western side of Radcliffe
Square, and the ground, including the Principal's house,
(formerly Haberdasher's Hall,) extends southward as far as,
the High Street. The College stands on the site of some of
the most venerable property in the University, and was
originally occupied by no less than four ancient halls, viz.,
Little University Hall, described by some antiquaries' as one1
of those built by Alfred, and which occupied the north-east
angle, near the lane ; Brasenose Hall, whence is derived the
name of the College, situated where the present gateway now
stands ; Salisbury Hall, the site of a part of, the, present .
library ; and Little St. Edmund Hall, which was still more to
the southward, about where the chapel is now situated. The
name of Brasenose is supposed, and with a great degree of
probability, to have been derived from a Brasinium, or brew-1
house, attached to the Hall built by Alfred, but more vulgarly,
from some students who had removed to it from the tem
porary University of Stamford, where the iron ring of the
knocker was fixed in a nose of brass. Whatever may have,
been its origin, it appears that the Society still retain the
latter interpretation, and display on the face of their College
and boat a fully-developed brasen nasal organ. — The ;original
buildings, of Headington stone, dug from a quarry granted tol
the Founders for that purpose, are still to be seen in their ancient
form in the first quadrangle ; but a third story with dormer
windows was constructed over a great part of it, in the time
of James I., for the accommodation pf additional members :
and the tower-gateway and hall completely retain their first
character. The genuine door-wicket of the staircase leading
to the tower rooms, is a most interesting remnant of the old'
College. b Of the Founders of this College, but little authentic
information is to be obtained. The precise time of the birth
of Bishop Smyth is uncertain ; nor is it known where he prose
cuted his studies. He was, however, a Bachelor of Laws
at Oxford, in 1492; and was preferred to the rectory of
Cheshurst, by Margaret, Countess of Richmond ; and through

brasenose college. 57
Foundation— A Principal, 20 Fellows, 26 Scholars, and 18
Exhibitioners. There are also other Members not on the
Foundation. The number of Members on the books is
upwards of 400. Visitor — Bishop of Lincoln.
*»* Pouter's Lodge — On the right of the Entrance Gateway.
Places worthy of inspection— The Chapel, and Hall.
Among the Renowned Characters who were Members of this
College, were— John Fox, author of "The Book of Martp-s ;"
Reginald Heber, late Bishop of Calcutta ; and Alexander
Nowell, the learned Dean of St. Paul's, author of several
Catechisms, and of whom it has been observed, that he
came to this College in the thirteenth year of his age,
resided thirteen years, founded thirteen scholarships, and
died on the 13th day of February, 1602, at the advanced
age of 95 years.3

the interest he made with that lady, the University of Oxford
is without doubt indebted for the Margaret Professorship of
Divinity. By her means, also, he was made Dean of St.
Stephen's, a Privy Councillor, President of Wales, Bishop of
Coventry and Lichfield, Bishop of Lincoln, and Chancellor of
the University. In the beginning of the year 1508, he formed
his plan of rebuilding Brasenose Hall, and refounding it as
a College, with the assistance of Sir Richard Sutton, and both
had the satisfaction of living to see their benevolent design
carried into execution. The Bishop died on the 2nd of
December, 1513. Of his coadjutor, Sir R. Sutton, the me
morials are still less explicit : he, however, is known to have
been of a very ancient and respectable family. He was a
barrister of the Inner Temple, and a member of the Privy
Council of Henry VII. His will was proved in St. Paul's
Cathedral, November 7th, 1524; and he was supposed to
have died a few days previously.
a In addition to the benevolent Founders, the College
soon obtained numerous other benefactors. The most dis
tinguished of these are Mrs. Joyce Frankland, (who con
tributed largely to this and Lincoln Colleges, Oxford, and to
Caius and Emanuel Colleges, Cambridge) ; Lord Mordaunt ;
Dr. Samuel Radcliffe, Principal ; Sarah, Duchess of Somerset,
whose Scholarships are numerous and well-endowed. Mr.
Hulme, of Kearsley, in the county of Lancaster, founded
fifteen Exhibitions, four of them to maintain four poor Bache
lors of Arts, for four years; and recently, in 1842, three

58 brasenose college  HALL.
This College consists of two Courts, in the
first of which the Hall and apartments for the
Members are situated ; in the centre of the same
Quadrangle is a fine cast, by some supposed to
be " Sampson slaying a Philistine with the jaw
bone of an Ass ;" while others imagine it to be
" Cain killing his brother Abel."
The Hall, which is on the south side of this
Quadrangle, is a well-proportioned room, it is
entered by a curious specimen of a shallow porch,
that has only of late years been cleaned out
and brought to light. Over it are two very
ancient busts ; one of King Alfred, who founded
Little University Hall, on the site of which part
of this College now stands ; and one of John
Erigena, who, about the year 882, is said to have
read lectures in Oxford. The Hall is embellished
with the following portraits : — Dr. Yarborougb,
Dr. Yate, and Dr. Hodson, former Principals;
Dr. Gilbert, the late Principal; the late Marquis
of Buckingham; Bishop Smyth, and Sir R.
Sutton, the Founders, with a curious and ap
parently contemporaneous painting of the former
on the bay window at the upper end of the
room; Mrs. Joyce Frankland; Dean Nowell,

Exhibitions, to be called the Colquitt Clerical Exhibitions,
were founded by Elizabeth, Susan, and Lucy Colquitt, of
Green Bank, in the county of Lancaster, in compliance with
the wishes of their sister, Mary Colquitt, deceased ; one to be
established immediately, and the others on the decease of the
survivor of the said three sisters ; and they are intended for
the sons of indigent or deceased clergymen, or of such laymen
as cannot, unaided, support the expenses of a College life,
to assist them in their education for the Ministry of the
Church of England, according to its articles and liturgy.

brasenose college — library. 59
who is represented with a fishing-rod over his
head, and a paper of fish-hooks in his hands;
King Alfred ; Bishop Cleaver ; Sir Thomas Eger-
ton; Dr. Latham, late President of the College
of Physicians; John, Lord Mordaunt; Lord
Chancellor Ellesmere; Dr. Burton, author of
" The Anatomy of Melancholy ;" Dr. Samuel
Radcliffe; Sarah, Duchess of Somerset; and Dr.
Kaye. In this room the Royal Arms are finely
carved in oak. There is also a newly-painted
window by Warrington, lately put in at the
expense of the Fellows of this Society. The
original centre fire-place, with the lantern or
louvre above, were not removed from this Hall,
until 1760, when the present chimney-piece was
given by the Hon. Ashton, afterwards Lord Cur-
zon, a member of the College.
Through a passage on the left of the gate
of the first Quadrangle, we enter the second,
on the east side of which is the Library; the
Ghapel being situated on the south.
The Library, which has been much improved,
has a good collection of books.3 At the upper

1 The present Library, which, with the Chapel, are said
to have been designed by Sir Christopher Wren, was finished
in the year 1663. The interior, as now seen, was fitted
up under the superintendence of Mr. Wyatt, in 1780. The
necessity for a new arrangement of the books arose chiefly
from the large collection bestowed by the heirs of Principal
Yarborough, who died in 1770 ; the classical portion is en
riched by the manuscript notes and collections of the
learned Wasse, of Queen's College, Cambridge, and the rival
of the celebrated Bentley. Dr. Barker, Principal in 1777,
contributed £300 towards these improvements. Under the
Library were formerly Cloisters, which have recently been
converted into apartments.

60 BRASENOSE COLLEGE — CHAPEL.
end there are two fine busts ; one of the Right
Hon. Lord Grenville, late Chancellor of the
University, (by Nollekens); the other of Dr.
Kaye, Bishop of Lincoln, the Visitor. The ceil
ing of this room is particularly elegant.
The Chapel, which has also undergone great
improvement, is elegantly fitted up.a The roof, of
rich fan tracery, is a chaste specimen of Gothic
architecture, and is strikingly beautiful. The
splendid marble Altar, with its Grecian decora
tions is justly admired. The Candlesticks upon
the Communion-table are of silver-gilt ; they are
dated 1677, and were the gift of the first Lord
Ellesmere, Lord Chancellor, &c. There is also a
good brass Eagle, presented in 1731, by Thomas
Lee Dummer, Esq., a gentleman-commoner of
the College. The east window is decorated with
the figures of St. Matthew, St. John, Jesus
Christ, St. Mary, and St. Luke, executed by
Pearson, from a design by Mortimer, and was
the gift of Dr. Crawley, Principal in 1776.b In

1 The first Chapel used by the Society was a small oratory
over the Buttery, now used as the Common-Room of the
Fellows and Masters of Arts. The foundation stone of the
present ChapeL was laid June 26, ] 656, and finished ten years
afterwards, having been consecrated by Bishop Blandford,
November 17th, 1666. Dr. Samuel Radcliffe, who was
forcibly and illegally ejected by the parliamentary faction
of the 17th century, had contributed £1850 for a new edifice ;
and by the liberality of the other Members of the College,
a sufficient sum was afterwards collected to finish both the
Chapel and Library.
b A very remarkable effect may be observed in the ChapeL
when viewed on a summer evening from Radcliffe Square ;
the sun, being level with the west window, shines directly
through the whole length of the Chapel, and lights up the
stained glass in this east window most brilliantly.

THE SCHOOLS. 61
the Ante-Chapel are several handsome monu
ments, especially one to the memory of Dr.
Shippen, a former Principal ; and one, of marble,
erected at the expense of the undergraduates of
the college, to the memory of the Rev. James
Smith, M.A., for some years the greatly-respected
Vice-Principal, who died on the 10th of October,
1838. On this monument are two well-executed
full-length figures of students in their academical
costume. On leaving the College, the visitor should turn
to the left; and by continuing his route north
wards, through a passage ornamented with a
well-groined stone vaulting, he will enter the
handsome Quadrangle of
THE SCHOOLS.
These are not the property of any one College,
but belong to the University as a body.3 The
respective faculties are still distinguished by the
a The majority of the original Schools, which were very
nearly on the site of the present erection, were attached to the
halls, situated in School Street. The first reduction of them
into one building was made by Abbot Hokenorton, of Osney,
in the year 1439. In 1532, a further attempt was made to
increase their extent, but failed, owing to the disturbed
religious state of the country at that time ; and although a
considerable sum of money was actually spent on them, yet
the whole area, between the original Schools and the Divinity
School was converted into a garden and pig-market (the
latter appellation being still given to a portion of the present
edifice) ; the schools themselves were completely abandoned
by both scholars and masters, and were used by glovers and
laundresses. In 1554, the University obtained from the dean
and chapter of Christ Church a grant of the present site, and
some repairs were commenced in 1558. The first stone of the
present structure was laid in 1612, the day after the funeral of
G

62 the schools.
inscriptions over the doors in letters of gold ;
though, with the exception of those devoted to
Medicine and Natural Philosphy, they have long
ceased to be used according to their original
intention.3 At the north-east corner are those
which are now used as the Schools for the Public
Examination of Students previous to their taking
a degree. The principal entrance is from Catharine or
Cat Street, opposite to Magdalene Hall, under a
handsome groined archway, the folding oak doors
of which are ornamented and elaborately carved
with Royal Arms and devices, as also the Arms of

its noble proposer, Sir Thomas Bodley. The architect was
Thomas Holt, of York, who died at Oxford in 1624, and was
buried in Holywell Church-yard ; and a remarkably goo d
specimen of his skill is the groined vault of the passage under
the eastern wing of the Bodleian Library, and which is
that portion usually known as the pig-market.
a The following appointment of the several Schools for each
faculty and science is recorded in one of the University
Registers, and, as above stated, is notified by inscriptions over
the doors in letters of gold : — On the South Side, Medicine and
Anatomy, since taken into the Bodleian Library, with the
school of Natural Philosophy under it : contiguous to the
former, and on the same story was the school for Hebrew,
afterwards Music and Rhetoric, (sometime used as a drying-
room for the press,) now forming a part of the Library, under
which is the present Music school. The North Side contained
the school of Civil Law, now an additional room to the Library,
having under it that of Moral Philosophy, since appropriated
to the reception of the Arundel Marbles, &c. : the Greek
school adjoins the Law school, having the Grammar school
¦underneath, now the Examination school. The East Side
was devoted to Geometry and Arithmetic (together), — with
Metaphysics underneath, now added to the Examination
school. On the other side of the tower was the school of
Astronomy, with that of Logic underneath, formerly contain
ing the collection of Marbles known as " the Pomfret Statues,"
but which have recently been transferred to the Randolph or
University Galleries, in Beaumont Street.

the schools. 63
the University, and of all the Colleges which at
that time existed, including those of Wadham,
then recently founded. The tower of this gate
way is composed of the five orders of architec
ture ; it contains, over the archway, four rooms
or stories ; the first and second form a handsome
part of the Bodleian Library and Picture Gallery ;
the third is the Archive room, and contains the
Muniments, Registers, and other public docu
ments of the University, — hence this tower is not
unfrequently called the Muniment Tower; and
the fourth or top one was originally intended as
an Observatory for the use of the Astronomical
Professors, but is now consigned to the service
of the Reader in Experimental Philosophy.3 Near
the top is a statue of James I., enthroned, with his
right hand presenting a copy of his works to
Fame; and with his left, another copy to the
University. Over, are the emblems of Justice,
Peace, and Plenty ; these were at one time
double-gilt, and so splendid, that when the sun
shone on them they were too dazzling to behold.
Proceeding to the south-western doorway of
the Schools' Quadrangle, the visitor will be con
ducted by a long, but by no means a tedious
staircase, to the

* Over the entrance archway, and in the upper story of the
tower, fronting the area, are the Royal Arms, with supporters,
&c. : over the northern archway are the Arms of the University,
ensigned with the round cap, and supported by two angels :
over the southern archway, leading to Radcliffe Square, is the
family escutcheon of William, Earl of Pembroke, with an
inscription, in letters of gold, denoting that he was then Cham
berlain of the King's household, and Chancellor of the
University.
g2

64 BODLEIAN LIBRARY.
BODLEIAN LIBRARY;
Or, Public Library of the University :
[Receiving its name from the munificent Sir Thomas Bodley,
though he was not the original Founder 'of the whole edifice.a
His life was not spared to see even the completion of his first
addition to the Library, in the east wing, which was not
finished until the year after his death : but it was enough
for him to accomplish, to have re-fitted and re-furnished the
original Library, which at that time was reduced to so miser
able a condition, that not more than three or four volumes
remained in it. The regeneration, however, was executed
with such zeal that on the 8th of November, 1602, being in
possession of more than two thousand volumes, the Library
was opened with great ceremony, and dedicated to the Univer
sity on that day, which is still commemorated by the annual
visitation.] *„* The Visitor will first proceed to the Picture Gallery,
in the story above, where the Janitor of both rooms is always
in attendance. On entering the Library the eye first meets an
admirable portrait of the Founder, by Cornelius
Jansen. In the room there are two or three other
portraits of great interest : one by Vandyck, of
Junius, famed for his skill in the Teutonic and
other languages of northern Europe ; an exquisite

a The first donor of books to the University was Roger .
L'Isle, or De Insula, dean of York, who, early in the 13th
century, gave several copies of the Bible, to be used by
the Scholars of Oxford, under a pledge. About the year
1302, Thomas Cobham, bishop of Worcester, having given his
books to- the University, commenced the erection of a Library
over the old congregation house ; some remains of it may still
be traced in the blank space behind the east end of the
present Law school, a partition having been made to reduce
the room to a rectangular form. The actual Founder of the
magnificent work attributed to Bodley, was Humphrey, Duke
of Gloucester, son of Henry IV., who furnished the money

BODLEIAN LIBRARY. 65
portrait of Selden by Mytens ; and a very unique
one of Humphrey Wanley, the celebrated librarian
to the Earl of Oxford, and an under librarian
here. The ceiling is painted in a very effective
style, and is divided into square compartments,
each illustrated with the Arms of the University ;
and those of Bodley are at every angle, giving to
the whole a strikingly rich effect. The books
in this part of the edifice retain their ancient
classified arrangement, according to the will of
Sir Thomas Bodley : this plan was not discon
tinued till the constant increase of books,3 re
quired an economy of space such as could never
be obtained by following the original intention.
Bodley's designs were soon succeeded by nu
merous benefactions: the famous collection of
more than two hundred Greek MSS., formed by
Giacomo Barocci, a Venetian nobleman, was

for carrying on that portion over the Divinity school ; and in
a letter written to him by the University, in the year 1445,
he is styled the Founder of this portion of the building.
At his death, in 1447, he left £100 for its completion, with
several valuable MSS. ; it was finished in 1480, in a more
elaborate and splendid manner than was at first intended,
through the contributions of Cardinal Beaufort ; Joseph
Kemp, archbishop of York ; Thomas Kemp, bishop of
London ; Archbishop Morton, and others. To this super
structure, Sir Thomas Bodley added his own (or, rather, the
commencement, as he did not live to witness its completion,)
great work, forming the eastern wing of the present Library,
and which was built on such a model as to harmonize with
the original structure ; the commencement of it may be easily
traced at the termination of the last buttress at the north-east
angle, where probably the first stone was laid : the western
wing, called the Selden Library, was erected between the
years 1630 and 1640, with very questionable taste.
* A large addition is annually made ; as, under the act
of parliament for securing copyright, the Library receives
a copy of every work printed throughout the kingdom.
g3

66 BODLEIAN LIBRARY.
added in 1629, by the Earl of Pembroke, then
Chancellor of the University. Four years after
wards, nearly the same number of MSS., chiefly
Latin and English, were given by Sir Kenelm
Digby; these, with the former, it is supposed
were presented at the instigation of Archbishop
Laud, who succeeded the Earl in the Chancellor
ship of the University, and himself presented the
Library with more than 1300 European and
Oriental MSS. Shortly afterwards, the Library
of the learned Selden was deposited here by his
executors, consisting of more than 8000 volumes
of printed books and MSS., nearly all of which
bear the name and motto of that distinguished
individual. Numerous benefactors followed this
example; Lord Sunderland made a donation of
a splendid collection of early plays and English
poetry, formed by Malone, the Editor of Shaks-
pere; in the topographical department, the books,
maps, and manuscripts of the celebrated antiquary,
Richard Gough, Esq., may be considered a very
great acquisition : and within the last few years,
the late Francis Douce, Esq., has munificently
added his tastefully-collected museum of very rare
printed books, manuscripts, coins, medals, prints,
and drawings, the accumulated stores of years of
patient and untiring research : for their reception,
a separate and distinct part of these extensive
buildings has been judiciously appropriated, and a
catalogue of the valuable contents is now printed.3
a Grateful for these numerous bequests, the curators of the
Bodleian are about to present to the literary world a catalogue
of the whole contents of the Library from its foundation to

BODLEIAN LIBRARY. 67
In addition to the great numbers already enume
rated, the Bodleian contains the manuscripts of
D'Orville; Clarke, the celebrated traveller; the
Abbate Canonici of Venice; some splendidly-
illuminated Mexican manuscripts; the printed
books and manuscripts of the Oppenheimer family,
well known to comprise the most valuable library
of Rabbinical literature ever collected together;
an extensive supply of early printed Bibles ; and
50,000 Dissertations by learned members of
foreign Universities.
Amongst the numerous works of art in this
room, there is, in the Selden Library, a very
elegant model, composed of rose-wood, inlaid
with mother-of-pearl, of the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre, at Jerusalem, as it now stands.
The funds of the Library are kept up by small
fees paid by every member of the University at
his matriculation ; by a trifling annual contribution
from all Members as soon as they shall have taken
their degree of B.A.;3 and by an annual amount
of £2000 to purchase works of literature and art
from any country.
All members of the University who have taken
a degree, are permitted to study in this Library,
but no books are allowed to be taken from the
premises. Strangers of any country, having an
introduction to the librarian through a Master of
Arts, may read and take extracts from any works
the present time, prepared in a masterly manner, by gentle
men well skilled in this department.
•This fund was established at the suggestion of Lord
Stowell, and at first produced only £400.

68 BODLEIAN LIBRARY.
they may require, and which will be brought to
them by one of the under librarians, or assistants,
in attendance.3
[The reader will naturally expect from us a sketch of the
career of that eminent and illustrious public benefactor to the
University, and to the whole literary world — the Founder of
the above Library. Our limits will only permit of a few cur
sory remarks. Sir Thomas Bodley, descended from the ancient
family of the Bodleighs of Dunscomb, was born at Exeter,
March 2nd, 1544. About 12 years afterwards, his father
removed with his family to Geneva, to avoid the persecu
tions of Mary's reign ; but on the accession of protestant
Elizabeth, he returned to England in 1558, and settled in
London. During his short stay in Geneva, young Bodley
was not idle. He frequented public lectures ; heard Che-
valerius on the Hebrew tongue— Bervaldus on the Greek —
Calvin and Beza on Divinity. He boarded in the house of
Philibertus Saracenus, a learned physician, where he had the
advantage of domestic instructors. Here, Robert Constan-
tine — the celebrated author of the Greek Lexicon — read
Homer to him : these studies probably were the means of
laying the foundation of the future edifice of literary fame ;
and here, he doubtlessly imbibed that love of books, which
formed so distinguishing a feature in his character.
At the age of 14, he was admitted to Magdalene College,
Oxford, where Dr. Humphrey, afterwards president, was his
tutor. In 1563, he took his B.A. Degree, and was admitted
M.A. in 1566. In the meantime he was elected a Fellow of
Merton College, where he continued for several years to read a
public lecture on the study of Grecian Literature — then much
neglected. In 1569 he was junior proctor ; and supplied the
place of public orator for some time afterwards.
From 1576 to 1580, Bodley travelled through France, Ger-
» The Library is open throughout the year, excepting
Christmas week, and the first weeks in September and No
vember, when it is closed for the purposes of cleaning and
preparing for the annual visitation. On Saints' days it is not
opened until the conclusion of the University Sermon at
St. Mary's, usually about half-past eleven. The regular
daily hours are from nine in the morning till four in the
afternoon, during summer, and from ten to three in winter.

picture gallery. 69
many, and Italy ; and though he then returned to College, he
was afterwards employed by Queen Elizabeth at home and
abroad, (as our minister to the Hague, and elsewhere,) till
1597 ; when, at the age of 53, he resolved, as he himself
emphatically states, " to take a full farewell of state employ
ments, and to set up his staff at the Library door in Oxford ;
being thoroughly persuaded that he could not busy himself to
better purpose, than by reducing that place, which then lay
ruined and waste in every part, to the public use of students."
The means he adopted to carry out his determination, have
been fully detailed in our account of the Library. During the
remainder of his life, though daily watching and providing
for the permanent prosperity of his enterprise, he resided.
chiefly in retirement, at Parson's Green, Fulbam ; he died,
however, at his house in London, January ,28th, 1612, at the
age of 68 years.
Though he did not live to see the completion of any great
portion of the vast building which he had projected, in con
junction with Sir Henry Saville and Sir John Bennett, yet
Sir Thomas Bodley had the satisfaction of seeing the whole
design in a fair way to be fulfilled. The confidence which he
felt in the prospect is expressed in the following terms :
" The project is cast : and whether I live, or die, it shall, God
willing, be put into full execution." TTi'r anxiety for the
proper execution of the works is evident from one of his
letters to Dr. James, who was his first Librarian : — " I had
rather cast it down, than that it should stand with any palpa
ble faults." For any further particulars of this great man,
the reader must be referred to the numerous works respect
ing him, in the Library itself.]
Continuing the ascent to the uppermost story
of the staircase, the visitor is admitted into the

PICTURE GALLERY.
*** A Catalogue of the Portraits, Models, and other
Curiosities in this Gallery, maybe obtained of the Janitor,
who is always in attendance.
This room contains portraits of the chief benefac
tors, founders, and chancellors of the University,

70 picture gallery.
and on this account forms an interesting feature.
On the staircase leading to the Gallery, are busts
of Sir Thomas Bodley and Dr. Wallis, besides
several Portraits.
Near the entrance of the Gallery is a chair
made of part of the ship in which Admiral Drake
sailed round the world, on which is the following
inscription : —
To this great Ship, which round the globe has run,
And match'd in race the chariot of the Sun ;
This Pythagorean Ship (for it may claim
Without presumption, so deserved a name)
By knowledge once, and transformation now,
In her new shape this sacred port allow.
Drake and his Ship could not have wish'd from Fate
An happier station, or more blest estate : .
For, lo ! a seat' of endless rest is given,
To her in Oxford, and to him in heaven.
ABRAHAM COWLEY, 1662.
Sent to the University of Oxford, by Order of John Davis, Esq.,
the King's Commissioner at Deptford.
Here are also full-length Portraits of George III.,
in youth ; and William IV. and Adelaide ; the
latter presented by her majesty, the Queen
Dowager, to commemorate her visit to Oxford
in 1835.
Near the above, in the window-places, are a fac
simile of the Death- Warrant of Charles I. ; a bust
of John, Duke of Marlborough ; the Lantern
used by Guy Faux, with a fac-simile of the letter
divulging the Plot, which was sent to Lord Mont-
eagle, (with portraits of the Conspirators) ; and
models of the Elgin marbles, that are deposited
in the British Museum. In the centre of the
eastern portion of the Gallery — (called poets''



2r*. -.:<--7..'/.<///..7-Ur.-'.7
IBIRAKJE" cihaib,
£cuir-L. A/ ds!xe 1, ztu.by Shvwd.A1"]- '¦

PICTURE GALLERY. 71
corner, from its containing Portraits of celebrated
poetical characters,) — is a noble statue, in brass,
of William, Earl of Pembroke, Chancellor of
the University from 1616 to 1630, designed by
Rubens, and executed by Hubert le Soeur, the
modeller of the equestrian statue of Charles I. at
Charing Cross : in the window-places adjoining
are casts of Apollo, and the Venus di Medici ;
a marble bust of a Female, sculptured by the
Hon. Mrs. Damer ; and a bust of W. Fletcher,
Esq., for many years an Alderman of Oxford,
the donor of the stained windows in this room.
There are also marble busts, on handsome pedes
tals, of the Duke of Wellington, by Chantrey ;
Dr. Ireland, by the same sculptor ; Lord North,
by Bacon ; and Sir Christopher Wren, by Rou-
billac. In the window-places are busts of Sir
Isaac Newton ; Dr. Burney ; Aristides ;• Phocion ;
Cicero; and Homer.
The following are amongst the Portraits in
this Gallery : — Sir Kenelm Digby, and the un
fortunate Earl of Strafford, by Vandyck ; Thomas
Howard, Earl of Surrey, by Holbein ; Lord
Burleigh, riding on a mule to the Parliament
house; Handel, by Hudson, the only Portrait
for which he ever sat ; Sir Henry Wotton, by
Jansen ; Camden ; Mary, Queen of Scots ; Paine,
the architect, teaching his son, by Sir Joshua
Reynolds ; Sir Philip Sydney, burnt in wood by
Dr. Griffith, formerly Master of University Col
lege, who executed the altar-piece in the chapel
there, in the same manner ; and a few others of
lesser note, though of considerable interest.

72 PICTURE GALLERY.
Down the centre of the room are placed the
following models of ancient buildings, chiefly
executed by M. Fonquet, of Paris, and mostly
presented by P. Duncan, Esq., of New College : —
The Arch of Constantine. This stands at the foot of the
Palatine Hill, very near the Colosseum ; and was erected by
the senate in honour of Constantine's victory over Maxentius.
The building consists of one large arch, with a smaller one on
each side ; and is ornamented with eight Corinthian pillars,
29J feet in height, of giallo antico, with a statue over each.
A Subterranean Palace, at Guzerat, in India ; an interesting
model, made of foreign oak, or teak wood. The building is
200 feet long, and 90 feet deep ; at the bottom of it is a large
reservoir ; there are five stories of rooms, extending nearly the
whole length of the building, each supported by numerous
arches and pillars. The top of the building is level with the
earth, except a dome at one end and a temple at the other.
On each side of the roof of the building are troughs for cattle ;
water is raised into them with a machine worked by an
animal in the dome before mentioned, who traverses a circle
as in some of our mills. There are several Palaces of this
description in India ; they are resorted to in the hottest
season of the year. This model is the gift of Chief Justice
Sir John Awdry, formerly a fellow of Oriel College.
The Parthenon, or Temple of Mine) va, built upwards of four
hundred years before the coming of Christ, during the admi
nistration of Pericles, who employed Callicrates and Ictinus as
architects, under Phidias, to whom he committed the direction
of all works of elegance and magnificence. Sir G. Wheeler,
who visited this splendid temple in 1676, describes it as " con
sisting altogether of admirable white marble. There were
forty-six pillars, forty-two feet high and seventeen and a half
in circumference. The distance from pillar to pillar was seven
feet four inches." A great part of the pediment and frieze
was taken down by Lord Elgin, and some time since purchased
by Government for the British Museum. Phidias made an
ivory statue of Minerva for this Temple, thirty-nine feet high,
and decked with pure gold to the value of upwards of £120,000
sterling. Height of the model, 6 feet 6 inches ; height of the
columns, 11 inches.

PICTURE GALLERY. 73
The Temple of the Sybil, or of Vesta, at Tivoli. This beauti
ful Temple, believed to be of the Augustan age, was circular,
and surrounded originally with eighteen columns, of which ten
only are now standing. The total height of the Temple was
about thirty-three feet. It is called the Temple of Vesta
merely on account of its circular form ; but this was a com
mon form of ancient temples : it is, probably, a Temple built
in honour of the Tiburtine Sybil, to the situation of whose
abode it sufficiently appears to correspond. It may serve as a
model of Corinthian architecture, so perfect and so exquisitely
beautiful are its design, its symmetry, and proportions. It
stands near the edge of a tremendous precipice, from which
the waters of the Anio, (now Teverone,) plunge downward
with the noise of thunder.
The Maison Carrie at Nismes, one of the most beautiful of
ancient buildings in the world, as well as the best preserved.
Maffei, who had seen all the buildings of Italy, expresses
himself with so much admiration in speaking of this, that he
says that the sight of it alone is sufficient to give a taste for
architecture to those who never had any. The order is
Corinthian ; the ornaments are so exquisitely delicate, and the
proportions so just, that nothing, even of the age of Augustus,
ever surpassed it. It was surrounded with thirty columns.
Its length was 72 feet, and its breadth 36 feet. M. Seguier
supposes it to have been consecrated to Caius and Lucius
Cassar, the adopted sons of Augustus.
The Erectheum, Pandroseum, and Temple of Minerva Polios.
These Temples are in the Acropolis, or citadel of Athens. The
remains of the Erectheum are of white marble, the architec
tural ornaments of very exquisite workmanship, and uncom
monly curious. The columns of the front of the Temple of
Neptune are standing with the architrave ; and also the screen
and portico of Minerva Polias, with a portion of the cella, re
taining traces of the partition wall, which originally divided
the temples. The capitals of the Ionic columns, supporting the
Temple of Minerva Polias, are of so astonishing a delicacy that
it seems incredible that marble could be so finely sculptured.
The Pandroseum is a. small but very curious building. The
entablature is supported by Caryatides, or female figures, the
origin of which is as follows : — the Carians had been long at
war with the Athenians ; but being at length totally van
quished, their wives were led away captives, and to perpetuate

74 PICTURE GALLERY.
the memory of this event, trophies were erected, in which
figures of women, dressed in the Caryatic manner, were used
to support entablatures ; and though other female figures were
afterwards used in the same manner, the name of Caryatides
was always retained.
Temple of Fortuna Virilis. This is considered by architects
as one of the best specimens of the Ionic style to be seen in
Rome. Vasi says, it is not only the most ancient, but the
most beautiful temple in Rome ; that it was erected by Servius
Tullius, as a tribute of gratitude to Fortune for having raised
him from the condition of a slave to the dignity of a king, and
that it was rebuilt or restored in the time of the Republic.
About the year 872, this temple was changed into a church
and dedicated to the Virgin.
Temple of Neptune at Pmstum. This model of one of the
oldest buildings to be seen in Italy was made by Mr. T. Wyatt,
jun., an ingenious artist of this city, from a cork model brought
from Naples. This hypaethral temple is supposed to have been
coeval with the earliest period of the Grecian emigration to
the south of Italy ; it has six columns in the front, and four
teen on each side, including the angular ones. The upper step
of the stylobate, or flight of steps, is a parallelogram,. 195 feet
4 in., by 78 feet 10. The columns have twenty-four flutings.
Not a single column, either of the outer peristyles, or of the
vestibules, is wanting, and the entablature is nearly perfect all
around. The columns are 6 feet 10 inches in diameter, and 28
feet 1 1 in height, including the capital ; those of the interior
range are 4 feet 8 inches in diameter, and 19 feet 9 in height.
The lower columns of this very ancient temple still remain,
and seven of the upper, 'lhe lateral walls of the cella have
almost disappeared. The stone used in this and the other
buildings is a stalactite, formed by a calcareous deposit from
water, and brought from the mountain Alburnus. A thin coat
ing of stucco was laid over the whole to fill up the interstices
of this porous stone. Age has given it a deep tint of reddish
brown, which harmonizes well with the sombre appearance
of the surrounding country.
" Taking into view (says Forsyth,) the immemorial antiquity
of these ruins, their astonishing preservation, their grandeur,
their bold columnar elevation, at once massive and open, their
severe simplicity of design — that simplicity in which art
generally begins, and to which, after a thousand revolutions

ARUNDEL MARBLES. 75
of ornaments, it again returns — taking all, I say, into one
view, I do not hesitate to call these the most impressive monu
ments that I ever beheld on earth."
The Lantern of Demosthenes, or Choragic Monument of
Lysicrates. From the name of the Archon inscribed on the
architrave, it appears that this building was erected three
hundred and thirty years before the Christian era. The height
of the original is 33 feet 11 inches ; the diameter of the base
ment circle about 8 feet.
The Theatre of Herculaneum. This elegant model represents
a Roman Theatre which is now covered with lava, and can only
be visited by descending through a steep tunnel, and only seen
by torch-light. Although the town in which this building
stands was swallowed up by an earthquake, which accom
panied an eruption of Vesuvius, 1750 years ago, yet the
Theatre is preserved in a state of perfection beyond most
other ancient edifices.
To the above there have been lately added a
model of the Cathedral of Calcutta, in alabaster,
by Van Lint, presented by Bishop Wilson; of
Waltham Cross; and a very elegant one of the
Martyrs' Memorial, the gift of the Rev. Vaughan
Thomas, B.D., of Corpus Christi College.
The Gallery contains also a large collection
of books, admirably arranged under the Portraits,
and placed here, on account of the great increase
of books in the Library below requiring every
available space to be brought into service.
Before leaving this Quadrangle we must not
pass over the contents of one of the old Schools,
on the basement story, namely, the well-known
collection of the
ARUNDEL MARBLES.
These were presented to the University in 1677,
by Henry Howard, Earl of Arundel and Surrey,
and afterwards Duke of Norfolk. The Marbles,
h2

76 DIVINITY SCHOOL.
with their ancient inscriptions, including that in
valuable record of Grecian History, — the Parian
Chronicle, — elucidate numerous circumstances
connected with the history and chronology of
that country.3 There is also placed here a very
interesting Cork Model of the Amphitheatre of
Verona in its present state.
Quitting the Schools' Quadrangle by the Pro-
scholium, or Pig-Market,b on the western side,
the object next in point of interest, is the
DIVINITY SCHOOL,
Which forms the basement story of the first, or
Duke Humphrey's Library ; and was erected
by the munificence of that princely benefactor
to the University.0 This magnificent room is
a This collection was purchased in Asia, by Sir William
Petty, who was sent thither in search of antiquities by the
grandfather of the munificent donor, Thomas Howard, Earl
of Arundel, one of the greatest patrons of literature and the
fine arts, that the world has ever produced, under whom
Inigo Jones first rose into notice : he brought Hollar from
Prague, and established him in London ; Francis Junius and
Oughtred were received into his family ; and among his most
intimate friends were Camden, Spelman, Cotton, and Selden.
It is a source of great regret that the splendid collection
which he had amassed should, at his death, have been so
much dispersed ; occasioned by the state of the times, and
more particularly, by the limited, if not distressed circum
stances of his widow. The earliest account published, of
these antiquities, is that by Selden, (in quarto, 1628,) whose
collection of marbles are deposited in the same room.
b This area, so well known by the above appellation, is a
part of the work of Sir Thomas Bodley, as is evident from the
arms and other devices in the groined roof.
c The theological exercises and lectures were originally
performed and given in private rooms, and it was afterwards
found convenient to transfer them to some public place, of
which, St. Augustine Priory (on the present site of Wadham
College,) was the most celebrated. In time, however, the

DIVINITY SCHOOL. 77
justly admitted to be a rich specimen of Gothic
architecture.3 The ornamental vaulted roof and
pendants are gorgeous in the extreme, many
sculptured embellishments being distinctly visi
ble; and the entrance doorway may be noticed
as elaborately beautiful. The service to which
the School is devoted, is, as its name implies,
for the recitation of the exercises for the Degrees
of Bachelor and Doctor in Divinity. It is di
vided into two parts by a carved rail, the upper
part for the Examiners and Disputants, and
the lower part for the audience.b
increasing number »f students, together with other inconveni
ences connected with the former system, led to the foundation
of the present building, in 1427, on a piece of ground obtained
from Balliol College; but the erection was not completed
until the year 1480, in consequence, principally, of the work
men having been taken away by order of the king, to proceed
with the works at Eton and Windsor, then being carried
on under the direction of William of Waynflete,
1 It is impossible to form any idea of the splendour of this
School, when the broad windows were filled with richly-
stained glass, exhibiting the figures and portraits of the
Saints and Fathers of the Church, and the armorial ensigns of
a hundred benefactors. These have all perished : in the time
of Edward VI. the whole building was in such a state of
dilapidation, that the fittings of the interior, and even the
lead from off the roof, were pillaged ; nettles and brambles
grew about the walls, and a pound for cattle was erected
close to it. In 1625 it was so far repaired that (the Parlia
ment being driven by the plague from London,) the House of
Commons held its sittings here ; the Lords making use of the
Picture Gallery; whilst the Privy Council met at Christ
Church. In the civil wars it was used as a storehouse for
corn ; and it was not till the end of the 17th century, that it
was restored to its present state under the direction of Sir
Christopher Wren. The door on the north side was opened
by Sir Christopher to give a better effect, and afford greater
facilities for the entrance of processions into the Theatre.
6 In the year 1752 the Town Hall was being rebuilt, and
the Assizes for the County were held in the Divinity School.
They were rendered memorable by a trial, originating in
h3

78 CONVOCATION HOUSE.
By a door at the western end of the Divinity
School the visitor is admitted to the
CONVOCATION HOUSE,
Forming a basement story to the Selden portion
of the Bodleian Library, and built at the same
time, (1639); it exhibits some fine and very late
examples of fan- work tracery. The principal Uni-
one of those shocking instances of filial depravity, by which
the page of domestic history, is occasionally sullied. The
wretched culprit was a Miss Blandy, daughter of the Town
Clerk of Henley. Mr, Blandy was very wealthy, and would
often, in the pride of his heart, declare his ability and inten
tion of bequeathing an ample fortune, to Mary, his beloved
child, and only daughter. Lured by the knowledge of her
prospective wealth, an unprincipled villain, named Cranstoun,
then on the recruiting service at Henley, procured an intro
duction to Miss Blandy, professed himself her admirer, and
alas ! too fatally succeeded in gaining her affections. The
wretch had, at the time, a wife and family living in Scotland ;
and Mr. Blandy having discovered this, interdicted his visits,
and commanded his daughter to discontinue all intercourse
with her profligate admirer. The command was in vain.
The unhappy girl infatuated by her passions, suffered the
protestations of Cranstoun to outweigh the assertions and
prohibitions of her parent ; and, at length, her infamous
seducer, to whose cupidity and lust was now added the
stimulus of revenge, excited her to yield to his suggestions
to administer to the former a slow poison. It was, however,
too slow; and to quicken its operation, a larger dose was
counselled. The advice was followed, and in a few days the
victim expired, forgiving and praying for the wretched par
ricide. On her trial, Miss Blandy confessed the fact of ad
ministering the poison, but declared, and at her execution
persisted in the declaration, that she did not know that it was
poison, but believed it to be merely a simple potion, and
that the effect of it would render her father's sentiments
propitious to her union with Cranstoun. But this plea few
who consider the whole circumstances of the case will be
inclined to admit. Deep was the impression made on the
minds of the inhabitants of the county, by this tragic event.
Nor is that impression even yet eradicated ; and the stranger
who visits the Divinity School, is still frequently told by
the person who shews it, — " This is the room in which Miss
Blandy was tried."

DESCRIPTION OF THE CEILING OF THE THEATRE.

GENII.

OVER THE ORGAN.
Rapine, with her fiery eyes,
grinning teeth, sharp twangs, her
hands imbrued in blood, holding a
bloody dagger in one hand, in the
other a burning flambeau ; with
these instruments threatening the
destruction of Learning, and all its
habitations, but she is overcome
and prevented by tho Herculean
Genius of Power and Bravery.

GENII.

GENII.

Envy, with her snaky hairs,
squint eyes, hag's breast, pale
venomous complexion, strong but
ugly limbs, and shrivelled skin,
frighted from "above by the sight of
the shield of Pallas, with the Gor
gon's head in it, against which she
opposes her snaky tresses ; her fall
is so precipitous that she has no
command of her arms.

Brutish, scoffing Ignorance, en
deavouring to vilify and contemn
what she understands not, which is
charmed by a Mercurial Genius,
with his Caduceus.

Arithmetic, with a paper of
figures ; Optics with the perspec
tive glass ; Geometry with a pair of
compasses in her left, and a table
with Geometrical figures in it, in
her right hand.

Mathematical Sciences, de
pending on Demonstration, as the
other on Faith ; in the first of which
is Astronomy with the Celestial
Globe, Geography with the Torres-
trial, together with three attending
G enii.

Architecture embracing the
capital of a column with compasses,
and the norma, or square, lying by
her, and a Workman holding an
other square in one hand, and a
plumb-line on the other.

Physic with the iEsculapian
staff, around which is curled a ser
pent ; Botany soliciting the assist
ance of Truth ; Chemistry holding
a retort ; Surgery dissecting a head,
which is held by one of the Genii.
In tho same division is Dramatic
Poesy, with a mask representing
Comedy ; a bloody dagger for Tra
gedy ; and the reed pips for Pas
toral.

Truth sitting on a cloud, in one
hand holding a palm-bianch, (the
emblem of Victory) in the other the
Sun, whose brightness enlightens
the whole circle of figures, and is
so bright, that it seems to hide the
face of herself to the spectators
below.

Law, with her ruling sceptre,
accompanied with Rccords,Patcnts,
and Evidences, on the one side, and
on the other, with Rhetoric ; by
these is an attending Genius, with
the scales of Justice, and a figure
with a palm-branch, the emblem of
reward for virtuous actions ; and
the Roman Fasces, the marks of
power and punishment. Printing,
with a ease of letters in one hand,
and a form ready set in the other,
and by her several sheets hanging
to dry.

\ Music, with her lyre, having
\ a pen in her hand, and a
\ paper of music notes on
\ her knee, with a Genius
\ on her right (a little
j \ with in the partition
i \ofTheology)play-
r Vug on a flute,
u.l,j.mi. \ being the em-
\ blem of an-
\cient mu-
\ sic.
Theology, with her book of seven
seals, imploring the assistance of
Truth for the unfolding of it. On
her left hand is the Mosaical Law
veiled, with the tables of stone, to
which she points with her iron rod.
On her right hand is the Gospel,
with the Cross in one hand, and a
Chalice in the other. Over the
Mosaical Law is History, holding
up her pen, as dedicating It to Truth,
and an attending G enius, with seve
ral fragments of old writing, from
which she collects her history into
her book. Near the Gospel, is
Divine Poesy, with her harp oJ
David's fashion.
Logic, /
in a posture of /
arguing. /
/ GENII.
"¦"  —  — — - 
THEATRE. 79
versity business is here carried on, especially that
requiring the careful consideration of the members
who are entitled to a seat in this house.8 The
room is more particularly used for conferring the
various degrees (on nearly every Thursday during
term) upon those who have passed their public
examination. The seats at the upper end are
occupied by the Vice-Chancellor, Proctors, Heads
of Houses, and Doctors; the side benches by
Masters of Arts. The vestibule, or robing room,
adjoining, is used by the Vice-Chancellor for the
purpose of matriculating gentlemen who desire to
be admitted as members of the University : here,
also, is held the Chancellor's Court, usually pre
sided over by the above authority, as his repre
sentative. We will leave it therefore by the vestibule, and
conduct the visitor across the court to a noble
structure, called the
THEATRE,
[Founded by Gilbert Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury,1"
and built at an expense of £15,000, under the superintend
ence of Sir Christopher Wren. The first stone was laid in
1664, and the whole edifice wa3 finished in 1669 ; in that

*The whole proceedings of this assembly are conducted
in Latin, of the most classical character ; an admirable cus
tom, tending to keep up the high standard of learning, for
which this ancient University has ever maintained so con
spicuous a character. On many occasions, the most brilliant
Latin speeches have here been pronounced, evincing both the
accuracy and polished scholarship of the speaker. All matters
in which it is necessary that the votes of the member's of
Convocation should be registered, such as the election of
burgesses, of some professors, &c, are here decided.
b' Archbishop Sheldon likewise gave £2000 more to be
employed in buying land, the revenue from which might

80 THEATRE.

year, on the 9 th of July, it was publicly presented to the
University in a solemn convocation: from this time the
printing presses belonging to that body, were worked in
the upper portion, or roof, of the building, and a room un
derneath is still used as a warehouse for the books printed
there and at the Clarendon Press. For a period of nearly
a century — 1669 to 1759 — the books printed at the Uni
versity press, bear on their title-pages the words E Theatro
Sheldoniano; and, in at least one instance, E Typographic,
Sheldoniana ; though the removal to the Clarendon Press had
actually taken place for a long time previous to the last-
named year.1]

support the fabric ; the surplusage to be supplied to the
learned press. Dr. Wills, late Warden of Wadham College
left £1000 to keep the building in repair. The care of it
is entrusted to two Curators, appointed by Convocation from
such Doctors as are Delegates of Accounts.
a In the Theatre are celebrated the public acts of the Uni
versity, and the Comitia and Enoenia, or Lord Crewe's
Annual Commemoration of Founders and Benefactors to the
University; at which time a Convocation is held for con
ferring honorary degrees on persons of distinction ; and those
Collegians who have gained the University Prizes, recite
their respective compositions, and an oration is delivered by
the Public Orator. On these occasions, when the Theatre
is usually crowded to excess, the imposing character of the
scene can scarcely be conceived. The "Vice-Chancellor,
Noblemen, Professors, Doctors, and Proctors, have appropri
ate seats at the semicircular end of the room. In the area are
the Masters of Arts, and other gentlemen introduced by them.
The upper Gallery is occupied by the Undergraduates ; and
the lower Gallery exclusively by ladies. Both these Gal
leries extend round three-fourths of the room, and their
fronts are richly ornamented and gilded. This arrangement
has a most imposing effect : the delicate tints of the summer
dresses of the ladies form a fine contrast to the rich scarlet
and black, and crimson and pink robes of the Doctors — the
gorgeous gold and purple dresses of the Noblemen — and the
sable academics of the Masters below, and the Undergraduates
above. At the Commemoration in 1814, the University was honour
ed with the presence of George IV., (then Prince Regent,)
the kite Emperor of Russia, the King of Prussia, the Duchess
of Oldenberg, and a numerous retinue of distinguished per
sonages ; on this occasion the scene was exceedingly splendid.
Several other persons of eminence have likewise honoured the
Theatre with their presence ; viz. — The Duke of York ; the
Queen Dowager Adelaide ; the Duchess of Kent ; Her present

THEATRE. 81
The grand south front and gateway of this
building are of a very ornamental character; the
embellishments consisting of some fine Corinthian
columns, and much decorative sculpture : over
it there are statues of Archbishop Sheldon, and
the Duke of Ormond, who succeeded the former
in the Chancellorship of the University. This
entrance is used by the Chancellor, or his deputy,
and the procession of Doctors, Noblemen, &c,
on festive or state occasions; for which purpose
a doorway has been made from the Divinity
School, which is then used as a robing-room. Sir
Christopher Wren is said to have taken his
ground-plan for this edifice from the Theatre of
Marcellus at Rome, though it somewhat resem
bles that at Herculaneum. The interior is 80
by 70 feet; and so admirably contrived as to
contain nearly 4000 persons without inconveni
ence. The roof, constructed on a principle of
architecture now much in use, rests solely on the
external walls, and is one of the most extensive
known, unsupported by any internal arch or
column. It was re-constructed in 1802, as it
was at that time supposed to be in a dangerous
state. The ceiling is well worthy of notice. It
is represented open, in imitation of the theatres
of the ancient Greeks and Romans ; and the

Most Gracious Majesty, Queen Victoria ; Prince Albert ; the
Duke of Wellington ; &c.
Public Concerts are also sometimes performed here, by
permission of the Curators ; these usually take place at the
Grand Commemorations, which occur once during each Vice-
Chancellorship, the proceedings being generally conducted by
the Professor of Music.

82 THEATRE.
allegorical painting on it, executed by Streater,
painter to Charles II., is descriptive of the Tri
umph of Religion, the Arts, and Sciences, over
their most vigorous enemies, Envy, Rapine, and
Ignorance.1 The following portraits decorate this exceed
ingly handsome room : —
James, Duke of Ormond, Chancellor of the University in the
reign of Charles H. ; Archbishop Sheldon, the founder ; the
late Emperor of Russia, by Gerard, of Paris ; George IV.,
in his Robes, with the Order of the Garter, by Sir Thomas
Lawrence ; the King of Prussia, by Gerard ; Lord Crewe ;
and Sir Christopher Wren.
The interior of the Theatre is now seen in
all its original beauty, having been repaired,
cleaned, and restored in 1826 ; since which time
the exterior has undergone some alteration : thus,
in 1838, an elegant Cupola was added to the
roof;b it was designed by E. Blore, Esq., and
executed by J. Gardiner, builder, of this city.
The dome is 40 feet high from the roof of the
* One or two interesting circumstances have been connected
with the late Bishop Heber, on the occasion of his reciting his
prize poem in the Theatre. On mounting the rostrum for
that purpose, he discovered two young ladies of Jewish birth,
sitting in a conspicuous part of the Theatre, and, although he
attempted to do so, was unable to suppress the recitation of
some lines that might have injured their feelings. It was
known, also, that Heber's father was sitting somewhere
among the crowded audience ; and when his universally-
admired son ascended the reading-desk, and there arose a
sudden thunder of applause, his frame, weak and wasted by
long illness, was so shaken, that he never recovered from the
effects of it ; and may be said to have died of the joy dearest
to a parent's heart.
b There can be no doubt that a Cupola originally existed
where the present one now stands. This is evident from the
engravings of the Theatre on the title-pages of the books
printed there.

ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM. 83
Theatre, and 17 feet 6 inches in diameter ; it is
of an octagonal shape, ornamented with pilasters
at each angle, and between them are handsome
sashed windows, each measuring 8 feet 6 inches
by 3 feet 6 inches. The dome and basement are
covered with copper, painted and sanded to imi
tate stone ; and the rim of the parapet ornamented
with well-sculptured urns, &c. From this Cupola,
the visitor, in wet or cold weather, may obtain a
bird's-eye view of Oxford, scarcely inferior to that
from the roof of the Radcliffe Library.
The public entrance is in Broad Street; it is
also extremely handsome, and is decorated with a
statue of Charles II. ; around it, the pillars be
tween the palisades appropriately contain busts of
the sages of antiquity. We will leave the Theatre
by this entrance, and proceed to the building
immediately adjoining it on the left, called the
ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM.
[The foundation of this splendid collection was laid by a
Dutchman of the name of John Tradescant, a great botanist
and lover of Natural History, who first visited England about
the year 1600, and was the first collector of natural curiosities
in the kingdom. His son, who inherited his father's tastes,
imported from Virginia many new plants, and founded his
Museum Tradescantianum, or " Tradescants' Ark," as it was
called ; the most popular and curious exhibition of that day.
The latter died in 1662, and by his will bequeathed the joint
collections of himself and his father to Elias Ashmole,a who

* Elias Ashmole was the son of a saddler in Lichfield ; born,
as he states with his accustomed punctuality, " at near half
an hour after three o'clock in the morning, on the 23d day of
May, 1617." By his own talent and industry, .he became
successively a solicitor in Chancery ; an attorney in the

84 ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM.
lodged in his house ; and who, being particularly attached to
the study of Botany and Natural History, it is most pro-
pable, readily sympathized with the habits of Tradescant. To
the Tradescant collection of Natural History, Ashmole added
medals, coins, .paintings, manuscripts, (including his own,)
and printed books ; and , among the latter is included the
library of Lilly, the celebrated astrologer. All these were
presented by him to the University, at whose expense the
present museum was built, in 1682, expressly for their recep
tion, under the direction of Sir C. Wren. Since that date,
the manuscripts of Sir W. Dugdale, Anthony a Wood, and
Aubrey, have been added to the Library ; and the department
of Natural History has been enriched by the Shells of Martin
Lister, Plot, Llwyd, and Borlase. The Museum has also
received several other curious donations, including a great
portion of the antiquities described in the " Nenia Britannica"
of the Rev. J. Douglas, and presented by Sir R. Colt Hoare,
Bart.3: The principal benefactor in a pecuniary way was
Dr. Rawlinson, who bequeathed a salary for the Curator.b
The funds are likewise aided by the Ashmolean Society.]

Common Pleas ; a physician ; a gentleman in the ordinance,
when Oxford was garrisoned by the Royal Army ; and an
exciseman, or comptroller of the ordinance : besides which,
he was considerably proficient in heraldry, free-masonry, and
astrology. Of these branches of knowledge, the former was
his forte, the latter his foible ; for, as his collections will show,
he had implicit faith in astrology. It is difficult to reconcile
the acquisition of so much business-like knowledge, with a
taste for so much of the visionary and fanciful ; though it
must not be forgotten that astrology comprehended almost all
that was then known of astronomy.
- Dr. G. Clarke, Fellow of All Souls' College, bequeathed
several valuable curiosities, including — A Model of a Sixty-
four Gun-Ship, made by William Lee, Esq. ; and two others
of Royal Yachts constructed in 1697 and 1702.
b Dr. Rawlinson endowed the keepership with a salary, on
condition that he should be a Layman, of the degree of M.A.
or B.C.L. only, — unmarried, — and neither F.R.S. nor F.S.A.
The keeper is appointed by the Visitors, who, by Ashmole's
will, are the Vice-Chancellor, the Dean of Christ Church, the
Principal of Brasenose, the Regius Professor of Medicine, and
the two Proctors.

Jfratm & Jhy.dby JSLftSSivrer

,-<i£iDz'.^.zdTLby Jfterwood.&CcXondork

ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM. 85
This Building consists of two large rooms, in
which the principal curiosities are arranged ;
two studies, containing the Manuscripts and
Printed Books above-mentioned ; a Laboratory
for the use of the Professor of Chemistry ; to
gether with other apartments. The indefatigable
exertions of the Messrs. P. B. and J. S: Duncan,
Fellows of New College, (the present and late
Curators,) have rescued the Museum from dilapi
dation and decay. In 1824, the contents were
arranged with the greatest accuracy by J. S.
Duncan, D.C.L., according to the best recognised
system ; and these munificent guardians of the
establishment, have, of their own liberality, added
a well-arranged collection of the genera in every
department of Zoology, with some beautiful and
rare species included in each genus.
Right and left of the entrance to the first room
are cases containing an arranged collection of
Sponges, Corals, Star-Fish, Echini, and Shells ;
over these are curious Implements of War ; near
the latter is a Giraffe, from 16 to 18 feet in height;
a beautiful Zebra ; a Lion and Lioness ; and other
animals. Left of the entrance to the staircase,
are various Skeletons, and a collection of heads
and feet of Quadrupeds and Birds; together
with a fine collection of the heads of Antelopes
from the Cape of Good Hope, presented by
H. Methuen, Esq. ; also, a Model representing the
Nerves of the Humaa Face, by Mr. Paxton, of
Oxford ; the Head of a New Zealand Chief, who
was killed in battle, &c. On the right of the
room is a numerous assortment of the ingenious
i

86 ASHMOLEAN MUSEUM.
work of Asiatics, Africans, and other uncivilized
nations. At the west of the room are the follow
ing portraits : —
Elias Ashmole, the founder ; a Medallion of Cuvier ; a small
portrait of John Tradescant, sen. ; J. S. Duncan, D.C.L.,
late keeper of the Museum; P. B. Duncan, M.A., present
keeper ; Charles I. and Charles II. ; James II. ; Charles I.
At the bottom of the staircase are New Zealand
and Indian Canoes; an Egyptian Sarcophagus
and Mummy, upwards of 2000 years old, &c.
On the staircase are a variety of Paintings and
Portraits, amongst which are
An ancient and curious historical picture of the Battle of
Pavia ; • an original portrait of Old Parr, taken at the age of
152; Lilly, the Astrologer ; a Drunkard; an Idiot torment
ing a Cat ; a Gamester ; the Tradescant Family ; Ben Jon-
son, the poet ; Cromwell ; a Dead Christ, by Annibal
Caracci ; Christ's Descent into Hell, by Brugell ; Inigo
Jones ; Thomas, Earl of Arundel, and his Son, by Vandyck ;
Dr. Plot, first keeper of the Museum ; Dr. Dee ; a curious
original portrait of Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of Edward
IV. ; John Selden, Esq;, at an advanced age ; Louis XI.
of France, &c.
On the top of the staircase, to the left of the
door, is a Tablet, commemorating, in Arabic, in
raised letters, the possessions of a College at
Tangiers, in the year of the Hegira, 743. (1342,
16, Edward III.)
On entering the second room, opposite the
door is a large Magnet supporting a weight of
1601bs. To the left- of the door, and at the west
end, are lofty glass cases, containing a splendid
collection of stuffed Birds. Near the first window
is an Ancient Chair, of the time of Henry VIII. ;
in the window-place is the Head and Foot of the

J)rawn.L£y.ibyJ.kJZS..

( Museum.)
£druhnJ)i&d Dec i 1621 by 5/wnccd.Ar&£iy k lories

88 CLARENDON BUILDING.
fragments collected by Belzoni in the Egyptian
Catacombs; British and Roman relics from tu
muli in Kent, Sussex, &c. ; and numerous other
valuable curiosities.
The apartments under the Saloon of the Mu
seum, are now used as Lecture-rooms by Dr.
Daubeny, the Professor of Chemistry .*
*** Catalogues of the Museum may be obtained of the
under keeper.
On leaving the Ashmolean Museum we pass
the Theatre ; on the right, is the
CLARENDON BUILDING.
This edifice succeeded the Sheldonian Theatre
as the University Printing-Office, under the deno
mination of the Clarendon Press. The noble
and stately fabric, acquired this title from the
fact of having derived its foundation from the
proceeds of the sale of copies of Lord Clarendon's
History of the Rebellion; the copyright of that
work having been given to the University, by
the author's son, in the reign of Queen Anne.b
1 Immediately opposite the Museum, in Broad Street,
. stands what is now a most picturesque dwelling-house, in
the occupation of Mrs. Wingfield, which still retains its
ancient name of Kettel Hall. It was built in 1615, by
Dr. Ralph Kettel, President of Trinity College, for the use of
Students, on the site of one of the old foundations called
Perles or Peverels, but corrupted to Perilous Hall. It is
a fine specimen of one of the halls erected after the Aularian
system had ceased to exercise influence on the education
of the students.
b The Sheldonian Theatre being required for other purposes,
and the printing in the University having become greatly
increased by the rising demands of the public, the Uni-

Jframi k-Engf-bv J kHSSwrcr

TIE PEG CUP.
IJditjcioriJ

90 magdalene hall.
New Geological and Mineralogical Museum
contains, amongst other well-arranged specimens
of these sciences, some rare Ante-Diluvian and
Fossil Remains ; and beautiful Models of Fingal's
Cave, the Isle of Skye, and other basalt forma
tions. It is open to the public every Monday,
Wednesday, and Friday, from one till four
o'clock; and on other days may be visited on
payment of a trifling fee to the keeper.
Having now traversed this interesting group of
public buildings, as they may be called — as being
devoted to the more general purposes and use
of the University — we will leave the Clarendon
through the gateway at the rear of that edifice;
and, turning to the left hand, directly opposite
the iron gates of the Quadrangle, is
MAGDALENE HALL.
Foundation — This Society has a Benefice,3 and several
Scholarships and Exhibitions.
Visitor — The Chancellor of the University.11
*** Porter's Lodqe — A few steps down the Lane to the
North of the Hall.
11 Magdalene Hall, in its present state, more nearly resem
bles a College, both in its extent and buildings, as well as
in its endowments, than any other of these ancient educa
tional houses. The Rectory of South Moreton, in Berkshire,
is annexed to it by act of parliament. The greatest benefactor
was Mr. Henry Lusby, of Stratford, in Essex ; who, without
having the least connection with the Society, but merely
from a desire of promoting education, divided, his estates
between this Hall, and Emanuel College, Cambridge ; the
portion for the Hall to be devoted to the foundation of
Scholarships, which are tenable for three years, and open to
all candidates, without regard to place of birth or education.
b At the commencement of the 17th century, an interesting
trial was decided, a dispute having arisen between the Chan-

MAGDALENE HALL. 91
A long catalogue of Eminent Men who have been Members of this
Society, in its several transitions, may be enumerated : among
them were — Daniel and Warner, the poets ; Sir H. Vane ;
Lord Chancellor Clarendon; Hobbes, the philosopher of'
Malmesbury ; the Martyr Tyndale, first translator of the
New Testament into English; Gilbert Kymer, the cele
brated physician ; the illustrious John Selden ; Dr. Sharpe,
regius professor of Greek, in 1763 ; Archbishop Newcome ;
Charles James Fox, the eminent statesman ; Dr. Josiah
Pullen, Vice-Principal, a noted humourist, well-known by
the tree on Headington Hill, still bearing his name, and to
which he is said to have walked daily for many years ;
Sydenham, the physician ; Sir Matthew Hale ; Dr. Jacob-
son, late Vice-Principal, now regius professor of Divinity
(1848) ; and many others.
The front of this Hall is of recent date, and
was built on the site of Hertford College, which
had lapsed to the Crown. The Refectory,
Buttery, &c, in the rear, were parts of the
old College.3

cellor of the University, and the President and Fellows of
Magdalene College, as to the right of Visitation to this Hall.
The latter conceiving that they had a right to elect a Prin
cipal to Magdalene Hall, on the death of Dr. Levet, fixed
their choice on Dr. Hammond. This was opposed by Dr.
Aldrich, then Vice-Chancellor, who came down to the Col
lege, and nominated Dr. Adams. The President and Fellows,
on their part, refusing to acknowledge the latter, the matter
was referred to Westminster Hall for decision, and judgment
was finally given in favour of the Chancellor's rights and
privileges. a An exquisite morceau of old Magdalene Hall may still be
seen, nearly adjoining the lodgings of the President of Mag
dalene College. The site of the Hall was transferred by act of
parliament from its original position by the latter College,
to its present spot, where formerly stood Hart Hall, converted
by Dr. Newton, the Principal, in 1740, into Hertford College.
Funds, however, being wanting, or proving wholly insufficient
for the purpose, in 1805 the whole corporation, Hall and
College together, was, at the death of Dr. Hodgson, the
Principal, allowed to become extinct.

92 NEW COLLEGE.
The Hall contains an ancient Painting of the
German Church Reformers, (to the left of the
entrance,) and the following Portraits: — Dr.
Gray, formerly Principal of Hertford College;
an original and very valuable one of the Martyr
Tyndale; Lord Chancellor Clarendon; Dr. Josiah
Pullen, formerly Vice-Principal of this Hall;
Dr. Denison, formerly Principal ; Sydenham, the
physician; and Dr. Spenser, bishop of Jamaica.
The visitor, continuing his course for a few
yards down the lane which bounds the Hall on
the north, arrives at the tower-gateway of «
NEW COLLEGE.3
Founded in 1380, by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Win
chester, and Lord High Chancellor of England, in the reign
of Richard II. Wykeham also founded a College at Win-

» This College is one of the noblest memorials of the
boundless munificence of its eminent Founder. As the
foundation of this establishment marks a new era in the
academical annals of this University, it is not without reason,
though somewhat singular, that, after a lapse of nearly 500
years, the name of New College should still attach to this erec
tion. Before this period, however, the Aularian system was
generally prevalent ; the six colleges founded before the time
of William of Wykeham, though distinguished by peculiar
statutes and endowments, were little more than halls on a
larger scale : since this Society has been formed, it has served
as a model to nearly all founders of colleges, both at Oxford
and Cambridge. The first stone of this great work was laid
on March 5, 1380, by the founder himself, then fifty-five years
of age ; its construction occupied six years ; and on April
14, 1386, being the vigil of Palm Sunday, the first Warden
and Fellows entered the College at " three of the clock in
the morning, with solemn processions and litanies, commend
ing themselves and their studies to the care and protection
of the Almighty," All the buildings are particularly in
teresting, most of them remaining as they were erected in the
founder s time, on his own plan. The Chapel, Hall, Cloisters,

NEW COLLEGE. 93
Chester,3 in 1387, from which Society the vacancies in New
College are filled up. — [The Founder's kindred are actual
Fellows on their admission; the others are Scholars, on
probation, till the expiration of two years.]
Foundation — A Warden, 70 Fellows and Scholars, 10 Chap
lains, an Organist, 3 Clerks, 16 Choristers, and a School
master. There are also other Members not on the found
ation. The number of Members on the College books is
above 160. Visitor — The Bishop of Winchester.
*»* Porter's Lodge — In the Gateway on the left.
Places worthy of inspection — The Chapel, Hall, and Gardens.
Among the Renowned Characters who were Members of this
College were — Archbishop Lowth ; Archbishop Chichele ;
Bishop Waynflete ;b Grocyn, the friend of Erasmus, and one
of the chief revivers of ancient learning ; Somerville ; Pitt ;
Spence ; Smith, the translator of Thucydides ; Dean Holmes,
the learned collator of the Septuagint ; and many others.
groined Gateways, and some of the original doors and win
dows, remain, at least in their exterior, as they were sug
gested by their master-architect. The exceptions may be
seen in the third and upper story of the principal quadrangle,
which was added in the year 1675, and in the garden-court,
finished in 1684, and supposed to be designed from the palace
of Versailles. The chambers which are here situated, are not
to be surpassed for their cheerfulness and retirement. The
buildings of Wykeham are, however, too striking to be
mistaken. It would be impossible, taking the scope- of this
work into consideration, to tell of one tithe of the excellent
actions of the illustrious founder, or to give even a condensed
account of his life and career. Froissart, speaking of the
favour shown to him by Edward IH., says, " that everything
was done by him, and nothing was done without him." He
died September 27, 1404, in the 81st year of his age, and was
buried in Winchester Cathedral.
* The first stone of this, his great sister foundation, was laid
March 26, 1387 ; this was also completed in six years, the
Warden and Society making their first entrance, in procession,
March 28, 1393.
b Waynflete considered himself so identified with this
Society, that he left the same sums of money to all the
members of it as he had bequeathed to the president and
other members of his own foundation.

94 NEW COLLEGE  ANTE CHAPEL.
The exterior of the Gateway is ornamented
with three figures — the Virgin Mary in the cen
tre, and on either side the Founder and an Angel,
in a kneeling posture.
On the left of the spacious Quadrangle are the
Chapel and Hall, and facing the entrance is the
Library ; the remainder of the square is occupied
with the lodgings of the Warden and Fellows.
The arch-way, opposite the entrance, leads to an
elegant Court ; right and left of it are apartments
for the Society ; and at the extremity, the College
Gardens. The Chapel,3 — the pride of the College, and
of the whole University, — is by far the most
magnificent in Oxford, and immediately strikes
the eye with admiration. Its height, extent, and
general elegance are superlatively beautiful. The
Ante- Chapel, 80 feet long and 35 feet broad,
is supported down the centre by two very elegant
staff-moulded pillars, and contains several monu
ments in brass, very ancient and curious, and a
great number in marble : those of latest date are
to the memory of Mr. Stephens, and the Rev.

"This noble building would alone have been sufficient to
immortalise the name of William of Wykeham. It has
undergone various alterations at different periods ; some of
these were rendered necessary by the barbarous mutilations
the edifice underwent in the days of the Puritans : the
Catholics had previously gilded some parts of it, and made
it very gaudy. In the year 1636, the stalls and desks that
had been removed in 1550, were replaced by those now in the
ante-chapel. In the year 1663, the present organ was put
up : and in 1789 the gilded and fanciful work which had
been erected by Henry Cook, was removed by Mr. Wyatt,
who restored the niches and put up a fresh screen and organ-
loft.

NEW COLLEGE  ANTE-CHAPEL. 95
C. Burlton, formerly fellows of this College. The
latter died at Rome, January the 12th, 1836,
aged 36 years; an elegant female is represented
reclining on the tomb, in an attitude of grief, —
said to be intended for the gentleman's sister, at
whose expense this monument was erected. There
is also an elegant Gothic tablet to the memory of
the late Warden, Dr. Shuttleworth, who died in
1842. The pavement was the gift of P. B. Dun
can, Esq., fellow of the College. The painted
windows in this part of the Chapel are, with the
exception of the large West Window, very ancient,
and were placed here by the Founder. They con
tain figures of patriarchs, prophets, saints, and
martyrs. We next come to the superb West Window,
executed by Jervais, in 1777, from cartoons fur
nished by Sir Joshua Reynolds. The upper
division of this window/ contains a beautiful re
presentation of the Nativity of Christ. In the
centre lies the infant Saviour, nearly encompassed
with Angels; there is a bright shadowy light
issuing from him, which has a fine effect on the
surrounding objects, especially on the angels, the
beauty of whose faces is much to be admired.
Close to the infant, on the left, is the Virgin;
on the right, a company of adoring Shepherds —
behind these is Joseph looking at the spectators,
1 The architecture of this portion of the Window, which
was partially destroyed for the better display of this group,
has very recently been restored to its original state, and it
now appears exactly as in the time of the Founder : the
mullions have all re-appeared, and the general improvements,
as suggested some time since by Mr. Pugin, have all been
carried in effect.

96 NEW COLLEGE  INNER CHAPEL.
and pointing to the Child as to the promised seed.
Portraits of the painter and glass-stainer are in
troduced, on the left, in the character of adoring
Shepherds. In the clouds above, an Angel is
represented contemplating the mystery of the
Cross ; near him is a scroll with the Greek of
the following sentence: — "Mysteries which the
Angels themselves desire to look into." The
lower part of this window is divided into seven
compartments ; in these are displayed seven
elegant allegorical figures, representing the four
cardinal and three christian virtues, Temperance,
Fortitude, Justice, Prudence, Faith, Hope, and
Charity. The Screen, over which is the organ-loft and
organ, is a gem of beauty, of Gothic architecture.
The Organ, by Dallam, (improved by Green and
Byfield,) is almost unequalled. The stalls for
the Warden and Sub- Warden, on each side of
the organ, are extremely elegant. The curiously-
carved ancient oak seats still remain, and are
placed round the Chapel in front of the stalls.
The Inner Chapel. In the 1st window on
the left, commencing with the higher row, are
represented — Baruch, Micah, Daniel, Hosea, —
Adam, Eve, Seth, and Enoch. 2nd window,
(top) Amos, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, — Methuselah,
Noah, Abel, and Isaac. 3rd window, (top)
Nahum, Habbakuk, Zephaniah, Ezekiel, — Jacob,
Judah, Moses, and Aaron. 4th window, (top)
James, minor, Thomas, Simon, Matthew, — John,
Jesus Christ, Mary, and Peter. 5th window,
(top) Philip, James, major, Andrew, Bartholo-

98 NEW COLLEGE  CLOISTERS, TOWER.
Adjacent to the Chapel are Cloisters,2 sur
rounding an area 130 feet long and 85 feet broad ;
in these Cloisters are many ancient monuments.
North of the Cloisters is the Tower, which is
supposed to have been the last production in
Oxford of the mighty mind of Wykeham, though
he was employed till the day of his death in per
fecting his Cathedral ' at Winchester. It was
evidently constructed for defence as well as for a
belfry, and was built on the site of one of the
bastions of the city wall. It consists, from the
base to the summit, of four horizontal compart
ments, and is ascended by a winding stone stair
case in the interior. The thickness of the walls
at the base is about six feet.
Returning into the Quadrangle near the Clois
ters, we ascend, by a long flight of steps in the
muniment tower,b (where are figures similar to
. those over the gateway,) into
3 These Cloisters, with the tower adjoining, were not built
until after the completion of the other parts of the College.
They stand upon the sites of three ancient halls, viz. — Schelde
Hall, Mayden Hall, and Great or More Hamer Hall, formerly
the property, respectively, of Studley Priory, University
College, and Osney Abbey. They were consecrated together
with the bells in the tower, then only three in number, for
the purpose of a private burial-place for the College, by the
bishop of Dunkeld in Scotland, October 19th, 1400. The
ribbed roof resembles the keel of a. boat, and is a very
curious specimen of that description of building. In 1643
this part was for some time used as a dep6t for the royal
military stores, during which time many of the brass monu
mental inscriptions were stolen.
b The upper rooms in the muniment tower remain in their
original state, with groined ceilings and tiled floors ; but they
are not open for the admission of strangers, as they merely
contain the records and private documents of the college.
The stair-turret at the back of the tower is very remarkable,
particularly the manner in which it is corbelled out at the

Jkiam. k£ny*by JSJZS.Swrt
londnru^ii.by S/urwae&Nuiy &. Jones. Octa-ifzi.,

NEW COLLEGE  HALL, LIBRARY. 99
The Hall, a spacious and lofty room, 78 by
35 feet, which is embellished with the following
paintings : — The Adoration of the Shepherds, by
Annibal Caracci, the gift of Earl Radnor ; por
traits of Bishops Ken, Trimnell, Lake, Bisse,
Waynflete, Lowth, Bathurst, Huntingford, and
Shuttleworth ; the three latter recently added :
Dr. Howley, Archbishop of Canterbury ; Arch
bishop Chichele ; and Wykeham, the founder."
The canopied cornice at the upper end of the
room, and the screen of draperied panel- work at
the bottom, are richly emblazoned with the es
cutcheons of numerous founders and benefactors.
The wainscot and windows are decorated with
the arms of the founder and other benefactors. b
The Library,0 situate on the east side of the
Quadrangle, over the archway which divides the
old and new buildings, consists of two rooms, 70
feet long, and 22 broad ; it is well furnished with
printed books, and some hundreds of valuable
manuscripts : — amongst the former is a unique
copy of all the five volumes of the Aldine Aris-
bottom. The entrance to the cellar, and the buttery staircase
adjoining, are peculiarly interesting. The cellar itself is
under the hall, and has a groined stone vault, supported on
short pillars of a plain but genuine character.
3 There is a very valuable portrait of the Founder in the
Warden's lodgings : it is painted on panel, and supposed by
Sir Joshua Reynolds to be an original.
b Immediately under the hall is a room, (fitted up in 1766,)
now used as a grammar and music school, which formerly
contained apartments for the chaplains and junior fellows.
c Rede, bishop of Chichester, and Dr. Woodward, were the
principal contributors to this library, money and books having
been bequeathed to it by each of them. In 1675, an additional
story was added ; and the whole has since been entirely
refitted by Mr. Wyatt. s.2

100 NEW COLLEGE  GARDEN-COURT.
totle, 1495 — 98, on vellum. A copy of the last
four volumes, on vellum, are also in the Library
of Corpus Christi College; but the first volume is
not known to exist elsewhere.
From hence we pass through an arch-way
opposite the entrance to the College, to the
Garden-Court, which widens by breaks as we
approach the Gardens, and from which it is
separated by an iron gate (handsomely orna
mented with the arms of the founder, &c.) and
palisade which extends 130 feet in length. The
Gardens are surrounded by a terrace ; they are
well shrubbed, planted with choice flowers, and
studded with large and "majestic trees, whose
overhanging and wide-spreading foliage forms
luxuriant and shady retreats. On the south side
is a fine bowling-green, but the Members use it
principally for Archery. A picturesque view is
obtained from these Gardens of St. Peter's Church
and the tower of Magdalene College. Here also
are to be seen the remains of the old City Wall,
by which the College is partly encompassed,
some portions being strongly supported by stout
bastions, in a most perfect state of preservation ;
in the interior of these are staircases for mounting
the wall." There is a very fine view of the wall
and its bastions from a long slip of ground,
termed the " Slipe," just beyond the Gardens,

* An original document is still preserved among the muni
ments of the city, being an agreement made by Wykeham
with the city, at the time of the foundation of his College, by
which he bound the Society for ever to keep the walls in
good repair.

HOLYWELL CHURCH. 101
where are the stables and other offices." Adjoin
ing this is a short avenue of chesnut and other
trees, at the extremity of which are the back
gates, (by which we will leave the College,) bring
ing us into Holywell Street; turning to the right,
a short distance down, at the junction of Holywell
and Longwall Streets, is a lane which conducts
us to
HOLYWELL CHURCH.
This, correctly speaking, is a chapel belonging
to the Church of St. Peter-in-the-East, and was
built by Robert D'Oiley, soon after the Norman
Conquest. The Church has been repaired at
several periods; the last alteration was effected
about five years since, at the expense of the Rev.
E. S. Bathurst, the late vicar: it was then so
completely re-modelled, under the direction of
Mr. Derick, as scarcely to leave a vestige of the
original structure, excepting the archway between
the nave and the chancel, and a window near the
pulpit. A considerable enlargement has been
caused by the removal of the base of the tower,
and the addition of two large aisles. The Nave is
now about nineteen, and the Chancel nine yards
long; in the latter is a most brilliant painted
window, representing — Our Saviour, with St. Peter
and St. Paul on either side : here are seats for the

3 So recently as the close of the last century, a curious
custom prevailed at this College, in the manner of calling the
Members at meal-time : at one and seven o'clock daily, a
ohorister went from the chapel-door to the garden-gate,
crying, A Manger tons seigneurs, which was afterwards curi
ously corrupted into, Eat-mancheat-toat-seni-oat.
k3

102 ARCHITECTURAL MUSEUM.
principal members of Wadham College, which is
situated in this parish ; and in front are seats for
the well-trained choir, who give the services, &c,
with great effect. There is a small painted
window on the west, that reflects a beautiful
shade on the east window. All the galleries
have been removed, and the old pews replaced
by handsome seats. On the west is a tower of
moderate dimensions. The belfry was rebuilt
about 1464, by H. Sever, Warden of Merton;
it contains a peal of six bells, cast about the
year 1620.3
Returning up the lane into Holywell Street,
(on the right,) a short distance up, is the
ARCHITECTURAL MUSEUM,
Formerly the Music-Room, built from a design
of Dr. Camplin, Vice-Principal of St. Edmund
Hall, at an expense of £1264. It was opened
in 1748, and was for a long period of time under
the management of stewards chosen from the
1 About 100 yards to the east of the church, in Jackson's
or Holywell Green, is a well, called Jenny Newton's Well,
near to the site of the ancient well (from which the church
and parish took its name,) dedicated to St. Winifred and St.
Margaret : the water of it is still considered by many as an
effectual remedy for any complaint of the eyes. The double
zigzag entrenchments or leaguers, thrown up for the defence of
the city in the time of Charles I., may be distinctly traced as
far as the gardens of Wadham College ; the embankment
on the north and east sides of the Warden's garden forming
part of them.
At a short distance from Holywell Church, there are still
remaining the foundations of a stone bridge, under water,
supposed to be the remains of an old Roman road ; near here
is a favourite bathing resort, called " Logger-head," i. e.
Leaguer-head.

ARCHITECTURAL MDSEUM. 103
various Colleges, and used as the University Con
cert Room. Some years since Mr. Dicks became
the lessee, and the Building was devoted to Public
Concerts, &c. It now constitutes the Museum of
the Oxford Architectural Society, and comprises
one of the finest collections in Europe. It
contains some beautiful Models of Cathedrals,
Churches, and Antique Crosses; an Ancient Tomb,
with Effigies of a Knight and his Lady ; a collec
tion of Casts of capitals, mouldings and other
details of Gothic Architecture ; nearly 500 Rub
bings, of Monumental Brasses ;a and a large
quantity of Books and Drawings on Architecture
and Heraldry ; all particularly interesting to the
antiquarian.b The Museum can be viewed on
application to the keeper, on the premises.
On quitting this Museum, we proceed to the
top of Holywell Street ; at the left-hand corner is
an old house, known by the name of Seal's
Coffee-House, now in the occupation of Mr.
Wood, Surgeon; it was built by Sir John Van-
brugh, the architect of the Clarendon Building,
(at the same time that the latter was being
erected,) which it resembles in style, though on
a small scale. At the corner of Holywell and
Park Street, is the King's Arms Inn; a short
distance beyond this, is
3 A Manual of these Brasses may be had of Mr. Parker,
publisher to the Society.
b The Oxford Architectural Society meet here every term,
for the promotion of the study of Gothic Architecture. Any
respectable person may, on the recommendation of a member,
be elected to this Society on payment of a small annual or
life fee.

104 WADHAM COLLEGE.
WADHAM COLLEGE.'
Founded in 1610, by Nicholas Wadham, of Edge and
Merefield, in Somersetshire, and Dorothy, his wife,b who
after her husband's death, and pursuant to his will, carried
out the design which he did not live to complete.
Foundation — A Warden, 15 Fellows, (who are elected
from the Scholars, and hold the Fellowships for 18 years
only,) 15 Scholars, 2 Chaplains, 2 Clerks, and several Exhi
bitioners. There are also other members not on the Founda
tion. The number of Members on the College books is about
280. The Exhibitions are numerous and very valuable.
Visitor — The Bishop of Bath and Wells.
*** Porter's Lodge — In the gateway, on the left.

3 The site of Wadham College was originally occupied by
the monastery of the Austin or Augustinian friars. The
principles of these monks, students in theology and philo
sophy, were so famous, that their practices were not done
away with, till the alterations effected in the University,
in the year 1800. In the year 1610, Dorothy Wadham,
purchased from the citizens of Oxford the ruins of the Austin
Friary, for the sum of £600, and the foundation stone of the
new fabric was laid, with the usual ceremonies, July 31st, in
the above year, in the eastern part of the college, where the
chapel now stands. The Vice-Chancellor, Doctors, Proctors,
and others, accompanied by the Mayor and Aldermen, walked
in procession to St. Mary's Church, whilst the Te Deum was
chanted by the singing-men and choristers, the proceedings
concluding with an oration, and an anthem. Of the monastic
buildings scarcely a vestige remains, except in some portions
of the external walls. There is an ancient doorway in the
garden, with a lock of enormous size ; the new building on
the south side of the front of the college was erected in 1693 ;
beyond was an old gateway, leading to the Austin Friary,
which was altered only a few years since, when twelve sets of
rooms were added to the college, between the gateway and the
King's Arms Inn : the site of these was occupied by an old
building, standing within the memory of many living persons,
and which was doubtless a portion of the Friary. Of the
college, as erected in 1610 — 13, the entire buildings are as
firm and compact as though but recently finished; and no
college in the University has undergone less alteration than
Wadham. b The family of this illustrious man had long flourished in
the west of England ; William de Wadham held land in the

WADHAM COLLEGE. 105
Places worthy of inspection — The Chapel and Hall.
Renowned Characters who were Members of this College —
Sir Christopher Wren, afterwards of All Souls' College ;
Admiral Blake ; Creech, the translator of Lucretius ; J.
Harris, Esq. author of Hermes, &c. ; Lord Wynford ; Dr.
Bentley, from Cambridge ; Dr. Wilkins ;3 and many pre
lates of great eminence.
The entrance to this College is through a
towered-gateway, with an elegant groined roof.
The Quadrangle is 130 feet square. The Hall,
Chapel, Library, and Kitchen are immediately
opposite : over the entrance to the Hall, amid
various architectural decorations, are statues of
King James I. in his royal robes, under a
canopy ; Nicholas Wadham, in armour ; and his
wife, Dorothy Wadham. Above these are the
Royal Arms.

county of Devon, in the reign of Edward I. ; and Sir J.
Wadham was one of the justices of the common pleas, in the
time of Richard II. The mother of Nicholas Wadham, one
of the daughters and co-heirs of John Tregarthin, is said to
have been descended from the Plantagenets. It had been the
intention of Wadham to found a Roman Catholic college at
Venice, for Englishmen, but he was diverted from that
purpose by the advice of his friend, Mr. Crange ; and he then
determined to apply his wealth to the erection of a college
in England, and to the cultivation of general literature.
3 To the enterprising spirit and love of science of some
distinguished members of this college, — Wilkins, Spratt, Seth
Ward, Sir C. Wren, &c, — we are indebted for the forma
tion of the Royal Society, which held its first sittings in
the great room over the gateway, then part of the Warden's
lodgings. Dr. Wilkins, (who married the sister of Oliver
Cromwell,) fostered the pursuit of literature by his own
patronage and example, and exerted his influence with
government for the encouragement of learned men. At his
death in 1672 he bequeathed £400 to the Royal Society, and
£200 to Wadham College. Thomas Spratt, afterwards bishop
of Rochester, ably defended the Royal Society against the
charge of scepticism.

106 WADHAM COLLEGE  CHAPEL.
The Chapel is large, lofty, and handsomely
fitted up ; it has a fine Gothic ceiling, and stained
glass windows. The monuments are numerous
and elegant, especially one in the Ante-Chapel,
to the memory of Sir John Portman, Bart., who
died in 1624. There are also two to Wardens
Wills and Tournay which are much admired."
The Screen is richly carved ; and in the centre of
the Chapel is a handsome brass eagle, given by
Sir Thomas Lear, in 1691, used as a reading desk.
The large east window was painted by Bernard
Van Linge in 1621 :b in the upper compartments
are represented the following typical emblems of
Christ : Abraham about to slay Isaac ; Moses
and the Brazen Serpent; Jonas issuing from the
mouth of the Whale ; and Elijah and Eltsha. In
the lower compartments are given the principal
scenes in the history of our Saviour ; Riding into
Jerusalem ; Garden of Gethsemane ; Betrayed by
Judas ; Scourged ; Bearing his Cross ; His Cru
cifixion ; Resurrection ; and Ascension.- In the
windows right and left of the east window are
represented the Twelve Apostles. The windows
on the south are all old, and mostly by Van
Linge. In the Ante-Chapel are some of the finest
specimens of modern glass-staining ; the colours
are rich in the extreme, and the figures well exe
cuted. The floor of the chapel was paved with

3 These are beautifully designed by Mr. Blore, and well-
executed by Bossom of St. Giles's-street, in this city ; they
certainly claim great praise for Oxford workmanship.
b The contract for this, with the autograph signature of the
artist, is still preserved among the college records.

WADHAM COLLEGE  HALL, LIBRARY, &C. 107
marble in 1677, at the expense of the Fellow-
Commoners. Adjoining the chapel is
The Hall, — a noble room, 82 feet in length,
35 in breadth, and 37 in height. The entrance is
by a gateway immediately facing the entrance to
the College, embellished with the statues of
James I. and the Founders ; between the latter is '
an inscription giving a brief account of the founda
tion of the College. Dr. Tournay greatly im
proved the Hall ; the glass in the oriel window is
very beautiful, and was the gift of the Rev.
W. Wilson, B.D., of Worton, Oxon. The fine
oak screen and timber roof are very remarkable ;
and the whole structure exhibits a good specimen
of the collegiate refectories. There are many por
traits : several of the Founders ; Speaker Onslow ;
Dr. Hody, Regius Professor of Greek ; Admiral
Blake ; Harris, author of " Hermes," &c, painted
by Sir Joshua Reynolds ; several Prelates, who
were wardens and members of this college; and
many others too numerous to mention.
The Library is connected with the chapel by a
cloister. It is a lofty and spacious room, 55 by
30 feet, and contains a large store of valuable books.
It is built over the kitchen, and gives that side of
the college a truly monastic appearance.
The Common- Room, a handsome apartment, is
over the Buttery, between the ante-chapel and
hall ; from hence there is a beautiful prospect
over the adjacent fields to Headington Hill. In
this room is a highly-finished painting, on panel,
executed by Dirk Van Delen in 1647, and pre
sented to the college by John Poynder, Esq. : it

108 EXETER COLLEGE.
represents " Christ healing the Sick at the Pool
of Bethesda." Here is also a portrait of Warden
Wilkins, bishop of Chester : and one of Alice or
Mary George, who lived, retaining her faculties,
to the age of 120 years ; it was painted by Surman
three years before her death, which occurred 1690.
On the left, near the Chapel, is the entrance to
the College Garden ; this is tastefully laid, out in
the modern style ; and from some points in it we
have a good view of the architectural beauties of
the College.
Nearly opposite the entrance to Wadham Col
lege is an ornamental iron back-gate to Trinity
College, through which may be seen Trinity
Gardens. This gate, however, is kept fastened.
At the northern extremity of this street is a Public
Walk, called — The Parks.
Retracing Park Street, on the right is Broad
Street; a short distance on the opposite side of
the way is Turl Street"; a few yards on the left of
the latter, is
EXETER COLLEGE."
Founded in 1314, by Walter de Stapledon,c Bishop of Exeter,
Lord High Treasurer of England, and Secretary of State to
Edward II.
3 Turl Street — so called from a Saxon word sigriifying a
narrow passage or gate, one of the postern gates of the city
having been at the end of this street.
b This college ranks amongst the earliest, with respect to
its primary foundation. It was originally called Stapledon
Hall, after the founder ; he removed his pupils hither from Hart
Hall. Edmund Stafford, Bishop of Exeter, who founded two
Fellowships in 1404, obtained permission to give the College
its present name.
0 The first founder of this college was Walter de Stapledon,
Bishop of Exeter, who had received his education at the TJni-

EXETER COLLEGE. 109
Foundation — A Rector, 25 Fellows, and 19 Scholars and
Exhibitioners. There are also other Members not on the
Foundation. The number of Members on the College books
is 427. Visitor — The Bishop of Exeter.
*** Porter's Lodge. — Right of the entrance gateway.
versity of Oxford. He was the younger son of Sir Richard
Stapledon, of Annery, in Devonshire ; and from his talents
was appointed chaplain to the Pope. His elevation to the See
of Exeter, in 1307, was celebrated with unexampled splen
dour. Like other prelates, he was employed in affairs of state,
and accompanied Queen Isabella to the Court of France in the
year 1325 ; but discovering the traitorous designs of the
Queen's party, he returned to England, and communicated
them to the King. The Bishop died in defending London,
which had been entrusted to him by the King; he was
dragged from his horse at the north door of St. Paul's, and
having been slain, his body was thrown into a deserted
cemetery near Pye-corner, and afterwards buried under a
heap of sand. But the Queen and her son, regretting this
outrage, caused him to be buried six months after in Exeter
cathedral ; and executed all those who were instrumental in
murdering the Bishop. Thus the premature death of the
founder hindered him from making those endowments to his
college which had doubtless been his intention. His wishes,
however, were fulfilled by subsequent benefactors : among
whom Edmund Stafford, LL.D., bishop of Exeter, and Sir
William Petre, knight, stand eminently conspicuous. The
former, about the year 1404, gave money, added much to the
buildings, and endowed two fellowships for the adjoining
diocese of Salisbury. His munificence, indeed, procured him
the name of the Second Founder ;' and an anniversary was
decreed for him as early as 1430. He died September 4th,
1419, and a costly monument was erected to his memory, but
it was severely mutilated by the Puritans in the 17th century.
During the succeeding century, the only benefaction was that
of Mr. William Palmer, a fellow of the college, who gave £100
towards building the tower-gateway. The old chapel was
lengthened at the east end at his expense ; in the east window
of it was his figure kneeling, with this inscription under
neath : — " Orate pro anima magistri Willielmi Palmer istius
loci socii, qui hanc capellam longiorem fieri fecit." In the year
1566, the benefactions of Sir William Petre were so extensive
as almost to constitute a Third Foundation. He gave endow
ments for a great number of fellowships, and increased the
livings belonging to the college. Nor did he forget the college
servants, but increased their stipends, &c. To these benefac
tions Lady Anne Petre, and her son, the first Lord Petre, made
some additions.

110 EXETER COLLEGE  HALL.
Places worthy of inspection — The Chapel and Hall.
Among the Renowned Characters who were Members of this
College, were — Dr. Prideaux;3 Seeker, archbishop of Canter
bury ; Sir John Fortescue ; Joseph Caryll, commentator on
the Book of Job ; Anthony Ashley Cooper ; Lord Shaftes
bury ; Maundrell, the traveller ; Samuel Wesley, father of
the founder of the Methodists ; Coleridge ; Dr. Conybeare ;b
Dr. Borlase ; and one of the earliest inmates of Stapledon
Hall, was John de Trevisa, who assisted Wicliffe in trans
lating the Scriptures.
This College has a frontage of 220 feet, with
three beautiful oriel windows, and a haadsome
Tower-Gateway. The arched roof of the gate
way is an elegant specimen of masonry.
On the right of the Quadrangle is the Hall;
on the left, the Chapel and Rector's lodgings;
the remaining portion of the square is occupied
by the apartments of the Members.
The Hall,c built in 1618, by Sir J. Acland,
is adorned with the following portraits : —
Lord Ducie ; Stapledon, the founder ; Archbishops Marsh
and Seeker ; Earl of Macclesfield ; Stephen Weston ; Sir
John Periam; Drs. Shortrudge, Hakewell, Conybeare,
Stinton, Prideaux, and Richards ; Stapledon, the founder,
(full length) ; the late rector, Dr. Jones ; Queen Elizabeth,
when very young ; Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper ; the Earl
of Shaftesbury; Dr. Bray; Sir J. Acland; Charles I.;
1 The learned Dr. Prideaux was, in his youth, a servant
in the kitchen of this college ; but his talents and manners
enabled him to mount the ladder of fame, and he became
head of the college.
b Dr. Conybeare, dean of Christ Church, and bishop of
Bristol, deserves to be particularly mentioned. He was
rector of the College from 1730 to 1733, and the able an
tagonist of the celebrated Dr. Tindal.
c When the excavations for the foundation of this building
were in progress, a stone coffin was found, containing the
remains of a man having a crown on his head and by his side
money and other valuable articles.

EXETER COLLEGE  CHAPEL, LIBRARY. 1 1 1
Mrs. Shiers, 1700; Bishop Hall; Dr. Webber; Bishop
Bull ; Attorney-General Noy ; Justice Coleridge ; Luke
Milbourn, M.A. ; Sir William Petre; Selden, the anti
quary ; Sir William Morris ; Dr. Kennicott ; and Sir John
Fortescue. The Chapel, completed in 1624, consists of
two aisles ; it has eight windows with the follow
ing inscription on each of them : " Domus mea
Domus orationis" — My house is the house of
Prayer : monuments to the memory of the Rev.
Dr. Cole, John Crocker, and John Symes, Esqrs. ;
besides a variety of monumental inscriptions.
The Library is well furnished with books in
the several arts and sciences, and a very valu
able collection of the Classics, given by Thomas
Richards, Esq. : here is also a good portrait of
the Rev. Joseph Sandford who was a considerable
donor to this building.3
To the north of the Library, between Turl
Street and the Ashmolean Museum, a new
building with an oriel window was erected in
the summer of 1832, fronting Broad Street, on

3 As well as being a man of great learning, the habits
of Mr. Sandford were very eccentric. He studied in the
Library without a fire, however cold the weather ; and, every
Friday, walked four or five miles on the banks of the Isis
and Cherwell, to houses where he could be provided with
a fish dinner. Having on one occasion to go to London,
on business, he purchased from a bookseller there, a work
of great value : he returned to Oxford with his treasure, and
would not relinquish it till he found himself once more
safe in his rooms. So delighted was he with this acquisition,
that he sent the bookseller a guinea by a friend who chanced
to visit London. He died September 25, 1774, at the age of
84 years ; and was buried in the middle aisle of the parish
church of St. Mary Magdalene, Oxon : in this church a
monument, containing a Latin inscription, has been raised
to his memory. l2

112 LINCOLN COLLEGE.
land belonging to the city ; and in the two
following years the whole of the west front was
handsomely renewed with Bath stones, from
designs by Mr. Underwood, and admirably exe
cuted by Messrs. Plowman, of Oxford.
Separated from Exeter College by a narrow
lane, formerly called St. Mildred's lane, is
LINCOLN COLLEGE.3
Founded in 1427, by Richard Flemmyng, Bishop of Lincoln.1>
Foundation — A Rector, 12 Fellows, 8 Scholars, 12 Exhibi
tioners, and a Bible Clerk. There are also other Members
not on the Foundation. The number of Members on the
College books is 209.
Visitor — The Bishop of Lincoln.
*„* Porter's Lodge — Right of the entrance gateway.
Places worthy of inspection — The Chapel and Hall.

3 The interior of this college retains most of its ancient
character, particularly the north quadrangle. The vine is
still seen trained against the walls. This peculiarity has
hitherto escaped notice ; the allusion to the vine in Tris-
troppe's sermon, (see note b,) most probably suggested this
emblematic memorial of Archbishop Rotheram's founda
tion. The hall has received but little external alteration from
that built by Dean Forest in 1436. The doorway at the
opposite end of the passage is worthy of notice ; and the back
of the hall, covered with very old-looking creepers, has a most
picturesque effect.
b The unexpected death of Bishop Flemmyrtg before the
complete foundation of his Society, and the revenues being ex-'
ceedingly small, the latter were materially increased by some
benefactions, and the Society soon obtained a Second Founder
in the person of Bishop Scot, or De Rotheram, (as he was
called from the place of his birth,) who obtained a new
charter from Edward IV., drew up a body of statutes, which
had long been wanting, increased the number of fellowships,
and was a great benefactor in several other respects. He
is said to have been moved to this munificence towards the

LINCOLN COLLEGE. 113
Among the Renowned Characters who were Members of this
College, were—T)i. Kilbye, one the translators of the Bible ;
Dr. Marshall, the great Saxonist and Oriental Scholar ;
Robert Flemmyng, a renowned author, and the founder's
kinsman ; Grey ; Hervey ; and Wesley, the founder of the
Methodists, who was a Student of Christ Church, and
subsequently Fellow of this College : he died in 1791, at
an advanced age.a
This College comprises two small Quadrangles :
the first forms a square of 80 feet ; on the right
is the Rector's lodgings ; on the left, the Library
and Common-Room ; the Hall faces the entrance,
and the remaining wing is occupied with apart
ments for the Members. The inner Quadrangle
is a square of 70 feet ; it has on the right,

college through a sermon preached by John Tristroppe, the
third rector, on the text, " Behold and visit this vine," &c.
Rotheram was first elected to King's College, Cambridge ;
then Fellow and afterwards Master of Pembroke Hall. High
in favour with Edward IV., he was appointed provost of
Beverley ; then Bishop of Rochester : he was next elected
Chancellor of the University of Cambridge ; Prebendary of
Sarum ; then Bishop of Lincoln ; and afterwards Archbishop
of York. He was secretary to four Kings, and three times Lord
High Chancellor of England : he died at Cawood, May 29 th,
1500, in the 77th year of his age.
* This wonderful man, in the course of his itinerancy, is
supposed to have travelled nearly 300,000 miles, and to have
preached 40,000 sermons. From the Charter-house, he was
removed, in 1720, to Christ Church, and from thence, in 1726,
he was elected fellow of Lincoln College. Though not eccen
tric in the habits of his life, yet the strictness of his religious
principles was sufficiently remarkable to afford subject for
satire. When other young members of the university became
associated with him, a distinct religious society was formed,
and its principles where then vigorously assailed. The mem
bers of it received the derisive epithets of Bible-bigots, Bible-
moths, the Holy or Godly Club. One person, however, with
less irreverence and more learning, observed, with respect to
their methodical plan of life, " that a new set of methodists
was sprung up," alluding to the ancient school of physicians,
known by that name. l3

114 LINCOLN COLLEGE  CHAPEL, HALL.
The Chapel, a Gothic building,, 62 feet by 26,
built in 1631. The ceiling consists of compart
ments in cedar, embellished with the arms of the
founders and principal benefactors, intermixed
with cherubim, palm branches, festoons, &c.,
beautifully painted and gilt. The lower cedar
desks are terminated with eight well-executed
figures, likewise in cedar, viz. — Moses, Aaron, the
four' Evangelists, St. Peter, and St. Paul. The
screen, is also of cedar, richly carved. The win
dows are entirely of painted glass, brought from
Italy in 1629 ; they are brilliantly rich in colour ;
those on the left represent twelve of the Prophets ;
those on the right twelve of the Apostles. 1st
window, Elisha, Jonah, and Obadiah ; 2nd, Amos,
Zechariah, and Malachi ; 3rd, Isaiah, Jeremiah,
and Ezekiel ; 4th, David, Daniel, and Elijah ;
5th, (the east window, over the altar,) divided into
six compartments, contains the types and anti
types of our Saviour ; 6th, Peter, Andrew, and
James, major ; 7th, John, Philip, and Bartholo
mew ; 8th, Matthew, Thomas, and James minor ;
9th, Jude, Simon, and Matthias.
The Hall, a noble room, 42 feet by 25, was
repaired in 1701, in a handsome style, at the
expense of Lord Crewe and others. His arms,
with those of other benefactors, are among the
present embellishments of the apartment ; it also
contains the following portraits, (commencing
on the left of the entrance, and continuing in
rotation) : —
Lord Crewe ; Dr. Isham, rector ; a portrait — unknown ; Dr,
Hickes ; Dr. Paul Hood, rector : at the upper end, Sir

ALL SAINTS' CHURCH. 115
Nathaniel Lloyd ; a full length portrait of Dr. Tatham, the
late rector ; Lord Crewe : under these, Archbishop Rothe-
ram ; Lord Keeper Williams ; the Founder : continuing on
the right, a portrait — unknown; Judge Dolben; another
portraits — unknown ; Lord Crewe ; Dr. Hutchins, rector.
The ancient Louvre, or Lantern, still remains
unaltered in the exterior of the roof.a
The Library, on the north side of the outer
court, over the Fellows' Common-Room, is stored
with a valuable collection of books ; there are
also some ancient manuscripts ; and portraits of
Lord Crewe and Sir Nathaniel Lloyd .b
Adjoining Lincoln College, and abutting on
High Street, is
ALL SAINTS' CHURCH,
The patronage of it being in the gift of the above
society, is usually held as a curacy by one of the
Fellows. It is built of Headington stone, from
a design by Dean Aldrich. The body of the
Church is ornamented, internally and externally,
with Corinthian pilasters, over which is an attic
story finished by a balustrade. The Graeco-Gothic
Spire and Tower are greatly admired ; the interior

3 At the south end of the hall, are the rector's lodgings,
constructed about the year 1465, chiefly out of the sum of
£200, given to the society for that purpose, by Dr. Thomas
Beckyngton, bishop of Bath and Wells. In memory of this
benefaction his anniversary was appointed to be kept by the
College ; and the rebus of his name, a %, with a beacon fixed
in a tun, is repeated, in several places, on the walls of the
fabric. b The great work of Thomas Gascoigne, a benefactor to
the Library, entitled the " Dictionarium Theologicum," is still
one of its most interesting ornaments.

116 ALL SAINTS' CHURCH.
of the latter on the ground-floor, is fitted up as a
vestry-room ; in the centre is a table-tomb, to the
memory of Dr. Tatham, late rector of Lincoln
College; the upper part of the Tower contains
five bells. The proportions of the interior (72
feet long, by 42 wide, and 50 high,) produce a
good effect. The roof is remarkable for the
extent of its span, unsupported by any pillars;
the ceiling is handsomely ornamented with fret
work, around which are painted the arms of
Queen Anne, the Duchess of Marlborough, and
other contributors to the building. The Altar-
piece of stone, coloured in imitatfon of marble,
was the gift of Lord Crewe, bishop of Durham :
it cost £500. The old church, dedicated to St.
Michael, St. Mildred, and All Saints', was almost
totally demolished, owing to the. fall of its spire
in 1697; and the new edifice was completed in
nine years afterwards.3
Returning through Turl Street, opposite the
front of Exeter is that of

3 A few yards above All Saints' Church, in High Street, is
THE GENERAL MARKET,
Built from a plan by Mr. Gwynne, and opened in 1774. It
occupies a space of 347 feet in length, and 112 in breadth,
which is intersected by three avenues, one up the centre, and
two across the whole market, and is formed into three divi
sions for butchers, dealers in poultry and bacon, and vendors
of fruit, vegetables, &c. On market days (Wednesday and
Saturday,) the supply of every article of provision is equal
to any market in. the kingdom. Within the last year or two
the northern end and entrance have been considerably en
larged, an addition made of several shops, faced with stone,
and this part covered with a roof composed with blue slates
supported by strong though light iron-work. There is a
separate market for the sale of corn, &c, in the open corridor
beneath the Town Hall.

JESUS COLLEGE. 117
JESUS COLLEGE.
Founded by Queen Elizabeth in 1571.3
Foundation — A Principal, 19 Fellows, 18 Scholars, and
several Exhibitioners. There are also other Members not on
the foundation. The number of Members ou the College
books is 145. Visitor — The Earl of Pembroke.
*** Porter's Lodge — On the left of the gateway.
Places worthy of inspection — The Chapel and Hall.
Among the Renowned Characters who were Members of this
College, were — Archbishop Usher ;b Drs. Powell, Davies,
Prichard, and Bandinel ; the latter having, been Public
Orator, and first Bampton Lecturer.
3 The College was first founded by Queen Elizabeth, on the
petition of Hugh Price, or Ap Rice, treasurer of St. David's.
He was born at Brecknock about 1500, and graduated at
Oxford as LL.D. in 1525. Tradition says that he was edu
cated at Osney Abbey under his uncle, who was a canon
there. He died at Brecknock in 1574. The society, after
languishing for some years, experienced a new era with
the admission of Sir Eubule Thelwall to the office of Principal
in 1621. He procured a new charter and statutes, and so
increased the revenues of the College, that it was enabled
to maintain double the number of fellows and scholars ; and
built a considerable portion of the first quadrangle, &c, at
his own expense. There is a marble monument against the
south wall of the arch leading to the chancel, erected to his
memory by his brother, Sir Bevis Thelwall. He was suc
ceeded in the principalship by Dr. Mansell, (whose monu
ment is opposite to that of Sir Eubule,) who was related
to the Earl of Pembroke, then Chancellor of the University,
Dr. Mansell resigned in 1661, in favour of the well-known
Sir Leoline Jenkins, LL.D., the friend of Archbishop Sheldon,
and who may well be styled the Second Founder of the college.
Sir Leoline resigned his headship in 1673, and was afterwards
frequently elected to represent the University in parliament.
He died in 1685, aged 62, at his house in Hammersmith;
his body was removed to Oxford, and buried with great
pomp in the area of the chapel of the college, near the steps
leading to the altar. He bequeathed to the society lands and
property, since become of very considerable value.
b History informs us that this great Divine read the whole
of the Greek and Latin Fathers in chronological order, and
understood at least twejve languages.

118 JESUS COLLEGE — HALL, CHAPEL.
We enter this College through a handsome
rustic Gateway; it has two courts; the first, 100
feet by 90, has the Hall facing the entrance ; the
Chapel on the right ; the Library on the left ;
and the remainder of the square consists of the
apartments of the Members.
The Hall, completed by Sir Eubule Thelwall,
" who left nothing undone which might conduce
to the good of the College," is a fine apartment :
the ceiling is decorated with stucco, the screen
elaborately carved ; and there is a fine bay win
dow, which forms a principal ornament to the
inner quadrangle. The room contains the follow
ing portraits : —
Queen Elizabeth ; Charles I., by Vandyck ; Charles n, ; Sir
Leoline Jenkins ; Sir Eubule Thelwall, when a child, with
his mother ; Drs. Wynne and Pardo ; Thomas, bishop of
Worcester ; Westphaling, bishop of Hereford ; Mr. Edward
Merrick ; and Nash, the celebrated architect, by Sir Thomas
Lawrence. In the Chapel are some interesting archi
tectural features; it is handsomely fitted up
throughout with oak wainscoting, contemporane
ous with the building itself, the consecration of
which took place on the 28th of May, 1621 : this
is divided into three compartments by a screen
and arch, leading into a kind of Chancel, forming
a counterpart to the Ante-Chapel.a Over the
Altar is a copy of Guido's beautiful picture in
the convent of the Capucini at Rome, of "St.
3 This arrangement arose from an enlargement of the east
end, about fifteen years after the consecration of the former
part, which was found too small for the society.

JESUS COLLEGE  LIBRARY, BURSARY. 119
Michael overcoming the Devil" : it is nearly 10
feet by 7, and was presented by Viscount Bulkeley,
a member of this College, in 1 773. There are also
many handsome monuments, especially those to
the memory of
Drs. William Jones, Jonathan Edwards, and Mansell; Sir
Leoline Jenkins, Sir Eubule Thelwall, former Principals ;
and Dr. Henry Maurice, Margaret Professor of Divinity.
The Library, erected in 1677, at the expense
of Sir Leoline Jenkins, contains a large collection
of books and manuscripts ; amongst the latter
are those of Lord Herbert of Cherbury; and
some very curious romances and poems, in Welsh,
known as the Llyfr Coch, or Red Book. The
tracery of the south window has a very pictu
resque effect, as seen from the Market-lane.
The inner Quadrangle is 90 feet by 70, and
contains the Bursary, Fellows' Common-Room,
&c. The College clock, with handsome dial-
plates facing both quadrangles, was the gift of
the present Principal, Dr. Foulkes.
In the Bursary is a silver-gilt bowl and ladle,
the gift of Sir William Watkin Wynn ; the bowl
will contain ten gallons, and the ladle half a pint ;
there is likewise a very curious early Portrait of
Queen Elizabeth. The stranger will be shewn
the Statutes of the College, exquisitely written
on vellum, and curiously embellished by the Rev.
Mr. Perry, of Shipston-on-Stour, formerly a
Fellow of this College.
Turning to the left on leaving Jesus College,
we again reach Broad Street ; crossing it, we
arrive at the handsome gateway of

120 TRINITY COLLEGE.
TRINITY COLLEGE.3
Founded in 1554, by Sir Thomas Pope, of Tittenhanger,
Hertfordshire, Privy Councillor to Henry VIIL, and Queen
Mary.b
Foundation — A President, 12 Fellows, and 12 Scholars.
There are also other Members not on the foundation. The
number of Members on the College books is nearly 300.
Visitor — The Bishop of Winchester,
%* Porter's Lodge — In the gateway on the left.
Places worthy of inspection — The Chapel, Hall, and Gardens.
A very long Catalogue of Renowned Characters may be mentioned
in connection with this College; among them were — Seth
Ward ; Archbishop Sheldon ; Derham, the author of " Phy-
sico-, Astro-, and Christo-Theology ;" who commenced his
career in 1675 as a servitor, and in 1730, at the age of 73,

a The establishment of this society commenced a new era
in the academical history of this University. It was the first
college founded after the dissolution of monasteries ; and
Sir Thomas Pope, whose example was soon followed by his
particular friend Sir Thomas White in the foundation of
St. John's College, was the first layman who bestowed on the
University a portion of the wealth which came into general
circulation upon that event. The present college was founded
on the ruins of Durham College, which belonged to the Bene
dictines, and was finally suppressed. Sir Thomas Pope
purchased the site in 1554, founded thereon the present
college, and dedicated it to the " Holy and Undivided Trinity."
Many of the old buildings still remain.
b So celebrated a character as the founder of this college,
requires somewhat more than a passing mention. He was
born at Deddington in 1508, and educated at Banbury and
Eton : he afterwards studied at Gray's Inn, and soon became
well versed in all the intricacies of the law ; at the age of 25,
he became Clerk of the Briefs of the Star-Chamber, and Clerk
of the Crown in Chancery. He was then promoted to offices
of the highest trust and importance ; was knighted ; and
appointed a member of the King's privy council. In 1536,
he was constituted by Henry VIII. treasurer of the Court of
Augmentations, treasurer of the Jewel-House in the Tower of
London, and Warden of the Mint. He died at Clerkenwell,-
January 28, 1559. Among the particulars recorded of him we
may mention his unwearied attention to the concerns of his

TRINITY COLLEGE. 121
received from the University the distinguished honour of
D.D., by diploma; Selden; Gellibrand, the mathemati
cian; Chilling-worth; the poets, Denham, Wharton, Bowles,
and others ; the celebrated Earl of Chatham ; Lord
North, prime minister, afterwards Earl of Guilford, and
many other distinguished noblemen; Ludlow, Ireton, and
other republican chiefs ; John Bampton, founder of lecture-
sermons ; Henry Birkhead, D.C.L., founder of the Professor
ship of Poetry, afterwards of All Souls' ;3 Dr. Addington,
the physician ; the celebrated antiquarian, Andrew Cotee
Ducarrel, LL.D., afterwards of St. John's College. To these
may justly be added the name of Dr. Ingram, the present
President, and the accomplished author of " The Memorials
of Oxford."
This College has before it a spacious grass-plot
separated from the street by lofty iron palisades,
with handsome ornamental gates in the centre.
The Tower over the entrance to the College is
square, and enriched with pilasters and balus-

college, and his great kindness to the younger students, for
whom, during his lifetime, he paid all the public expanses of
degrees, determinations, and regencies. He also appointed
lecturers in Logic and Philosophy, and in imitation of Fox and
Wolsey, particularly recommended the cultivation of the
Greek and Latin languages, which had fallen into disuse ;
and required of students, before proceeding to their master's
degree, an examination, by the President, in at least one
volume of Greek Logic or Greek Philosophy. This plan of
study was inspected by and met with the approbation of the
princess Elizabeth, afterwards Queen, who was at that time
placed by Queen Mary under the care and custody of Sir
Thomas Pope, at Hatfield House, where she remained till she
succeeded to the throne of her sister in 1558.
3 Dr. Birkhead was a barrister of the Inner Temple. By his
will, the professor is elected by Convocation, for five years,
but at the expiration of that period he may be re-elected for
five years more. The first professor was Joseph Trapp, M.A.,
fellow of Wadham College, and D.D. by diploma, elected in
1708. He has been succeeded by some of the most eminent
names in the University, including those of several prelates,
and that of the present professor. M

122 TRINITY COLLEGE — CHAPEL.
trades ; on the top of it are figures representing
Divinity, Physic, Geometry, and Astronomy.
The first Quadrangle is formed by the Presi
dent's Lodgings and Library on the east ; on the
west, the Hall and Common-Room f on the
north are the apartments of the Members ; and
the Chapel on the south. The second Court, is
spacious and elegant ; it was designed by Sir
Christopher Wren, and opens to the Gardens
on the east.
The Chapel exhibits some chaste specimens of
Grecian architecture. The original plan by Dean
Aldrich was materially improved by Sir C. Wren.
The lofty Screen and Altar-piece are of cedar,
the carving of them, by Grinlin Gibbons, being
unrivalled : on the top of the Screen are well-
executed figures of the four Evangelists. The
ceiling, adorned with stucco in alto relievo, has
in the centre a bright picture of — The Ascension,
painted by Peter Berchet, a French artist. In
an alcove to the left of the Altar is the elegant
alabaster tomb of the founder and his lady,
with full-length effigies, in the armour and cos
tume of the times ; at the head of Sir Thomas
is a helmet, and a griffin at his feet, the whole
being a beautiful specimen of monumental sculp-
3 Adjoining the common-room is a very elegantly-formed
gable window, of an early date ; it is filled with rich painted
glass, and in the upper compartments has the following
inscription ; — " Will'mus Eechester, huius custos collegh.
Dominus Vobisoum." — (William Ebchester, President of this
college. The Lord be with you.) Ebchester was president in
1446, and died in 1456, having been elected Prior of Durham,
where he was buried. Most of the buildings in this part of
the college remain in the same condition as when first erected.

TRINITY COLLEGE  HALL, LIBRARY. 123
ture.1 The floor of the Chapel is composed of
black and white marble.b
The Hall, with a statue of the founder over the
entrance, is a spacious and well-proportioned
room, decorated with the following portraits :
Sir W. Pope, the first Earl of Downe, and nephew of the
founder ; the Rev. W. Derham ; Lady Elizabeth Paulet,
third wife of the founder ; Archbishop Sheldon ; Warton,
the poet ; Dr. Bathurst, by Sonman ; the Founder ; Dr.
Kettle, formerly President ; the Earl of Chatham ; Lord
North ; Mr. Rands ; and Dr. Carne. Over the fire-place
is an ancient painting of the Arms of Queen Mary and
King Philip, by Catton, dated 1554.
The Library is the oldest part of this College.
The painted glass in the windows is very ancient
and curious ; particularly the figures of the
Evangelists, of Edward III. and Philippa, St.
Cuthbert, and St. Thomas a, Beckett, who is
represented with a fragment of Fitz-Urse's dagger
in his forehead. Over the entrance is a portrait
of the Founder, and busts of Dr. Lee, the late
president, and B. Langton, Esq. This Library
contains many ancient and valuable works, and a
curious manuscript of Euclid, supposed to be 600
years old, in a good state of preservation, which

3 Sir Thomas Pope was interred in the parish church of
St. Stephen, Walbrook, London, in 1559 ; and in 1567 his
remains, with those of Dame Margaret, his second wife, were
removed to this chapel.
b The first person interred in the chapel was Josias How,
at the age of ninety ; who, being bursar when the parlia
mentary visitors demanded the surrender of college papers,
very properly secured them by taking them into the country
with him till after the Restoration.
m2

124 TRINITY COLLEGE — GARDENS.
was translated from the Arabic into Latin, before
the original Greek was discovered.3
The Gardens6 of the College are large and well
laid out, containing about four acres of ground.
The northern division consists of gravel-walks
and glass-plots, adorned with evergreens. At
the lower end of the centre walk is a beautiful
iron gate, supported by two very elegant piers.
This gate affords those who pass to and from
" The Parks" an agreeable prospect of the Gar
dens and College. The southern division is very
tastefully planted with ornamental shrubs and
flowers.0 Adjoining this College is

- Edmund Hutchins, nephew of the Founder, (who himself
began the present collection of books, by sending numerous
manuscripts and folio volumes,) and lord of the manor of
Dumbleton, soon followed the example of Sir Thomas Pope.
The following memorial of him, probably from his own hand
when scholar of the college, is cut on a square tablet of free
stone, inserted in the outer wall of the present bursary : —
"IHS : HAVE: Me. O. E. HVTCHINS. A.D. 1558."
b The view of the president's lodgings from the gardens,
and the old yew trees, excite interesting reminiscences of
ancient Oxford.
In June 1847, during the Meeting of the British Association
at Oxford, the Horticultural Society received permission to
hold an extra Show in these gardens : on this occasion the
Society had the honour of a visit from His Royal Highness
Prince Albert, accompanied by Prince Edward of Saxe
Weimar, and several of the principal members of the British
Association, and of the University, who proceeded thither,
after having partaken of a dejeuner in Exeter College gardens,
and visited the various Sections of the Association. The
Prince graciously accepted some of the prize fruits in the
gardens, and expressed his approbation of the elegant and
tasteful display made by (henceforth) the Royal Horticultural
Society. c There is a very exquisitely- wrought chalice still preserved
in this college, given by the founder, but said to have
originally belonged to St. Alban's Abbey.

BALLIOL COLLEGE — CHAPEL. 125
BALLIOL COLLEGE.
Founded by John Balliol, of Barnard Castle, Durham, (father
of John Balliol, King of Scotland,) and his wife Dervorgilla,
between 1263 and 1268.3
Foundation — A Master, 12 Fellows, 14 Scholars and Exhibi
tioners. There are also other Members not on the foundation.
The number of Members on the College books is 318.
Visitor — The Archbishop of Canterbury,
*** Porter's Lodge — In the gateway on the left.
Places worthy of inspection — The Chapel and Hall.
Among the Renowned Characters who were Members of this
College, were — The Martyr Wicliffe, master in 1361 ; Tun-
stall, bishop of Durham ; Humphrey, duke of Gloucester ;
Ross of Warwick ; Adam Smith ; Parsons, the Jesuit ; John
Evelyn ; Kyrle, the " Man of Ross ;" and Dr. Savage,
master of the College, and author of " Balliofergus," printed
at Oxford, in 1668.
The entrance to Balliol College is through a
handsome Gothic tower-gateway. The College
consists chiefly of one Quadrangle, having the
Chapel and Library on the north, the Hall on the
west, and apartments for the students on the
south and east.
The Chapel, built in 1529, possesses a few
ornamental monuments. The windows contain
very ancient painted glass, by Van Linge; the east
window represents — The Passion, Resurrection,
and Ascension of Christ. On the south is a win-
3 On the death of her husband, the Lady Dervorgilla deter
mined to give effect to the wishes expressed by him on his
death-bed. Having domiciliated the scholars, (to whom
ber late husband had granted annual exhibitions out of his
personal estate,) she gave them statutes under her own seal.
These statutes, beautifully written on a piece of parchment of
the size of a small quarto, and bearing a very perfect impres
sion of the seal, are still, in- the possession of the college.
M 3

126 BALLIOL COLLEGE  HALL, LIBRARY.
dow displaying — The Story of Hezekiah's Sickness
and Recovery ; and in a window on the north is
— Philip Baptizing the Eunuch : the remaining
windows contain portraits of Saints, &c. A brass
eagle, the gift of Dr. Wilson, in the time of
Charles IL, is used as a reading-desk.
The Hall is a large and lofty room, orna
mented with the following portraits, commencing
left of the entrance : —
Henry, second earl of Bathurst, Lord High Chancellor of
England ; Dr. Prosser, archdeacon of Durham, formerly a
fellow ; Dr. Parsons, bishop of Peterborough, the late
master ; Dr. Baillie, formerly a member ; Dr. Barrington,
bishop of Durham ; Douglas, bishop of Salisbury; Wicliffe,
the Reformer ; and, over the screen, Dr. Dolben, arch
bishop of York.
The Library was completed in 1477 ; it con
tains an extensive collection of books and manu
scripts, and some good painted windows.2
On the right of the entrance to this College, is
the Master's residence. The site of the houses on
the opposite side of the street was formerly the
city ditch : here, the Martyrs — Cranmer, Ridley,
and Latimer — passed through their fiery ordeal,
in 1555."

3 At the northern extremity of the college is a building
known by the name of Caesar's lodgings, or, more briefly,
Cjesar ; having been erected on the site of a tenement belong
ing to Sir Julius Caesar, or to his brother Henry, who studied
here. A building, pulled down about forty years since, stood
directly opposite, and hence obtained the appellation of
Pompey. b A transverse stone is placed opposite the spot in the cross-
way leading from the Master's house. A bastion of the city
wall still remains nearly perfect at the rear of the houses
opposite Balliol, inhabited by Mr. Dudley and others.

ST. MARY MAGDALENE CHURCH. 127
Taking the first turning on the right of Balliol
College, we reach

ST. MARY MAGDALENE CHURCH,
Said to have been originally built before the
Norman Conquest, with the permission of St.
Frideswide, to whose monastery it was doubtless
an appendage. It exhibits some of the best speci
mens of sculpture and masonry in Oxford. There
is an ancient Font which is remarkably elegant ;
and in the Tower is a beautiful little figure of the
patroness, St. Mary Magdalene, represented in a
niche on the west side, over the lower window : the
Window itself, and the richly-carved string-course
beneath, are also extremely ancient. The North
ern Aisle, formerly used as a chapel by the Balliol
students, (for which purpose it was fitted up by
the Lady Dervorgilla,) has been recently entirely
rebuilt as a part of the Memorial to the Martyrs
of the Reformation, and is called the Martyrs'
Aisle; at the same time, (1840,) the lofty arch of
the tower, facing the nave, was partly thrown open
and a handsome altar-screen added, together with
two richly-painted windows by Wailes, of New-
castle-on-Tyne.a A few feet from the northern
extremity of the burial-ground has been erected
the

3 Nearly opposite this church is George-street, in which is
situated the Independent Chapel. This thoroughfare leads
to the spacious wharfs of the Oxford Canal Company, the
Castle, St. Thomas's Church, &c, and forms an outlet to
the western suburb of Oxford.

128 MARTYRS' MEMORIAL.

MARTYRS' MEMORIAL.
Too late for the discharge of an urgent debt of gratitude, but
not too late for the proof, that this debt was not forgotten, a
monumental honour has at length been paid to the lives and
deaths of the martyred prelates, Archbishop Cranmer, and the
Bishops Ridley and Latimer.
After many fruitless attempts to commemorate their acts
and sufferings, in the defence of the true faith and Church of
Christ, by the erection of a memorial Church near the place of
their martyrdom, it was finally resolved, May 5th, 1840, that
the intended Memorial should consist of two parts, — of an
Aisle (to be called the Martyrs' Aisle) which was to be
attached to the north side of St. Mary Magdalene Church,
and an honorary Monument at the north end of its church
yard, in the style, or manner of the Memorial Cross, near
Waltham Abbey, (one of those erected by Edward I., in
honour of his Queen Eleanor,) but which, in height, form,
and proportions, was to be an improvement upon the original.
Architects were invited to send designs, and builders to
contract for the works proposed. Messrs. Scott and Moffatt,
20, Spring Gardens, were the successful competitors. Mr. Kirk,
of Sleaford, Lincolnshire, surveyor of the bridges and buildings
of that county, obtained the contract. Henry Weeks, Esq.,
30, Lower Belgrave Place, (for a long time first sculptor and
superintendent of Sir Francis Chantrey's studio,) carved, with
characteristic truth, the figures of the martyred Prelates. The
stone selected by Professor Buckland, for the Memorial Cross,
was a finely crystallized magnesian limestone, from Mr. Lind-
ley's Quarry, at Mansfield-Woodhouse, Notts, of the same
sort with (but much superior) to that chosen by the Com
missioners for the New Houses of Parliament.
The first stone of the Cross was laid May 19th, 1841 ; a day
chosen because it was in May, 1541, that Archbishop Cranmer
obtained his last great triumph over Henry the Eighth's reluct
ance to distribute the Bible in English, through the churches
of the land, the Bibles of that date being distinguished from
those of former editions by a more emphatic avowal in the title-
page, — that they were auctorized and apoynted to be read by

MARTYRS' MEMORIAL. 129
royal authority.3 It was an important date in the history of
the circulation of the Scriptures ; and May, 1841, was the re
turn of its tiicentenary period.
DIMENSIONS OF THE MEMORIAL CROSS.
Feet. Inches.
Height of the platform of steps  6 4
From the top step to the top of the trefoiled pierced parapet
of the first stage or story  21 7
From the top of this pierced parapet to the top of the pierced
parapet of the second story  20 0
From the top of the second pierced parapet to the top of the
pointed and crocketted parapet of the third story . . . . 13 2
From the top of the crocketted parapet to the top of the final
Cross  11 11
73 0
The Eleanor Cross, at Waltham Abbey, which was proposed
to the architects, as the form they were to improve upon, is no
more than 45 feet.
The Inscription on the north face of the basement story :
TO THE GLORY OF GO0,
AND IN GRATEFUL COMMEMORATION OF HIS SERVANTS,
THOMAS CRANMER,
NICHOLAS RIDLEY,
HUGH LATIMER,
PRELATES OF THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND,
WHO, NEAR THIS SPOT,
YIELDED THEIR BODIES TO BE BURNED;
.BEARING WITNESS
TO THE SACRED TRUTHS
WHICH THEY HAD AFFIRMED AND MAINTAINED
AGAINST THE ERRORS OF THE CHURCH OF ROME;
AND REJOICING
THAT TO THEM IT WAS GIVEN
NOT ONLY TO BELIEVE IN CHRIST,
BUT ALSO TO SUFFER FOR HIS SAKE.
THIS MONUMENT
WAS ERECTED BY PUBLIC SUBSCRIPTION
IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD GOD,
MDCCCXLI.
3 The title itself is too interesting to be omitted. " The
" Byble in Englyshe of the largest and greatest Volume aucto-
" rysed and apoynted by the commaundemente of oure moost
" redoubted Prynce and Sovereigne Lorde, Eynge Henrye the
" VEIL supreme Head of the Churche andRealme of Englande,
" to be frequented and used in every Churche within this his
" sayd Realme, accordinge to the Tenour of his former Injune-
" tions given in that behalfe — oversene and perused at the
" commaundmente of the Kynges Hyghnes, by the ryghte

130 martyrs' memorial.
The geometrical principle which has governed the structure
throughout is the hexagon. Some of the Eleanor Crosses
were raised on a triangular, and some on an octangular base,
and, consequently, the elevation of their sides, dressings, and
general arrangements, were regulated respectively by these their
first or elementary figures, that is, by the triangle, as in the
instance of the Cross at Geddington, and the octagon, as in that
of Northampton. The market crosses, too, followed the same
rule— their niches, buttresses and canopies, shafts and sides,
were all laid out according to the forms of their bases. The
celebrated Coventry and Abingdon Crosses were close imita
tions of the hexagonal Eleanor Crosses in this, as in all other
respects. Mr. Derick, the architect, has recently erected a
beautiful Memorial Cross at Ham, in Derbyshire, in honour of
the Christian virtues of Mary, the wife of Jesse Watts
Russel, Esq., which is based and elevated upon the hexa
gonal principle ; whereas, that built in 1833, at the Cholera
Cemetery, at Sheffield, by Mr. Hadfield, follows, through
its whole height of 65 feet, the triangular principle of its
platform. The same adherence to the elementary form of
the base, however rich, and various, and complicated the de
corations of the sides, is observable in the ancient Crosses at
Schone-Brunen, near Nuremburg, and at Godesberg, near
Bonn: as also in that magnificent Memorial Cross recently
erected near Berlin, in honour of the Prussian heroes who
fell at Waterloo, and in the preceding victories over the
armies of Buonaparte — the geometrical principle which has
governed the construction of this noble monument is the
octagon. " reverende fathers in God, Cuthbert, Bysshop of Duresme,
" and Nicholas, Bysshop of Rochester — Printed by Edwarde
" Whitchurch, 1541."— In the colophon at the end, "TheEnde
" of the newe Testament and of the whole Byble — Fynysshed
" in Maye, Anno. M.CCCCC.XLI. a Dnb factu est istu."
The date, Maye M.CCCCC.XLI., was thought to be too im
portant in the history of the circulation of the Scriptures in
English to be passed over without notice. It is inscribed by
the sculptor on the cover of the Bible, resting on the fore-arm
of Archbishop Cranmer's statue. So too on the leaf of an
open Bible, carved on that sunk panel of the basement story
of the monument which fronts the church, there is inscribed,
and still with reference to this edition, " The Bible in Englyshe
auctorized May, 1541."

martyrs' memorial. 131
With respect to the Martyrs' Memorial Cross, as the hexa
gon was chosen for its elementary form or principle, so its rich
decorations of niches, canopies, pediments, buttresses, pin
nacles, are all arranged hexagonally — the shaft through its
whole height retains a six-sided character — whilst the graceful
proportions of its three stages or stories, the solidity without
heaviness, which characterizes the first, the lightness without
tenuity observable in the two upper stories; the beautiful
elevation and gradual convergency of the pointed parts of
the monument, the skilful compression of its various dress
ings and decorations, so as to make them all fall in with
the complexus of a pyramid, which may be supposed to be
erected on the same base, and carried to the height of the
cross itself; and lastly, the strict adherence of every part
to the proper dates and contemporaneous authorities, render
this monumental structure worthy of the occasion of its erec
tion, and the attention of strangers. It was intended (to use
the words of the circular, Nov. 15, 1838,) to be a structure " in
" which architecture and sculpture should combine to record
" the fact of these holy Martyrs having preferred the endurance
" of a most cruel death to a sacrifice of principle ;" — and by
this monument (when coupled with the Memorial Aisle) the
faith and fortitude of these revered Prelates have been amply,
as well as affectionately commemorated.
It was part of the resolution passed at the first General
Meeting of Subscribers, January 31st, 1839, that the edifice
then contemplated (a Memorial Church) should be made
commemorative of the Martyrs, " chiefly by external "decora
tions :" — the resolution has been observed in the decorations
of the Martyrs' Aisle, as well as the Memorial Cross, — in the
former, by introducing into the faces of the sunk panels of the
buttresses the armorial bearings of Cranmer, Ridley, and
Latimer, with those of their respective sees, and into the cor
nice (upon bosses of foliage) the initials of their names, as also
emblematic devices — such as the hand of Cranmer, in the
flames, a paten and chalice, with the wheat-ear and vine-
branch, an open bible, a fire-brand and crozier saltier ; and, in
like manner, the palm of triumph crossed by the fire-brand of
torture. The commemorative devices on the monument are
(over Archbishop Cranmer's statue) the pelican, allusive to
the saying of Henry VIII. when he changed the Archbishop's
Arms from three cranes to three pelieans, " that he should be

132 martyrs' memorial.
ready, as the pelican, to shed his blood for his young ones." —
(Strype's Cranmer, book I. chap. 28.) The panel below exhi
bits his arms coupled with those of the see of Canterbury.
In the front of the canopy, over Bishop Ridley's statue, there
are two fire-brands saltier with a mitre over them, and on the
panel below, his family arms, with those of the see of London ;
in like manner, in the front of the canopy, over Bishop
Latimer, there are two palm-branches saltier, overlaying a
fire-brand, the whole surmounted by a crown of glory : his
family arms, with those of the see of Worcester, being laid on
the panel below. The three intermediate sides of the hexagon
are charged respectively with the following expressive symbols
on shields : — the ciown of thorns and crown of glory — the
sacramental cup and open bible, (two of the greatest blessings
obtained for the Laity by the triumphs of the martyred
Bishops ;) two crossed palm-branches and two crossed fire-
• brands ; these devices in saltier being each on separate shields.
This account will be concluded by accommodating the words
of Strype to the motives of those who have contributed to these
memorial works, the Martyrs' Aisle and Monumental Cross.
" Their great inducement was to be grateful to the memory of
" those holy Prelates, who have so well deserved of our church
" — to whom under God she oweth that excellent constitution
" and reformed state in which she is, — which cost them so dear,
" and so many pensive thoughts — so many hours' study, so many
" consultations, and debates with learned men, so many speeches,
" arguings, and stragglings in Parliament and in Convocation,
" before the King, the Clergy, and the People, — so much danger
" and trouble, and envy, and reproach, and at last their dearest
" blood. Posterity would be highly injurious to such persons
" as these, if they were not to be recorded with due respect
" and honour. — (See Preface to Strype's Memorials of Arch-
" bishop Cranmer.)  'Surely it is agreeable to God's will that
" this piece of gratitude should be shewn to men of singular
" virtue, deceased, to keep their names and good deeds upon
" record, for posterity to know, and to thank God for. Their
" bodies were not carried to the grave in state, nor buried, as
" many of their predecessors were, in their own Cathedral
" Churches, nor inclosed in monuments of marble or touch-
" stone, — nor had they any inscriptions to set forth their
" praises to posterity. No, — their martyrdoms are theirmonu-
" ments, and their names will outlast epitaph or shrine."
(Strype's Memorials of Cranmer, book III., chap. 21 J

st. john's college. 133
A short distance to the right of the Memorial,
in St. Giles's Street, is

ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE.3
Founded in 1555, by Sir Thomas White, Alderman and
Merchant Tailor, of London.b
Foundation — A President, 50 Fellows and Scholars, a
Chaplain, an Organist, 6 Singing Men, 6 Choristers, and a
Sexton. There are also other Members not on the foundation.
The number of Members on the College books is 311.
Visitor — The Bishop of Winchester.
*** Porter's Lodge — Right of the entrance gateway.
Places worthy of inspection — The Chapel, Hall, Library, and
Gardens.

3 This establishment was erected on the site of the pre
existing foundation of Archbishop Chichele, made over by
him in 1436 to the Cistercian monks under St. Bernard, and
hence styled St. Bernard's College. This being » monastic
body was dissolved by Henry "VTII., and consigned to his
new foundation of Christ Church, of which society it was
purchased May 25, 1555, by Sir T. White ; who, four days after,
obtained a licence to found the present college, dedicated
to St. John the Baptist. In June of the same year, the first
president and scholars took possession of the buildings ; but
some time after, the founder made fresh additions to his
endowment, and issued a new charter. Much of the present
building, particularly of the front and genuine Gothic tower-
gateway, belong to Chichele' s foundation : the statue of St.
Bernard still stands in its original niche.
b Sir Thomas White, though born at Reading, was an
eminent citizen of London. He was appointed sheriff of
London in 1546, mayor in 1553, and was knighted by Queen
Mary for his services in preserving the peace of the city,
during Sir T. Wyat's rebellion. He lived to see his college
in complete operation for ten years : he died in Oxford at
an advanced age, in 1566, and was buried in the college
chapel. The fellows of this Society are principally elected
from the Merchant Tailors' School, London.
ft N

134 st. John's college — hall.
Among the Renowned Characters who were Members of this
College, were — Archbishop Laud, sometime president; Dr.
Juxon, archbishop of Canterbury ; Dean Tucker ; Wheat-
ley, author of " A Rational Illustration of the Book of
Common Prayer" ; Shirley, the poet ; Briggs, the mathe
matician ; Sherard and Dillenius, the renowned botanists ;
Lord Chancellor Northington ; Dr. Vicesimus Knox ; Chief
Justice Sir James Eyre ; and many others.
Over the entrance is a statue of St. Bernard,
and the arms of the Founder. The buildings of
this College chiefly comprise two large Quad
rangles ; the north side of the first is occupied by
the Hall, Chapel, Common-Rooms, and part of
the President's House, which stands in the north
east angle ; the remainder of the square is devoted
to Apartments for the Members.
The Hall," (undoubtedly the refectory of the
monks of St. Bernard,) is a handsome, well-pro
portioned room, with a beautiful arched roof, a
screen of Portland stone, and a grand variegated
marble chimney-piece, containing a curious pic
ture of St. John the Baptist, in scagliola, by
Lambert Gorius. This room contains also the
following portraits : —

3 On Thursday, June 12, 1834, the Society entertained the
Duke of Wellington (on the occasion of his public installation
as Chancellor of the University,) and a numerous company, in
the Hall ; the guests included the Duke of Cumberland, Earl
Eldon, (high steward,) with many other noble visitors who
accompanied his Grace, together with a select party of the
gallant Chancellor's particular friends ; the two Members of
Parliament for the University, the Vice-Chancellor, Proctors,
Heads of Houses, Sir C. Wetherell, (counsel to the Uni
versity,) &c. The gallery over the entrance was tastefully
decorated with flowers and evergreens, and occupied by ladies
of the highest rank.

st. John's college — chapel. 135
The Founder, (full length) ;3 Archbishops Laud and Juxon ;
Bishop Buckeridge ; Dr. Rawlinson ; Sir Walter Raleigh ;
Sir W. Paddy (full length) ; Bishop Mew, or Meux ;
Hudson, the voyageT ; Dr. Holmes and his wife ; Sir J.
Nicholl, D.C.L., F.R.S., formerly a Fellow; Dr. Scott,
the antiquary; Sir James Eyre; Dr. Woodroffe; Edward
Waple, B.D. ; Dr. Gibbons ; John Case, D.M. ; and over
the entrance, a full-length and gorgeous portrait of George
III. in his elegant coronation robes, presented to the Society
by the Dowager Countess of Lichfield, whose husband had
formerly been a member of the College, and Chancellor
of the University.
The Chapel adjoins the Hall: it has lately
been repaired, at a very considerable expense,
under the direction of Mr. Blore, and reflects
great credit upon that eminent architect. The
old circular-headed windows have been replaced
by others more in accordance with the style of
the building : the tracery of all, particularly of
the east window, is very elegant. An open roof
of carved oak has been substituted for the plas
tered ceiling; and the Grecian screen, with its
Corinthian columns, has been replaced by one of
carved oak, in the Gothic style; this is thrown
back so as to give greater accommodation. The
paneling at the back of the stalls, and at the east
end, and the canopy over the altar, are of Caen
stone, well carved, as are also the corbels which
support the roof. The Organ has been removed
to the Inner, or Mortuary Chapel, which is
3 This portrait was given to the college by T. Rowney,
Esq., sheriff of the county in 1692, and sometime a gentleman-
commoner here ; that of Laud was the gift of Baynbrigg
Buckeridge, Esq., A.B., 1695, of the founder's kindred; and .
that of Juxon by William Rawlinson, Esq., of Oxford, a
gentleman-commoner.
^ N 2

136 st. John's college — library.
now thrown open by means of two arches. In
this Chapel are several Monuments to the me
mory of former Presidents, whose remains are
here deposited;3 amongst them we would call
attention to one to the memory of Dr. Baylie,b
as being well worthy of notice. The heart of
Dr. Rawlinson, a considerable benefactor to the
College, and to the University, is deposited in
a black marble urn, placed over the northern
door, with the inscription "ubi thesaurus ibi cor." —
( Wherever the treasure is, there should be the heart/)
His body is interred in St. Giles's Church. The
remains of Archbishop Laud are deposited in a
stone coffin, at the east end of the Chapel, close
to the pew set apart for the President's family :c
and near the Altar repose those of Archbishop
Juxon and the Founder.
From the first quadrangle we pass by a vaulted
passage, with an elegant stone ceiling of fan-
tracery, into the inner quadrangle, of which the
south and east sides are occupied by
The Library, comprising two rooms, both
above 100 feet long, containing an excellent
collection of books and manuscripts; amongst
the former may be mentioned a copy of Caxton's
Chaucer, nearly, if not quite, the only perfect

' Many ancient brasses have been carefully placed in the
ante-chapel : they were found not many years since in the
president's lodgings, and were restored to the chapel, being
ascertained to relate to persons actually buried there.
b Dr. Baylie, president from 1631 to 1648, when he was
expelled to make room for F. Cheynell and Thankful or
Gracious Owen ; he was, however, restored in 1660.
c Service is performed in the chapel at a quarter past eight
in the morning, and at five in the evening, except on Sundays,
when the evening service is at a quarter before seven.

Drawn &£he~ insJ'&ff.S- £c?r:sr.
Zend0n:Jiib * Ju7ie j, ids. AyS/iertp::-^, JTrefj.r. .

st. John's college — Inner library. 137
one in existence; also busts of Charles I. and
Archbishop Laud; portraits of Charles I. and
his Queen; George III. (said to be one of the
best likenesses of him ever taken,) and Queen
Charlotte ; Archbishop Laud, and Sir W. Paddy ;
a curious picture of Charles I., with the whole
Book of Psalms written in the lines of the face
and on the hair of the head ; also a picture of
St. John the Baptist, by Guercino ; and paintings
of Christ, the Virgin Mary, and the Twelve
Apostles, on copper; also a piece of tapestry,
representing — Our Saviour with the two Disciples
at Emmaus, copied from a painting of Titian : this
was formerly the Altar-piece in the Chapel. The
Inner Library has lately been thoroughly re
paired, and is now a very handsome apartment,
though the position of the book-cases gives it
rather a one-sided appearance. It is intended to
repair the outer room in a similar manner.3
On the eastern and western sides of this Quad'
rangle, the architect has very successfully intro
duced two light colonnades or piazzas, in the
Grecian style ; over each column are busts repre
senting — the Christian and Cardinal Virtues. In
the centre of each piazza is a handsome gateway,
of the Doric order, surmounted by Ionic pillars

3 The crozier, or pastoral crook of Archbishop Laud, with
the staff, or walking-stick which supported his steps in his
ascent to the scaffold, together with a carved eagle by Snetzler,
(presented by Mr. Estcourt, in 1770,) and other curiosities,
have been deposited here.
In this library, Laud, then Chancellor of the University,
entertained at dinner the King, Queen, Prince Rupert, and
the whole court, comprising all the beauty and gallantry of
the kingdom.
w 3

138 st. john's college — gardens.
with semicircular pediments, having over them
niches containing bronze statues of Charles I. and
his queen, Henrietta Maria, cast by Fanelli of
Florence, at a cost of £400. The Quadrangle
was built at the expense of Archbishop Laud,
from a design by Inigo Jones, who has succeeded
in making the garden-front one of the most pic
turesque objects in the University.3 From this
Quadrangle we are conducted by a second very
elegant passage, with fan-tracery ceiling, into
The Gardens, or Groves, as they are fre
quently called. These are the most extensive
and tastefully-arranged grounds in the University,
and abound with fine horse-chesnut and other
majestic trees. They occupy an area of about
five acres, and were, about a century since, as
an old writer observes, " the general rendezvous
of gentlemen and ladies, every Sunday evening
in summer, where the whole University together
almost, as well as the better sort of townsmen
and ladies, were wont to make their promenade."
From these Gardens some fine views may be ob
tained of Wadham College and other University
buildings. On leaving St. John's College,b we proceed to
the northern extremity of St. Giles's Street, where,
* Like many other works of this great architect, the contrast
here is almost too great ; the north and' south sides being very
plain, whilst the east and west are so richly ornamented.
b Should the time of the visitor be limited, the tour de
scribed in the five following pages may be avoided by at once
crossing the street to Worcester College (see p. 144,) at the
end of Beaumont Street, returning to the University Gal
leries and Sir. R. Taylor's Institute, (see p. 150,) and
from thence continuing the route as there described.

st. Giles's church. 139
between two roads, (the one on the right leading
to Banbury, Bicester, &c, — that on the left, to
Woodstock, Blenheim, &c.,) is
ST. GILES'S CHURCH.
Like all other edifices of a sacred character in
Oxford, this is a very ancient structure, — the
greater part of it being of the thirteenth century,
in the early English style. The living is a vicar
age, in the patronage of St. John's College. The
north aisle was originally a distinct chapel, with a
separate entrance from the church-yard. Two of
the three windows in the eastern division are
richly ornamented, and much resemble those in
the chapter-house at Christ Church. At the
western extremity of the church are deposited
the remains of Dr. Rawlinson, founder of the
Anglo-Saxon professorship. Near here is the
Font, of an elegant and uncommon design : it
rests on a large central column, with slender
columns at each angle, and is ornamented on
every side by broad mouldings, divided by rows
of double zigzag, or chevron work. The commu
nion rails are elaborately carved from designs by
Inigo Jones. The Tower is evidently the oldest
part of the present fabric, and is built of rubble.
The front of this church is remarkably elegant in
design and proportion. The Porch is of the early
pointed style, with well-executed doorways."
, 3 In the churchyard, nearly opposite to this porch, is, a
venerable table-tomb of freestone, much decayed, to the
memory of some person unknown ; the sides are ornamente,d
with bold quatrefoils, and rosettes in the centre.

140 RADCLIFFE INFIRMARY — OBSERVATORY.
On leaving St. Giles's church, we proceed a
short distance on the Woodstock road, where,
on the left, is the
RADCLIFFE INFIRMARY.
This useful Institution takes its name from
the munificent Dr. Radcliffe, (already frequently
mentioned in these pages,) at whose sole expense
it was erected. The ground on which it stands
(including, with the garden, about five acres)
was the gift of Thomas Rowney, Esq., one of
the city representatives in parliament; he was
a benefactor in other respects, and one of the wards
is called after his name. The edifice, well worthy
of its purposes, was built from a design by Mr.
Leadbeater, of London, and was opened for the
reception of patients, Oct. 18, 1770. It contains
three stories, divided into numerous wards and
apartments, and measures 150 by 71 feet.a
Separated from the Infirmary by a wall, are
the grounds of the
RADCLIFFE OBSERVATORY,
Erected from funds derived from the same ge
nerous benefactor as the Infirmary, on ground,
(including an extent of about ten acres,) given by
George, Duke of Marlborough. The first stone
3 A poor-box is attached to this admirably-conducted insti
tute which is supported by voluntary contributions ; and the
visitor who is desirous of making a return for the gratifica
tion he has experienced during his tour in Oxford, cannot
do better than present a small offering. An annual subscrip
tion of £3 3s. entitles a person to the office of governor.

RADCLIFFE OBSERVATORY. 141
was laid in 1772, but the whole was not completed
till 1795, in consequence of the death of Mr.
Keene, the first architect, who was succeeded by
Mr. James Wyatt. The dwelling-house, the two
wings, and the central part as far as the platform,
were erected under the direction of the former;
the octagon building on the top, designed from
the Temple of the Winds at Athens, was com
pleted under the auspices of Mr. Wyatt. The
front extends 175 feet, each of the wings being
69 feet; and the top of the globe is about 106
feet from the ground. It comprises a dwelling-
house for the Observer, a library, rooms for obser
vations and lectures, and is amply furnished with
mathematical instruments.3 The interior can only
be viewed by permission of the Observer.
a The science of Astronomy has been followed in Oxford at
several periods, with great assiduity. The celebrated Roger
Bacon made many astronomical observations from the tower of
Sunningwell Church, about four miles south of Oxford:
but in the winter this spot must have been difficult of
access, on account of the floods which are constantly out in
that direction. Sir Henry Savile was the first person who
gave the means for instruction in geometry and astronomy,
and consigned to the University the care of providing an
observatory. In the Savilian library is a large collection of
instruments that belonged to Professor Greaves, and were
probably used by him in the upper room of the Schools' tower,
which seems to have been the place in which the professors of
astronomy were then in the habit of making their observations.
Dr. Wallis occupied Staple Hall, in New College lane, as an
observatory. During the professorship of Hornsby, who suc
ceeded Bradley in 1762, the transit of Venus in 1769 was at
tended with some pleasing astronomical observations. Among
the Observers, was Mr. Cyril Jackson, afterwards the celebrated
dean of Christ Church. In 1768 Professor Hornsby applied to
the University for the erection of a more commodious edifice
for these purposes ; and his application having been supported
by some of the leading men in the University, was favourably
listened to ; and the result was the erection of the present
structure.

142 st. Paul's church — university press.
Proceeding down the street to the north of
the Observatory, on reaching the end of it, we
turn to the left, where is
ST. PAUL'S CHURCH,
Which is a district church in the parish of St.
Thomas, and was erected in 1836, by subscription,
for the accommodation of the northern division of
that parish. It is 80 feet long, 39 broad, and
calculated to contain 900 persons. The- design,
(Ionic,) was furnished by Mr. Underwood.
Immediately oppposite, is the
UNIVERSITY PRESS.3
The architect of this splendid edifice was Mr.
Daniel Robertson, under whose superintendence
the front and south wing were erected; the re
mainder was completed under the direction of
Mr. Blore. The front extends 250 feet, having a
handsome Corinthian gateway in the centre.
The wings are 288 feet long and 33 wide. It
3 We have already mentioned the original printing-offices in
use by the University, (pp. 80, 88,) ; but the enormous and in
creasing demand for books of every kind, which forms so
distinguishing a feature of the present age, created a necessity
for again extending the effective powers of the academic press,
and compelled its directors to provide a more ample receptacle
for all their printing machinery and stores, now become so
greatly increased. As none was found suitable to the purpose,
the University judiciously applied such funds as the press itself
in a series of years had accumulated, to the erection of the
present capacious and handsome pile of buildings in the
north-western suburb of the city. It has lost its distinctive
title of the Clarendon Press in consequence of a great portion
of the funds used in its erection and management having been
supplied by the University.

university press. 143
bears the appellation of the University Printing-
House ; and here the entire business of its print
ing has been carried on since the month of Sep
tember, 1 830.3 In the north wing, classical and
other works of a general character are printed ; the
south wing is used wholly for bibles and prayer-
books, whence the principal source of its immense
revenue is derived. A little time may well be
bestowed by the stranger in inspecting the machi
nery, &c, in this portion of the establishment, and
in witnessing the extraordinary rapidity with which
the work is executed. The University has, by
statute, entrusted the management of its press to
a select body of eleven of its members, called
" Delegates of the Press," including the Vice-
Chancellor and Proctors for the time being, by
virtue of their offices. b

3 The first sheet worked off at the new press was — 2p of
Bishop Lloyd's Greek Testament, 12mo. : the first English
work finished here was — Barrow's Theological Works, 8 vols.,
8vo., 1836.
b The Delegates direct and regulate all the operations of the
establishment, without other interference, unless any special
order be given by Convocation, to which body all the delegates
are responsible ; and by their careful superintendence of its
productions, they contribute to render it a most efficient
instrument for 6\iffusing true religion and sound learning to all
parts of the world. The importance of the Oxford Press is
scarcely sufficiently estimated: it has a great effect on the
resident members of the University, as an instrument to provide
a ready and correct supply of books for academical purposes ;
and while it satisfactorily effects this, it performs the more
important function of exercising a salutary influence over the
whole press of Great Britain, stimulating it by the force of
example : and it furnishes immense supplies of the Holy
Scriptures, not only in the English but in numerous other
languages, with a rapidity commensurate with the daily in
creasing wants of the public, and with a correctness for which
the whole Christian world must be thankful.

144 WORCESTER COLLEGE.
In the centre of the interior Quadrangle, which
is tastefully arranged, is a reservoir for gold and
silver fish, — formerly containing a very extensive
supply, but now considerably reduced by an
accident, — and at the rear are the handsome
residences of the principals.
After leaving the Printing-House, we proceed
in a southerly direction down Walton Place, pass
ing, on the left, the House of Industry,3 till
we arrive at the entrance to
WORCESTER COLLEGE."
Founded in 1714, by Sir Thomas Cookes, of Bentley, in
Worcestershire.
Foundation — A Provost (appointed by the Chancellor,)
21 Fellows, 16 Scholars, and 3 Exhibitioners. There are also
other Members not on the foundation. The number of Mem
bers on the College books is 284.
" Built in 1772, of stone, from a design by Mr. Gwynne, the
architect of Magdalene Bridge and the Market, and is intended
for the reception of the poor of the eleven united parishes of
Oxford. It consists of two stories ; and the front measures
237 feet in length. Owing to the increasing number of those
for whom such a building is intended, greater space is
required, and it is in contemplation to- erect a larger edifice.
b Though Worcester College is one of the most modern
existing in Oxford, it occupies the site, and in its buildings
exhibits the remains, of one of the earliest seminaries for
religious education. It was originally called Gloucester Hall,
from the noted Gilbert de Clare, first Earl of Gloucester, who
had at one time resided in it. The monks of Gloucester having
renounced all right to an exclusive possession of the place, John
Giffard, in 1283, obtained a licence from Edward I. to found a
religious estabhshment here for the Benedictines, who might
be enabled to educate the scholars who resorting to them for
the purpose of education ; these were divided from each other,
and placed in different lodgings or cells, according to the vari
ous quarters from whence they came. Many of these little
cells, with their distinct doorways and roofs, still remain.
Abbot Whethamstede, of St. Alban's, was a benefactor to the

WORCESTER COLLEGE. 145
Visitors — The Bishops of Oxford and Worcester, and the
Vice-Chancellor of the University.
*** Porter's Lodoe — On the right of the gateway.
Places worthy of inspection — The Chapel, Hall, Gardens, and
Water-Walks.
Among the Renowned Characters who were Members of Gloucester
Hall and this College, were — Thomas Allen, who was called
" the very Soul and Sun of all the mathematicians of his
time" ; Sir Kenelm Digby, a great contributor to the
Bodleian Library; Thomas Coryate, author of" Crudities,"
&c. ; Dr. Treadway Russel Nash, the historian of Worcester
shire, and editor of " Hudibras" ; and Dr. Robert Bourne,
Aldrichian professor of Medicine, who died in 1830.

college, and the arms of his monastery may yet be seen ; as
may also the very curious arms, or rebus, of one W. Compton,
over the western doorway ; they have the letter SJ2H carved on
stone with a comb and a tun, surmounted by a mitre : separated
from these by a pretty little niche is the device of three cups
under a crown. After the suppression of the monasteries in
the time of Henry Vni., when the see of Oxford was removed
from Osney to this city, the college was converted into the
Episcopal palace, and inhabited by Bishop King : but in the
year 1559 it was purchased by Sir Thomas White, the founder
of St. John's College, and on St. John the Baptist's day in the
following year, it was taken possession of by the new principal
and fellows, under the title of St. John the Baptist's Hall.
Until the Rebellion it continued in a very flourishing condition,
but afterwards gradually sunk into comparative insignificance.
It was finally made over to the trustees of Sir Thomas Cookes,
for the purpose of carrying out his intention of founding a
college ; and the new society was incorporated July 29, 1714.
A considerable portion of the ancient edifice, on the east side,
is still visible ; and nothing can present a more striking con
trast than the old and new buildings, as seen from the inner
court. The ancient kitchen and buttery on the south side, are
yet remaining ; the latter, however, has been reduced to make
a passage each way. Over the ancient arch of entrance is
sculptured, on a shield, in high relief, a large griffin segreant,
propably for the name of Reade, a benefactor. After the
demolition of the old refectory, this room was used as the
common dining-hall of the college, till the new hall was
completed in 1784. The small quadrangular court, adjoining,
retains many vestiges of the separate lodgings of the Bene
dictines.

146 WORCESTER COLLEGE  CHAPEL, HALL, Sec.
Worcester College consists principally of one
Quadrangle, — having the Chapel, Hall, and Li
brary, on the east ; the Gardens on the west ¦
and on the north and south, Apartments for the
Members. The Chapel, 60 feet in length and 30 in
breadth, stands on the site of the former edifice,
and is a part of the general design first suggested
by Dr. Clarke, for rebuilding the whole College.3
The stucco work of the roof is richly ornamental :
the Altar-piece is a " Magdalene," — supposed to
be by Guido, — the gift of Dr. Nash.
The Hall, finished in 1784, is a noble room,
60 feet in length, 30 in height, and 30 in breadth;
the ceiling is adorned with stucco, but there is
little other ornament; the east end (like the east
end of the chapel,) is lighted by a kind of Vene
tian window, having, on the exterior, Ionic couple-
columns and festoons above ; and at the west end
are two fluted Corinthian columns, 25 feet high.
The room contains the following portraits, com
mencing on the left of the entrance : —
Dr. Eaton ; Lady Holford ;b Dr. Blechynden, the first provost :
at the upper end of the room is a large picture of a Dutch
Fish-Market, said to be by Snyders : on the right, Dr.
Landon, the late provost ; Mrs. Eaton ;*• Sir Thomas
Cookes, the founder, (whole length,) by Sir Godfrey
Kneller; Dr. Cotton, the present provost ; and Dr. Clarke. b
* Lord Crewe, bishop of Durham, contributed £100 towards
the erection, and other persons added small sums : never
theless, half a century elapsed before the completion of the
chambers for the accommodation of the fellows and scholars
on Dr. Clarke's foundation, as well as for those who enjoyed
the endowment of Mrs. Eaton.
b Lady Holford, Mrs. Sarah Eaton, and Dr. Clarke, were
the principal benefactors to the college.

WORCESTER COLLEGE  GARDENS. 147
The Library is over the open arcade or piazza
which connects the entrances of the Hall and
Chapel, and has some striking features. It is a
magnificent room, 120 feet in length, and filled
with a valuable collection of books, partly the
gift of Dr. Clarke; among them is a copy of
" Carleton's Remembrance of God's Mercy,"
dated in 1626, richly bound in purple velvet,
and ornamented with pearls ; also, several archi
tectural works, with MS. notes by Inigo Jones
(of whom there is a bust on a pedestal near the
window opposite the entrance,); and a curious
collection of romances and plays. Several casts of
some of the finest statues of antiquity, presented
in 1847 by Philip Pusey, Esq., M.P., are placed
here." In the lobby leading to the Library is a
fine whole-length portrait of the Founder, who is
represented with a model of the College in his
hand, gazing with admiration at a bust of Alfred.
The Common-Room contains a portrait of Dr.
Clarke, formerly a Member ; and one of Anthony
Cooper, for 60 years a servant of the College.
There are two well-executed Paintings in the
Bursary : one, of the Interior of a Flemish Cot
tage ; the other, of a Romish Fountain.
Considerable taste has recently been displayed
in the arrangement of the Gardens, which, with
the Water- Walks beyond, should not fail to be
visited; the latter are of great extent, and so
retired, and romantically situated, as to constitute

3 Some very fine pictures, bequeathed by Dr. Nash, are in
the possession of the college.
o2

148 CITY GAOL.
one of the most delightful retreats in Oxford,
having formerly been merely a swampy meadow.
This agreeable spot appears to have been selected
as a primary settlement by the Carmelites, or
White Friars, on their arrival in Oxford.3

[The streets to the right of Worcester College,
lead to the western suburbs and roads; the
churches, &c, in this vicinity; Oxford Castle,
(described in our Introduction,) ; the County Hall
and Gaol; and other places not of material
interest to the tourist. We may state, however,
for the use of those who may require the
information, that nearly opposite this College is
a narrow passage which takes us to the
CITY GAOL,
A strong and well-planned edifice, admirably
adapted for its purposes, situated in a spacious

3 On the first foundation of the Chapel of St. George, in
Oxford Castle, Brumman le Riche endowed it with land in
Walton Manor, in the suburbs of Oxford ; whence probably
arose the tradition that the ancient University was on that side
of the town ; the Benedictines also about this time having a
very considerable establishment, for the instruction of their
novices, on the site of Worcester College. According to
historians, here was a Campus Martius, " divided into several
portions according to scholastic degrees ;" and " at the end
of Non Ultra walk, a piece of ground called Rome, having
been a little hill, sometime containing a cave underneath,
with a meander therein, and at the top thereof a cross built
of stone." This academical retreat was appropriately ter
minated at each end by the wells of Plato and Aristotle.
But of these combined classical and christian symbols, and
of the windmill afterwards erected in the place of them, no
trace nor memory now remain to awaken reminiscences of
former ages.

CITY GAOL.  BEAUMONT PALACE. 149
square, called Gloucester Green.3 Till within
a short time of its completion, offenders within
the jurisdiction of the Mayor of Oxford were
confined in the upper part of the north-gate, or,
as it was commonly termed, Bocardo. A door
belonging to a cell in which the martyred prelates
were confined has been preserved by the late
Alderman Fletcher, in the lodge or entrance to
the Gaol.]

From Worcester College our route lies up
Beaumont Street ;b at the top of it, on the left-
hand side, the eye is instantly attracted by the
magnificent facade of the
* The Cattle-Market is held here on the second Wednesday
in every month.
b The street receives its name from Beaumont Palace,
situated on a spot of ground now forming the junction of
Beaumont and St. John Streets. This Palace was built
by Henry I. (called Beauclere, for his patronage of learning,)
in 1129, that he might have full opportunity to watch over
the interests of the University, and to enjoy the Society
afforded by the classical neighbourhood, which was far more
congenial to his tastes, than that of the rough barons of his age.
Henry was so pleased with his residence, that on his future
visits to this part of the country, he divided his time equally
between this Palace and his other newly-erected one at
Woodstock. Henry II., in the early part of his reign,
frequently made it his residence ; and his son, Richard I.,
was born here, — on which occasion there were great rejoicings,
Beaumont Palace continued to be the dwelling of the Kings
of England until the time of Edward II., who gave it to the
Carmelites, or White Friars, in consequence of a vow made
during the wars with Robert, Bruce. Even after it was
occupied by the Carmelites, many of the succeeding sov
ereigns are said to have made Beaumont their home, when
, they visited Oxford : Henry VI. is particularly mentioned, as
having resided here for some time. A small low fragment,
one of the sides of which exhibited a doorway opening beneath
a pointed arch, was remaining only a few years since ; but
this has been pulled down to make a passage for the west
side of St. John Street.
o3

150 UNIVERSITY GALLERIES,
UNIVERSITY (RANDOLPH) GALLERIES,
AND TAYLOR INSTITUTION.3
The imposing structure now under our notice,
was erected under the auspices of the well-known
architect, Professor C. R. Cockerell, D.C.L.,
whose design was selected by the committee, out
of thirty-four projects submitted to them in 1840.
a Sir Robert Taylor, knight, the founder of the Institute
which bears his name, was a sculptor and architect of some
eminence, who, after many wanderings and misfortunes in
foreign climes, returned to his native country to experience
the changes of fate and fortune, and ended a prosperous and
useful career in 1788, leaving the bulk of his property to the
University, to be applied, after accumulating for a period of
time, " in erecting a proper edifice, and establishing a founda
tion for the teaching and improving in the European languages."
One thing is remarkable : the testator has liberally empowered
the University to promote the end he had in view in such
manner as shall from time to time be approved of by them in
Convocation assembled. — Dr. Francis Randolph, principal of
St Alban Hall, in this University, in 1760, also left a sum of
money " for erecting a building for the reception of the
Pomfret Statues belonging to the University of Oxford, and
for Paintings, Engravings, and other CuriositieB which may
occasionally be left to that learned body." The union of
this property, together with a considerable sum of money
from the funds of the University, has resulted in the erection
of the splendid edifice above described.
In what quarter of the known world can we look for so
many wonders and glories as in Oxford ? Where else shall we
find an equal number of buildings, each presenting a type of a
distinct age ? Where shall we find the time-honoured cus
toms of remote periods still receiving the reverence due to
them, as in this palatial city ? And, lastly, where else than at
Oxford shall we find the array of names, " good, great, and
glorious," famed in the annals of every age, who have turned
to Oxford as a home, ever receiving the welcome due to their
respective merits. And now, when yielding to the advances
of modern improvement, and presenting signs of energy
unsurpassed by her sister cities, Oxford produces her Martyrs'
Memorial, her University Galleries and Taylor Buildings, she
may well stand forth to the world as a star of exceeding mag
nitude.

152 UNIVERSITY GALLERIES,
It must undoubtedly be conceded that this
Building claims for the architect great praise for
originality and elegance of detail; for although
the order is Grecian-Ionic, taken from the Temple
of Apollo Epicurius, at Bassse, near Phigalea,3 —
an example but little used, though very singular,
and which was introduced into this country by
Professor Cockerell himself, — yet it must be con
sidered as decidedly of the Palladian or Italian
School in disposition. The entire extent is 240

3 In accordance with the prevailing desire for architectural
antiquity and detail, an account of this once celebrated
Temple, cannot fail to prove of interest.
The Temple op Apollo Epicurius, at Bassae, was unknown
to the modern world, till it was explored by Mr. Cockerell, in
conjunction with the profound Haller. In consequence of their
visit, it was excavated in 1812, and the dimensions found to be
125 by 47 feet. Externally it was of the Doric order, having
six columns in the front and fifteen on the sides ; 3 feet 7 inches
in diameter, and 19 feet 6 inches high. Around the interior
of the cella was a series of attached columns of the order
that Professor Cockerell has adopted at the Taylor Institute,
over which, on the four sides of the cella, ranged a sculptured
frieze. This was sent to England, and was purchased for
the British Museum, at the cost of £15,000. The roof was
of marble. Mr. Donaldson, who has ably illustrated this
Temple in the supplemental volume to " Stuart's Athens,"
expresses his opinion that the date of the interior of the
Temple may be less remote than that of the exterior, as
the Ionic capitals in question are less severe than would be
found in the age of Pericles, to which the latter unquestion
ably belongs. Apollo Epicurius* may be classed amongst
the most important architectural antiquities of Greece, *' from
the ascertained era of its design, the character of its style
of art, the beauty of its ornaments, and the extent of its
preservation." Phigalea (near the site of which place the Temple occurs,)
was situated at the south-western angle of the province of
Arcadia, and was built (according to Pausanias,)by Phygalus,
son of Lycaon, and grandson of Pelasgus. The architect of
the Temple was Ictinus, who died 429 years B.C.
* The name of "Epicurius" (Driver -away of Evil,) was applied to Apollo,
for having driven from the Athenians a pestilential disease.

AND TAYLOR INSTITUTION. 153
by 102 feet, and to give elevation to the structure,
the whole of it, together with the fore-court, is
raised upon a terrace, faced with Whitby stone,
by which arrangement there is obtained a spa
cious basement, or crypt, light and airy. The
pediment of the elegant portico is surmounted by
a finely executed figure of Apollo. On the side
of each wing, facing the fore-court, there are four
attached Grecian-Ionic columns, carrying blocks
of entablature and vases, shown in profile, similar
to those on the front of the wings, with corresr-
ponding semi-circular openings in the face of the
wall, terminating the windows, which are between
the several columns.
The entrance to the University Galleries is in
the west wing, in Beaumont Street, and presents
no particular architectural feature; that to the
Taylor Institute, in St. Giles's Street, is marked
by four detached Ionic columns, with a block of
the entablature over each, bearing beautifully-
sculptured figures, emblematical of European
Languages; and on the bases are engraved the
names of the most famous literary characters of
the countries which they represent — Germany,
France, Italy, and Spain. These, and the figure
of Apollo already mentioned, were executed, under
the direction of the architect, by Mr. G. W.
Nicholl. The massive gates may be mentioned
as worthy of a little attention.
Thus much for the exterior. The internal ar
rangement of this Building of double intentions,
requires, however, somewhat more than a slight
notice. The centre portico opens into the princi-

154 SCDLPTURE AND CHANTREY GALLERtES.
pal Sculpture Gallery, a splendid apartment,
90 feet by 28, the sides of which are formed into
a series of recesses, by Doric antse, projecting
from the walls. The mode of lighting these, as
well as the other recesses, is worthy to be noticed.
Contrary to the wishes of the architect the walls
of the Gallery are coloured pale green, and the
pilasters in imitation of red granite. Irish green
marble is extensively used in the floor, as a deco
ration. In this room will be found — Casts of
Antique Statues and Busts ; — the greater part
of these were taken at Rome from moulds made
for the Emperor Napoleon, and were presented
by Lady Chantrey. Within the Tribune, — the
Laocoon, Ilissus, and Torso Belvidere, are ex
ceedingly beautiful. In the centre of the Gallery
is — a Cast of the " Florentine Boar," presented
by the Provost and Fellows of Queen's College.
Within the Vestibule, the circular recess facing
the principal entrance to the Building contains the
most exquisite pieces of Art, being — Casts of the
Nine Muses, from the originals at Rome, presented
by P. B. Duncan, Esq., of New College: hence this
spot is entitled " The Temple of the Muses."
Here is also a portion of the rare Collection of
Marbles, presented by the Countess of Pomfret;
for a good description of these we must refer the
Visitor to the " Hand-Book for the Galleries,"
published by the Keeper. Leading from this,
and forming a wing of the same room, is the
" Chantrey Gallery," a noble apartment, 180
feet by 28, containing— The Original Models of the
greatest works of the late Sir Francis Chantrey,

UNIVERSITY GALLERIES  PICTURE GALLERY. 155
the munificent gift of Lady Chantrey, some of
them of unexampled beauty : they are about
forty-one in number. From hence, returning
through the Sculpture Gallery, and descending
the stairs, we are led into the Crypt, which is
appropriated for Sculptural Fragments, and al
ready contains, amongst much that is worthless,
some valuable relics of ancient Art, including the
remainder of the " Pomfret Collection of Marbles"
to the number of about one hundred and thirty,
— some of these are exceedingly curious, and well
worthy the closest attention ; a very large number
of Models for Busts, by Sir F. Chantrey; and
many other curiosities. Before proceeding to the
Crypt, the Visitor should direct his attention to a
beautiful production of Art, near the steps ; this is
" A Bronze Cast of Flaxman's Shield of Achilles,"
presented by Messrs. Rundell and Bridge, of
London. Ascending the Great Staircase, which bounds
the University Galleries on the east, the visitor
next arrives at — The Raffaelle and Angelo
Gallery, and the Picture. Gallery. The
Frieze introduced above in this staircase are —
Casts of the celebrated Phigalean Marbles, (re
covered by Professor Cockerell,) now in the
British Museum, representing, " The Battles of
the Centaurs and Lapithse, a^d of the Athenians
and Amazons." Here is likewise a Cast of the
Venus Celeste. The Colossal Head on the land
ing is a Cast from one of the Figures holding
Horses on Monte Cavallo.

156 RAFFAELLE AND ANGELO, AND
Passing through an ante-room, intended for
paintings, we enter the fire-proof Gallery, of large
dimensions, 70 feet by 28, where are deposited
those Wonders of Art, — The Original Drawings
by Raffaelle and Michael Angelo, purchased
by subscription for £7,000, towards which the
Earl of Eldon contributed the very munificent sum
of £4,105. There are here a greater number of
Drawings than exists in any single gallery in the
world, including about 190 by Raffaelle, and 87
by Michael Angelo. In looking on these wonder
ful productions, the mind easily reverts to the
Ages of the Past, and fancy calls up sketches of
those great men daily toiling amid the gloom of
oppressive thoughts and troublous times for the
advancement of Art and the benefit of Posterity :
here are their rude drawings, executed at various
portions of their lives, each one, it may be said,
explanatory of the feelings by which the subject
was dictated.
The Picture Gallery is a spacious apart
ment, 96 feet long by 28 wide, and 28 high ; it
contains — Raffaelle's celebrated " Cartoons (or co
loured Drawings on paper,) at Hampton Court,"
copied by Cooke,3 and presented to the University
by John, duke of Marlborough : — 1. The intended
Sacrifice to Paul and Barnabas by the People of
Lystra ; — 2. The Miraculous Draught of Fishes ;
— 3. Christ's Charge to Peter ; — 4. Peter and John
healing the Lame at the Beautiful Gate of the

3 Henry Cooke, a painter, was employed by King William
III. to repair the original Cartoons.

PICTURE GALLERIES. 157
Temple ; — 5. The Death of Ananias ; — 6. Elymas
the Sorcerer struck with Blindness ; and, 7. Paul
preaching at Athens. Here, too, is a Copy, in oil,
supposed to be by Giulio Romano, of that wonder
ful picture, by Raffaelle, " The School of Athens,"
from the original Fresco in the Vatican at Rome,
in which, with a painter's license, are brought
together, the Philosophers and Mathematicians
of various ages, — the subject being that of" Phi
losophy in general." The divine Plato is denoted
by his pointing upward to Heaven, and holding
his Dialogue " Timaeus" under his arm ; next to
him is Aristotle, supporting on his knee his Book
of " Ethics." These two, whose doctrines were
more regarded in the time of Raffaelle than those
of any other Philosophers, are the principal
figures. The learned Theophrastus is on the
right ; and on the left, Socrates is convincing
his favourite pupil, Alcibiades, with a demonstra
tive argument : between these two figures are
Xenophon and Antisthenes. Below, Pope Julius
II. is represented crowned with -oak-leaves, and
writing in a book supported by the base of a
column. The last figure at the bottom, on the
left, is Empedocles, who is observing Pythagoras
writing down his Harmonic Unions : the young
man in a white robe, standing on the right of the
latter, represents Francesco Maria della Rovere,
duke of Urbino ; and next to him is Terpander or
Nichomachus. The next figure is Zeno ; and at
a little distance from him, Diogenes, the Cynic,
is thrown on the steps in a slovenly manner,
with his cup by his side. On the right, Euclid
p

158 RAFFAELLE AND ANGELO, AND
is drawing on a slate (though Vasari says that
this figure is a portrait of Bramante, the archi
tect,); above, the handsome youth who inclines
his head and raises his hands in admiration, is
Frederick II. , duke of Mantua. Zoroastres,
king of the Bactrians, holding a terrestrial
globe, is known by his radiated crown ; he is
attended by Archimedes, the great mathematician
of Sicily, who has his famous Celestial Sphere
in his hand : behind the former, the young
man, of modest aspect, pleasing and graceful air,
is supposed to represent Raffaelle, the painter,
himself; and next to him is his master, Pietro
Perugino: thus, we have here a greater number
of genuine Portraits of the most celebrated
characters, than is represented on the canvas
of any other picture.
A few other good Paintings may be men
tioned : — " Moses Striking the Rock," by Jor-
daens ; " Henry IV. of France on Horseback" ;
" A Sea- Piece with Buildings," by Claude Lor
raine ; " Our Saviour's first Appearance to his
Disciples after his Resurrection," by Jordaens ;
" The Marquis of Granby on Horseback, relieving
a sick Soldier's Family" ; " The Death of Gene
ral Wolf"; and " The Death of Addison," with
the following Inscription :— ' When he found his
life near its end, he directed the young Lord
Warwick to be called; and, when he desired
with great tenderness to hear his last injunctions,
told him, " I have sent for you to see how a
Christian can die.'" Here are also many other
interesting works, amongst which may be men-

PICTURE GALLERIES — HALL. 159
tioned — some Portraits of the Early Masters and
other Painters, by themselves, including an ad
mirable one of Isaac Fuller, painted by himself
when in a state of intoxication; and those rare
productions, " The Seven Vices, painted on cop
per, by G. Schalken, in 1656;" they represent —
Pride, Lust, Envy, Sloth, Avarice, Drunkenness,
and Revenge. A great number of Models for
Busts, by Sir F. Chantrey, are dispersed through
out this apartment, on stands. At the south
end of the Gallery are busts, by Chantrey, of
George IV., William IV., and Her Most Gracious
Majesty Queen Victoria. The room is lighted by
means of six hexagonal lights in the ceiling, and
two windows at the end: the walls are painted
red, and have a somewhat unfinished appearance,
which will be removed when an increase is made
in the number of pictures.
These rooms, together with the lodgings for the
Keeper, constitute the front and west wing of the
entire Building ; and, indeed, form the principal
objects, for the notice of Visitors.
By descending lhe stairs on the right of the
Picture Gallery, the Visitor is conducted to the
entrance (or exit) door. In the Hall is a
Picture of the Earl and Countess of Pomfret :
the latter presented to the University the collec
tion of Marbles, called " The Pomfret Statues."
% * An excellent Catalogue of the contents of the Galleries,
with a key to the Painting of "The School of Athens";
likewise of the Raffaelle and Angelo Drawings ; as well as
Etchings of the Chantrey Collection ; have been published
by the Keeper, and may be obtained on the premises.
p2

160 TAYLOR INSTITUTION.' — ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH.
Of the interior of the eastern wing, or Sir 11;
Taylor's Institute, a passing glance is all that is
necessary. It comprises, in addition to the lodg
ings of the Librarian, five good lecture-rooms,
with a Professor's apartment, and an elegant and
spacious Library; the latter is a cube of nearly
40 feet. The Institute has very recently been
opened under the auspices of a Professor in
European languages, and two teachers in French
and German : these are to ¦. be followed by tutors
in Spanish, Italian, and other modern languages,
from time to time, as the funds will allow a
gradual increase in the means of endowment.
The classes are open to all members of the Uni
versity.3 On leaving the Randolph and Taylor Buildings,
the Visitor, (who has doubtlessly experienced much
delight during the time occupied by their inspec
tion,) passing St. Mary Magdalene Church, will
proceed a short distance up Corn-market Street,
where, on the left, is
ST. MICHAEL'S CHURCH,
A very ancient Norman or Saxon edifice, origin
ally the church of St. Mildred, forming a portion
of the possessions of St. Frideswide's Priory.

* When the intentions of Sir Robert Taylor, with respect
to this advancement in modern study, shall have been fully
carried into effect; and the long-talked-of and necessary
improvements made in the system of " University Education" ;
then will Oxford stand on the Towering Pinnacle of Fame,
•surmounted by a Crown of Literary Glory : — a position so
requisite for the first and oldest University in the world.

st. Michael's church. — eocardo. 161
The most ancient part of the present fabric is the
Tower, supposed to be a relic of Saxon times ;
the Lady-Chapel is also very antique, but seems
to have been repaired about the time of Richard
II. , whose bust, with that of his Queen Isabella,
is seen in good preservation outside the east
window. In the Chancel are a piscina and sedilia
for three officiating ministers. The Screen which
formerly supported the rood-loft still remains at
the entrance into the Chancel, with another
screen to the north. The antique niches in
various parts of the church and porch are ex
tremely elegant in form and workmanship."

* Nearly adjoining the tower of St. Michael's church, stood
the celebrated Bocardo, the principal north gate of the city,
which was more strongly fortified than any of the other gates,
having no river before it to assist in its defence, as was
the case with all the others. When the fortification fell into
disuse, the room over the gateway, (which had in early times
served as a muniment-room,) was applied to the purpose of a
common prison, principally for debtors. There are persons
living who remember it as such, and also an ancient custom
of the debtors letting down from the window by a cord, a hat,
to receive the charity of passengers. But this place has
derived its chief renown, and will be ever memorable, as the
place of confinement of the glorious Martyrs, Cranmer,
Ridley, and Latimer, previous to their execution. Ridley
and Latimer were first executed, (on the spot previously
mentioned,) October 16, 1555, and suffered death for the
religion they professed with wonderful and inspiring courage,
in the presence of the chief Magistrates of the University and
City, and a vast number of spectators : Cranmer is said to
have ascended to the top of the tower in which he was con
fined, to witness their execution ; where he kneeled down and
prayed to God to strengthen their faith : shortly afterwards,
(March 21, 1556,) he was called on to share their fate,
precisely on the same spot.
It appears that during their confinement, Cranmer, Ridley,
and Latimer were kept in separate lodgings, but were some
times suffered to take their meals together, in the prison of
Bocardo. A curious MS. memorandum is extant of the
-disbursements by the bailiffs of Oxford, on account of the
p3

162 st. Michael's church. — bocardo.
Immediately opposite this church is New-Inn
Hall Street ; proceeding down it, and passing the
Wesleyan Chapel, we arrive at

imprisonment and execution of the Reformers. This docu
ment, an extract from which we give below, is entitled " A
book of their diet, dinner, and supper, and the charge thereof,
which was at the expense of Winkle and Wells, bailiffs of the
city at that time." EXTRACT.

1st of Oct., 1555 — Dinner : —

£ s. d.

Bread and Ale ....

.0 0 2

Oysters ....

0 0 1

Butter ....

0 0 2
Eggs ....
0 0 2
Lyng ....
0 0 8
A Piece of fresh Salmon
0 0 10
Wine ....
0 0 3
Cheese and Pears
0 0 2
The last Disbursements are these : —
For three load of fagots to burn Ridley and Latimer
Item, one load of furze fagots .
Por the carriage of these four loads
Item, a post
Item, two chains
Item, two staples
Item, four labourers
The Charges for burning Cranmer: —
0
2
6
£
s.
d.
0
12
0
0
3
4
0
3
4
0
1
4
0
3
4
0
0
6
0
2
8
£16 6
For 100 of wood fagots .
For 100 and J of furze ditto
For the carriage of them
For two labourers
0 12 8
NEW-INN HALL, 163
NEW-INN HALL.
Founded in 1460 by William of Wykeham.8
Visitor — The Chancellor of the University of Oxford.
A great number of Eminent Characters have belonged to this
Hall, in its several transitions : among them "we may par
ticularly mention — Sir W. Dunne, D.C.L., principal, the
first burgess elected to represent the University in parlia
ment ; the Rev. W. Stone, B.C.L., founder of the Hospital
in St. Clement's parish, called after his name ; De Blossiers
Tovey, principal in 1732, author of a curious and interest
ing work, entitled " Anglia Judaica ; or, the History and
Antiquity of the Jews in England," (Oxford : 1738, quarto,) ;
Chief Justice Blackstone, principal in 1761, died in 1780,
aged 86 years ; he was succeeded in the office by his son,
Dr. James Blackstone, fellow of All Souls' College, Recorder
of Wallingford, and Deputy Steward of the University;
on the death of the latter, the Rev. Dr. J. A. Cramer,
dean of Carlisle, Regius Professor of Modern History, and
the founder of an University Prize, was appointed principal
in 1831 ; and he, having resigned the office in 1847, was
succeeded by the Rev. Dr. Henry Wellesley, (Curator
of the University Galleries,) appointed by the Chancellor,
the Duke of Wellington.
a These premises, situated on the. spot called " The Seven
Deadly Sins," (probably from there being at this point seven
narrow lanes infested by the most disreputable characters,)
were, purchased by William of Wykeham, in 1369, of the
successors of Thomas Trilleck, bishop of Rochester, whose
brother, John Trilleck, bishop of Hereford, (from whom the
place received the name of Trilleck' s Inn,) had acquired them
from Frideswide, daughter and heir of William Pennard. In
1460, Wykeham conveyed the tenements to New College',
and these, having become much dilapidated, were entirely
rebuilt by that Society, whence is derived the present name of
New-Inn Hall. There was formerly a chapel built by the
Bernardines, who studied here before Chichele built them his
College in St. Giles's ; there are, however, but few traces
remaining either of this or any of the old buildings. On the
removal of the Bernardines, this Hall was thrown open to
all respectable students ; and, accordingly, a great many were
in the habit of repairing hither, until the Reformation.
Having shared with the other halls the usual unpopularity of

164 st. peter's- le-bailey church.
A neat Mansion, with convenient apartments
for the use of students, was erected at the expense
of the late principal, Dr. J. A. Cramer. Be
yond this edifice, if we except the antiquity of
the foundation and its associations, there is but
little here to interest the stranger."
At the extremity of New-Inn Hall Street, on
the right, (adjoining the Baptist Chapel,) is
ST. PETER'S-LE-BAILEY CHURCH,
So called from having originally been situated in
the Bailey of the Castle : the foundation of it,
like that of most of the other churches in Oxford,
is beyond the reach of any record; but it un
doubtedly belonged to St. Frideswide's Priory.
The present edifice is comparatively a modern
restoration : it was rebuilt in the middle of the
last century ; and, from a want of funds, in the
plainest manner. The interior has recently been
decorated and re-pewed at the expense of a late
curate, the Rev. W. B. Heathcote, fellow of New
College, who also presented to the Church a very
handsome Font, after the Winchester model.

contributing to an Oxford education, in the succeeding
century " it again rose into notice" under principal Rogers,
" a noted puritan," and became " a nest of Precisians and
Puritans." * The site of New-Inn Hall has been occasionally used
as a mint, from the earliest times ; there is a specimen in the
Bodleian Library of the coin struck in the time of Alfred :
it was restored for a period in the reign of Charles I., who
came to Oxford after the battle of Edgehill. At this mint
were struck those coins known by the name of Exurgat
money, so called from the legend on the reverse — " Exurgat
Deus dissipentur Inimici :"—(Let God arise and his Enemies
be scattered.)

st. thomas's and st. ebee's churches, &c. 165
[Turning to the right from New-Inn Hall
Street, two roads diverge ; that on the right leads
to the County Hall and Gaol, the Castle,
(See Introduction, p. ix., note *,) and, over a
bridge of peculiar construction, to the Bath and
Cheltenham roads ; that on the left to St.
Thomas's Church."
The avenue exactly opposite New-Inn Hall
Street, conducts to St. EbbeV and Trinity
Churches, (the latter being a newly- erected
district church belonging to St. Ebbe's parish,)
and to Mr. Bulteel's Chapel.]

On leaving St. Peter's Church, we proceed, on
a The church of St. Thomas was anciently dedicated to the
memory of Nicholas, bishop of Myra. In 1141, it was granted
to the canons of Osney, (who, on account of the increase of
their Abbey, required an additional place of worship,) for the
use of their parishioners of St. George's, who were deprived
of access to their parish church, within the precincts of
Oxford Castle, when the Empress Maude was closely besieged
therein by King Stephen. After the dissolution of Osney
Abbey, the advowson was granted to Christ Church College,
to which Society it still belongs. The extensive parish con
tains the greater part of the western suburbs of the city,
(extending northwards as far as Jericho, with the district
church of St. Paul, at the latter place,) including the an-
gjent parish of St. George, and the, sites of the Abbeys of
Osney and Rewley.
5 The foundation of this church is completely involved in
obscurity, but it belongs to the very earliest Saxon ages, the
Saint to whom it was dedicated, having been the daughter of
Ethelfred, king of the Northumbrians. The only part of the
old building now remaining is the Tower, and, from the
interior, it is evident that this is of great antiquity, being built
of marble, very massive, and having no staircase. The new
edifice, which cost about £3000, was opened for divine service
on the 9th of February, 1817. Mr. W. Fisher, of this city,
was the architect and builder. The Font was given by the
late Dr. Griffith, master of University College. '

166 ST. martin's, or carfax church.
the left, up Queen Street, where, at its junction
with Corn-market Street, is Carfax, or
ST. MARTIN'S CHURCH.
This Church was originally dedicated to the
memory of a Bishop of Tours, in France, who
died in 399. The advowson fell to the Bene
dictines of St. Mary, at Abingdon, about 1032,
and remained in their possession until the disso
lution of monasteries, in the reign of Henry VIII.,
since which time it has continued to be a rectory
in the gift of the Crown, and is the place of
worship used by the civic authorities." Of all the
ancient edifice only the Tower remains; this is
venerable from its antiquity, though it does not
harmonise well with the modern Church : it was
formerly much higher, but was shortened by
command of Edward III., because, upon the
complaints of the scholars, the townsmen would,
during the " gown and town" quarrels, retire
thither as to their castle, and from thence gall
and annoy them with arrows and stones. The
ancient Font, of the 14th century, is still pre
served, though rather in a mutilated state.
- Besides the rector there are also four lecturers, who are
appointed by the mayor, recorder, aldermen, and assistants of
the city : these were well endowed in 1778, by the liberality
of Robert, earl of Lichfield, and W. Wickham, Esq., one of
the assistants; the former assigned £1000, which sum his,
trustees invested in the purchase of ten £100 shares in the
Oxford Canal Navigation Company ; and the latter gave five
more shares in the same Company, as an addition to the fund,
which now yields an annual dividend of nearly £600. There
is also a reader appointed by the dean of Christ Church Col
lege, who receives £20 per annum from a fund bequeathed
by Bishop Fell, for a lecturer to read prayers daily in a
church in Oxford.

st. martin's, or carfax church. 167
The present structure was erected under the
superintendence of Messrs. Harris and Plowman,
of Oxford, who were the architects and builders.
The expense was defrayed chiefly by public sub
scription, to which the University as a body, the
Corporation of the city, and most of the Colleges
liberally contributed. The new structure was
opened for divine service, June 16, 1822."
On leaving St. Martin's Church, we proceed
a Attached to the east end of the old church was Pennyless
Bench, chiefly known to modern readers by T. Wharton's
humourous description of it, in his " Companion to the Guide,
and the Guide to the Companion." Here also the Mayor and
his brethren formerly used to meet for the transaction of
public business. It was either built or repaired in Henry
VHIth's time ; but in 1747 it was removed, from a representa
tion being made to the Common Council that it was a great
nuisance, being a harbour for idle and disorderly people ;
and it was then ordered to be immediately taken down. The
site of it continues to be a favourite loitering-place to this
day ; and it is still the custom for labourers seeking employ
ment to linger about this spot for the chance of being hired.
On the south side of the church, but separated from it by the
street, is the ancient Butter Bench, as it is still called, though
it has long ceased to be used for the purpose which its name
indicates. It is at the present time converted into a Police
Station for the City. Beneath these premises some very
ancient and extensive vaults are still in existence, now in
the occupation of Mr. Butler, wine-merchant.
Nearly in the centre of the four streets which meet at this
point (hence quatre voies, or Carfax,) once stood the celebrated
structure called Carfax Conduit; a beautiful and very in
teresting piece of masonry, erected in 1617, at the expense
of Otho Nicholson, Esq., of Christ Church College, for the
purpose of supplying the different colleges and halls with
water, brought from a hill above the village of North
Hinksey. The Conduit was taken down about the year
1787, and presented by the University to Earl Harcourt ; it
was re-constructed in that nobleman's Park at Nuneham,
to which lovely spot, it now forms one of the chief orna
ments. The fabric is of a square form below, and octangular
above. From the angles to the base, which is solid, spring
two fine arches ; these, crossing each other diagonally, form
a support to the octangular portion of the structure.

168 TOWN HALL.
southwards down St. Aldate's Street ; the first
building on the left, is the
TOWN HALL,
A handsome stone edifice, erected in 1752,
chiefly at the expense of Thomas Rowney, Esq.,
formerly High Steward of the City, and one of
its representatives in parliament. This structure
is two stories high, but the whole of the lower
one is formed into a piazza or corridor," having,
towards the street, massive square pillars adorned
with rustic work. A statue of Mr. Rowney has
lately been placed in the niche in the centre of
the building, the gift of Charles Tawney, Esq., of
this city : it is of Caen stone, and was sculp
tured by Mr. Grimsley, of Oxford. The County
business and Assizes were formerly held here, but
have been removed to the new County Courts on
the New Road, already mentioned.1'

a The Corn and Flour Market is held in this corridor
every Saturday. In the southern end of the building is the
Post-Opfice; (See Introduction, p. ix., note «.)
b We find mention made of a public hall " Gildalla,"
near Carfax Church, for the use of the burgesses of Oxford,
in the reign of Henry II. This was used for their public
meetings after church service ; but they soon removed to the
" Domus Conversorum," or house of Converts, the site of the
present Town Hall. At the north end of the Hall is the
Council-Chamber, a fine old room, containing some good
portraits. Beneath the Council-Chamber is the Mayor's
Court, and the City Audit Room ; on the cast side of the area
are the Town-Clerk's offices ; and on the south side, a large
School- Room, built in 1658, by John Nixon, Esq., alderman
of Oxford, a native of Bletchingdon, in this county : the
foundation is for the education of the sons of forty freemen ;
and money was left by Mrs. Nixon, at her death, for appren
ticing two of these boys annually.

st. aldate's church. 169
Lower down the street, on the opposite side of
the way, is ST. ALDATE'S CHURCH,
A Rectory in the gift of Pembroke College,
having been granted to that Society in 1636, by
Charles I." It had previously belonged to Abing
don Abbey and St. Frideswide's Priory. Tha»
present fabric is a venerable structure, and
derives considerable interest from the compara
tively perfect state in which it remains, and the
satisfactory account preserved of most parts of
the building. Of the present edifice, (which was
neatly re-pewed and fitted up in 1832,) the
Chancel contains some of the most interesting
features, paiticularly an arcade of five small
circular arches on the north, of about the time
of the Conquest. The Nave has two noble
arches : the Font, a very rich style of the 14th
century, is in good preservation. The South
Aisle, called the Trinity Chapel, was actually
built in 1335, by Sir John de Docklington, a
fishmonger, who had been several times Mayor
of Oxford : here is a remarkably fine Altar-Tomb,
of alabaster, to the memory of John Noble, LL.B.
principal of Broadgates' Hall, (now Pembroke
College,) who died in 1522.b The windows in
a Like all the ecclesiastical edifices of Oxford, no record
remains of the foundation of this church : it is supposed to
be British, before the settlement of the Danes or the Saxons ; '
the Saint to whom it was dedicated, was an enemy to both
those races ; he lived about the year 450, and through his
means, Hengist, King of the Angles, was defeated and slain.
b Beneath this aisle is a vaulted crypt, long used as a char
nel-house, but now cleaned out and repaired.
Q

170 cardinal wolsey's alms-houses.
this Aisle are particularly elegant : the upper
story was for a short time used as a library
for Pembroke College. The North Aisle was
built in 1455; and the Tower and Spire belong
to the early part of the fourteenth century.

* On the south side of St. Aldate's Church, on
the site of some tenements belonging to the family
of Segrim, formerly burgesses of the city, are some
well-designed Alms-Houses, founded by Cardinal
Wolsey ; but he having been disgraced before they
were completed, they were afterwards endowed
by Henry VIII. out of the revenues of Christ
Church College, the nomination of the almsmen
being given to the Dean : it has been usual to
appoint persons who have served in the army or
navy. The buildings remained in an unfinished
state, having the appearance of ruins, until 1834,
when the original intention was carried into effect,
under the superintendence of Mr. Underwood, at
the expense of the Dean and Chapter of Christ
Church, with a view to the great improvements
contemplated in this part of the city.11
Adjoining the Alms-houses on the west, is
" Between the south end of the Aims-Houses and Christ
Church College, formerly stood the south gate of the city,
fortified with towers on each side. The hill was originally
very steep here, as may be seen by the marks remaining of the
former level, on both sides of the street, and particularly from
a blocked-up doorway in the Aims-Houses. A short distance
lower down, on the same side, and nearly opposite the western
entrance to Christ Church Meadow, are the remains of the
mansion built by Robert King, the last Abbot of Osney and
first Bishop of Oxford, when he was deprived of Gloucester
Hall, after the accession of Edward VI. The house is now in

PEMBROKE COLLEGE. 171
PEMBROKE COLLEGE."
Founded in 1624, by Thomas Tesdale, Esq., of Glympton,
in Oxfordshire ; and the Rev. Richard Wightwick, rector
of Ilsley, in Berkshire. b
Foundation — A Master, 14 Fellows, and 30 Scholars and
Exhibitioners. There are also other Members not on the
Foundation. . The number of Members on the College books
is 185. Visitor — The Chancellor of the University.
*** Porter's Lodge — Right of the entrance gateway.
Places worthy of inspection — The Chapel and Hall,

the occupation of Mr. Faulkner and others, and is in good
preservation. The pargetting work on the exterior is very
picturesque : the ceilings and other parts of the interior richly
decorated ; and the Aims of Bishop King are several times
repeated. A few yards below this house is a stream or ditch, over
which the road passes, separating the counties of Oxford
and Berks. A short distance below is Folly Bridge, so called
from the folly or tower that stood on it, celebrated from
its having been used as Friar Bacon's study ; this was origin
ally called south bridge, and was rebuilt in 1827 ; just beyond
here is the road to the Railway Station.
* This College derives its name from William, Earl of
Pembroke, Chancellor of the University at the time of its
foundation. The site of it was once occupied by numerous
academical buildings, the most important of which was Broad-
gates' Hall, so called from having a pair of large gates at its
entrance. Here was also a mansion belonging to the Priory of
St. Frideswide. This same mansion was occupied for many
generations by a family of the name of Seagrim, or Segrim ;
hence it was called Segrim House, which continued to be its
appellation till it assumed the name of Broadgates' Hall,
about the beginning of the reign of Henry VI. ; and it en
joyed a considerable reputation, particularly for students in
civil and canon law, till within a very few years of the
establishment of the present College on its site. Dr. Thomas
Clayton was the last principal of Broadgates' Hall, and the
first master of Pembroke College.
6 Thomas Tesdale, Esq., died June 13, 1610, and bequeathed
£5000 to purchase lands, &c, for the maintenance of several
Q2

172 PEMBROKE COLLEGE.
Among the Renowned Characters who were Members of this
College, were — (Broadgates' Hall,) Heywoode, the poet;
Camden, founder of the professorship of Ancient History ;
Sir John Beaumont, author of several poems, and a younger
brother of Francis Beaumont, the twin dramatist of Fletcher,
— Henry, Francis, and John Beaumont, entered on the
same day, February 4, 1596 ; Pym, a gentleman-commoner
in 1599, at the early age of 15, under the tuition of Degory
Wheare, the first Camden professor ; (Pembroke College,)
Sir Thomas Browne, author of " Religio Medici," who de
livered one of the Latin orations on the foundation of the
College in 1624 ; Judge Blackstone ; Archbishop Moore ;
Whitfield, the English founder of the Calvinistic section of
the Methodists ; Shenstone ; Davis Gilbert, late president
of the Royal Society ; Graves, author of " Spiritual
Quixote"; Dr. Samuel Johnson, the lexicographer; and
Dr. Richard Valpy, the late able master of Reading School,
and author of several valuable works, — recently deceased.
This College comprises two small Courts; at
the north-west angle of the first is the Hall, with
the Library over it : the Chapel is on the south

fellows and scholars, to be elected from the free grammar
school at Abingdon, into any school at Oxford. Dr. Abbot,
archbishop of Canterbury, wished to engraft this new founda
tion with Balliol College; but Richard Wightwick, B.D.,
having promised an additional benefaction of considerable
amount, the trustees conceived that a separate college might
be' founded, and Broadgates' Hall was considered to afford
the most eligible situation for the purpose. The new estab
lishment was assisted by several rich benefactions: and in
honour of William, the great earl of Pembroke, his successors
in the Chancellorship of the University are always Visitors of
the college. Several of the old buildings of Broadgates' Hall
are still extant. The present lodgings of the master remained
in their original state till the recent improvements took place
in 1829 — 30. There were several halls, which, by degrees, were
included in the great quadrangle of Pembroke College, such
as Minote Hall, and Aula Bovina, or Beef Hall, — hence Beef
Hall lane, adjoining. The college is now being consider
ably enlarged and improved, in order to allow of more apart
ments for the Members.

PEMBROKE COLLEGE — HALL, LIBRARY. 173
side of the second Quadrangle. The Master's
House adjoins the College on the right of the
entrance. The Hall is on the site, and partly the same
with the original refectory of Broadgates' Hall,
but its roof has lately been raised ; it has been
otherwise enlarged and improved ; and a bay
window placed at the west end. The cornice and
windows have been well painted with the arms of
founders and benefactors, of whom there are also
some interesting portraits; and busts of Davis
Gilbert, Esq., D.C.L., and of Dr. Johnson, by
Bacon; the rooms of the latter were on the
second floor over the entrance gateway."
The Library was put into repair and furnished
with books by the first master, Dr. Clayton, and
great additions were made on the death of Dr.
Hall, master, and bishop of Bristol, in 1709, who
bequeathed his whole collection of books to the
society. b

1 Johnson was entered a commoner of Pembroke, on the
31st October, 1728, in his 19th year. His rooms, with some
slight alteration in their division, and the substitution of
a Gothic window for the plainer one of his own time, remain
as he left them. He contracted a love and regard for Pem
broke College, which he retained to his latest days : a short
time before his death he made the college a present of all his
books, to be deposited in the library. He took a pleasure in
boasting of the many eminent men who had been educated
at Pembroke.
b The first library that belonged to the college, was the
large room over the south aisle of St. Aldate's Church, which,
also, in ancient times, was used as a law school ; the books
were chained to desks, or put into chests, under lock and
key. The visitors of King Edward VI. having emptied this
room of its contents, it was discontinued as a library, till the
conversion of Broadgates' Hall into Pembroke College.
Among other contributors may be mentioned William Gar-
q3

174 PEMBROKE COLLEGE  CHAPEL, &c.
The Chapel, built partly at the expense of
Bartholomew Tipping, Esq., of Oxford, whose
arms are on the screen, with his motto " Vive ut
Vivas," was consecrated in 1732, by Dr. Potter,
bishop of Oxford : it is a small but elegant build
ing, ornamented with Ionic pilasters between the
windows, and surmounted by a panelled parapet
which judiciously conceals the roof; the interior
is neat, and has been lately repaired and im
proved : the Altar-piece represents — Our Saviour
after his Resurrection, — and is a copy by Cranke,
of a painting by Rubens, at Antwerp."
The Garden is on the right of the Chapel : the
new buildings, on the opposite side comprise a
bursary, common-room, and apartments for the
tutors and students ; these are all well built, from
admirably-arranged designs by Mr. Hayward,
architect, of Exeter.

Turning to the right on leaving Pembroke
College, the magnificent pile of building imme
diately opposite, is

diner of Linton, Sir Robert Hanson of London, Sir John
Wall, (sometime student and afterwards canon of Christ
Church,) and rector of St. Aldate's Church, and Dr. Samuel
Johnson. a This painting was presented to the society by Joseph
Plymley, A.B., formerly a gentleman-commoner here. Mr.
Plymley has taken the name of Corbett, and is now the
venerable archdeacon of Salop. He has had three sons at
Pembroke College ; in addition to the picture in the chapel
he has presented to the college a portrait of Dr. Johnson,
now in the master's lodgings, and one of Shenstone, which is
in the common room. The late much-lamented regius pro
fessor of divinity, Dr. Burton, married one of the archdeacon's
daughters.

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE. 175
CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE.
Founded in 1524, by Cardinal Wolsey.
[The history of this princely establishment is far too impor
tant to be passed over lightly, or without a due regard and
reverence to its antiquity and historical connection, either
with respect to its ecclesiastical or academical character;
it having been a spot dedicated to learning and religion for
more than eleven hundred years. Specimens of architecture
belonging to almost every age, from the rude Saxon times to
the mediaval periods, and thence to our own day, are here
exhibited ; and the spot may undoubtedly be considered as
forming the site of the first distinctive foundation of this
ancient seat of learning, notwithstanding that Oxford had
been used as a resort for students of the sterner races who
inhabited England from the earliest conquest by the Romans.
The history of the Cathedral of Christ Church is of
some interest, as being the most ancient part of the structure.
As a religious establishment it is to be traced to the Priory of
St. Frideswide, of which an account is given in our Introduc
tion (see p. xiv.). The Saxon King Ethelred was the next
who enlarged the original dimensions of the church, in the
year 1002 ; and from a passage by the historian of that period,
(William of Malmesbury,1) we may conclude that a part at
least of the present Tower was existing in the time of the same
monarch. In the following century the Priory of St. Frides
wide fell into the hands of some secular canons, and the nuns
and other religious women were dispersed. These canons
were also, in their turn, dispossessed for having violated their
vow of celibacy. After this, the Priory became the property
of a Norman monk, of austere character, named Guimond, or
Wymund (chaplain to Henry I.), who applied himself more
to the recovery of the lands and revenues than to any renova
tion of the church. The fame of the patroness of Oxford
having, in the mean time, spread far abroad, many devotees
came hither and offered presents at her shrine, so considerable,
a This writer distinctly states that the Danes, being repulsed
in an attempt to revenge the death of two of their chiefs, fled
for refuge into the Tower of St. Frideswide's Church; and
whatever injury was then done, he states to have been in-'
stantly repaired.

176 CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE.
that the funds of the Priory were, from this circumstance
alone, greatly increased.
From this period many endowments were added, till at
length, in 1524, it attracted the attention of Cardinal Wolsey,
(then high in favour with Henry VIII.) ; and though other
founders have been connected with Christ Church as a col
legiate seminary, still no credit can be detracted from tbis
eminent prelate, to whose master-mind and genius the benefits
resulting from the foundation may be attributed. With the
design of advancing the cause of religious and sound learning,
he resolved to found a College, and taking advantage of his
influence with the King, obtained from him the revenues
of the smaller monasteries and priories, (for the suppression
of which he had previously gained the consent of Pope
Clement VIII.,) which amounted to a considerable sum.
After these preliminaries, Wolsey, in 1525, obtained letters
patent from the King, authorizing the erection of his College,
which was to have been on a scale of magnificence far
exceeding its present splendid compass. The foundation-
stone was laid with much ceremony, at the south-eastern
corner of the great Quadrangle, by Dr. Longland, bishop
of Lincoln, who officiated for the Cardinal. The latter did
not wait till the whole of his intended edifice was erected,
but, having completed some lodgings sufficient for the pur
pose, he settled on them a small portion of his foundation,
adding to it, as opportunity permitted, scholars selected from
other seminaries, and those who by their abilities were most
likely to confer distinction on his new College. But before
the completion of his design Wolsey lost the favour of his
sovereign : the auspicious commencement was suspended ;
and on the attainder of the Cardinal in 1529, the King
took possession of the revenues, actual and prospective, in
tended for the support of the contemplated establishment. To
the credit of Wolsey be it said, that in the midst of all
his troubles his anxiety for his new college was unabated;
and one of his last petitions to the King was an urgent
request that " His Majesty would suffer his College at
Oxford to go on."1 Touched by this appeal from his former
* A volume might easily be filled in sketching the life and
.career of this renowned prelate; we must, therefore, leave
the admirers of biographical literature to glean the informa
tion from the various contemporaneous historians : the scope

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE. 177
favourite, and urged by the representations of the friends
of religion and learning, Henry, in 1532, consented to restore,
though not without considerable mutilations and changes,
what had been the Cardinal's College ; and, transferring the
credit of the measure to himself, became the founder of The
College of King Henry the Eighth, which he dedicated to the
Holy Trinity, the Virgin Mary, and St. Frideswide. But this
arrangement was of short continuance : in 1546, Henry
resolved to connect the See of Oxford (which he had previ
ously founded, with several other new bishoprics, and it may
be conjectured by way of reparation for the destruction of so
many religious bodies,) with his lately endowed college. He
accordingly procured a surrender of its site and possessions ;
removed the see from Osney Abbey, where he had first settled
it, to St. Frideswide's ; and then finally concluded the foun
dation of an establishment, partly academical, partly cathedral,
ever since known as Christ Church College. This edifice,
it may safely be affirmed, has not its parallel in any portion
of the world, of which we will now proceed to give a descrip
tion.]
Foundation — A Dean, 8 Canons, 8 Chaplains, 101 Students,
an Organist, 8 Singing-Men, and 8 Choristers. The Mem
bers not on the Foundation include — Noblemen, Gentlemen-
Commoners, and Commoners. The number of Members on
the College books is 957 ; of whom about 500 are Members
of Convocation. Visitor— The Queen.
*** Porter's Lodge — On the right of Gateway.
Places worthy of inspection — Chapel, Hall, and Library.
* „ * The Stranger should not fail to bestow some time in
viewing the rare collection of Paintings in the Hall and
of our volume will only permit us to remark, that Wolsey
was a native of Ipswich in Suffolk, educated at Magdalene
College, in this University, the follower and friend of Kings
Henry VII. and VIII., and whose preferments were such as
no other churchman could ever boast of possessing : for
he was at various times, bishop of Lincoln, of Bath and
Wells, of Durham, and of Winchester, as well as of Tournay
in Flanders ; he became also archbishop of York, and finally
archbishop of Canterbury, Lord High Chancellor of England,
and a Cardinal of the Church of Rome.

178 CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — GREAT TOM.
Library; they include some of the finest works of all the
great masters, in every school from the earliest periods to the
present day.
The list of Renowned Characters who were Members of this
College includes the names of some of the greatest nobles,
most eminent statesmen, and most distinguished persons of the
past and present centuries : among them were — Dr. Fell, bishop
of Oxford ; Dean Aldrich ; Atterbury, bishop of Rochester ;
Dr. Robert South ; Lord Lyttleton ; William, earl of
Mansfield ; Lord Bolingbroke ; Charles Boyle, earl of
Orrery ; Villiers, duke of Buckingham ; Sir Philip Sidney ;
Locke ; Camden ; Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania ; Ben
Jonson ; Otway ; George Colman ; George Canning ; Sir
R. Peel ; the Rev. E. B. Pusey, D.D., the present learned
Regius Professor of Hebrew, and founder of the sectarian
party named after him ; &c.
The front of Christ Church College, extending
400 feet, with its turrets, bastions, and battle
ments, has more the appearance of a castle than
a seminary for learning. In the centre is a mag
nificent octagonal gothic tower and gateway,
commonly known as Tom Gate, from the cupola
containing the great bell so named, which formerly
belonged to Osney Abbey." Entering the College
by this gateway, the visitor at once finds himself
in the largest and most noble Quadrangle in

a " Great Tom of Oxford" is 7 feet 1 inch in diameter;
5 feet 9 inches from the crown to the brim ; and 6 inches
thick in the striking place : The clapper weighs 342 lbs. ; and
the weight of the whole is 17,000 lbs. ; being more than
double the weight of the Great Bell of St. Paul s Cathedral,
in London. This Bell was recast in 1680 ; and though it has
always been represented as one of the finest in England, (an
illusion under which most Oxford men and every member of
Christ Church has indulged in from 1680 to the present time,)
yet it must be confessed that its tone is far from being musical,
or even accurate ; the note is certainly not B flat, as intended.
It is imperfect and inharmonious ; and, in the opinion of those

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE. 179
Oxford; and it at once proves the magnificent
intention of Wolsey, that this formed a part of
his original design, its dimensions being 264 feet
by 261." It has a wide terrace-walk round it,
and in the centre is a small reservoir and foun-
tain.b Over the gateway, in the interior, is a
statue of Queen Anne. The Quadrangle is occu
pied by the lodgings of the dean and canons,
who are the best judges in such matters, requires to be recast.
The Bell is nevertheless, a great curiosity, and may be seen on
application to the porter at Tom-Gate lodge.
A custom prevails of tolling Tom 101 times (the number of
members called Students, on the foundation at Christ Church,)
at five minutes past nine every night : at this time the gates
of all the Colleges are closed ; after when, every undergraduate
who arrives, (or, as it is termed " knocks in,") is reported to
the authorities of his particular college.
a There can be Little doubt that the original design con
templated a cloister entirely round the quadrangle, which
would have extended partly within the present range of
building, and partly on what now forms the terrace-walk :
there is every appearance of the commencement of such a
work. It is worthy of remark that during the time of the
civil wars the most criminal destruction of this noble fabric
was connived at, if not actually perpetrated, by those who
then had possession of the college. In an account given by
the dean and canons in 1670, they state, that not only had the
entire revenues of the college been exhausted by the intruding
dean and chapter, but that the whole of the north side of the
great quadrangle was demolished, and the timbers actually
sawed down from the walls and roof, and used for fire-wood,
thus entailing upon their successors these expensive and
substantial repairs, as well as the ripping-up and re-roofing
of almost every part of the college. From this it will be seen
that the date of the great quadrangle, as it now appears, is
between the years 1660 to 1668. The tower was begun by
Wolsey, and completed by Sir Christopher Wren in 1682.
b The fountain (where was until lately a bronze statue of
Mercury, the gift of Dr. John Radcliffe,) had formerly a large
globe or sphere, from the top of which the water issued. This
fountain was introduced in the year 1669, on a spot where it
is said that a cross stood, dedicated to St. Frideswide, at
which was a pulpit, whence Wicliffe and others boldly
preached the gospel to surrounding multitudes.

180 CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — ANATOMY SCHOOL.
the Hall (on the right), and Apartments for
other Members of the Society. In the left-hand
further corner, adjoining the dean's lodgings, is a
vaulted passage leading to Peckwater Quadrangle,
having over it a Statue of Bishop Fell ; over the
passage leading to the Hall, at the right-hand
further corner of the square, is a Statue of
Cardinal Wolsey. The passage in the centre of
the right wing leads to the Common-Room, and
to the Anatomy School.
The Common-Room, under the Hall, was fitted
up chiefly by means of a bequest of Dr. Busby,
the learned and well-known Master of West
minster School. It contains Portraits of the two
Founders, and also of several Members of the
Society. Among the engravings is a very fine
one of Dr. Markham, archbishop of York, pre
sented to the College by the executors of Mrs.
Markham ; the latter received it from George IV.,
who had been one of the archbishop's pupils.
The Anatomy School, or (as it is now called) i
the Anatomical Theatre, is in the Chaplain's
Quadrangle," and comprises a Museum, contain-
a The Chaplains' Quadrangle, on the south of the
Cathedral, presents an appearance of great antiquity ; and
may be said to have belonged to the most remote portion
of the foundation. The building on the north side was
the original refectory of the Convent of St. Frideswide,
and afterwards used as a library for the college ; but on the
completion of the new library in Peckwater Quadrangle,
it was converted into apartments for undergraduates, though
it still retains its appellation of " the old library." Previous
to its present appropriation, the appearance of the interior
was that of a well-proportioned Gothic room, with a stone
pulpit on the south side in a recess, (or oriole, oratoriolum,
" a little pulpit,") which may still be traced on the outside of
the buttresses.

^iuAc-aJ^Vetaa^i^^^ns/^M^.

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — HALL. 181
ing every requisite for the study to which it
is appropriated : an interesting collection of pre
parations, illustrating human and comparative
Anatomy, which are ranged round the room in
neat glass cases ; and beautiful Wax Models
of the Human Body, executed at Florence, and
purchased from time to time by the Dean and
Chapter of Christ Church, pursuant to the inten
tions of the founder of the Schools." It is used
by the Reader in Anatomy as a lecture-room ;
and underneath are spacious apartments for carry
ing on dissections.
The approach to the Hall is truly beautiful
and imposing ;b and cannot fail to strike every
beholder with admiration. The vaulted stone
roof is of exquisite fan-work, the groins in ti|e
angles being splendidly carved, and the whole
supported by a single light pillar 80 feet high.
The stone staircase is very wide, and has a hand
some balustrade, also of stone, on each side.
On the left of the entrance to the Hall is the
Buttery. a Till within a recent period the anatomical lectures were
delivered in one of the apartments underneath the Ashmolean
Museum, — now occupied by the professor of chemistry : but
in the year 1750, Matthew Lee, D.M., of Christ Church,
founded a Readership in Anatomy, and erected "the present
building for the delivery of lectures within the precincts
of the college. Dr. Lee's exertions have been energetically
followed up by Dr. Kidd, the present Professor of Anatomy,
who is also Regius Professor of Medicine, and Radcliffe
Librarian. 6 It is evident that this was intended to form a tower ; but
the plan being abandoned, the staircase and the lobby were
added about 1640, and early in the present century altered as
they now appear, under the superintendence of the late Mr.
Wyatt.

182 CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — HALL.
Christ -Church Hall is of itself sufficient
evidence of Wolsey's vast powers of conception,
and architectural taste.. Its dimensions are 115
feet by 40, and 50 in height; the roof (having
on it the date 1529,) is of richly carved oak, with
very elegant pendants, and profusely decorated
with nearly 300 armorial bearings of King Henry
VIII. and Cardinal Wolsey. It may be safely
asserted that there is not a more magnificent
refectory in the kingdom, and it will certainly
attract the attention of every visitor to the Uni
versity. Here will be more particularly seen the
ancient arrangement of the royal, the baronial,
and the academical dining hall. The raised dais,
or platform, at the upper end, for the monarch,
db the peer, dean and canons, warden and senior
fen'ows, as the case applied; the side tables for
the officers of state, or the knights and gentlemen-
at-arms, or the graduate members ; whilst to
wards the bottom of the room were entertained
the followers of the court, the retainers of the
baron, or the juniors of the college. Two Gothic
chimney-pieces are great ornaments to this room ;
and the oriel window in the recess, on the south
ern side, is greatly admired for its rich carving,
and for the exquisite fretwork of its roof. At the
upper end is a fine marble bust of George IV. on
a pedestal." The most interesting feature of the
1 From the beauty of its structure and the royal accommo
dation which it offered, the Hall of Christ Church has fre
quently been the scene of interesting and splendid festivities ;
and the Sovereign being the Visitor to this College, the
Society has often been honoured with the presence of royalty,
and the chief nobility of this and other countries. In the

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — HALL. 183
Hall is the collection of original pictures, 120 in
number, with which the walls are adorned : they
are the portraits of dependent members only, or such
as have been on the foundation of the Society, as
deans, canons, and students. This will account
for the absence of many of those who have been
year 1533, Henry VLTI. was entertained here: during the
reign of Edward VI. public declamations of the University
were holden herein. On several occasions plays were ex
hibited — before Queen Elizabeth in 1566, and again in 1592 ;
before King James in 1605 and 1621 ; and before King
Charles in 1636. Anthony a Wood particularly mentions
that on this last occasion, the scenes, stage machinery, &c,
were almost the first attempts of that kind made in England ;
"to the end" he says, "that posterity might know that
what is now seen in the play-houses at London belonging
to his majesty and the duke of York, is originally due to
the invention of Oxford scholars."
But the most imposing spectacle ever presented in this
room, (or in the whole University,) was in June 1814, after
the capitulation of Paris, when the allied sovereigns honoured
Oxford with their presence. The imposing grandeur of the
scene, when they entered the city accompanied by the great
est warriors and most renowned characters of the age, with
their suites, can scarcely be imagined. The streets were
crowded with the members of the University of every rank in
their academical costumes, which formed a striking contrast to
die accoutrements of the military, who were marshalled along
the whole line of the procession : and the feelings of those who
were assembled to witness the arrival of this array of com
pany, were excited to the utmost, when, having been received
at the boundary by the University and city authorities, they
entered Oxford amid the acclamations of the serried ranks of
the people, the ringing of the various chimes, and the roar of
musketry. A public entertainment was then given in Christ
Church Hall, to the Prince Regent, (afterwards George IV.,)
H. R. H. the duke of York, Prince Metternich, Marshal Prince
Blucher, and a large assemblage of foreigners of high dis
tinction. Though the room was filled with men of rank and
eminence, yet the greatest attention was directed to the
veteran Blucher ; who, sensible of the feeling, rose and ad
dressed the company in his native German language, which
was immediately and eloquently translated into English by-
the Prince Regent, omitting only (with that exquisite taste
which distinguished him,) those parts which were compli
mentary to himself.
r2

184

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — HALL.

illustrious as statesmen, warriors, divines, or men
of letters, who were formerly educated at this
College. The pictures include specimens of tbe
most eminent artists from Holbein to the present
President of the Royal Academy.

Over the Entrance, (top row,)
commencing on tlie left.
Cox, Archbishop of Cashel.
Dudley Carlton, Viscount Dor
chester, by Vandyck.
The third Duke of Portland,
Chancellor of the University,
by Romney.
Henry Benet, Earl of Arling
ton, by Lely.
Gilbert, Archbishop of York.
Right of the Entrance.
Lord Stormont.
Stone, Archbp. of Armagh.
William Wyndham Grenville,
D.C.L., Chancellor of the
University, by Owen, a full-
length portrait.
Sir Gilbert Dolben.
Dr. Euseby Cleaver, Archbp.
of Dublin, by Romney.
C. W. W. Wynn, D.C.L., and
M.P., a Student, by Shee.
Dr. William Jackson, Canon of
Christ Church, and liishop
of Oxford, by Owen.
Dr. V. Short, Bishop of Sodor
and Man, by Shee.
Over the Door.
The first Earl of Mansfield, by
Martin.

Left of the Entrance.
SirArchibaldMacdonald,Chief Karon of the Exchequer, by
Romney.
Agar, Archbp . of D ublin & Earl
of Normanton, by Romney.
Richard, Marquis Wellesley,
full-length by Bates.
Lewis De Visme, a Student,
by Raffaello Mengs.
Robinson, Archbp. of Armagh
and Baron Rokeby, by Rey
nolds.*
Bisset, Bishop of Raphoe, by
Lawrence.
Randolph, Bishop of London,
by Owen.
James, third Bishop of Cal
cutta, by Faulkner.
Left side of the Room.
Murray, Bishop of Rochester,
by Faulkner.
Hon. Sir Charles Bagot, by
Pickersgill.
Dr. Coleridge, first Bishop of
Barbadoes, by Phillips.
Sir William Elias Taunton,
one of the Justices of the
King's Bench, by Briggs.
Dolben, Archbishop of York,
Hooper,' Bishop of Bath and
Wells, by Hogarth.
Benson, Bishop of Gloucester.

a There is a traditionary anecdote that the Archbishop was
strongly averse to sitting for his picture, and that Sir Joshua
caught the likeness, when the Archbishop, looking round
from his studies, may be supposed to be enquiring why he
was interrupted for the purpose of introducing the painter.

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE  HALL.

185

Cr. Grenville, a distinguished
Statesman, by Romney.
Dr. Stratford, Canon of Christ
Church.
Sir Jonathan Trelawney, Bart.
D.D. , Bishop of Winchester,
by Kneller.
Drummond, Archbishop of
York, by Hudson.
Sir John Skynner, Knight, by
Gainsborough.
Moreton Bishop of Meath.
Wake, Archbp. of Canterbury.
Charles Boyle, Earl of Orrery.
Smallwell, Bishop of Oxford,
by Romney.
Charles Abbot, D.C.L., Lord
Colchester, by Northcote.
Hon. E. V. Vernon, D.C.L.,
Archbishop of York, by
Hoppner.
Over the Wainscot, on the left
side.
Sir William Dolben, Bart.,
M.P. for the University.
Sir John Dolben, Bart., Pre
bendary of Durham.
Sir J. English Dolben, Bart.,
by Perigal.
Blackburne, Archbp. of York.
Howson, Bishop of Durham.
Godwin, Bishop of Hereford.
Heton, Bishop of Ely.
Westphaling, Bp. of Hereford.
Bancroft, Bishop of Oxford.
M. Smith, Bp. of Gloucester.
Griffith, Bishop of St. Asaph.
James, Dean & Bp. of Durham
Piers, Dean and Archbishop
of York.
Ravis, Dean and Bishop of
London.

Left of the High Table.
Markham, Dean & Archbishop
of York, by Reynolds.1
Atterbury, Dean and Bishop
of Rochester, by Kneller.
Conybeare, Dean and Bishop
of Bristol.
Hall, Dean of Christ Church,
by Newton.
Samuel Fell, D.D., Dean of
Christ Church.

Upper end of the Room, left of
the Window.
Ellis, Bishop of Kildare.
Right of the Window.
Corbet, Dean and Bishop of
Norwich, by Vandyck.
Under these, commencing on
the left.
King, Dean and Bishop of
London.
Smalridge, Dean and Bishop
of Bristol.
John Fell, Dean and Bishop
of Oxford.
Cyril Jackson, D.D., Dean, by
Owen.
Cardinal Wolsey, by Holbein .
Boulter, Archbp. of Armagh.
King Henry VIII. by Holbein,
centre portrait.
Queen Elizabeth, by Zucchero
Smith, Dean of Christ Church.
Brian Duppa, Dean & Bishop
of Winchester, by Van Loo.
Bagot, D.C.L. , Dean & Bishop
of St. Asaph, by Hoppner.

a Sir Joshua Reynolds has in this picture successfully
ventured on a light back-ground, notwithstanding the diffi
culty always complained of by painters of the pictures of
Bishops, from the quantity of white in the lawn sleeves.
r3

186

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE  KITCHEN.

Morley, Dean and Bishop of
Winchester.
Henry Aldrich, D.D., Dean.
Bradshaw, Dean and Bishop
of Bristol. Right oftlie Room.
Richard Frewin, M.D.
Nicoll, Canon of Christ Church
in 1751, by Reynolds.
George Canning, D.C.L., by
Lawrence.
William Courtenay, Earl of
Devon, High Steward of
this University.
Carey, Bishop of St. Asaph,
by Reynolds.
Vansittart, Baron Bexley, by
Owen.
Goodenough, Bishop of Car
lisle, by Northcote.
Over the Fire-place.
Dr. Fell, Dr. Dolben, and Dr.
Allestree, three Divines who
met for worship according to
the Rites of the Church of
England, when the Liturgy
was prohibited by Parlia
ment during' the great Re
bellion. Right of the Fire-place.
Moss, Bishop of Oxford, by
Hoppner, junr.
Eden, Baron Auckland, by
Lawrence.
The celebrated John Locke,
by Kneller.

John Freind, M.D.
Busby, the celebrated Master
of Westminster School.
King, Bishop of Chichester.
Welbore Ellis, Baron Mendip,
by Gainsborough.
Dr. Pett, Principal of St. Mary
Hall, afterwards Canon of
Christ Church.
Dr. Longley, Bishop of Ripon.
Sir T. Strange, by Sir M. Shee.
Hon. William Pitt-Amhurst,
Governor- General of India.
Legge, Bishop of Oxford.

Over the Wainscot on the right

Pelling, Canon of Windsor.
Dr. Thomas Burton, Canon.
Alsop, Prebendary of Win
chester.
Robert Friend, D.D., Canon of
Christ Church.
Hickman, Bishop of London
derry.
Sanderson, Bishop of Lincoln.
Este, Bishop of Waterford.
Gastrell, Bishop of Chester.
Wood, Bishop of Litchfield
and Coventry.
Spratt, Prebendary of West
minster.
Skinner, Student, Recorder of
Oxford, & M.P. for the city.
Godwin, Dean and Bishop of
Bath and Wells.
Matthew, Dean & Archbishop
of York.

Passing from the Hall by a flight of stairs on
the right, we may bestow a few moments on the
Kitchen, decidedly an object of curiosity, and
worthy of attention as being the first building

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — CHAPEL. 187
erected by Wolsey in his College :" it is extensive
and lofty, and has not undergone any material
alteration either in shape, size, or arrangement.
Here is a large gridiron, measuring 4 feet 6 inches
by 4 feet 1 inch, used prior to the introduction of
ranges. Descending the steps adjoining the hall-stair
case, and turning to the left, we arrive at the
principal point' of attraction, viz.,
Christ Church Chapel, or Oxford Cathe
dral,1' and this having undoubtedly formed a part
of the original Church of St. Frideswide's Priory,
must form an object of unequalled interest to the
lover of architectural antiquity ;° and having men
tioned its origin, we will commence our description
* Wolsey being known to be a man who greatly regarded
the creature comforts, (or, as Shakspere says, " a man of an
unbounded stomach,") the circumstance of his having the
Kitchen built first, gave occasion for some very caustic remarks
by the wits of that day.
b This building is shown by the Verger who resides in the
adjoining cloister.
c The original church suffered considerable mutilation from
the hands of Wolsey. Intending doubtless to erect a new
chapel worthy of his own foundation, and little regarding the
ancient structure, the cardinal commenced his preparations
for his college by pulling down fifty feet of the west end" of
St. Frideswide's Church, and the whole western side of the
cloister. The building, excepting the choir is undoubtedly
Norman, having a spire in the centre, which, although not a
part of the original design, is one of the earliest in the
kingdom. The Church itself is cruciform. It would seem
that Wolsey's plan was to preserve the choir and transepts,
modernizing them in the style of the chapels of Magdalene or
New College, and that he had in a great degree completed the
choir and commenced the transepts, as may be seen by the
end windows on each side of the north transept, and the
unfinished state of several other parts, where the progress of
the work had been interrupted by the Cardinal's disgrace,
A.D. 1529.

188 CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE  CHAPEL.
with the portion thus founded, and more parti
cularly deserving of notice — 'the Choir. The
beautiful groined roof, with rich pendants (added
by Wolsey,) and the peculiar arches, which are
double — a lower arch springing from corbels at
tached to the piers — are exceedingly splendid and
magnificent. The massive Saxon pillars on each
side, with their variously ornamented capitals,
are grand in the extreme, and the arrangement
excites great curiosity — there being a stone passage
completely round three sides of the Choir, through
small arches, amidst the pillars and other orna
mental architecture. In this lofty situation were
nine cells or apartments for the Nuns of St.
Frideswide, where they spent much of their time
in study and devotion. The Sacramental Plate is
very ancient, having been found in the ruins of
Osney Abbey." During the performance of
Divine Service the scene is very imposing, the

' The Cathedral being divided into several portions, it will
be as well, to avoid confusion, to describe the whole of the
windows together : unfortunately, they are none of them quite
perfect, the authorized destruction at the Reformation, and
the wilful and wanton mischief perpetrated at the time of the
Great Rebellion, having reduced what now remains to mere
remnants of their former beauty ; nevertheless the admirers of
painted glass will find some scattered pieces that will repay
the search for them. Among these interesting fragments are
some of the thirteenth century, if not earlier, as — " The Mur
der of St. Thomas a. Becket ;" and " The Entrance of Christ
into Jerusalem," in the large north window of the transept ;
and in a window on the left, " The Story of Jonah." St.
Augustine, St. Blaise, " St. Martin dividing his cloak with a
beggar," the figures of St. Frideswide, St. Catharine, and
others, are represented in the centre west window, which is
chiefly composed of fragments of stained glass. The windows
right and left represent " The Destruction of Sodom and
Gomorrah," and" St. Peter released from Prison by an

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — CHAPEL. 189
Choir being filled with over 200 members of the
College. On the right of the entrance are the
stalls for the Dean and some of the Canons ; on
the left, those for the Sub-Dean and the remainder
pf the Canons ; adjoining these, right arid left, are
the seats of the Noblemen ; beyond which are
those for the Masters and Bachelors of Arts and
the Students ; and in the centre of the Choir are
seats for the Commoners. Owing to the want of
space, a small gallery above, on each side, is used
by the singing-men and choristers. The Organ
is a splendidly-toned instrument.
Adjoining the Choir, the Dormitory will be
found next in point of interest to the antiquary.
The Screens both to this and the Latin Chapel,
which is parallel to it, are exceedingly beautiful,
and of the time of the College. The Dormitory is
so called from being the resting-place of so many

Angel," painted in 1700, by Isaac Oliver when 84 years of
age ; besides the principal figures, there are a number of
Roman Soldiers sleeping in various attitudes. In the south
aisle of the Chancel — called Bishop King's Aisle, on ac
count of containing his tomb — is a portrait of the Bishop, who
is represented in his Episcopal Robes, with his mitre on
his head, a crozier in his hand, and the ruins of Osney
Abbey, (of which he was last abbot,) in the back ground :
this window was taken down and preserved by one of the
Bishop's family, during the usurpation, in 1648, and put up
again at the Restoration in 1660. " The Heads of Henry VHI.
and Wolsey," are contained in the tracery of the east window
of the Choir; and in the lower part of the same window,
" The Nativity," painted by Sir James Thornhill, and altered
from a design by Raffaelle, strangely mixing the Nativity with
the Epiphany. In the east window of the Lady Chapel,
usually called the Latin Chapel, is represented " Christ,, when
only twelve years of age, disputing with the Doctors in the
Temple," and in the Dormitory a " Crucifixion" is represented
in the letters "I H C," and the blessed Virgin, surrounded by
a glory or aureole, contained in the letter M.

190 CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE  CHAPEL.
Characters connected with the College, whose
tombs are here situated. The principal of these
divide this part from the Latin Chapel : on the
first lies a man in complete armour, his head
resting on an ox, and at his feet a dog ; this
figure is said to represent Sir Henry de Bathe,
Justiciary of England, who died in 1252 : the
second is supposed to be the tomb of Prior
Guimond, or Wymund, architect of a portion of
the building, who died in 1149 : the third, Lady
Elizabeth Montacute, (wife of Baron Montacute,
ancestor of the Montacutes, earls of Salisbury,) a
great benefactress to the Priory of St. Frideswide,"
who died in 1353 : and the fourth and principal
one is the tomb of the celebrated foundress of
that Priory, who died in 740 ; her remains were
moved from spot to spot in the church, (for as the
renown of the place increased, so did the residents
desire to do greater honour to its foundress,) till
they were finally fixed here, under this tomb, in
the fifteenth century. Over the tomb is a beautiful
Gothic shrine, in which is a small room ; the
ascent to this is by stone steps that are now
greatly worn from the many strangers who have
repaired hither to make their offerings upon the
altar of the pious patroness, which was fixed
against the eastern pillar. There have been
various conjectures as to the date of this splendid
work of art, which was the third and last shrine

a Lady Montacute, in addition to that portion of the Cathe
dral called the Latin Chapel, gave to St. Frideswide's the,
meadows known as Christ Church Walks.

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — CHAPEL. 191
dedicated to St. Frideswide ; but it has been
finally fixed to have been executed about the year
1480. Parallel to the Dormitory is the Latin Chapel,"
which will prove an interesting feature to the
enquiring visitor. It was built at the expense of
Lady Elizabeth Montacute, before mentioned,
about the year 1320 ; and most of the carving is
undoubtedly of a very early period : the floor is
also very ancient.
The appearance of the Nave of this Cathedral
is remarkably grand. On certain days the Uni
versity sermons are preached here. The seat
appropriated for the Vice-Chancellor was brought
from Osney Abbey, as was the pulpit which faces
it; they are both of oak, richly carved, par
ticularly the pulpit, which is supported by a small
ornamented oak pillar, and surmounted by a
handsome carved canopy, on which is the figure
of a pelican. The heraldry of this church, in
particular, is interesting and curious, — from the
blazonry of Montacute, Monthermer, Montford,
and Courtney, to the pen-case and ink-horn of
Zouch, in the north aisle of the transept. The
monuments here are exceedingly beautiful : some
of them are to the memory of distinguished
persons who died during the time that Charles I.
held his court at Christ Church. A curious
monument to the celebrated Robert Burton,
author of the Anatomy of Melancholy, has on
it his bust, a calculation of his nativity, and the
• The Latin Chapel has its name from the Latin Service
being read in it.

192 CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE  CHAPEL.
following inscription written by himself, and
placed here by his brother, the Leicester Anti
quary. " Paucis notus, paucioribus ignotus, hie
jacet Democritus Junior, cui vitam dedit et mor
tem, Melancholia. Obiit vm. Id. Jan. a. c
m.dcxxxix." (Known to few, unknown to less,
here lies Democritus Junior, to whom Melancholy
imparted both Life and Death. Died, the 8th day
of January, in the year of Christ, 1639.) In the
west transept is a majestic marble statue of the ven
erable Dr. Cyril Jackson, dean of the College from
1783 to 1809; he is represented in his academics,
and seated: this was executed by Sir Francis
Chantrey, and will hand down the fame and name
of that admirable sculptor to succeeding genera
tions. Besides the numerous ancient monuments
there are many of a modern date, and some
of comparatively recent erection. The inscriptions
alone which are in this chapel furnish a regular
obituary of the College, and are so ample and
numerous, that they constitute no inconsiderable
portion of British biography. It is greatly to be
regretted that both the monuments and windows
in this Cathedral received such injurious treat
ment during the usurpation." In the south
1 It is lamentable to reflect that in laying down the pave
ment of the choir and side aisles, at the erection of the
college, all the old gravestones and marble monuments were
obliged to be removed : most of these, according to Anthony a
Wood, "had Saxon inscriptions on them ; which being looked
upon by the dean and canons as old superfluous stuff, and
unhandsome to be mixed with their new pavement, they did
cause them to be thrown out of the church, as also those out
of the cloister, when that was new paved, being accounted
then by some persons a piece of impiety." Another writer
endeavours to reconcile us to this act of sacrilege, by inti-

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE  CHAPEL. 193
transept is a very beautiful decorated window,
evidently not a part of the original design, and
even carried into execution by the destruction
of a portion of the original Norman wall of the
transept. At the foot of an angular buttress, on
the exterior of this transept, situate in the Verger's
Garden, is an extraordinary piece of ancient sculp
ture, recently discovered on the removal of a quan
tity of rubbish from the foundation of the walls.
It was doubtlessly placed here for the purpose of
preserving it, being covered with earth and rub
bish, to prevent the discovery and destruction of
it by the puritanical zealots. As it is built into the
wall, and presents to view only three sides, it
is difficult to express an opinion as to its original
use; some persons have supposed it to be the
ancient Font of St. Frideswide's church, (which
was parochial as well as conventual, till the
changes introduced by Wolsey,) but as many
beautiful specimens of the Fonts of that day have
been preserved in Oxford, there could have been
no reason for concealment in this case. Dr.
Ingram, (president of Trinity College,) the talented
author of the " Memorials of Oxford," supposes
it to be the celebrated altar or reliquary of St.
Frideswide, in which her bones, real or supposed,
mating that these monuments were few in number, • about
eighteen or nineteen, and that they were safely deposited
in the aisles on each side of the choir ; but admits that, with
the exception of two only, they are all " robbed of their
brasses." These brasses, together with the inscriptions and
crosses on the more ancient slabs of maible and freestone,
would have contributed more to illustrate the history of the
ancient priory than all the publications of our most celebrated
antiquaries. S

194 CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — CHAPEL.
were enshrined on the day of their translation, in
1180, from the "obscure" position which they
previously occupied, to a more splendid receptacle.

CURIOUS SCULPTURE IN THE VERGER S GARDEN J
SUPPOSED TO BE THE ALTAR OF ST. FRIDESWIDE.
Two of the subjects are very evident : — The
Temptation and Fall of our First Parents; and
the Sacrifice of Isaac, the type of the salvation
of the human race : but the subject of the third
compartment is involved in some obscurity and has
been variously explained ; the most rational sup
position is that it indicates the final judgment of
the world, when the blessed shall be placed on
the right hand, and hear the joyful sentence,
whilst the wicked shall be dismissed on the left,
to reap the fruits of their misdeeds in the com
pany of the devil and his angels : perhaps some
future antiquary may discover a legend in St.
Frideswide's history, which may give it a different
signification. Dr. Ingram concludes his descrip
tion of the Altar as follows : — " The three com-

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE  CLOISTERS. 195
partments, thus combined, constitute the whole
scheme of the Christian Dispensation — the fall
and the condemnation of man, with his redemp
tion through the mediatorial sacrifice of Christ.
This explanation may satisfy us that the fourth
side contained no sculpture, but was originally
intended to be placed against a wall or a pillar,
as usual in the case of small altars or relics,
though the principal altar was detached. The
contending principles of good and evil are repre
sented, after the ancient manner, by two winged
serpents, or dragons, whose heads meet at the
base, whilst their bodies take a sweep round the
angles of the altar, and their tails are enveloped
in the foliage above."
The Chapel is 154 feet from east to west : the
width of the nave and side aisles is 54 feet ; the
nave was almost double its present length, 50 feet
of the west end having been pulled down by
Cardinal Wolsey to form lodgings for the canons :
the transept is 102 feet from north to south : the
height of the choir is 37 J feet, and of the
western front, 41 \ feet: the steeple is 144 feet
high. The tower contains ten good bells which
were brought from Osney Abbey.
*** Service is performed in the Choir of the Cathedral, at
ten o'clock in the morning, and four in the afternoon ; and in
the Nave, on Good Friday, Ascension Day, Christmas Day,
and when, in their turn, the Dean or either of the Canons
preach the University Sermon.

In the Cloisters will be seen the different dates
of the erection, by the separate styles of architec
ture : the Early Norman portion, built of rubble-
s2

196 CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — CHAPTER-HOUSE.
work, with small semi-circular windows, plainly
distinguishing the first from the second, or addi
tional erection. From this point will also be
seen the beautiful Saxon doorway (with a Saxon
window on each side of it, and placed in the mas
sive wall,) leading to
The Chapter-House, a noble room, built about
the 13th century, and a beautiful specimen of
early English architecture. It contains a few
good Portraits ; two of them are said to have
belonged to king Henry VIII.; one representing
Frederic the Wise, duke of Saxony, and the other,
Philip, archduke of Austria. On the right of
the entrance is the original foundation-stone of
Wolsey's College at Ipswich, bearing an inscrip
tion : it was bequeathed to the dean and chapter
by the Rev. R. Canning, who rescued it from
destruction. Leaving the Chapter House, we pass through
the cloisters to the justly celebrated Walks be
longing to the College, and denominated Christ
Church Meadow, a considerable part of which
was the gift of Lady Montacute, whose tomb we
have previously described. The Walks were first
made by Cardinal Wolsey, partly with earth and
rubbish removed from the ruins of the monastery,
and partly with chips of stone from the carving
of the Choir of the Chapel. The Walk nearest
the College was composed of the latter material,
and hence obtained the name of " the white walk,"
soon corrupted into " the wide walk" ; it was also
known as " the long walk," and is now commonly
designated " the broad walk :" at a later period

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — PECKWATER. 197
it was raised higher by Bishop Fell, (who is said
to have planted the noble avenue of trees,) with
the rubbish brought from the north side of the
great quadrangle ; and once more by Dean
Aldrich, with the rubbish of Peckwater Quad
rangle. The walk is quite straight, a quarter of
a mile in length, and of considerable width" ; — on
each side are the stupendous elm trees above men
tioned, which, arching at the top, form an arcade.
One of the walks describes a circuit, and forms
the bank of the rivers Cherwell and Isis ; the
views from this spot are very picturesque, and the
whole Walks form delightful promenades during
the summer months. On the river Isis a variety of
pleasure-boats is kept, for excursions to the
numerous sylvan retreats adjacent to Oxford.
Returning through the Cloisters and the great
Quadrangle, adjoining the Dean's lodgings, is a
vaulted passage by which the Visitor enters
Peckwater Quadrangle, so called from an ancient
Inn or Hall,b belonging to a person of that name,

* In connection with this walk, a very peculiar custom
prevails, the foundation of which is unknown. It is an
Exhibition of the People on the Sunday previous to the Com
memoration, hence styled " Show Sunday." On that occasion
the Walk is frequented by nearly all the Members of the
University, with their friends, and the numerous strangers
who usually visit Oxford at this period, together with many
of the townspeople. The gay dresses of the ladies and the
sable academics of the collegians, form a tout ensemble, at once
peculiarly brilliant and strikingly attractive.
h Peckwater's Inn stood at the south-west corner of the
present square, where two canons' lodgings have been built.
As the canons' lodgings are sometimes described as belonging
to a stall of a certain number, the following is given as the
situation in which each canon is placed in succession by the
royal grant : first stall — north-western angle of the great
s3

198 CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE  LIBRARY.
afterwards given to the monks of St. Frideswide,
and subsequently by Henry VIII. to the college.
The present structure, of which three sides are
uniform, (Ionic,) was erected in 1705, from a
design, and under the superintendence of Dean
Aldrich ; it is a fine example of Palladian archi
tecture. Towards the erection of this quadrangle,
Dr. Anthony Radcliffe, who had been a canon
of the college, bequeathed £3000, and the re
mainder was defrayed by subscription. It com
prises nearly eighty sets of rooms for the members,
the canon's house of the seventh stall, and, on the
south side,
The Library, — a noble edifice, commenced in
1716, but not finished till 1761; this stands de
tached from any other building, and presents a very
handsome elevation." It extends 161 feet, and is

quadrangle ; second — in the cloisters contiguous to the chap
ter-house, (this was formerly the residence of the Prior of
St. Frideswide,) ; third — on the left, passing from the great
quadrangle to Peckwater, opposite the western end of the
library ; fourth — in the middle of the eastern side of the great
quadrangle, between the deanery and the professor of Divinity's
lodgings ; fifth — on the same side, next to the hall, always
appropriated to the regius professor of Divinity ; sixth —
south-western angle, appropriated to the regius professor of
Hebrew ; seventh — south-western angle of Peckwater ; and
eighth — north side of the great quadrangle, next to the
deanery. a The Library was originally designed to have an open
piazza below ; but, as the literary treasures to be deposited
here required more space than this plan had contemplated,
the lower part was enclosed, and fitted up to contain a portion
of the books, and also a collection of paintings bequeathed to
the college by Brigadier-General Guise, in the year 1765.
To this collection of pictures, a valuable addition was made
in 1828, by a gift from the Hon. W. T. H. Fox-Strangways,
of _ several original specimens of the early masters, before
painting in oils was introduced, as Cimabue, Giotto de Bon-

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE  LIBRARY. 199
supported by three-quarter Corinthian columns,
of great height and diameter. The whole of the
ground-floor comprises a Picture- Gallery, to which
we must, in the strongest terms, direct the Visi
tor's attention ; it well deserves more time than is
generally allowed for its inspection, as containing
a superb collection of some of the rarest and most
valuable paintings ever witnessed; they are al
most all of the celebrated Italian Schools, arranged
chronologically from Cimabue to the Caraccis,
ending with a few from Holbein, Jansens, and
Vandyke. There are also some good busts, of
which, with the paintings, the following is a
catalogue" : — Busts in the lobby : —

Lewis Bagot, D.C.L. Dean, Bp.
of St. Asaph, by Chantrey.
General Guise, donor of the
Pictures, by Bacon, sen.
Dr. Busby, by Rysbrack.
Richard Trevor, D.D. Bishop
of Durham, by Bacon, sen.
W. Markham, D.C.L., Dean,
Archbp.York, by Bacon, jun.
George I., by Rysbrack.
PAINTINGS, &c
Right hand room, commencing at the entrance

George II., by Rysbrack.
George III., by Bacon, sen.
R. Robinson, D.D. Archbishop
of Armagh, by Bacon.
Hugh Boulter, D.D., Arch
bishop of Armagh.
R. Freind, M.D., by Rysbrack.
R. Frewin.M.D . , by Roubillac.
Dr. Edward Burton, Canon, by
Chantrey.

1 Portrait of General Guise,
by Reynolds.
2 Portrait of Henry VIH. by
Holbein.
3 Portrait of Cardinal Wol
sey, by Holbein.

4 Portrait, by Titian.
5 Portrait, by Tintoretto.
6 Portrait of a Woman with
a Guitar.
7 An Ecce Homo, by Baroc-
cio

done, and others ; and one specimen of the first Italian who
painted in oils, Andrea de Castagno, — masters, whose remain
ing works are extremely rare, and particularly valuable, as illus
trating the Rise and Progress of the Art. The fine large painting
by Vandyke, representing the Continence of Scipio, was pre
sented to the college by Lord Frederick Campbell, in 1809.
a Much doubt, may however, be excited as to whether many
of the artists' names may not have been inserted in the original
catalogue from conjecture only.

200 CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — LIBRARY.

8 Diana and Actason, by
Titian.
9 A Head.
10 Marriage of St. Katharine,
by Paul Veronese.
1 1 Same Subj ect, by the same.
12 Madonna and Child with
St. John, by G. Bellini.
13 The Triumph of Cupid, by
Domenichrno.
14 Two Boys with a Dog and
a Goat, by Old Bassano.
15 Venus and Adonis, by Paul
Veronese.
16 The Entombing the Holy
Body, by G. di Bassano.
17 Pan, by Giorgione.
18 Madonna and Child, by U
Pordenone.
19 Madonna with St. John.
20 A Choir of Angels, by
Guido.
21 Half-length of St. Katha
rine, by Pietro della Vite.
22 A Female Head.
23 Christ on the Mount, and
his Disciples asleep, by
Bassano.
24 Nativity, by the same.
25 Christ with the Two Dis
ciples at Emmaus, by Laz-
zarini.
26 Martyrdom of St. Laurence,
by Tintoretto.
27 Miracle of St. Mark by the
same.
28 Last Supper, by the same.
29 Titian's Mistress.byTitian.
30 Four portraits with a Book
of Music, by the same.

31 The Virgin, St. Peter, St.
Francis, and a Venetian
General offering a Stand
ard taken from the Turks.
32 Christ, half-length, Titian.
33 A Nativity, by the same.
34 Portrait of the Duke of
Alva, by Titian.
35 Madonna and Child, with
St. John, by Titian.
36 Holy Family, by the same.
37 Christ Tempted, from the
School of Titian.
38 Portrait of a Venetian
Nobleman, by the same.
39 A Head by the same.
40 A Sudarium, or Veronica,
being a supposed repre
sentation of the Face of
Christ on a Handkerchief,
by the same.
41 A Female Head by the
same.
42 A Nativity on a large scale,
by Bassano.
43 Christ crowned with thorns
by the same.
44 A Nativity, by B. Bassano,
or Giorgione.
45 Small Head, B. Bassano.
46 King Solomon and the
Queen of Sheba, by P.
Veronese.
47 Sketch of a Cupola, after
Corregio.
48 The Circumcision, Corregio
49 A small Madonna & Child.
50 Christ crowned with thorns
51 Hercules and Omphale,
from the Venetian School.

Second compartment : —

52 Rebecca at the Well, and
Abraham's Servant pre
senting the Bracelets, by
Guido.
53 Apollo Flaying Marsyas,
by Andrea Sacchi.
54 Female with a Dove, repre
senting simplicity, by F.
Fiorino.

65 Cleopatra, by Guido.
66 Christ in his youth, with a
representation of his fu
ture sufferings, F. Albani.
57 Head of St. John, by Guido
58 A Youth playing on a
Violin.
59 St. Sebastian, a copy from
Guido.

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — LIBRARY.

201

60 Two Children, called Holy
Love, conquering Profane
Love, by Guido, said to
be one of the best speci
mens of his first manner.
61 The Rape of Europa, a
drawing for a fan mount,
bv Guido.
62 A 'small Madonna & Child.
63 A small Sketch.
64 Hagar and Ishmael, by F.
Mola.
65 Cleopatra.
66 Madonna & two Children.
67 Sketch
68 Ditto
69 The Assumption of the
Virgin, (a sketch) .
70 The Assumption of the
Virgin, by F. Naldini.
71 Assembly of the Gods,
(sketchpainted on paper) .
72 A Head of Christ.
73 Madonna and Child, by L.
da Vinci.
74 St. Elizabeth with St. John
musing upon a Cross made
of Reeds, by the same.
75 A small Sketch.
76 Ditto.
77 Two Figures, (a sketch,)
78 A small Head.
79 Descent from the Cross, a
copy from D. da Volterra.
80 Christ bearing the Cross,
by A. de Mantegna.
81 Madonna and Child, by L.
da Vinci.
S2 A small Head (a fragment)
by the same.
83 Ditto, bv the same.
84 The Martyrdom of St.
Erasmus, from N. Poussin

85—89 Five Figures, by Par-
megiano.
90 A Bacchanalian Piece, with
Silenus.
91 Holy Family, by Parme-
giano.
92 Marriage of St. Katharine,
after Corregio.
93 Madonna with a Rabbit,
after a well-known pic
ture at Naples, by Cor
regio.
94, 95, 96 Three Heads, the
Virgin, Child, 8s Joseph.
97 A Nativity, after the well-
known picture called the
" Notte," by Corregio, in
the Gallery at Dresden.
This copy is by C. Cig-
nani.
98 Descent from the Cross, by
Corregio.
99 Cupid making his Bow, by
Parmegiano.
100 Death of Sophonisba, by
Domenichino.
101 St. Jerome praying, by the
same.
102 A Dying Magdalene, by
the same.
103 The Last Communion of
St. Jerome, by the same.
104 The Meeting of the Em
peror Otho and St. Nilo,
(a sketch) by the same.
105 The Building of the
Church at Grotta Feratta,
(a sketch) by the same.
106 Susannah and the Elders,
after Domenichino.
107 The Heads of Cherubs,
the same.
108 Head of Diana, the same.

Third compartment :-

109 Figures of Sybils, by A.
Botieelli.
110 The same subject, by the
same.

the

111 A Nativity, from
French School.
112 A Dead Christ supported
by the three Mary's, by
Raffaellino del Garbo.

202

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — LIBRARY.

113 Angels playing on Musi
cal Instruments. A very
curious specimen of the
Finger-Organ of the time,
called a Regal, by Giottino
or Gaddi.
114 A Figure of a Saint with
a Book, by Granacei.
115 Holy Family, by Duccio
de fioninsegna.
116 Solomon and the Queen
of Sheba, from the Vene
tian School.
117 Madonna and Child, by
Cimabue.
118 Madonna and Child.
119 A Nativity and an As
cension, by Alissio Ban-
doretti.
120 Madonna and Child, by
Giotto de Bondone.
121 A small Madonna & Child.
122 Madonna and Child, by
T. Gaddi.
123 A small Figure of Christ
after the Resurrection, by
Andrea di Castagno, first
Italian Painter in Oil
Colours.
124 HolyPamily.byF.Francia
125 Holy Family, by P. Lippi.
126 Madonna and Child, by
M. de Panicale.
127 St. George & the Dragon,
by a Greek Painter.
128 A Saint with a Book, by
G. de Bondone.
129 Two Heads, by A Man-
tegna.
130 Miracle of the Wheel.
Legend of St. Katharine.
131 Madonna and Child, very
ancient.
132 A Picture from the Chap
ter House. A Miser, &c.
133 Rape of the Sabines,
(sketch.)
134 Christ in the Temple, by
P. Perugino.
135 A small Landscape.

136 Jupiter, Neptune, Cybele,
Juno, by G. Romano.
137 Madonna and Child, with
St. John, by Paduanino
141 The Resurrection of Christ
142 The Infants Jesus and St,
John, by Raphael.
143 Portrait of Baldasso Cas-
tiglione, after Raphael.
144 An Emperor on Horse
back, by G. Romano.
145 The Vision of Constantine
from Raphael, by the
same.
146 A Nativity, from the
Royal Collection of King
Charles I., by Raphael.
147 The Sybils, an original
drawing, by Raphael.
148 Christ appearing in the
Garden, by P. Perugino.
149 Jupiter and Juno, from
Raphael.
150 Madonna and Child, the
same.
151 A Sketch after the man
ner of Raphael.
152 Madonna and Child,
original at Naples, from
Raphael.
153 The Gathering the Manna
(a sketch), the same.
154 Madonna and Child, by
Raphael, in his first man
ner.
155 The Transfiguration, a
small copy from Raphael.
156 Head of a Female weep
ing, fragment of a Cartoon
by Raphael.
160 Sketch of a Man on
Horseback, by Vandyke.
161, 162, 163 Three Sketches,
by Volteranno.
164 Scipio presenting the
Spanish Princess to her
Husband, by Vandyke.
165 Philosophers with a
Globe, (a sketch), by old
Palma.

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — LIBRARY.

203

166 Ditto (a sketch), by
Vandyke.
167 A Boy's Head, (a Sketch)
by Vandyke.
168 A Head, by Rubens.
169 A smallPicture of Soldiers
and Women.

170 Judgment of Solomon, by
P. Romano.
171 Interior of St. Peter's
Church at Rome, by P.
Pannini.
172 Diana and Nymphs, and
Actseon, by P.Veronese.

Room, left of the entrance : first compartment :

173 TheGeneralResurrection, called a Venetian Picture
of good character.
174 Lot and his Daughters, by
Caravaggio.
175 Representation of the Iron
Age, by P. de Cortona.
176 A Temple of Diana at the
time of Sacrifice, by P. de
Cortona.
177 St. Katharine, by Salviati.
178 The Brazen Age, by P. de
Cortona.
179 The Virgin contemplating
the Child.
180 Cleopatra, by Salviati.
181 Judith with the Head of
Holofernes, by the same.
182 Two Female Figures; a
Lady and her Servant, by
Mutiano.
183 A Piece of Architecture,
by T. Ghisolfo.
184 The Prodigal Son Re
turned, by Guercino.
185 Christ Crowned with
Thorns, by the same.
186 A Head of St. John, with
a Lamb, by the same.
187 A Prince-Bishop writing.
188 Spanish Figures, by A. A.
Fernandez.
189 A Nativity, by B. Peruzzi.
190 Medusa's Head with
Snakes, by Rubens.
191 Diana and Nymphs, and
Acteeon, by C. Maratta.
192 Judith with the Head of
Holofernes, by H. Galan-
tini.
193 Madonna and Child, and
St. John, by A. del Sarto.

194 A Female, half-length, by
the same.
195 Day of Judgment, by F.
de Bassano.
196 Slaughter of the Innocents
and Herod on a Throne,
by Jac. Borgognone.
197 The Prodigal Son received
by his Father.
198 A small Head, over the
window.
199 TheGeneralResurrection,
(a sketch) by Young Pal-
ma
200 A Nativity, after Corregio,
by Cavedone.
201 Two Spanish Heads, by
Murillo.
202 A Landscape withFigures,
representing the Country
about Bologna, by Geo.
FrancescoGrimaldi, called
II Bolognes. He was
a Scholar of Annibal
Caracci.
203 A Landscape, in which
are Figures representing
the Murder of St. Pietro
Martire. Figures by A.
Caracci. Landscape by G.
Caracci.
204 ALandscapebyG.Caracci
205 A Battle Piece, by J. Bor
gognone.
206 ALandscapebyG.Caracci
207 ALandscape, withFigures
representing Moses deli
vering the Daughters of
Reul, Priest of Midian,
from the Shepherds, by
Domenichino.

204

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE  LIBRARY.

208 Landscape, with St. John
Preaching in the Wilder
ness, by G. Caracci.

209 Landscape with Figures ;
Fishermen and Women
Washing,byDomenichino

Second compartment, left of entrance : —

210 Apollo 8s Marsyas, Midas
sitting in Judgment, by A.
Sehiavone.-
211 St.PaulrebukingSt.Peter by A. Sacchi.
212 A Nativity, by F. Zucca-
relli.
213 The Taking- down from
the Cross, by Old Palma.
214 A Nativity, copy from the
younger Palma.
215 Christ bearing the Cross,
by F. Vanni.
216 A Head of a Philosopher,
said to be painted by Sal
vator Rosa, while at Flo
rence.
217 Diogenes, by F. Mola.
218 The Story of Ericthonius,
by Salvator Rosa.
219 A Sketch, by the same.
220 Tobias taking the Fish,
by the same.
221 A Sketch, doubtful from
the same.
222 St Peter, by M. A. Cara-
vaggio.
223 A Figure representing the
Art of Painting, by Spa-
gnoletto.
224 A Portrait, holding a
Letter, by the same.
225 St. Peter, by the same.
226 A Sporting Party with
Hawks andDogs, by Bam-
boccio.
227 Clowns Dancing, and
Cattle, by the same.
228 A Nativity by Del Vaga.

229 AParty Playing at Bowls,
by D. Battaglia.
230 A Mountebank on Horse
back, drawing a Clown's
Tooth, by D. Battaglia.
231 Preparing the Holy Body
for the Tomb, by A. del
Sarto.
232 Faith Girding a Sword on
a General, by P. del Vaga.
233 St. Jerome Reading, by
Spagnoletto.
234 Two Heads, by the same.
235 A Portrait in Robes with
Ermine, by F. Torbido.
236 Portrait of a Lady.
237 Portrait, by Riley.
238 Portrait of Pietro Fran
cesco Mola, by himself.
239 Portrait of Vandyke.
Sketch by himself.
240 Head, by F. Zucchero.
241 Head, by A. Jansens.
242 Portrait of Charles I.
243 Portrait ofthe First Prince
of Orange.
244 Frederic, Duke of Saxony,
by Holbein.
245 Philip, Archduke of
Austria, by the same.
246 Portrait of an English
Nobleman, with the St.
George, or Jewel of the
Order ofthe Garter.
247 Head, by Holbein.
248 A Father and two Sons
Praying, by the same.
249 A Head, by the same.
250 A Head, by the same.

Third compartment, right of entrance
251 Two Heads. A Study, by
A Sacchi.
252 Architecture, by Viviani.

253 St. Christopher, by M. A.
Buonarotti.
254 A Nativity.

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE  LIBRARY. 205

255 Ditto
266 The Flight into Egypt, by
Lanfranco.
257 Christ and Two Disciples
atEmmaus, by L. Caracci.
258 The Assumption of the
Virgin, with a View ofthe
City of Bologna, by A.
Caracci.
259 A Butcher's Shop, by the
same.1
260 Italian Buffoon Drinking,
by the same.
261 A Dead Christ foreshort
ened, by L. Caracci.
262 St. Francis in a Vision,
supported by Angels, by
A. Caracci.
263 Holy Family, by the same.
264 Octagonal Picture, on
black marble, by the same.
265 Head of Christ, by the
same.
266 The Good Samaritan, by
S.. Badolocchi.
267 The Conveying Christ to
the Tomb.
268 Head.
269 Head.
270 Head.
271 A Picture for an Altar-
piece, by Spagnoletto.
272 A Master and his Scholar,
by G. Douw.
273 A Landscape, by P. F.
Mola.
274 The Last Supper, a sketch,
by P. Mola.
275 A Landscape, bythesame.
276 Large Picture of Susannah
and the Elders, by A,
Caracci.

277 Nymph Bathing, on cop
per, by D. Arpino.
278 Adam and EveDriven from
Paradise, by the same.
279 A Martyrdom, (a sketch,)
by Vandyke.
280 Diana and Nymphs (a
sketch,) byN. del Abbate.
281 Raising of Lazarus.
282 A Pilgrim, half-length.
283 Holy Family, by B. Sche-
done, a scholar of the
Caracci.
284 Marriage of St. Katharine,
by the same.
285 The Entombing of Christ,
by the same.
286 The Burning of Troy, by
B. Van Orlay.
287 Portrait of Maria Robusti,
by P. Bourdon.
288 David and Goliah, (a
study,) by M. A. Buona-
rotti.
289 A Small Figure of Christ
bound.
290 A Nativity, by a Scholar
of Pietro Cortona, of the
Roman School, C. Ferri.
291 Cattle Driven off, and a
distant Fire : of the Ge
noese School, by G. Cas-
tiglione.
292 Subject unknown, by the
same.
293 Christ Driving the Cattle
out of the Temple, by the
same.
294 A Nativity, by C. Ferri.
295 A Figure representing
Ceres.

A Catalogue ofthe Pictures may be had ofthe Porter.

a The arfist has, in this picture, most successfully pourtrayed
the features of all the members of his family, in the garb of
butchers, to check the conceit of his mother who was exces
sively proud of her sons.

206 CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE  LIBRARY.
A whole-length marble statue of Locke, by
Roubillac, is on the elegant staircase leading to
the upper room : from here we have a good view
of the buildings of the College, through a window
opposite the landing. This elegant apartment is
142 feet long, by 30 broad, and 37 high, and is
richly ornamented with stucco on the ceiling and
walls; the festoons on the latter are particularly
graceful. It contains a valuable collection of
books in every department of literature, bequeathed
by various benefactors. Archbishop Wake, in
1737, left to the Society his library of many
thousand printed volumes, a collection of MSS.,
(among which are some Greek MSS. of the New
Testament,) numerous volumes of letters, &c, and
a cabinet of coins and medals.a Dr. Philip
Barton, canon, left by will, in 1765, his collection
of British, Anglo-Saxon, and English Coins,
including some valuable and rare specimens : and
Dr. Brown, regius professor of Hebrew, in 1780
bequeathed a collection of Arabic Coins, among
which are complete sets, both in gold and
* It must be remembered to Ms honour, that the first
person who exerted himself towards obtaining an adequate
supply of books for the use of this Society was Otho Nicholson,
the same generous person who conferred so signal a benefit on
the City, by erecting the curious Conduit which once stood at
Carfax, (but now adorning the pleasure-grounds of Nuneham, )
and used for the supply of spring water, obtained from
Hinksey Hill.
In Christ Church old Library (formerly a Chapel), near
the stone pulpit, is a small monument, containing an Inscrip
tion well worthy the inspection of a curious eye ; the year
of Our Lord being so promiscuously placed by capital letters,
as to make up the date above in gold letters, over which is a
coat-of-arms, being the same as that placed on each side ofthe
Conduit.

CHRIST CHURCH COLLEGE — LIBRARY. 207
silver, of the celebrated " Zodiac Coins," of
Hindostan." The arrangement of the interior of this magni
ficent apartment is both handsome and appro
priate. Besides the books, coins, and paintings,
the Library contains (in a recess,) a whole-length
marble figure, of Grecian work, representing a
woman and boy, of great elegance, which was
dug up near the town of Pella, in Macedonia,
and was presented in 1805, by A. Mackenzie,
student : also, a bronze bust of Marcus Modius,
a Greek physician, presented by Lord Frederick
Campbell : and, in the window-places, marble
busts of Seneca, Nero, Ceres, and Cicero. On no
occasion did this room present a more imposing
appearance than when, in 1814, the Allied
Sovereigns, with about nine hundred of the elite
of the Nobility and Gentry, partook of a breakfast
in it ; and afterwards the Prince Regent, (George
IV.,) held a Levee in the same apartment. On
leaving the Library, we turn to the right; adjoin
ing Peckwater on the east, is Canterbury Quad-

1 Dr. Burton, author of " The Anatomy of Melancholy,"
gave to the library many of his curious books, in all of which
his name is written with his own hand : Dr. Morris, regius
professor of Hebrew, left many rare and valuable oriental
books ; also a small annuity for the purchase of books ; and a
rent-charge of £5, for ever, to be paid to a Student (Master
of Arts,) who should deliver a Latin oration in praise of Sir
Thomas Bodley, before the Vice-Chancellor, 8sc, at the
annual visitation of the Bodleian Library, on the 8th of
November : Bishop Fell was a benefactor to the library, as to
every portion of the college, over which he so admirably pre
sided : Dean Aldrich bequeathed his library of Classical books
in 1710 : Dr. Stratford, canon, a lover and patron of English anti
quarian literature, bequeathed his collection of books in 1729 :
and Dr. Nicholson left some valuable books on Divinity, Sec.
t2

208 ORIEL COLLEGE.
rangle, formerly Canterbury College, or Hall."
This Court is principally devoted to the lodgings
of the undergraduate noblemen belonging to the
Society : its chief ornament is the stupendous
gateway, of the Doric order, forming a grand
entrance to the College; it was erected in 1778,
from a design by Mr. J. Wyatt.

The Visitor, who has accompanied us through
out our minute inspection of Christ Church
College, will leave it through Canterbury Gate,
and, proceeding a few yards on the left, cross the
street to
ORIEL COLLEGE."
Founded in 1326, by King Edward II.'
Foundation — A Provost, 18 Fellows, and 15 Exhibitioners.
There are also other Members not on the Foundation. The
number of Members on the College books is about 330.

1 Canterbury Hall was dedicated to the study of civil and
canon law. The celebrated Wycliffe is said to have been
waiden, and Sir Thomas More was a member at a later
period, having studied there under Linacre and Grocyn. The
establishment was founded in 1363, by Archbishop Islip, and
appears to have been chiefly intended as a nursery for the
monks of Chiist Church, Canterbuiy, until it came into the
possession of Henry VIII., who transferred it to the college.
Dean Brian Duppa repaired and fitted it up for the reception
of students ; and in that state it remained until the year 1773,
when the old buildings were removed, and the square was
re- constructed upon a new design, (as it now appears,) chiefly
through the princely munificence of Dr. Robinson, Lord
Rokeby, archbishop of Armagh, who gave more than £4000
for that purpose.
b Much curiosity has been excited, and several contra
dictory opinions advanced, respecting the etymology of the
word Ohiel. Some authors have derived it from oriolum, a

ORIEL COLLEGE. 209
Visitor — The Queen.
*** Pouter's Lodge— On the left ofthe entrance gateway.
Places chiefly worthy of inspection — The Chapel, Library, & Hall.
The following are u few of the Renowned Cliaracters who were
Members of this College — Sir Walter Raleigh ; Prynne
Chief Justice Holt ; Dr. Joseph Wharton, the accomplished
scholar and elegant critic, — brother of the learned anti
quary and poet, Mr. T. Wharton, of Trinity College ;
Bishops Pecock and Butler, the latter the profound author
of " The Analogy" ; Archbishop Arundel, a great benefactor
to the University ; and nearly twenty Prelates of distin
guished ability.
word frequently used for a porch or gateway ; others consider
it to have been derived from a more than usually splendid
eastern window, which formed a recess in the interior, and
rendered the building conspicuous from without. Chaucer
says, " In her oryall she was
Closyd well with royal glas :"
Some antiquaries considered it to be merely a corruption of
Aul-Royal, an opinion greatly corroborated by some early
deeds still extant, one of which describes the Society as
" Prepositus et scholares domus Beate Marie Oxon Collegii de
Oryell alias Aule Regalis vulgariter nuncupati :" — (The Provost
and Scholars of the House of the Blessed St. Mary at Oxford,
commonly called Oriel College, or hall royal.,) With res
pect to this point there still remains great scope for minute
investigation. 0 As there has been some confusion and inaccuracy in the
accounts given of this Society, in most of the popular works
relating to Oxford, it may not be considered unnecessary to
dwell somewhat minutely on its early history, and the several
sites occupied at various periods by the members.
Oriel College is one of the few in Oxford which it is usual
to describe as of royal foundation, though there is scarcely
one which can be strictly so considered : the case of Univer
sity College for a time remained very uncertain ; the claim of
Henry VIII. to that honour at Christ Church is founded on an
arbitrary usurpation ; and it was only by an act of courtesy
that Adam de Brom, who was the real founder of " the Scholars
of the House of St. Mary," (Oriel College,) transferred the
ultimate honour of its institution and endowment to his royal
patron, Edward II., as was customary in those times. Adam
de Brom's proper foundation was in 1324 : the King, however,
t3

210 ORIEL COLLEGE.
The Quadrangle of Oriel College was finished
about the year 1640. It contains, on the north
enlarged the original plan, and became the founder of the
present college, in 1326. Of the latter little can be said,
notwithstanding his benefactions ; it is therefore more parti
cularly of the former that we have to speak in connection
with the society of which he was the real and initiatory
founder. Adam de Brom was almoner to Edward II., (commonly
called Edward of Carnarvon, from the place of his birth,) ; in
addition to several offices of importance which he held, he was
Rector of St. Mary's at Oxford ; and being desirous of ex
tending the advantages of education in a place already
¦ devoted to the study of science and theology, he obtained, in
the year previously mentioned, a charter from his sovereign,
authorising the foundation of a college in honour of the
Virgin Mary. The unhappy distractions that prevailed
during the reign of this monarch, had their effect on De
Brom s new project. He required the means of carrying out
his design to the extent which he had contemplated ; and,
according to tradition, taking advantage of a vow which the
king had made in one of his extremities of distress, that he
would found a house to the honour of the Virgin, he proposed
to Edward (who was unable, under existing circumstances, to
complete his intention with suitable magnificence,) to
surrender to him his newly-endowed college. The King
readily adopted the plan of his almoner ; and by this arrange
ment both parties derived advantage : the college obtained
the benefit of the royal countenance, and such additional
revenue as the necessities of Edward would permit him to
bestow ; who thus fulfilled his promise to the Virgin, and
became the founder of an establishment dedicated to her
honour. The charter of the new foundation is dated January
21, 1326, and it considerably enlarges the powers originally
conferred on the Society, which was henceforth constituted a
perpetual college of divinity, and canon law ; and Adam de
Brom himself was appointed" the first governor, under the new
title of Provost : this second title, a Frenc'ii corruption of
prccpositus, was, perhaps, given to him on account of his being
already rector of the parish church of St. Maiy, then in the
patronage of the King. The first statutes, which are dated on
the same day, also emanated from the sovereign, and are
authenticated by the great seal of England. These statutes
follow the precedent of those of Walter de Merton, (over his
own college,) which appear to have formed the model for all
succeeding founders till the time of William of Wykeham.
Adam de Brom ably governed his new society, as Provost, for
six years ; he died in Oxford, June 16, 1332," and was buried

ORIEL COLLEGE. 211
side, part of the provost's lodgings ; on the east,
the Hall, and entrance into the Chapel, the latter
running eastward ; and on the south and west
in the Lady-Chapel on the north side of the present Uni
versity Church, where is his monumental staff of coarse marble,
elevated on an altar-tomb of freestone, but robbed of its
brasses. [This part of St. Mary's Church is now commonly
called Adam de Broni's Chapel, in consequence of its forming
his final resting-place.]
Considerable interest might be attached to this portion of
our subject, by pursuing the further history 'of this college
through the usurpation of the visitatorial power by the
Bishop of Lincoln ; and the subsequent restoration of the
royal authority in 1726, after a solemn argument in the Court
of Common Pleas ; but our limits will not admit of this, more
particularly as, having dilated at this length on the founda
tion of the college, it will be necessary to dwell slightly on
the seven sites occupied by the Society.
The ground for the first building of St. Mary's College, was
the gift of Adam de Brom himself. It was a spacious tene
ment, situated between the west side of St. Mary Hall-lane
(now Oriel-street,) and High-street, called Taekley's Inn or
Hall (from its founder, the rector of TaGkley,) though after
wards, when let by lease from Oriel College to a family ofthe
name of Bulkeley, it continued to be called Bulkeley Hall.
The ground is now occupied by the premises of Messrs. Slatter,
and Wheeler, in whose cellars the original crypt remains,
nearly perfect. The founder also purchased for the use of his
scholars an ancient hall beyond the north wall of the city,
called Perles or Perilous Hall (previously mentioned) ; but it is
not probable that his scholars ever inhabited it, on account of
its inconvenient distance from the college ; and it was rebuilt
from the foundation by Dr. Kettel, president of Trinity
College, and hence styled Kettel Hall.
Edward II., at the time he gave the statutes to the Society,
made a donation comprising the advowson of St. Mary's
Church, with all the rights and appurtenances thereunto
belonging, amongst which was The Manse, situated in the
parish. This consisted of what is now St. Mary Hall, and,
with some shops in High-street, formed the rectory, appointed
to be the habitation of the provost and fellows, who were,
however, by the statutes, allowed to occupy any other place,
provided they could acquire a better and more suitable one
" within the same parish." But to St. Mary's Manse, as to
Perilous Hall, it is extremely doubtful whether the members
ever removed from Taekley's Inn, as they had in view the
acquisition of a new property, on the site of which the college

212 ORIEL COLLEGE.
sides are apartments for the fellows, and other
members of the society. The roof of the gateway
is ornamented with the royal Arms of Charles I.,
and the other doors with the Arms of benefactors.
Northward of this quadrangle,21 there are two hand
some buildings ; that on the east erected at the
now stands, and from which it derives its name. This was a
splendid mansion, forming an angle between St. John (now
Merton) street and Schydyard* (now Oriel) street, called
Le Oriole, or "La Oriole Halle," the derivation of which has
been already mentioned. Of this they became possessed
through the munificence of Edward III., who may almost lay
claim to the title of a third founder. The mansion was in the
possession of Jacobus de Hispania, (James of Spain,) it having
been bestowed on him for life by Queen Eleanor of Castile,
mother of Edward II., (in honour of whom the Spanish pome
granate frequently appears in the decorations of the college,
as in St. Mary's "Church,) to whom he was chaplain. It is
more than probable that Adam de Brom, ever wary and
cautious, had made some previous arrangement with the
chaplain ; for in the year 1327, the first of his reign, King
Edward III. (who, in his grant, recognises his father as the
founder of the college,) granted a reversion ofthe property to
the Society ; and in 1328, Jacobus de Hispania made over his
life-interest; the college thus becoming the absolute possessors
of the fee. Edward III., in compliance with the bequest of
Adam de Brom, likewise gave to the college (in 1326,) the
hospital of St. Bartholomew, near Oxford, (which had been
founded for lepers by Henry I.,) with all its appurtenances,
chiefly as a place of retirement in case of the plague. There
are still visible some interesting remains of this hospital.
From this period the Society was aided by numerous
valuable benefactions, and at the present time its influence is
scarcely inferior to that of any college in the University.
The buildings of Oriel College in comparison with the original
foundation, are, without exception, of modern date, principally
of the 17th century.
* In addition to the one large quadrangle of this college,
there is a second or inner one formed of distinct and irregular
buildings : the one on the eastern side was built in 1719, by
Dr. John Robinson, bishop of London, who caused the
[• Schydyard-street " mens Schediaslicorum," (afterwards St. Mary Hall-
lane, from the hall therein situated, and now Oriel -street, from the
college,) was thus styled from the writers and transcribers of" Schedes,"
(sheets, or books,) who lived in it.]

ORIEL COLLEGE — LIBRARY. 213
expense of Bishop Robinson, and the correspond
ing one on the west side, built in 1729, by the
munificence of Dr. George Carter, provost of the
College, who bequeathed his whole fortune for this
purpose, and for other benefits to the Society.
Between these two buildings stands
The Library, built in 1788, after a design of
Wyatt, and considered to be one of the most
perfect pieces of architecture in Oxford. The
front, with equal grandeur and simplicity, exhibits
only the Ionic order ; all the parts are very com
manding, the ornaments few, and the whole
harmonious. This Library contains a good col
lection of books : to those originally belonging to
it has been added a very curious and valuable
collection by the bequest of the late Baron
Edward Leigh, of Stoneleigh, in Warwickshire, at
one time a nobleman of Oriel College, and after
wards High Steward of the University.3 Here is
preserved a Manuscript Commentary on the Book
of Genesis, written in the 14th century, b by John
following inscription, in Runic characters, to be placed on the
front wall : — " Madr el moldvr avki."
Which, translated, implies,
Man is but a heap of dust.
- Baron Leigh died in 1786 ; and the expenses of the
library (which was commenced in 1788,) were supplied by
the subscriptions of the provost, fellows, and other members
of the society, and of the Honourable Mrs. Leigh, his lord
ship's sister. This is the third library erected in the college ;
the first in 1444, the second in 1637. The interior of the
present building is not so much admired as the external
elevation. b The curious investigator will find among the old books in
the library a very extensive collection of the woi'ks of William
Prynne, the well-known antiquary, and most literate of the
republican party in the Great Rebellion, presented by himself

214 ORIEL COLLEGE — HALL.
Capgrave, an Augustinian monk, of Canterbury.
The two elegant pillars in this room are much
admired. The following Portraits decorate the
walls: — Dr. George Morley, bishop of Winches
ter ; Dr. Thomas Kenn, bishop of Bath and
Wells ; and Dr. Seth Ward, bishop of Salisbury.
A handsome Common-Room is under the
library : this room is adorned with Portraits of —
Dr. Eveleigh, provost, by Hoppner; Dr. Cople-
ston, late provost, and bishop of Llandaff, by
Phillips ; and Sir William Seymour, late Puisne
Judge in the Bombay Court, and formerly a
member of the College. Here is also a picture,
by Vasari, representing the Italian writers —
Guido, Cavalcanti, Dante, Boccaccio, Petrarch,
Politian, and M. Ficinus — the gift of James
Clutterbuck Smith, Esq.
The Hall is approached by a grand flight of
steps opposite the college entrance, and an em
battled portico, which is decorated with the
statues of the Virgin and Child, and of Kings
Edward II. and III., in canopied niches; above
these, a circular pediment, supported by pilasters,
and decorated with vases, rises before the roof.
The porch was formerly adorned with open work,
representing the words " Regnante Carolo." The
Hall, completed in 1637, is 50 feet long and 20
wide, and is fitted up with a handsome wainscot,

to this college, of which he had been a member ; and among
the number a copy of his Parliamentary Records, of which
only twenty-three copies were saved from the Fire of London ;
the sum paid for the three volumes, at the sale of the late
Duke of Sussex, was £155.

J)raMnk£n^d by J.kS 'S.

FOUJKJDEm'S CFE
(?r~ij&Z College J

Zcruicn^iJ 5 ftFi.u'Tz.byShtrHacZ.ZTieb, i-J.

ORIEL COLLEGE — CHAPEL. 215
and an entablature of the Doric order. At the
upper end is a Portrait of Edward II., enthroned,
by Hudson ; to the right is that of Queen Anne,
by Dahl ; on the left, the Duke of Beaufort, in
his parliamentary robes, with a negro servant
bearing his coronet, by Soldi. In one of the
windows are the Arms and motto of Pierrepoint,
Duke of Kingston.*
The two celebrated Oriel Cups are said to have
been given for the use of the Hall ; one by King
Edward II. , the other by Bishop Carpenter; the
latter is a very beautiful cocoa-nut, set in silver-
gilt. They are most splendid specimens of ancient
plate; and may be seen on application to the
butler. The Chapel was completed in 1642. In 1677,
the high Altar was paved with black and white
marble ; and in the following year it was repaired
and improved in consequence of the legacies of
Samuel Short and Charles Perrot, fellows of the
College : it was again cleaned and repaired in
1833. The east window, painted by Peckitt of
York, from a design by the ingenious Dr. Wall,
(said to have been one of the best painters in the
kingdom,) represents " The Presentation of Our
Saviour in the Temple." The Chapel contains
some fine monuments. An eagle of brass, given
by Mr. Naper, in 1654, stands in the Ante-
Chapel. North of Oriel College, is
a A grand f§te was celebrated at this college on the 15th of
June, 1826, to commemorate the five-hundredth anniversary
of its foundation.

216 ST. MARY HALL.
ST. MARY HALL.
Founded in 1333, by Edward II.»
Visitoii — The Vice-Chancellor ofthe University.
*„* Pouter's Lodge — First door on the left.
Several Renowned Characters have, at various periods, been
Members of this Hall; among them, were — Principal William
Allyn, in the reign of Queen Mary, canon of York, and of
the churches of Cambray and Rheims, created cardinal of
St. Martin "in montibus" by Pope Sixtus V., two years
afterwards became archbishop of Mechlin in Brabant, died
October 6, 1594, and buried in the chapel of the English
College, at Rome, being at the time librarian to the
Vatican; Sir Thomas More, Sir C. Hatton, Sandys, and
Fulwell, poets ; William Crosse, translator of " Sallust,"
&c. ; and several others.
The buildings of this Hall comprise a Quad
rangle, (having a grass-plot in the centre,) formed
by the principal's Lodgings on the north; the
Hall and Chapel on the south ; and on the east
and west by apartments for the members.
The Chapel was built in 1640, at the expense
of several benefactors. b In it is a curious epitaph
1 St. Mary Hall was formerly a tenement given by Henry
Kelpe, a citizen of Oxford, in 1239, to the rector of St. Mary's
Church and his successors; it continued to be the parson
age-house of the rectors till Edward II. , in 1325, gave the
church with all its appurtenances, to the provost and fellows
of Oriel College, who, in 1333, converted it into an Academ
ical Hall. An enlargement of the buildings took place about
the time of Edward IV., when Bedell Hall was added to it.
The first schools of literature undoubtedly existed at this spot,
which, from the attention paid to the study of the law at
those periods, bore the name of the great law school. The
establishment consists of a principal, vice-principal, and about
forty other members.
b John Oswald, bishop of Raphoe, gave £100, in 1777, for
repairing and ornamenting the chapel. The Hall has also
been aided by other benefactions. Dr. Thomas Dyke, founded

ST. MARY HALL. 217
on Dr. William King, formerly a principal of this
Hall, drawn up by himself. He was buried in
Ealing Church, Middlesex, but ordered his heart
to be preserved in this Chapel.
In the Refectory, which is the most antiquated
portion of the edifice, are the Arms of recent
benefactors, well executed in stained glass, by
Russell, of St. Clement's, under the direction of
a late principal and vice-principal. In the first
compartment of the east window is a figure of the-
Virgin and Child, from a design by Raffaelle.a

Returning past Oriel College, at the end of the
street, opposite Canterbury (Christ Church) gate,
we cross the road to

four scholarships in 1677; having remained in abeyance for
some time, they are now again open for competition, for
inhabitants of the county of Somerset. The celebrated
Dr. King, assisted by others, rebuilt the whole east side of
the quadrangle after an uniform plan. Dr. Thomas Nowell,
public orator of the University, likewise contributed a build
ing fund for the service of the Hall. The principal's lodgings
were improved (as they now exist,) at a vast expense, by the
late amiable principal, Dr. Hampden.
a St. Mary Hall was originally a tenement inhabited by
burgesses of the town ; it afterwards became the Manse belong
ing to St. Mary's Church, and continued in the occupation of
the incumbents of the same church, until both the one and the
other were, with some houses opposite, made over to Oriel
College in 1325. It is not at all clear at what period this Hall
became a house for students, independent of Oriel, although
the date of 1333 is given ; the List of principals generally com
mences with William Croten, in 1436 ; the buildings were
undoubtedly enlarged by the addition of another hall adjoin
ing, called Bedell Hall, in the reign of Henry VI. : the stu
dents were not previously so numerous as to require a distinct
principal, but were considered as members of Oriel College,
and consequently under the superintendence of the jirovost of
that society.

218 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.

CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.8
Founded in 1516, by Richard Fox, bishop of Winchester,
ahd Lord Privy Seal in the reign of Henry VIH.b
a The charter of this foundation (dated from the episcopal
palace, at Wolvesey Castle, near Winchester, March 8, 1517,)
recites that the college is founded " to the praise and honour
of God Almighty, the most holy body of Christ," &c, for one
president and thirty scholars ; or more or less according to
certain statutes to be provided. This foundation acquired a
rapid celebrity throughout the entire extent of Europe. The
founder originally intended his college only as a seminary for
the Priory of St. Swithin, at Winchester ; but he was dis
suaded from this design by his friend Oldham, bishop of Exeter,
who foresaw the destruction that was about to overwhelm the
monastic establishments.
b Bishop Fox and Cardinal Wolsey close the long list of
opulent prelates, who bestowed their wealth for the benefit of
future generations. The six colleges founded after the re
formation, are chiefly indebted to public-spirited laymen for
their existence and support ; but the name of Richard Fox,
the founder of Corpus Christi College, is closely connected
with those of Walter de Merton, Wykeham, Chichele, and
Waynflete ; like them, he possessed talents which qualified
him for the highest employments in church and state, and,
consequently, recommended him to the confidence of his sove
reign. Prelate, statesman, architect, soldier, herald, and
diplomatist, he appears to have combined extraordinary
powers and capacities. The defence of his castle of Norham,
against James IV. of Scotland, and his attendance on Henry
VIII., in that monarch's expedition into France, where he
was present at the capture of Seroiiane, evince his military
skill ; from his admirable arrangement of public pageantries,
he was often employed to superintend the court ceremonials ;
whilst a witness of his literary and diplomatic capabilities is
extant in a clever letter, (printed by Sir Henry Ellis,) ad
dressed to the Pope, by Henry VII., and supposed to have
been written by Bishop Fox.
This eminent prelate was born near Grantham, in Lincoln
shire, and educated at Magdalene College, Oxford ; but being
compelled by the plague to leave this University, he entered
at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, of which Society he afterwards
became master. Having been introduced to the Earl of
Richmond, (afterwards Henry VII.,) his business abilities
soon gained him the confidence of that prince. When the
battle of Bosworth had placed Henry on the English throne,
the rise of Fox was as rapid as it was deserved. He was
promoted first to Exeter, then to Bath and Wells, then to

CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE. 219
Foundation— A President, 20 Fellows, 20 Scholars, 4 Ex
hibitioners, and 2 Chaplains. There are also other Members
not on the Foundation.' The number of Members on the
College books is about 134.
Visitor— The Bishop of Winchester.
*«* Porter's Lodge — Right ofthe entrance gateway.
Places worthy of inspection— The Chapel and Hall.
Among the Renowned Characters who were Members of this
College, were— Bishop Jewel; Dr. Richard Pocock, the
oriental traveller; Twyne, the antiquary; "Judicious"
Hooker; Cardinal Pole; the " ever - memorable" John
Hales; Dr. Jackson, the eminent theological writer; the
present bishops of Exeter and Llandaff; and it may ex
clusively claim one well-known throughout the world as

Durham, and, in 1500, to Winchester : he continued in favour
with Henry till the death of the latter, and was appointed one
of the executors to his will, as he had before been selected as a
sponsor to his son, afterwards Henry VHI. On the accession
of the latter, Fox appears to have lost his influence ; for in
1515 he retired from the court altogether, a step by no means
imprudent, considering the fate of Henry's after favourites.
From the period of his retirement from more public life,
\ Bishop Fox appears to have devoted his time and means to
the service of God, and the welfare of his fellow creatures.
His generosity induced him to expend large sums in the
improvement and adornment of his episcopal palace, cathe
dral church, and other places; and, besides endowing free
schools at Taunton in Somersetshire, and at Grantham in
Lincolnshire, he founded Corpus Christi College in this Uni
versity. Having established this on a permanent basis, he
watched over it with parental care, and had the satisfaction
of living many years to witness its prosperity ; at length,
oppressed with age and infirmities, (having entirely lost his
sight for some years,) he sank into the grave, September 14,
1528, and was buried with great solemnity at Winchester, in
a sepulchral chapel erected by himself. The extent of his
munificence may be ascertained in the fact that two hundred
and twenty persons were fed every day at his table, to each of
whom he left maintenance for a year after his decease,
besides £20, no inconsiderable sum in those days.
a There is an express regulation of the founder, that there
shall be six gentlemen- commoners only.
u2

220 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE.
the successful cultivator of modern science, that ingenious
geologist and most agreeable companion, Dr. William
Buckland, who resided constantly within these walls, till
his promotion to a canonry at Christ Church College.
The entrance to Corpus (as it is usually called,)
is under a square tower, in the front of which are
three unoccupied niches, with rich canopies.
The beautiful tracery of the vaulted roof of the
Gateway must not be passed over without inspec
tion. The Quadrangle is 100 feet by 80 ; in the
centre is an ancient and curious cylindrical dial,
constructed, in 1605, by Charles Turnbull, M.A.,
fellow of the College. Opposite the entrance is
an elegant statue of the founder, with the crozier
and mitre, under a rich Gothic canopy. On the
left of the Quadrangle is the Hall ; on the right
are the rooms of the scholars; and in front a
portion of the president's lodgings, over which is
the Library; the Chapel is in the south-east
corner, the entrance being in the passage dividing
the large Quadrangle from the cloisters (built by
Dr. Turner, and used as a sepulture,) and the New
Building ; this latter is a handsome pile, called
Turner's Building, containing sets of fellows'
rooms, and so called from the president, Thomas
Turner, who erected it in 1706, at an expense of
six thousand pounds : the design is said to have
been given by Dean Aldrich; it is a beautiful
piece of architecture presenting a frontage of 119
feet; the central pediment is supported by four
plain Ionic pilasters; and the basement story
being devoid of rustic work, heightens the elegant
simplicity of the elevation. In the centre of this

CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE— CHAPEL. 221
building is an entrance to the College Garden,
which, though small, has a good view into the
meadows belonging to the College, the whole
being bounded by the Broad Walk and Avenue
of Christ Church ; and the Cathedral is also seen
from hence to great advantage. On the terrace
of Corpus garden may also be seen traces of the
old City Walls of Oxford, which form a boundary
between the College and the garden of the
Margaret Professor of Divinity.
The Chapel, built by the founder, remained in
its original state until 1 676, when it was fitted up
as it now appears, though it has lately been
cleaned and the gilding restored. The Inner-
Chapel is 70 feet in length, and 25 in breadth.
The roof is now extremely elegant, being arched
and oak-panelled, with moulded ribs, large carved
bosses, charged with Christian Emblems, and the
Arms of the Founder, the whole pricked out in
gold and party colours. There are many monu
ments in this Chapel to the memory of dis
tinguished members of the College; — those to
Presidents Rainolds and Spencer are particularly
antique; they are built correspondent to, and
situated opposite each other : the figures are
habited in scarlet robes, and each has a book in
one hand resting on a handsome cushion. The
Screen is of cedar, having on it full-sized carved
fio-ures of the Evangelists. Over the altar is a
beautiful painting of The Adoration, by Rubens,
presented in 1804, by Sir R. Worsley, formerly a
member of the College ; it cost £2500, and was
once the property of the Prince of Conde. This
u3

222 CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE  LIBRARY.
was placed here to the exclusion of a very beautiful
copy, by Pompeio Battoni, of Guido's Annuncia
tion, the gift of Sir Christopher Willoughby, of
Baldon House, Oxfordshire, to the church of
which parish it has been removed.
The Library, extending in a line with the
Chapel along the whole south side of the Quad
rangle, forms a part of the founder's original
design." The roof appears to be a continuation
of that of the Chapel, on which the west end
looks down, the latter being furnished as a pew
for the president's family. This Library possesses
a treasure of curious printed books and manu
scripts, both on vellum and paper, in fine preser
vation. Among the latter is an ancient History
of the Bible, in French, beautifully illuminated,
in two vols, folio, given by General Oglethorpe;
there is also an English Bible, said to be prior to
that of WyclifFe ; and a parchment roll, contain
ing the pedigree of the Royal Family, from
Alfred to Edward VI., with their Arms blazoned
and signed by the Kings-at-Arms. The Aldine
Classics, collected by the founder, are inestimable ;
the manuscripts of the antiquaries Twyne and
Fulman ; the edition of " Cicero de Officiis,"
printed on vellum, in 1466, and many other
works, are of great antiquarian estimation. The
Screen over the door is ornamented with the

- Bishop Fox, the founder ; Bishop Oldham ; Claymond ;
Dr. Rainolds ; Brian Twyne ; Dr. Turner ; John Rosewell,
B.D. ; William Creed, a fellow ; Dr. HaUifax, a fellow;
Henry Lord Coleraine ; Dr. Bentham ; and Dr. Randolph,
president from 1748 to 1783; were all benefactors to this
valuable library.

ililliljliillililliill   II

~__~ :;!i|

J}ra\ft kZry'r by S.S.Smrer.
Zcn&fuJijb f* June i. z8zz by SJurwetAJVecty. & Jones.

CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE  HALL. 223
Arms of the Founder, and at the upper and
lower ends are two ancient portraits of him:
there is another, after he had lost his sight, in the
gallery which leads from the president's lodgings
to the chapel ; this was executed by Corvus, a
Flemish painter ; it was cleaned and restored by
John Hooker, of Exeter, in 1579, and afterwards
engraved for Fiddes' Life of Wolsey. In the
same gallery are the portraits of the Seven
Bishops who were committed to the Tower by
James II. ; these interesting pictures were pre
sented to the College a few years since, by John
Ireland, Esq., of Oxford.*
The Hall is much admired for its elegant
carving, and still displays much of its ancient
magnificence, particularly its venerable timber
roof, (considered a genuine specimen of late per
pendicular work,) louvre, and north window; but
in 1700, many ofthe heraldic embellishments dis
appeared, the windows were modernized, and the
walls lined anew with wainscot oak. The dimen
sions of the room are 50 by 25 feet, with' a
corresponding height: it contains the following
portraits :
The Right Rev. Dr. Copleston, bishop of Llandaff; Lord
Stowell ; Dr. Burgess, the late bishop of Salisbury ;
Bishop Fox, the founder, on panel; the late Lord Ten-
terden ; Oldham, bishop of Exeter ; and T. G. Buckn3ll-
Estcourt, D.C.L., one of the late representatives of the
University in Parliament.
a There is also here a fine old portrait, on panel, of Richard
Pate, Esq., a benefactor to the college, and founder of a free
school, at Cheltenham : he died in 1588, aged 73 ; and there
is a monument to his memory in Gloucester Cathedral, which
was renewed a century after his death, at the expense of the
college.

224 MERTON COLLEGE.
In the Common-Room is a handsome bust of
Dr. King, late bishop of Rochester, by Chantrey;
a fine portrait of the Founder ; one of Dr. Cooke,
late president ; and two excellent drawings of the
beautiful Shrine of the Founder, in Winchester
Cathedral. This Society possesses, the Crozier of the
Founder, (being one of the three croziers preserved
in Oxford,) which, although more than 300 years
old, is in a perfect state; it is 6 feet long, of
silver-gilt, splendidly ornamented. They are also
in possession of his gold sacramental plate ; a
curious silver-gilt salt-cellar; srome finger-rings;
crucifixes ; spoons ; a pix of exquisite beauty ; &c.
On leaving Corpus Christi College, we turn to
the right, and passing the entrance to Merton
Grove, (opposite Grove Street, leading to the
High Street,) we arrive at
MERTON COLLEGE.8
Founded in 1274, by Walter de Merton, Bishop of Roches
ter", and Lord High Chancellor of England.
* Some little attention may well be bestowed on the history
of this college, which is interesting as being the first offshoot
from the strictly Monastic establishments to the Educational,
now usually termed the Collegiate, and was the primary model
of that body in Oxford and Cambridge. These, as they have
grown up within the Universities, have given a most decided
cast to the education of the upper classes of England. The
distinction between the College and the Monastery may be
thus briefly explained : the object of the former is study, and
the acquirement of knowledge ; of the latter, total retirement
from the world and devotion to God. The latter imposed
a vow, or " religion," whence the monks were called " re
ligious;" and a "rule," binding for life, from which they
were termed " regular." The students of the College lived
under discipline, but no vow bound them to remain longer
than they pleased. In short, the College was intended to

MERTON COLLEGE. 225
Foundation— A Warden, 24 Fellows, 14 Postmasters," 4
Scholars, 2 Chaplains, and 2 Clerks. There are also other
Members not on the Foundation. The number of Members
on the College books is 169.
Visitor — The Archbishop of Canterbury.
*»* Porter's Lodge — Left of the entrance gateway.
prepare the clergy for active service ; the Monastery to seclude
them for an unchanging life of religious worship. Before
Walter de Merton's time the learning of the University was
entirely in the hands of the monks, and even the parish
clergy had become miserably ignorant. No encouragement
was there here for poor scholars. But this universal benefac
tor was the first who designed the plan for improving the
parish clergy (or seculars, as they were called,) ; and having
devoted the whole of his inheritance to this purpose, first
founded his college on his principal estate at Maldon, near
Kingston, Surrey, about the year 1264. The scholars were
then accustomed to ride up to Oxford, to attend the Schools,
and take degrees ; but finding this plan inconvenient, Walter
de Merton purchased houses in Oxford, (and Cambridge,
in case Oxford should prove less desirable,) and finally con
veyed hither the whole establishment from Maldon, and
created a body of scholars, (living together under the care of a
warden,) whose object was theological study. The elder
were charged with the discipline and teaching of the younger,;
their property was managed by the intervention of a steward,
or bursar ; and their numbers were replenished as vacancies
occurred. The religious duties of the house were not, as
in Monasteries, the business of the monks, but of certain
chaplains, who, no doubt, had the pastoral superintendence of
the whole body.
Notwithstanding this improvement in the general system,
there was still no idea of the College becoming an educating
body till after the Reformation, when the fellows began
to take pupils, who were called fellow-commoners ; and the
custom increased until Archbishop Laud required every mem
ber of the University to be enrolled in some college or hall,
which statute has brought the present inimitable system into
practice, and transformed the colleges, (i. e. the governing
bodies,) from bodies using a founder's alms to maintain them
in a life of study, into bodies receiving the youth of the
nation within their walls, and giving them education. And
no one can doubt the important office that they still fulfil, for
the benefit of both Church and State ; nor can any one fail to
see how quickly they have, and ever must, (whether for good
1 Postmasters. (See next page.)

226 MERTON COLLEGE.
Places chiefly worthy of inspection — The Chapel and Hall.
Among the Renowned Characters who were Members of this
College, were — Wycliffe, the reformer ; Sir Henry Saville,
founder of the astronomical professorship ; Dr. W. Harvey,
the celebrated discoverer of the circulation of the blood ;
Robert Devereux, earl of Essex ; Anthony a Wood, the
antiquary j6 Sir Richard Steele ; Duns Scotus, father of the
sect of Realists ; &c, &c.
or for evil,) sway the destinies of the Nation and of the
Church. The records of the further progress of this college, and of
the founder's life, are so numerous, that it is quite beyond
the extent of our present work to give even a further sketch
of either.
The buildings of Merton College, however, exhibit the
growth of the Collegiate system, in an admirable light. The
scholars of the 13th century, slept in one dormitory, took all
their meals in one refectory, and probably studied together,
until the library was built in 1384. The founder's kin were
educated in the adjoining Hall (St. Alban's,). The post
masters, added in 1380, inhabited the building opposite the
gate, until 1600, when Sir Henry Saville built the new quad
rangle for the fellows, thirteen of whom were intended to
have each his postmaster in the room under him. The old
quadrangles were then appropriated to the B.A. fellows, and
the independent members, who were first admitted to study
in the reign of Elizabeth, but shortly afterwards again dis
missed, as injurious to strict discipline. They were chiefly
men of high rank, and commoned with the fellows, whence
they obtained the title of fellow-commoner, now nearly super
seded by that of gentleman-commoner.
a An addition to the foundation of Merton College was
made in 1380, by Dean Willyott, who gave exhibitions for
the maintenance of twelve (since increased by Dr. Chamber
to 14,) poor scholars, called Postmasters (portionista), who
remained only during their pupilage, and never became part
of the governing body ; they resided, as already stated, in the
house exactly opposite the college gate, famed as the birth
place of Anthony a Wood, the historian and biographer of
Oxford. It may be interesting, and it is certainly curious,
by way of contrast, to state that the postmasters anciently
performed the duties of choristers, and that their payment for
this duty was six shillings and fourpence per annum ; whilst
the allowance to the scholars, in 1274, was fifty shillings
yearly, which provided for all necessaries, lodgings excepted.
b Anthony a Wood, one of the brightest luminaries of past
ages, equally an honour to the city that gave him birth, as to

MERTON COLLEGE. 227
The beautifully-sculptured Gateway of this
College has over it an embattled Tower, orna
mented with the statues of Henry III. and
Walter de Merton, under Gothic canopies.3
Merton College consists of three distinct Courts
or Quadrangles. The first comprehends the Hall
on the south; the Chapel on the west; the en
trance gateway, porter's lodge, and chambers for
the members on the north; and the warden's
lodgings on the east.
A noble archway which connects the warden's
lodgings with the Hall, opens into the second or
great Quadrangle. It exhibits a fair specimen of
the mixed Gothic and Grecian architecture of that
period. Its extent is 110 feet by 100, and is

the college of which he was so distinguished a member, was
born in 1632, in the little stone house opposite the great gate
of Merton College. Having received the first part of his
education at Thame, and New College school, he was, in
1647, admitted a postmaster of Merton. His turn of mind
was soon displayed in favour of ancient literature and history,
to the study of which he devoted his whole life. His in
defatigable industry appears not only in those valuable works
the " Athene," and the " Historia et Antiuuitates Uni
versitatis Oxon," but also in the ample collection of MSS.,
which he bequeathed by his will to lie Ashmolean Museum.
For the compilation of these he was indulged with an oppor
tunity of perusing the original records of the University and
City, of which he was so faithful a copyist, that whoever
follows him in his researches will have just reason to admire
his accuracy and care. To his unwearied diligence he united
a natural propensity to discover, and an undaunted spirit to
speak the Truth. He had a sincere abhorrence of everything
mean or servile ; and if he is at any time guilty of misrepre
senting the characters of others, it is entirely owing to his
having first been deceived himself. He lies buried in Merton
College ante-chapel, under this short but expressive inscrip
tion : — " Antonius a Wood, antiquarius, ob. Nov. 29, 1695."
* The gateway and tower remain as built in 1416, by
Bishop Redburne, warden of the college.

228 MERTON COLLEGE.
occupied solely by the Fellows. At the south
end of this Court is the entrance to the Gardens ;
the old City Wall bounds them on two sides, and
affords an excellent terrace walk. The Gardens,
or Grove, as they are usually termed, are in them
selves extremely pleasant, and form an agreeable
retreat. On the south of the Chapel is- a smaller Court,
communicating with the other two, which at an
early period obtained the name of the Mob Quad
rangle, and is the most perfect specimen of the
ancient Quadrangle in Oxford.3 It has not been
much altered since 1384, when the Library/
which occupies two sides of it, was erected. Over
the passage into this Court is the Treasury, or
Exchequer, built by the founder : it is entirely of
stone, and is the oldest apartment of its kind in
the University. It is still used for the college
documents, and, therefore, is not opened to
strangers.

¦ The Mob Quadrangle is said to have been built by
William Rede, fellow of the college, and afterwards bishop of
Chichester. Some fragments of painted glass, on which the
• Holy Lamb is represented, in allusion to St. John the Baptist,
remain in the more ancient windows ofthe library.
b This room, being the earliest of its kind, has furnished
the model for similar rooms in Oxford. Before it was built,
the books were kept in chests, of which catalogues remain.
After its erection it became the regular study of the college.
Each book was chained, and was made use of on the spot, for
which purpose oaken benches were erected. The chains were
not removed till about 1780 : one is left as a specimen. The
MSS. are about four hundred, many of great value, and
interesting as showing the studies of former ages. The most
curious printed books are Caxton's " Chaucer," and Wynkyn
de Worde's " Legenda Angliae." The contrast between the
library, finished in 1369, and that of Christ Church, is very
striking. Strangers, who delight in the study of antiquities,

MERTON COLLEGE  CHAPEL. 229
The Chapel3 (which is also the Church of St.
John's parish,b) is a noble Gothic edifice: the
Tower, rising from the centre of the cross aisle
and supported by a body of grand piers, contains
eight finely-toned bells ; it is not only a beautiful

will, with peculiar pleasure, visit the room in which our
learned Oxford antiquary, Anthony a Wood, passed much
of his time, and probably gained much of his information.
Wood tells us that the visitors appointed in the reign of
Edward VI. took away " a cart-load of manuscripts, and
above," from this library, several of which were on mathe
matical subjects. He calls these destroyers of literature,
" ignorant and zealous coxcombs ;" and informs us, that after
their purgation had taken place, " there was seldom seen any
thing in the University but books of poetry, grammar, idle
songs, and frivolous stuff," during the whole of the reign
of Edward VI.
3 The University sermon is preached in this chapel on
St. Philip and St. James, and on the first Sunday in August.
The chapel is parochial as well as collegiate, according to
the original appropriation to the Society. It was granted
to the founder in 1265, by the Benedictine Monks of Reading
Abbey. In this grant was included the cemetery and the
piece of ground westward, now called the " Grove." St.
Mary's Chapel, adjoining the church, is a very ancient
structure, successively a chantry or vestry, a chapel, and a
brewery. This appears to have been the lady-chapel of the
old church ; it was instituted by Robert de Ireng, the fifth
warden of the Society ; he died in 1356, and was buried in
the collegiate chapel. Many of the brasses of the chapel had
been pilfered from the monuments in 1659, by the workmen
employed in the repairs ; but care has been taken by the
Society to preserve most of the slabs and fragments, which
are now in the transept and ante-chapel. It may here be
noted that the simple monument to the memory of Anthony
a Wood has recently been restored, with laudable propriety,
to its original station near the north door, where many of his
family, as well as himself, were buried. The consummate
skill and judgment manifested in finishing the Tower, so as to
adapt it to the other parts of the building, can only be dis
covered by a, minute inspection and examination of the
external masonry.
b The parochial duties of the church are discharged by one
of the chaplains of the college ; and one portion of the
chapel is reserved for the interment of the parishioners.

230 MERTON COLLEGE  CHAPEL.
structure in itself, but bears its full proportion
to the magnificence which Oxford displays when
viewed from various points in its vicinity ; and a
ceiling has been removed that covered the ancient
oak-groined ceiling now appearing, and which,
with the gallery erected around it for the ringers,
adds much to the beauty of the Chapel. The two
transepts have lately been newly roofed. The
Choir has seven windows on each side, decorated
with paintings of Saints, Martyrs, &c. : these,
and their associated decorations, display no com
mon degree of splendour. The architecture of
the east window, called the Catherine-wheel win
dow, is much admired; it is the pride of the
Chapel; possessing uncommon beauty, from the
proportion of its parts, the fancy of its tracery,
and the attractive effect of its whole design :
its paintings, in six compartments, representing
the principal events in the Life of Christ, were
executed by W. Price, in 1700. The Altar-
piece is a painting of the Crucifixion, by Tintoret,
the gift of John Skip, Esq., of Ledbury, formerly
a gentleman-commoner of the College. Under
this window, and along the side walls of the
Chancel, is some ancient tapestry in good pre
servation, representing the Story of Esther and
Ahasuerus. Adjacent to the Altar are the monu
ments of Sir Henry Saville, and Sir Thomas
Bodley, the founder of the Bodleian Library:
and near the entrance of the Choir is a handsome
monument erected to the memory of Dr. Wintle
an! his Sister; and the fine Monumental Cross
spjken of by Gough and Chalmers. In the

Merton college — ante-chapel, hall. 231
Ante-Chapel are monuments to the memory
of Anthony a Wood, the antiquary ; Henry
Jackson ; Nathaniel Wight ; Richard Lydall ;
John Whitfield 5 &c.
The Hall is a spacious room, with little deco
ration.3 In the windows some of the ancient Arms
are still preserved ; the door is very ancient, and
the hinges are made to spread over it, so as to
form a flourishing ornament, which was the mode
of decoration before the introduction of panelling
in the fourteenth century. The Hall contains a
good portrait of Walter de Merton, the founder :
under this picture is a tablet stating that the
Emperor of Russia and his Sister resided at this
College, (in the Warden's lodgings,) when they
visited the University in 1814; there are also
portraits of the Hon. Shute Barington, late bishop
of Durham, Mr. Justice Rooke, (both of whom
were members of this College,) and Bishop
Jewel. The lower end is occupied by a large

a This room has sometimes been honoured with the presence
of royalty. Queen Catherine of Arragon, and Queen Eliza
beth, were both entertained at dinner in it ; the former in
1518, the latter in 1592.
A curious custom was formerly kept up at this college,
called Merton Black Night ; a species of diversion observed
when the dean kept the bachelors at disputations till twelve
at night. It consisted in breaking open the buttery and
kitehen doors, rifling them of their stores, and making merry
with the spoil. The origin of this practice is said to have
been an unlucky answer made by Johannes Duns Scotus,
father of the sect of Realists, and at the time dean of the
college, to Gulielmus Occham, father of the Nominalists, and
then a bachelor-fellow of the same Society. Occham, after a
hot dispute with the dean, in which the latter is said to have
been worsted, being an inferior, at parting submitted himself
with the rest of the bachelors to the dean, in this form :
" Domine, quid faciemus ?" as if begging punishment for
x2

232 MERTON COLLEGE — HALL.
historical painting, representing the founder sit
ting in his episcopal robes and mitre, and pointing
to a view of his college : on the right is Minerva
introducing a youth holding a book : to the left
stand Religion and Prudence, behind which are
two Monks retiring, with countenances expressive
of malignity and indignation : in the upper part
are two winged figures bearing a laurel wreath
and a scroll, containing the names of R. Bacon,
Scotus, Wyclifle, Linacre, Jewel, Bodley, Saville,
and Harvey, who had been distinguished members
of this College : at the bottom are inscriptions
informing us that Dr. J. Wall was the painter
and the donor of this picture.3
In the elegant Gothic Hall of the Warden's
lodgings is a splendid Vase of Siberian Jasper,
presented to the Society by the late Emperor of
Russia : on it are inscriptions in the Latin and
Russian Languages.

On leaving Merton College, we proceed a few
yards eastward, and arrive at

their boldness and arguing. Scotus unluckily replied to him,
" Ite, et facite quid vultis :" on receiving this answer, these
obstreperous sons of mode and figure are understood to have
established a precedent for the spoliations committed in the
pantry on Merton Black Night.
1 Dr. Wall, formerly a*fellow of Merton, was afterwards an
eminent physician at Worcester. It has been said of him,
that if he had not been one of the best physicians, he would
have been the best painter of his age. His son, Dr. Martin
Wall, was the late Clinical Professor in the University, and
for many years a distinguished physician in Oxford.

ST. ALBAN HALL. 233
ST. ALBAN HALL.3
Founded by Robert de St. Alban, a citizen of Oxford, in
the reign of King John.
Foundation— A Principal, Vice-Principal, and about 50
Members on the books.
Visitor— The Chancellor of the University.
*** Porter's Lodge — At the end ofthe Court.
The following are a few from a long list of Renowned Characters
who were Members of this Hall: — Philip Massinger, the
dramatic poet ; William Lenthall, speaker of the House of
Commons during the Long Parliament; Zachary Bogan,
M.A., a learned Puritan of the 17th century, and bene
factor to the City of Oxford, — he was afterwards a member
of Corpus, where he died, from intense application to his
studies, September 1, 1659, and was buried in the cloister.
Archbishop Marsh ; Dr. Lamplugh, archbishop of York ';
Benedict Barnham, who built the front of the Hall, as
it is at present ; and among the eminent principals were, —
a St. Alban Hall is the most ancient of the numerous
educational houses in use previous to the foundation of
colleges. It owes its name to a family whose appellation
became softened into St. Auban : one of these was the
founder of this hall ; he was an ancient burgher of Oxford,
in King John's time, and was afterwards called " Robertus
de Sancto Albano ;" though he probably built the hall
for his own residence, as there is no proof of its being used
for academical purposes at so early a period. In the reign
of Henry VI. another edifice was united to St. Alban Hall,
called Nunne Hall ; and both of these having become the
property of Littlemore Nunnery, on its dissolution, Henry
VIII. gave these tenements to his own physician, Dr. George
Owen, of Merton College, and they were at a subsequent
period, after having frequently changed proprietors, trans
ferred to Merton College, to whom the property still belongs,
although the privilege of appointing a principal has, in com
mon with all the other halls (St. Edmund Hall excepted,)
been long ceded to the Chancellor of the University. The
front of this hall was rebuilt in 1600, chiefly from a legacy
left for the especial purpose by Benedict Barnham, once
a commoner of the house, and subsequently a citizen and
alderman of London. His arms, quartering those of Brace-
bridge, still remain over the entrance gate.
x3

234 ST. ALBAN HALL.
Hugh Saunders, alias Shakspere,a D.D. ; Bishop Hooper,
the martyr; and Dr. Elmsley, the celebrated Grecian
scholar, whose general knowledge, independent of his
classical attainments, was not surpassed by that of any
man of his time ;b &c, &c.
This Hall consists of one Quadrangle, the
south side having been rebuilt in 1789, by Dr.
Randolph, then principal. The principal's lodg
ings are between the gateway and the walls of
Merton gardens; they were nearly rebuilt a few
years since at a great expense, by Dr. Whately,
the present distinguished archbishop of Dublin.
On the right hand, as we enter the Court from
the outer doorway, is the Hall, or refectory, a
very neat apartment. At the north-western angle
is the very picturesque Bell- Tower, which is of
great antiquity, and has a modern addition of
singular appearance.

Our circuitous Route through the University
and City of Oxford terminates at St. Alban
Hall, opposite which is a lane called Logic-lane,
leading into the High Street, opposite Queen's
College, and near the Angel Hotel; where,
having concluded our tour, we bid farewell to
the Visitor, who has, we trust, experienced the
same delight in viewing the various places, as we
have in our description of them.

* Possibly of the same family as the great dramatist: he
was principal in 1501.
b Dr. Elmsley was born in 1773 ; educated at Westminster
School, London, and Christ Church College, Oxford, and
died at his lodgings in St. Alban Hall, as principal, in 1825.

THE PALACE OF
BLENHEIM :
THE SEAT OP HIS GRACE
THE DUKE OF MAELBOEOUGH.

The House can be inspected from Eleven till One o'clock,
on Tuesdays and Fridays. The China Gallery, Theatre,
Park, and Pleasure- Grounds, may be seen at any time
except Sunday. Express permission must be obtained to
view the Private Gardens, and the House cannot be seen on
Woodstock Fair Days without a similar permission.

The Palace of Blenheim, one of the most
magnificent piles of architecture in this kingdom,
and perhaps in the whole world, is delightfully
situated within half a mile of the borough of
Woodstock ; being about eight miles distant from
Oxford, and sixty-four from London. It was built
by Sir John Vanbrugh, the eminent architect, at
the public expense, in the reign of Queen Anne ;
by whom, with the concurrence of Parliament, it
was conferred, together with the annexed de
mesnes, on the illustrious John, Duke of Marl
borough, as a testimony of royal favour and
national gratitude for his transcendent services,
and the many signal victories he had gained
over the French and Bavarians, particularly that
near the village of Blenheim, on the banks of the
Danube, from whence this noble Palace receives its
name. This victory being achieved on the 2nd

236 BLENHEIM.
day of August, 1704, it was enacted that " on the
same day of every year for ever, the inheritors of
his Grace's honours and titles should render to
her Majesty, and her heirs and successors, one
standard, or colours, with three fleurs-de-lis
painted thereon, as an acquittance for all man
ner of rents, suits, and services, due to the
crown." From Woodstock, the usual approach, we enter
the Park through a triumphal arch, or spacious
portal, erected to the memory of John, Duke of
Marlborough, by Sarah, his Duchess; on which
is an appropriate inscription in Latin and English.
On entering the Park, one of the most beau
tiful prospects in nature discloses itself to our
view. The Palace appears in front; on the left,
part of the Borough of Woodstock ; particularly
the Tower, the Rectory, and two handsome
houses, from whence the views are delightfully
picturesque : and, on the right, a broad and spa
cious canal, intercepted, but not terminated, by
a superb bridge; a lofty column on the rising
ground, erected in honour of John, Duke of
Marlborough, on which is the statue of the noble
warrior; a delightful valley; and hills covered
with majestic trees, groves, and plantations; all
these unite in giving this spot an indescribable
charm to the tasteful mind.
As the Mansion cannot be seen till eleven
o'clock, the Visitor is recommended to view the
beauties of the Park and Gardens first; these,
whether we regard their delightfulness of situation,
or their most captivating natural charms improved

BLENHEIM  PARK. 237
by the choicest designs of art, equally demand our
attention and warmest admiration.
The China Gallery and Titian Room may
likewise be inspected at any hour.
THE PARK
Is nearly twelve miles in circumference, and is one
continued succession of captivating prospects and
agreeably diversified scenes. From the High
Lodge, (once the residence of the witty, but im
moral Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, and the place
of his death,) the prospect is not only one of the
most extensive, but also one of the most enchanting
in Great Britain; including, among a variety of
other interesting and picturesque objects, a view
of the University of Oxford.
The Obelisk is opposite the north front of the
Palace, on a considerable eminence ; at its summit
is a statue of the immortal John Churchill, Duke
of Marlborough ; on the pedestal are inscribed the
eminent achievements of his Grace, and the Acts
of the British Parliament in his favour. From
hence we have a good view ofthe Palace, Gardens,
River, and the Bridge, the centre arch of which
has a span of 101 feet. Near this Bridge is a fine
clear spring, called "Rosamond's Well,"3 where
Henry II. is said to have contrived a labyrinth, by
which the retreat (the Bower,) of his mistress,
Fair Rosamond, communicated with the Palace.
The lake is the finest piece of artificial water in
the kingdom.
» This well is supposed to have supplied the bath of
Rosamond, when she resided in this park.

238 BLENHEIM  PLEASURE-GROUNDS, &c.
PLEASURE-GROUNDS AND GARDENS.
The Porter at the east gate of the Palace will call the man
appointed to shew the Grounds.
The parts open for the inspection of Strangers
are very beautiful, but the Private Gardens of
his Grace are laid out with extreme taste, and
contain a valuable collection of plants. The
Gardens are likewise adorned with Grottos, a
Fountain and Cascade, Statues, &c.,a and occupy
more than two hundred acres of ground. In view
ing the Pleasure-Grounds we pass the south front
of the Palace : over its entrance, which is sup
ported by Corinthian columns, is the bust of
Louis XIV., King of France, adorned with proper
military emblems, taken from the gates of Tour-
nay. Under it is the following inscription : —
EUROPE H.2BC VINDEX GENIO DECORA ALTA
BRITANNO.
[This Palace has been erected by Great Britain in memory of the skill
displayed by the Defender of Europe.]
THE CHINA GALLERY
Is adjacent to the Park gate, and contains a rich
variety of Porcelain, Delf, and Japan ware ; some
of the articles are said to be 3000 years old ; the
antiquity of these is inferred from the extreme
rudeness of the designs, &c. In the collection is
a Tea-pot that belonged to Oliver Cromwell;
Curiosities from the collections of the Dukes of
Orleans and Aumont, Queen Anne, the late
a A written authority from his Grace is necessary to obtain
a view of the Private Gardens.

BLENHEIM  TITIAN ROOM, PALACE. 239
Princess Amelia, Duke of Argyle, Duchess of
Kingston, and others; specimens of Jasper
China ; a curious piece of Delf, from Athens ;
specimens of the honey-comb China, &c, &c.

THE TITIAN ROOM
May be seen by applying to the Porter at the east gate of the
Palace.
This room contains nine large paintings, con
sidered the choicest productions of Titian, painted
on leather, the figures larger than life, entitled the
Loves ofthe Gods, viz. — Mars and Venus; Cupid
and Psyche; Apollo and Daphne; Pluto and
Proserpine; Hercules and Dejanira; Vulcan and
Ceres; Bacchus and Ariadne; Jupiter, Juno, and
lo; and Neptune and Amphitrite. From the
subjects, it may be anticipated that the figures are
scantily clothed. The estimated value of these
paintings is £60,000. In the same room is a fine
painting, the Rape of Proserpine, by Rubens, of
great value. These paintings, as also most of
those in the Palace, have lately been cleaned and
restored, in an able "manner, by Mr. George
Wyatt, of Oxford.
Having viewed these external objects, we will
now devote our attention to

THE PALACE.
Entering the eastern gate, we proceed through
a quadrangle, consisting of offices, to the ¦ north

240 BLENHEIM  HALL, BOW WINDOW ROOM.
front, which extends 348 feet, having in the centre
a superb portico, elevated on massive Corinthian
columns, and a flight of steps leading to
THE HALL:
A magnificent room of fine proportions, the roof
of which, supported by pillars of the Corinthian
order, is 67 feet high. The ceiling, painted by
Sir James Thornhill, allegorically represents Vic
tory crowning John, Duke of Marlborough, as
she points to a plan of the Battle of Blenheim.
This room contains — a fine bust of John, Duke
of Marlborough ; Venus di Medici, and a Dancing
Fawn, in bronze ; several marble Termini ; two
beautiful statues of a Nymph and Bacchanal ; and
a Diana and Dog. In the Gallery, which is
opposite the entrance to the Hall and over that
to the Saloon, are paintings of Clara Eugenia,
Infanta of Spain ; Queen Anne, by Lely ; a Lady
in a blue dress, artist unknown ; and The Rape of
the Sabines, by P. da Cortona. This Gallery
extends the whole length of the house, 400 feet.
The entrance doors of the Hall are fastened by an
extremely ornamental lock, of peculiar con
struction, manufactured by Smith and Son, of
Birmingham.
THE BOW WINDOW ROOM,
Lofty, but not large, is adorned with exquisite
tapestry, representing the Battle of Blenheim and
the Battle of Wynendael : it contains the fol
lowing paintings : —

BLENHEIM  BILLIARD ROOM.

241

John, Duke of Marlborough,
& Gen. Armstrong, Kneller.
Prince Eugene, Kneller.
King William III., G. Schalken.
The Thanks of Parliament to
the first Duke of Marlbo-
rough,beautifullyUluminat- ed, in an elegant gold frame,
carved with Trophies of War
and the Arms of the Duke.
The Adoration of the Shep
herds, L. Giordano.

Female Head, Veronese.
Head, Holbein.
Temple of Janus, M. Ricci.
Landscape, P. Reinagle.
Female Head, Veronese.
Man's Head, Titian.
Head, L. da Vinci.
Flight into Egypt, S. Ricci.
Wood Nymphs and Satyr,
J. Van Delen.
St.Jerome studying, Giorgione.

On the left of the Bow Window Room, are the
State Bed-Chamber and the Duke's Dressing-
Room. The ceilings of these apartments have
lately been ornamented in the most tasteful manner,
with the Arms of the Duke and other devices in
rich embossed work, splendidly illuminated; and
the furniture and hangings of the suite of apart
ments are of the richest description.

THE BILLIARD ROOM
Contains the following full-length Portraits : —

Sarah, Duchess of Marlbo
rough, & Lady Fitz-Hard-
ing at Cards, Kneller.
Elizabeth, second Duchess of
Marlborough, Hudson.
Caroline, third Duchess of
Marlborough, Kettle.
Ann, Countess of Sunderland,
second daughter of John,
first Duke of Marlborough,
Kneller.
Anne, Princess of Denmark,
afterwards Queen of Eng
land, Kneller.
Earl of Sunderland, Kneller.
First Marquis of Blandford,
Kneller,

Lady Henrietta, and Lady
Ann Churchill, Kneller.
Elizabeth, Countess of Pem
broke, Reynolds.
Lord Chas. Spenper, Reynolds.
Lord Robert Spencer, ditto.
Gipsies telling the fortunes of
some Spanish Soldiers, Val
entino.
Two Landscapes, Van Tempest.
Fine Landscape, F. Mola.
Large Game Piece, Dead
Bucks, &c, Snyders.
Lady Caroline, sister to the
present Duke, Cosway.
Boar Hunt, Snyders.
Young Boars, ditto.

242

BLENHEIM  GRAND CABINET.

THE BREAKFAST ROOM.
The furniture of this room is of a delicate and
most tasteful description, in accordance with the
tint of the room — the palest green. The paintings
are —

A Family Picture, (children of
the present Duke of Marlbo
rough) Marquis of Blandford
— Lady Louisa Churchill —
Lord Alfred, and Lord Allen
Churchill, Sanders.
Meleager & Atalanta, Rubens.
Head, Holbein.
Very fine Portrait of Lady, in
oval frame, Vandyck.
Offering ofthe Rosary, Rubens.
Two small Paintings, Ferg.
Four ditto, F. P. Ferg.
A Knight of St. John of Jeru
salem, Baroccio.
Lady Anne Churchill, Kneller.
King Edward VI., Holbein.
St. John Baptizing Christ,
Nicleland.
Duchess of Buckingham and
family, Vandyck.
Villiers, Duke of Buckingham,
Vandyck.
Mary, Duchess of Richmond,
Vandyck.
Landscape, Bordewyns.
Orpheus charming the Brutes,
Brueghel,
Cattle Piece, R. da Tivoli.

Gertrude, Duchess of Bedford,
Dance.
WoodNymphs&SatyTj^SoBO.
Two Landscapes, Poussin.
King William at the Battle of
the Boyne, J. Van Wyck.
Landscape with Figures, Pafer.
Ditto, Paul Bril.
Sarah, Duchess of Marlbo
rough, Kneller.
Henrietta Maria, Queen to
Charles I., Vandyck.
Two whole-length Portraits,
Myttens.
A Fete ChampStre, Pater.
Portraits of Lord Rodney and
Mr. Sidney.
Small oval ditto of Cromwell,

Head, Brouwer.
Architectural Piece, D. Van
Delen.
Interior of a Church, Neeffs.
Cattle Piece, Bamboccio.
Gipsies Encamping, Wouver-
mans.
Duchess of Bedford, G. Hon-
thorst.
Lady Penelope Spencer, Lely.

THE GRAND CABINET.
From this noble apartment, which opens to the
east and south, the scenery is particularly charm
ing. The paintings are —

Lot's Departure out of Sodom,
a present from the town of
Antwerp, Rubens.
Return of Joseph and Mary
from Egypt, with Christ,
Rubens.

The RomanDaughter, Rubens.
Offering of the Magi, ditto.
Descent from the Cross, Jor-
daens.
Holy Family, Rubens.
Portrait of Rubens, Rubens.

BLENHEIM  SMALL DRAWING-ROOM.

243

The Virgin with a Crown of
Stars, Carlo Dolce.
Raphael's favourite, Dorothea,

A Dutch Family, Ostade.
The Children of Israel passing
through the Red Sea, Old
Franck.
Offering of the Magi, Carlo
Dolce.
Head of Paracelsus, Rubens.
Pope Gregory and a Female
Penitent, Titian.
Virgin and Child, L. Caracci.
Virgin and Child, Solimene.
Fete Champetre, Watteau.
Virgin and Child, Correggio.
Our Saviour Blessing little
Children, Rubens.
Monkeys in Monks' Habits,
Teniers.
Card Players, ditto.
Female Head, Nogari.
Landscape, Ruysdael.

Our Saviour, Carlo Dolce.
Christ and St. John, Rubens.
Virgin and Child, A. Caracci.
Angel at the Tomb, Correggio.
St. John, Carlo Dolce.
Our Saviour and the Virgin
Mary in the Clouds, with
St. Bernard paying Adora
tion, A. Caracci.
Holy Family, L. Caracci.
Landscape, Claude.
Small Painting, Tintoretto.
Head, by Reynolds, after Ca
racci.
Head of an Apostle, L. Ca
racci.
The Assumption, Tintoretto.
Female Head, Rubens.
Portrait, Lady Louisa Chur
chill, Sanders.
Small Head, Nogari.
Small fine Painting, Vander-

THE SMALL DRAWING-ROOM.
The paintings in this room are very numerous
and interesting.

Italian Fruit Seller, Giordano.
Caroline, Duchess of Marlbo
rough, Reynolds.
Lady Charlotte Spencer, in
the character of a Gipsy,
telling Lord Henry Spencer,
her brother, his fortune,
ditto.
George, Duke of Marlborough,
ditto.
The present Duke, Smith.
The late Duchess, ditto.
Sarah, first Duchess, Kneller.
Small highly finished Spanish
Family Piece, Gonzales.
Four Views in Venice, Cana-
letto.
Battle Piece, Borgognone.
Marquis of r£a.vistock.,Reynolds.

Present Duke and his Brother
when Boys, Cosway.
Portrait of Dutch Merchant
and Family, Weeninx.
Holy Family, Raphael.
The Annunciation, Correggio.
Landscape, Claude.
Virgin and Child, Vandyck.
Death of the Virgin, Guido.
Fine Landscape, Vanderneer.
Landscape, Cuyp.
The Circumcision, Rembrandt.
Burning of Troy, Franks.
Dutch Mechanics Drinking,

Destruction of Pharaoh and
his Host, Old Franck.
An Old Dutch Woman at her
Spinning- Wheel, Teniers.
2

244 BLENHEIM  LARGE DRAWING-ROOM, &c.

Dutch Landscape, Teniers.
Virgin and Child, St. John,
and St. Nicholas, Raphael.
Virgin and Child, Giorgione.
Ditto, Poussin.
Ditto, ditto.
Adoration of Shepherds, Lucca
Giordano.
Offering of the Magi, ditto.

Holy Family encircled with
Flowers, Rothenhamer.
Ditto, ditto.
Marriage of Mars, & Banquet
ofthe Gods, ditto, very fine.
St. Laurence distributing the
Ornaments of the Altar,
Genoese.

Isaac blessing Jacob, Rem
brandt.
Charles I. on Horseback,
Vandyck.
Two Portraits, Ladies, ditto.
St. Sebastian, Titian.
Time clipping Cupid's Wings,

THE LARGE DRAWING-ROOM.
This room contains some good paintings by
the first Masters. A Madonna standing on a
Globe surrounded by An
gels, C. Maratti.
Two Battle Pieces, Wouver-
mans.
George, Duke of Marlborough,
and Family, Reynolds.
The Woman taken in Adultery,
Three Beggar Boys, Murillo. Rembrandt.
Two ditto, ditto.
THE DINING ROOM.
Is a large and lofty apartment. The long and
handsome table in this room is of English oak,
as is a magnificent sideboard, elaborately carved
with the arms of the Duke, and other devices.
The wine-coolers are of the same wood, and
carved with Bacchanalian emblems. The paint
ings are —

John, first Duke of Marlbo
rough, Kneller.
Charles, second Duke, Hudson.
George, third Duke, Reynolds.
George, fourth Duke, Cosway.
The present Duke, Sanders.
John, Duke of Bedford, Gains
borough.
Lord Strafford and Secretary,
Vandyck.
Bacchanalian Piece, Rubens.

Virgin and Child, Rubens.
Holy Family, ditto.
Ditto, ditto.
Venus and Adonis, ditto.
Catherine di Medici, ditto.
Helena Forman, wife of Ru
bens, in the costume of an
Archduchess, ditto.
Philip II. of Spain, Titian.
Three Graces, Rubens' three
Wives, Rubens.

BLENHEIM — SALOON, &o.

245

Andromeda chained to a Rock
with Perseus just appearing,
ditto.
Lot and his Daughters, ditto.
Rubens, his Wife and Child,
ditto.
Large Bacchanalian Piece,
ditto.

Charles I., Vandyck.
Henrietta Maria, Queen to
Charles I., ditto.
Virgin and Child, ditto.
Mrs. Morton and Mrs. Killi-
grew, two of Charles the
Second's favourites, P. Lely.

THE SALOON
Is a noble and highly-finished room, the base
ment of which is lined with marble, in the Italian
style. Above the basement, in six compartments,
are represented the different nations of the world,
in their characteristic costumes, by La Guerre.
1, French, English, and Scotch, with a portrait of
the painter; 2, Spaniards; 3, Moors and Negroes;
4, Chinese and Tartars ; 5, Turks ; 6, Dutch and
Swedes. The ceiling, also painted by La Guerre,
emblematically represents John, Duke of Marl
borough, arrested in the career of Victory by the
hand of Peace, while Time reminds him of the
rapidity of his own flight.
In this apartment are — a bust of Caracalla;
Cleopatra and the Asp, on a marble slab ; also a
bust of a Roman Consul, and a Sleeping Venus,
on another slab of marble.
THE FIRST STATE DRAWING-ROOM
Is hung with tapestry, (the colours of which have
lately been much restored,) representing the
Battle of Dunnewert; the Battle and Siege of
Lisle ; and the Battle of Malplaquet. The paint
ings are —
Caroline, Duchess of Marlbo
rough, Romney.
Death of Adonis, Jordaens.
Sleeping Venus, G. Lairesse.

Fine Landscapes, M. Ricci.
Spanish Mule - Driver and
Peasants, Lancre.

y3

246 BLENHEIM  STATE DRAWING-ROOMS, LIBRARY.
THE SECOND STATE DRAWING-ROOM
Is likewise hung with Blenheim's unrivalled
tapestry: this represents the March to Bouchain,
and the Siege of that place ; in the Siege will be
seen the Dog, which accompanied his master,
Lord Cadogan, through the whole of his cam
paigns. The paintings in this, room are not
numerous, but the furniture of this and all the
state rooms is extremely splendid.
George, third Duke of Marl- I Two Paintings, Still Life,
borough, Romney. j Maltese.
THE THIRD STATE DRAWING-ROOM.
The tapestry in this room, although as ancient
as that in the other rooms, has but lately been
affixed and exhibited : it consists of a Battle
Piece, but what Battle it represents is unknown.

St. Sebastian, Bellini.
Three Landscapes, M. Ricci.
Rape of Europa, P. Veronese.

Abraham's Servant returning
with Rebecca, Castiglione.
Seneca bleeding to death, and
dictating to his Amanuensis,
L. Giordano.
THE LIBRARY.
This magnificent apartment is 183 feet long,
and 31 feet 9 inches wide. It is impossible to
conceive any thing more elegantly finished than
the solid marble columns which support a rich
entablature ; the Doric pilasters of the same ; the
surrounding basements of black marble ; and the
stuccoed compartments of the lofty vaulted
ceiling. This spacious room is furnished with an
extensive collection of books, in various languages,
as well as many volumes relating to the arts and
sciences. At the upper end of the Library stands
a highly-finished statue of Queen Anne, in her

BLENHEIM—- LIBRARY," CHAPEL. 247
coronation robes, on a pedestal, by Rysbrach,
At the lower end is a bust of . Alexander the
Great ; a fine piece of Grecian Sculpture, in good
preservation, dug out of the ruins of Hercu-
laneum ; and a number of alabaster figures, re
presenting the Muses, Graces, &c, a present from
•Rome to the late Duchess of Marlborough. On
one side, above the bookcases, are several busts,
and a number of whole-length family portraits;
and on the other, large bow windows, the frames
of which are exquisitely finished ; from these
windows there is an Elysian prospect of the
beautifully-covered descent to the canal, and the
rising groves on the opposite hill. Here is a large
telescope, by' Herschel, the gift of King George
III. to George, the third Duke of Marlborough.
The portraits are —
•Francis, Earl of Godolphin ; John, Duke of Montague ; Anne,
, Countess of Sunderland ; Elizabeth, Countess of ¦ Bridge-
water ; the Countess Cowper ; . the Hon. John Spencer ;
Elizabeth, Duchess of Marlborough ; Charles, Duke of
Marlborough ; Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough ; John,
Duke of Marlborough ; Queen Anne ; King William.
THE CHAPEL,
In the western wing of the Palace, contains a
stately monument, by Rysbrach, to the memory
of John, Duke of Marlborough, and his Duchess.
They are represented with their two sons, (who
died young,) and supported by Fame and His
tory. Beneath, in basso-relievo, is the taking
, of Marshal Tallard. The Altar-piece, painted
by Jordaens, represents — Our Saviour taken from
the Cross.

248 ROMAN VILLA.
After viewing the Chapel, our conductor takes
his leave of us, and we once more find ourselves
opposite the North Front of the Palace.
The whole of the Palace has lately undergone
a thorough repair and embellishment, by the
most competent artists', at an outlay of many
thousand pounds. It must ever be viewed as
a perpetual monument of England's greatness and
glory; as well as a memento of the military
prowess of her renowned defender.

THE
ROMAN VILLA

Near the Village of Northleigh, about three
miles from Blenheim, and about half a mile to the
right of the turn in the road, from Woodstock to
Witney, a discovery was made in the year 1813,
which must prove of the highest interest to every
lover of antiquity. The Rev. W. Brown, rector
of an adjoining parish, observed during one of his
walks, several fragments of Roman Bricks and
Tiles, which induced him to cause researches to
be made on the spot where these were discovered.
The foundations of an extensive building were
soon traced ; but the further examination was
deferred till the year 1815, when a large Room
and several Passages were discovered, ornamented
with tesselated Pavements, evidently of Roman
construction. A communication on the subject
was made to the Duke of Marlborough, the

ROMAN VILLA. 249
owner of the land, who gave orders for continuing
the work, and caused a house to be built on the
spot to be used as the residence of a person to
prevent the depredations of the antiquary, who
might probably be desirous of preserving a por
tion of these relics of the Roman dominion, pre
ferring to see them in his own collection than to
view them on their original site.
The Building appears to have been a Roman
Villa, originally forming a quadrangle of about
200 feet square, and which, for ages past, had
been entirely buried in the earth. A plan of this
Villa has been published, giving a description
of the four dimensions, &c. of the different apart
ments discovered up to December 1816. The
principal room is covered over to prevent its re
ceiving injury by exposure to the weather, as is
also a large warm bath, in excellent preservation ;
the flues round it remain, and likewise the pillars of
the Hypocaust, as well as part of the pipe which
conveyed away the water. Other baths have
been found in different parts of the building.
One room particularly merits the attention of the
curious, its dimensions are 33 feet by 20, it has a
tesselated pavement with a Hypocaust under it;
thus clearly discovering the method used by the
Romans to heat their apartments. Near this room
is another, covered, in which is preserved a quantity
of wheat, turned black by age and found in one
of the apartments. Several broken articles of
earthenware have been discovered, amongst them
a small urn but very slightly damaged. The
mode of laying the tesselated pavement is clearly

250 ROMAN VILLA.
perceptible, it totally differs from our method of
paving, and is admirably calculated to preserve
the rooms from the dampness of the earth.
Numerous coins have been excavated, a few of
them silver ; these are carefully preserved : the
latest Js a coin of the Emperor Arcadius, who
died in 408.
The date of the evacuation of Britain by the
Romans is 448 ; the remains of this building must
therefore be at least 1400 years old ; whilst the
probability is that their antiquity is much greater,
the Romans having been in possession of the
larger part of this country for 400 years.
The refined taste of the Romans is eminently
displayed by their erecting a Villa in this delight
ful vale, which in addition to the antiquarian
attractions of the place, is possessed of almost
unrivalled natural beauties. It appears to be the
very spot mentioned by the late Mr. Warton,
in his " History of Kiddington," as having once
formed a Roman Pottery ; a conjecture most
probably formed, from seeing some pieces of
ancient red tile occasionally forced up by the
plough. However this may be, the discovery
of the Villa must prove of the greatest interest
and gratification to the antiquary, and historian,
as reminiscences of the very earliest periods in
the annals of British History.
*»* Strangers who are desirous of visiting this place, will
find it a pleasant ride or walk from Blenheim Park, through
Combe Gate, to which they will be conducted by the keeper.
A person resides oh the spot who points out the different
apartments, &c, to visitors.

SHOTOVER, HOUSE.

This Mansion was built by Sir Timothy Tyrrell,
Bart., in the reign of James I., and, even at this
day, it may be considered, with its gardens, fine
avenues, terraces, and noble timber, a very
princely abode. A variety of paintings by the
most celebrated artists decorate the apartments of
the mansion, and the estate combines the varied
scenery of Shotover Hill, commanding an ex
tensive view over four surrounding counties. The
soil consists of a variety of valuable clays and
ores, particularly ochre, (the purest kind in the
world,) besides geological remains, antiquities,
and two Roman causeways.
The entire hill is situated three miles from
Oxford : it was, formerly, a royal forest, and is
extra-parochial. Shotover Hill is 599 feet above
the level of the sea. Shotover has been rendered
celebrated as the place selected by Queen
Elizabeth to meet the authorities of the Univer
sity of Oxford on her visit to this city ; on that
occasion she gave an extempore reply to a pre
viously-prepared address ofthe authorities.
Shotover, with Stow Wood, was, originally,
a grant from the crown, and was obtained by the
following remarkable occurrence, as related in
a manuscript petition by Sir James Tyrrell, now
in the possession of Mr. Drury : —
" Sir Timothy Tyrrell, your petitioner's great
grandfather, being one of the Gentlemen of the
Bedchamber, and the Master of the Buck-hounds
to Henry, Prince of Wales, your Majesty's great
uncle, who, hunting in the Forest of Shotover,

252 SHOTOVER HOUSE.
by his employment, held the buck's head for the
Prince to cut it off; in doing of which, his high
ness cut the Master of his Buck-hounds across
the hand, which disabled him of the use of it for
ever. So soon as he came to Court, his Royal
Highness was pleased, without any application, in
a most obliging manner, to give him a grant of
the rangership of the Forest of Shotover, and
Stow Wood, in the county of Oxford. The said
grant was further confirmed to him by King
James I., by letters patent, under the Great Seal
of England, in the year 1613, for the life ofthe
said Sir Timothy Tyrrell, and two sons, Timothy
and William. After the death of Prince Henry,
he was appointed Master of the Buck-hounds to
Prince Charles ; in which employment he served
him after he came to the crown till his death.
The civil war breaking out, William, the third
life in the grant, was killed in the King's service,
at the siege of Chester ; and Timothy Tyrrell, the
only surviving life in the first grant, who, serving
the King all the civil war, %vas dangerously
wounded in two engagements, and raised a
regiment at his own expense."
The last of the Tyrrell family, in the reign
of George I., left the mansion and domain of
Shotover to Baron Augustus Schutz — rendered
freehold by purchase from Government.
G. V, Drury, Esq., the present proprietor, is
himself descended from the ancient German
family of the Schutz, or Desinotts, Barons of the
highest distinction and privileges. — See Imperial
Patent at Shotover House.

INDEX.

Alban Hall  233
All Saints' Church .. 115
All Souls' College . . 37
Anatomy School .... 180
Angel Hotel  16
Architectural Museum 102
Arundel Marbles  75
Ashmolean Museum . 83
BaUiol College  125
Bankers  xxx
Beaumont Palace  149
Bedels  xxx
 Maces  xxii
Bible Clerks  xix
Blenheim  235
Bocardo Prison  161
Bodleian Library .... 64
Botanic Gardens .... 12
Brasenose College . . 56
Bursar  xx
Carfax Conduit  167
Chancellor of the Uni
versity  xxi
Chantrey Gallery.. .. 154
Chapels, Dissenting . . viii
Chaplains  xix
Christ Church Cathe
dral  175,187
 Chapter
House  196
 Chaplains'
Quadrangle  180
 ¦ Common
Room  180
 Hall ... 181
 — Kitchen . . 186
—  Library . . 198
 — Meadow 196
City of Oxford  v
 Gaol  148
 Lecturers  166
Clarendon Building , . 88

Classes  xxiv
Clerks of the Market xxiii
Colleges and Halls,
number of  xix
Commoners  xx
Common Room  xx
Commemoration  80
Convocation, House of xxii
Convocation House . . 78
Corpus Christi College 218
Degrees  xxiv
Dependent Members
of the University . . xix
Divinity School  76
Dresses of the Mem
bers of the Univer
sity  xxv
Examinations  xxiii
Exeter College  108
Exhibitions  xx
Fellows  xix
Gentlemen Commoners xx
Geological and Miner-
alogical Museum . . 90
Governors of Colleges
and Halls  xx
Great Tom  178
Heads of Colleges and
Halls, a list of the xxxii
Hebdomadal Board . . xxiii
Holywell Church .... 101
House of Industry . . 144
Impositions  xx
Independent Members
of the University . . xx
Jesus College  117
Keeper of the Public
Archives  xxiii
Kettle Hall  88
King's Arms Inn  103
Lincoln College  112
Magdalene College . . 1

258

INDEX.

Magdalen Bridge  15
 ¦  WaferWalk 12
 Hall .... 90
Manners, Customs, &c.
of the University . . xiv
Market  116
Martyrs' Memorial . . 128
Matriculation  xxiv
Members of the Uni
versity, number of vi
Merton College  224
New College  92
New Inn Hall  163
Observatory  140
Officers of the Uni
versity  xxx
Officers & Councillors
ofthe City of Oxford xxix
Oriel College  208
Oxford Castle  ix
Parishes in Oxford . . viii
Pembroke College . . 171
Picture Gallery  69
Pluck  xxiv
Police of the University xxii
Pomfret Statues  155
Population of Oxford vi
Post Office  ix
Printing House, Uni
versity  142
Proctors  xxi
Proctors of the Vice-
Chancellor's Court xxiii
Professors  xxxi
Professorships  xviii
Public Orator  xxiii
Queen's College  22
Radcliffe Infirmary . . 140
 Library  50
Raffaelle and Angelo
Galleries  156
Randolph Galleries &
Taylor Institute . . 150
Registrar of the Uni
versity  xxiii
Representatives for
the City  xxix

Representatives for
the University  xxx
Responsions  xxiii
Roman Villa  248
Rooms ofthe Members
of the University . . xx
Route  xxviii
Rustication  xxi
Schools  61
Sermons, University. . 47
Shotover House .... 251
Steward of the Uni
versity  xxiii
St. Aldate's Church. . 169
St. Edmund Hall .... 16
St. Ebbe's Church . . 165
St. Giles's Church . . 139
St. John's College  133
St. Mary Magdalene
Church  127
St. Mary's Church . . 46
St. Mary Hall  216
St. Martin's Church . . 166
St. Michael's Church 160
St. Paul's Church.... 142
St. Peter-in-the-East
Church  18
St. Peter le Bailey Ch. 164
St. Thomas's Church. 165
Terms  xxvii
Theatre  79
Titles of Governors of
Colleges and Halls xx
Town Hall  , 168
Trinity GoUege  120
Tutors  xix
University Church . . 46
University of Oxford,
History of the .... xiii
University College . . 31
Vice-Ghancellor of the
University  xxi
Verger of the Univer
sity  xxii
Wadham College  104
Wolsey'sAlms Houses 170
Worcester College . . 144

OXFORD : PRINTED BY P. TRASH, HIGH STREET.