YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY TWO YEARS BEFORE THE MAST PERSONAL NARRATIVE OF LIFE AT SEA, Crowded in the rank and narrow ship, Housed on the wild sea with wild usages, . . Whate'er in the inland dales the land conceals Of fair and exquisite, O ! nothing, nothing, Do we behold of that in onr rude voyage. Coleridgk's Wallenst£tn. LONDON: EDWARD MOXON, DOVER STREET. LONDON : BRADBITRY AND EVANS, PRINTERS, WHITEFRIABS. ADVERTISEMENT. The Publisher has been induced to bring this American work before the English Public from the favourable opinion entertained of it by officers of old standing in the British Navy. Those professional judges of its merits saw in the various details of this simple narrative conclusive internal evidence of its authenticity, which has been fully ascertained fi-om other sources. They were also pursuaded that an extended circulation of this little book might have wholesome effects among seamen in general, and the many who regard their welfare. That vjiluable class of men have been not a little misrepresented in works which have professed to describe their language, manners, and habits. They are here portrayed in their real colours and proportions, without embellishment or distortion. It is believed that readers of cultivated taste will find reasons for preferring this genuine account of actual sea-life " Before the Mast," to those attractive fictions which derive their interest less from the truth and fidelity of the description, than the inventive powers of their ingenious authors. The readers of this volume will naturally desire to know something of the subse quent fortunes of its estimable writer ; but the Editor feels that it would not be right or fair to extend the liberty that has been taken with his work to an unautho rised intrusion upon that privacy within which he has thought fit to remain, and the limits of which he alone can becomingly determine. The humane spirit and manly truthfulness which pervade this performance will recommend its Author to esteem in every country where his story shall be read, — ¦ to all who can appreciate the sterling qualities of bead and heart which upheld a youth, educated as he had been, through trials so severe, — all who can duly estimate the benevolence which could produce, in this unpretending form, the valuable fruits of his experience. A few technical or local words and phrases occur in the course of the narrative, which may appear new to English readers. It was intended to offer explanations of these in notes. But the instances of this kind are so rare and immaterial, that, as they could present no difficulties to seafaring people, and would scarcely be perceptible to others, it was deemed unnecessary to de-viate from fhe plan of giving a faithful reprint of the original American edition. It wiU be found to need no further comment. London, Jan. \Uh, 1841, TWO YEARS BEFORE THE MAST, CHAPTER I. I AM unwilling to present this nan-citive to the public without a few words in explanation of my reasons for publishing it. Since Mr. Cooper's Pilot and Red Rover, there have been so many stories of sea-life written, that I should really think it unjustifiable in me to add one to the num ber without being able to give reasons in some measure warranting me in so doing. With the single exception, as I am quite confi dent, of Mr, Ames' entei-taining, but hasty and desultory work, called " Mariner's Sketches," all the books professing to give life at sea have been written by persons who have gained their experi ence as naval ofiicers, or passengers, and of these there are very few which are intended to be taken as narratives of facts. Now, in the first place, the whole course of life, and daily duties, the discipline, habits and customs of a man-of-war are very difierent from those of the merchant service ; aud in the next place, however entertaining and well-written these books may be, and however accurately they may give sea-life as it appears to their authors, it must still be plain to every one that a naval officer, who goes to sea as a gentleman, " with his gloves on," (as the phrase is,) and who associates only with his fellow-officers, and hardly speaks to a sailor except through a boatswain's mate, must take a very dif ferent view of the whole matter from that which would be taken by a common sailor. Besides the interest which every one must feel in exhibitions of life in those forms in whieh he himself has never experienced it ; there has been, of late years, a great deal of attention directed toward common seamen, and a strong sympathy awakened in their behalf. Yet I believe that, with the single exception which I have mentioned, there has not been a book written, professing to give their life and experiences, by one who has been of them, and can know what their life really is. A voice from the forecastle has hardly yet been heard. In the following pages I design to give an accu rate and authentic narrative of a little more than two years spent as a common sailor, before the mast, in the American raerchant service. It is written out from a journal which I kept at the time, and from notes which I made of most of the events ag they happened ; and in it I have ad hered closely to fact iu every particular, aud endeavoured to give each thing its true character. In so doing, I have been obliged occasionally to use strong and coarse expressions, and in some in stances to give scenes which may be painful to nice feelings ; but I have very carefully avoided doing so, whenever I have not felt them essential to giving the true character of a scene. My design is, and it is this which has induced me to publish the book, to present the life of a common sailor at sea as it really is, — the light and the dark together. There may be in some parts a good deal that is unintelligible to the general reader ; but I have found, from my own experience, and from what I have heard from others, that plain matters of fact in relation to customs and habits of life new to us, and descriptions of life under new aspects, act upon the inexperienced thi-ough the imagination, so that we are hardly aware of our want of tech nical knowledge. Thousands read the escape of the American frigate through the British channel, and the chase and wreck of the Bristol trader in the Red Rover, and follow the minute nautical manoeuvres with breathless interest, who do not know the name of a rope in the ship ; and perhaps with none the less admiration and enthusiasm for their want of acquaintance with the professional detail. In preparing this narrative I have carefully avoided incorporating into it any impressions but those made upon me by the events as they occur red, leaving to my concluding chapter, to which I shall respectfully call the reader's attention, those views which have been suggested to me by subse quent reflection. These reasons, and the advice of a few friends, have led me to give this narrative to the press. If it shall interest the general reader, and call more attention to the welfare of seamen, or give any information as to their real condition, which may serve to raise them in the rank of beings, and to promote in any measure their religious and moral improveraent, and diminish the hardships of their daily life, the end of its publication will be an swered. R. H. D,, Jr, Boston, July, 1840. TWO YEARS BEFORE THE MAST. DEPARTUEE. The fourteenth of August was the day fixed upon for the sailing of the brig Pilgriifi, on her voyage from Boston round Cape Horn to the west ern coast of North America. As she was to get under weigh early in the afternoon, I made my appearance on board at twelve o'clock, in full sea- rig, and with my chest, containing an outfit for a two or three years' voyage, which I had undertaken from a determination to cure, if possible, by an entire change of life, and by a long absence from books and study, a weakness of the eyes, which had obliged me to give up my pursuits, and whieh no medical aid seemed likely to cure. The change from the tight dress coat, silk cap, and kid gloves of an undergraduate at Cambridge, to the loose duck trousers, checked shirt, and tar paulin hat of a sailor, though somewhat of a trans formation, was soon made; and I supposed that I should pass very well for a jack tar. But it is impossible to deceive the practised eye in these matters ; and while 1 supposed myself to be look ing as salt as Neptune himself, I was, no doubt, known for a landsman by every one on board as soon as I hove in sight. A sailor has a peculiar cut to his clothes, and a way of wearing them which a green hand can never get. The trousers, tight round the hips, and thence hanging long and loose round the feet, a superabundance of checked shirt, a low-crowned, well varnished black hat, worn on the back of the head, with half a fathom of black ribbon hanging over the left eye, and a peculiar tie to the black silk neckerchief, with sun dry other minutise, are signs, the want of which betrays the beginner at once. Beside the points in my dress which were out of the way, doubtless my complexion and hands were enough to distin guish me from the regular salt, who, with a sun burnt cheek, wide step, and rolling gait, swings his bronzed and toughened hands athwart-ships, half open, as though just ready to grasp a rope. " With all my imperfections on my head," I joined the crew, and we hauled out into the stream, and came to anchor for the night. The next day we were employed in preparations for sea, reeving studding-sail gear, crossing royal yards, putting on chafing gear, and taking on board our powder. On the following night I stood my first watch. I remained awake nearly all the first part of the night from fear that I might not hear when I was called ; and when I went on deck, so great were my ideas of the importance of my trust, that I walked regularly fore and aft the whole length of the vessel, looking out over the bows and taffrail at each turn, and was not a little surprised at the coolness of the old salt whom I called to take my place, in stowing himself snugly away under the long boat for a nap. That was a sufficient look out, he thought, for a fine night, at anchor in a safe harbour. The next morning was Saturday, and a breeze having sprung up from the southward, we took a pilot on board, hove up our anchor, and began beating down the bay. I took leave of those of my friends who came to see me off, and had barely opportunity to take a last look at the city, aud well-known objects, as no time is allowed on board ship for sentiment. As we drew down into the lower harbour, we found the wind ahead in the bay, and were obliged to come to anchor iu the roads. We remained there through the day and a part of the night. My watch began at eleven o'clock at night, and I received orders to call the captain if the wind came out from the westward. About midnight the wind became fair, and having called the captain, I was ordered to call all hands. How I accomplished this I do not know, but I am quite sure that I did not give the true hoarse, boatswain call of «A-a-ll ha-a-a-nds ! up anchor, a-ho-oy !" In a short time every one was in motion, the sails loosed, the yards braced, and we began to heave up the anchor, which was our last hold upon Yan kee land. I could take but little part in all these preparations. My little knowledge of a vessel was all at fault. Unintelligible orders were so rapidly given and so immediately executed ; there was such a hurrying about, and such an intermingling of strange cries and stranger actions, that I was completely bewildered. There is not so helpless and pitiable an object in the world as a landsman beginning a sailor's life. At length those peculiar, long-drawn sounds, whioh denote that the crew are heaving at the windlass, began, and in a few mo ments we were under weigh. The noise of the water thrown from the bows began to be heard, the vessel leaned over from the damp night breeze, aud rolled with the heavy ground swell, and we had actually begun our long, long journey. This was literally bidding "good night " to my native land. CHAPTER II. The first day we passed at sea was the Sabbath, As we were just from port, and there was a great deal to be done on board, we were kept at work all day, and at night the watches were set, and every thing put into sea-order. When we were called aft to be divided into watches, I had a good speci men of the manner of a sea captain. After the division had been made, he gave a short character istic speech, walking the quarter-deck with a cigar in his mouth, and dropping the words out between the puffs. " Now, my men, we have begun a long voyage. If we get along well together, we shall have a com fortable time ; if we don't, we shall have hell afioat. — All you've got to do is to obey your orders and do your duty like men, — then you'll fare well enough ; — if you don't, you'll fare hard enough, — I can tell you. If we pull together, you'll find me a clever fellow ; ').i we don't, you'll find me a bloody rascal. — That's all I've got to say. — Go below, the larboard watch ! " I being in the starboard or second mate's watch, had the opportunity of keeping the first watch at sea. S , a young man, making, like myself, his first voyage, was in the same watch, and as he was the son of a professional man, and had been in a counting-room in Boston, we found that we had many friends and topics in common. We talked these raatters over, — Boston, what our friends were probably doing, our voyage, &c., un til he went to take his turn at the look-out, and left me to myself. I had now a fine time for reflection. I felt for the first time the perfect silence of the sea. The officer was walking the quarter-deck, where I had no right to go, one or two men were talking on the forecastle, whom I had little incli nation to join, so that I was left open to the full DEPARTURE. impression of everything about rae. However much I w,xs affected by the beauty of the sea, the bright stars, and the clouds driven swiftly over them, I could not but reraember that I was sepa rating myself from all the social and intellectual enjoyments of life. Yet, strange as it may seem, I did then and afterwards take pleasure in these reflections, hoping by them to prevent my becom ing insensible to the value of what I was leaving. But all my dreams were soon put to flight by an order from the officer to trim the yards, as the wind waa getting ahead ; and I could plainly see by the looks the sailors occasionally cast to wind ward, and by the dark clouds that were fast coming up, that we had bad weather to prepare for, and had heard the captain say, that he expected to be in the Gulf Stream by twelve o'clock. In a few minutes eight hells were struck, the watch called, and we went below. I now began to feel the first discomforts of a sailor's life. The steerage, in which I lived, was filled with coils of rigging, spare sails, old junk, and ship stores, wiiich had not been stowed away. Jloreover, there had been no Jjei-ths built for us to sleep in, and we were not allowed to drive nails to hang our cloths upon. The sea, too, had risen, the vessel was rolling heavily, and everything was pitched about iu grand confusion. There was a complete " hurrah's nest," as the sailors say, " everything on top and nothing at hand," A large hawser had been coiled away I upon my chest ; my hats, boots, mattress and blan- I kets had all fetched away and gone over to lee- I ward, and were jammed and broken under the I boxes and coils of rigging. To crown all, we were allowed no light to find anything with, and I was j ust-jbeginning to feel strong symptoms of sea-sick ness, ^and that listlessness and inactivity which ac- compa^ij- it. Giving up all attempts to coUect my things together, I lay down upon the sails, expect ing every moment to hear the cry of " all hands ahoy," which the approaching storm would soon raake necessary. I shortly heard the rain-drops falling on deck, thick and fast, and the watch evi dently had then- hands full of work, for I could hear the loud and repeated orders of the mate, the trampling of feet, the creaking of blocks, and all the accompaniments of a coming storm. In a few minutes the slide of the hatch was thrown back, which let down the noise and turault of the deck still louder, the loud cry of " All hands, ahoy ! turable up here aud take in sail," saluted our ears, and the hatch was quickly shut again. When I got upon deck, a new seene and a new experience was before me. The little brig was close hauled upon the wind, and lying over, as it then seemed to me, nearly upon her beam ends. The heavy head sea was beating against her bows with the noise and force almost of a sledge hammer, and fiying over the deck, drenching us completely through. The topsail haliards had been let go, and the great sails were filling out and backing against the masts with a noise like thunder. The wind was whistling through the rigging, loose ropes flying about ; loud, and, to me, unintelligible orders constantly given and r.ipidly executed, and the sailors '-'sing ing out " at the ropes in their hoarse and peculiar strains. In addition to all this, I had not got ray " sea legs on," was di-eadfuUy sick, with hardly strength enough to hold on to anything, and it was " pitch dark." This was my state when I was ordered aloft, for tho first tiino, to reef top sails. How I got along, I cannot now remember. I " laid out " ou thu yards, and held on with all ray strength. I could not have been of much service, for I romembcr having been siok several times before I left the topsail yard. Soon all was snug aloft, aud we were agam allowed to go below. This I did not consider much of a favour, for the confusion of every thing below, and that inexpress ible sickening smell, caused by tbe shaking up of the bilge-water in the hold, made the steerage but an indifferent refuge from tho cold, wet decks, I had often read of the nautical experiences of others, but I felt as though there could be none worse than mine ; for in addition to every other evil, I could not but remember that this was only the first night of a two years' voyage. When we were on deck we were not much better off, for we were continu ally ordered about by the officer, who said that it was good for us to be in motion. Yet anything was better than the horrible state of things below, I remember very well going to the hatchway and putting my head down, when I was oppressed by nausea, and always being relieved immediately. It was as good as an emetic. This state of things continued for two days. Wednesday, Aug. 20th, — We had the watch on deck from four till eight this morning. When we came on deck at four o'clock, we found things much changed for the better. The sea and wind had gone down, and the stars were out bright. I experienced a corresponding change in my feelings ; yet continued extremely weak from my sickness. I stood in the waist on the weather side, watching the gradual breaking of the day, and the first streaks of the early light. Much has been said of the sun-rise at sea ; but it will not compare with the sun-rise on shore. It wants the accompani ments of the songs of birds, t'ne awakening hum of raen, and the glancing of the first beams upon trees, hills, spires, and house-tops, to give it life and spirit. But though the actual rise of the sun at sea is not so beautiful, yet nothing will compare with the early breaking of day upon the wide ocean. There is something in the first grey strealcs stretching along the eastern horizon and throwing an indistinct light upon the face of the deep, which combines with the boundlessness and unknown depth of the sea around you, and gives one a feel ing of loneliness, of dread, and of melancholy fore boding, which nothing else in nature can give. This gradually passes away as the light grows brighter, and when the sun comes up, the ordinary monotonous sea day begins. From such reflections as these, I was aroused by the order from the officer, " Forward there ! rig the head-pump ! " I found that no time was allowed for day-dreaming, but that we must "turn-to" at the first light. Having caUed np the "idlers," namely, carpenter, cook, steward, &c., and rigged the pump, we commenced washing down the decks. This operation, whieh is performed every morning at sea, takes nearly two hours ; and I had hardly strength enough to get through it. After we had finished, swahbed down, and coiled up the rigging, I sat down on the spars, waiting for seven bells, which was the sign for breakfast. The offi cer, seeing my lazy posture, ordered me to slush the main-mast, from the royal-mast-head, down. il2 4 TWO YEARS BEFORE THE MAST. 4i The vessel was then rolling a little, and I had taken no sustenance for three days, so that I felt tempted to tell him that I had rather wait till after breakfast ; but I knew that I must " take the bull by the horns," and that if I showed any sign of want of spirit or of backward ness, that I should be ruined at once. So I took my bucket of grease and climbed up to the royal- mast-head. Here the rocking of the vessel, which increases the higher you go fi-om the foot of the mast, which is tbe fulcrum of the lever, and the smell of the grease, which oifended my fastidious senses, upset my stomach again, and I was not a little rejoiced when I got upon the comparative terra firma of the deck. In a few minutes seven bells were struck, the log hove, the watch called, and we went to breakfast. Here I cannot but re member the advice of the cook, a simple-hearted African. " Now," says he, " my lad, you are well cleaned out ; you haven't got a drop of your 'long-shore swash aboard of you. You raust begin on a new tack, — pitch all your sweet-meats over board, aud turn-to upon good hearty salt beef and sea bread, and I'll promise you, you'll have your ribs well sheathed, and be as hearty as any of 'em, afore you are up to the Horn." This would be good advice to give to passengers, when they speak of the little niceties whioh they have laid in, in case of sea-sickness. I cannot describe the change which half a pound of cold salt beef and a biscuit or two produced in me, I was a new being. We had a watch below until noon, so that I had sorae time to myself ; and getting a huge piece of strong, cold, salt beef from the cook, I kept gnawing upon it until twelve o'clock. When we went on deck I felt somewhat like a man, and could begin to learn my sea duty with considerable spirit. At about two o'clock we heard the loud cry of " Sail ho ! " from aloft, and soon saw tvvo sails to windward, going directly athwart our hawse. This was the first time that I had seen a sail at sea. I thought then, and have always since, that it exceeds every other sight in interest and beauty. They passed to leeward of us, and out of haiUng distance ; but the captain could read the names on their sterns with the glass. They were the ship Helen Mar, of New Yox-k, and the brig Mermaid of Boston. They were both steering westward, and were bound in for our "dear native land," Thursday, Aug. 21sf. This day the sun rose clear, we had a fine wind, and everything was bright and cheerful. I had now got my sea legs on, and was beginning to enter upon the regular duties of a sea-life. About six bells, that is, three o'clock, p. M,, we saw a sail on our larboard bow. I was very anxious, like every new sailor, to speak her. She came down to us, backed her main-top sail, and the two vessels stood " head on," bowing and curveting at each other like a couple of war- horses reined iu by their riders. It was the first vessel that I had seen near, and I was surprised to find how much she rolled and pitched in so quiet a sea. She plunged her head into the sea, aud then, her stern settling gradually down, her huge bows rose up, showing the bright copper, and her stern, and brest-hooks dripping, lilte old Neptune's locks, with the brine. Her declcs were filled with passengers who bad corae up at the cry of " sail ho," and who by their dress and features appeared to be Swiss and French emigrants. She hailed us at first in French, but receiving no answer, she tried us in English. She was the ship " La Ca rolina," from Havre, for New York. We desired herto report the brig Pilgrim, from Boston, for the north-west coast of America, five days out. She then filled away and left us to plough on through our waste of waters. This day ended pleasantly ; we had got into regular and comfortable weather, and into that routme of sea-life which is only broken by a storm, a sail, or the sight of land. CHAPTER III. As we had now a long " spell " of fine weather, without any incident to break the monotony of our lives, there can be no better place to describe the duties, regulations, and customs of an American merchantman, of which ours was a fair specimen. The captain, in the first place, is lord paramount. He stands no watch, comes and goes when he pleases, and is accountable to no one, and must be obeyed in everything, without a question, even from his chief officer. He has the power to turn his officers off duty, and even to break them and make them do duty as sailors in the forecastle. Where there are no passengers and no supercargo, as in our vessel, he has no companion but his own dignity ; and no pleasures, unless he differs trom most of his kind, but the consciousness of possess ing supreme power, and, occasionally, the exercise ofit. The prime minister, the official organ, and the active and superintending officer, is the chief mate. He is first lieutenant, boatswain, sailing-master, and quarter-master. The captain tells him what he wishes to have done, and leaves to him the care of overseeing, of allotting the work, and also the responsibility of its being well done. The raate (as he is always called, par excellence) also keeps the log-book, for which he is responsible to the , owners and insurers, and has the charge of the stowage, safe keeping, and delivery of the cargo. He is also, ex-officio, the wit of the crew ; for the captain does not condescend to joke with the men, and the second mate no one cares for ; so that when "the mate" thinks fit to entertain "the people" with a coarse joke or a little practical wit, every one feels bound to laugh. The second mate's is proverbially a dog's berth. He is neither officer nor man. The men do not respect him as an officer, and he is obliged to go aloft to reef and furl the topsails, and to put his hands into the tar and slush with the rest. The crew call him the " sailor's waiter," as he has to furnish them with spun-yarn, marline, and all other stuffs that they need in their work, and has charge of the boatswain's locker, which includes serving- boards, marhne-spikes, &c. &c. He is expected by the captain to maintain his dignity and to enforce obedience, and still is kept at a great dis tance from the mate, and obliged to work with the crew. He is one to whom little is given and of whom much is required. His wages are usually double those of a common sailor, and he eats and sleeps in the cabin ; but he is obliged to be on deck nearly all his time, and eats at the second table, that is, makes a meal out of what the captain and chief mate leave. The steward is the captain's servant, and has charge of the pantry, from which every one, even the mate himself, is excluded. These distinctions usually find him an enemy in the mate, who does not like to have any one on board who is not entirely under his control ; the crew do not con sider him as one of their number, so he is left to the mercy of the captain. The cook is the patron of the crew, and those who are in his favour can get their wet mittens and stockings dried, or light their pipes at the galley in the night watch. These two worthies, together with the carpenter and s.iilmaker, if there be one, stand no watch, but, being employed all day, are allowed to " sleep in " at night, unless all hands are called. The crew are divided into two divisions, as equally as may be, called the watches. Of these the chief mate commands the larboard, and the second mate the starboard. They divide the time between them, being on and off duty, or, as it is called, on deck and below, every other four hours. If, for instance, the chief mate with the larboard watch have the first night-watch from eight to twelve ; at the end of the four hours, the starboard watch is called, and the second mate takes the deck, while the larboard watch and the first mate go below until four in the morning, when they come on deck again and remain until eight ; having what is called the morning watch. As they will have been on deck eight hours out of the twelve, while those who had the middle watch — from twelve to four, will only have been up four hours, they have what is called a " forenoon watch below," that is, from eight. A, M., till twelve, m. In a man-of-w-ar, and in some merchantmen, this alternation of watches is kept up throughout the twenty-four hours ; but our ship, like most merchantmen, had " all hands" from twelve o'clock till dark, except in bad weather, when we had " watch and watch." An explanation of the " dog watches " may, per haps, be of use to one who has never been at sea. They are to shift the watches each night, so that the same watch need not be on deck at the same hours. In order to effect this, the watch from four to eight, r. m,, is divided into two half, or dog watches, one from four to six, and the other from six to eight. By this means they divide the twenty- four hours into seven watches instead of six, and thus shift the hours every night. As the dog watches come during twilight, after the day's work is done, and before the night watch is set, they are the watches in which everybody is on deck. The captain is up, walking on the weather side of the quarter-deck, the chief mate on the lee side, aud the second mate about the weather gangway. The steward has finished his work in the cabin, and has come up to smoke his pipe with the cook in the galley. The crew are sitting on the windlass or lying on the forecastle, smoking, singing, or telling long yams. At eight o'clock, eight bells are struck, the log is hove, the watch set, the wheel relieved, the galley shut up, and the other watch goes below. The morning commences with the watch on deck's "turning-to" at day-break and washing down, scrubbing, and swabbing the decks. This, together with filling the "scuttled hutt" with fresh water, and coiling up the rigging, usually occupies the time until seven bells, (half after seven,) when all hands get breakfast. At eight, the day's work begins, and lasts until suu-dowii, with the exception of an hour for dinner. Before I end my explanations, it may bo well to define a day's work, aud to correct a mistalce pre valent among landsmen about a sailor's life. Nothing is more common than to hear people say ¦ — " Are not sailors very idle at sea ? — \vh;it can they find to do ?" This is a very natural mistake, and being very frequently made, it is one whioh every sailor feels interested in having corrected. In the first plaee, then, tho discipline of the ship requires every mau to be at w-ork upon something when he is on deck, except at night and onSundays. Except at these times, you will never see a man on board a well-ordered vessel standing idle on deck, sitting down, or leaning over the side. It is the officer's duty to keep every one at work, even if there is nothing to be done but to scrape the rust frora the chain cables. In no state prison are the convicts more regularly set to work, and more closely watched. No conversation is aUowed among the crew at their duty, and though they frequently do talk when aloft, or when near one another, yet they always stop when an officer is nigh. With regard to the work upon which the men are put, it is a matter which probably would not be understood by one who has not been at sea. When I first left port, and found that we were kept regularly eraployed for a week or two, I supposed that we were getting the vessel into sea trim, tnJ that it would soon be over, and we should have nothing to do but to sail the ship ; but I fouud that it continued so for two years, and at the end of the two years there was as much to be done as ever. As has often been said, a ship is like a lady's watch, always out of repair. AVhen first leaving port, studding-sail gear is to be rove, all the run ning rigging to be examined, that which is unfit for use to be got down, and new rigging rove in its place : then the standing rigging is to be over hauled, replaced, and repaired, in a thousand dif ferent w-ays ; and wherever any of the numberless ropes or the yards are chafing or wearing upon it, there " chafing gear," as it is called, must be put on. This chafing gear consists of worming, ])arcel- ling, roundings, battens, and service of all kinds — both rope-yarns, spun-yarn, marline and seizing- stuffs. Taking off, putting on, and mending the chafing gear alone, upon a vessel, would find con stant employment for two or three men, during working hours, for a whole voyage. The next point to be considered is, that all the "small stuffs" whieh are used on board a ship — such as spun-yarn, marline, seizing stuff, &c. &c. — are made on board. The owners of a vessel buy up incredible quantities of " old junk," whieh the sailors unlay, after draw-ing out the yarns, knot them together, and roll them up in balls. These " rope-yarns " are constantly used for various pur poses, but the greater part is manufactured into spun-yarn. For this purpose every vessel is fur nished with a "spun-yarn winch ;" which is very simple, consisting of a wheel and spindle. This may be heard constantly going on deck in pleas ant weather ; and we had employment, duriug a great part of the time, for three hands in drawing and knotting yarns, and making spun-yarn. Another method of employing the crew is, " set- ingup" rigging. Whenever any of the standing two YEARS BEFORE THE MAST. rigging becomes slack, (which is continually hap pening), the seizings and coverings must be taken off, tackles got up, and, after the rigging is bowsed well taught, the seizings and coverings replaced ; which is a very nice piece of work. There is also such a connexion between different parts of a ves sel, that one rope can seldom be touched without altering another. You cannot stay a mast aft by the back stays, without slacking up the head stays, &e. &c. If we add to this all the tarring, greasing, oiling, varnishing, painting, scraping, and scrub bing whieh is required in the course of a long voyage, and also remember this is all to be done in addition to watching at night, steering, reefing, furling, bracing, making and setting sail, and pull ing, hauling and climbing in every direction, one will hardly ask, " What can a sailor find to do at seal" If, after all this labour — after exposing the lives and limbs in storms, wet and cold, "Wherein the cub-drawn bear would couch ; The Hon aud the helly-pinched wolf Keep their furs dry ; — " the merchants and captains think that they have not earned their twelve dollars a month, (out of which they clothe theraselves), and their salt beef and hard bread, they keep them picking oakum — ad infinitum. This is the usual resource upon a rainy day, for then it will not do to work upon rigging ; and when it is pouring down in fioods, instead of letting the sailors stand about in sheltered places, and talk, and keep themselves comfortable, they are separated to different parts ofthe ship and kept at work picking oakum. I have seen oakura stuff placed about in different parts of the ship, so that the sailors might not be idle in the snatches between the frequent squalls upon crossing the equator. Some officers have been so driven to find work for the crew in a ship ready for sea, that they have set them to pounding the anchors (often done) and scraping the chain cables. The " Phil adelphia catechism " is, "Six days shalt thou labour and do all thou art able. And on the seventh — holystone the decks aud Bcrapc the cable," This kind of work, of course, is not kept up off Cape Horn, Cape of Good Hope, and in extreme noi-th and south latitudes ; but I have seen the decks washed down and scrubbed, when the water would have frozen if it had been fresh ; and all hands kept at work upon the rigging, when we had on our pea-jackets, and our hands so numb that we could hardly hold our marline-spikes. I have here gone out of my narrative course in order that any who read this may form as correct an idea of a sailor's life and duty as possible. I have done it in this place, because, for some tirae, our life was nothing but the unvarying repetition of these duties, which can be better described to gether. Before leaving this description, however, I would state, in order to show landsmen how little they know of the nature of a ship, that a ship- carpenter is kept in constant employ during good weather on board vessels which are in, what is called, perfect sea order. CHAPTER IV. After speaking the "Carolina," on the 2 Ist August, nothing occurred to break the monotony of our life until Friday, Sept. 5th, when we saw a sail on our weather (starboard) beam. She proved to be a brig nnder English colours, and passing under our stern, reported herself as forty-nine days from Buenos Ayres, bound to Liverpool. Before she had passed us, " Sail ho !" was cried again, and we made another sail, far on our weather bow, and steering athwart our hawse. She passed out of hail, but we made her out to be an hermaphrodite brig, with Brazilian colours in her main rigging. By her course, she must have been bound from Brazil to the south of Europe, probably Portugal. Sunday Sept. 7th. Fell in with the north-east trade winds. This morning we caught our first dolphin, which I was very eager to see. I was disappointed in the colours of this fish when dying. They were certainly very beautiful, but not equal to what has been said of them. They ai-e too in distinct. To do the fish justice, there is nothing more beautiful than the dolphin when swimming a few feet below the surface on a bright day. It is the most elegantly formed, and also the quickest fish, in salt water ; and the rays of the sun strik ing upon it, in its rapid and changing motions, reflected from the water, make it look like a stray beam from a rainbow. This day was spent like all pleasant Sabbaths at sea. The decks are washed down, the rigging coiled up, and everything put in order ; and throughout the day, only one watch is kept on deck at a time. The men are all dressed in their best white duck trousers, and red or checked shirts, and have nothing to do but to make the necessary changes in the sails. They employ themselves in reading, talking, smoking, and mending their clothes. If the weather is pleasant, they bring their work and their books upon deck, and sit down upon the forecastle and windlass. This is the only day on which these privileges are allowed them. When Monday comes, they put on their tarry trousers again, and prepare for six days of labour. To enhance the value of the Sabbath to the crew, they are allowed on that day a pudding, or, as it is called, a "duff." This is nothing more than flour boiled with water, and eaten with mo lasses. It is very heavy, dark, and clammy, yet it is looked upon as a luxury, and really forras an agreeable var-iety vvith salt beef and pork. Many a rascally captain has made friends of his crew by allowing thera duff twice a week on the passage home. On board some vessels this is made a day of instruction and of religious exercises ; but we had a crew of swearers, from the captain to the smallest boy ; and a day of rest, and of something Uke quiet, social enjoyment, -R-as all that we could expect. We continued running large before the north east trade winds for several days, until Monday — Sept. 22d ; when, upon coming on deck at seven bells in the moi-ning, we found the other watch aloft throwing water upon the sails ; and looking astern, we saw a small clipper-built brig with a black hull heading directly after us. We LAND HO ! went to work immediately, and put all the canvas upon the brig wiiich we could get uimhi ber, rig ging out oai-s for studding-sail y.ards ; and con tinued wetting down the sails by buckets of water whipped up to the mast-head, until about nine o'clock, when there came on a drizzling rain. The vessel continued in pursuit, changing her coui-se as we changed ours, to keep before the wind. The captain, who watched her with his glass, said that she was arraed, and full of raen, and showed no colom-s. We continued running dead before the wind, knowing that we sailed better so, and that clippers are fastest on the wind. We had also anotlier .advantage. The wind was light, aud wo spread raore canvas thau she did, having royals aud sky-sails fore and aft, and ten studding-sails ; while she, being an hermaphrodite brig, had only a gaff topsail, aft. Early in the morning she was overhauling us a little, but after the rain carae on and the wind grew lighter, we began to leave her astern. All hands remained on deck throughout the day, aud we got our arras in order ; but we were too few to have done anything with her, if she had proved to be what we feared. Fortunately there was no raoon, and the night which followed was exceedingly dark, so that by putting out all the Ughts on board, and altering our course four points, we hoped to get out of her reach. We had no light in the biuuacle, but steered by the stars, and kept perfect silence through tbe night. At day break there was no sign of anything in the horizon, and we kept the vessel off to her course. JTednesday, Oct. 1st. — Crossed the equator in long. 24° 24' W. I now, for the first tirae, felt at liberty, according to the old usage, to call myself a son of Neptune, and was very glad to be able to claim the title -s\-ithout the disagreeable initiation which so many have to go through. After once crossing the line you can never be subjected to the process, but are considered as a son of Neptune, with fuU powers to play triclis upon others. This ancient custom is now seldom allowed, unless there are passengers on board, in which case there is always a good deal of sport. It had been obvious to all hands for sorae time that the second mate, whose name was Foster, was an idle, careless fellow, and not much of a sailor, and that the captain w-as exceedingly dissatisfied with him. The power of the captain in these cases was well known, and we all anticipated a difficulty. Foster (called Mr. by virtue of his office) was but half a sailor, having always been short voyages and reraained at home a long time between them. His father was a man of some property, and in- : tended to have given his son a liberal education ; but he, being idle and worthless, was sent off to sea, and succeeded no better there ; for, unlike many scamps, he had none of the qualities of a sailor— he was "not of the stuff that they make sailors of." He was one of that class of officers who are disliked by their captain and despised by the erew. He used to hold long yarns with the crew, and talk about the captain, and play with the boys, and relax discipline in every way. This kind of conduct always makes the captain suspicious, and is never pleasant, in the end, to the men ; they preferi-ing to have an officer active, vigUant, and distant as may be, with kindness, -\mong other bad practices, he frequently slept on his watch, and having heen discovered asleep by the captain. he was told that he would be turned off duty if ho did it again. To pn-veiit it in every way possible, the hen-coops were ordered to be knocked up, for the captain never sat down ou deck himself, and never permitted au offieer to do so. The second night after crossing the equator, we had tbe watch from eight till twelve, and it was " my helm " for the last two hours. There had been light squalls through the night, and the cap tain told Mr, Foster, who commanded our watch, to keep a bright look-out. Soon after I came to the helm, I found that he was quite drowsy, and at last he stretched himself on the companion and went fast asleep. Soon afterwards, the captain eame very quietly on deck, and stood by nie for ! some time looking at the compass. The officer at length became aware of the captain's presence, but pretending not to know it, began humming and whistling to hiraself, to show that he was not asleep, and went forward, without looking behind him, and ordered the main royal to be loosed. On turning round to come aft, be pretended surprise at seeing the master on deck. This would not do. The captain was too " wide awake " for him, and begin ning upon him at once, gave him a grand blow-up, in true nautical style — " You're a lazy, good-for- nothing rascal ; you're neither man, boy, soger, nor sailor ! you're no more than a thing aboard a vessel ! you don't earn your salt ! you're worse than a Mahon soger !" and other stiU more choice extracts from the saUors' vocabulary. After the poor fellow had taken this harangue, he was sent into his state-room, and the captain stood the rest of the watch himself. At seven bells in the morning, all hands were called aft, and told that Foster was no longer an officer on board, and that we might choose one of our own nuraber for second mate. It is usual for the captain to make this offer, and it is very good policy, for the crew think themselves the choosers and are flattered by it, but have to obey, neverthe less. Our crew, as is usual, refused to take the responsibility of choosing a man of whom w-e would never be able to complain, and left it to the cap tain. He picked out an active and intelligent young sailor, born near the Kennebec, who had been several Canton voyages, and proclaimed him in the following manner : " I choose Jim Hall — he's your second raate. All you've got to do is, to obey him as you would me ; and remember that he is Mr, Hall." Foster went forward into the fore castle as a common saUor, and lost the handle to his name, while young fore-mast Jim became Mr. Hall, and took up his quarters in the land of knives and forks and tea-cups. Sunday, Oct, 5th. It was our morning watch ; when, soon after the day began to break, a raan on the forecastle called out, ' ' Land ho !" I had never heard the cry before, and did not know what it meant, (aud few would suspect what the words were, when hearing the strange sound for the first time,) but I soon found, by the direction of aU eyes, that there was land stretching along on our weather beam. We immediately took in studding-sails and hauled our wind, running in for the land. This was done to determine our longitude ; for by the captain's chronometer we were in 25° W., but by his observations we were much farther, and he had been for some time in doubt whether it was his chronometer or his sextant which was out of 8 TWO YEARS BEFORE THE MAST. order. This land-fall settled the matter, and the forraer instrument was condemned, and becoming still worse, was never afterwards used. As we ran in towards the coast, we found that we were du-ectly off the port of Pernambueo, and could see with the telescope the roofs of the houses, and one large church, and the town of Olinda. We ran along by the mouth of the harbour, and saw a full-rigged brig going in. At two, p.m., we again kept off before the wind, leaving the land on our quarter, and at sun-down, it was out of sight. It was here that I first saw one of those singular things called catamarans. They are composed of logs lashed together upon the water ; have one large sail, are quite fast, and, strange as it may seem, are trusted as good sea-boats. We saw several, with from one to three men in each, boldly putting out to sea, after it had become almost dark. The Indians go out in thera after fish, and as the weather is regular in certain seasons, they have no fear. After taking a new departure from Olinda, we kept off on our way to Cape Horn. We met with nothing remarkable until we were in the latitude of the river La Plata. Here there are violent gales from the south-west, calledTPom- peros, which are very destructive to the shipping in the river, and are felt for many leagues at sea. They are usually preceded by lightning. The cap tain told the mates to keep a bright look-out, and if they saw lightning at the south-west, to take iu sail at once. We got the first touch of one during my watch ou deck. I was walking in the lee gang way, and thought that I saw lightning on the lee bow. I told the second mate, who came over, and looked out for some tirae. It was very black in the south-west, and in about ten minutes we saw a distinct flash. The wind, which had been south east, had now left us, and it was dead calm. We sprang aloft immediately, and furled the royals and top-gallant-sails, and took in the flying jib, hauled up the mainsaU and trysail, squax-ed the- after yards, and awaited the attack. A huge mist capped with black clouds came driving towards us, extending over that quarter of the horizon, and covering the stars, which shone brightly in the other part of the heavens. It came upon us at once with a blast, and a shower of hail and rain, which almost took our breath from us. The har diest was obliged to turn his back. We let the hal yards ruu, and fortunately were not taken aback. The„little vessel "paid off" from the wind, and ran bu for some time directly before it, tearing through the water with everything flying. Having caUed aU hands, we close-reefed the topsails and trysail, furled the courses and jib, set the fore-top mast staysail, aud brought her up nearly to her course, with the weather-braces hauled in a Uttle, to ease her. This was the first .blow that I had seen, which could really be called a gale. We had reefed our topsails in the Gulf Stream, and I thought it some thing serious, but an older saUor would have thought nothing of it. As I had now become used to the vessel and to my duty, I was of some service on a yard, and could knot my reef-point as well as anybody. I obeyed the order to lay* aloft with the rest, and found the reefing a very exciting scene ; * This word " lay," which is in such general use oix board ship, being used in giving orders instead of " go ;" as " Lay forward !" " Lay aft !" " Lay aloft," &c., I do not un- for one watch reefed the fore-topsail, and the other the main, and every one did his utmost to get his topsail hoisted first. We had a great advantage over the larboard watch, because the chief mate never goes aloft, while our new second mate used to jump into the rigging as soon as we began to haul out the reef-tackle, and have the weather ear ing passed before there was a man upon the yard. In this way we were almost always able to raise the cry of " Haul out to leeward" before them ; and having knotted our points, would slide down the shrouds and back-stays, and sing out at the topsaU halyards to let it be known that we were ahead of them. Reefing is the most exciting part of a saUor's duty. AU hands are engaged upon it, and after the halyards are let go, there is no time to be lost— no " sogering," or hanging back, then. If one is not quick enough, another runs over him. The first on the yard goes to the weather earing, the second to the lee, and the next two to the " dog's ears ;" whUe the others lay along into the bunt, just giving each other elbow-room. In reef ing, the yard-arms (the extremes of the yards) are the posts of honour ; but in furUng,the strongest and most experienced stand in the slings, (or, middle of the yard,) to make up the bunt. If the second mate is a smart fellow, he will never let any one take either of these posts from him ; but if he is wanting either iu seamanship, strength, or acti vity, some better man will get the bunt and earings from him ; which immediately brings him into disrepute. We remained for the rest of the night, and throughout the next day, under the same close sail, for it continued to blow very fresh ; and though we had no more hail, yet there was a soaking rain, and it was quite cold and uncomfortable ; the more so, because we were not prepared for cold weather, but had on our thin clothes. We were glad to get a watch below, and put on our tliiek clothing, boots, afid south-westers. Towards sundown the gale moderated a little, and it began to clear off in the south-west. We shook our reefs out, one by one, and before midnight had top-gallant sails upon her. We had now made up our minds for Cape Hom and cold weather, and entered upon every neces sary preparation. Tuesday, Nov. ith. — At- day-break, saw land upon our larboard quarter. There were two islands, of different size but of the sanie shape ; rather high, beginning low at the water's edge, and run ning with a curved ascent to the middle. They were so far off as to be of a deep blue colour, and in a few hours we sank them in the north-east. These were the Falkland Islands. We had run between them and the main land of Patagonia. At sun-set the second mate, who was at the mast head, said that he saw land on the starboard bow. This must have been the island of Staten Land ; and we were now in the region of Cape Horn, with a fine breeze frora the northward, top-mast and top-gallant studding-sails set, and every prospect of a speedy and pleasant passage round. derstand to be the neuter verb-^^je, mispronounced, but to be the active verb lay, with the Directive case understood - as, " Lay yoursRlm* forward !" " Lay yourselves aft !" &c. CAPE HORN. CHAPTER V. Wednesday, Nov. 5th. — The weather was fino during the previous night, aud we had a clear view of the Magellan Clouds, and of the Southern Cross. The Magellan Clouds consist of three small nc. bulse iu the southern part of the heavens, — two bright, like the jMilky-way, and one dark. These are fir,st seen, just above the horizou, soon after crossing the southern tropic. When off Cape Horn, they are nearly overhead. The Cross is coraposed of four stars in that form, and is said to be the brightest constelhatiou in the heavens. During the first part of this day (Wednesday) the wind was light, but after noon it came on fresh, and we furled the royals. We still kept the stud ding-sails out, and the captain said he should go round with them, if he could. Just before eight o'clock (then about sundown, in that latitude) tbe cry of " All hands ahoy ! " was sounded down the fore-scuttle and the after-hatchway, and hurrying upon deck, we found a large black cloud rolling on towar-ds us from the south-west, and blackening the whole heavens. " Here comes Cape Horn ! " said the chief mate ; and we had hardly tirae to haul down and clew up, before it was upon us. In a few moments, a, heavier sea was raised than I had ever seen before, and as it was directly ahead, the Uttle brig, which was no better than a bathing ma- cliine, plunged into it, and all the forward part of her was under water ; the sea pouring in through the bow-ports and hawse-hole, and over the knight- heads, threatening to wash everything overboard. In the lee scuppers it was up to a man's waist. We sprang aloft and double-reefed the topsails, and furled all the other sails, and made all snug. But this would not do ; the brig was labouring and straining against the head sea, and the gale was growing worse and worse. At the same time sleet and liaU were driving with all fury against us. We clewed down, and hauled out the reef-tackles again, and close-reefed the fore-topsail, aud furled the main, and hove her to on the starboard tack. PI ere was an end to our fine prospects. We made up our minds to head winds and cold weather ; sent down the royal yards, and unrove the gear ; but all the rest of the top hamper remained aloft, even to the sky-sail masts, and studding-sail booms. Throughout the night it storuffed violently — rain, haU, snow, and sleet beating upon the vessel — the wind continuing ahead, and the sea running high. At day-break (about three a. m.) the deck was covered with snow. The captain sent up the stew ard with a glass of grog to each of the watch ; aud all the time that we were off the Cape, grog was given to the morning watch, and to all hands whenever we reefed topsaUs. The clouds cleared away at sun-rise, and the wind becoming raore fair, we again made sail and stood nearly up to our Qgurse. Thursday, Nov. Sth. — It continued more pleas- ,ant through the first part of the day, but at night we had the same scene over again. This time, we did not heave to, as on the night before, but endea voured to beat to windwaif-d under close-reefed top sails, balance-reefed trysail, and fore-topmast stay sail. This night it w-as my turn to steer, or, as the sailors say, my trick at the helra, for two hours. Inexperienced as I was, I made out to steerto the satisfaction of the officer, and neither S nor myself gave up our tricks, all the time that we were off' tho Cape. This was something to boast of, for it requii-es a good deal of skill and watch fulness to steer a vessel close hauled, in a gale of wind, against a heavy head sea. " Ease her when she pitches," is the word ; and a little carelessness iu letting her ship a heavy sea, might sweep the decks, or knock the raasts out of her. Friday, Nov. 7