Yili'Um.ersil^Libr.ir,'

i<inn20iw-irw

ksy •*"' '

i>

^ :x r

:W".«,^»l!>-.''.*.«v>/; 1

7,'tV •*! ¦' j'«
 ' -I . *•.¦! -T

Sl'^Srife

ST' tjc..'

rl*7r

lg>V-(;V,

. WAR
M, SERyiGE LIBRARy

THIS-BOOK-ISPROVIDED -BY
THE-PEOPLE OF-THE
UNITED-STATES THROUGH-THE AMERICAN LIBRARY
ASSOCIATION FOR
THE-USE-OF
THE-SOLDIERS AND- SAILORS

l^/"

K,

TRUTH
Ai.i. glorious Truth ! thy raidiant light
Dispels the dark sulphurious gloom of night ;
Firm as a rock ihnt rears its ancient head,
With deep foundation laid on ocean's bed ;
Though lightnings flash, though seas and thunders roar,
Thou wilt remain when Time shall be no more.

(UXXj'^'^^'®^^^ BY jTvvrBARBERTjyVj)

HISTORICAL,
POETICAL AND PICTORIAL
AMERIC AI SCENES;

PIIINCIPAI.LT

MORAL AND RELIGIOUS;

BEING A BELECTION OP

INTERESTINB INCIDENTS IN AMERICAN RISTORI ;

TO WmCH TS ADDED

A HISTORICAL SKETCH, OF EACH OF THE
UNITED STATES.

By JOHN W BARBER,
(Author of Connecticut and Massachusetts Hist. Collectiona,)
AND ELIZABETH G. BARBER.

NE"W HAVEN, CT. :
PIIBIISHED FOE J. H. BRADLEY.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1850,
Bt JOHN "W. BARBER,
Jn the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Conn.

c

ti'Vi'v

% so h

gcereotrped by X H. BENUaU
Now Haven, Conn. 

PREFACE.

The object of this work, is to present to the reader a
series of Historical Incidents in American History, (some
of which may not be generally known,) in an historical,
pictorial, and poetic form. We are aware that the plan
of this work difiers from any we have yet seen, but we
flatter ourselves that it will be found interesting and in
structive. In the historical introduction to each of the scenes de
scribed, we have aimed at accuracy and, simplicity ; in
the lines that follow, there is, of course, latitude given to
introduce moral and religious reflections. Whatever we
have advanced of this nature, we trust -will b'e found
in accordance with the great and vital principles of
Christianity. Instead of glorifying mere militai-y he
roes, as is too often the case among all nations, we
have aimed to give prominence to men who practised
the virtues of Christianity. Such men only are the real
patriots and nobles of the human race, and such only are
worthy of lasting remembrance.
In some instances, in the composition of the stanzas,
we have not hesitated to use the language, or mode of
expression used by others, "whenever it would forcibly
convey what we wished to present. Simple illustrations

of the great truths of religion and morality have been
aimed at, rather than originality of thought, or elegance
of diction. As this work is of an historical nature, it
was deemed proper to add a short historical sketch of the
history of each State, to which is prefixed the " armorial
bearings," or " coat of arms " of each State, in a more
perfect form, it is thought, than they ever yet have been
exhibited. Whatever may be thought of this work as a mere Ut
erary production, we have aimed to produce strictly an
Amekican Book, the influence of which, we trust, -will
be found on the side of " God and humanity ;" and we
believe some part of it, at least, will, in some form, live,
after we, father and daughter, have left these mortal scenes.
J. W. B.
E. G. B.
New Haven, Conn., April, 1850.

CONTENTS.

Page,
The Pilgrim Fathers, . . 7
Ancient Church of Jamest'n, 10
Pocahontas,  13
The Indian Mother, . .14
Massasoit,  16
The Grave of Lady Fenvrick, 18
First Settlers of Connecticut, 20
Roger Williams, ... 24
The Regicide Judges, . . 26
Deliverance of Hadley, . 29
Preservation of Mr,Stoddard,32
William Penn, .... 34
The Salem Martyrs, . .36
The Indian Reformer, . . 38
Destruction of lyAnville's
Fleet,  40
Zinzendorf,  42
Rescue of Major Putnam, 46
The True Wife and Mother, 48
The Mother's -Voice, . .51
Col. Boone's First View of
Kentucky,  54
Anthony Benezet, ... 66
Founding of Dartmouth
College, . . . , 58

Pago,
Washington's Acknowl
edgment,  60
Gen. Reed refusing the
Bribe,  62
Passing the Delaware, . . 64
Washington at Morristown, 67
Funeral of Gen, Frazer, . 69
Count Donop, .... 72
Death of Baron DeKalb, . 75
Moravian Indian Martyrs, 77
Prince Gallitzin, . . . ^80
Council of the Mohawk
Women,  82
Campbell's Grave, ... 85
The Western Missionary, 83
Perilous Passage on the Lakes,90
Shenandoa, the Oneida Chief, 93
First Born of the Reserve, 96
HanYerry,  98
The Indian Blessing on
New Jersey, .... 100
The Mother Perishing with
Cold,  102
Church in the Wilderness, 104
Thanksgiving, .... 106

contents.

Page,

MAINE 

109

NEW HAMPSHIRE,

111

VERMONT, . . .

113

MASSACHUSETTS,

115

RHODE ISLAND, .

117

.CONNECTICUT, .

119

NEW YORK, , .

121

NEW JERSEY, . .

123

PENNSYLVANIA, .

125

DELAWARE, . .

127

MARYLAND, . .

129

VIRGINIA, . . ,

131

NORTH CAROLINA,

133

SOUTH CAROLINA,

135

GEORGIA, . . .

137

FLORIDA, . . .

139

ALABAMA, . . .

141

MISSISSIPPI, . .

143

LOUISIANA, . .

145

'Round Tower at Newport, 181
Mortal sickness among
the Indians, .... 183
Pequot Expedition, . . 185
Death of Marqaette, . 187
First Settlers of Granville, 189
Attack on Brook&eld, , 192
Destruction of Schenectady, 194
Escape of the Dustan
Family  196
Burial of Mr. Treat, . 198
.Swedish Church at Wil
mington, .... 900
¦Church of the Blind
Preacher, .... 202

PaB«-

OHIO 

. 147

KENTUCKY,

. 149

TENNESSEE, .

. 151

MICHIGAN, . .

. 153

INDIANA, . .

. 155

ILLINOIS, . . .

. 156

MISSOURI, . .

. 158

ARKANSAS, . .

. 160

TEXAS, . . .

. 161

WISCONSIN, .

. 163

IOWA, ....

. 165

CALIFORNIA, .

. 166

OREGON, . . .

. 167

NEW MEXICO,

. 167

MINNESOTA, .

. 168

DESERET, . .

. 168

Discoveries and Settlen

lents, 169

War of the Revolution

, . 173

One of Many, . .

. . 177

iUITIES, EVENTS.

fco.

The New Haven Spec

tre

Ship, .

. 205

Burial of De Soto, .

. 208

Chief Justice Marshall

. 210

Dr, Franklin and the P

lo

ture of the Crucifiii<

rn, 212

Baron Steuben and Lie

ut.

Gibbons, . ,

214

The Faithful Indian M

28-

senger.

. 216

Gen, Herkimer, . ,

218

Red Jacket, . . .

220

Two Honest Men,

. 222

Death of Lieut, Woodw

fard

. — Oregon, . . .

. 225

Landing of the Fathers at Plymouth, 1620.
THE PILGRIM FATHERS.
The Colony at Plymouth, Mass., was the first permanent Eu
ropean settlement in New England, It was planted principally
for the sake of the free and undisturbed enjoyment of religious
liberty. Being persecuted in England, their native country, they
went to Holland in 1008, where they remained till they sailed
for America. Having procurred two small ships, they departed
from Leyden, after having kept a day of fasting and prayer, with
Mr, Robinson, their pastor, for God to direct them on their way.
They proceeded to Flymouth, Eng,, one of their ships-being con
demned, the other, called the May Flower, crowded with passen
gers, about one hundred in number, put to sea, September 6th,
After a long and dangerous passage, they arrived at Cape Cod,
November 9th. After exploring the country, they finally landed
at a place they called Plymouth, on the 22d of December, 1620.
The anniversary of their landing is celebrated by their descendants
as a religious festival.
Dare, was the day with storms ! Old ocean rolled
in foam, and dashed its madd'ning billows on the
shore. Deep moaned the ancient forests to the

8
wintry winds. Their naked limbs they stretch
towards heaven and shiver in the northern blast.
The green earth, seared by frosts, is stiff with ice,
and white with snow.
In by-gone years these western shores were one
vast wild. The ravening beast, or man more
savage still, roamed in the forest shade and on the
misty hill.  A snow white sail is seen
towards the rising sun. A feeble band is on the
rolling surge. Westward the dove-like sail pursues
its way. 'Tis like the star of heaven amid the
shadowy clouds, the harbinger of day.
A germ of mighty Empire moves within that
fragile bark. The noblest born of earth are there ;
the men of soul who go where duty leads, against
a world in arrns. Dauntless in Freedom's holy
cause, their eye on heaven, they quail not 'neath
a tyrants' power The mighty God alone they fear,
and hira they love.
They near the icy shore. No rolling drum, nor
thundering cannon speak them near. Angelic spirits
hover round, and guard their onward way. The
ocean Eagle soared above the foaming waves
to see a sight so strange. The stoi-my sea in its
far distant roar, gave forth its note of joy. The
gently waving' pine, with its soft, solemn music, vast
and deep, murmured a pleasant welcome.
Amid the forest gloom, far from their father land,
they stand undaunted. The sea bird's scream, the
wolf howl, and the yells of savage men around are
heard. In God's Great Temple, in the open air,
they call on Him they love, to guard them from the
dangers pressing nigh. Their prayer is heard.
They raise their notes of joy. Their music sweet.
is borne by winds along, and the wild woods repeat
their hymn of praise !

9
No glittering mines of gold allured them to this
distant shore. They sought their wealth above,
and " Freedom to worship God " on earth. No
warrior's crovra, nor Fame's loud trumpet blast,
impelled them onward. They sought a brighter,
yea, a holier, heavenly crown of life, undimmed by
tears and blood. They sought their honor fr-om
above, unsoiled, and lasting as eternal years.
The times of old have rolled away ! the ashes
of the Pilgrims rest beneath the soil they trod.
Their spirit lives and broods around. Their sons
stUl westward press their way. The forests dark
and wild, still fall before them. The yellow grain,
waving in smnmer glow, and golden corn ripening
in the autumnal sun, stands thick around. The
heaven-ward pointing village spire is seen on hill
and dale. The Star of Empire rises in the mighty
West! Green is the earth o'er the Pilgrim graves, but
greener and brighter grows their fame. The hate
of despots can not blast, nor purblind bigot zeal
tarnish the brightness of their honored names.
Their record is secure on high : an adamantine
tower resting on ocean's bed, 'gainst which the an-
gry surges roar, and foam, and dash in vain !
In Freedom's holy cause, our Fathers suffered,
toiled, and died. The story spreads and widens with
advancing years. In regions yet unknown, where
the wil& Indian roams, their names will yet be
known, and their example tell on generations yet
unborn. A mighty host shall yet arise towards the
setting Sim, on to the broad Pacific sea, who wiU
with thrilling accents celebrate that day when the
lone Pilgrim band first trod the ice-bound shore !
3, w. B.

10

Ruijis of the Church at JamcsiotDn,
ANCIENT CHURCH AT JAMESTOWN.
Jamestown, in Virginia, the first permanent British settlement
in North America, was founded by Capt. John. Smith and his
companions. May ISth, 1607. The only vestiges of this ancient
town are the remains of the church steeple or tower, about thirty
feet in height, and a disordered group of tomb stones. The
precise date when this church was erected can not now be ascer
tained, but it is supposed to have been nearly two hundred and
forty years since. This place has been the scene of many
interesting events in the early history of Virginia.

Old church ! beside thy ruined walls
The same bright waters flow,
And still the golden sunlight falls
On thee, as long ago,
When first amid the solemn wood,
Thy walls in stately beauty stood.

11
But thou art crumbling to decay,
This moss grown arch alone
TeUs of the centuries passed away,
The generations flo-wn ;
The " dark brown years" with storm and blast,
^d withering blight, have o'er thee passed.
Where roams the dusky chieftain now 1
Where blaze the council fires ;
And where the race of paler brow,
Virginia's noble sires ?
The groups^ who flUed yon house of prayer ?
Echo repeats^ and answers " Where 1"
Lone reKc of a by-gone age ;
The traveler seems to see
The story traced on History's page,
Revived again by thee :
The by-gone years return once more.
When first the white man trod the shore.
The gallant ship again has sped,'
Her course the ocean o'er ;
The snowy sails oncl more are spread
By old Powhatan's shore ;
He seems to see its gallant band
Tread the fair soil of this new land.
He seems to see the group that bowed.
Old church, to worship here ;
The stately forms of rulers proud.

12
The gallant cavalier ;
The flower of England's chivalry.
Youth, beauty, age and infancy.
Here Pocahontas kneels again
To take the holy vow ;
And here Powhatan with his train
Of warriors mingles now ;
And gallant Rolfe, here claims his bride.
The Indian Princess by his side.
Old church, the Fathers long have slept,
They moulder now with thee ;
Above thine ancient waUs have swept
The waves of Time's broad sea ;
Of spire and aisle and arch bereft.
But little now of thee is left.
So earth at last must pass away.
Each stately tower and dome ;
Its castles proud, its ruins gray ;
All frail as ocean's foam,
Swept on by Time's resistless sea,
And lost in vast eternity.
But humble hearts that gathered here,
ShaU rise in that great day.
When the Almighty shall appear,
And earth shall pass away ;
Above the mighty wreck shall soar
To live when " time shall be no more."

E. G B.

13
POCAHONTAS.
In the preceding stanzas, the marriage of Pocahontas
with Mr. Rolfe is introduced. The following account
of this Indian princess, is from Allen's American Bio
graphical Dictionary.
" Pocahontas, daughter of Powhattan, emperor of the Indians
of Virginia, was born about the year 1595, When Captain Smith
was taken prisoner in 1607, and it was determined that he should
be put to death, his head was placed upon two large stones at the
feet of Powhattan, that a number of Indians, who stood ready with
lifted clubs, might heat out his brains. At this moment, Pocahon
tas rushed to the spot and placed her own head upon his. From
regard to his daughter, the savage king spared his life. In 1609,
when but fourteen years of age, she went to Jamestown, in a dreary
night, and unfolded to Captain Smith a plot, which the Indians had
formed for the extermination of the English, and thus at the hazard
of her life saved them from destruction. In 1612, after Captain
Smith left the colony, she was, for a bribe of a copper kettle, be
trayed into the hands of Captain Argal, and detained a prisoner,
that better terms of peace might be made with her father. He
offered five hundred bushels of com for his daughter, but before
this negotiation was completed, a different and more interesting
one had commenced. A mutual attachment had sprung up be
tween her aud Mr. Thomas Rolfe, an Englishman of good charac
ter, and with the consent of Powhattan they were married. This
event restored peace, and secured it for many years. Pocahontas
soon made a profession of Christianity and was baptized. In 161C
she accompanied her husband to England, where she was received
with distinction at court. It is said, that king James expressed
great indignation, that one of his subjects would dare to marry
into a royal family. As she was about to embark for Virginia, in
1617, she died at Gravesend, aged about twenty- two years. She
is represented as a pious Christian. She left one son, Thomas
Rolfe ; and from his daughter descended some of the most respec
table families in Virginia." 2

14

THE INDIAN MOTHER.
Pammehantht, an Indian of distinction, with his wife on Mar
tha's Vineyard, having lost five children within ten days of their
birth, had a sixth child bom about the year 1638, a few years be
fore the English first settled on the Island. The mother, greatly
distressed with fear that she should lose this child also, and utterly
despairing of all human help, took up her little son, and went into
the fields to weep, alone. While here, it was powerfiolly im
pressed upon her mind, that there is one Great Almighty Being,
who was to be prayed to for help. She accordingly called on
this God for mercy, and dedicated her child to him. It lived, and
afterwards became an eminent minister of Christ to the Indiana.
The Indian Mother mourns her children gone»
For one by one, to fell disease a prey ;
Quickly they faded in life's earliest morn,
And only one is left to cheer her way.

She looks upon her child : must he too leave
Her lonely homo for yonder spirit land ?

15
Must she be left alone on earth to grieve.
Bereft of all her smiling household band ?
Is there no help ? her anxious heart inquires :
In vain the Indian Powaw tries his skill :
No savage rite his demon God inspires.
The mother's heart is sad and cheerless still.
Despairingly she wanders with her boy.
Through lonely fields, in sorrow and forlorn,
When suddenly a blessed gleam of joy
Breaks on her darkened soul like rays of morn.
" Oh yes ! there must be one who rules above,
The Great Good Spirit yet unknown to me,
The Lord of all, a God of boundless love.
The mighty maker of the earth and sea.
He made the sun to rise from ocean's bed.
And sink behind the western hills at night :
He makes the moon her silver light to shed.
The twinkling stars to shine with radiance bright.
By him the earth in summer verdure glows.
The forest boughs with smiling green are spread :
The yellow com in plenty he bestows.
He guards his chosen ones and gives them bread.
He feeds the little birds that skim the air.
The fishes gliding through the limpid wave :
His goodness and his love are every where,
On him I call, for he alone can save.
True faith was this, of that untutored mind.
Though long 'in darkness she had blindly trod.
The child she fi-eely thus to Heaven resigned,
Was spared to be a servant of his God.

16

MASSASOIT, THE INDIAN SACHEM.
In 1623, Massasoit, the Indian Prince of Sachem, of the Mas
sachusetts Indians, being sick, the Governor of Plymouth Colony
sent Edward Winslow and Jonn Hambden to make him a visit.
They arrived at the Sachem's house about midnight, and found
him surrounded by his people, using their charms and incantations,
with hideous noises, in order for his recovery. He was so far ex
hausted that his sight was gone, but on being informed that two of
his English friends had come, he desired to speak with Mr. Wins
low, regretting that he could never see him more. Mr. Winslow
then carefiilly administered cordials which he had brought with
him, which operated kindly, and soon restored his sight and
strength. Upon his recovery he said, " Now I know the Enghsh
are my friends and love me, and I shall never forget their kind
ness." In gratitude to his English friends, he disclosed a plot
which the Indians had formed to destroy them. This timely no
tice probably saved the colony from destruction.

Stretched on a bed of pain, the Sachem lay,
Great Massasoit, to fell disease a prey.

17
Darkness broods round ! his soul is filled with fears,
Save ! Great Spirit save ! for death appears.
With savage rites, his tribe a clamorous crowd.
Have gathered round with innovations loud ;
Louder, and louder rose the horrid strain.
The chieftain suffers siiU, and all is vain.
" His eyes are dim, no more will he behold
The king of day, with beams of brightest gold :
The silver moon, the lake, the rock-bound shore.
The smiling woodland, he will see no more.
No longer shall he seek the forest shade.
Or hunt the deer within the greenwood glade ;
In love he ruled the warriors of his race.
But death is near ! who 1 who shall fill his place ?"
So spake his people, as they gathered round
To see him die ; but hark ! what sudden sound
Of unexpected joy is heard this hour ?
Rejoice ! the white men come with healing power.
They come in mercy, and with skillful hand,
Beside the chieftain's couch, the travelers stand ;
With soothing care the fell disease is stayed.
And gratefully, the chieftain owhs their aid.
" The white men are my friends, they love me well !
In peace and love we will together dwell "
No more wiU we against the white man plot,
His deed of kindness, shall not be forgot."
The vow was kept, and as the years rolled round.
In Massasoit a faithful friend they found ;
He" ne'er forgot the white man's kindly deed.
The aid they gave him in his hour of need.
2*

le

6^-

Monument of Lady Fenwick, Saybrook, Conn.
THE GRAVE OF LADY FENWICK.
At the mouth of Connecticut River, about forty rods south of
the remains of Saybrook Fort, is a sort of tabular monument
erected over the remains of Lady Anne Botcler or Butler, the
wife of Col. Fenwick, the commander of the fort at Saybrook
Point. This lady was the daughter of an English nobleman,
and consequently retained her maiden name. She accompanied
her husband into this then wilderness, and lived in a rude fort,
surrounded by hostile savages. She died in 1648, and was buried
on a small elevation called " Tomb Hill," near the water. Her
husband afterwards returned to England, and was appointed one
of the Judges for the trial of Charles I.
" The dark brown years have passed over it : she sleeps alone, far from
the land of her Fathers, ' at the noise of the sounding sni^e 1' Her tomb
is seen by the mariner, as he passes by on the dark rolling sea !" Osaian.
Not in a sunny vale
That blooms in beauty in her native isle,
Not in the heart of some secluded dale,
Where the blue skies with gentle radiance smile.

19
Not in some stately pile.
Or gorgeous vault beneath her castle home ;
Not in the Abbey's dim and shadowy aisle.
Where anthems peal through fretted arch and dome.
No ! they have made her grave
Afar, alone ! beside the rolling surge.
Where ocean birds their dusky pinions lave.
And foaming billows sound her ceaseless dirge !
Far out upon the wave
Where the wild breezes fill the snowy sail.
The hardy mariner makes her lonely grave,
And hears her requiem in the stormy gale.
Far from her native land.
Like some fair flower, she slowly drooped and died,
The fairest, frailest, 'mid the Pilgrim band.
The gentle daughter of a house of pride.
What though no costly shrine
Her hallowed dust with stately pomp should grace.
The daughter of a long ancestral line.
Has won a holier, nobler resting place.
For lofty hearts and true.
Their holiest tribute to her memory paid ;
Hands strong, the spirits high commands to do,
'Mid prayers and tears her resting place have made.
There let her calmly sleep.
Where the dark wave her ceaseless requiem sighs,
TiU the last Trump shall break that slumber deep,
And she with myriad hosts of earth shall rise !
E. G. B.

20

Jdr. Hooker and his Congregation passing through the WUdemcaa.
FIRST SETTLERS OF CONNECTICUT.
About the beginning of June, 1636, the Rev. Messrs. Hooker
and Stone, with their congregation of about one hundred men,
women and children, took their departure from Cambridge, near
Boston, Mass., and traveled more than two hundred miles,
through a trackless wilderness, to Jlartford, Conn. They had
no guide but their compass, and made their way over mountains,
through swamps, thickets and rivers, which were passed with great
difficulty. They had no cover but the heavens, nor any lodgings
but those that simple nature afforded them. Mrs. Hooker, being
feeble, was carried upon a horse litter; the company were nearly
a fortnight upon their journey. " This adventure was the more
remarkable, as many of this company were persons of figure,
who had lived in England, in honor, affluence and delicacy, and
were entire strangers to fatigue and danger." " The forest
through which they passed, for the first time resounded with the
praises of God ; the Indians following them in silent admiration."
Beneath the deep and verdant shade,
Amid a new found land,

21
Through forests wild, the wand'rers strayed,
A Pilgrim exile band. /
The magic needle for their guide.
The changeless Polar star.
They wandered on, through paths untried,
To seek a home afar.
And manhood's stately form was there,
Fair childhood with its glee.
And tottering age with hoary hair.
And smiling infancy.
And gentle woman with her smile,
Cheered danger's darkest hour,
Who bloomed of old in Britain's isle.
Of princely halls the flower.
And one, a suffering one and meek,
They bore o'er hill and dale.
While o'er her pale and sunken cheek
Swept evening's chiUing gale.
O'er rock and hill, by stream and glade,
Through arches deep and high,
Where gorgeous hues of forest shade.
First met their wondering eye.
The forest monarchs stood in bands,
The stately oak and pine.
And spread abroad their leafy hands,
Like priests at nature's shrine.

22
And there, like incense, softly rose
The strains of prayer and praise.
And broke the Sabbath like repose
With soft harmonious lays.
And oft as evening's purple shade
Was lost in twilight dim.
Together in the forest glade
They sang their evening hymn.
And when the rosy morning woke
The POgrim's song of praise.
There on the Indian's ear fii-st broke.
In sweet harmonious lays.
And here the child of dusky brow.
Who long in darkness trod.
First learned in humble faith to bow.
And seek the Pilgrim's God.
Fair native land ! what led them thence.
The dazzling lure of gold ?
The thrilling tales of eloquence.
That Poet lips have told ?
Nay ! one whose name to song is dear,
Through many a land abroad.
Hath told what turned their footsteps here,
'^ Freedom to worship God!" E. G.

23
Thomas Hooker, the first minister in the colony of
Connecticut, was born in Leicestershire, England, in
1586, and was educated at Emanuel College, Cambridge.
After preaching for some time in London and Chelmes-
ford, he was silenced for his non-conformity. He came
to New England in 1633, in company with Mr. Cotton
and Mr. Stone. He had great influence in establishing
the order of the churches in Connecticut. He was re
markable in his manner of preaching. With a loud
voice, an expressive countenance, and a most command.
ing presence, he preached with a zeal and energy sel-
dom equaled. He appeared with such majesty in the
pulpit, that it was pleasantly said of him that " he could
put a king in his pocket." He died of an epidemic fe
ver, July 7th, 1647. As he lay on his death bed, one
of his weeping fi-iends said to him, " Sir, you are going
to receive the reward of all your labors." "Brother,"
he replied, " I am going to receive mercy."
Samuel Stone, the teacher of the church at Hartford,
and colleague to Mr. Hooker, was born at Hartford,
England, and died July 20th, 1663. " While he was
regarded as one of the most accurate and acute disputants
of his day, he was also celebrated for his wit and humor.
Dr. Mather says of him, ' He was an extraordinary per
son at an argument ; and as clear and smart a disputant,
as most that ever lived in the world." The following
inscription is on the monument erected to his memory
at Hartford. " New England's glory and her radiant crowne.
Was he who now in softest bed of downe.
Til glorious resurrection mome appeare
Doth safely, sweetly sleep in Jesus here.
Tis known beyond compare he did excell ;
Errors corrupt by sinewous dispute
He oppugne and clearly them confute ;
Above all things he Christ his Lord prefer'd
Hartford, thy richest jewel's here inter'd."

24

ROGER WILLIAMS.
Roger Williams, the founder of Rhode Island, wag one of the
early Puritan ministers who came over to New England. As
sonK of his religious sentiments differed from most of those by
whom he was surrounded, and as he refused to cease preaching to
them, he was banished from the colony. In the depth of winter,
in 1636, he was obliged to leave his family in Salem, Mass., and
return into the wilderness of Rhode Island, where he might enjoy
religious freedom unmolested. Here he fixed upon a spot, which
in grateful remembrance of" God*s merciful providence to him in
his distress," gave the name of Providence. His memory is de
serving of lasting honor for the hberty and generous toleration
which he gave " to all sorts of consciences," and for his kindness
and benevolence to the native Indians, and all others with whom
he was connected.
Williams, a name to human freedom dear,
True noble of the human race :
T:. .n in the truth of God, he feels no fear,
Though danger stares him in the face.

25
Freedom to think, to act, and worship God,
The great Creator gives to man :
Frail man would o'er his brother hold the rod.
And tell him where to pray, and when.
" Freedom to worship God," for this to gain,
Williams retires into the wilderness ;
'Mid wintry snows he feels that God is near.
To kindly cheer him and to bless.
That God who kindly fed in times of old,
By ravens, in the desert wild and wide.
Doth keep his servant in these western wilds.
And aU his wants are well supplied.
He builds his cottage in a lonely place,
Trusting in God for his defence ;
Religious freedom kindly gives to all,
And founds his city Providence.
From Persecution's fierce and cruel power,
A place of Refuge here is found :
To worship God as conscience prompts the soul :
Oh call it " high and holy ground !"
Oh haste the hour, when persecuting men
No more shall curse the earth abroad,
When bigot fire and flames, no more consume
The servants of the living God.
Great Power above ! oh give us all to feel
Thee still our Father and our Guide ;
Be thou our Light through this dark wilderness,.
For all is dark and drear beside.
3

26

i*ir ^- ". .. 'f'" ':

7^ Judaea Cave, New Haven.
THE REGICIDE JUDGES.
On the restoration of monarchy in England, the Judges who
condemned King Charles I. to death, were obliged to flee the
kingdom to save their lives. General Goffe and Whalley, two of
the judges, made their escape to New England in 1660, but were
compelled to Uve in great secrecy to prevent being apprehended
by the King's commissioners. Sometimes they were hid in cel
lars, by the colonists who secretly befriended th'em, other times
they would resort to the woods, caves, and other hiding places.
They concealed themselves for a while, in a kind of a cave or ap
erture beneath some detached rocks near the summit of West
Rock, about two miles from New Haven, Conn. This place ia
now called the Judges Cave, and on one of the rocks is inscribed
" Opposition to Tyrants is obedience to God." If tradition be
correct, their remains now rest near those of Col. Dixwell, back of
the Center Church, in New Haven.
On the mountain, stem and high.
Bleak and lonely lies the cave,
Giant rocks around it lie, ,
Forest trees around it wave.

27
And the river far below,
Narrowed to a silver thread,
And the fields in summer's glow.
Far before the eye are spread.
While the city's distant spires.
And the blue and rolling bay.
Glisten in the crimson fires.
Kindled at the close of day.
Many a score of years ago.
Wilder scenes then met the eye.
Of the two who looked below,
From their rocky fortress high.
Lonely was the view, and wild.
And the exile's cave was bleak.
Rocks by Nature rudely piled
Formed the home, they came to seek.
Wintry winds came howling by.
Storms would in their midst intrude.
And the panther's gleaming eye.
Looked upon their soUcude.
Outcasts from their place of birth,
Like the holy men of old !
In the dens and caves of earth,
Parched with thirst, and chilled by cold.
Nobles of the Pilgrim race.
Fame like theirs will ne'er decay :
StiU is seen their hiding place,
But the exiles, where are they 1
Still the Pilgrim's burial ground.
Keeps their ashes in its trust.
Hoary age, the spot has crowned
Earth to earth ! and dust to dust !
Earth shall keep their precept still,
" That to brave the tyrant's rod.
With a firm unfettered will.
Is obedience to God."

28
One of the Regicides, Col. John Dixwell, resided in New Ha
ven, Conn., for a long period, under the assumed name of James
Davids. He was married in this place, and left a wife and two
children. At his death, he discovered hia true character to the
people. Fearing his enemies might dishonor his ashes, he re
quested that only a plain stone might be erected, inscribed with
his initials, J. D., Esq., with his age and time of his death. Af
ter a lapse of one hundred and sixty-one years, on Nov. 29, 1849,
his remains were disinterred by his relatives, and re-committed to
the earth, back of the Center Church, standing on the public square
or green. A tasteful and durable monument is placed over hia
remains. The inscription on the east side, is as follows, viz.

John Dixwell, a zealous patriot — a sincere christian,
an honest man, he was faithful to duty through good and
through evil report, and having lost fortune, position and
home in the cause of his country, and of human rights,
found shelter and sympathy here, among the fathers of
New England. His descendants have erected this mon
ument as a tribute of respect to his memory, and as a
gratefiil record of the generous protection extended to him,
by the early inhabitants of New Haven. Erected, A. D.
1849.
Inscription on the west side :
Here rest the remains of John Dixwell, Esq., of the Pri
ory of Folkestone, in the county of Kent, England, of a
family long prominent in Kent, and Warwickshire, and
himself possessing large estates, and much influence in
his country ; he espoused the popular cause in the revolu
tion of 1640. Between 1640 and 1660, he was colonel
in the army, an active member of four parliaments, thrice
in the council of state, and one of the high court which
tried and condemned King Charles tke First. At the
restoration of the monarchy, he was compelled to leave
hia country; and after a brief residence in Germany,
came to New Haven, and here Uved in seclusion, but en
joying the esteem and friendship of the most worthy cit
izens, till his death in 1688-9.

29

Gen. Goffe repulsinjr the Indians.
DELIVERANCE OF HADLEY.
When Gen. Goffe, one of the judges of King Charles I, was
secreted in Hadley, Mass., in September, 1675, the Indians at
tacked the town, while the inhabitants were at public worship.
The men immediately took to their arms, but were soon thrown
into the utmost confusion, till GofTe, entirely unknown to thein,
white with age, of a commanding and venerable aspect, and in
an unusual dress, suddenly appeared among them, encouraged the
affrighted inhabitants, put himself at their head, and by his mili
tary skill, led them on to an immediate victory. After the dis
persion of the enemy, he instantly disappeared. The wondering
inhabitants, alike ignorant whence he came, and where he had
retired, imagined him to be an angel, sent for their deliverance.
Hark ! hark ! the watchman's thrilling cry,
Falls wildly on the ear ;
To arms ! forth to the conflict fly !
To arms ! the foe is near.
3*

30
Pale grew the tender mother's cheek,
As silently she pressed.
With feelings words might never speak.
Her loved ones to her breast.
Now louder rose the savage yell.
The echoing woods along ;
These rav'ning wolves, who, who can quell 1
For they are fierce and strong.
Unused to mortal, savage strife.
Pale grew the Pilgrim's brow :
Disordered now he strives for life.
Oh ! who shall save him now !
The man of God has bowed him there.
His flock around hira press ;
Wilt thou not hear thy servant's prayer.
While in this wilderness ?
" Save us, O God ! our Father, save,"
Was now the fervent cry ;
" No other refuge now we have.
Swift to our rescue fly !"
The prayer is heard ! a form is seen
Amid the frighted band.
Firm as a rock, bold and serene.
With flashing sword in hand 1
His waving locks are snowy white,
Made venerable by time ;
And yet his eye is keen and bright
As that of manhood's prime.

31
" Courage ! cheer up ! ye pilgrim band !"
His tones are loud and clear,
Like one accustomed to command,
He stands unflinching here.
" Stand here ! stand there ! and thus control
These furious men of blood :"
Unwonted courage nerves the soul
Of him who trusts in God.
" Our leader bold ! he's from above,
He bears a charmed life,"
So spake the soul that saw him move.
Unharmed amid the strife.
Awed by his mien of majesty,
The lightning of his eye ;
The foe fall back in wild dismay,
They shrink, they run, they fly !
The strife is o'er ! the battle plain
The Pilgrim band has won ;
But wonderingly, they look in vain
For him who led them on.
Mysteriously the stranger came,
As strange his flight had been ;
None knew his story or his name,
Amid these wondering men :
But deemed him as an angel sent.
For their deliverance given ;
While many a prayer that evening went
From thankflil hearts to heaven.

32

PRESERVATION OF MR. STODDARD.

Solomon STonnARD was for a long period the minister of the
Gospel at Northampton, Mass., where he died in 1729, in the
86th year of his age. He " possessed probably more influence
than any other clergyman in the province, during a period of
thirty years. Here he was regarded with a reverence which will
be scarcely rendered to any other man. The very savages are
said to have felt towards him a peculiar awe." It is said that
once when he was passing from Northampton to Hatfield, a
Frenchman, or Canadian Indian, in arribush, pointed his gun at
him, but was warned by the Indians not to fire, because that man
" was EnglishmarCs God." He was also preserved, it is said, in a
similar manner, while meditating in an orchard back of the church
in Deerfield, on a sermon he was about to preach.
Unhahmed where foes in ambush lay,
The man of God passed by,
Though danger frowned upon his way,
And sudden death was nigh.

33
For twice the foe with murderous aim
His heart a mark had made.
And tvdce the musket's fatal flame
The Indian's hand had stayed.
" The white man's God, thou shalt not harm,"
The dusky warrior cried ;
His grasp was on his comrade's arm.
His musket turned aside.
What wondrous power is this, that charmed
The sas-age Indian so ?
That thus the man of God, unharmed,
Should pass a lurking foe ?
Oh anxious hearts ! foreboding ill !
In this a lesson read ;
God's love, a shield is round you still,
Where duty's path shall lead.
His presence like a wall of fire,
WUl circle round your way ;
. With awe the fiercest heart inspire,
And hate's fell weapon stay.
Oh timid hearts ! oh anxious souls !
This lesson keep in view ;
He who the threatened ill controls,
WiU he not care for you ?
Then on ! where duty's path shall lead,
Away with doubt and fear !
Stand at your post ! your hour of need
Shall find a guardian near. E. 6. B.

34

WILLIAM PENN.
William Penn, the founder of Pennsylvania, came over to
America in 1689, with a colony of Friends or Quakers. He en
deavored to plant and sustain his infant colony, on the principles
of Christian Love. He gave free toleration to all religious sects,
purchased his land honestly of the Indians, and treated them
kindly : and it is said that in their wars with the whites, they
never killed a Quaker, knowing hira to be such. He founded
his capital, which he called Philadelphia, or seat of brotherly love.
William Penn was the son of an Admiral in the English navy,
who persecuted him on account of his religious sentiments. He
also was imprisoned for the same cause, and sufiered much in his
attempts to do good to others.
Moved by the loye of God and man, he turned,
A friend iiideed from childhoods stately home.
To mingle with the few, whom pride had spum'd.
Afar amid the western wilds to roam.
A father's angry frown he heeded not —
The world's fcold taunts ; the flattering voice of Fame j
But with a humble sect, he cast his lot,
And meekly bore hia Master's cross of shame.

35
He might have won amid his native land,
A place where dazzling glories gleaming shone ;
He might have swayed the sceptre of command,
With favored nobles near a kingly throne.
But loftier aspirations filled his mind.
To found an Empire where sweet peace should reign ;
Friends, native land, he cheerfully resigned,
And sought a place beyond the roUing main.
Unarmed except by Love, in danger's hour.
He moved midst savage men ; his power they feel ;
All conquering Love ! more mighty in thy power.
Than thundering cannon, or the glittering steel.
Like coals of fire, it melts the stubborn will :
Those who had lurked like tigers for their prey.
With fell design, with murderous aim to kill.
Those savage foemen quailed, and owned thy sway.
And he who wears the garb of Love may stand.
Firm as if circled by a wall of lire !
Hate will not lift 'gainst him the murderous brand.
And kindled flames of fell revenge expire !
Immortal Penn ! what though a crowd unkind.
Heaped cruel insult on thine honored name.
E'en prison walls could not suffice to bind
The noble spirit, fearless still of -shame.
Immortal Penn ! thou hast not lived in vain.
Thy bright example still shall brightly shine.
And numerous voices here, and o'er the main.
With deathless laurels shall thy name entwine.
And thou, blest Love ! descended from above.
Myriads of voices yet shall pierce the skies,
Shall sing the mighty truth, that God is Love !
And many a Philadelphia, yet shall rise. 1. W. B.

36

THE SALEM MARTYRS.
In 1699, occurred one of the most surprising and afflicting
scenes ever witnessed in New England, from the supposed preva
lence of witchcraft. At this period, many learned and eminent
men in England and America, fully believed in the existence of
this crime. The excitement commenced in Salem and its vicin
ity. About one hundred persons were accused ; about fifty con
fessed themselves guilty. Those who confessed themselves guilty
of this crime, appear to have done it in order to save their lives,
as they afterwards declared themselves innocent. Twenty per
sons were executed for practicing witchcraft, most of whom ex
hibited a forcible example of the strength of moral principle. It
appears that if they would only confess the crime like the others,
their lives might have been spared. But these martyrs, (as they
may be truly called,) rather than confess what they knew to be
untrue, nobly preferred to suff*er death.

When the wild stoim so strange, burst o'er the land,
Dark was the hour, strong was the spell,

37
When high and low, to false accusers gave
The hearing ear, to slanders fell.
Oh sacred love of truth divine ! for thee.
Many the martyr's path have trod.
Though fire and shameful death their lot would be.
If they spoke truth before their God.
True sons and daughters of the Pilgrim race.
Their honor from above they seek ;
Their life with all its charms they freely give.
Rather than lying words to speak.
Their friends with tears come round, and urge them on
To save their lives ; this, this they press.
Oh own what weak and frenzied men have said.
And Uve your fellow men to bless.
No, no ! these hero-martyrs firm replied.
Death in its shameful form we brave :
Nought but the simple truth shall pass our lips,
We can not lie our lives to save.
Oh blessed power that nerves the Christian soul ;
His strength he feels is from on high :
Rather than in the least to swerve from truth.
He'll give up aU, and nobly die.
Then cease to sneer, nor raise the foolish laugh.
At weakness here, wherever found ;
How few in this dark world, can pierce beyond.
Bewildering mists that float around.
But look with triumph on these noble souls.
Who duty's path have nobly trod :
For truth, like those of old, they gave up life.
True martyrs of the living God. J. W. B.
4

38

THE INDIAN REFORMER.
In the year 1745, the devoted missionary, David Brainerd, la
bored among the Indians in Pennsylvania. When at a conside
rable distance from the English settlements, he met with an Indian
reformer, who, though dressed with bear skins, in a most wild
and fantastic manner, with a rattle in his hand, was evidently
sincere and honest in his way. Notwithstanding his outward
appearance, there was much in his character which appeared
christian-like. He said that he formerly Uved like the rest of the
Indians, but God had changed his mind and shown him what he
should do. Since that time he had tried to serve him, and he
loved all mankind as he never did before. He was derided by
most of the Indians as a precise zealot. He opposed their drink-
m-g strong drink (or fire water) with all his power, and when at
any time he could not prevent it, would go weeping to the woods.

In every clime in this dark world abroad,
God can the thickest clouds dispel :
His being to the weakest mind can show,
By many signs infalHble.

39
Oh let us not, the mercy of our God,
Confine to our own sect or place :
He is the Lord of all, of high and low.
Father of all the human race.
The Indian wild in the far lonely wood.
Feels the " Great Spirit " ever near ;
His voice within he hears, and upward looks.
And calls on God, and God will hear.
This sum of heavenly truth, that " God is Love,"
On Pagan hearts this Light of day.
Pours forth new hght ! new Love inspires his soul.
And hateful pdssions die away !
He meekly strives his brethren to reclaim.
From the destructive power of sin.
To drink no more the fiery, maddening draught.
But strive to have all peace within.
But if they were to his entreaties deaf.
His soul was pained, his tears they fell ;
Into the forest depths he took his way.
Before the Lord his griefs to tell.
What though his sacredotal robes may seem,
Uncouth and barbarous to our sight.
Oh judge him not severe ! he fancies thus.
This mode of dress, he thinks it right.
His paler brother too, has modes and forms.
Of priestly dress : in various ways.
Attracts the notice of his fellow men,
As fancy, or as fashion sways.
With equal eye, the Father of us all.
Whether in skins or silks we dress,
He sees us all ! he knows our thoughts and aims,
With pity sees our weaknesses.
Throughout all time and place, he that performs
The works of love and righteousness ;
God will accept, though lame his creed.
The upright man will surely bless.

1. w.

40

DESTRUCTION OF D'ANVILLE'S FLEET.

In 1746, a poweriul fleet from France, under the command of
Duke D Anville, consisting of about forty ships of war besides
transports, sailed to ravage and destroy the Enghsh settlements,
on the American coast. The consternation was great among the
colonies, especially when they learnt that no fleet had sailed from
the mother country in quest of the French. But a kind Provi
dence appeared for their deliverance. A most remarkable series
of disasters pursued the French. The Duke D' Anville died in a
sudden and unexpected manner ; his successor, in a fit of delirium,
killed himself The fleet sustained much damage by storms, and
great loss by shipwrecks. In addition to this, a mortal sickness
prevailed, and swept off" a large portion of the troops, and the re
mainder soon after embarked for France. Such an instance of
preservation, without the aid of human power, seldom occurs ;
and the pious people of that time, ascribed their deUverance to
that Being, who caused the Assyrian monarch to return to his
own country, without so much as shooting an arrow against Je
rusalem.

41
The dark'ning clouds of war are gathering fast.
The foe draws near with towering pride.
Threatening our land with fiery 'vengeance storm,
And desolation far and wide.
In proud array the hostile fleet of France,
Are marshaled for the onset dread ;
A powerful force urged on by sweUing sails.
By noble, warlike Captains led.
God of our Fathers ! kindly save us now.
Oh shield us by thy mighty power ;
Oh Father, hear us in our deep distress.
And save us in this trying hour.
Thine ancient people, when the mighty hosts
By proud Senacherib were led.
Their prayers they raised to thee : in one short night,
Thy power did lay them helpless, dead.
Our father's prayers were heard : sickness prevails ;
Death thins the ranks ; o'erpowers the foe ;
The frowning heavens above are dark with storms.
The foaming biUows rage below.
By stormy winds dismaiitled, and o'er-powered.
The mighty ships are sunk like lead :
Amid the waste of waters wide around.
The foe lies low among the dead.
Disease and flood, and stormy -winds, and death,
Fulfill the will of the Most High :
Strong is the power that kindly guards all those,
That on the mighty God rely.
4* J. W. B.

42

i m^ :" f
:MSO ¦*¦. 1 I,

ZINZENDORF, THE MORAVIAN MISSIONARY.
In 1742, Count Zinzendorf, the celebrated Moravian mission
ary, went among the Shawnee Indians, in the Wyoming valley
in Pennsylvania. Unable to appreciate the pure motives of his
mission, they suspeci-ed him of being a spy, or a land speculator in
disguise, and accordingly they sent some of their number to kill
him. Zinzendorf had kindled a fire in his tent, and was deeply
engaged in writing and meditation when the Indians stole upon
him, to execute their bloody commission. Warmed by the fire,
a large rattle snake crept forth, and glided harmlessly over the legs
of the holy man unperceived by him. The Indians, however,
were at this very moment looking stealthily into the tent and saw
the movement of the serpent. Awed by this scene, they desisted
from their bloody purpose ; they soon retired, and informed their
iiountrymen that the Great Spirit protected this white man, and
they dared not raise their hands against him.
Alone ! and far fi-om childhood's home,
He crossed the stormy sea to roam,
An exile, in the forest wild,
To seek and save frail nature's child ;
The dusky Indian who hath ma^e,
His home within the green wood shade.

43
Sweet love T O Charity divine !
What wondrous mighty power is thine !
Which thus the ties of nature rends.
And severs country, kindred, friends,
And ills to share, all perils brave,
A fallen sinful race to save.
Count Zinzendorf, of noble race.
Like him of Patmoa finds a place.
To hold communion sweet, on high.
Where heavenly visions meet the eye ;
To write : and to the churches tell.
Though dark around, yet all is well.
Upward he looks ! his spirit flies.
To far off bowers of Paradise,
To meet with spirits of the just.
Made perfect in their love and trust ;
Unmoved he sits, serene his brow.
What angel guards his musings now 1
For see ! what danger now betides !
A horrid serpent o'er him glides :
Calmly he sits, unconscious still
Of aught that now may threaten ill :
The poisonous reptile all disarmed,
Creeps on, and leaves him quite unharmed.
He rests ! while savage foes draw near.
Amazed they stand in wondrous fear :
What potent spell, what magic charm
Can shield the pale faced man from harm 1
Some mighty power to them unknown.
Must guard this stranger when alope.
He sleeps ! but sleep hke his, may speak
A lesson words are all too weak
To tell ; the white man's God hath power
To shield his servant at this hour ;
That he whom Israel's Watchman keeps.
Through threatened ills, untroubled sleeps.

44
MORAVIANS.
The United Brethren, or Moravians, of whom Connt
Zinzendorf was a distinguished member, derive their or-
igin from the Greek Church, in the 9th century. The
society, as at present, was placed on a permanent foun
dation in 1722, by the Count, who gave the perse-juted
brethren in Moravia, a place of refuge on his estates in
Saxony. Zinzendorf, having adopted the sentiments of
the Brethren, was consecrated one of their Bishops and
from thenceforward devoted his life to the cause.
Under the guidance of the Count, certain article ? of
union were agreed to, which embraced only the great
truths of Scripture. Individuals of all Protestant denom
inations, conseqtiently have always been freely admitted
into their communities without renouncing their pecuUar
creeds. Discussions respecting controverted points are
avoided, but they make the merits of Christ their princi
pal theme, and hope of salvation.
The Brethren early turned their attention to this coun
try, in order to introduce christianify; among the Indiana.
In 1741, they settled near the forks of the Delaware, in
Pennsylvania. Count Zinzendorf, then on his mission
ary tour in America, visited this placej)n Christmas in
that year, and lodged in a log-house, attached to which
was a stable. From this circumstance the name of
Bethlehem was given to the settlement.
" No people have probably done so much in the cause of mis
sions, in proportion to their means, aa the Moravians. The suf
ferings and devotedness of their missionaries have been great.
They have oftentimes gone forth, single-handed and unknown,
among the slave population in the West Indies, the degraded and
filthy Greenlanders, and the savages of our own country. In some
instances ten, in others nenT fifty years have elapsed, ere they saw
any fruit ; yet they continued to labor, full of faith, and struggling
against misrepresentation, suffering, and loss of life."

45
Bethlehem, the largest town of Moravians in this
country, is about 48 miles north of PhUadelphia, and
contains about 1600 inhabitants, mostly of German de
scent. The town is beautifully situated, and is celebra
ted for its neat and orderly appearance. The following,
respecting their religious customs, &c., is fi-om a recent
publication. As usual among the Germans, great attention is paid to music ;
almost every dwelling has its piano, and it forms one of the most
interesting features of their public worship. Before the Lord's
supper, they have a love feast, when all assemble expressly to listen
to vocal and instrumental music, interspersed vrith hymns, in which
the congregation join, while they partake of a cup of coffee, tea, or
chocolate, and light cakes, in token of fellowship and brotherly
union. Easter morning is devoted to a solemnity of a peculiar
kind. At sunrise the congregation assemble in the graveyard ; a
service, accompanied by music, is celebrated, expressive of the joy
ful hopes of immortality and resurrection, and a solemn commem-
moration of those who, in the course of the last year, have gone to
heaven. Soon as a person dies, the event is announced by solemn instru
mental music, from a band stationed in the church tower. Differ
ent tunes are played, signifying the age, sex, and condition of the
deceased ; so it is then usually known'who is dead. These death
hymns, sounding, as they often do, upon the still morning or eve
ning air, must have a singularly melancholy efTect upon the hearer,
reminding him that he too is mortal. Their funeral services are
usually performed in church ; from thence the congregation march
to the grave, preceded by a band of music. If the deceased is a
female, the ladies follow first after the coffin ; if a male, the re
verse. They consider death as no evil, but the entrance to eternal
Wiss, and therefore do not mourn for friends, nor wear insignia of
grief. In alluding to the departed, they use the expression, " helm
gehen," signifying that they, have gone home. The graveyard,
Uke most of this denomination, is laid out as a garden, and planted
with trees, under which are seats for visitors. The graves are de
void of the disagreeable coffin-like shape of our own ; but resemble
flower beds, and in many cases are covered with myrtle and other
ornamental plants. The monuments are small slabs laid horizon
tally upon the graves, the inscriptions uppermost, and bearing aim-
ply the name, age, and place of decease.

46

RESCUE OF MAJOR PUTNAM.
In 1758, Major Putnam, when near Fort Edward, during the
war with the French and Indians, was taken prisoner by the
latter. They determined to roast him alive. Accordingly they
stripped him, bound hira to a tree, and piled up dry brush and
other fuel in a circle around him, which they set on fire. A sud
den shower damped the rising flame. Still they strove to kindle
it, until at last the blaze ran fiercely round the circle. The sava
ges yelled in triumph, and Putnam fully believed that his final hour
had now come. He summoned all his resolution, and composed
his mind as far as he could, to bid farewell to all he held most
dear. The bitterness of an agonizing death wao in a manner past,
and nature was quitting her last hold on life, when a French offi
cer rushed through the crowd, opened a way by scattering the
burning brands, and severely reprimanded the savages. This
was Molang, the commanding officer, who, having received in
formation of what was going on, rushed to the relief of Putnam,
and at the last moment saved his life.
A FEARFUL sight uow rises to the view.
In the dark northern forests wild ;
Putnam the brave is seized, condemned to death.
Fast bound amid the blazing pile.

47
The scorching fire begins to rise ;
Loud sounds the savage demon yell :
The suffering victim looks for help above.
From foes the children dire of hell !
Oh Father help him in this trying hour ;
Help him ! he calls on thy great name :
The prayer is kindly heard, a sudden shower
Puts out the kindling, rising fiame.
With fell revenge and hate, the savage crew
Kindle again the raging fire ;
Prepare a feast of death, and see once more,
A victim brave, in flames expire.
¦The savage «yells in horrid triumph rise.
Like demons mad, they dance around ;
The crackling, roaring flames now mount on high.
The death-song swells with fearful sound.
My hour is come ! I shall behold no more
My loved ones, and my partner dear !
Perish I must ! within this scorching flame :
No human help doth now appear.
Yet Father thou canst save ! when all below
Is darkness to the human eye ;
Yet Father to thy stern decree I bow.
Submissive at thy feet I lie.
That man is blessed, who puts his trust in thee.
Who lives, or dies at home, abroad :
Strong is the power that kindly guards him round.
Strong is his helper. Father, God !
A voice is heard ! a noble form appears,
Molang, the generous Frenchman, braves,
Drives back the wretches with indignant frown.
Scatters the fire, the victim saves.
Oh noble thus ! our enemies to love.
Kindly assist them in distress ;
And him who reigns above, the Lord of all,
The merciful will surely bless.

43

THE TRUE WIFE AND MOTHER.
In 1764, Col. Boquet, having conquered the Indians in the vi
cinity of Carlisle, Pennsylvania, compelled them to sue for peace.
One of the conditions of peace was, that the Indians should de
liver up all the women and children whom they had taken into
captivity. Many of these had learned the language of their cap
tors, adopted their habits, and were bound to them by ties of affec
tion. The separation between the Indians and their prisoners
was heart-rending. Some afterwards made their escape, and re
turned to the Indians. One female, who had been captured at
the age of fourteen, had become the wife of an Indian Chief, and
mother of several children. When informed that she was to be
delivered to her parents, her grief could not be alleviated. " Can
I," said she, "enter into my parents dwelling? Will they be
kind to my children ? Will my old companions associate with
the wife of an Indian ? And my husband, who has been so kind
— I will not desert him !" That night she fled to the camp of
her husband and children.

Strange is the forest scene,
A. sorroAving group is there ;

49
The Indian with his dusky brow.
And woman pale and fair.
The parting hour has come.
And tearfidly they stand ;
WhUe fi-iends their long lost kindred claim,
Amid that forest band.

*' Back to the white man's care,
The captives we restore ;
But to the Indian's homes and hearts.
They wiU return no more.
Mother, and wife, and maid.
From hUl, and stream, and dell ;
And from your homes beneath the shade.
Ye go : fareweU ! farewell !"
These moiu-nful words are heard.
Sad as a funeral knell ;
And the proud Indian's bitter tears,
FaU with the word, farewell !
Hark ! for 'tis woman speaks.
The Mother and the wife :
Hear ! for her kindred bid her rend
The ties more dear than life.
" They bid me seek again.
The home of childhood's years ;
But oh ! its far off beauty shines.
But dimly through my tears.
A dearer home is mine.
Within the green wood glade ;
5

60
There dwells my love, my children play.
Beneath its leafy shade.
My children ! bom and reared
Amid the forest wild ;
Will not the white man proudly spurn.
The Indian's dusky chUd ?
And those I loved of old.
My friends in years gone by.
Will they not mark the Indian's wife
With cold averted eye 7
And he I loved so well.
That heart so kind and true ;
Can ye give back such love as his.
Which I resign for you?
And shall I leave him ? No !
I leave the white man's care ;
Back to the forest's depths I go.
My home and heart are there.
Yes ! for a mother's love.
No laws of caste can bind ;
And only in one faithfiil heart.
The wife her home may find.
So woman's love will shine.
Alike through good or ill.
In palace hall, or forest shade,
Pure and unchanging still.

51

THE MOTHER'S VOICE.

In 1764, Col. Boquet of Pennsylvania, having defeated the In
dians, compeUed them to sue for peace. One of the conditions
apon which peace was granted, was that the Indians should re
store all the women and children they had taken captive from
the white settlements. Many had been seized when very young,
forgot their own language, and grew up to maturity, in the wig
wams of the savages, adopting their manners and customs. A
great number of the restored prisoners were brought to Carlisle,
— many^ mother found a lost child, but others could not desig
nate their children. Among these, was an aged woman, whose
child, little girl, had been teken from her several years before ;
but was unable to recognize her daughter, or converse with the
released captives. With a breaking heart, she lamented tx3 Col.
Boquet her hapless lot. The Colonel requested her to sing a
hymn which she used to sing to her daughter when a little child.
This was no sooner complied with, than tho long-lost daughter
rushed into the' arms of her mother.
In strange fantastic dress arrayed,
The rescued captives stand.

53
With warriors of the forest shade
Amid the little band.
Of friends that here their kindred claim.
Repeating each familiar name.

And here the mother seeks with tears.
Her loved, her long lost chUd,
So changed by lapse of weary years.
From the young face that smUed,
Upon her in her childish glee.
In days of helpless infancy.

Dark was the storm of war that swept
The peaceful cormtry o'er ;
When friends and kindred sadly wept.
For those they saw no more :
And many a mother mourned her child
Borne captive to some forest wUd.

What tone, that long lost child shall reach.
What voice her tale impart ?
She knoweth not her loved one's speech ;
And with a heavy heart.
She looks from face to face with tears.
To seek the one, long lost for years.

Is there no dear femiliar word.
Which on her ear should break ?
Is there no lay in childhood heard
Sweet memory's chords to wake.
To free that spirit from its spell ?
The soldier bade the mother teU.

53

She sings the song of other days,
The liymn so sweet and mUd ,
One of the simple cradle lays.
She sang her infant child.
And learned that loved one's childish tone.
To mingle sweetly with her own.
A mother's voice ! what magic ai-t
It hath to touch the soul ;
It enters in the inmost heart.
Its passions to control :
That voice that lulled the babe to rest,
In slumber on a mother's breast.
A mother's voice, it teUs of love,
Such as few hearts may know.
Such as the angels feel above,
For those they guard below ;
A love the world can never chiU,
Pure, undefiled, and changeless still.
Oh blessed voice ' oh long lost strain !
Thy tone has pi erced one ear !
The davghter echoes back again.
The song to meinory dear :
She rushes to her mother's breast !
A mother's heart n ust think the rest !
5 ¦' E. G.

54

COL. BOONii'S FIRST VIEW OF KENTUCKY.
In 1769, Col. Daniel Boone, and a few others from Virginia,
made an exploring expedition into the wilderness westward.
After a long fatiguing march over a mountainous^region, they
came to the top of an eminence, from whence, with joy and won
der, they discovered the level and beautifiil landscape of Ken
tucky. " Here," says Col. Boone, " nature was a series of won
ders, and a fund of delight. Here she displayed her ingenuity
and industry, in a variety of flowers and fruits beautifully colored,
elegantly shaped, and charmingly flavored : and we were diverted
with numberless animals, presenting themselvee perpetually to
our view. The buffaloes were more numerous than cattle on
other settlements — their numbers were amazing."
Fate was the scene that lay.
Before fhe little band.
Which paused upon its toilsome way.
To view this new found land.

Field, stream, and valley spread.
Far as the eye could gaze.

55

With Summer's beauty o'er them shed.
And sunlight's brightest rays.
Flowers of the fairest dyes.
Trees clothed in richest green ;
And brightly smiled the deep blue skies.
O'er this enchanting scene.
Such was Kentucky then.
With wild luxuriance blest ;
Where no invading hand had been :
The garden of the West.
Such must have seemed the land,
Columbus fqund of old ;
Whose beauties lay on every hand.
Whose charms were never told.
So to the Christian's eyes,
The land of promise seems :
So many a fairy vision lies.
Before our gaze in dreams.
Kentucky ! years have passed
Since first they pressed the sod ;
Another race its lot has cast.
Where once the Indian trod.
Fair as thou wert of old.
The patriot's cause be thine.
Thy sons for Liberty be bold.
For Freedom's rights divine. E. G. n.

56

Benezet instructing colored children.
ANTHONY BENEZET.
This celebrated philanthropist was. a native of France. On
account of religious persecution in that country, his parents, in
1731, removed to London. While here, the family adopted the
religious opinions of the Society of Friends, and in 1731, emigra
ted to Philadelphia. In his zeal to do good, he left a profitable
mercantile business, and devoted himself to the instruction of
youth. He was a friend to the poor and distressed of every de
scription, and labored most earnestly for their relief and welfare.
He made great exertions to have the slave trade suppressed. The
unfortunate and degraded situation of the African race in this
country, deeply moved his sympathy, and he made strong efforts
for their elevation and improvement. The loss of this benevolent
man was deeply felt, and his funeral was attended by all religious
denpminations. Many hundred cohired persons, with tears, fol
lowed his remains to the grave. An American officer of the
Revolutionary army, in returning from the funeral, pronounced a
striking eulogium upon him. " I would rather," said he, "be
Anthony Benezet, in that coffin, than the great Washington with
all his honors."

57
Servant of God ! thy work is done.
No more thy thoughts employ
On earth below.: the victory's won !
" Enter thy master's joy."
Like him thy suffering bosom heaved.
Thy tears like rain-drops flowed.
For sufTering, fallen, wretched man.
Thy sotil with mercy glowed.
Long didst thou meekly strive and toil.
To raise an injured race.
And give them hope 'mid keen despair.
And beings lost embrace.
The widow and the fatherless,
With sighs and tears deplore,
This benefactor of our race
On earth, they see no more.
Oh, sainted one ! in this dark world
Too few like thee are seen ;
" Like angel heavenly visitants.
Too few and far between."
No hollow, false, deceitful tears.
O'er Benezet are shed.
Thy memory will live above.
When earth gives up its dead.
No rattUng dram, no volley loud.
Speaking of war's dread trade ;
No gaudy banners proudly wave.
Where thy remains are laid :
Oh no ! angelic hosts attend.
Thy spirit to convey.
From these dark bewildering scenes,
To endless, perfect day.
Kind heaven doth guard thy sleeping dust,
Though scattered round, abroad :
Thy spirit sweetly rests within
"The bosom of thy God !

58

FOUNDING OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE.
In 1770, Dr. Wheelock removed from Connecticut, his family
and school to Hanover, New Hampshire, and laid the foundation
of Dartmouth College at that place. The roads at that period,
being rough and unfinished, the pupils performed the journey on
foot. The site selected for the college and other buildings, was
an extensive plain, shaded with lofty pines, with no accommoda
tions except two or three log huts. A college and other buildings
were erected and partially finished before the aummnal snows
set in. In the ensuing winter, the snow lay four feet in depth,
between four and five months. " Sometimes standing in the
open air, at the head of his numerous family, Dr. Wheelock pre
sented to God their morning and evening prayers : the surround
ing forests, for the first time reverberated the solemn sounds of
supplication and praise."
In the deep shadow of the solemn wood.
With rustling pines, and woodland songsters nigh.
The man of God amid his scholars stood, '
And raised the tuneful song of praise on high.
Dartmottth, endeared to science is thy name.
Thy bounteous gift yet still shall long endure,

59

These dauntless hearts, these weary travelers came,
Thy gift for unborn thousands to secure.
No pompons rites the pleasing service crowned.
No organs swell, no costly robes wore there.
But murmurs of the forest reigned around.
Unbroken save by sounds of praise and prayer.
It was a simple stracture which they reared.
Deep in the heart of that secluded grove.
But by the labor of their hands endeared.
And hallowed by a blessing from above.
Far different this from proud ancestral piles.
Beyond the sea, 'mid England's stately homes.
Where shadowy stillness reigned in cloistered aisles.
The dust of centuries, on ponderous tomes.

Where pale monastic men still pondered o'er.
Old volumes saved from all destroying time.
Not such famed Dartmouth, was thy treasured store,
Nor dim religious splendor such as theirs, was.thine.
But through the winter's storm, and summer's heat.
Fair Science, did thy children gather there.
The Indian youth sat at Instruction's feet,
With his white brother, void of slavish fear.

Deep lay the snow its humble walls around,
-When winter's wind came howling fiercely by ;
Their couch oft-times in summer's heat the ground.
And the blue vault above, their canopy.
Such Dartmouth, were thy " founding times " of old.
Clouds of the morn that ushered in thy days.
Of calm prosperity when we behold
Thy numerous sons, rehearse old Dartmouth's praise. £. a. B.

60

WashiTiffton asking pardon of Mr. Fayne.
WASHINGTON'S ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.

In 1754, Washington, then a youjjg man of 22 years of age,
was stationed with his regiment at Alexandria. At this time, an
election for public officers took place, and the contest between
the candidates became exciting and severe. A dispute took place
between Mr. Payne and Washington, in which the latter, (an
occurrence very uncommon with him,) became warm, and said
something which gave Mr. Payne so much offense, that he
knocked Washington down. Instead of flying into a passion,
and sending him a challenge to fight a duel, as was expected,
Washington, upon mature reflection, finding that he had been
the aggressor, he resolved to ask pardon of Mr. Payne on the
morrow. Accordingly he met Mr. Payne the next day, and ex
tended his hand in a friendly manner : " Mr. Payne," said he,
" to err is nature : to rectify error is glory. I find I was wrong
yesterday : but I wish to be right to day. You have had soma
satisfaction : and if you think that was sufficient, here's my hand :
let uB be friends." It ia hardly necessary to state, that ever after
wards they were so.

61
Grkat Washington ! more noble far thou wert,
When like a suppliant thou didst meekly yield.
Than when thy banners waved in victory high.
O'er foemen prostrate on the battle field.
Thou canst forgive ! oh heavenly blessed power !
Our brother frail, his insults to forgive.
To rise above revenge, that passion strong.
And good for evil, kindly, nobly give !
True courage this ! that nobly dares do right,
Nor heeds the proud, the puny worldling's scora ,
Fears not the slanderous tongue, or hellish spite.
But bravely, boldly, meets the thick'ning storm.
He soars above the fogs that close him round.
The dark sulphureous clouds that frown below,
To realms above, where seraph voices sound.
Where Love and Friendship pure, forever glow.
So like Monadnock's lofly towering height.
When all below the murky clouds deform ;
Though lightning's flash, though loud the thunder rolls.
In sunshine peers above the raging storm.
Oh little souls, that have no strength to rise
Above an insult : choose the better part,
Cherish the noble feeling of the soul.
That crushes hate when rising in the heart.
Be like the Father of your country bold,
'Tis Godlike thus, for evil good inspire ;
It calms the stubborn spirit sweetly down.
Melting the soul with coals of heavenly fire "

6 J. W. B..

GEN. REED REFUSING THE BRIBE.
lit May, 1778, when Gen. Joseph Reed, of Pennsylvania, was
a member of the American Congress, three Commissioners from
Great Britain, Governor Johnstone one of them, addressed pri
vate letters to Francis Dana, Robert Morris, and Gea. Reed, to
secure their influence towards restoring harmony with the mother
country, by giving up their independence. But the attempt was
in vain with these patriots. Gen. Reed, who was somewhat des
ponding of the American cause, had a direct proposition made to
him, by a lady employed by Gov. Johnstone, that if he would
effect a re-union between the two countries, that ten thotisand
pounds, and the best otBce in the gift of the crown in America,
should be at his disposal. He replied, " that he was not worth
purchasing, but such as he was, the king of Great Biitain was
not rich enough to do it."

No honors high, bestowed by kingly hands ;
No glory bright, to gain the mob's applause ;
Nor titles proud to cluster roimd his name.
Can move the hero fi-om his coimtry's cause.

No mines of gold can draw the patriot's soul.
Who to his country stands : no golden shower
Can blind his vision to his country's good ;
In virtue strong, he scorns the tempter's power.
When titled men clothed vidth oiHcial power.
To tempt his soul with wealth and honor high.
He spurns the bribe ! and nobly, boldly teUs,
Though poor, no king is rich enough to buy.
No threats of dangers, chains or banishment,
Or gifts of wealth, or power, or titled name,
Can daiuit, or lure the noble lofty soul,
That feels, oh Liberty ! thy sacred flame.
My country ! sacred home ! I feel the power
These magic watch words give the inmost soul ;
More potent far than kingly mandates are.
The patriot's noble spirit to control.
Though tyrant's stalk around with pomp and power,
Boasting with pride that God hath made them so.
Freedom " though crushed to earth shall rise again,"
And men its lasting triumphs yet shall know.
What hosts are crushed by dire oppression's chain.
Throughout the wide-spread earth around, abroad ;
And creep and cringe before their fellow- worms,
Who claim the high prerogative of God.
Go make those little craven servile souls,
Their birth-right for a mess of pottage give ;
The high bom soul disdains the proflered bribe,
And nobly scorns in slavery's garb to live !
J. w. B.

64

PASSING THE DELAWARE.
Tot summer and fall of the year 1776, waa the most gloomy
period of the American Revolution. After a series of disasters.
Gen. Washington was obhged to retreat from New York towards
Pennsylyania. The army, which had consisted of 30,000 men,
was reduced to about 3000. Many of these were ragged, without
shoes, and pinched with hunger. Their footsteps through the
ice and snow, were marked with blood as they fled before the
enemy. The American cause seemed desperate, and Congress
recommended to each of the States, to observe " a day of solemn
fasting and humiliation before God." Washington saw the ne
cessity of striking a successful blow for the salvation of his coun
try. On the night of Dec. 25th, 1776, the army re-crossed the
Delaware, and advanced to attack a division of Hessians, who
lay at Trenton in fancied security. They were taken by surprise.
A few with their commander. Col. Rahl, were killed, and 1000
were made prisoners.
The oppressor's marshalled hosts mighty in arms
advance. The sons of Freedom flee before their
haughty foes. The ilill fed tyrants stalk around.

65
The men of servile souls creep forth and do them
homage. The lonely star of Freedom bright shi
ning on these western shores, grows dim, and dark
sulphureous storms now brood around.
In war's dread strife, our father's ranks grew thin
and scattered. They bent before the raging storm.
Through ice and snow, their footsteps marked their
path with blood. With fleets and armies strong,
the foe pursued, resolved to crush the feeble few,
who nobly stood in arms for freedom's holy cause.
The heavens grew dark with clouds ; the tem-
pest thickened round their path, their friends grew
sad and silent. Crushed down, but not destroyed,
our fathers hearts grew firm and strong. Like
the firm oak that shoots its roots into the earth,
more deep and strong, when rudely shaken by the
whirlwind blast !
One band remained. Firm in their country's
bleeding cause, they scorn to yield. One mighty
effort more to make for freedom, sinking beneath
the tyrant's power, they forward move. With lion
hearts, and arms of steel, resolved on victory high,
ornobly fall as mart3Trs for the rights of men.
They cross the raging flood, 'mid wintry blasts
and crackling ice. Safely they reach the other shore.
Their ranks in stern array are formed. Onward
they press on icy pavement strong. The mortal
conflict hastens on. An Empire's fate hangs trem
bling in the breeze. Freedom is lost, or victory
won. The thoughts of home steal o'er and fill their
souls. Perhaps the coming storm -will lay them low
in blood, and those they love -will see their forms no
6*

66
more. Their souls are moved within. They cin-se
that lust of power and pride that s-wims in tears
and blood. To crush this power, they boldly breast
the leaden, deadly, thtmdering storm !
The sun had tipped the distant hUls with silvery
light, when roused fi-om sleep, the foe appeared in
sight. Columbia's chieftain rises in his might, and
waves aloft his flashing steel. Once more ! my
fellow soldiers brave ! once more ! he cried. For
Freedom high now boldly strike !
As when some mighty storm, with whirlwind
power, sweeps o'er the plain, so rushed om fathers
on the haughty foe. Dismayed, o'er-powered and
crushed, they fell before the fiery tempest. They
lay their weapon in the dust and ask for life. Fair
Freedom smiled in tears of joy, that now this west
ern world was fi-ee !
Though storms may rage, and blacker grow the
skies, desert not Truth, or Freedom's holy cause.
With heart sincere, oh firmly breast the howling
storm, and quail not before the lightning's flash.
The right shall yet prevail, the foe shall fall, and
final victory yet shall come !

67

WASHINGTON AT MORRISTOWN. N. J.
In 1777, the American army were obliged to retire before the
superior force of the enemy, in the vicinity of Philadelphia, and
encamped at Valley Forge, about 22 miles distant. The army
arrived at this place, about the 18th of December, and it is said
that they might have been tracked, by the blood of the soldiers
feet, in marching bare-footed over the hard, frozen ground. The
army built themselves log-huts, or cabins, for a shelter ; but they
endured extreme suffering, from the want of provisions, blankets
and clothing, and many perished from privations and disease.
The American army had also sufTered much the previous winter,
when they lay at Morristown, N. J. It is related, that on one
occasion, Washington told one of his hungry men, to go to hia
table and refresh himself, while he would take his gun and per
form the duty of a common soldier, as a sentinel in his place.
The commander-in-chief, by many similar acts of condescension,
greatly endeared himself to the American soldiers.
'Mu) vrinter's howling storms of snow and ice.
The soldiers still with hope inspired.
Reared their rude cabins 'mid the chiUing blast.
With love of home and freedom fired.

68
HI clad they shivered in the wintry wind.
No blasts could cool their hearts desire ;
By hunger sore, and fell disease they fell.
And inftheir country's cause expire.
True heroes these ! that stand like valiant men,
Though sufierings many, keen and long;
No bribes can move them from their country's cause.
For freedom firm ! in virtue strong !
Great Washington their life of hardships shares,
With courage bold and martial grace
His presence cheers the faint desponding heart,
He takes the humblest soldiers place.
Greatness of mind is this, that soars above
The petty place of rank and birth.
That feels for every man a brother's love ;
Such are the noblest minds on earth.
The noble chieftain scorns, disdains to leave
His soldiers in their sore distress j
He shares the sufferings, dangers, toils.
Which round his soldiers hourly press.
Thy spirit Liber.ty ! our Fathers felt.
With Hon hearts, and upward eye ;
Firmly they stood in Freedom's holy cause.
Nor cowered beneath the angry feky.

FUNERAL OF GEN. FRAZER.
In October, 1777, Gen. Burgoyne, when advancing upon the
Northern States from Canada, was effectually checked in his
progress at Saratoga. Near this place, a bloody battle was
fought, in which Gen. Frazer, one of the principal officers of the
enemy, fell, mortally wounded, by a shot from one of Morgan's
rifle men. As he lay dying he was heard to exclaim, " oh fatal
ambition !" " oh my poor wife '." He was buried according to
his request, on an elevatioiv near Hudson river, on which was a
battery. His remains were attended to the grave, at 6 o'clock
in the evening, by the general officers ; and the fiineral scene is
described as imusually solemn, impressive and awftil, by the voice
of the chaplain, being accompanied by constant peals from the
American artillery, and the cannon shot which flew thick arotmd
and near the procession.

The warrior sleeps, he wakes no more,
At glory's voice of chivalry :

70
His part amid the strife is o'er ;
He starts not at the cannon's roar.
Nor rolling drum, nor musketry.
No more the soldier leads the band.
Of Britain's warlike infantry.
They hear no more his stem command.
Nor gleams his sword, nor waves his hand.
Urging to death or victory.

The rifle lays the chieftain low.
By Morgan, aimed so fetaUy,
He falls where streams of life blood flow.
Where comrades 'neath the deadly blow.
Have fallen, wounded mortally.

So " glory leads, but to the grave,"
Such was the soldier's destiny.
To meet his doom he crossed the wave,
His.life blood flowed, his deeds so brave.
Were given for chains and slavery.

In evening shadows sinks the sim.
And life departs thus mournfully.
Its brightness fades in shadows dun.
And so the hero's course was run.
And ended thus in tragedy.

His lifeless form is borne on high.
In solemn martial pageantry
While threat'ning clouds obscure the sky.
And fires of death are flashing nigh.
And roar of dread artillery.

71
They grant the soldier's last request,
Though death flies rotmd so fearfully.
They lay the warrior down to rest.
The ttnf upon his lifeless breast,
His grave is in the battery.

Ashes to ashes ! dust to dust !
The chaplain's voice thus steadily,
Gives back to earth its mournful trust.
Slowly and sadly as he must,
Amid war's dread artillery.

And in the soldier's native land,
The tidings fall most heavily ;
The wailings of his household band,
O'er him, laid low by war's dread hand,
The spirit move to sympathy.

Oh when shall war's dread tumult cease,
And brothers dwell in unity.
The captive from his chains release :
Father of all ! oh give us peace.
And heaven bom love and harmony.

72

Count Donop ¦mortally wounded at Red Bank.
COUNT DONOP.
In 1777, Col. Donop, a brave Hessian officer, made an attack
on the Red Bank, an American fortification, on the New Jersey
side of the Delaware. Col. Greene, the commander, having
retired to an inner fort before the attack, the Hessians entered
the out- works with shouts, supposing they had gained the victory.
But as they advanced a short distance, a most terrible and over
whelming fire, strewed the ground with the dead and dying.
Count Donop, mortally wounded, was conveyed to the house of
a Friend near by, where he expired. " See in me," said the dy
ing Count, " the vanity of human pride ! . I have shone in the
courts of Europe ; and am now dying in the house of an obscure
Quaker !'*

Dark lowering clouds float o'er the sky afar,
Fit emblem of the dark'ning shade of war :
Above the smiling land of peace outspread,
Where bannered armies of invaders tread.

73
The Hessian warrior onward leads the way
To scenes of blood, in battles proud array ;
Bright visions dazzling float before his gaze, /
When sovereign tongues shall speak the soldier's praise :

When laurel wreaths shall crown his brow with fame ;
When beauty's lips shall proudly speak his name ;
When minstrel harps amid his native land,
Shall soimd the victories of his conqueiing hand.
With pride he bids the band of freemen brave,
Who nobly sought their native land to save,
Lay down their hostile arms, or else prepare.
The traitors ignominious doom to share.
His soldiers moimt the walls, and victory cry.
Their shouts exulting, and their banners high,
When see ! they downward sink ! in groans they fall J
A storm of dea(fly fire sweeps o'er them all !
Alas, poor Donop ! whither now have fled
The dreams which their enchantment roimd thee shed ;
Thy noble form all crushed and mangled lies,
In blood, in groans, in mortal agonies.
" Oh cursed ambition !. false deceitfiil spell,
Hath lured me on to leai-n the trade of hell ;
Hath led me far across the rolling sea,
To crush a nation struggling to be free.
Sinking in death, uncared for, and unknown,
I lie, who 'mid tlie pomp of courts have shone :
No gentle voice shall whisper words of peace,
Or bid the parting spirit sweet release !"
7

74

Not so the Christian Soldier! though he dies,
He wins a crown beyond the starry skies :
With peaceful hope he yields his latest breath.
And gains the victoiy in the hour of death.

No mad ambition goads him to the field.
Against the widow, and the orphan steeled ;
To gain on History's brilliant page a name.
Though men may bleed, may die to give him fame.
But Love, sweet Love ! impelled alone by thee,
The Christian Soldier, fetterless and free.
The wretched cheers ! the drooping heart shall raise.
Though none on earth may ever speak his praise.
But when the dread and final hour shall rise,
And rolling thunders cleave the parted skies ;
When dire convulsions rend the stormy spheres ;
And o'er the wreck of time the Judge appears :
The Chkistian Hebo, in that hour shall stand.
Arrayed in shining robes at his right hand ;
On Life's fair book shall there b^raced his name.
In lines of living Light ! to deathless fame !

75

DEATH OF BARON DE KALB.

The Baron de Kalb, a General in the American Revolutionary
army, was a native of Germany, born about the year 1717. He
fell mortally wounded in a battle near Camden, S. C, while
vainly attempting to prevent the defeat of the Americans under
Gen. Gates, August, 1-780. He appears to have had a kind of
presentiment, that he would fall in the approaching contest, which
he ezpressed to several of the American officers, who were deeply
affected by this circumstance. Said this brave foreigner, " To
die, is the irreversible decree of Him who made us. Then what
joy to be able to meet death without dismay. This, thank God,
is my case. The happiness of man is my wish : that happiness
I deem inconsistent with slavery. And to avert so great an evil
from an innocent people, I will gladly meet the British to-mor
row, at any odds whatever."
An aged hero from a distant land,
For freedom's cause hath crossed the sea ,
The brave de Kalb, a name to freemen dear.
Periled his all for Liberty.

76 - *
Tyrants and despots with their iron power.
Have cursed the earth, both far and wide ,
Millions condemned to suffering, toil and death.
To bloat their fellow-worms with pride.
The warlike Britons marshalled hosts draw near ;
Aloud they raise the battle cry :
" The foe I'll meet ; on to the conflict go.
Though in the bloody storm I die."
" To die, is the irreversible decree
Of Him who governs all below :
I feel within the solemn time draws nigh.
When from these mortal scenes I go."
De Kalb thus spoke : he leaves his friends in tears^
With high resolve, come death or life ;
He meets the foe, he braves the fearful storm,
For others good he joins the strife.
With thundering cannon, and with rolling drum,
The storm of death sweeps wildly by;
With overpowering numbers rush the foe,
With deafening shouts the fearfiil fly.
The stranger hero quails not I still he stands,
Nerved to the conflict, scorns to flee :
Wounded he falls, his life-blood freely flows,
Sacred to Freedom ! Liberty !

77

THE MORAVIAN INDIAN MARTYRS.

Sevikal depredations having been committed by hostile Indi
ans, on the frontier inhabitants of Pennsylvania and Virginia, a
company of upwards of 100 men, under the command of Col.
Williamson, crossed the Ohio, determined on vengeance. On the
Sth of March, 1782, they came upon the Moravian settlements at
Salem and Gnadenhutten, and by. false pretences, caused the
Christian Indians to assemble at the latter place. Here they
were treacherously imprisoned and barbarously murdered. These
Indians, ninety in number, consisting of men, women and children,
when their immediate death was determined on, kneeled down
and prayed to God their Savior, took affectionate leave of each
other, and then sang a hymn of praise to Him who would soon
relieve them from all pain and sorrow. Impatient of delay, the
blood-thirsty wretches interrupted the last hymn they could sing
on earth, and demanded if they were not ready for death. They
answered yes, and added, they had commended their souls to God,
with the assurance that he would receive them. " They were then
put to death.  Those of the soldiers, eighteen in number, who
opposed these murders, stood at a di8tance,wringing their hands,
and calling God to witness, " that they were innocent of the lives
,7*

78
of these harmless Christian Indians." -The unchristian savages
were themselves amazed at this bloody deed. They said that
t-Qey had endeavored to draw their brethren back to heathenism,
but that the Great Spirit, in order to prevent it, had taken them
to liimself.

Our time is come ! when we must go
Into the " Spirit Land " on high ;
The cruel white man false has proved.
And basely led us here to die.
Great God of all ! on thee we call ;
Our murderous foes around us press ;
Our souls receive : be with us now.
Nor leave us in our sore distress.

'Mid pale faced savage, cruel men.
These Christian MartjTS meekly stood.
Like harmless lambs, 'mid cruel wolves.
Like those of old, they call on God.
He gives his servants mighty power.
Courage to meet their threatened doom.
And with his smile to cheer the hour.
Of danger's deepest, darkest gloom.
These servants of the living God,
Unite in hymns of joyfid praise.
Meet the last earthly summons dread.
And loud their songs of triumph raise.
" Make haste ! no longer sing and pray ;
Make haste, your blood we wait to shed :"
So spake the fell, infernal crew.
Like wolves impatient to be fed.

79
One loved, and long, and last embrace ;
They pardon all, and are forgiven :
Meekly they die, calling on God,
Like Steph^en, look, and rise to heaven.
Oh sacred power ! that nerves the soul.
To suffer death 'mid scenes like this :
Above the world the spirit soars.
Resting in lasting heavenly bliss.
Silent in death these martyrs lay ;
They triumphed in the darkest hour :
Like saints of old, they nobly fell
'Mid hellish spite, and demon power.
The savage pagan hears the tale.
How white men kill the men that pray ;
Amazed he stands at deeds like this.
Murder most fold in open day.

" Oft have we tried to draw them back.
No more the Christian's God to love,"
This to prevent, the red men said,
"Their God has taken them above."

80

Prince Gallitzin, at Loretto, Penn.
PRINCE GALLITZIN.
Demetrius AuGtisTus Gallitzin, a Catholic clergyman of
Cambria Co., Penn., was bom at Munster, in Germany. His
fether. Prince de Gallitzin, ranked among the highest nobility of
Russia J his mother was the daughter of a celebrated Field Mar
shal, under Frederick the Great. The young Prince held a high
commission in the Russian army from his infancy. While quite
a youth, he came to America, and landed at Baltimore in 1782.
He soon turned his attention to the christian ministry, and for 42
years exercised the pastoral office in Cambria County. When he
first came to this place, situated among the Alleghany mountains,
he found it a wilderness, but by great labor and privations, and
after expending a princely fortune, h^ succeeded in making " the
wilderness to blossom aa the rose." He who might have reveled
in princely halls, spent thirty years in a log cabin, denying him
self, that he might raise the fallen, clothe the naked, and feed the
hungry. He died in May, 1840, at Loretto, near Ebensburg,
aged 70 years.
Sekvant of God ! thy heavenly mission's o'er,
Thy work in this dark world is done j

81
Thy Master calls thee to a throne above ;
Thy conflict's past ! thy victory's won !
Though bom in princely halls and nursed with pride.
Though wealth was thine, and honor, fame ;
Too poor it proved, to fill a soul like thine,i
That sought a new and hoUer name.
Then ask not with a bigof s purBIind zeal.
Which 1 Paul or Cephas he preferred :
But (£d he strive to do his master's will;
And did he htraibly walk with God I
Oh for that love of Truth ! that looks above.
The feeling of a bigot's heart ;
That tramples down the walls that men would raise.
To ke£p God's servants wide apart.
Gallitzin ! bom a nobleman of God,
Thyself thou didst not seek to please.
By shrinking far away to cloistered walls>
To doze out life in Unless ease.
Oh no ! but like thy master, thou didst toil.
Among a fallen race, around, abroad.
And preach his gospel to the humble poor,
And coll the wandering back to God.
The splendors of a royal Court were left.
To hush the cries of sore distress :
To clothe the naked, feed the hungry poor.
The widow and the orphan bless.
Did glory bring thee to the tented field.
And warlike hosts await thy nod !
Oh no ! thou liVst to save the Uvea of men,
Yes ! like thy Savior, Jesus, God.
Oh for (hat time ! when men like Christ shall Uve !
Too few like thee, oh sainted one.
Thy heavenly Master's footsteps here have trod :
Servant of God, weU done ! well done ! J. W. B.

82

COUNCIL OF THE MOHAWK WOMEN.

Justice has hardly been done to the virtues of the Indian wo
men of our country. Instances have been known, when by their
influence as peace-makers, they have prevented many bloody
wars. Alive to the interests of those dear to them, they have
implored those who had the power to stop the traffic of spirituous
liquors, the use of which has ruined so many tribes. In May,
1809, the Mohawk women assembled in council, to which they
called the celebrated Capt. Brant, and other chieftains of the tribe.
Addressing them as Uncles, in the Indian manner, they lamented
the many misfortunes among them caused by drinking the "Jire
waters," and implored them to stop the trade. There being con
tentions among the Mohawk warriors and chieftains, they en
treated them to bury all disputes, and added, that as they had in
a great measure been the cause of stirring up their male relations,
they would do it no more. Capt. Brant replied, addressing them
as " nieces" that they would do their best to have these evils don
away. Blest are the messengers of peace,
Who come with soothing power,

83
To bid the storms of passion cease.
In hatred's darkest hour.

In every clime, fair woman mild.
Her gentle sceptre wields.
And man's proud spirit, stern and wild.
Beneath its influence yields.

When the accursed " fire waters " came,
Among the Indian race.
To kindle hatred to a flame.
With misery and disgrace.

Then gentle woman's voice was heard.
The Mohawk matron's prayed.
The honored chieftains of their race.
For Right to lend their aid.

The white man comes with draughts of fire.
To barter here for gain ;
Sons, brothers, sires, the poison drink.
With misery on its train.

The mother's praters, the wife's deep sighs.
The sister's hapless lot ;
The tears that fall from orphan's eyes,
« Alike are heeded not.

Brother with brother madly strives.
Ruled by a demon sway.
And fiercely shed each others blood.
Like ravenous beasts of prey.

84
" Oh bid the murderous traffic cease.
Ye chieftains of our race ;
And to the reign of peace and love.
These fiendish deeds give place.

Oh drive the poison far away.
And bid the white man bring
The. maddening liquor here no more.
Nor touch the accursed thing.

So let our simple prayer be heard.
Our by-gone joys restore ;
Bury the hatchet in the earth.
And live in peace once more."

The chieftains listened to their prayer.
And pieced their vow that day.
To touch no more the poisonous draught.
But drive it far away.

So woman should thy voice be heard.
And so thine influence given ;
Quelling the stormy passions power.
Leading the soul to Heaven.

CAMPBELL'S GRAVE.

On the Sth of July, 1779, a body of 3000 men, under the com
mand of Gen. Tryon, landed near New Haven, Conn., and pro
ceeded to the invasion of that place. About 1500 of the enemy,
under Gen. Garth, landed at West Haven Point, and took up
their march for New Haven. Their march along the summit of
Milford Hill, with their scarlet uniform, and well burnished arms
flashing in the sun beams, is described as a most imposing scene.
Adjutant Campbell, tall and elegant in person, of splendid mili
tary appearance, and the idol of the soldiers, commanded one of
the advance guards of the enemy. He was shot down by some
of the miUtia, who had hastily assembled to oppose their progress.
He was carried into a humble dwelling near by, where he ex
pired. His body was found on a bed unattended, and was car
ried on a sheep-rack to his grave. The spot is still to be seen,
designated by a small rough stone, on which is inscribed, " Camp
bell, 1779," erected, by the Author of this work, in Sept. 1844.

No marble monument is thine ;
No stately pile, no massive tomb,
8

86
Where waving banners proudly shine.
Amid the Abbey's gloom :
No pompous strains to tell thy praise ;
No child of song awakes his lays ;
No organ's peal through arches high,
A requiem to thy memory.

No, thine is but a lowly grave.
Beneath New England's deep blue sky ;
Its summer flowerets o'er thee wave.
Its winds thy requiem sigh :
A lowly grave, one simple stone,
TeUs of thy song linked name alone ;
Alone, afar ! above the plain.
Thy sleeping dust doth still remain.

Sleep on, oVgallant soldier thou !
Sleep on and take thy dreamless rest ;
Death's seal upon thy noble brow.
The turf upon thy breast :
But calm beneath these smiling skies,
The forest city near thee Ues,
The murmuring river rolls between.
Her stern old rocks, her bowers of green.

Perhaps amid thy native land.
Thine own fair isle beyond the sea.
The loved ones of thy household band.
Looked long in vain for thee :
For thee they watched through long bright hours ;
For thee they decked their green wood bowers ;
And listened at the homestead door.
For footsteps they should hear no more.

87
Oh bright thy country's banners danced,
And fluttered in the morning light ;
And flashing steel and scarlet glanced,
All bathed in radiance bright :
At night their path was lone once more,
The drum was still, the strife was o'er :
And thou the noblest of them all.
Doomed in the foremost ranks to fell.

Full many a year since then has passed,
Of toil for blood bought liberty :
Right manfully the die was cast,
For death or victory.
And now our flag floats far and wide,
Its stars and stripes, our country's pride,
And we a people brave and free.
To God alone bow heart and knee.

But when the last dread trump shall sound,
And like a scroll roll back these skies.
From every bloody battle grovmd.
Earth's myriad hosts shall rise ;
And marshaled rank on rank shall stand.
The warrior hosts of every land ;
Then forests wild, and ocean's bed,
Alike that day give up their dead.
E. C B.

68

STERN MISSIONARY.

About the year 1800, at the period of the first settlement of
our western states, itinerant missionarieg were sent fi-om the east
to labor in the new settlements scattered here and there in the
wilderness. In order to extend the light of religion, and lay the
foundation of happiness and intelligence to a great people yet to
come, these devoted men endured much toil, danger and Euflerino'
in the tedious forests, unknown deserts, and trackless uninhabited
regions. One of these misaenaries, while travelling in the north-
em section, in the depth of winter, became bewildered and be-
nmnbed by the chilling frost. He was found sometime after
wards, having been frozen to death while on his knees, in the
attitude of prayer.

True Patriot of the human race is he,
A soul of noble, yea of heavenly birth ;
Who hves to scatter light and love abroad.
The faithful servant of his God on earth.
No golden region far doth lure hirn on.
Nor hope of honor bright, nor selfish love

89
Inspires his breast : his soul, with eagle eye,
Looks upwards to the realms above.
What though thy lowly name v?ill not appear
Upon the musty rolls of human fame.
In God's own book of everlasting life
Is found inscribed thy new and holier name.
The proud of earth may scorn thy humble mien.
Despise thy work, disdain thy feeble voice ;
Angels attend thee in thy mission round.
And ever in thy labors kind rejoice. .
Through forests dark and wild, o'er mountains high.
In wilds wherever human foot has trod.
To dark benighted, fallen, wretched men.
Thou art the high Ambassador of God.
No ravening beasts, nor savage cruel men.
Thy firm and dauntless heart can ever move.
Nor summer's burning heat, nor winter's cold.
Can stay thy noble embassy of love. *
Thou laboreat still ; waiting thy masters will.
To be discharged, and calmly then obey.
The summons to thine everlasting rest.
In realms of endless light ! eternal day !
The time is come ! fierce howls the wintry blast ;
No farther onward can the wanderer go ;
Kneeling, on God he calls ; calmly he dies.
Amid a lonely wilderness of snow.
Oh thus to die ! and nobly thus to fall !
-When on a mission, holy, high like this |
Immortal honor bright, it gives the soul,
" Sacred, substantial, never fading bliss."
Angelic hosts now hail thee welcome home ;
Thy godlike spirit dwells among the just ;
Though ravening wolves may howl, and roam around.
Thy God vidll guard his servant's sleeping dust.
8* /. w. I

90

PERILOUS PASSAGE ON THE LAKES.
The North American Indians appeared to have*faT more cor
rect views of the Deity than most heathen nations. Though gen
erally Polytheists, or believers in many gods, yet they beUevtd
there was one Supreme God or Great Spirit who ruled over all.
A person long resident among the Indians, states that he has of
ten seen them pray to the Great Spirit when about to engage in
any enterprise of moment, or hazard. An Indian woman of his
acquaintance, wishing to visit an island in one of our great North
ern Lakes, was in trouble on account of the great hazard of the
undertaking. Placing herself in the attitude of prayer, she fer
vently prayed to the Great Spirit to give her a safe passage.
Then addressing herself with energy to paddling her frail canoe
hrough the foaming waters, she was landed on the desired shore
in safety.

The thickening foarn is on the deep,
The tall grass waves around,
And through the pines, the storm winds sweep,
With wild and mournful sound.

91

Afar the sullen waters roar.
And low the wild bird flies ;
While threatening clouds portentous soar,
And darker frown the skies.
The Indian matron views the scene ;
Far off" yon island lies ;
Loud roars the pathless gidf between.
The lake's broad billows rise.
Undatmted stands the fearless form,
Of one who dares to brave.
The fury of the coming storm.
The madness of the wave.
" Great Spirit, thou dost rule the sea,
By thine Almighty power ;
Thy feeble creature calls on thee.
Oh save me in this hour !
When as the -wreaths of smoke rolled by.
The fiery deluge came,
Wrapping the prairie, and the sky.
In one broad sheet of flame.
And when the deer flew quickly past,
Urged on by terror wild.
And perished in the fieiy blast.
Then thou didst save thy child.
When the fierce wolf, and panther howled,
Around their forest den.
And round my pathway wildly howled.
Still thou wert with me then.

92
When cruel foemen like a flood,
O'erwhelmed our smiling land.
Nor spared the tender infants blood.
Thou savest me from their hand.
Great Spirit ! creature of thy care.
To thee alone I bow ;
Thou didst of old in danger spare.
Oh save thy servant now !"
The frail canoe has left the shore ;
Far, far behind it lies ;
The lightnings flash, the thunders roar.
And darker grow the skies.
But still she calls on God to save ;
She plies the nimble oar ;
The bark flies on, she skims the wave ;
She nears, she gains the shore !

93

SKENANDOA, THE ONEIDA CHIEF.
Seenandoa, the celebrated Oneida chief, was Ae firm and effi
cient friend of the United States during the Revolutionary war.
He was very savage, and addicted to drunkenness during his youth,
but by the effort of Rev. Mr. Kirtland the missionary, and his
own reflections, he lived a reformed man more than sixty years,
and died in Christian hope. He died in 1816, at Oneida Castle,
near Utica, N. Y., at the advanced age, it is said, of one hundred
and ten years. He desired to be buried near Mr. Kirtland, his
beloved minister and father, that he might, (to use his own ex
pression,) " Go up with him at the great resurrection." To a
friend who called on him a short tune before his death, he thus
expressed himself through an interpreter :
"I am an aged hemlock. The winds of an hundred winters have
whlBtled through my branches ; I am dead at the top. The genera
tion to which I belonged have mn away and left me ; why I hve,
the Great Good Spuit only knows. Pray to my Jesus that I may
have patience to wait my appointed time to die !"
Time with unsparing hand.
Sweeps all away, the dark brown years Have sped ;

94
An aged hemlock, grey with years I stand.
My leaves are scattered, and my top is dead.
An hundred winter's winds have o'er me past.
And left my branches bare amid the chilling blast.
An hundred springs have brought
The swelling buds, the flowers, the early rain.
The sun's bright rays, the forest depths have sought
And freed the streamlets from their icy chain ;
They brought the songs of many a woodland bird.
And the green leaves by balmy breezes stirred.
But they shall bring to me
The tender foliage of my youth no more ;
My Spring is past, and wasted stands the tree
Whose beauty. Summer's breath can ne'er restore ;
Spring, Summer, Autumn, with their charms have flown.
And in my Winter time I stand alone.
And all I used to love
In by.gone years, amid my race are gone ;
Still smile the fields, where we were wont to rove ;
My comrades heed no more the blushing dawn.
Or the wild notes that called them to the chase.
Like morning vapor, gone ! who, who shall fill their place 1
The streams go bubbling by.
Beside whose banks, the red man used to stray ;
The skies as warmly smile ; with softest sigh.
Amid the moaning grove the breezes play :
" Will ye come back, oh friends I loved of yore 1"
The winds reply " No more ! they come no more !"
Like them I too must go, —
The good Great Spirit, soon for me will call ;

95

T<^hy thus so long, I linger here below,
I know not ; but my Savior knoweth all ;
Oh friends, that he will grant me patience, pray.
That I may calmly wait, through long delay.
And when that call, I hear.
And longing, weary, I shall go to rest.
Lay me by him, who taught me first to fear
The white man's God, the Father ever blest ;
Lay me by him, that I with him may wake.
When the Great Resurrection morn shall break.
Oh brave and honored chief!
Death's summons found thee waiting for the day.
Whose peaceful coming brought thee sweet relief.
And called the prilgrim fi-om his weary way.
To join the blood-washed throng around the throne.
Where age steals on no more, nor grief is known. E. 6. B.

96

Death of tke child of Judge Kingsbury.
FIRST BORN OF THE RESERVE.
Amon'G the first families that wintered on the Connecticut
Western Reserve, (the north-eastern section of Ohio,) was that
of Judge James Kingsbury. They arrived at Conneaut, (some
times termed the Plymouth of the Reserve,) during the summer of
1796, soon after the country was first surveyed. Being compelled
by business to visit the State of New York, with the expectation
of a speedy remm to his family. Judge Kingsbury was detained
by a severe sickness till winter set in. As soon as he was able,
he proceeded on hia return, with an Indian to guide him through
the wilderness. His horse having been disabled, he left him in
the snow, and mounting a bag of ilour on his own back, he urged
his way onward towards hia family. He finally arrived in safety,
and found the partner of his cares, reduced by famine to the last
stages in which life can be supported ; and near her, on a little pal
let, lay the remains of his yoimgest child, bom in his absence, who
had just expired for the want of that nourishment which the mo
ther was unable to give.
Child of Ohio*a pioneers !
First in its northern wilderness 1

97
'Mid wintry storms and forests wild.
Suffering by hunger, sore distressed I .
The Mother helpless, lonely, sad.
In a rough dwelling famished lies :
Her sufferings keen ; her friends away ;
Her little one, it moans and dies !
¦Through forest branches bare and high.
Fierce sweeps the wind the cottage pass ;
The Wolf-howl and the Panther's scream.
Are heard above the wintry blast.
Where is the husband 1 father, where 1
When will he come 1 O see thy child !
Vain is the call ! louder the wind
Is heard along the forest wild.
A weary wanderer, lost, forlorn.
Perhaps he roams the forest o'er ;
Perhaps by ravening beasts he's torn.
Or chilled, he sinks to rise no more.
So spake in tears the suffering wife ;
Beside her lay her infant dead.
First bom upon the wild Reserve,
By hunger sore its spirit fled.
Through suffering thus, Ohio rose
Thy fields, from out the wilderness ;
Thy brave and hardy pioneers.
Millions of freemen yet shall bless.
And such was woman's love, that led
Through western -wilds, her fragile form ;
Like rainbow beauty, softly shed.
And gleaming brightest through the storm.
9

HAN YERRY, AND JUDGE WHITE'S GRAND-CHILD.
Judge WmTE, the first settler of Whitetown, N. Y., removed
to that place in 1784. Han Yerry, an Oneida Chief, who lived
in the vicinity, called on the Judge one day, and asked him if he
was his friend 1 Yes, hejeplied. Well then, said the Indian, do you
beUeve that I am your friend'? The Judge again repUed, yes.
Then said Han Yerry, I will tell what I want, then I shall know
whether you speak true vtords. The Indian then pointed to a
little child, the daughter of one of his sons, two or three years old,
and said : my wife wants to take her home to stay one night with
us, and we will bring her home to-morrow. The feelings of the
grand-father and the mother were put to a severe test. They
however concluded it would be best to put confidence in the word
of the savage, and thus appeal to his sense of honor. They were
told to take the child. A long night and day succeeded, with
many foreboding fears on the part of the mother. At the close of
the day, the little child was brought back, arrayed in all the finery
of Indian attire. This adventure was the cause of an ardent at-
tochment between the whites and Indians.
The Indian clapped ihe smiling babe.
And bade the prattler rest.

99
[n childhood's fearless innocence.
Upon his dusky breast.
And towards his forest home he turned,
While yet the mother's eye
Looked on her child, and red-browed guest.
In strange anxiety.
' Let us be friends," the Indian said.
This prattling child shall b»,
Between the pale faced race, and mine,
A pledge of amity.
Back to the Indian's forest home.
This child I bear awhile ;
For one amid the woodland wild
Will love his infant smile."
He turns him to depart once more ;
Pale grows the mother's cheek !
The conflict 'twixt her love and fear,
A mother's heart may speak.
How shall she let the dear one go.
Far from its mother's breast ;
She must, or make a deadly foe
Of her dark Indian guest.
Slow through the forest winding path.
She sees their figures fade ;
She gazes still, till they are lost
Amid the deep'ning shade.
The night wears on, and comes the day,
But come no chief or child :
Slow pass the tedious hours away.
The mother's heart is wild.
But sudden up the woodland path,
A stately form appears ;
They come ! the Indian and the child ;
Sad mother, dry thy tears.
Then anxious mother be at rest.
Kind hearts thy child restore ;
Thy confidence hath made thy guest
A friend for evermore.

100

Arms of New Jersey.
THE INDIAN BLESSING, ON NEW JERSEY.
In 1832, a petition was presented hy Bartholomew S, Calvin,
an aged Delaware Indian, for some compensation for relinquish
ing some rights his tribe had in hunting and fishing in New Jersey.
The Legislature received the petition, and granted 2,000 dollars,
being all that was solicited- Calvin returned a letter of thanks to
the Legislature, in which he feelingly bears his testimony to th©
high sense of justice ever shown by the people of New Jersey, to a
feeble and wasted people. Said he, " not a drop of our Hood have
you spilled in battle. — Not an acre of our land have you taken
lut by our consent. * * * There may be some who would despise'
an Indian benediction : but when I return to my people, and
make known the result of my mission, the ear of the Great Sove
reign of the Universe, which is still open to our cry, will be pen
etrated with our invocation of blessings upon the generous sona of
New Jersey, * * * * Unable to return them any other compensa
tion, I fervently pray that God will have them in his holy keep-
ingj*** and receive them into his kingdom above."
Brothers ! to you the mighty and stout hearted.
To you, who fitly speak the white man's power;
Type of a race, whose glory is departed.
Aged and weak I come to you this hour.

These broad green fields, these hills, these woodlands hoary
The chieftains of our nation trod of old :

101
Our smiling lakes, our rivers fraught with story.
We offer to your pale faced race for gold.
For proudly to your honor, be it spoken.
Since first the white man sought these vales we tread,
No treaty of our peace, has yet been broken.
No drop of Indian blood has yet been shed.
Farewell ! we go, and blessings be upon you :
The Indian's path is towards " the setting sun ;"
Your kindly deeds, your noble acts have won you
The Red Man's thanks, long as his life shall run.
Let others scorn the humble boon we proffer.
An Indian's benediction on your lot,
'Tis all we have to give ; and this we offer.
Though humble, hearts like yours, will spurn it not.
And when towards home, our journey we are wending,
And tell the deeds of noble hearts and true ;
Then grateful prayers, and warmest blessings, blending,
Shall reach the Almighty's ears for yours, and you.
So spake the Indian, andno prouder story
E'er graced the lists of worldly rank and fame ;
No other State can boast the meed of glory.
That's linked New Jersey with thine honored name.

9*

102

THE MOTHER PERISHING WITH COLD.
In December, 1827, Mr. Blake, with his wife and infant daugh
ter, while traveling in a sleigh over the Green Mountains in
Vermont, were overtaken by a snow storm. The storm was so
thick and fiirious, that their horse refijsed to stir. Mr. B., realiz
ing his dangerous position, after protecting hia wife and child as
well as he could against the storm left them, intending to seek
for aid at the first house he could find. He was soon benumbed
by the cold, and fell, and found himself unable to rise. His wife,
as ia supposed, alarmed at his long absence, left the sleigh in or
der to find him. When within thirty rods of her husband, she
was overcome by the cold. Knowing her fate, she stripped her
self of the thickest part of her clothing and wrapped up her infant
daughter. Mr. Blake was found afive the next morning, with
his hands and feet badly frozen : the body of his wife was found
lifeless and cold : and lifting up the infant from its snowy bed,
the hearts of the beholders were rejoiced to see it smile. In the
following stanzas, some extracts are taken from Mrs. Seba
Smith's expressive lines on this touching incident.
The storm waa fierce, the wintry blast
Howled deep at close of day ;

103
And where the snow fell thick and fast.
The travelers pressed their way :
The husband, wife, and infant child.
Alone, amid the tempest wild.
To save that cherished wife and child,
The husband braves the snow ;
But the fierce storm grew still more wild.
He can no farther go :
'Tis vain against the blast to press.
He sinks amid the wilderness.
And^he the mother with her child !
Sweet woman's sorig has told.
How bravely in the tempest wild.
She braved the blast so cold :
And how that frail defenceless form
Pressed on, still on, amid the storm.
And how the mantle from her breast.
She folded round her child ;
And as she sank at last to rest,
Upon her infant smiled ;
With love that death could never chill.
Pressed to her heart that infant still.
Now fiercely howled the wolf afar.
And loudly roared the blast.
With chill of death : the morning star
Its ray around him cast ;
And waving pines, with mournful sound.
So deep and solemn, wailed around.
At dawn the traveler passed by.
And found her icy form.
Who, when no earthly friend was nigh.
Perished amid the storm :
" He moved the robe fi-om off the child —
The babe looked up and sweetly smiled."
A mother's love ! thus, thus through all
It lives through every ill :
No storms its courage can appal.
Nor icy blast can chill:
Like evergreens 'mid wintry snows.
With brighter beauty ever glows.

104

'f^. ^r^'

CHURCH IN THE WILDERNESS.
In the western part of Virginia, in the mountainous region, the
country is thinly settled, and the roads few. In some counties
there are no settled clergymen, and the inhabitants are princi
pally dependent on itinerant preachers, to conduct the public
worship of their larger religious assemblies. In order to enjoy
their religious privileges, they assemble together firom a large
district of the surrounding country, and once every year form a
kind of religious Encampment. The engraving is fi-om an orig
inal drawing fiom Howe's Hist. Coll. Virginia, and represents
one of these encampments. The rude stmcture seen in the cen
tral part, is for public religious services. It is surrounded on
three sides by rows of log cabins, built for the convenience of the
people who assemble here to worship God, in the depth of a wild
forest. In the lone forest, solemn, dark and wild.
Where men from worldly turmoil meet :
Oh sacred spot ! where God is worshipped.
In love and unity complete !
No towering turrets meet the wondering eye j
No massive structure high and wide ;

105
No columns high, nor gaudy frescoed walls.
Speaking of wealth, of power, of pride.
Oh no ! nought but a simple, lowly shed,
A cover firom the sun-lit heat ;
No doors to close 'gainst him with " raiment vile,"
Nor is he shown a beggar's seat.
0 blessed place ! where Christians love to meet,
In this dark wilderness of sin ;
To talk of Him they love, oh converse sweet !
Their heavenly work they thus begin.
No pompous priest attempts, with flowery words,
To gain on earth a brilliant name ;
Who loves the fleece more than the flock itself:
A stigma on the Christian name.
No puppet men are wanted here to teach,
To show forth things they never knew.
Like tinkling cymbals, and like sounding bi-ass.
Like changing winds, like morning dew.
But in the humble stand, the man of God appears,
With zeal divine, and ardent love ;
His soul yearns kindly o'er his fellow men.
And longs to turn their thoughts above.
They feel the flame ! they raise their notes of praise ;
The forest echoes with their voice :
Oh heart-felt joy ! they feel that heaven is near ;
They in the love of God rejoice.
Oh for that time ! when holy, heavenly power,
Shall cleanse this fallen world from sin ;
When every heart, the power of Christ shall prove,
And life immortal feel within. J. W. B.

106

H

J

THANKSGIVING.
The first settlers of New England, having no regular set fests
and festivals iu their church discipline, appointed days of fasting
on special occasions, such as times of great mortality, scarcity of
provisions, and times of public dangers in times of war. Days
of Thanksgiving were appointed on occasions of great joy, such
as the termioation of Indian and French wars, remarkable deliv
erances from dangers, &c., and especially for abundant crops.
This ancient practice is still kept up, and has been extended to
many States of our Union, who now annually appoint a day of
fasting and humiliation in the spring, and a day of Thanksgiving-
generally in the last of November, of each year. The '' church
going bell," summons the people to the house of God, wher» *.he
preacher on these occasions, generally recounts the mercies of »Ke
past and other years. The scattered members of each famiiy
meet under the paternal roof, and it is of gratitude, hilarity and
joy. The rolling year has well nigh fled ! Crowned
with the mercy of our God each season passed away !
Our garners ftill ! enough for each, and all. The

107
father, grey with years, calls his offspring round ;
the mother, with willing hand, prepares the dainty
treat. The festive board groans with the choicest
food. Brothers and sisters meet, in friendship dear,
and chastened joy.
This festal day, the happiest of the year, is hailed
with joyful welcome. The aged sire, with fond re
membrance, and with grateful thanks, tells of the
scenes of old. The young in years, blooming in
life's fair mom, now meet in childish glee. The
merry laugh, the noisy gambols of the joyous
youth are heard around.
In times of old, the red man of the forest shade,
lurked round our Father's dwellings. Thirsting for
blood, he raised the murderous hatchet, and aimed
the swift-winged arrow fraught with death. His
eye spared not the beauteous maiden bathed in tears,
the whitened locks of age, nor infants smiling at
their mother's breast.
Oh give your thanks to God, for he is good and
kind. The savage lurks around no more ! His
fearful yells no longer rouse us from our midnight
slumbers. His bloody hatchet, buried in earth, re
mains ; his knife is broken, and his arrow wings its
deadly flight no more !
The men of France, with their dusky allies,
moved from the north, with hostile steps. Red des
olation marks their path 'mid wintry snows : in silent
watches of the night they burst in upon the sleeping
villagers. In horror wakened, they fall in blood.
The flames rise high ! the morning sun looks on the
smoking ruins round.
Give thanks ! The mother with her offspring at
her breast, trembles no more ! The mighty ships

109
of France, freighted with death, are scattered by the
tempest blast, or sunk like lead, beneath the mighty
waters ! The foe's strong hold, high on the frowning
rock, is taken, and on these western shores, he bears
his sway no more.
The hostile British hosts, pass o'er our land.
Their path is marked by fire and blood. With iron
power they strive to crush a people struggling to be
free. With proud contemptuous scorn, they forge
our chains. They claim the right divine, to guide
our thoughts, to take our hard-earned bread, and
lord it o'er our land.
Give thanks ! that now no despots have the pow-
er to say, where, when, and how, to worship God.
Give thanlis ! no one can take our children's bread
to feed and pamper lordly pride. No royal pauper
here, to feed and clothe, by the hard earnings of the
laboring poor. We reap on soil we claim our own,
and toil for those we love.
Earth's straggling millions crushed to the dust,
look upward with their longing eyes. The bow of
Promise glows on dark'ning clouds, that flee before
the orb of day. Give thanks ! The Despot's pow
er, hoary with age, grows weak ; fetters and chains,
brown with the rast of time, now break away.
With bosom bare, her eye on heaven, fair Truth
advances, and the shades of night retire. A voice
is heard above, that " God's imsuflfering kingdom
soon shall come !"

109

[/ Guide.]
MAINE.
The morning sun-beams earhest light on thee ;
Far eastward lies thy cold and rugged shore :
Thy wealth lies in the forest, and the sea ;
"Thy sons they range the ocean o'er.
Maine was originally granted by James I. to the
Plymouth Company, in 1606, by whom it was transfer
red to Mason and Gorges in 1624. This territory wa»
afterwards purchased by Massachusetts, and became
connected with that State in all its political relations,
till it became an independent State in 1820.
While belonging to Massachusetts it was Called the
" Province," or " IDistrict of Maine." It received its
name as early as 1633, in compliment to Henrietta
Maria of France, wife of Charles I. king of England, who
was a possessor of Maine, a district, or department in
France. The celebrated Capt. John Smith, so well known in
the annals of Virginia, made an unsuccessful attempt to
settle this part of the country as early as 1614. The.
first permanent lodgment of the whites within the State,
was made at York, by the Plymouth Colony, in 1630.
The first settlers were men of energy and perseverance.
10

110
By them, and their sons, the stately forest trees are con
verted into an article of commerce, and then* fisheries
have created a hardy race of seamen.
Maine, at the period of its first settlement, was gi-eally
harrassed by the hostile Indians.^ In 1693, York and
Wells were attacked by the French and Indians. From
this time till about 1702, was one continued scene of
bloodshed, bm-ning and destroying. The inhabitants
suffered much for several years before and after the year
1724. As late as 1744, and 1748, persons were cap
tured and killed by the Indians. *
During these wars, the Indians in the French interest,
were encouraged by the Catholic missionaries from Can
ada, to make aggressions upon the English, whom they
considered as intruders upon the country. One of these
was Father Sebastian Ralle, a French Jesuit, a man
of learning and address, much endeared to the Indians
by his religious labors among them for a space of thirty-
seven years. He resided at Norridgewock, with a tribe
of that name, who had a church at this place. He was
killed in an expedition of the English against the Indians
in this place, in 1724. After the English had retired,
the Indians found the mangled body of their beloved
pastor near the cross erected in the vUlage. A monu
ment ^was erected to his memory in 1833, by Bishop
Fenwick, of Boston.
Maine comprises about one-half of the area of New-
England. Its northern boundary extends some distance
northward of Quebec. It was through the vast wilder
ness In the north-western section of this State, that Gen.
Arnold, with 1,100 men, made his celebrated expedition
against Quebec in 1775. By a partial construction of
the treaty of 1783, nearly a third part of Maine was
claimed by Great Britain. In 1842, a treaty was estab
lished, by which the British claims were much restricted.

Ill

NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Old " Granite State," thy snowy mountains stand.
And make of thee a Western Switzerland :
Thy sons are hardy, brave ; firm for the right ; '*'
rhy Sun is clear, and shines both fair and bright.
The early history of New Hampshire is closely con
nected vsdth that of Massachusetts. John Mason, Fer
dinand Gorges, and others, having obtained of the Ply
mouth Company several gi-ants of land north of Massa
chusetts, in 1623, sent fr'om England a few persons to
begin a settlement. A part landed at Little Harbor, on
the west side of Piscataqua river, and built the first house,
which was called "Mason's Hall." The remainder
proceeded up the river and began the settlement of Do
ver. The first settlers followed fishing and commerce, as
their trading business, and their settlements increased
but slowly. The first towns, for a period, remained dis-
tinct and independent communities. In 1641, these little
republics, distrusting their abilities to protect themselves,
formed a coalition with Massachusetts, and long remained
a part of that Colony.
In 1679, a decree was passed, that New Hampshire
should be a separate Province, to be ruled by a President

112
and Council, who were to be appointed by the king.
The first assembly, consisting of eleven members, met
at Portsmouth, in 1680. The peace of the colony was
long disturbed by the heirs of Mason, who claimed the
soil as their property.
New Hampshire suffered much fi-om the Indian wars.
Dover was surprised in 1689. Maj. Waldron, and
twenty-three others, were murdered. From this period
to the close of the French wars, the inhabitants were
often harrassed by the incursions of the savages. Many
were killed, and others carried into captivity.
In 1719, one hundred families, mostly Presbyterians
from the north of Ireland, settled the town of London
derry. They introduced the foot spinning-wheel, the
manufacture of linen, and the culture of potatoes. In
1740, a long and tedious controversy between Massa-
chus^ts and New Hampshire, respecting their divisional
line, was decided in England, by the Lords in council.
New Hampshire declared her independence of Massa-
chusetts in June, 1776, and the same year formed a tem
porary government. Its present Constitution was adop
ted in 1792.
New Hampshire is fi-equently called the Granite Stale,
from the vast quantities of that rock found within its ter-
ritory. The granite is of a superior quality, and much
of it is quarried and transported to other States. The
State is also called the Switzerland of America, on ac
count of the salubrity of its climate ; its wild and pictu
resque landscapes, and particularly its celebrated White
Mountains, the highest elevation in New England, and
covered with snow for ten months in the year. The
scenery, as viewed from Mount Washington, one of the
highest of these elevations, is sublime and beautifid.

113

VERMONT.
" Green Mountain State," thy nardy sons are free.
For " Freedom, Independence" honor bright :
Changeless as Evergreen, thy fame shall be —
Strong to defend ; firm to sustain the right.
Vermont derives its name from the Green Mountains,
which extend through it. Its territory was first explored
by the French, from Canada. ''The name is derived from
the Green Mountains : verd, in the French language,
signifies green, and mont, mountain. They are so called
on account of the numerous evergreens with which they
are covered.
The first settlement in this State was commenced at
Fort Dummer, in the south-eastern part, in 1724. On
the other side of the State, a fort was built, at Crown
Point, in 1731. This part of the country became the
seat of war, and was constantly exposed to the incursions
of the French and Indians, which of course prevented its
early settlement.
After the reduction of Canada, Vermont was rapidly
settled, by emigrants principally from Connecticut, who,
following the course of the river, located themselves on
its banks in the limits of Vermont and New Hampshire.
10*

114
So rapid was the progress, that during the year 1761, not
less than sixty townships, of six miles square, were
granted on the west of Connecticut River.
When Gen. Burgoyne lay at Fort Edward, in 1777,
he learnt that a quantity of stores had been collected at
Bennington by the Americans. To destroy these, as
well as to intimidate the patriots and animate the royal
ists, he sent forward Col. Baum, with 500 men and 100
Indians. Col. Breyman was sent to reinforce him, but
¦did not arrive in time. On the 16th of August, Gen.
Stark, of New Hampshire, with about 800 militia men,
most of whom were denominated " Green Mountain
Boys," attacked Baum in his entrenched camp, and kill
ed or took prisoners nearly the whole of his men. At
the close of the action. Col. Breyman arrived; he con-
tinned the contest till sunset, and under cover of night
was able to effect his retreat.
New York and New Hampshire both laid claim to
Vermont till 1764, when New- York obtained a grant
from the British Parliament, which put an end to the
claims of New Hampshire. New York now attempted
to enforce her jurisdiction, but this was resisted by the
inhabitants. They claimed to be independent both of
New York and New Hampshire, and organized them-
selves in armed bands, having Colonels Ethan Allen and
Seth Warner, both brave and resolute men, as their
leaders. This controversy continued till the breaking out of the
Revolutionary war, when the attention of all parties was
turned to a more important object than that which rela
ted to titles of lands. In 1777, the people of Vermont
declared themselves independent, and organized a gov
ernment for themselves. In 1790, all controversy with
New York was amicably adjusted, and in 1791, Vermont
was admitted in the Union. Her present Constitution
was adopted in 1793.

115

[By the sword he seeks peace under Liberty.']
MASSACHUSETTS.
Old Massachusetts, where the Pilgrim band
First found a home, and where their ashes lie ;
Foremost in Freedom's ranks thy children stand.
On Histoiy's page thy fame shall never die.
The first settlement in Massachusetts, was commenced
by the Colony at Plymouth, in Dec, 1620. The Colo
nists were originally from the north of England, and were
called Puritans, for their uncommon zeal in endeavoring
to preserve the purity of Divine worship. Being perse
cuted by their enemies, they fled to Holland, and from
thence, after a few years, they sailed for America. Be
fore they landed, they formed themselves into " a body
police," and chose Mr. John Carver their first Governor.
The whole company who landed, consisted of 101 souls,
forty-six of which number died before the ensuing spring.
The territory of Massachusetts, for many years com
prised two distinct colonies, "Plymouth Colony," and
the " Colony of Massachusetts Bay." In 1692, these
colonies were united under one charter, and received the
name of Massachusetts, from an Indian tribe so called,
who lived around the vicinity of Massachusetts Bay.
The word Massachusetts, signifies, it is said, in the Indi-
an language, Blue HUls.

116
In 1675, commenced " King Philip's war," the most
destructive Indian war, ever waged upon the Infant Col
onies. It was terminated by the death of Philip, Aug.,
1676. Massachusetts was the greatest sufierer. In the
French War, her frontiers were ravaged by the French
and Indians from Canada. In 1704, Deerfield was
burnt, and in 1708, Haverhill was surprised. In 1692,
a great excitement took place, on account of the sup-
posed prevalence of witchcraft in Salem and its vicinity.
In 1745, by the exertions of Massachusetts, a force was
raised which captured from the French the strong for
tress of Louisburg, on Cape Breton.
The great drama of the American Revolution, first
opened in Massachusetts : the first blood was shed at
Lexington, April 19th, 1775. The battle of Bunker
Hill took place, June 17th following. On May 17th,
1776, the British troops evacuated Boston. Massachu
setts fornished more men and money, than any of the
other colonies, in carrying forward the war of the Rev
olution. In 1780, the Constitution of the government of
the Commonwealth of Massachusetts went into operation.
In 1786, an insurrection took place, generally known
as " Shays Insurrection." It appears to have arisen
from a number of causes, the most prominent of which
were, a decay of trade, scarcity of money, inability of
individuals to pay their debts, a relaxation of manners
ever attendant on war, and heavy taxes. The leader of
the malcontents, was Daniel Shays ; who, collecting a
force, endeavored to stop the proceedings of. the civil
courts. On Jan. 25th, Shays appeared at Springfield, at
the head of 1100 men, evidently for the purpose of seiz-
ing the Arsenal at that place. Gen. Shepherd, who was
appointed with a sufficient force to guai-d this place,
warned Shays of his danger, should he attempt to ap
proach. This was unheeded. Gen. Shepherd then or
dered his men to fire. Three of the insurgents were
killed. The remainder fled, and the rebellion was effec
tually crushed.

117

RHODE ISLAND.
Though small in size, thy soul is large in thee ;
All " sorts of consciences" find liberty :
Williams, thy founder, in thy wilds first trod,
And gave to all " fireedom to worship God."
Rhode Island is the least, in extent of territory, of
any State in the Union ; but in proportion to its number
of inhabitants, its resources are greater. It owes its
first settlement to Roger Williams, who was banished
from Massachusetts on account of his religious senti
ments. Mr. WiUiams commenced his settlement at
Providence in 1636. The State embraces what were
once caUed the " Rhode Island and Providence Planta
tions." The island of Rhode Island, from which the
State derives its name, was so caUed from its fancied
resemblance to the ancient Grecian Island of Rhodes.
The Narragansett Indians, one of the powerful tribes
in New England, had their seat in Rhode Island. In
King Philip War, this tribe was totally ruined by the
destruction of their strong hold in Dec. 19th, 1675.
Gov. Winslow, with a force of 1000 men from the col
onies of Massachusetts, Plymouth and Connecticut, after
wading through the snow attacked their fort, and after a

119
desperate resistance, it was fired and consumed. In this
celebrated swamp Jightf about one thousand Indian war
riors perished. The finishing blow was given to the
Indian power in New England, by the death of Philip,
who was killed near Mount Hope, by a iiiendly Indian,
August, 1676.
When the New England colonies formed their mem
orable confederacy, Rhode Island applied to be admitted
a member. Plymouth objected, asserting that her settle
ments were within her boundaries. The commissioners
decided she might enjoy all the advantages of the con
federacy, if she would submit to the jurisdiction of Ply
mouth. This she declined, preferring independence to
the benefits of a dependent union.
In 1644, Mr. Williams obtained a patent for the territory, and
permission for the inhabitants to institute a government for them
selves. In 1663, a new charter was granted, which formed the
basis of government till- 1842, when the present government waa
adopted. During the Revolutionary war, Rhode Island rendered
efficient aid. She gave liberty to a number of hundreds of slaves,
on condition they would enter the Revolutionary army. About
300 of them, under the command of Col. Chistopher Greene, de
feated the British in their attack on Mud Island, in the Delaware,
in 1777.
The original Charter of Rhode Island, confined the right of
suffrage, or voting, principally to the landholders. When it be
came a manufacturing State, this was considered a grievance. In
January, 1841, the Legislature, upon the petition of the " Suffrage"
party, consented to have a convention called to form a new State
Constitution. This, however, did not satisfy the Suffrage party,
who issued a call for a convention a month previous to that author
ized by the State. The different conventions met ; each formed
a Constitution, which they submitted to the people. The one sub
mitted hy the Charter party was rejected, wliile the Suffrage party
declared theirs adopted and established as the supreme law of the
State. Both parties chose their State officers. Gov. King at the
head of the Charter party, and T. W. Dorr at the head of the
other. After a considerable display of military force by both par
ties, most of the officers chosen by the Suffrage party resigned
their situations, and this threatening storm passed over without
bloodshed. Dorr was tried for treason, and condemned to hard
labor for life, but was hberated in 1844, by the Legislature, after
he remained in prison for about one year.

119

[He who transplanted still sustains.]
CONNECTICUT.
" He who transplanted thee, will still sustain ;"
Thy patriot shoots are spreading far and wide :
Fair Science, Freedom, follow in thy train ;
For Liberty thy sons have bled and died.
At the first period of its history, Connecticut consisted
of two colonies, that of Connecticut, and that of New
Haven. Connecticut Colony was first settled by a com
pany of emigrants from Massachusetts, who> in 1636,
psssed through the wilderness, with Messrs. Hooker and
Stone, their ministers, at their head. New Haven Col
ony was settled by Rev. Mr. Davenport, Mr. Eaton and
others, in 1638. These two Colonies were united under
one government in 1662, by a Charter from Charles II.
This Charter conferred unusual privileges. It was
obtained by Gov. Winthrop, of Connecticut, who arrived
in England at an auspicious period for the colony, as a
number of its friends were in high office at court. Mr.
Winthrop had " an extraordinary ring," which had been
given his grandfather by King Charles I., which he pre
sented to the king. This, it is said, exceedingly pleased
his majesty, as it had been once the property of a father
most dear to him. The New Haven Colony was, at the

120
first, much dissatisfied with their union with Connecticut,
as they feared it would mar the order and purity of their
churches, and have a bad effect on the civil administra
tion. In New Haven Colony, no person could vote al
the freemen's meetings, unless he was a member of the
church ; but in Connecticut, all orderly persons, possess
ing a fi-eehold to a certain amount, could have this priv
ilege. This Charter was suspended in 1686. Sir Edmund
Andross, called the " Tyrant of New England,'* endeav-
ored to take it away, but it was secreted in a large hoi
low oak, still standing in Hartford, known by the name
of " Charter Oak.'' While the other colonies were suf
fering under the domination of Royal Governors, Connec
ticut remained a free and independent community, being
ever governed by rulers of her own choice.
At the time oTthe first settlement of Connecticut, the Colony be
came involved in war with the Pequots ; one of the most terrible
and warlike tribes in New England. By a most daring attack, led
on by Capt. Mason, these Indians were utterly defeated and ruined.
In the Revolutionary war, Connecticut was one of the foremost in
the struggle, and was lavish of her blood and treasure in the cause.
Fairfield, Norwalk, and New London, were laid in ashes, and
Hale, Ledyard, Wooster and others, sacrificed their Uves for Amer
ican freedom.
Connecticut, by her Charter limits, extended from Narraganset
river on the east, to the South Sea on the west. In 1774, a settle
ment at Wyoming in Pennsylvania, was formed into a town called
Westmoreland, which sent representations to the Assembly of
Connecticut. After the Revolution, it was decided that Connec
ticut must relinquish her claims to any territory lying within the
Umits of Pennsylvania. She however claimed the lands loest,
within the range of her northern and southern boundaries. In
1786, Connecticut ceded to Congress all her claims to western
territory, except a tract 120 miles in length, now in the limits of
Ohio, still called the Connecticut, or Western Reserve. The pro
ceeds from the sale of these lands constitutes the School Fund of
Connecticut. Though now small in extent and population, is sec
ond to none of her sister states, in the virtue, genius and enterprise
of her sons. She has furnished many distinguished men, and some
of the most powerful states in this Union, are largely indebted to
her, for the elements of their greatness and prosperity.

121

[More Elevated.]
NEW YORK.
" Excelsior," " higher still " thy course shall be.
The motto on thy shield foretells thy fame ;
In commerce, wealth, and heaven born Liberty,
" The Empire State " thyself, thou dost proclaim.
The first settlement of New York was made by the
Dutch in 1614, on the present sites of the cities of New
York and Albany. New York was then named New-
Amsterdam, and Albany Fort Orange. The Dutch, in
1629, established a colonial government for this part of
the country, calling it New Netherlands. In 1664,
Charles II. granted to his brother, the Duke of York,
afterwards James II., a patent of a tract of country com
prising the present states of New York and New Jersey.
The same year it was taken from the Dutch and named
" New York." In 1673, the territoiy was re-taken by
the Dutch, but soon restored to the English by treaty.
During the French and Indian and Revolutionary
wars, the territory of New York became the theatre of
many important military trensactions. In 1690, the
French and Indians from Canada, in the depth of winter
burnt Schenectady and massacred the inhabitants. The
battles of Lake George and Ticonderoga, the capitula-
lation of Fort William Henry, the operations at Os-
11

122
wego, Niagara, and other posts on the frontiers, are no
ted events in American history. The celebrated confed
eracy of the " Six Nations," consisting at first oljive, then
of six Indian tribes, was located within the limits of New
York.* In the Revolutionary period, the Americans were
forced to abandon the city of New York, which was ta
ken possession of by the British troops, in Sept., 1776,
and occupied by them till the " evacuation," Nov. 25th,
1783, when Gen. Washington marched in wilh the
American troops. The battles on Long Island, at White
Plains, capture of Fort Washington, treason of Arnold,
storming of Stony Point, and the surrender of Burgoyne,
all within the limits of the State, are prominent events
in the Revolution.
The first constitution of state government was adopt
ed in 1777, the second in 1822, the present one in 1846.
New York was the seat of the Federal Government du
ring the first year of its existence. During the last war
with Great Britain, her territory again became the the
atre of important military operations. She has pursued
a wise policy in sustaining objects of public utility, and
now ranks as the " Empire State," being the first in
wealth, resources, commerce and population.

* Tlie Iroquois, or the confederated tribe called the Five Na
tions, were in possession of most of the territory within the Umits
of New Yorli, at the time of its first settiemeot by the Dutch. The
confederacy consisted originally of five nations, the Mohawks, (the
leading tribe,) the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the
Senecas. In 1719, they were joined by the Tuscaroras, a tribe
driven by the Carohnians from the frontiers of Virginia. After
this, the confederacy of the Iroquois was called the " Six Na
tions." At the time of the first European settlements, they were
estimated in number, from twenty to twenty-five thousand. At
the time of the Revolutionary war, all these tribes, with the excep
tion of the Oneidas, took up the hatchet against the Americans.
Their principal leader was Col. Joseph Brandt, a chief of the Mo
hawk tribe, who was educated under the care of Dr. Wheelock,
first President of Dartmouth College. He held a commission un
der the British government, and died in Canada in 1607.

123

NEW JERSEY.
Thine are the battle-fields for Freedom won ;
Thine is the soil that patriot blood hath stained ;
The Storm of War that swept o'er thee has gone.
And left thy noble sons the victory gained.
It is believed that the first settlement in the limits cf
New Jersey, was commenced at Bergen, about the year
1628, by a number of Danes, or Norwegians, who ac
companied the Dutch colonists who came over to New
Netherlands. In 1623, the Dutch West India Company
dispatched Capt. Mey, with a company of settlers, to the
Delaware. Mey entered Delaware Bay, and gave his
name to its northern cape, [Cape May,] and built a forti
fication a few miles below Camden, calling it Fort
Nassau. In 1637, a colony of Swedes purchased lands
on both sides of the Delaware, and began settlements.
The first English settlement in New Jersey, appears to
have been made at Salem, in 1641, by persons from
New Haven, Conn.
In 1664, the Duke of York made a gi-ant of New-
Jersey to Lord Berkley and Sir George Carteret. It
was granted to these proprietors for ten shillings, and an
annual rent of " one pepper corn," to " be paid on tho
day of the nativity of St. John tlie Baptist, if legally
demanded." These two proprietors formed a constitu-

124
tion, gave liberty of conscience, and appointed Carteret
Governor. It is said that the ten-itory was named New
Jersey in compliment to Cai-teret, who defended the
Island of Jersey against the Long Parliament during the
civil wars.
The Province was divided into two parts. East and West Jer
sey. In 1677, Lord Berkley, who owned West Jersey, becoming
dissatisfied, sold his right or interest to John Fenwick. and Edward
Byllings, of the Society of Friends, or Quakers. Many persons
of this religious faith emigrated to this part of New Jersey soon
afterwards. In 1709, the proprietors surrendered their right of
government to the English Crown, and Queen Anne established a
royal government, which continued till the Revolution.
New Jersey was the seat of war during the bloody struggle be
tween Great Britain and the Colonies. Some of the most impor
tant battles were fought within her limits. Her proportionate
lo-ses in men and property, was greater than any of her sister
States, and her sufferings in the cause of American freedom entitle
her to the gratitude of her sister States.
New Jersey was originally settled by the Lenni Lenape, or
jDeZctioare Indians, as they are usually called. In 1832, a grant
of $2000 was obtained from the Legislature of New Jersey, by
B. S. Calvin, an aged Indian representing the Delaware tribe, for
some claims they had against the State. Their claim was nobly
advocated by Mr. Southard, and at the close of his speech he re
marked : " Tiiat it was a proud fact in the history of New Jersey,
that every foot of her soil had been obtained fi-om the Indians by
fair and voluntary purchase ; a fact that no other State in the
Union can boast of." The sum that Calvin received was not
large, but it was all he asked for, and considering the nature of
the claim, it must be regarded as an act of beneficence as much
as of justice. The councils of Barclay and of Penn, (the former
a Governor, and the latter a proprietor of the colony,) seemed to
have influenced their successors, and it is with feelings of honest
pride that a Jerseyman may advert to the fact, that the soil of his
State is unstained by a battle with the Indians^ and that every
acre has been fairly purchased.

125

PENNSYLVANIA.
Land of immortal Fenn, of Love and Peace,
Amid thy sister States thy fame is bright.
And still with coming centuries, shall increase.
While firm and true thy sons maintain the Right.
The Dutch appear to have been the first who endeav
ored to explore, and colonize the country, lying on both
sides of Delaware Bay and River. In 1631, the Swedes
laid out the present town of Newcastle on the Delaware,
and at the same time, it is believed they constmcted a
number of small forts, or block houses, within the present
limits of Pennsylvania. One of the forts was on Ten-
cum Island, in Delaware river. This they called New
Gotlemhurg, and Printz, the Sweedish governor, had a
plantation on the island.
In 1655, Gov. Stuyvesant, the Dutch Governor at
New Amsterdam, [New York,] sent a force of 700 men
against the Swedes on the Delaware, who, being unpre-
pared for resistance, surrendered. The English con
quest was in 1664.
In 1681, King Charles II. granted Pennsylvania to
William Penn, in consideration of sei-vices rendered the
crown by Admiral Penn, his father. The name com
pounded of Penn, and sylva, a grove of wood, was given
by the king, and signifies literally Penn's Woods.
11*

126
In 1682, William Penn, with his colony of Friends or
Quakers, landed on the shores of the Delaware, purchased
the land of the natives, and laid the foundation of Phila-
delphla, his capital. The colony was governed by depu
ties, appointed by the Proprietors, till the commencement
of the Revolutionary war. Penn died in 1718, leaving
his interests in Pennsylvania, as an inheritance to his
children. Their claim was eventually purchased by the
Commonwealth, for £130,000 sterling.
In 1767, Mason's and Dixon's line was drawn to mark
the boundary between this state and Maryland ; aud in
1784, the north-western portion of this State, not being
included in the former purchase, was bought of the Indi
ans. The first constitution was adopted in 1776, the
second in 1790, and the present one in 1838.
During the Revolutionary war, Philadelphia was the
seat of the General Government, and it continued here
tiU it was removed to Washington, in 1800. The old
State House in which Congress sat when Independence
was declared, is stiU remaining. The original bill, cast
many years before the Revolution, stiU hangs in the
town, having a remarkable inscription, "Proclaim liberty
throughout the land, to all the inhabitants thereof." Lev.
XXV, 10. After the battle of Brandysvine, Sept. 11th,
1777, the British took possession of Philadelphia, which
they retained tUl the following June. In July, 1778, the
settlements of Wyoming, were visited by a band of tories,
and Indians. A large portion of the men in the settle
ments were killed in battle ; others massacred ; the settlements were
laid waste, and the women and children fled through the wilder
ness for safety. In 1794, occurred the " WTiiskey Insurrection."
This took place in the four western counties of Pennsylvania,
on account of duties laid by Congress on spirits distilled in the
United States, and upon Stills. This law bore hard upon the
western counties, as whisky at that period was almost their only
article of export. An armed body of insurgents having committed
some outrages. President Washington ordered Gov. Lee, of Mary
land, with a body of 1500 men, to the scene of disturbances. On
the approach of this force, the insurgents laid down their arms, and
promised obedience to the lawe.

127

DELAWARE.
Smallest in number of the old thirteen.
Thy soul is large for truth and freedom famed :
The Swedes and Fins first sought thy vallies green.
Thy southern cape, Point Paradise they named.
Delaware is the smallest in population, and, except
Rhode Island, the least in extent of any State in the Un
ion. It was first settled by a company of Swedes and
Fins, under the patronage of King Gustavus Adolphus.
This company came over in 1627, and landing at Cape
Henlopen, were so much charmed with its appearance,
that they named it Paradise Point. It was however af
terwards called Cape Henlopen, from a Dutch navigator
of that name. The Swedes purchased lands on both
sides of the Delaware from the Indians. They called
the country New Sweden, and the river New Swedeland
Stream. They seated themselves at the mouth of Chris
tian Creek, near WUmington. The name of Delaware
was derived from Sir Thomas West, Lord Delaware, Gov
ernor of Virginia, who died on his voyage near the mouth
of the bay.
The Swedes being molested by the Dutch, built forts
at Christiana, Chester and Tinicum. This latter place,
now in the limits of Pennsylvania, was their seat of gov-

128
ernment, and their Govemer Printz, erected a strong fort
of hemlock logs, and a splendid mansion for himself, called
"Printz Hall." In 1651, the Dutch built a fort at New-
Castle. Printz considering this to be within the Swe-
dish territories, protested against it, and Risingh his suc
cessor, took the fort by stratagem, when enjoying the
Dutch hosphality.
Stuyvesant, the Dutch Governor of New York, in 1664,
sailed to the Delaware, reduced all the Swedish settle
ments, and all the inhabitants who would not take the
oath of allegiance to Holland, were sent to Europe. The
wife of Pappegoia and daughter of Gov. Printz, who, not
withstanding all the advantages of living in her father's
mansion, was so poor from the want of laborers, that the
Dutch government granted her a small aid, which was
for some time an ox and some hogs both fatted, and grain
for bread yearly.
After the conquest of the Dutch by the English, Wil-
Ham Penn, in 1682, purchased of the Duke of York, the
town of New Castle, and twelve mUes around it ; and by
another purchased the land from New Castle to Cape
Henlopen. These tracts, which constitute the present
State of Delaware, were called the " Territories," and
were for twenty years, governed as a part of Pennsylva
nia. Its first constitution was adopted in 1776, its pres
ent one in 1831. In the Revolutionary war, the Dela
ware Regiment was considered the most efficient in the
Continental army.

129

MART Ii AND.
Justice, with scales and sword, is type of thee.
And firm for Freedom mayst thou ever stand ;
Thy founder, Baltimore, sent o'er the sea.
And freedom kindly gave in Maryland.
In 1632, George Calvert, a distinguished CalLolic,
(usually called Lord Baltimore,) applied to Charles I. for
a territory fi>r the purpose of establishing a colony. He
was of Flemish descent, but bom in England, and was
created Baron of Baltimore, in Ireland, in 1625. Be-.
fore the grant had passed the royal seal, he died, and the
territory was granted to Cecil Calvert, his oldest son,
about two months aftewards. The country .was named
Maryland, in honor of Henrietta Maria, the queen con
sort of Charles I.
In 1634, Leonard Calvert, first Governor of Maryland,
and brother of Cecil, the proprietor, with about 200
Catholic emigrants, arrived at Point Comfort in Virginia.
He then proceeded up Chesapeake Bay, entered the Po
tomac, which he sailed up twelve leagues, and came to
an anchor under an island, which he named St. Cle
ment's. Here he fired his cannon, erected a cross, and
took possession " in the name x>f the Savior of the world,
and the King of England."

130
Having peaceably purchased the land of the Indians,
Gov, Calvert located himself at St. Mary's. By grant
ing free toleration, and giving equal protection to all re
ligious denominations, Maryland became a prosperous
colony, and an asylum for those who were persecuted for
religious opinions in the other colonies.
The first assembly was composed of the freemen in
the colony. In 1639, there was a change — the House
of Assembly was made up of representatives chosen by
the people. In 1650, there was another change, by
which the Legislature was divided into two houses — the
proprietors choosing one body, the people the other.
During the civil wars in England, the name of papist
became so obnoxious, that the Parliament assumed the
government of the province, and appointed a new Gov
ernor. Many changes took place in the government till the Revolution
ary war, when the authority fell into the hands of the people. In
1776, they adopted the Constitution, which has been frequently
amended. During the Revolutionary struggle, Maryland bore her
full share of the sufferings, dangers, and privations of the contest.
In the second war with Great Britain, after the enemy had made
a successful attempt against Washington, they were emboldened
, to undertake an expedition against Baltimore. On the I2th of
Sept., 1814, Gen. Rosa, with 5000 men, landed at NorthPoint,
about fourteen miles from the city. The militia were called into
the field ; the aged and the rich voluntarily entered the ranks ; and
Gen. Striker) with 3000 men, was ordered to retard the advance o*
the enemy. The advanced parties met about eight miles from the
city. In the skirmish which ensued. Gen. Rosa was killed. The
enemy, however, continued to advance, and the Americans fell
back to their entrenchment, about two miles from the city. After
the enemy had landed at North Point, the British fleet sailed up
the Petapsco, and bombard ed|jFort McHenry and Fort Covington.
These were bravely defendedj^e fleet was repulsed, and the com
mander of the troops finding the naval force could render no as
sistance, retreated to North Point, and re-embarked his forces.
The loss of the Americans, in killed and wounded, amounted to
one hundred and sixty-three, among whom were some of the moat
respectable citizens of Baltimore.

131

[Thus always with tyrants.]
VIRGINIA.
" Mother of States and Statesmen," still thy fame.
Rich with the glowing history of the past,
Shall find amid thy country's lists a name.
And round thy sons a fadeless halo cast.
Virginia is distinguished as the largest, and the ear
liest settled of the original thirteen States. It was named
Virginia, by Sir Walter Raleigh, in honor of Elizabeth,
the virgin Queen of England. It is often called the
" Old Dominion." This name appears to have been giv
en for her loyalty to Charles II., during the civil wars in
England. Chesapeake, the name of the bay forming the
eastern boundary, is an Indian word, signifying " Mother
of Waters."
The " London Company," having received a grant of
Virginia, fitted out three ships vidth one hundred and five
men, to befgin a settlement. ^They landed at Jamestown,
May 13th, 1607, and began the first permanent English
settlement in North America. Among these adventu
rers, were but four carpenters, and twelve laborers, to
fifty four gentlemen. The colonists sufliered much for
want of provisions, and in four months from the time of
their landing, fifty of the company had perished. By the

132
exertions and address of Capt John Smith, they were
probably saved from destruction.
In 1608, Capt. Newport brought over 120 persons to
join the colony, with supplies of provisions. In 1609,
five hundred men, women, and chUdren were sent over,
who finding the colony so much reduced by sickness and
want, they resolved to abandon the country, and actually
sailed for England. But the next day, meeting Lord Del
aware, with fresh supplies, they all returned and prose
cuted the planting of the country.
In 1619, the first legislative body in this country met
at Jamestown. As many had become dissatisfied, and
contemplated returning to England, the London Com
pany, in 1620, sent over more than ninety young women,
to be disposed of as wives to the young planters. At
first, the price was 100 lbs. of tobacco each, but the de-
mand was so great, that it was increased to 160 lbs.
In 1620, a Dutch ship from the coast of Guinea, entered
James River, and sold twenty slaves to the colonists, be
ing the first introduced into the country.*
In 1624, King James dissolved the London company, assumed
the government, and appointed a Governor. For a long period,
Virginia experienced much trouble and difficulties with their vari
ous governors. The State adopted its first Constitution in 1776,
and its present one iu 1830. Virginia is distinguished for being the
birth-place of many illustrious men, and was one of the leading
States that distinguished themselves in the Revolutionary war.
In 1781, the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, at Yorktown, in this
State, decided the Revolutionary contest. While the name of
Washington appears on the page of American history, Virginia
will be honored and revered among her sister States.
* Virginia, having an estensive territory and many slaves, has
ever been sensitive in regard to t^s class other population. About
the year 1800, a well organized insurrection of slaves in the imme
diate vicinity of Richmond, was mercifully prevented by the timely
discovery of a young slave, and the sudden rise in the river render
ing it impassible. In 1831, Nat Turner, a fanatical slave in South
ampton county, moved, as he said, by certain appearances in the
sun, in August, coUected a body of 60 or 70 slaves, and commenced
the work of indiscriminate massacre. Fifly-five men, women and
children, were murdered before the Ineurrectiou could be suppressed.

133

NORTH CAROIilNA.
The old " North State," for Freedom's holy laws.
For Liberty thy nohle sons declared ;
First to defend thy Country's injured cause,
The glorious boon of Independence shared.
In 1630, Charles I. granted to Sir Robert Heath, a
territoiy south of Virginia, extending from the Atlantic
Ocean, to the South Sea, by the name of Carolina.^
Between 1640 and 1650, persons suffering from religious
persecution in Virginia, fled beyond her limits, and with
out license from any source, occupied that portion of
North Carolina, north of Albemarle Sound. Their nura--
ber annually augmented, and were enabled by the fertil
ity of the soil, with little labor, to live in abundance.
" They acknowledged no superior on earth, and obeyed
no laws, but those of God and nature.."
As Sir Robert Heath had not complied with the con
ditions of his patent, the king, in 1633, granted the same
territory to Lord Clarendon and seven others, and gave
them the powers of government. To encourage emigra
tion, religious liberty was granted. At the request of
the proprietors, a constitution of government was pre
pared by the- celebrated John Locke. This instrument
provided that the Governor or Palatine, should hold his
12

134
office during life, and that the office should be horedttary.
It also provided, that a hereditary nobility should be cre
ated, to be called land-graves and caziques, and that,
once in two years, representatives should be chosen by
the free-holders. All these, with the proprietors or their
deputies, were to meet in one assembly, which was to be
called the Parliament, and over which the Palatine was
to preside. This Constitution caused great disorder in
the colony, and it was abolished in 169.3. In 1729, the
Crown purchased from the proprietors, the Carolinas,
for £17,500 sterling, and established two separate Gov-
ernments, called North' and South Carolina.
In 1707, a Company of French Protestants, arrived and seated
themselves on the river Trent. In 1710, they were joined by a
large number of Palatines, who fled from Germany on account of
religious persecution. In 1719, the Tuscarora, and other Indians,
formed a plot to murder all these settlers. In one night, twelve
hundred of these savages, in separate parties, broke in npon their
settlements, and murdered men, women, and children. Gov. Cra
ven, of South Carolina, dispatched nearly a thousand men. imder
Col. Bamwell, who followed the savages into a hideous wilderness,
defeated them, and compelled them to sue for peace. The Tusca
roras soon after went to the north, and joined the Five nations ;
this making the sixth tribe of that confederacy.
About the year 1730, the soil in the interior of North CaroUna,
was found to be more fertile than that on the coast. Many emi
grants from the northern colonies, particularly from Pennsylvania,
now setUed in this section. In May, 1775, the " Committee of
Safety " met in Mecklenburg County, and by a series of resolutions,
declared themselves "free and independent " of the British Crown.
In 1796, the State adopted its Constitution, which with some mod
ifications continues to the present time.

135

SOUTH CAROLINA
Palmetto like, she towers above the rest.
While with her sister States she takes her stand ;
With chivalry inspired, with fearless breast,
Firm in their rights, her sons together stand.
The first settlement of this State was made by Gov.
Sayle, at Port Royal, in 1670. The next year he found
ed old Charleston, on the banks of the Ashley river. In
1684, all the freemen meeting at this place elected rep
resentatives to sit in Colonial Parliament, according to
the Constitution prepared by Mr. Locke. The situation
of Charleston being found inconvenient, the inhabitants,
in 1680, removed to the site of the present city of
Charleston. The first Constitution of State government
was formed in 1775 ; the present one in 1790.
Several circumstances, at this period, tended to pro
mote the growth of the colony. The Puritans, from
England, came over, to avoid the licentiousness which
disgraced the Court of Charles II. ; the Cavaliers also
came to restore their fortunes, exhausted by the civil
wars. The conquest of New York induced many of
the Dutch to resort to it. The arbitrary measures of the
French King drove many of his Protestant subjects into
exile, some of whom came to Carolina. Many of these
exiles were rich, industrious, and of exemplary lives.

136
Many of the prominent settlers being Episcopalians,
they procured the passage of a law establishing the
Episcopal religion, and excluded dissenters from the
Assembly. This illiberal proceeding made much trou
ble in the colony, till it was made void by Queen Anne.
In 1702, Gov. Moore, of Carolina, made an unsuccess
ful expedition against St. Augustine, then a Spanish
settlement. In 1706, the Spaniards from Florida, inva
ded Carolina ; but Gov. Johnson was so well prepared
for them at Charleston, that they retired without doing
much injury.
In 1715, a distressing Indian war broke out. All the
tribes from Florida to Cape Fear, engaged in a conspir
acy to extirpate the whites. Having massacred many of
the inhabitants, Gov. Craven, at the head of 1200 men,
marched against the savages, and defeated them at their
camp at SaltcatcJiers. In 1738, occurred an alarming
insurrection among the blacks, but it was speedily put
down. In 1780, the British troops took possession of Charleston.
South Carolina was the theatre of some of the fiercest struggles of
the Revolution, at the Cowpens, King's Mountain, and Eulaw
Springs. Gen. Francis Marion, one of the ablest and one of the
most successful partizan officers in the Revolution, was born near
Charleston. At the commencement of the conflict, he was a
captain m Col. Moultrie's regiment. He was entrusted with a
small force employed in harassing the British and Tories, and
gained a number of important advantages, which procured him, in
1780, the commission of a brigadier general. He continually sur
prised and captured parties of the British, .and their friends, by the
secrecy and rapidity of his movements. In 1781, he captured a
number of forts, and forced the Briitsh to retire to Charleston.
He received the thanks of Congress for his intrepid conduct at the
battle of Eutaw Springs. " He seldom failed of capturing his
enemy, and almost always did it by surprise. His courage was
the boldest, his movements the most rapid, his discipline severe,
and his humanity most exemplary,"

137

GEORGIA.
Form George, the Sovereign, was derived thy name :
In the far South thy sunny bowers of green :
A refuge for God's poor, of old, thy fame ;
Youngest thou art, of all the old thirteen.
Georgia was the last settled of the thirteen original
States. Its territory was included within the limits of
the Carolina charter, but no settlement was made till
after that charter was forfeited. In the reign of George
II., several benevolent persons in England, formed a plan
of planting a colony in this region. Their principal ob
ject was to seek a place for the poor people of Great
Britain and Ireland ; also a place of refuge for the per
secuted Protestants of all nations.
In 1732, a patent was obtained, conveying to twenty-
one trustees, the territory now constituting the State of
Georgia. These trustees having first set an example
themselves, by largely contributing to the scheme, under
took also to solicit benefactions fi-om others, and to apply
the money towards clothing, arming, purchasing utensils
for cultivation, and transporting such poor people as
would consent to go over and begin a settlement. The
Trustees managed the concerns of the colony. One of

138
their regulations were, that the lands should not be sold
by the owners, but should descend to their male children
only. They also forbade the use of rum in the colony,
and strictly prohibited the impoitation of slaves. Bu*
none of these regulations remained long in force.
In Feb., 1733, James Oglethorpe, with 116 emigrants
commenced a settlement at Savannah. Many persons
afterwards arrived, and to each a portion of the wil
derness was assigned. But it was soon found, that
these emigrants, who were the refuse of cities, had
been rendered poor by idleness, and irresolute by pov
erty, were not fitted to fell the forests of Georgia. The
trustees therefore made liberal offers to all who would
come over and settle in the colony. In consequence of
this, naore than 400 persons from Germany, Scotland,
¦and Switzerland, arrived in the year 1736. The Ger
mans settled at Ebenezer, and the Scotch at New Inver
ness, now Darien.
In 1736, the celebrated John Wesley, made a missionary visit to
Georgia, and two years after, George Whitfield, another celebrated
Methodist preacher, arrived in the colony for the purpose of estab
lishing an Orphan Houses where poor children might be fed, clothed,
and educated in the knowledge of Christianity. War having been
declared against Spain, Gen. Oglethorpe, at the head of about 2000
men, partly from Virginia and Carolinas, undertook an expedition
against Florida. He took two Spanish forts, besieged St. Augus
tine, but was obliged to abandon the siege and return. Two years
afterwards, in 1742, the Spaniards invaded Georgia, and the colony
was in imminent danger. By an artful stratagem of Gen. Ogle
thorpe, in which he made the Spaniards believe a large force waa
coming to his assistance, they fled with such precipitation, that they
left several cannon, and a quantity of provisions behind them.
During the Revolutionary war, Georgia waa overrun by the
British troops, and many of the inhabitants were obliged to flee
into the neighboring States for safety. The suflerings and losses of
her citizens, wag as great in proportiou to her numbers and wealth,
as in her sister States. In Dec, 1778, Savannah was taken by the
British, and in October following. Count Pulaski, a Polish officer
in the American service, was killed in an unsuccessfiii assault on
this place. The first State Constitution was formed in 1777, the
second in 1785, and the present in 1798, and amended in 1839.

139

FliORID A.
Far to the sunny South, sweet land of flowers.
Be Soto trod thy shores in olden time ;
The Creek and Seminole have roamed thy bowers.
Who now have vanished from thy sunny clime.
FiiOHiDA was discovered by Sebastian Cabot, sailing
under the flag and patronage of England, in 1497. In
1512 and 1516, Ponce de Leon, one of the companions
of Columbus on his second voyage, explored this part of
the country. It was called Florida, from the circum
stance of its being discovered on Palm Sunday ; or, as
some say, from the numerous flowering shrubs which
every where gave the country a beautiful aspect.
In 1539, Ferdinand de Soto, who had been an officer
under Pizarro, sailed from the island of Cuba, of which
he was Governor, with about 1000 men, and landed on
the western shore of Florida. From the Gulf of Mexico,
he penetrated into the country northward and westward,
in search of gold. The Spaniards wandered about in
the wilderness for four years ; De Soto and about half
his men perished before they got back to the Spanish
settlements. In 1553, the French attempted to estab
lish a colony, which occasioned a contest between them
and the Spaniards, in which the latter were finally victo-

140
rious. In 1763, Flo.tida was ceded to Great Britain by
Spain, in exchange for Havana. The Spaniards recon
quered it in 1781. In 1819, the Spaniards ceded it to the
United States as a compensation for their spoliations on
the commerce of the United States. In 1822, East and
West Florida were formed into one territory. In 1845,
Florida was admitted into the Union as a State. Its
Constitution was adopted in 1838.
The Seminole Indians occupied, until lately, the Ever-
¦glades, a flat, marshy district, in the central and southern
part of Florida. As early as 1821, the National Gov
ernment were urged to remove the Creeks, who had fled
into this territory, and incorporated themselves with the
Seminoles. Difficulties continuing with the Indians, a
Treaty was made in 1832, at Payne's Landing, in which
they agreed to remove west of the Mississippi. This
treaty being considered by many of the Seminoles as
unfair, they refused to remove. In 1835, Gen. Thomp
son having a dispute with Osceola, a favorite chief of
the Indians, caused him to be arrested, and put him into
irons for a day. Osceola was exasperated, and deter
mined upon revenge.
On Dec. 28th, 183.5, Major Dade, with 117 men, fell into an
ambuscade of the Indians, and were all killed but tlu-ee men, one
or two of whom afterwards died of their wounds. Gen. Thomp
son and some of his companions were waylaid the same day, and
liilled, in sight of Fort King, by a party of Indians headed by
Osceola. After a variety of conflicts, Osceola, in Oct. 1837, with
about 70 warriors, under the protection of a flag, came into the
camp of Gen. Jessup, who caused him to be forcibly detained.
He was taken to St» Augusline, thence to Fort Moultrie, al
Charleston, where he died, Jan. 1838. This harassing warfare
was brought to a close by Col. Worth, in 1849, after millions of
money had been expended, and hundreds of valuable hves sacri
ficed. Great numbers of soldiers perished by disease contracted
by traversing through swamps, morasses, and waters of stagnant
lakes, in pursuing the Indians from place to place.

141

AliABAMA.

Thy snowy wealth o'er all thy fields is spread.
Makes wings for commerce, on the ocean wide :
On shivering want, its fleecy gifts are shed.
That freight the barks, which o'er thy rivers glide.
Most of the territory of Alabama, was included in the
original patent of Georgia. In 1802, Georgia ceded all
her territory west of Chattahoochee river, to the United
States ; and extending to the Mississippi river, it was
erected into the Mississippi Territory in 1817. It con
tinued a part of the Mississippi Territory vmtil 1819,
when a State constitution was formed, and in 1820, it
was admitted into the Union, as an independent State,
Since the termination of the Creek war in 1814, Ala.
bama has grown rapidly in population and wealth, by
her agricultural productions, of which cotton is the prin^
cipal. De Soto, a Spanish officer, appears to have been the
first European who traversed the soil of Alabama. This
waa in 1540. In 1701, D'lbei-ville, a distinguished
French naval officer, erected a fort at Mobile, which, for
a number of years, appears to have been the principal
seat of the French power in its southern settlements. In

142
1704, Louis XIV., the French king, sent over twenty
viituous young women, in order, as he stated, " to be
married to the Canadians, and to the other inhabitants
of Mobile, in order to consolidate the colony." They
proved to be an important and valuable addition to the
colony, though it appears that a kind of insurrection took
place, in which they threatened to leave the country the
first opportunity, for being enticed from home, (most of
them being from Paris,) to live on com, when they were
promised "the milk and honey of a land of promise."
At the period of the second war vdth Great Britain, Alabama
was a theatre of Indian warfare, as a great part of the State a t that
time was inhabited by a number of tribes of IndiaiM, of whom the
Creeks were the principal. These Indians received their name,
from the fact of the country which they inhabited, having numeroua
creeks or streams of water. In 18 19, the Creeks having been
stirred up to war by Tecumseh, the celebrated Shawnee warrior,
commenced hostile operatrons. In Aug., they fell on Fort Mimms :
the garrison made a desperate resistance, but out of three hundred
men, women, and children, only seventeen survived the massacre.
The adjoining States were now roused to action. In Nov., Gen.
Jackson, assisted by Generals Coffee, Floyd, and Claiborne, en
tered the Indian country. Gen. Jackson defeated the Indians at
Talladega, where two hundred and ninety of their warriors were
left dead npon the field. On Nov. 29, Gen. Floyd attacked the
Creeks on their sacred grountj at Autossee. The Indians fought
bravely in its defense, but were overcome. Four hundred of their
houses were burned, and 200 of their bravest warriors killed, among
whom were the kings of Autossee and TallahasBee.
The lost stand of the Creeks was at Tohopeka, a fortified place
at the bend of the Tallapoosa, called by the whites the " Horse-shoe-
bend." The Indians had erected a breast-work, from five to eight
feet high across the peninsula, where a thonsand of their warriors
had collected. These fought desperately, but were entirely de
feated. Five hundred and fifty of I heir number were killed on the
peninsula, and many were drowned or shot in attempting to cross
the river. The victory ended in the submission of the remaining
warriors, and in 1814, a treaty of peace was concluded, and the
Creeks now have removed westward of the M:psissippi.

143

MISSISSIPPI.
Father of Waters ! like a smiling child.
Thy namesake State upon thy border lies ;
Where roamed the Chickasaw and Choctaw wild.
Amid thy woods, now smiling fields arise.
Ik 1716, Bienville, one of the Governors of Louisiana,
sailed up the Mississippi as far as Natchez, erected and
garrisoned a fortification which he called " Fort Rosalie."
This spot had been marked down by Iberville, in 1,700
as an eligible spot for a town, of which he drew a plan,
and which he called Rosalie, the maiden name of the
Cotmtess Pontchartrain, of France.
In 1729, the Natchez nation of Indians, feeling them
selves aggrieved by the French, laid a plot for their de
struction. On the 28th of Nov., they appeared in great
numbers about the French houses, telling the inhabitants
they were going a hunting. They sang after the calumet,
in honor of the French commander, and his company.
Each having returned to his post, a signal was given,
and instantly the massacre began. Two hundred French
men were killed. " Of all the people at Natchez, not
more than twenty French, and five or six negroes es
caped. One hundred and fifty children, and eighty wo
men, with nearly as many negroes, were made prisoners.

144
The Frei ch governor of Louisiana, M. Perier, resolved
on avenginy the massacre, sent to the Choctaws, who
furnished a body of 15 or 1600 warriors, to assist the
French against the Natchez, The Natchez being be
sieged in their fort by the French, had the address during
the night, to make their escape. Learning afterwards,
that they had fortified themselves -west of the Mississippi,
the French followed them thither. Here they were be
sieged, and compelled to surrender themselves as cap
tives. They were taken to New Orleans, where they
were confined in separate prisons ; and afterwards were
transported as slaves to St. Domingo. Thus perished
the Natchez nation, " the most illustrious in Louisiana."
The Chickasaws were the dread of the French cblonists, as they
had incited the Natchez against them. They occupied a large and
beantiful tract east of the Mississippi, at the head of the Tombec-
bee. This they would not allow the French to occupy, but main
tained their own independence. In 1736, a force from New Or
leans, under Bienville, and another body from the region of the
niinois, made an unsuccessful attempt against the Chickasaws.
Bienville was obUged to throw his artillery into the Tombecbee,
and retire down the river. The brave young officer, d'Artaguette,
who commanded the party from the Illinois, was compelled to wit
ness the torture and death of his companions, and then dismissed,
to go and relate to the whites the deeds of the Chickasaws.
In 1763, the country was ceded to the British. North of the
31st degree of north latitude, this territory was within the char
tered hmits of Georgia. In 1795, the Legislature of Georgia, sold
22,000,000 acres of land in this State, called the Ta zoo pur chase, to
four companies, for $500,000, who afterwards sold it at advanced
prices, to various persons, mostly in the eastern and middle states.
The next year the legislature declared the sale unconstitutional,
and ordered the records of it to be burnt, without refunding the
money. The southern section of the State was within the limits
of Florida, and was purchased of Spain in 1821. In 1798, this
State, together with AlabamFx, were constituted Mississippi Terri
tory. In 1817, Mississippi, 1 \ving formed a constitution of State
government; was admitted ia * the Union.

145

LOUISIANA.
Louis of sunny France, hestowed thy name.
The gay and generous Frenchman roams beneath thy skies,
And rivalling old Orleans, in wealth and fame.
Its namesake on thy soil in heauty lies.
Louisiana appears to have been first visited by the
Spaniards under De Soto, who died at the mouth of Red
River, in May, 1542, at the age of forty-two. This cel
ebrated adventurer, finding that the hour of death was
come, appointed a successor, and with his dying breath,
exhorted his desponding followers to " union and confi
dence," words now emblazoned on the Arras of Louis
iana. The Spaniards, to conceal the death of their leader-
from the Indians, put his body into an oak hollowed out
for the purpose, and sunk it in the river. De Soto, it is
said, expended 100,000 ducats in this expedition, like the-
fabled Pelican of old, gave his own blood for the- nourish
ment of his brood of followers.
In 1682, M. La Salle, a French naval officer, discov
ered the three passages by which the Mississippi dis*
charges its waters into the Gulf. La Salle having pre
pared a column with the arms of France affixed, and a
cross, ascended the river to a dry spot above inundation,
where, having erected the column, he took possession of
13

146
the countEy, " In the name of the Most High, mighty,
invincible, and victorious Prince, Louis the Great, by
the grace of God, King of France and Navaire, fourteenth
of that name." After the Te Deum was chaunted, a
salute of fire-arms, and cries of vi-ce le Roi, La Salle
said, his Majesty, as eldest son of the Church, would an
nex no country to his crown, without making it his chief
care to establish the Christian religion therein : its sym
bol must now be planted ; which was accordingly done
at once, by erecting a cross, before which, religious ser
vices were performed. The country was named Louis
iana in honor of the French King,
La Salle attempted a settlement, but it failed. In 1P99, a more
successful attempt was made by Iberville, who entered the Missis
sippi and founded a colony. His efforts were followed up by Cro-
zat, a roan of wealth, who held the exclusive trade of the_ country
for a number of years. About the year 1717, he transferred his in
terest to a chartered company, at the head of which was the cele
brated John Law, whose national bank and Mississippi speculation,
involved the ruin of half the French nobility. The stock of this
company at one time, advanced to upwards of two thousand per
cent., and the notes of the bank in circulation, exceeded two hun
dred millions of dollars. In 1731, the Company resigned the con
cern to the crown, who in 1762, ceded the whole of Louisiana to
Spain. In 1800, Spain re-conveyed the province to the French,
of whom it was purchased by the United States in 1803, for fifteen
millions of dollars. This purchase included the territory west of
the Mississippi. In 18 12, the present State of Louisiana formed a
Constitution and was admitted into the Union,
On the 8th of January, 1815, a body of about 8000 British troops,
under Gen. Packingham, made an attempt to obtain possession of
New Orleans. This place was defended by aboot 6000 militia
jien under Gen. Jackson. The Americans, behind their breast
works of cotton bales, and other materials which no balls could pea-
etrate, poured such a fire on the advancing troops of the enemy,
that whole ranks were literally swept away. Gen. Packenham,
and Gen. Gibbs, the second in command, were mortally wounded.
The enemy retreated with the loss of 2600 men, in killed, wound
ed, and captured. The American loss amounted to only six killed
and seven wounded.

147

OHIO.
Ohio ! " Beauteous River," on thy shore.
Peace, plenty, with their choiceat blessings rest.
And dotting with her boats thy waters o'er.
There lies thy city fair, " Queen of the West."
Ohio receives its name from the river, which forms
its southern boundary. The word Ohio, in the Wyandot
language, signifies fair, or " Beautiful River," which
was the name given to it by the French, the first Euro
peans which explored this paa-t of the country. In Au
gust, 1679, La Salle launched upon Lake Erie, the Grif
fin, a bark of about 60 tons, with which he proceeded
through the lakes to the Straits at Mackinaw. In 1750,
a French post had been fortified at the mouth of the Wa
bash, and a communication was established through that
river and the Maumee, with Canada. The French, at
this period, had a chain of fortifications back of the Eng
lish iSltlements, and the territory north.|Fest of Ohio,
was included within the Hmits of Louisiana.
About this time, the Ohio Company was formed, and
for the purpose of checking the progress of the French,
made attempts to establish trading houses among the In
dians. The first English settlement in the Ohio valley,
appears to have been made on the Great Miami, where

143
th'^^y erected a trading house in 1749. In 1752, this was
destroyed by the French, and the traders were carried
away to Canada. The Moravian missionaries, prior to
the American Revolution, had a number of stations
within the limits of Ohio. As early as 1 762, the mission
aries, Heckewelder, and Post, were on the Muskingum.
Mary Heckewelder, the daughter of the Missionary, is
said to have been the first white child born in Ohio.
During the Revolutionary war, most of the western Indians
were more or less united against the Americans, by means cf the
British influence. During the Fr'^nch wars, that nation instigated
the Indians to fall on the frontier settlements. In 1782, a party of
Americans, under Col. Williamson, murdered, in cold blood, ninety-
four of the defenseless Moravian Indians, on the Muskingum. In
the same year, CoL Crawford, at the head of about 500 men, was
defeated on the Sandusky by the Indians ; he was taken prisoner,
and burnt at the stake wilh horrible tortures.
After the Revolution, the States who owned, or had a claim on
western unappropriated lands, with a single exception, ceded vhem
to the United States. The State of Connecticut, ceded her claim
of soil and jurisdiction, to that part of Ohio, since known as the
" Western Eeserve." The first settlement in this part of the State,
was made at Conneaut, in 1796, by settlers from Connecticut.
The first regular, permanent, white settlement within the bounds
of Ohio, was commenced in the spring of 1788, at Marietta, so
named in honor of Marie Antoniette, Queen of France. At this,
as well as at other places in this State, are the remains of mounds,
and other ancient works, evidefftly erected by a people which once
inhabited this fertile region, far more advanced in civilization than
the present race of Indians.
The Indians continuing hostile, in 1790 Gen. Harmer was sent
against them with 1300 men. This expedition proved unsuccess
ful. In 1791, Gen. St. Clair, with a force of 3000 men, assembled
at Cincinnati, commenced his march against the Indians on the
Maumee. He was defeated with the loss of 600 men killed, among
whom was Gen. Butler. In 1 794, another army under Gen.
Wayne, was sent against the Indians. He encountered the ene
my, and after w short and deadly confl ict, they were totally de
feated, and soon after were compelled to make peace. In 1799,
Ohio formed a territorial government, and in 1802, formed a State
constitutionj and was admitted into the Uniou.

149

KENTUCKY.
The hunter Boone, the hardy pioneer,
Thy flowery wilds among the first explored ;
And in our country's hsts, to freemen dear.
Thy gallant sons, thy fame spreads far abroad.
Kentucky was originally within the limits of Vir
ginia ; its first actual explorer, of whom we have any
\eiy definite knowledge, was Col. James Smith, who
traveled westward in 1766, from Holston river, with
three men and a mulatto slave. They explored the
country south of Kentucky, and also Cumberland and
Tennessee rivers down to the Ohio. The beautiful tract
of country near the Kentucky river, the finest perhaps of
the Ohio valley, appears to have been reserved by the
Indians as a hunting ground ; and consequently, none of
their settlements were found there.
In 1767, John Finley, and some others, made a trading
expedition from North Carolina to this region. Upon
his return, he communicated his discoveries to Daniel
Boone, and some others, who agreed, in 1769, to under
take a journey to explore it. After a long fat.iguing
march, over a mountainous wilderness, they arrived upon
its borders ; and from an eminence, discovered the lovely
valley of If entucky. Here they encamped, and some
13*

150
went to hunt provisions, which were readily procured,
there being plenty of game, while Col. Boone and Mr.
Finley, made a tour of the countiy. But notwithstanding
this promising beginning, the company soon found noth
ing but hardships and adversities. All the companions
of Boone were killed by the Indians, and himself taken
prisoner. He soon made his escape. He remained in
the wilderness for some time, entirely alone. He re
turned to his family in North Carolina, after au ab
sence of nearly three years. During nearly the whole
of thfs time, he never tasted bread, or Salt, nor beheld
the face of a single white man, excepting his brother,
and his companions who had been killed.
In 1771, Boone, with his family, started to make a set
tlement in Kentucky, in Powel's valley. Being joined
by five more families, and forty men, well armed, they
proceeded onward with confidence, but when near the
Cumberland Mountains, they were attacked by a large
party of Indians, and were obliged to retreat to the set
tlements on Clinch river. Here they remained tUl 1774.
In this year, James Harrod built the first cabin in the
State, on the spot where Harrodsburg now stands. In
1775, Boone erected a fort at Boonsborough, brought his
family and some others, and established a permanent
settlement. The first settlers were harrassed by the at
tacks of the Indians for a long period, till Gen. Clark
scoured the wilderness, took their posts, destroyed many
of their villages, and compelled theta to make peace.
In 1777, Burgesses were chosen to represent the
county of Kentucky in the Legislature of Virginia. In
1783, Kentucky was formed into a district. In 1785, a
Convention was formed for the purpose of procuring an
entue separation from Virginia. This was effected the
following year. It continued an independent district, till
June 1st, 1792, when it was received into the Union as
an independent State. The first constitution was formed
in 1790, '.he present one in 1799.

l-'l

TENNESSEE.
The plough is on thy shield, thy fertile soil.
Like Eden, 'neath thy children's cultivating hand
With richest fruit rewards their patient toil,
And scatters " plenty o'er a smiling hand."
Tennessee* was originally included in the charter of
North Carolina, given by Charles II, in 1664 ; but no
settlement was made beyond the Alleghany Mountains
till 1757, when a few hardy pioneers established them
selves at Fort Loudon, on Watagua river. The French
ha^nng stirred up the Cherokees to hostilities against the
English settlements. Col. Montgomery was sent with a
force to subdue them. After destroying a number of
their towns, he was attacked by the Indians and forced
to retire without effecting his object. In 1760, the
Cherokees blockaded Fort Loudon. The garrison, about
200 in number, having subsisted for some time on horse
flesh, agreed to capitulate, on condition they should be
allowed to return to Virginia, or Fort Prince George.
After marching about fifteen miles from the fort, they
*Thi3 State takes its name from its principal river. The Indians
are said to have given this name to the river on account of its
curvature, which gave to their imaginatiuns the form of an Indian
spoon, which is the meaning of the name.

152
were treacherously fired on by the savages, and those
who were not massacred were made prisoners. The
next year. Col. Grant, with about 2,600 men, marched
into the Cherokee country, gave battle to the Indians,
burned their dwellings and laid waste their country
These measures humbled the savages, and compelled
them to make peace.
In 1765, settlements were begun on Holston river,
and during the Revolutionary war the settlers had fre-
quent contests with the Indians. In 1782, the Legisla
ture of North Carolina appointed commissioners to ex
plore Davidson County, (which at that time was very ex
tensive,) and report which part was best for the payment
of the bouhty promised to the officers and soldiers of that
State during the Revolution. A settlement had been
made in this part of the State in 1780, under the guid
ance and direction of Col. Robertson, at a place they
named Nashville, in honor of Gen. Nash, who Avas killed
at the battle of Germantown, in 1777. The county was
named Davidson, in honor of Gen. Davidson, who fell
in opposing Cornwallis, in 1781. The militaiy warrants
weie made out, many of the officers and soldiei-s repair
ed to this section to secure and settle their lands, and
many purchBsers from various States of the Union be
came settlers.
In 1785, the inhabitants of the counties of Sullivan, Washing
ton and Green, lying directly west of the Alleghany mountains,
framed a constitution, elected their governor, and erected them
selves into an independent State, by the name of the New State of
Franklin. This premature State was to comprehend " all that
tract of country which lies between the mountains and the Suck
or Whirl in the Tennessee river." These proceedings occasioned
great confusion and warm disputes, which continued until 1788,
when the thoughts of independency were relinquished, and tran
quility was restored. The territory was finally ceded to the
United States in 1790, and a territorial government was estabUsh
ed under the name of the " Territory Southwest of the Ohio River."
In 1796, Tennessee was admitted into the Union as a State.

153

MICHIGAN.
The missionary and the hunter bold,
First ranged thy forest depths in times of old:
Earth's mightiest Lakes, now bound thy lengthened shore.
The Huron brave shall tread thy fields no more.
The Huron tribe of Indians, were the aboriginal in«
habitants of Michigan. They were anciently very nu
merous, brave and powerful, and their settlements ex
tended as far north as Lake Superior. As early as 1634,
ihe French Catholic missionaries, founded a mission near
Lake Huron, and in 1660, a station was established on
the rocky and pine-clad borders of Lake Superior. In
1663, the mission at St. Mary's Falls was founded, and
in 1671, Father Marquette gathered a little flock of In
dian converts at Point St. Ignatus, on the main land
north of the island of Mackinaw. The great body of
the Hurons, were converted by the efforts of the mission
aries, to the profession of Christianity. The Iroqifgis, or
Five Nations, made war upon them, and massacred or
dispersed most of their number.
In 1667, Louis XIV. sent a party of soldiers to this
territory, to protect the French fur-traders. In 1701, a
French colony left Montreal, and began the settlement
of Detroit, which was a place of resort of the French
missionaries, as early as 1620. Having established mil.

154
itary posts at this, and other places, they soon extended
their commerce westward of Lake Michigan, to the In
dians on the Mississippi. They were steadily opposed
by the Iroquois, and the settlements being somewhat
neglected by the French government, they never flour
ished as colonies. The war of 1756, dispossessed the
French of all their northern possessions, and of the rest
of this territory, whibh remained in a, neglected state iu
the hands of the British till the peace of 1783, gave it
over to ihe United States, and a governor was appointed
in 1787, for all the territoiy N. W. of the Ohio. In
1796, the fort of Detroit was ceded by the British to the
United States, and the peninsula of Michigan proper was
formed into a county, called the county of Wayne. In
1805, it was formed into a distinct territorial govern
ment, and in 1836 it was admitted into the Union as a
State. In the war of 1812, the important fortress of Mackinaw, being
garrisoned by only 57 men under Lieut. Hanks, was surrendered
on the 17th of July to a party of 1000 British and Indians. On the
15th of August, Gen. Brock, with a, force of 1300 men, of whom
700 were Indians, summoned Gen. Hull to surrender Detroit, stat
ing that he would be unable to control the Indians if any resist
ance should be offered. Although Hull had a force of 800 men,
yet he supposed it would be useless to resist, and, to the astonish
ment of all, he surrendered at discretion, without scarcely any oppo
sition. The indignation was great against him, and after he waa
exchanged, he was tried by a Court martial, sentenced to death, but
on account of his age and services in the Revolution, the President
remitted the punishment, but deprived him of all military command.
On the 9ad of January, 1813, Gen. Winchester, who was encamped
fit Frenchtown on the river Raisin, was surprised by a force of
British and Indians under Gen. Proctor. After a severe contest
the Americans surrendered, under a promise of being protected from
the Itiriians. This promise was broken : a large number of pris
oners, mostly tliose who were wounded, were murdered by the In- '
dians. Gen. Winchester's force consisted of about 800 men, prin
cipally volunteers from some of the most respectable families in
Kentucky. One-third were killed in the battle and massacre that
followed, and but 33 escaped. The merciless savages fired the
town, dragged the wounded from their houses, killed and scalped
them in the streets, and left their mangled bodies in the high-way

155

DIANA,

Land of ihe Shawnee braves, thy fertile plains
The Buffalo wild herd shall tread no more ;
Thy far spread prairies teem with golden grain.
And towns arise where forests waved .before.
This State, till Jan. 1801, formed a part of the Northwest Ter
ritory. It was then created into a separaie territory, and Gen.
Harrison was appointed Governor. It was admitted into the
Union in 1816, and adopted its constitution. The first settlement
iu this State was raade by the French, at Vincennes, as early, there
is reason to believe, as the year 1735. This place, or post, receiv
ed its name from M. de Vincennes, a young and brave French
ofBcer, who was killed in an expedition aaginst the Chickasaws, in
1735. At the peace of 1763, between France and England, this
country came into possession of Great Britain. In 1779, Vin
cennes was taken from the British by a party of Virginia militia,
under Col. Clark.
Just previous to the war of 1812 with Great Britain, Indiana
was harrassed by the hostile movements of the Shawnee and other
Indians, led on by Tecumseh, and his brother, the Prophet. On
the 7th of November, Gen. Harrison met a number of the Proph
, ef s messengers at Tipppecanoe, a branch of the Wabash, then the
principal seat of the Shawanese. Agreeing to a short suspension
of hostilities, tbe Indians endeavored to take Harrison by surprise ;
they were, however, defeated, with the loss of 170 killed, and 100
wounded.

ILLINOIS.
On thy broad fieldg, and prairies wild and vast,
The thundering herd shall rush no longer past ;
But cultured by the hand of man, thy soil
With rich abundance crowns the laborer's toil.
This State derives its name from the river Illinois, an
Indian word, signifying a man full of age, in the vigor of
his years. Illinois river is the river of men. The first
settlement within the limits of the State, was made by
the French, at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Peoria, some
where between the years 1690 and 1700. It appears
clear, that Father Gravier began a mission among the
Illinois before 1693, and became the founder of Kaskas
kia, though in what year we know not ; but for some
time it was merely a missionary station, and the inhabi
tants of the village consisted entirely of natives ; it being
one of the three such villages ; the other two being
Cahokia and Peoria. In 1789, Illinois constituted a part
of the Northwest Territory. In 1800, Indiana and Illi
nois became a separate territoiy. In 1809, it was made
a separate territory, and in 1818, it was admitted into
the Union as an independent State.
The first European who touched the soil of Illinois,
appears to have been one Perrot, an agent for the In-
tendant of Canada, who, in 1670, explored Lake Michi-

157
gan as far as Chicago. In 1673, Fathei Marquette, the
devoted and pious French missionary, M. Joliet, of
Quebec, with five boatmen, left the Michilimacinac,
passed down Green Bay, and entered Fox river. From
thence they crossed over to the Wisconsin, and sailed down
the Mississippi as far as Arkansas, when they return
ed to the north. They were kindly received and feast
ed by the Illinois. Their feast consisted of four courses :
the first of hominy, the second of fish, the third oi dog,
which the Frenchmen declined, and the whole concluded
with roast buffalo. The Illinois Indians are described
by all travellers as remarkably handsome, well manner
ed and kind.
In the year 1812, Gen. Hull, who surrendered Detroit into the
hands of the British, directed Capt. Heald, who commanded Fort
Dearborn, at Chicago, to distribute his stores to the Indians, and
retire to Fort Wayne. Not having perfect confidence in the In
dians, he threw the powder into the well, and wasted the whiskey..
As these were the articles they most wanted, they were so exaspe
rated, they fell upon the garrison after they had proceeded about
two miles from the fort, and massacred about 60 persons, being
about two-thirds of their number.
In 1840, the Mormons having been driven out of Missouri, loca
ted a city on the east bank of the Mississippi, which they called
Nauvoo. They had extraordinary privileges granted them by the
State. But here, as elsewhere, numerous difficulties arose between
them and the surrounding inhabitants. On June 27th, 1844, Jo
seph Smith, the Mormon prophet and leader, with his brother
Hyram, were killed by a mob, and in a short period after, the
Mormons began their movement toward California.
14

158

MISSOURI.
With hills and dales, and plains diversified.
Thy commerce growing, spreading far and wide.
Large in extent among each sister state.
These and thy mines of wealth shall make thee great.
MissouEi was originally included in the limits of Lou
isiana, purchased of the French government iu 1803.
In 1804, the territory was organized into the district of
Louisiana, and was under the authority of Gov. Harrison
of Indiana. In 1806, it became a territory under its own
government. In 1812, its name was changed to Mis
souri. In 1820, il was admitted into the Union, after
much debate and agitation, on the subject of admitting
new slave states into the confederacy.
In 1763, Mr. Laclede, the head of a mercantile com
pany, who had obtained a monopoly of the Indian and
fur-trade, on the Mississippi and Missouri rivers, left New
Orleans on an expedition fitted out to form establishments,
and open a commerce with the natives. Laclede having
left his stores at Fort Charles on the Kaskakias, proceeded
up the river to the bluff, where St. Louis now stands. He
was so much pleased with the situation of the place,
that he determined to make it the central place of the

159
company's operations. Laclede was accompanied by
Auguste and Pierre Choteau, two young Creoles of New
Orleans, of high respectability and intelligence. In Feb.,
1764, Auguste, the elder of the two brothers, commenced
the first buildings at St. Louis, and these brothers never
afterwards quitted the country of their adoption. They
became the heads of numerous families, whose name is,
even at this time, a passport that commands safety and
hospitality among the Indian nations in the United States
north and west.
In 1669, settlements were made on both shores of the lower por
tion of the Missouri. Blanchette, " the hunter," built a log house,
the first dwelling on the site of the beautiful village, which in 1784,
received the name of St. Charles. St. Genevieve was settled as
early as 1774. New Madrid was laid out by Col. Morgan, under
the Spanish government, about the year 1790.
On the 16th of December, 1811, commenced a series of earth
quakes, which continued till the February following. The most
destructive shocks took place in the beginning, although they were
repeated many weeks, becoming lighter till they died away in
slight vibrations, like the jarring of steam in an immense boiler.
New Madrid, having suffered more than any other town on the
Mississippi from its effects, was considered as situated near the fo
cus from whence the undulations proceeded. This place, which
stood on a bluff bank, fifteen or twenty feet above the summer floods,
sunk so low, that the next rise covered it to the depth of five feet.
The bottom of several fine lakes in the vicinity, were elevated, so
as to become dry land, and have since been planted with corn.
The earth on the shores opened in wide fissures, and closing again,
threw the water and mud, in huge jets, higher than the tops of the
trees. The atmosphere was filled with a thick vapor, or gas, of a
purple tinge. The agitation of the waters of the Mississippi were
BDch, that many boats were overwhehned, and their crews drowned.

160

ARKANSAS.
The plough and the steam boat are upon thy shield.
Commerce and Agriculture's skillful hand
Shall skim thy streams, shall furrow o'er thy fields.
And make thee great amid thy sister band.
Ahkansas receives its name from the large river by which it is
centrally intersected. It was a part of the Louisiana purchase. It
became a separate territory in 1819, and in 1836, it adopted a
State constitution, and was admitted into the Union.
The first white man who traversed the territory of Arkansas, waa
De Soto, the celebrated Spanish adventurer, who, after his wander
ings east of the Mississippi, reached t^je banks of the great River
of the West, not far from the 35th parallel of latitude. A month,
it is said, was spent in preparing barges to convey his horses, many
of whom lived, across the rapid stream. Having successfiilly passed
it, they pursued their way northward, and then turning westward
again, they marched more than two hundred miles from the Mis
sissippi to the highlands of White River. But still they found no
gold, (the object of their search,) no gems, no cities : only bare prai
ries, and tangled forests, and deep morasses. To the south again
they toiled on, and passed the third winter of wandering upon the
Waschita. In the following spring, (1542,) De Soto, weary with
hope long deferred, descended the Waschita, to its junction with
the Mississippi. His men and horses wasted away, the Indiana
were hostile about him, till he sunk into dKCOuragement and died.
The territory of Arkansas appears to have been next visited by
Father Marquette, and a few others, who came down from Canada
in 1673. The French voyagers from the Ohio, passed down the
river to the neighborhood of the " Arkamscas," or Arkansas, where
they were kindly received.

161

TEXAS.
"Lone Texian star," that rose in southern skies.
Now mingled with the northern constellation bright ;
Far in the sunny South, thy domain l.es ;
Thy sons are warlike, readiest in the fight.
The territory of Texas proper, appears to have been
first visited by La Salle, who sailed from France to St.
Domingo, and from thence proceeded the discovery and
settlement of the fanied Louisiana. The French, who
intended to enter the Mississippi, appear to have first
landed at Matagorda Bay, where they began a fortifica
tion in March, 1685. Here they met with many discour
agements ; their vessel, which had their provisions and
most valuable stores, was wrecked ; and the seed they
planted would not sprout. Some of the men deserted to
the Indians ; others were discouraged, and becoming
mutinous, murdered La Salle, and some others, (as fer
as can be judged,) upon a branch of the Brazos. Youtel
the historian, and some others, penetrated to the Missis
sippi ; and from thence he proceeded northward, and
reached Quebec in July, 1687.
It is believed that settlements were made in the limits
of Texas, as early as 1692 ; but the savages were so
hostile, that little progress was effected. The Spanish,
14*

162
and afterwards the Mexican Governments, in order to establish
settlementB, ofiered grants of land, as inducements to settlers fi-om
the United States. In 1821, Stephen B, Au8tin,{xora Connecticut,
went to Brasses, to secure a portion of territory bequeathed to
him by his father. Many settlers soon afterwards located them
selves here, and their increase and prosperity began to alarm the
Mexicans. When the Mexican government abolished slavery in
her limits, in 1825, most of the settlers being planters fi-om the
Southern States, who had brought their slaves with them, felt them
selves aggrieved. They petitioned the Mexican Congress in vain,
for relief, and Austin, the principal man in the colony, was im
prisoned for two yfars. On the establishment of Centralism, un
der Santa Anna, Texas, in 1835, declared her Independence.
Gen. Coss was sent against the Texans but he was defeated and
taken prisoner.
Santa Anna, the President of Mexico, with a force of 8000 men,
now moved forward, threatening to exterminate the Americans
fi-om the soil of Texas. In March, 1836, San Antonio de Bexar
was besieged ; the Alamo was defended by a force of only 187
men, for two weeks. They were all slain but seven, who surren
dered. Col. IVavis, Col. David Crockett, and Col. Bowie, the in
ventor of the Bowie knife, were all killed in the defense of this
place. While Santa Anna was engaged at San Antonio, Gen.
Urrea marched upon Goliad. He had a severe contest with Col.
Fanning's troops, who, on March 20th, surrendered themselves as
prisoners of war. Nine days afterwards, all the Texans, 520 in
number, were shot down, except six only, who made their escape.
On April 2lst, Santa Anna came up to a body of 783 Texans,
commanded by Gen. Houston, near the banks of San Jacinto.
Being masked by the timber, the Texans marched into a valley,
from which they rushed upon the Mexican lines in front. When
within about 600 yards, the Mexicans opened their fire. The Tex
ans, nothing daunted, moved on,' and when within about 70 yards
of their foes, opened a terrible fire; with their double barrel guns,
and pistols, of which some had five or six about them, besides
knives and tomahawks. They swept over the Mexicans hke the
wind ; took their artillery already loaded and primed, and fired it
upon them, as they retreated in total rout and confusion. The
Texan loss was only 2 killed and 23 wounded. The Mexican loss
is stated to have been 630 killed, 208 wounded, and 730 prisoners,
among whom were Santa Anna, and his principal ofiicers. This
victory secured the Independence of Texas.
The Mexicans made repeated hostile demonstrations, apparently
with Ihe view of recovering Texas, but owing to a variety of causes,
nothing of importance was effected. Texas remained a sepa
rate government till 1845, when by mutual agreement, it was an
nexed to the United States as a member of the Confederacy.

163

\riSCONSIN.
Far to the north thy boundaries appear.
Where the wild Chippewa his lodge doth rear :
Thy sons are free, thy climate breathes of health.
And in thy fertile soil are mines of wealth.
One of the first Europeans who visited the territory of
Wisconsin, was Father Marquette, a piouS Catholic Mis
sionary, who, after spending about three years at the
Straits of Mackinaw, the idea of exploring the lands yet
farther towards the setting sun, had been growing more
and more definite in his mind. " He had heard of the
great river of the West, and fancied that upon its fertile
banks — not rnighty cities, mines of gold, or fountains of
youth — but whole tribes of God's children, to whom the
sound of the Gospel had never come. Filled with the
wish to go and preach to them, he obeyed with joy the
orders of Talon, the wise Intendant of Canada, to lead a
party into the unknown distance."
He was accompanied by M. Joliet, of Quebec, and
five boatmen. This little band of seven, left Mackinaw
in two bark canoes, in May, 1673. They passed down
Green Bay to Fox river, which they entered and dragged
their canoes through its strong rapids, to a village of In
dians where AUmiez, a French Missionary had visited.

164
and where " they found a cross, on which hung skins and
belts, bows and arrows, which they had offered lo the
great Manitou, [God,] to thank him because he had ta
ken pity on them during the winter, and had given them
abundant chase."
Beyond this point, no Frenchman had gone ; and here was the
bound of discovery. The friendly Indians then guided to the Wis
consin, about three leagues distant, whose waters flowed westward.
Down this they floated, till, on the 17th of June, when, with joy, they
entered the Mississippi. They proceeded down the river to Ar
kansas, then they returned to Green Bay without loss or injury.
Wisconsin was next visited by La Salle, and Father Hetmipin, a
Franciscan friar, a man of much ambition and energy. These ad
venturers, having passed down the Illinois, Hennipin paddled up
the Mississippi as far as the Wisconsin, where he was taken pris
oner by the Indians, who treated him and his companions kindly.
They took them up the river to the Falls, which Hennipin named
St. Anthony, in honor of his patron Saint. From this point he re
turned to Canada and France hy way of Lake Superior.
Wisconsin was under the government of France, till 1763; of
Great Britain, till 1794 ; of Ohio, till 1800 ; of Indiana, till 1809 ;
of IlUnois, till 1818 ; of Michigan, till 1836 ; and under a territorial
government till 1848, when she was adm-itted into the Union as a
State. The principal place in this State, is Milwaukie, formerly
the site of a village of the Sac and Fox tribe of Indians. Its name
is said to be derived from Man-na-wah-kie, an Indian word, sig
nifying good land.
In the spring of 1832, the Winnebagoes, Sacs, and Foxes, im
der Black Hawk, commenced a war with the United States. Many
settlements were broken up and destroyed, and many of the inhab
itants were killed. Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, ordered out 2000
miUtia. Congress ordered 600 mounted Rangers to be raised, and
Gen. Scott waa ordered fi"om the sea board, with nine companies
of artillery. The troops on their route were attacked with the
Cholera, and out of one corps of 208 men, but nine were left alive.
After an unsuccessfiil contest, with the ovecwhelming force of the
whites. Black Hawk, and his brother the Prophet, were surren
dered to Gen. Street, at Prairie du Chien, on the 27th of August,
which ended the war.

165

IOWA.
The Eagle, bow, and arrow here we see,
Columbia, and the Indian emblems, types of thee ;
Thine onward course, is like an Eagle's flight ;
Thy soil is fertile, and thy skies are bright.
This State derived its name from the loway tribe of Indians,
formerly located on the Iowa river, but now intermingled among
the surrounding tribes, principally among the Sauks, or Sacs, and
Foxes. These tribes had the reputation of being the best hunters
of any on the borders of the Mississippi or Missouri. At the time
the white traders first went among them, their practice was, to
leave their villages as soon as their corn and beans were ripe, and
taken care of, to go on to their wintering grounds ; it being previ
ously determined in council, on what particular ground each party
shall hunt. The old men, women, and children, embark in canoes ;
the young men go by land with their horses ; and on their arrival,
they immediately commence their winter's hunt, which lasts about
three months. "They return to their villages in the month of April,
and prepare their lauds for cultivation. In June, most of the yonng
men went out on a Summer's hunt and returned in K-ptH.
In 1839, Iowa was purchased of the Indians, and in 1833, it be
gan to be settled hy white emigrants. Since this period, the popu
lation has increased with astonishing rapidity ; towns have been
built, and improvement has rapidly progressed. In 1838, Iowa
was separated from Wisconsin, and had a distinct territorial gov
ernment of its own. In 1844, she adopted a constitution, and asked
to be admitted into the Union. In 1846, terms with regard to her
boundaries were agreed upon, and Iowa became the twenty-ninth
State admitted into the Union.

166

[I have found iC]
CALIFORNIA.
Far west, on to the broad Pacific sea.
The germ of Empire great is found in thee ;
By rapid Sacramento's distant tide.
Thy mines of gold are famed both far and wide.
The first European who visited the coast of California, after the
voyage of Cabrillo, in 1542, appears to have been Sebastian Via-
caino, who was appointed by the Spanish government to explore
the north-west coast of California. Viscaino appears to have made
the discovery of the harbors of San Diego and Monterey, in 1602.
It was not until 167 years after the first discovery was made,
that the Spaniards attempted settlements in New California, so
named in distinction frona old California, which embraced the
peninsula. In 1542, this coast was traversed by Cabrillo ; in 1578,
by Sir Francis Drake. The first colonists were principally Cath
olic missionaries, and their settlements were called Missions.
San Diego was founded in 1769 ; Monterey in 1770 ; and San
Francisco in 1776.
In June, 1846, Capt. John C. Fremont took military possession
of Sonoma, and soon established the American authority. He
was assisted by Com. Sloat, commander of the Pacific squadron.
In February, 1848, California was ceded hy Mexico to the United
States. In 1849, a State government was organized, and Repre
sentatives and Senators to Congress were appointed.
California is now rapidly increasing in population : great num
bers arriving for the purpose of " digging gold ;" this precious
metal being found in large quantities near the banks, or in the beds
of streams which empty into the harbor of San Francisco.

167

OREGON.
The first European navigator who traversed any part of the
coast of Oregon, was Cabrillo, who, in 1542, sailed up as far as
latitude 44°. In 1578, Sir Francis Drake ranged this coast from
latitude 38 to 48.' This region was called by the English, New
Albion. The name Oregon is from Oregano, the Spanish name of
wild marjoram ; and it is from this herb, or some other similar, it is
supposed the name arose. The name of its principal river is de
rived from the name of Columbia Redivinia, an American vessel
from Boston, Mass., commanded by Capt, Grey, who, on May 11th,
1792, discovered this important stream. Its two great branches,
the Lewis and the Clark, were named from Captains Lewis and
Clark, who travelled westward, passed over the Rocky Mountains,
and explored the country in 1805. Having wintered west of the
mountains, they returned in safety, pursuing nearly the same route
east which they travelled west.
In 1811, Astoria, a trading establishment, was formed by the
American Fur Company, at the mouth of Columbia river. This
colony consisted of 120 men, and was under the direction of the
late John Jacob Astor, of New York, from whom the place de
rived its name. In the course of two years from the founding
of Astoria, five other establishments were made. The bounda
ries of Oregon were for some time undefined, owing to the cou-
fUctmg claims to the territory by a number of the European gov
ernments. In the years 1818, 1824, and 1826, a number of uu-
euccessful negotiations were made in London. In 1846, a bound
ary was agreed upon, and all differences happily adjusted. In
1849, a territorial government was formed.
NEW MEXICO.
New Mexico was first visited by the Catholic missionaries in
1581, but it was not subdued by the Spaniards till 1644. The
missions were established here in 1660. The capital, Santa Fe,
was founded in 1682. The name Mexico, in the Aztec Indian
\siVguage,signiQes the habitation of the God of War.
Upon the commencement of the difficulties between the United
States and Mexico, orders were issued to Col. Kearne-y, in May,
1846, to make a movement on New Mexico. He concentrated
his forces at Brent's Fort, on the Arkansas river. This force con-
- sisted of eighteen hundred men, part of whom were Mormons,
who were about emigrating to California. Upon the approach of
the Americans, Gov. Arm:"o called a council of war, in which his
principal officers advised a retreat, which advice was followed.

168
On August 18th, Gen. Kearney took possesaicc of Santa Fe, and
caused the oath of allegiance to be taken to the American govern
ment. In January, 1847, Gov. Brent and five other ofiicers of
the territory were murdered, at Taos, about 50 miles north of
Santa Fe — the northern part of the Indians and New Mexicans
rose up in rebeUion. This movement was put down by Col. Price,
after about 150 of the insurgents were killed. .
MINNESOTA.
Father Hennepin, a Catholic missionary, who wag at the Falls of
St. Anthony in 1680, appears to have been the first European in
the limits of this territory. Its name is derived from Mini-sotah,
the name given by the Sioux to St. Peter's river ; mini, in their
language, meaning water, and sotah, muddy, or shghtly turbid.
In 1695, it appears that M. LeSeur discovered, (as he supposed,) a
copper mine on Blue Earth River, a tributary of St. Peter's. In
1767, Capt. Jonathan Carver ascended to the Falls of St. Anthony,
and was well received by the Indians, and, as he states, granted
him a large tract of land.
In 1805, Lieut. Pike was sent to explore the sources of the Mis
sissippi, In this tour hepurchased the site on which Fort SnelUng
is situated. In 1819, barracks were erected at this place. In 1820,
Gov, Cass was sent with an escort of soldiers to explore the head
waters of the Mississippi. He ascended the river as far as Cass
Lake. In 1823, Major Long went onrthe Red River as far north
as Pembina, the Upper Selkirk settlement, which, being found
within the limits of the United States, took formal possession.
This colony was founded by Lord Selkirk, in 1812. The land on
which St. Paul, the principal place in the territory, was purchased
of the government in 1848, it is said, at $1,25 per acre. In 1849,
Minnesota was organized as a Territory, and the Hon. Alexander
Ramsay, of Pennsylvania, Was appointed its governor.
DESERET.
The first civilized establishment in this tract of country, appears
to have been made by Miles- M- Goodyear, a native of New Haven,
Conn., who created a trading fort in the valley of the Grent Salt
Lake, which he sold to the Mormons in 1847. This singular
people, having been driven from various places, encamped at
Council Bluffs, on the Missouri, in 1846. The next year, 500 of
their number volunteered into the service of the United States,
and were dismissed in California. In 1848, the Mormons began
to remove their famiUes to the valley of the " Great Sa.t Lake,"
and their settlements are now rapidly extending.

169

DISCOVEBIES AND SETXEEMENTS.
IN THE ORDER OF TIME.
1492. Long centuries ago, the Genoese,
The bold Columbus crossed the stormy seas.
With courage bold, with spirit firm and brave,
A land to find beyond the western wave.
1497. Sebastian Cabot, son of Venice, came
In later years, this new found land to claim.
To find for unborn millions here a home.
Where savage men alone were wont to roam»

1512. Next Ponce de Leon, sought thy verdant bowers.
Fair Florida, the lovely land of flowers ;
1528. And next de Narvaez, with his hostile band,
Sought to invade, and conquer this fair land.
1535. Far to the North, where wild Canadians roam,
Cartier, the Frenchman, sought to find a home ;
13

170
1539. And in the South, De Soto sought for gold.
Where the great Mississippi's waters rolled
1562. And next, the Frenchman Rihault, with his band.
Of fearless exiles sought Colurabfa's strand.
And near the blue Edisto, sought in vain,
A home amid the western wilds to gain.

1584. Raleigh, the knight, and soldier, bold and brave.
Sent forth his comrades o'er the Atlantic wave.
And this fair Southern State, Virginia named.
From England's virgin Queen, in history famed.

1586. Next Grenville, crossed the ocean with his band,
A Colony to plant in this new land :
Again, and yet again, come o'er the wave,
Virginia's pioneers, the bold and brave.

1602. Years passed away ; on Massachusetts shore.
The daring Gosnold turned his prow of yore :
1608. Next Chesapeake, brave Smith explored thy bay.
And far Quebec, arose to mark the day.

1609. Brave Hudson next, to this new country came.
And blue Manhattan gave thy later name ;
1611. Champlain, the Frenchman, many a year ago.
His record left where silvery waters flow.

1614. The sea-girt coast, throughout our country famed.
By Charles the monarch, was New England
named ;
While Holland's sons filled fair Manhattans isle.
And where New Jersey's fruitful vallies smile.

171
1620. And next the glorious " Pilgrim Fathers " came,
To Plymouth rock, a spot endeared to fame ;
1623. New Hampshire next, Columbia's Switzerland,
Was peopled by the Pilgrim's hardy band.

1627. Fair Pennsylvania, smiling Delaware,
The Swedes, and Fins, first sought a dwelling the'-e
1633. Next Maryland, the noble Baltimore,
With his adherents sought thy fertile shore.
1635. Then old Connecticut, along thy side,
Thine early settlers laden vessels glide ,
Old Windsor still repeats the red man's name.
And Hartford tells her early settlers fame.
1636. Next dauntless Williams, with a spirit free,
Rhode Island, found a hiding place in thee,
A fugitive who gained a deathless fame.
And with his country's annals linked his name.
1637. New Haven next, city, and colony,
Thy noble foimders sought a home in thee ;
1639. Next Narraganset in thy rolling bay.
The vessels of fair Newport's settlers lay.
For twelve bright years, behold new scenes arise !
Oh fair Columbia 'neath thy smiling skies,
Connecticut, Rhode Island, Carolina fair,
With bright New Jersey's annals mingling there.
1682. Next Penn of memoiy well beloved and great,
The ocean crossed to found a peaceful State ;
A city where sweet Peace and Love should reign,
And richest blessings follow in their train.

172
1682. While brave La Salle bestowed his monarch's
name.
Where nowa home the generous Frenchmen claim;
1702. And Louisiana, 'neath thy smiling skies.
We next behold a New Orleans arise.

1723. The settler turns to thee, Cheen Mountain State,
And Trenton, linked with our young country's fate ;
1733. The increasing tide fair Georgia moves to thee,
1740. Exploring thy fair bsrdera Tennessee.
1749. Next Nova Scotia, on thy strand so bleak.
The sons of Britain came a home to seek ;
1765. To Tennessee and Carolina fair.
New groups of hardy settlers now repair.
1773. And fair Kentucky to thy fertile land.
Came hunter Boone and his adventurous band ;
1787. Next fair Ohio, 'neath thy smiling skies.
Amid thy woods the log built cabins rise.

lis

--_il

r " — ' 'y^* I

¦5^
Scene at Lerington.
WAR OF THE REVOEITTIOIH.
EIGHT YEARS.
1775.
\The first year of the Sevolution.]
[n seventeen hundred seventy-five began
Our country's struggles for the rights of man :
In Massachusetts, firm for freemen's right.
On Lexington's green plain began the fight.
On Bunker's bloody hill, where Warren fell,
The sons of Freedom strong, their prowess tell ;
And brave Montgomery, with ardor fired.
Before Quebec, 'mid wintry snows expired.
The people spurn their tyrant's hateful sway,
The Royal Governors now flee away ;
15*

174
A youthful nation, (men, both bold and true,)
For Freedom strong, now rises to the view.
1776.
In " Seventy-six," George Third, the British king.
Commands his Hessian soldiers, forth to bring
Their burnished arms, and cross the stormy sea.
To crush a people struggling to be free.
Our fathers now their freedom strive to gain.
Their Independence boldly now proclaim ;
They pledged their " Fortunes, sacred Honor, Life,"
And periled all amid the deadly strife.
Great Britain's hostile troops in proud array.
New Yorh they take, and onward press their way ;
Our father's fled, but still for Freedom brave.
At Trenton's fight, their bleeding country save.
1777,
In " Seventy-seven," from far Canadian snows.
Behold Burgoyne advancing with our foes ;
Let Bennington rehearse that foe's defeat.
And Saratoga's plains, the tale repeat.
Let Brandywine, our fathers prowess speak.
And the bright waters of the Chesapeake :
When driven from the land of peaceful Penn,
Death's dangers darkened o'er our gallant men.
And while the Patriots forced to quit the field.
Resolved on Independence, scorned to yield ;
" Mother of States, and Statesmen," still in thee.
Was found a shelter for tho noble free.

175
1778.
In " Seventy-eight," from sunny France, a band
Of gallant spirits, gave a brother's hand :
And now, amid the clouds of gloomy fears.
Freedom looked up, and brightly smiled through tears.
Blue Narraganset, in thy rolling bay.
The generous Frenchmen's freighted vessels lay ;
While gallant Steuben, far from " Fatherland,"
In warlike science, gave his heart and hand.
See fair Savannah, struggling with the foe.
Behold within her walls the life blood flow :
Now Carolina's plains were darkened o'er.
With clouds of war, they feel the foemen's power.
1779.
In " Seventy-nine," through want and much distress.
Our fathers still for Freedom onward press :
Red ruin stalks around, the flames rise high,
Norwalk, and Fairfield, low in ashes lie.
O'er deep morass, o'er mountain, and o'er plain,
Led by their brave commander, gallant Wayne,
Our troops press on, at lonely midnight hour.
The fort they gain, their foes they overpower.
See now the red man with the foe allied,
The " Continental " force, they now defied ;
'Gainst Sullivan, their tribes they fight in vain,
Their country wasted, and their warriors slain.
1780.
In " Eighty," Carolina ravaged by the foe,
Beheld her gallant patriot sons laid low ;
Her army close besieged, and forced to yield,
Charleston now falls, and Britons gain the field.

176
Cornwallis to the South, now bends his way.
Gates he defeats, who flees with sore dismay.
The foe stalks round, with haughty power and pride.
With fire and sword spreads devastation wide.
Arnold, a traitor's perjury is thine.
The sword once laid on Freedoms sacred shrine,
Against thy country's injured cause was turned.
While patriot souls, the foul Apostate spumed.
1781
Behold the routed foe on Cowpens field.
By Morgan's gallant band compeUed to yield ;
While proud Cornwallis, forced at last to fly.
And gallant Green's brave band, won victory.
And northward still, the invading forces came.
Invading peaceful homes, with sword and flame.
While once again, from sunny France a fleet.
Appeared our Father's sinking hearts to greet.
Then quailed at last, our coimtry's haughty foes.
Then Freedom's sun, in glorious brightness rose ;
At Yorktown with humiliation sore, *
Cornwallis yields : — the bloody strife is o'er.

177

Columbia ! land of Liberty — home of the brave and free ;
The pilgrim sons of many a clime have found a home in thee !
Along thy wide-spread shore, the flag of every cUme is furled.
And Hope's prophetic eye still turns to greet this Western World.

ITAEY.

Columbia ! centuries ago, the daring Genoese,
The far off mighty West to seek, sailed over unknown seas :
The pride and power of Italy, since then, have passed away ;
The " Star of Empire" in the West has risen, since that day.
Oh, Italy ! thine exile sons, in fair Columbia see
The tokens of a mightier power than ever dwelt in thee ;
The Eagle that unfurled its wing o'er Capitolian dome.
Broods o'er the Western Empire now, as once o'er ancient Rome.

178

SPAIBT.

Thy sons, fair Spain, were earliest here, from out thy orange bowers ;
DeLeon sought sweet Florida, thy lovely land' of flowers ;
And proud de Narvaez gained thy shore, and with his warrior band
In vain essayed, in olden time, to conquer this new land.
Then, seeking for the golden stores of which the Spaniards told.
Came brave DeSoto with his band, twelve hundred comrades bold ;
He sought the flowery wilds beyond, and on, still on, he pressed.
Where the dark Mississippi rolled, with calm majestic breast*
What though the haughty Spaniard now, the Indian's dusky race.
To children of a paler brow at last have given place 1
Their sunny homes are southward still ; their names are storied o'er
Along the blue Pacific wave, and Mexico's bright shore.

FRANCE.

Where once the wild Canadian tribes were wont of old to roam.
The gay and generous Frenchmen came to seek another home.
By fair Edisto's glancing stream, on Carolina's plain,
And northward, 'neath a colder sky, along the blue Champlain.
Thy sons, sweet France, throughout our land, are scattered far and
wide ;
Their place is seen where crystal waves of proud St. Lawrence
glide ;
By old Quebec's stern fortress rock ; by Montreal's dark towers ;
And where of old the Hugenot sought Carolina's bowers.

And Louisiana, through her fields, thy fame in music tells.
And where the Mississippi's tide all proudly ebbs and swells ;
And far from France, a New Orleans, the stately Southern Queen,
A home is theirs, and Florida with vales of changeless green.

179

GKEAT BRIXAIIV.

Old England hither sent her sons, in by-gone days of yore.
When gallant Raleigh sent his fleet to old Virginia's shore.
That whispers, in her name, the fame of England's virgin Queen,
And Roanoke tells the tale along its banks of green.
While Jamestown wears its laurels yet, Virginia tells with pride.
Of noble sons and statesmen, still to Britain's blood allied ;
And Massachusetts wears it yet her glory and her crown,
That hoary Flymouth rock is hers, a spot of broad renown.
Where first the' Pilgrim sires set foot, a noble exile band.
Whose sons are scattered far and wide, throughout our happy land ;
Their sails are set on every stream, their feet on every shore ;
They climb the mountains, tread the vales, and skim each ocean o'er.

SWEDEiy.

Where the blue Baltic laves the rocks of Sweden's rugged strand.
There came from out its forests dark, a hardy northern band ;
A band oi Swedes and Fins to seek a distant shore more fair;
The sylvan home of peaceful Penn, and smiling Delaware.

NORWAT.

Tra<lition tells not when these came, the children of the North,
The hold Norwegians, fi-om the land of waving forests forth.
And left their rude memorials, Rhode Island, on thy shore.
The relics of a hardy race, that lingers here no more.
But on New Jersey's fertile soil, along her verdant plains.
Still courses old Norwegian blood, in hardy freemen's veins ;
On Bergen's hills their homes they rear, and still they find a place.
Strong, brave and firm for Freedom's rights, the bold Norwegian
race.

180

HOIiliAND.

Where sluggish streams roll slowly past, in Holland's distant land.
There came to seek these western wilds a brave adventurous band ;
Their dwellings in a stranger land, crovraed fair Manhattan's isle,
And where, past hills and banks of green, the Hudson's waters smile.
Where rolled the " fresh" Connecticut, thezr vessels on its breast.
Where hesa smiling city now, their fortress they posseted ;
And o'er New Jersey's smiling plains their homes are scattered wide,
And crown the verdant ban^ that line the blue Manhattan's side.

OERITIAIVT.

And westward still they also turn, the noble, sturdy band
Of patriot souls and loving hearts, fi-om distant "Fatherland;"
Old Pennsylvania tells their praise, and on the inland shore
That Unes our mighty chain of lakes, *heir feet have gone before.
And still the tide comes sweeping in, and o'er the giant West ;
The labor of their busy hands, the fertile soil hath blessed ;
They build them there a happy home, they plant anew the vine.
And in the broad Ohio, find another river Rhine.

Thus let the mighty tide set in, from many a distant land ;
We have for all an ample home, for all a welcome hand ;
And what our land hath ever been, it is its pride to be,
A refiige for the exile still, a dwelling for the free. e.

181

INTERESTING EVENTS, ANTIQUITIES, &c.

ROUND TOWER AT NEWPORT, R. I.
On the summit of the hill, on the declivity of which Newport, R.
I., is built, is an interesting relic of antiquity usually denomi
nated the " Stone Mill." Some suppose it was built by the first set
tlers for a kind of wind mill, others believe that it waa a watch tower,
erected by the Scandinavians, or Northmen, long before the dis
covery of Columbus. This last opinion is not without reason, as it
is well known that about A.D. 1000, a number of Norwegian na
vigators visited our coast, and attempted to plant colonies. This
tower is about thirty feet in height, resting on arches supported bv
circular pillars. The top is without a roof, and the interior desti
tute of any fixtures. The stones of which it is constructed are
small and appear to have been laid in a mortar made of sand and
oyster shells, cementing the whole mass together like a solid rock.
By whose hands erected, or for what purpose, no tradition remains
lo give an answer.
Fkom off this watch-tower's lonely height.
What eyes looked o'er the waters dark,
16

182
And marked afar, the sail of white.
The plunging prow, the wandering bark 1
Who reared thy mystic wall ? his name"
I ask thee, but I ask in vain.
Tell me, ye wild and dusky race.
Who trod these hills and shores of old ?
Can ye the mystic story trace-
In dark traditions ye have told ?
Silent in death the warrior lies,
No sign remains, no voice replies.
Ye stormy winds that sweep on high,
O'er the lone hill, with fitfiil wall ;
Ye waves that sound your minstrelsy,
Have ye no voice to tell the tale ?
The winds sweep on, the wild wave roar,
No voice will tell, on sea or shore.
Was it the fierce and hardy band
Of wandering Northmen, famed of old,
Who left their far ofi" rugged land
Of waving pines, and endless cold,
That helped this ancient wall to rear.
And fought the wanior's battles here 1
Deeds that the bards rehearsed in song ;
Tales that the ancient sages told
Of midnight revels, loud and long,
Of shouts that crowned the warrior bold.
Who drank the life blood of his foes.
And chased the wolf o'er polar snows 7
I ask in vain I thou canst not tell
Thy story of the hidden past ;
The rolling seas may ebb and swell,
And wildly howl the stormy blast.
Still shall thou silent stand to be
A wonder and a mystery ! e. g. i

183

MORTAL SICKNESS AMONG THE INDIANS.
About the year 1618, just before the settlement of the
colony at Plymuth, a mortal sickness or plague swept off
the greater part of the Indians along the eastern shores
of the United States. In 1619, Capt. Dermer, an Eng
lish adventurer, having wintered at an Indian town on
the northern coast sailed southward on his way to Vir-
ginia, and landed at several places where he had been
before. He found many towns depopulated ; in others
but few of the natives remained alive and those suffering
from the disease which appears to have been a kind of
plague, as they showed their sores and described those
of which their companions died.
The mortality among the Indians appears to have pre
vailed a number of years. In 1622, the Plymouth set
tlers went to Massachusetts (now Boston) to purchase
corn of the natives ; they found them afflicted with a
" great sickness not unlike the plague." It is stated by

184
creditable historians, that of the thirty thousand Indians
composing the Massachusetts tribe only about three hun
dred were left alive. When the settlers arrived, in
1620, they found the bones of those who had perished,
in many places left unburied. At Plymouth, which was
formerly a populous place, every human being had died
of the pestilence.
There appears to be considerable difference of opin
ion with regai-d to the nature of ' the disease which
swept off so many of the natives. Some suppose it to
have been the small pox, others, the plague, which
raged at this time in many parts of the world, while
many suppose it to have been the yellow fever, as it was
stated by some of the Indians who survived, that the
bodies of their companions who died were " exceeding
yellow all over before they died, and aftei-wards."
Whatever the disease was, it appears to have broken
down the spirits of the survivors, to that extent, that for
a number of years they made but little opposition to the
settlers. The following occurrences relative to this
pestilence, have been related. A few years before the
sickness, a French ship was wrecked on Cape Cod, but
the men and cargo were saved. The natives, however,
killed all but three or four of the crew and divided their
goods. The men who were spared were sent to one
tribe and another as slaves. One of them learned so
much of their language as to tell them that God was
angry with them for their cruelty and would destroy
them and give their country to another people. They
answered " that they were too many for God to kill."
He replied "that God had many ways to kill of which
they were ignorant." Afterwards, when the great pes-
tilence came, they remembered the man's words, and
when the Plymouth settlers arrived at Cape Cod they
feared the other part of the prediction would soon be
accomplished.

185

t ,

Soldiers reposing hy Porter's Racks.
EXPEDITION AGAINST THE PEQUOTS.
The expedition in 1637 against the Pequot Indians in Connec
ticut, one of the most haughty and warlike tribes that ever existed
in this country was a memorable event attended with remarkable
circumstances. At this time the colony of Connecticut consisted
of three towns, Hartford, Wethersfield and Windsor. The Pequots
having murdered a number of the inhabitants and threatened the
destruction of the whole colony, it was determined to make war
against them. For this purpose ninety men were mustered at
Hartford, being about half the efficient force of the whole colony.
They were commanded by Captains Mason and Underbill, and
were accompanied by Mr. Stone the teacher of the church at
at Hartford, as chaplain.
Previous to the marching of the expedition, tradition says th(
soldiers were addressed in a most eloquent manner by Mr. Hook
er, the minister of Hartford. He told them that they were not as-
16*

186
sembled by ferocious passions, but to secure safety for their wives
and harmless babes, and above all the liberties, and lives of Christ's
church in this new world. Their enemies had blasphemed God
end slain hia servants ; you are only the ministers of his justice.
They were ripe for destruction ; their cruelty was notorious ; and
cruelty and cowardice are always united. " March, then," said
he, " with Christian courage, and your enemies shall faU, like leaves
under your feet."
The expeditiop having arrived at Saybrook fort, Capt. Mason
And his officers being somewhat divided in opinion whether it
would be best to march through the wilderness directly to the Pe
quot fort, or go round by the Narragansett country and endeavor
to take the fort by surprise. In this state of affairs, the officers
¦earnestly desired Mr. Stone, to pray that their way might be di
rected, and that their enterprise might be crowned with success.
Mr. Stone, accordingly, spent most of the night in prayer, and the
next morning informed Capt. Mason that he had done as he had
desired, and was entirely satisfied that the plan of going round by
Narragansett was the best. The council of ofiicers was again
•called, and they unanimously agreeij with Mr. Stone.
Having proceeded to the Narraganset country they were joined
by about 900 of that tribe. From that place they went westward
towards the Pequots. As the little army drew near the fort of the
terrible Pequots many of the Indians betrayed much fear and re
tired into the rear. Uncas, however, with his Mohegans remained
faithful. On the evening before the attack, they arrived at Porter's
Rocks, near the head of Mystic, in Groton, where they encamped.
¦" The men were faint and weary, and though the rocks were their
pillows, their rest was sweet."
About two hours before the dawn of the 26th of May, the men
¦were roused with all expedition, and briefly commending them
selves and their cause to God, marched to the fort, about two
miles distant. The fate of Connecticut was to be decided by sev
enty-seven brave men. The barking of a dog, when within a few
rods of the fort, aroused the sentinel, who cried out, Owannux I
¦Owannux .' i. e. Englishmen ! Englishmen ! Capt. Mason entered
the fort, the enemy fought desperately, and the conflict seemed
¦doubtful. Seizing a fire-brand, Capt. Mason set fire to a wigwam
which set the whole fort in a blaze. The roar of the flames, the
yells of the savages, the discharge of the musketry formed an aw
ful and terriffic scene. The destruction of the Pequots was terri
ble. Out of five or six hundred only fourteen escaped the fire and
Bword ; of these seven were captured. The English lost but two
men J and about twenty wounded. Connecticut was saved, and
the most warhke tribe in New England defeated and ruined.

187

DEATH OF MARQUETTE.
Among the discoverers and many adventurers who came over to
the new world, some appear to have been actuated by higher mo
tives than worldly gain, or honor. Of this class was James Mar
quette, a devoted French Catholic missionary, from Canada. He
was accompanied by M. Joliet, of Quebec, and five boatmen. This
little company passed through the straits of Mackinac, and then
passed over to the Mississippi, which they explored south, to a con
siderable extent. Through all their difficulties and wanderings,
Father Marquette appears to have acted the part of a Christian mis
sionary, and endeavored to cultivate a spirit of peace and love
among the Indians. On his return. May 18th, 1675, up Lake Mi
chigan, he proposed landing at the mouth of a small stream on the
Peninsula, to perform religious devotions. Leaving his men with
the canoe, he went apart to pray, they waiting for him. As much
time passed, and he did not return, they called to mind that he said
something of his death being at hand, and anxiously went to seek
him. They found him dead ; where he had been praying, he had
died. His companions dug a grave near the mouth of the stream,
and buried him in the sand.

188
Hark, hark ! a voice now calls thee from above,
Servant of God ! thy work is nobly done ;
The mission kind, thine embassy of love
On earth is closed ; thy final victory's won.
The fragile bark shall bear thee here no more.
Through inland seas, and waters deep and wide ;
'Mid rocky islets, and a rugged shore.
Nor on the rapid Mississippi's tide.
'Mid chilly wintry blasts, aud fei-vid summer's glow.
Through deserts wild, thy feet shall range no more.
Or pass the prairie vast, or fields of snow ;
Nor shall thou hear again Niagara's roar.
No brilliant golden dreams did lure thee here
To toil through this dark howling wilderness,
'Twas love that drew thee on, devoid of fear.
Thy God was ever with thee for to bless.
No'more amid these earthly scenes to sigh.
Thy feeling heart will cease to swell with grief;
The bitter tear no more shall fill thine eye.
At sorrow where thou couldst not give relief.
Oh press me not to criticise his creed ;
Away with tests of sects, and bitter zeal ;
Did he the naked clothe, the hungry feed ?
And childlike. Christlike, in his spirit feel 1
Yes, yes ! he felt the power of Christ within.
In love, he scattered heavenly light abroad ;
Faithful he lived in this dark world of sin,
' He rests above ! he sweetly rests with God.

189

JUL
Sacred music htaxd in the Wilderness.
FIRST SETTLERS IN GRANVILLE, OHIO.
The first settlers of Granville, Ohio, emigrated from
Massachusetts, in the autumn of 1805, and were forty
two days on their journey. Their first business on their
arrival was to hear a sermon. The novelty of worship
ing in the woods, the forests extending every way for
hundreds of miles, the dangers to which they were ex
posed, the hardships which they had undergorie, with the
thoughts of the homes they had left, all conspired to make
this time one of deep interest. When they began to
sing, the echo of their voices among the trees was so
different from what it was in the beautiful meeting-house
they had left, that they could no longer restrain their
tears. Like the Jews of old, " They wept when they re
membered Zion."
Tt appears that two or three years previous to this time,
that Mr. Reese, a pious Welsh Baptist, had built a cabin

190
a mile or two north of where these settlers were located.
While searching for his cattle, he ascended the hills near
by, and heard the singing of the choir. The reverbera
tion of the sound fi-om the hill tops and trees, threw the
good man into a serious dilemma. The music at first
seemed to be behind, then in the tops of the trees or the
clouds. He stopped till he had caught the accurate direc
tion of the sound, and then passing the brow of the hill, he
saw the audience sitting on the level below. He went
home and told his wife that God's promises were sure,
and that religion would finaUy prevail everywhere. He
said, " these must be good people — I am not afraid to go
among them." Though he could not understand Eng
lish yet he afterwards constantly attended their meetings.
Hake, hark ! what voices rise in sweetest notes,
Borne on the autumn breeze ;
What strain of heavenly music floats
Amid the whispering trees ?
Ia it a far ofi" seraph angel song
Comes downward from the skies,
So sweetly swells, and rising >»^- peals along
In soirit melodies ?
So asks the wondering good man as he strayed
And heard the melting ray
Rise o'er the valley, up the hill, the glade.
Around his winding way.
For only in these lonely wilds before
His listening ear had heard
The panther's horrid scream, the winds deep roar.
Or notes of woodland bird.

191
It was new England's hardy wandering band.
That gathered in these woods,
Sang the sweet hymns of far off native land,
Amid these solitudes.
The dark old forests wild, re-echoed there
The chorus as they sung,
And with their sweetest notes of praise and prayer
The woodland arches rang.
The thoughts of distant home came back again.
The sweet sad memories,
And mournfid tears were mingled with the strain
That floated to the skies.
But he who spell-bound paused that strain to hear.
Glad on his way returned
And told his household, one above was near
Whose promise he had learned.
Oh sweetest tones of heavenly melody.
That on the stillness broke.
It was our kindest Father's voice on high
That with your music spoke.
Not in the rolling thunder's awftil voice,
Not in the lightning's glare,
But swelling tones that made (Jie heart rejoice
Proclaimed that God was there.

192

ATTACK ON BROOKFIELD
In August, 1675, soon after the commencement of
Philip's war, the little town of Brookfleld, Mass., was
attacked by the savages. The people of the village,
about seventy persons in all, on the first alarm fled to a
house slightly fortified, wliich was soon surrounded by
the enemy, who, for two days and nights, endeavoured
to destroy the house, or its inmates. For this purpose
they shot burning arrows, and thrust long poles with fire
brands at the ends toward the house. This proving in-
efi'ectual, the savages filled a cart with hemp, flax and
other combustible matter, and setting it on fire, thrust it
forward towards the house by long poles spliced to-
gether. The destruction of the poor people now seemed
inevitable. At this critical time an unexpected shower
of rain put out the fire.

193
Major Willard, at this time, was at Lancaster with a
company of forty-eight horsemen, hearing of the critical
situation of the people at Brookfleld, hastened on about
thirty miles, and reached the besieged garrison in the
night. A drove of cattle which had been frightened from
the place by the yells and firing of the Indians, happen
ing to be on the route, which Major Willard took, fell
into his rear, and followed him into the village. The
Indians " hearing the noise of a great host," fled like the
Syi'ians that were encamped against Samaria.
The villagers in terror fled, dismayed.
Beneath an humble roof a shelter made,
Pursued by foes with deadly hate inspired,
Their herds are scattered, and their homes are fired.
The murderous fiery arrow flies in vain.
See now on wheels they forward send the flame :
God only now can save — on him thay call.
Their cry is heard : the rain-drops quickly fall.
Quenched is the flame, but still the foes draw near,,
But God protects them, and they feel no fear ;
A troop of horsemen through the twilight shade,
Are heard far off; they come to give them aid.
The noise of trampling hoofs is heard around,
The scattered cattle in the troop are found.
The savage band now deem that hosts are nigh.
And quick into their native forests fly.
So thus Samaria lay besieged of old.
As in the page of holy writ 'tis told :
The warlike Syi'ian hosts were made to hear
The sound of horses, chariots, thundering near.
With wild amaze, they trembling, quickly fled,
The city's saved, the famished poor are fed ;
So thus the Lord will guard with kindly care
His suffering chosen people everywhere.
17

194

DESTRUCTION OF SCHENECTADY.
In the war between England and France, the French,
when they were in the possession of Canada, incited the
Indians to fall on the frontier settlements, and often ac
companied them in their expeditions. On February Sth,
1690, a body of 200 French and fifty Mohawk Indians,
after marching twenty-two days, came to Schenectady.
On Saturday evening, about midnight, the French and
Indians entered the place through a gate which had been
carelessly left ogen. In order that every house might be
surprised nearly at the same time, they divided them
selves into parties of six or seven each. The inhabi
tants were in a deep sleep, and the first notice they had
of the enemy was given by their horrid yells at their
doors. In this dreadfiil surprise and consternation it was
in vain. to resist, and this wretched people became an
easy prey to their enemies after suffering the most horrid
atrocities too shocking to relate.

195
Sixty-three persons were killed and twenty-seven carried into
captivity. A few persons effected their escape towards Albany
with no other covering hut their night clothes, the distress of whose
condition was much enhanced by a great fall of snow, twenty-five
of whom lost their limbs firom the severity of the frost.
It was the hoiu: of night.
And weary eyes had closed in quiet sleep,
And hearts were revelling in the visions bright,
The happy dreams that come with slumber's deep :
Stern, wintry freezing midnight reigns around
All, all is hushed in silence, deep, profound.
And far around was spread
The fleecy mantle of the winter's snow,
The trees were stiff with ice : all foliage dead,
And the dark earth lay frozen far below.
No faithfiil sentry paced their dwellings past,
Or braved that midnight hour, the freezing blast.
There seemed no danger nigh ;
And thus they slept, imconscious yet of ill ;
Hark, hark ! close byj the savage fearfiil cry
Bursts on the chilly air, the war-ciy shrill !
Rouse, rouse from sleep ! the foe, the foe is near !
With fearful shouts, their horrid forms appear.
Hear on the midnight air
A voice of wailing with the savage yell,
The child's faint shriek, the mother's dying prayer,
The piercing cry for mercy wildly swell.
And flashing see, where blood in streams is poured
The Indian's tomahawk, and the Frenchman's sword.
Oh, wild and fearful night !
Oh night of horror ! thus to usher in
That Sabbath day of rest, of calm delight
Which they were wont with praises to begin,
Now scattered wide, the morning's early glow
Showed blackened ashes round, and blood-stain'd snow.

196

ESCAPE OF THE DUSTAN FAMILY.
On the 15th of March, 1697, the Indians made a deg.
perate attack upon Haverhill, Mass., murdering and cap
turing nearly forty of the inhabitants. They approached
the hrfuse of Thomas Dustan, who was at that time en-
gaged at his daily labor. Mr. Dustan hearing the yells
of the savages, seized his gun, mounted his horse, and
hastened to his house with the hope of hurrying them to
a place of safety. His wife (who had been recently
confined) was trembling for her safety, and the children
weeping and calling on their mother for protection. He
instantly ordered seven of his children to fly in an oppo
site direction from that in which the danger was ap
proaching, and went himself to assist his wife. But he
was too late — before she could rise from her bed the
Indians were upon them.

197
Seeing there was no hope of saving his wife, Mr.
Dustan mounted his horse, and rode full speed after his
flying children. The agonized father supposing it im
possible to save but one, determined to seize the one
most dear to him and leave the rest to their fate. He
looked for the favorite child from the eldest to the
youngest but he could not find it, all called him father,
and stretched out their little hands toward him for pro
tection. He could not make a selection, and therefore
resolved to live or die with them all.
A party of the Indians pursued Mr. Dustan as he flea
from the house in pursuit of him and his children. He
dismounted from his horse, placed himself in the rear of
his children, and returned the fire of the enemy often and
with good success. In this manner he retreated for
more than a mile, alternately encouraging his children
and loading and filing his gun, until they all arrived at a
place of safety.
Mrs. Dustan also escaped in a most remai^iable man
ner. After killing her infant, the Indians took her and
her nurse off with them to a small island, since called
Dustan's Island, in the river above Concord, in New
Hampshire. After staying here for a short time, they
were informed that they must soon start for a distant set
tlement, where they would be obliged to run the gauntlet
stripped of their clothing. This they determined to avoid
or perish in the attempt. Being assisted by an English
lad, and arming themselves with tomahawks, they arose
in the night, and when the Indians were asleep hilled ten
of twelve Indians on the island, took off their scalps,
sailed down the river and made their escape to the set
tlements.

17»

198

BURIAL OF MR. TREAT.
Oke of the greatest snows in this country fell in February, 1717.
It was so deep that people stepped out of their chamber windowa
on snow shoes. With the fall of snow there waa a great tempest
which was so violent that all communication with near neighbors
"for a time ceased. Great numbers of cattle were destroyed, many
¦of whom were found dead standing on their feet aa if aUve many
weeks afterwards, when the snow had melted away.
It was during this storm that Mr. Treat, the first min-
•nister at Eastham, on Cape Cod, died. He was distin
guished for his evangelical zeal and labors, not only
among his own people, but also among the Indians in his
vicinity ; and he was the instrument of converting many
¦of them to the Christian faith. He learnt their language,
visited them at their wigwams, and by his kindness and
¦affability, won their affections ; they venerated him as
itheir pastor, and loved him as their fether. At the time

199
of his death the roads were impassable owing to the
great depth of snow. His body was therefore kept sev
eral days, till an arch could be dug through which it
could be borne to the grave, the Indians, at their earnest
request, being permitted, in turn, to carry the corpse, and
thus pay the last tribute of respect to the remains of their
beloved pastor.
They bore him to his grave,
Not through the vallies clothed in smiling green,
They saw not round their path the long grass wave,
Nor the blue sky above, with smiles serene.
They laid him down to rest.
Not in the church-yard where his fathers lay ;
No waving willows murmured o'er his breast,
No summer birds made music on the spray.
No ! through the chilling snow.
Whose fleecy mantle far and wide was spread,
When the cold earth lay frozen far below,
With steps unequal, bore they on their dead.
On through the bitter cold.
The Indians bore their pastor to his rest ;
Deep in that snowy mantle's chilly fold,
'And the white shroud of winter on his breast.
But in that world of Light,
To which so oft he turned their spirit's gaze,
Trusting that he had joined the Seraphs bright,
That ever dwell 'neath Eden's noontide rays.
Where there shall be no snow,
No tempest blast, but endless summer reigns,
And Life's fair River sparkles in the glow
Of Heaven's ovni glory o'er these boundless plains !
E. 6. B.

200

SWEDISH CHURCH AT WILMINGTON, DEL.
The first permanent settlements along the Delaware
were made by the Swedes. The successful enterprise
of the Dutch at New Amsterdam, (New York,) awa
kened the attention of Gustavus Adolphus, the illustrious
monarch of Sweden, who now determined to plant a
colony in the new world. His death, in 1632, prevented
his main project, but it was revived, on a smaller scale,
under the minority of Queen Christiana, and a number of
Swedish vessels were sent to the Delaware with colo
nists. They first landed on a spot near Cape Henlopen,
and were so charmed with the appearance of the place
that they called it Paradise. They proceeded up the river
and made a settlement on Christiana Creek. As " the
Swedes never left their religion behind them" they paid
the earliest attention to its institutions. The church rep
resented in the engraving was built of stone in 1698,
near the banks of the Christiana. It is said that the
Swedish women assisted in its erection, by preparing
mortar, and conveying it to the workmen.

201
O'er the Atlantic's wilderness of waters
From the far Northland, cold, and bleak, and dark.
There came a band of Sweden's sons and daughters.
And hither turned their wandering storm-toss'd bark.
Here from the hearths of new found homes repairing.
Thro' long long days of toil, their church they reared.
Here women came, their cheerful labor sharing.
With heart and hand and smile their labor cheered.
Here bowed the matron, and the blue eyed maiden,
And stalwart manhood, stout of heart and hand ;
The "faint old man," with years and labor laden,
The grey-haired pastor of the exile band.
And while the shadows, in the east are speading
Their sombre mantle over earth and sea.
With reverent steps, hia lowly pathway treading.
Relic of olden time, 1 come to thee !
Scathed by the tempest, dark vrith years, and hoary,
Thy tower is crowned with fading sunlight now.
Pure as the halo, with its golden glory.
Old painters wreathed around some sainted brow.
How changed the scene ! the Swedish sires have slumbered
For many a year, beside this silver stream ;
Those days of old, by hoary ages numbered.
Have fled with all their changes, like a dream.
In the sweet blush, the snowy sails are gleaming.
Fair Christiana, on thy placid breast.
Floating like white-winged spirits in our dreaming.
Slowly and softly past this place of rest.
Years, that have marked the rise and fall of nations.
Have smiled on Sweden's lone and exile band.
Have seen amid earth's widening generations.
Their beauteous homes that rise in this fair land.
Farewell old church ! ntoy coming years long spare thee.
To be as now, a spot of broad renown.
And the green banks of Christiana wear thee,
A fadeless gem, amid old History's crown. n. o. B.

202

CHURCH OF THE BLIND PREACHER.
The above is a representation of a wooden building in
a forest near the little village of Gordonville, Orange
county, about seventy miles from Richmond, Va. Though
an humble structure, yet it possesses a peculiar interest,
from its being the building in which was heard the thrill
ing eloquence of the " Blind Preacher," so enthusiasti
cally described by Mr. Wirt in the celebrated work en
titled the " British Spy." This blind preacher was James
Waddel, D.D., for a long period a Presbyterian clergy
man in Virginia, who died in 1805, at the age of seventy
years. In the latter part of his life he was afflicted with
blindness, and it was during this period, in 1803, he was
heard by Mr. Wirt.
It was one Sunday "(says Mr. Wirt,) as I traveUed
through the county of Orange, that my eye was caught
by a cluster of horses tied near a ruinous old wooddn
house in the forest, not far from the road side. Having

203
frequently seen such olgects before in travelling through
these states, I had no difficulty in understanding that this
was a place of religious worship.
Devotion alone should have stopped me, to join in the duties of
the congregation ; but I must confess to hear the preacher of such
a wilderness was not the least of my motives. On entering, I was
struck with his preternatural appearance. He was a tall and very
spare old man. His head, which was covered with a white linen
cap, his shrivelled hands, and his voice, were all shaking under the
influence of a palsy ; and a few moments ascertained to me that he
was perfectly blind.
The first emotions which touched my breast were those of ming
led pity and veneration. But ah ! sacred God ! how soon were all
my feelings changed ! The lips of Plato were never more worthy
of a swarm of bees, than were the lips of this holy man ! It was a
day of the administration of the sacrament ; and his subject, of
course, was the passion of our Saviour. I had heard the subject
handled a thousand times. I had thought it exhausted long ago.
Little did I suppose that in the wild woods of America I was to
meet with a man whose eloquence would give to this topic a new
and more sublime pathos than I had ever Ijefore witnessed.
As he descended from the pulpit to distribute the mystic symbols,
there was a peculiar, a more than human solemnity in his air and
manner, wliich made my blood run cold and my whole frame
shiver. He then drew a picture of the sufferings of our Saviour ; his trial
before Pilate ; his ascent up Calvary; his crucifixion, and his death.
I knew the whole history j but never, until then, had I heard the
circumstances so selected, so arranged, so colored ! It was all
new, and I seemed to have heard it for the first time in my life.
His enunciation was so dehberate that his voice trembled on every
syllable, and every heart in the assembly trembled in unison. His
peculiar phrases had that force of description that the original scene
appeared to be, at that moment, acting before our eyes. We saw
the very faces of the Jews : the staring, frightfiil distortions of malice
and rage. We saw the buffet ; my soul kindled with a flame of
indignation, and my hands were involuntarily and convulsively
clenched. But when he came to touch on the patience, the forgiving meek
ness of our Saviour;, when he drew, to the life, his blessed eyes
streaming in tears to heaven ; his voice breathing to God a gentle
prayer of pardon on his enemies, " Father, forgive them, for they
know not what they do" — the voice of the preacher, which had all
along faltered, grew fainter and fainter, until hia utterance being

204
entrely obstructed by the force of his feelings, he raised his hand
kerchief to his eyes, and burst into a loud and irrepressible flood of
grief. The effect is inconceivable. The whole house resounded
with the mingled groans, and sobs, and shrieks of the congrega
tion. It was some time before the tumult had subsided so far as to per
mit him to proceed. Indeed, judging by the usual, but fallacious
stand of my own weakness, I began to be very uneasy for the situ
ation of the preacher. For I could not conceive how he would be
able to let his audience down from the height to which he had
wound them, without impairing the solemnity and dignity of his
subject, or perhaps shocking them by the abruptness of the fall.
But — ^no ; the descent was as beautiful and sublime as the elevation
had been rapid and enthusiastic.
The first sentence, with which he broke the awful silence, was a
quotation from Rousseau,*' Socrates died like a philosopher, but
Jesus Christ like a God."
This man has been before my imaguiation ever since. A thou
sand times, as I rode along, I dropped the reins of my bridle,
stretched forth my hand, and tried to imitate his quotation from
Rousseau ; a thousand times I abandoned the attempt in despair,
and felt persuaded that his peculiar manner and power arose from
an energy of soul which nature could give, but which no human
being could justly copy. In short, he seems to be altogether a
being of a former age, .or of a totally different nature from the rest
of men. As I recall, at this moment, several of his striking at
titudes, the chilling tide, with which my blood begins" to pour
along my arteries, reminds me of the emotions produced by the
first sight of Gray's introductory picture of his bard :
" On a rock, whose haughty brow.
Frowns o'er old Conway's foaming flood.
Robed in the sable garb of woe,
With haggard eyes the poet stood ;
(Loose his beard and hoary hair
Streamed, like a meteor, to the troubled air:)
And with a poet's hand and prophet's &e.
Struck the deep sorrows of his lyre."

205

THE NEW HAVEN SPECTER SHIP.
The first settlers of New Haven, Conn., were principally mer
chants from London, men of substance, piety, and moral worih.
They intended to found a commercial colony, but the attempt
proved unsuccessful. In 1647, they freighted a ship for England,
with the greater part of their merchandize, having on board
several of their principal men. After cutting for her a passage
through the ice, the ship leftiNew Raven iiarbcr JS the TffiSiiTfr of
January, . She was supposed to have foundered at sea, as she was
never heard of afterwards. The following Spring, no tidings
having arrived of the ship, the pious people of the Colony were
led to pray " that God would let them know (if it was ' his
pleasure) the fate of their friends." In the ensuing June, (as it
is related by Rev. Mr. Pierpont,) after a great thunder storm,
about an hour before sunset, the sky being serene, a ship like
that which they fitted out, appeared in the air, for about half an
hour, under full sail, from the mouth of the harbor, directly against
the wind. This arrange occurrence drew out many spectators.
The vessel at length came so near as to be apparently within a
stone's throw of those on shore. At this time her masting
seemed to be blown off ; her hull overset, and finally all appear-
18

206
ances vanished into the clear air.- It is supposed by some that
this appearance in the clouds was caused by a reflection of a
ship sailing at the time, on the ocean, south of the harbor.
However this may be, the New Haven people considered it as
an answer to their prayers, whereby the fate of the vessel and
their friends were mercifully made known.
Mid wintry storms and ice, the Pilgrim bark,
freighted with forest riches, moves with the swell-
ing sail. The icy barrier strong, removed, she
onward plows her way. She bears on board
the men of high born souls, and courage bold.
Mid mutual prayers and tears, they leave their
loved companions on these western wilds, and
venture on the ocean wide.
The wintry blasts are hushed. Fair is the
opening flower that springs to life amid the
withered foliage of the departed year. The sum-
mer's sun advances, and the wide earth rejoices
in his coming beams. The hills and dales, the
forests high and wide, all, all, are clothed in living
green. The notes of birds as yet unknown, warble
on high at morning's dawn. When evening's
shades appear, myriads of voices from the low
earth, and shady pools around, lull the tired laborer
to repose.
Oft ?" thei south, the pilgrims turn their eyes to
see the swelling saU coming w".. those they. love.
They look in vain ! The ocean rises and fells
again : now roaring, foaming, lashed into fiiry
by the whirlwind storm, or in calm repose with
glassy surface, brightly gleaming 'neath the noon
tide sun, or in the softer beams of the pale moon
by night.
Summer advances ; and the earth gives promise
of the harvest full. But the hope of the lone
strangers grows lesser still, for those that ventured

207
on the mighty deep.  Their thoughts
arise to Him who holds the winds and waves,
and rules above, below. With due submission
to His wiU, they ask to know the fate of those
they love.
 The heavens grow black vsith clouds ;
the lightnings flash, the thunder rolls ; the storm
roars wildly round.  The storm is o'er ;
the winds are still. The herbs and flowers with
rainbow hues display their beauty bright ; the tall
tree lifts its green head on high, and all the earth
around is clad in beauteous green, and eveiy herb,
and flower, and tree, praise Him above, with fall
ing tears of joy, that glisten in the parting beams
of day.
A sight, now passing strange, appears ! On to
the south, mid cloudy vapors high, a ship with
swelling sails is seen. Onward she comes direct
against th' opposing breeze. Nearer, and to the
wondering eye the long lost ship appears. But
lo ! the shado\vy form now fast dissolves. Tho
masts are blown away. The bark so bravely
riding, is seen dismantled, and overturning soon
in shadowy mists ascends on high.
The pilgiim prayer is heard.  They read
its answer in the misty cloud. Their ship is
wrecked amid the mighty waters, and their friends
have sunk into their ocean graves amid the foam
ing billows.  Great God ! unfathoraed are
thy ways, yet we believe thee good and kind.
Though loud the tempest howls, though lightnings
flash, and the loud thunders shake creation wide,
yet calmly on thy throne above, thou rulest all,
and doest all things well.

208

^UEIAL OF DE SOTO.
In May, 1539, Ferdinand De Soto, who had served und«r
Pizarro in the conquest of Peru, landed in Florida. He had
asked and obtained permission of the king of Spain to conquer
Florida, at his own cost. Lured by the hope of finding gold, a
body of upwards of thirteen hundred men were collected, many
of whom were of the nobility of Spain. He penetrated into the
conniry northward of the Gulf of Mexico, and wandered about
in search of the precious metals, exposed to famine, hardships,
and opposition of the natives. In this extraordinary expedition
of more than four years' duration, more than half the men
perished. Having arrived at the mouth of Red River, on the
Mississippi, De Soto died under the weight of his troubles, and
his companions, to conceal his death from the Indians, sunk his
remains in a hollow oak in the watera of the Mississippi.
Not with the proud array.
That through the forest in its splendor passed.
The whispering pines, high arching o'er their way,
And the bright banners to the breezes cast.

209
When came the soldier brave.
The cavalier with glancing sword and plume.
The flower of chivalry, from o'er the wave.
Where Spain's bright bowers in fadeless beauty bloom.
The dark robed priest was there.
Bearing the cross amid that soldier band ;
The trumpet's thrilling voice burst through the air.
And joyous voices hailed this new found land.
There pranced the fiery steed.
The Andalusian charger, o'er the sod,
Proudly, as hearing home to glory's meed ,
Hia lord, the fields of old Castile he trod.
And smiling far away.
Wooing them on, still on, to orange bowers ;
In the blue distance Louisiana lay.
And all their path wound through a land of flowers
Not with this proud array.
They bore De Soto near the flowing tide.
From where within his soldier's camp he lay.
And none dare weep when this brave soldier died.
In Mississippi's wave.
Where its dark water's turbid currents flow.
The hollow oak his coffin, and his grave
The river's hed, full many a fathom low.
Where were the visions bright
That bade his followers hearts beat proud and high t
All vanished, bearing with them in their flight.
The thought of conquest, power, and pageantry.
So fade the dreams of earth.
The golden dreams of pride, and pomp, and power.
Perish aUke with hopes that gave them birth,
The fair, frail offspring of a parting hour. E. 6. B.
18*

210

CHIEF JUSTICE MARSHALL.
It is not long since a gentleman was traveling in one of thfi
counties of Virginia, and about the close of the day stopped at
a public house to obtain refreshment and spend the night. He
had been there but a short time, before an old man alighted from
his gig, with the apparent intention of becoming a fellow guest
with him at the same house. As the old man drove up, he ob
served that both the shafts of his gig were broken, and that they
were held together by withes formed from the bark of a hickory
sapling. Our traveler observed further that he was plainly cla(j,
that his knee buckles were loosened, and that something like
negligence pervaded his dress. Conceiving him to be one of the
honest yeomanry of our land, the courtesies of strangers passed
between them, and they entered the tavern. It was about the
same time that an addition of three or four young gentlemen was
made to their number ; most, if not all of them of legal profes
sion. As soon as they became conveniently accommodated, the
conversation was turned, by one of the latter, upon an eloquent
tarangue which had that day been displayed at the bar. It was
replied by the other, that he had witnessed, the same day, a de-

211
gree of eloquence no doubt equal, but that it was from the pulpit.
Something like a sarcastic rejoinder was made to the eloquence
of the pulpit ; and a warm and able altercation ensued, in which
the merits of the Christian religion became the subject of dis
cussion. From 6 o'clock until 11, the young champions wielded
the sword of argument, adducing, with ingenuity and ability,
every thing that could be said, pro and con. During this pro
tracted period, the old gentleman listened with all the meekness
and modesty of a child, as if he was adding new information to
the stores of his own mind ; or perhaps, he was observing, with
philosophic eyes, the faculties of the youthful mind, and how
new energies are evolved by repeated action ; or, perhaps, with
patriotic emotion, he was reflecting upon the future destinies of
his country, and on the rising generation upon whom those
destinies must devolve ; or, most probably, with a sentiment of
moral and religious feeling, he was collecting an argument,
which, characteristic of hunself, no art would be " able to elude,
and no force to resist." Our traveler remained a spectator, and
took no part in what was said.
At last one of the young men, remarking that it was impossi
ble to combat with long and established prejudices, wheeled
around, and with some familiarity exclaimed, " Well, my old
gentleman, what think you of these things 1" If, said the
traveler, a streak of vivid Ughtning had at that moment crossed
the room, their amazement could not have been greater than it
was with what followed. The most eloquent and unanswerable
appeal was made for nearly an hour by the old gentleman that
he had ever heard or read ; so perfect was his recollection that
every argument urged against the Christian religion, was met
in tke order in which it was advanced. Hume's sophistry on
the subject of miracles was, if possible, more perfectly answered
than it had already been by Campbell. And in the whole lecture
there was so much simplicity and energy, pathos and sublimity,
that not another word was uttered. An attempt to describe it,
said the traveler, would be an attempt to paint the sunbeams.
It was immediately a matter of curiosity and inquiry who the
old gentlemun was ; the traveler concluded it was the preacher,
from whom the pulpit eloquence had been heard ; but no, it was
the Chief Justice of the TJnited States. — American Anecdotes.

212

DR. FRANKLIN AND THE PICTURE OF THE CRUCIFIXION
The following anecdote of Dr. Franklin, the American states
man and philosopher, is related upon good authority. As the
doctor, after a long and eventful life, lay upon his death-bed,
some weeks before he expired, he requested his old nurse, Sarah
Humphries, of the Society of Friends, to bring into his room a
picture of the crucifixion which he had in his collection. His
face brightened up as he looked at it ; and he said, " Aye, Sarah,
there's a picture worth looking at ! that's the picture of Him who
came into the world to teach men to love one another!" He
requested her to put it up over the mantel piece, where he could
see it constantly as he lay in his bed. He was often times ob
served looking at it with attention, and it appears that his last
look was directed to the representation of Him " who went about
doing good."
" Pi,ACE it before my failing eyes.
That I may view in silence now.
The suffering victim as he dies.
The streaming side, the saint-like brow.

213
'Tis he, the wonderous Son of God,
Who from the Father's throne above,
The paths of earth in meekness trod.
And taught us here that " God is love."
'Tis he, whose yearning heart could feel
The tears, the woes of all mankind :
Who came the sick, the maimed to heal.
And pardon for the guilty find."
So spake the statesman, in the hour
Which closes life's eventful day.
When its bright dreams of fame and power,
Like morning vapors pass away.
Around his brow, the wreath of fame
A nation's hand had proudly placed :
In other lands, a Franklin's name
On glory's brilliant page was traced.
Yet not his philosophic themes.
Nor Science, with enlightening power.
Nor manhood's proud and lofty dreams.
Could cheer like this his dying hour.
No precepts of a by-gone age.
No schemes of proud philosophy,
No ancient hero, saint, or sage,
Could boast of deeds so great and high.
What love so sacred, so sincere !
For enemies, the God-like died !
" Oh ! let me see, and feel him near.
Oh ! let me view the crucified."

214

BARON STEUBEN AND LIEUT. GIBBONS
The Baron Steuben was a German officer of distinction under
Frederic the Great, King of Prussia, who came over to America
as a volunteer, and introduced a military system of order and
discipline into the American army. At a review, the Baron
caused Lieut. Gibbons, a brave and valuable officer, to be arrested
and ordered into the rear, for a fault which it appeared afterwards
another had committed. At a proper moment, the commander
of the reg^fnent came forward and informed the Baron of his mis
take, and of Lieut. Gibbons* accute feelings under his unmerited
disgrace. '* Desire him to come to the front," said the Baron.
Taking off his hat, although raining at the time, he, addressing
the lieutenant, said : " Sir, the mistake which was made, might,
in the presence of an enemy, been attended with fetal conse
quences. I arrested you as its author, but I have reason to believe
I was mistaken. I therefore ask your pardon. Return to your
command. I would not deal unjustly by any ; much less by one
whose character as an officer is so respectable."
" After the capture at Yorktown, the superior offi
cers of the American army, together with their allies,

215
vied with each other in acts of civility and attention to
the captive Britons. Entertainments were given by all
the major-generals except Baron Steuben. He was
above prejudice or meanness, but poverty prevented
him from displaying that liberality towards them which
had been shown by others. Such was his situation,
when, calling on Col. Stewart, and informing him of
his intention to entertain Lord Cornwallis, he requested
that he would advance- a sum of money, as the price of
his favorite charger. *'Tis a good beast,' said the
baron, ' and has proved a faithful servant through all
the dangers of the war ; but, though painful to my
heart, we must part.' Col. Stewart immediately ten
dered him his purse, recommending the sale or pledge
of his watch, should the sum prove insufficient. ' My
dear friend,' replied the baron, ' 'tis already sold. Poor
North was sick, and wanted necessaries. He is a
brave fellow, and possesses the best of hearts. The
trifle it brought is set apart for his use. My horse must
go — so no more. I beseech you not to turn me from
my purpose. I am a major-general in the service of
the United States ; and my private convenience must
not be put in a scale with the duty which my ranks
imperiously calls upon me to perform.' "
The principal part of the town of Steuben, in Oneida County,
State of New York, was granted to Baron Steuben for his ser
vices in the revolutionary war. He resided on his farm on this
tract till hia death. The annexed inscription to his memory
was formerly on a tablet on the wall of the German Lutheran
Church in the city of New York : —
" Sacred to the memory of Frederick WiUiam Augustus Baron Steuben,
a German ; knight of the order of fidelity ; aid-de-camp to Fredftick the
Great, king of Prussia ; major-general and inspector-general in the revolu
tionary w;ir ; esteemed, respected, and supported by Washington. He
gave military skill and discipline to the citizen soldiers, who, fulfilling the
decrees of heaven, achieved the independence of the United States. Tho
highly polished manners of the baron were graced by the most noble feel
ings of the heart His hand, open as day for melting charity, closed only
in the strong grasp of death. This memorial is inscribed by an American,
who had the honor to be his aid-de-camp, the happiness to be his friend.
Ob. 1795."

216

THE FAITHFUL INDIAN MESSENGER.
In 1788, a number of the citizens of Massachusetts sent a
Committee into the Indian country of the Six Nations, to treat
with the natives for a tract of land. After the Committee bad
arrived it became necessary for one of them (Major Schuylei)
to write to the commanding officer at Fort Niagara for his assist
ance tonegociate the treaty. An Indian messenger undertook
to carry the letter to Niagara, and bring back the answer. In
the meantime, Maj. Schuyler was taken sick, and sent towards
Albany. The messenger returned with a letter to Maj. Schuyler,
and not observing him among the Committee, refused to deliver it
to any one else. They offered him fifty dollars if he would deliver
it ; but he spumed the offer. They then threatened to take it
by fore * When this was interpreted to him, he sternly clenched
the letter in one hand, and his knife in the other, threatened
" he would plunge it into his own breast before he would he
guilty of a breach of trust." He was accordingly suffered to go
after Major Schuyler, and perform his engagement.
Oh ! not alone on Christian ground
The noblest hearts are found,

217
Nor Nature's dark untutored child.
On desert sands, or forest wild.
In God's own image made, retains
Some gleams of brightness mid his stains ;
Some scattered wrecks of the divine.
That in his fallen nature shine.
So with the forest's dusky child.
Though reared in regions dark and wild,
Though known not by a Christian name,
Untaught what Honor's laws may claim.
His noble soul no bribe can lure.
He holds his missive still secure,
No threats can shake his purpose true.
No dazzling gold can tempt his view ;
Nay, rather than be false, to die
Defending his fidelity.
If this untutored savage heart
Thus nobly acts the Hero's part.
How we who bear the Christian name.
Should view the scene and blush with shame
If from our path we turn aside.
Allured by wealth, or pomp, or pride.
Be ours through life the purpose high,
To nobly act our part, or die !
Like Abdiel, what e'er surround,
" Faithful amid the faithless found."
19

218

GEN. HERKIMER.
The family of Gen. Nicholas Herkimer was among the Ger
mans who first settled the Mohvvnk Valley. When the British,
tories and Indians besieged Fort Stanwix, at Rome, Gen. Herki
mer summoned the militia to march to the relief of the garrison.
On the Sth of August, 1777, having arrived at Oriskany, he de
termined to halt for reinforcements. Some of his principal offi
cers, eager to press forward, began to denounce their commander
as a tory and coward. The brave old man calmly replied, that
he considered himself placed over them as a father, and did not
wish to lead them into any difficulty from which they could not
be extricated. Their clamor however increased, and their gen
eral being stung by their reproaches, at length gave the order to
" march on." They soon fell into an ambuscade of the enemy,
and a most bloody fight ensued ; the officers so eager for the
conflict were the first to flee. Gen. Herkimer fell wounded in
the early part of the action, and was placed on his saddle against
the trunk of a tree for a support, where, exclaiming, " / will
face the enemy," he continued for six hours to issue his orders
with firmness and decision.

219
After the battle was over, he was conveyed to his house, be
low Little Falls on the Mohawk, on a litter, '¦ where," says Col.
Stoce, " his leg, which had been shattered five or six inches be
low the knee, was amputated about ten days after the battle, by
a young French surgeon in the army of Gen. Arnold, and con
trary to the advice of the general's own medical adviser, the late
Dr. Petrie. But the operation was unsklUfully performed, and it
was found impossible by his attendants to staunch the blood.
Col. Willet called to see the general soon after the operation.
He was sitting up in his bed, with a pipe in his mouth, smoking,
and talking in excellent spirits. He died the night following that
visit. His friend, Col. John Roff, was present at the amputa
tion, and aflarmed that he bore the operation with uncommon
fortitude. He was likewise with him at the time of his death.
The blood continuing to ilow — there being no physician in imme
diate attendance — and being himself satisfied that the time of his
departure was nigh, the veteran directed the Holy Bible to be
brought to him. He then opened it and read, in the presence
of 'those who surrounded hia bed, with all the composure which it
was possible for any man to exhibit, the 38th psalrn — applying it
his own situation. He soon after expired ; and it may well be to
questioned whether the annals of man furnish a more striking
example of Christian heroism — calm, deliberate, and firm in the
hour of death — than is presented in this remarkable instance.
Of the early history of Gen. Herkimer, but little is known. It
has been already stated that his family was one of the first of
the Germans who planted themselves in the Mohawk valley.
And the massive stone mansion, yet standing at German Flatts,
bespeaks its early opulence. He was an uneducated man — with,
if possible, less skill in letters, even than Gen. Putnam, which is
saying much. But he was, nevertheless, a man of strong and
vigorous understanding — destitute of some of the essential re
quisites of generalship, but of the most cool and dauntless cour
age. These traits were allstrJkingly disclosed in the brief and
bloody expedition to Oriskany. But he must have been well
acquainted with that most important of all books — The Bible.
Nor could the most learned biblical scholar, lay or clerical, have
selected a portion of the Sacred Scriptures more exactly appro
priate to the sithation of the dying soldier, than that to which
he himself spontaneously turned. If Socrates died like a phi
losopher, and Rousseau like an unbelieving sentimentalist. Gen.
Herkimer died like a Chkistiait Hero.''

220

Red Jacket and Ms Cabin on the Buffalo Reservatiojt.
RED JACKET.
Red Jacket, the celebrated Seneca Chief, was bom in 1756.
His Indian name was Sa~go-ye-wat-ha, a word signifying one who
keeps awake by magical influence. He was a true specimen of
the Indian character, as a chief, and as an orator. He was the
foe of the white man. His nation was his god. He died on
the Buffalo Reservation in 1832. A short time previous to his
death, he went around among his people, at their cabins, and
told them that he was passing away, and his counsels would soon
be heard no more, and the craft and avarice of the white men
would prevail. " Many winters," said he, " I have breasted the
storm, but I am an aged tree, and can stand no longer ; my
leaves are fallen, and soon my aged trunk will be prostrate. I
go to join the spirits of my fathers, but my heart fails when I
think of my people, who are soon to be scattered and forgotten."
His tribe was divided into two parties, one called the Pagan, the
other Christian. He belonged to the Pagau, while his wife be
longed to the Christian party. During the last sickness of Red
Jacket, there seemed to be quite a change in his feelings respect-

221
ing Christianity. He repeatedly remarked to his wife, he waa
sorry he had persecuted her — that she was right and he wrong,
and as his dying advice told her, " Persevere in your religion, it
is the right way."
The home of our Fathers' shall know us no more,
We are passing away from the hill and the shore.
We leave the green meadows, the rock and the stream.
For the days of our glory have passed like a dream.
A nation of strangers is taking our place.
But none will lament for the red man's lost race.
Like the light of the sun at the close of the day,
Like the dew and the mist, we are passing away.
A tree of the forest, no more I shall brave
The tempests of winter, that over me rave.
My branches all withered, my foliage all strown,
I soon shall He prostrate, decaying and lone.
I go to the land of the Spirits above.
And there shall my feet through their hunting grounds rove.
So spake the old chieftain, as onward he strayed
Mid the homes of his tribe, by the stream and the glade.
Dark sons of the forest, as widely ne roam.
From the woods and the streams, that of old were your home.
As the homes of the white man spread wide through the land.
And the forests behind you are bowed by hia hand :
May the sunshine of faith on your vision arise.
Which guides to a lovelier land in the skies ;
The hope that is changeless, your twilight illume.
And gild, with its brightness, your path through the tomb.
S. G. B.
19*

222

^'^ - V AT ' '.rr^v

^^-^ -

TWO HONEST MEN.
Many years since, two aged men living near, or in the State
of Pennsylvania, traded, or in the common phrase, " swapped
horses," on this condition, that after a week's trial of each other's
animals, the one who thought he had the best pf the bargain,
ehould pay to the other two bushels or bags of wheat. The
time of trial having expired, the two men loaded their horses
with the wheat, and as it happened met each other about half
way from their respective homes. " Where art thou going 1"
said one. " To thy house with the wheat," answered the other.
" And whither art thou riding f " Truly," replied the first, " I
was taking the grain to thy house." Each pleased with hia
bargain thought the wheat justly due his neighbor, and was
going to pay it.
True Honesty *s a virtue rare,
Too little seen on earth ;
Many its praises may declare,
But few show forth its worth.

223
" 'Tis naught, 'tis naught," the buyer says,
" The quality is poor,
'Tis worth but half the price," but strives
The bargain to secure.
But when the bargain he has made.
And gained the end in view.
He straitway boasts his skill in trade.
What cunning craft can do.
Two men in Pennsylvania State,
Of Honesty possessed,
Their horses " swapped," but could not tell
Which horse would prove the best
Loving their neighbor as thoroselves.
They sought each other's good.
And so with friendly hearts agreed.
This plan was understood :
Should one his bargain chance to find
The best, two bags of grain
Should be the surplus he would bring.
To make it right again.
Each thought his neighbor's horse the best,
Ea<5h proved an honest man.
For each concluded now to act,
Upon their settled plan.
Said one, " I think in this affair
I have th' advantage quite ;
And so in duty bound, I'll go
And make the matter right.'

224
He took his wheat, away he went
His journey to pursue.
When lo ! half way he met his friend
Mounted, and loaded too.
" I'm glad to see thee, friend," he cried,
" As we our word have given,
1 find my bargain proved the best.
This grain will make it even."
With much surprise his friend replied,
" My errand is the same.
My trade was best, to bring your due.
Loaded like you, I came."
How they at last the matter fixed.
We know not ; but 'tis plain.
That mid the tricks and arts of trade.
Some Honesty remains.

225

DEATH OF LIEUT. WOODWARD— Oregon.

SiKCEthe commencement of this publication, the authors, with
many others, have been called to mourn with the widow and
fatherless, for the loss of a husband and father, on the distant
shores of the Pacific. Lieut. K. S. Woodward was an officer
of much promise in the U. S. Revenue Service, esteemed and
respected by his associates. Above all, he was a decided Chris
tian, " firm for his God to live»r die." On account of his nauti
cal skill, he was entrusted with the command of the U.S. schooner
Patuxent, to cruise on the dangerous coast of California and
Oregon, above San Francisco. On Nov. 9th, 1850, while en
gaged in the perilous undertaking of sounding a passage through
the surf at the mouth of Klamet river, in Southern Oregon, his
boat was "upset, and after an ineffectual struggle in a foaming
sea, perished in the service of his country, at the age of thirty-
four. His remains were recovered, and buried near the place
where he was lost.
Fae onward to the setting sun, to where the
broad Pacific waters, vast and deep, foam, dash
and roar, from thence the mournful tidings come !

226
We ne'er shall see hira more ! He whom we
loved so well, lies cold and lonely on that rock-
bound shore !
Far onward to the setting sun,
From the Pacitic's rock-bound shore.
Of him we love, the tidings come,
" On earth we ne'er shall see him more."
No warrior's crown, bedimraed with tears and
blood : No rolling drum, speaking of war's dread
trade : nor trumpet voice of Fame, moved thee
onward. No. Duty to those most dear; duty
to thy country and thy God, impelled thee to
this distant sea.
No warrior's crown, hedimmed with blood,
Nor Fame allured thee thus from home ;
Love to thine own, duty to God,
Impelled thee far abroad to roam.
A seaman's and a Christian's heart was thine.
Generous and brave, with high resolve, thou
didst not fear to own thy Master, though a world
might frown or sneer. On land and sea, 'mongst
high and low, firm to thy purpose, still for God to
live and die !
A Christian seaman's heart was thine,
Noble and brave, that knew no fears ;
Thou darest to own God's truth divine,
'Mid high or low, 'mid frowns or sneers.
Thy God did try thee, and he found thee stead
fast still. It is enough. No more thy Master
tries thee here. Temptation shall no more assail,
nor trials move thee more. Man is but mortal
here. From future ills, thy God and Father sum
mons thee above.
Thy Master tried thee — found thee true,
Finished thy toils : thy work is done,
No more on earth for thee to do ;
The final victory now is won.
A seaman's death was thine ! No mortal
hands removed thee hence. Out on thy ocean

227
home, amid the roar and foam of God's own
mighty sea, the summons came. Vain is the
help, or skill, or power of man. Thy God hath
called thee, for thy time hath come !
A seaman's death on ocean's wave
Was thine, from early years thy home.
Thy summons came, no power could save,
God called thcc I for thy hour had come I
High rise the fcurful billows, swelling, foaming,
dashing on the adamantine shore ! The sea-bird
screams aliove the rolling waters. The wind.s
howl round, and the vast sea in its tumultuous
roar, joining, will sound thy ceaseless dirge !
Hitrh rise the billows 'ghinst the shore ;
Tumultuous moans the foaming surge ;
The sea-bird's sci-eam, the sea's wild roar,
Shall sound thy ceaseless funural dirge 1
Safe in the bosom of thy God, we have no
tears to shed for thee. But who shall break the
tidings dire, to the lone widow and orphans far
away. Their souls were one. Great God ! be
thou their strength and shield, through this dark
vale of tears ! •
Safe in the bosom of thy Goci,
We have no tears to shed for thee ;
To those who feel thy chastening rod,
A Husband and a Father be.
There rest awhile, my son. On that wild
and rugged shore, angelic beings watch thy dust.
When the last trump shall sound, and the roll-call
from the Book of Life is heard, then wilt thou
answer from thy lowly bed, and in the twinkling
of an eye, wilt rise and stand among the chosen
ones of God !
There rest, my brother, on that shore,
Till Life's roll-call shall waken thee ;
Thy form all glorious, up shall soar,
Forever with thy God to be. ¦¦ J. w u. and If. u. »¦

/fci' i-E fl J oa^j^ j^ -

\\

YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY

3 9002 01482 4354

U3

I "/jfiire t^e/e Books
\ff Hie ^ai^fuRnig ef a. CflUg^ Bl^^C Caloiy^

o ILHIB^^IET 0 ¦

Gift of the

^^dison Public Library of N.J

mM

m^-'\' l.¥mikfbL;-f-"i}I'A 

mm

fuwJM

;;»v..

^^4:

M