Yale University Library 39002015030100 1 Ck 't-'4 'YALH-WMWEI^SIIirY- Bought with the income of the J. D., C. J., and .1. L. Whitney Fund, 1916^ PENNSYLVANIA THE KEYSTONE A Short History SAMUEL WHITAKER PENNYPACKER Governor of the Commonwealth 1903—1907 PHILADELPHIA CHRISTOPHER SOWER COMPANY 1914 Copyright, 1914, by Christopher Sower Company PREFACE This work gives in outline the history of Pennsylvania. It is the outcome of long special study with more than ordinary advantages. The author has here indicated his view of the manner in which that history ought to be presented with greater fulness and detail. Much of the story has been based upon original materials preserved in the Library of the His torical Society of Pennsylvania never before utilized. The facts which go to prove the unequalled influence of Peim- sylvania in the development of American affairs are narrated, but comment and opinions are omitted. Many heretofore accepted conventions have upon investigation been discarded. And, using the language of a recent author, " I have been sparing of references that encumber the foot of a page like barnacles on the keel of a vessel and delay progress." 5 PRINCIPAL SOURCES UTILIZED Thomas' Pennsylvania. Budd's Pennsylvania. Smith's Pennsylvania. Proud's Pennsylvania. Gordon's Pennsylvania. Belles' Pennsylvania. Jenkins' Pennsylvania. Sharpless' Pennsylvania. Shimmer s Pennsylvania. De Vries' Voyages (Dutch). Acrelius' New Sweden (Swedish). Campanius' New Sweden (Swedish). Johnson's Swedes on the Delaware. Hazard's Annals. Pastorius' Umstaendische Geograph- ische Beschreibung. FaUaier's Curieiise Nachricht. Pennsylvania Archives. Pennsylvania Colonial Records. Morgan Edwards' Materials for a History of the Baptists. Votes of the Assembly. Swank's Iron and Coal in Pennsyl vania. Swank's Progressive Pennsylvania. Penn Manuscripts. Logan Manuscripts. Norris Manuscripts. Wayne Manuscripts. Potts Manuscripts. Jacobs Manuscripts. Moore ManiLScripta. Pennypacker Manuscripts. Westcott's History of Philadelphia. Smith's Bouqiiet's Expedition. Pennsylvania Gazette. Pennsylvania Mercury. Pennsylvania Journal. Pennsylvania Chronicle. Sower's Der Pennsylvanische Berichte. Loudon's Indian Wars. Doddridge's Notes. Messages of the Governors. Journals of Congress. Brumbaugh's History of the Dunkers. Sachse's German Pietists. Rupp's County Histories. Bancroft's United States. McMaster's United States. Wallace's Life of William Bradford. Walton's Life of Conrad Weiser. MacFarlane's Manufacturing in Philadelphia. Wilson's Pennsylvania Railroad. Webster's Presbyterian Church in America. Leamed's Pastorius, Pennsylvania Magazine. CONTENTS Chapter Page I. — The Indians 9 II.— The Dutch 18 III. — The Swedes 27 IV.— The English 35 V. — The Quaker Settlement 43 VI.— The Colony 52 VII. — The French and Indian War 63 VIII. — The War of the Revolution 75 IX. — The War of the Revolution (Continued) 88 X. — The Beginning of the Nation 104 XI. — The Rise of Democracy 113 XII.— The War of 1812 118 XIII. — Development 129 XIV.— The Rebellion 141 XV. — The Rebellion (Continued) 148 XVI.— The Later Period 160 XVII.— Slavery 170 XVIII. — Literature 177 XIX. — Science and Invention 190 XX.— Art 196 ' XXL— Medicine 208 XXII. — Law and Lawyers 215 XXIII. —Education 222 XXIV.— Iron and Coal 233 XXV. — Industries and Occupations 243 XXVI. — Transportation 253 XXVII.— Early Religious Sects 262 XXVIIL— Romance 272 XXIX.— Poetry 278 Appendix 291 7 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE CHAPTER I THE INDIANS The name "Indians," though long used, is based on a mis take. When Christopher Columbus started across the wide Atlantic Ocean on his tour of discovery he was in search of a route to the Indies in Asia. The land he found he believed to be a part of the Indies. The people living on it were, there fore, called Indians. How or when they reached this conti nent is unknown, but they had been here long enough to have occupied both North and South America and to have devel oped civilizations of their own in Mexico, Central America, and Peru. The forests of Pennsylvania were occupied by two great families of Indians, the Lenni Lenape or Delawares, along the Delaware River, and the Iroquois, who, having come down from western New York, had taken possession of the upper waters of the Susquehanna and the lands to the west of the river. The Iroquois, either through force or deception, had secured authority over the Lenni Lenape, whom they called women. The tradition among the Lenni Lenape was that many ages ago they came eastward from beyond the Mis sissippi River. In the main the Indians lived by hunting and fishing. They had no horses, no cattle, no beast trained to bear burdens, and 9 10 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE no domestic animals except the dog. They had just begun to leave the state of pure savagery and to take hold of that of agriculture. To some extent they gathered together into villages, generally along the banks of streams where they could catch plenty of fish for food. There was one such vil- ^S^ M ^ wK/^^P '^Te ^m: :"«f^^ ^^^^^f^@V^^^M wP-^ «**.x- ^ ffmJ:., ¦ '* "- ¦¦¦ IHp^V'''' ^•," KiLA-* f If SC'- " ^-'-'^ ¦'^^^ ''^"^.d^'^W ' II ItiiT'l." f ^i^v-I-J^ ^^ '!l ?:*Ml|l i^ r >IAPOP t fM NEW SWEDEN 30 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE were authorized to appoint magistrates and officials, administer justice, and establish regulations. Being Dutch, they were to own the windmills. But they must submit to the Swedish law and government and pay a tax of three florins a year for each family. Under this arrangement a ship armed with twenty-five cannon and taking fifty colonists arrived in New Sweden November 2, 1640. She took back to Sweden 737 beaver skins, 29 bear skins, and some other productions of the country. It was a difficult matter to find colonists. At this time there were many Finns from Finland scattered over Sweden. They lived a somewhat wild life, burned the forests, and shot the deer. Severe laws were passed, to which they gave little at tention. They refused to go back to Finland. New Sweden seemed to be a good place to send them. The government ordered the capture of these law-breaking Finns. Among those engaged in the pursuit was Johan Printz, who was later governor of New Sweden. He was so fat that it might be supposed he could not catch a Finn. One of them who had cut down six apple trees in the king's orchard was given his choice between going to New Sweden or being hanged. Two vessels, on one of which were thirty-five colonists, many of them Finns, set sail in November, 1641, and arrived in New Sweden the following April. Among these arrivals were Olaf Pauelsson, Anders Hansson, Axel Stille, Henrick Mattson, Olaf Stille, Mans Svensson, and Per Kock, and their names are still borne by families in Pennsylvania. Tobacco soon became the main article of commerce sent. from New Sweden. When the Swedes first arrived with Minuit they built little cottages inside the fort of round logs. The doors were so low that a man had to bend to get inside. There were no windows but loop-holes were cut between the logs which could be closed or opened with a sliding board. The cracks between the logs THE SWEDES 31 were filled with clay. The fireplaces were made of stone or clay, and a bake-oven was built within the house. When Peter Hollander Ridder, who had been appointed to command Fort Christina, arrived in 1640 he found the fort two miles inland near the mouth of Christiana Creek, so situated that it could not command the river and in poor condition, the walls being ready to give way in three places. Within it were five houses, a storehouse, and a barn. The colony had two horses and a colt. Ridder sent to Holland for cows and oxen. He proposed to saw lum ber and to make bricks. In 1640 he bought from the Indians the lands on the west side of the South River from the Schuylkill as far north as the site of Trenton, and the follow ing year the lands on the other side of the river from Raccoon Creek to Cape May. The same year the colony received from Holland five horses, eight cows, five sheep, and two goats. A windmill was set up near the fort. Whenever a Swedish vessel attempted to pass Fort Nassau it was fired upon by the cannon in the fort. In 1642 Johan Printz, who had been kept busy capturing delinquent Finns, was knighted by the Swedish government and appointed governor of New Sweden. He had been a lieutenant-colonel of a regiment of cavalry in the Thirty Years' War, and had been dismissed from the service because of what was held to be a too JOHAN PRINTZ. 32 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE feeble defence of a city in which he had command. There is a portrait of him in the collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. He was very fat, very solemn, and very homely. He set sail with two vessels, the "Fawn" and the "Swan," loaded with wine, malt, grain, peas, nets, muskets, shoes, stock ings, wearing apparel, writing paper, sealing wax, oranges, lemons, and hay, and having on board a number of poachers, deserters, and culprit Finns, and arrived in New Sweden February 15, 1643, after a stormy voyage of five months. Two vessels reached New Sweden in 1644; a third, in 1646; a fourth, in 1648. In 1649 a fifth vessel, with seventy colonists, was wrecked in the West Indies, where many perished and the rest suffered great hardships. With the arrival of Printz in 1643 the Swedish Colony on the South River reached its greatest importance. Printz built Fort Elfsborg, on the east side of the river below Mill Creek, an earthwork with three angles, armed it with eight cannon and a mortar, and placed in it a garrison of thirteen men under Sven Skute. The story is that later the men were driven out by mosquitoes. He built Fort New Gothenborg, in which were eight men, on Tinicum Island. This fort was constructed of hemlock logs and had four cannon. Provision was made for the planting of corn and tobacco. Printz built a mansion on Tinicum Island, "very splendid," with an orchard and pleasure house, and it long bore the name of Printz Hof or Printz Hall. It was two stories high and built of hewn logs, while ovens and two or more fireplaces were made of imported bricks. There were even glass windows. He had a library and utensils of copper and tin. His wife wore under-linen and pearls and precious stones. She had clothes for Sunday and every-day wear. Their light was the candle. They ate rye bread and drank malt and beer. They ate salt pork, smoked pork, pork fat, salted meat, cheese, THE SWEDES 33 butter, and fisfi. He built a blockhouse on an island in the Schuylkill, later converted into Fort Korsholm. At first the cattle and swine were allowed to roam in the woods. There were in the colony a cooper, who made barrels, pails, and tobacco casks, and two blacksmiths, who made tools and farm implements. The colony had a saw-mill, a grain- mill, and a windmill. Affairs prospered so that Printz became bold, and not only contended with the Dutch, but suggested to the Swedish Government to send an armed vessel to the South River to prey upon the Spanish vessels carrying silver to Europe from Mexico. The Dutch, though claiming the country, very willingly sold the Swedes cattle and provisions in exchange for beaver skins. November 25, 1645, a fire started from a candle, burned the storehouse, Printz Hof, and everything within the fort at Tinicum except the barn. These houses were later rebuilt. In 1647 there were 183 people in the colony, but many of them were anxious to return to Sweden, and Printz himself asked several times to be recalled. After the Rev. Reorus Torkillus arrived in the colony in 1641 or 1642 a meeting-house was built in which the services of the Lutheran Church were conducted. Printz built a church on Tinicum Island which had a bell and belfry. It was suc ceeded by a more imposing edifice in 1646, made of logs, with a roof of clapboards and having an altar with a silver cloth. At its dedication John Campanius Holme took part. He be came interested in the Indians, learned their . language, and translated for their use the Lutheran Catechism, rendering the Lord's Prayer thus: "Give us this day our daily corn and venison." He wrote another and important work upon New Sweden with a picture of Niagara Falls and other plates pub lished in 1702. Israel Fluviander, a relative of Printz, was another preacher in the colony, and they were followed in 1647 by Rev. Lars Karlsson Lock. c 34 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE The first person buried in the graveyard at Tinicum was Katarina, daughter of Anders Hansson, in 1646. The first marriage in the church was that of Armegot, daughter of Printz, with Johan Papegoja, who commanded Fort Christina. Printz was a judge as well as a governor. He sat for the trial of offenders in one of the rooms of Printz Hall. The royal flag of Sweden floated in the breeze. The Swedish Coat-of- Arms, cut in stone, was set above the gate. At least one man was condemned to death and executed. The end of the colony was now approaching. Printz became anxious to be relieved because of troubles around him and want of support. Oxenstierna recommended Johan Rising, secretary of a commercial college and a student of shipping and trade, as an assistant. He sailed vnth a supply of provi sions and about three hundred and fifty colonists, arriving in New Sweden May 20, 1654. Among the officers was Peter Martensson Lindestrom, an engineer, who prepared a valuable map of the country. Another vessel followed the same year, but it was the last. Printz, after placing Papegoja in charge, left the colony in 1653. Rising showed much activity, but the troubles with the Dutch were only increased by it, and the result was their capture of the country and overthrow of the Swedes, as told in the last chapter. CHAPTER IV THE ENGLISH England claimed a right to the country upon the South River because of the fact that John Cabot had sailed up and down the Atlantic Coast. Captain Thomas Young and his nephew, Robert Evelin, under a commission from Charles I "to go forth and discover lands in America," came to the South River July 24, 1634. They were at the mouth of the Schuylkill five days and made two attempts to get beyond the falls near Trenton. Young tells of the great number of birds and wild fowl, and that they caught forty-eight partridges as these were chased across the river by hawks. They built a fort at a place called Eriwomeck, which may have been near the present Camden, or at the site of Philadelphia. Following their report of the country Charles I gave a grant of a county palatine, between the Hudson River and Maryland, to Sir Edmund Plowden, who, coming to America, visited the Delaware River in 1643, and nearly perished at Chincoteague. It appears that he never brought any settlers to his county palatine, but when he died in 1659 he described himself as Lord and Earl Palatine of the province of New Albion. The main result of this effort was a book published in 1648, entitled, "Direction for Adventurers and Description of New Albion." In 1635 the governor of Virginia sent fifteen armed men under command of Captain George Holmes to the South River, and they took possession of Fort Nassau and the country. 35 36 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE The Dutch governor of New Netherland promptly sent a vessel and force, recaptured the fort, and made prisoners of Holmes and his invaders. In 1641 some merchants and planters in New Haven, dis satisfied with the region in which they lived, determined to organize a Delaware Company for the purpose of founding a colony and trading on the South River. They sent as agents George Lamberton and Nathaniel Turner, who made some purchases of lands from the Indians and built a blockhouse. About sixty persons arrived from Connecticut. The trade proved to be profitable. A blockhouse was built at the mouth of the Schuylkill. Arrangements were made in- New Haven to send a vessel with colonists and supplies. The Swedes and Dutch both protested, and finally, in May, 1642, two sloops arrived from Manhattan with instructions to expel the Enghsh quietly, if possible, but by force, if necessary. Jan Jansen, the Dutch commander, since the English would not "depart immediately in peace," burned their houses and sent the settlers as prisoners to Manhattan. On March 12, 1663-4, Charles I granted to his brother James, Duke of York, later King of England, the lands lying between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers, and, as we have seen, after a war between Holland and England, by the provisions of the treaty of Breda, what had been New Netherland became the undisputed possession of the Enghsh. The city of New Amsterdam became the city of New York, and the South River became the Delaware River. Colonel Richard Nicolls, the Enghsh governor, hved in New York. He treated the Dutch and Swedes upon the Delaware with just consideration and established a code of laws knovsm since as the "Duke of York's book of laws," which provided for trial by jury, religious freedom, and equality of taxation. They were enforced in courts at Hoorn Kill, New Castle, and Upland. THE ENGLISH 37 He created a council consisting of Israel Helm, Peter Rambo, Peter Cock, Hans Block, and Peter Alrichs, who, with the sheriff, disposed of civil cases. In 1669 Konigsmark, known as "the long Finn," stirred up the first rebellion in the country. Together with another Firm, named Henry Coleman, who understood the Indian languages, he went about teaching sedition and creating disturbance among the settlers and Indians. Madame Papegoja, the daughter of Printz, and Lock, the Swedish preacher, were said to have been adherents. He was finally captured, put into irons, publicly whipped, branded with the letter "R," and sold in the Barbados.' A romance in two volumes, based upon the adventures of Konigs mark and bearing his name, was published in 1823. Nicolls was succeeded as governor by Colonel Fran cis Lovelace in 1667, whose term continued until 1672. In that year a visitor appeared in the country whose coming had great significance for the future. George Fox, the founder of the sect of Quakers, rode through New Jersey, crossed the Delaware where is now Burlington by swimming his horse, and then, going thirty miles for the day, slept upon some straw in the house of a Swede. The same year came another turn of affairs on the Delaware. War again broke out between Holland and England. In GEORGE POX. 38 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE August, 1673, while Lovelace was away in Connecticut a Dutch fleet appeared before New York and captured the city. The English on the Delaware likewise "made their submission," and the country again became a Dutch colony. Peter Alrichs a second time became the commander on the Delaware River. The renewed Dutch Government lasted only a year, when, by the treaty of Westminster, New Netherland was finally ceded to England. The lawyers held that by the conquest of the Dutch the Duke of York had lost his title, and that under the treaty the country became vested in the king. On June 29, 1674, Charles gave him a new grant, and he ap pointed Major Edmund Andros as governor. A court sat at Upland (Chester) and settled the little controversies of the colonists. Edmund Dranfton taught the children to read the Bible. The Swedes had had a mill on Cobb's Creek since 1643. The Dutch had another near Wilmington. A third was started on Mill Creek, a branch of the Schuylkill, in 1678. Mahlon Stacy built a mill at Trenton in 1679. ' Petrus Tesschenmaker, afterward killed by the Indians in New York, preached in a Dutch Reformed Church at New Castle. Lock, a Swedish Lutheran, preached in a church on Tinicum Island. Jacob Fabritius, another Lutheran, came to the Delaware in 1672, and preached at Wicaco. Two of the followers of "Jean de Labadie, Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter, from Frisia in the north of Holland, passed through the country in 1679, and have given a good description of its condition just before the coming of Penn. Jacob Heiidricks lived on the island, opposite Burlington, four miles long and two in width. It had belonged to the Dutch governor, who built good houses on it, sowed and planted, raised grain, and made it a pleasure garden. Hendricks' house was built after the Swedish fashion. It was a blockhouse made of entire trees THE ENGLISH 39 split through the middle or squared and laid one upon another, and fitted together about a foot from the ends without nail or spike. It had a glass window, a chimney in the corner, a planked ceiling, and a low, wide door. The travellers slept upon deer skins spread upon the floor. Tinicum Island, two miles long and a mile and a half wide at the southwest point, below a marsh covered with bushes, had AN OLD PENNSYLVANIA MILL. a sandy soil, overrun with garlic. Here were three or four houses, a little Lutheran Church made of logs, the ruins of a large blockhouse, and some log huts. Otto Cock, a physician, lived there poorly enough, but he had good cider, made from an orchard planted by Printz, and a fat ox. Upland was a small village of Swedes, among whom were some English. Here Madame Papegoja had lived and had planted great numbers of vines among the trees to shade the walks along the river. 40 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE At Christina had stood the fort built by the Swedes, captured by the Dutch, and torn down by the English. Across the creek, where Stuyvesant had erected his battery, hved Jaquette, who made good peach brandy, better than that of France. There were forty or fifty houses in the town. In one of them lived Peter Alrichs, who gave the travellers proper attention. Tes schenmaker had three charges on the other side of the river, and was away from his church, but a limping, crippled, and meagre clerk read a sermon from a book and made a prayer. At New Castle were about fifty wooden houses, a blockhouse, and some small cannon in the centre of the town. Along the river a Dutch woman had made dykes around the flats and her wheat produced a hundredfold. At Wicaco, a Swedish village, since absorbed by Philadelphia, the travellers arrived wet, and slept in a room which had a stove and in a house where there were three children sick with the small-pox. George Fox, a man of peasant ancestry, was born in a little house where two roads cross about a half-mile from the obscure village of Fenny Drayton in England. One day in 1646, as he passed through the gate in the old wall that surrounded the historic town of Coventry, a spiritual hght lit up his soul, and he saw clearly what had before given him much trouble. He began to teach a faith which had arisen among the Anabaptists of Germany more than a century before, had been elaborated by Caspar Schwenkfeld, of Silesia, had impressed the Men nonites in Holland, and had now reached England. Every man could read the Bible, relying upon an "inner light" which enabled him to know its meaning. No oath ought to be taken. No war ought to be fought. The sacraments ought to be ob served in spirit, and not by eating the Lord's Supper or by pouring water in baptism. His doctrine was a protest. It was an assertion of freedom from Church and State in matters of conscience. He called his followers "Friends," and others who THE ENGLISH 41 did not like them called them "Quakers." They were fined, put in prison and whipped, but these punishments did not stop them. The plain people over in England and Ireland, and in WILLIAM PENN. some places in Holland and Germany, flocked to hear the preachers of this new faith. Among those converted by George Fox were George Keith, a hard-headed Scotchman, and Robert Barclay, of Urie, both of whom were men of learn- 42 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE ing, and the latter wrote an "Apology," which came to be ac cepted as the chief book of doctrine of the Quakers. Another of their preachers, Thomas Loe, addressed the students at the University of Oxford. Among those who listened was William, the son of Sir William Penn, an English admiral, who had commanded the fleet in the West Indies and had fought many a battle upon the seas. The Admiral's wife was Margaret, the daughter of John Jasper, a merchant in Rotterdam. Pepys the diarist describes her as "a short, fat, well looked old Dutch Woman, who hath hereto fore been pretty handsome, and hath more wit than her hus band." The Admiral intended that his son Wilham should follow in his footsteps. He had William carefully educated, gave him money with which to travel on the Continent, sent him to Ireland to look after estates there, and foimd a place for him in the army. The effort was all in vain, however, and William Penn became a Quaker. George Fox, as we have seen, had travelled through America, and as early as 1660 had thought of founding a colony upon the banks of the Susque hanna. A like thought had occurred to William Penn while he was a student at Oxford. The time now approached when the lands along the shores of the Delaware became a place of refuge for all of the sect. CHAPTER V THE QUAKER SETTLEMENT Edward Byllinge, a Quaker merchant in London, had become the owner, under grant from the Duke of York, of nine- tenths of the half-part of New Jersey. Becoming embar rassed, he, in 1674, sold his interest to William Perm, Gawen Lawrie, and Nicholas Lucas. Later Penn's interest was increased. John Fenwick, who, from being a colonel in the army of Cromwell, had become a Quaker, brought a colony mostly of that sect to Salem in 1675. Burlington was settled in 1678. Penn thus acquired a material interest in America. In 1677, together with Fox, Keith, and Barclay, he made a trip to Holland and Germany seeking converts, and went up the Hhine as far as Worms and the village of Kriegsheim. This visit paved the way for the later emigration of Dutch and Germans, and helped to make the people of Pennsylvania so largely German. In 1680 Penn made application to Charles II for a grant of land in America, north of Maryland, to be bounded on the east by the Delaware River, running westward to the same extent as Maryland, and northward as far as "plantable." He based the claim upon moneys due to his father because of losses in the public service. The Duke of York gave his consent and the king issued a patent March 4, 1680-81. Penn wanted to c^U the country New Wales, but the king gave it the name of Pennsylvania, 43 44 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE The charter sets forth three objects: a, desire on the part of Penn to enlarge the English empire; to promote trade; and to bring the savage natives by gentleness and justice to the love of civil society and the Christian religion. It granted to Penn and his heirs the land to the west of the Delaware River, begiiming twelve miles north of New Castle, extending to the forty-third degree of north latitude, or to the head of the river. BUST OP WILLIAM PENN. and westward five degrees of longitude; and made him pro prietary of the country. It gave him power to make laws, set up courts, to trade, to erect towns, to collect customs duties, to make war, to sell lands, and to impose taxes. Copies of all laws were to be sent to England, and if disapproved within six months they became void. No war was to be made upon any State at peace with England. Any twenty of the people could request the Bishop of London to send them a preacher THE QUAKER SETTLEMENT 45 of the Church of England, who was to reside within the prov ince without being molested. Perm issued certain concessions to the settlers. Every pur chaser of lands should have a lot in the city, to be laid out along the river. In clearing the ground care was to be taken "to leave one acre of trees for every five acres cleared." This was the beginning of forestry in America. His view was that "any government is free to the people under it, whatever be the frame, where the laws rule and the people are a party to those laws, and more than this is tyranny, oligarchy, or con fusion." August 2, 1681, the Duke of York conveyed to Penn the three counties which now form the State of Delaware. Penn ap pointed his cousin, William Markham, deputy-governor, and the latter, with instructions what to do in the new province, arrived in New York before June 21st of that year. Penn wrote a pamphlet called "Some Account of the Province of Pennsylvania," which, after being published in London, was translated into Dutch, German, and French, and scattered over the continent df Europe. He wanted to give a chance to the burdened people of all lands to find homes in his province. "Governments," he said, "rather depend upon men than men upon governments." He sent three commissioners with directions to lay out a great town in such a way that the houses should stand in the middle of lots, making it "a green country town." The first vessel, the "Bristol Factor," sailed from Bristol, and the second, the "John and Sarah," from London. Mark ham called a council of nine persons, which met at Upland, now Chester, August 3, 1681, set up a court at the same place, and so started the government. In 1682 Markham and the commissioners laid out the city of Philadelphia, whose name had been chosen by Penn in England. 46 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE He bought lands, probably including the site of the city, from the Indians, and he tried to settle with Lord Baltimore the boundary line between Maryland and Peimsylvania, which was long in dispute. In August Penn sailed from London in the "Welcome," with Captain Robert Greenaway and about a hundred settlers. The small-pox attacked them at sea and about thirty died. To Jean, the wife of Evan Oliver, a daughter. Seaborn, was born October 24th, almost within sight of the Delaware. On October 28th Penn landed at New Castle, was handed the key of the fort. THE BLUE ANCHOR INN, PHILADELPHIA. was given "one turf with a twig upon it, a porringer with river water and soil," made a speech to the people, and so took pos session of his lands. The next day he went to Upland, whose name he changed to Chester. A few days later Penn stepped ashore at the Blue Anchor Tavern on the Dock Creek, now arched over, in Philadelphia. A few houses had been built, probably of logs, but some of the people arriving in the "Welcome" took shelter in caves dug in the banks along the Delaware. The house in Letitia Court was then being built for Penn. THE QUAKER SETTLEMENT 47 The first Assembly met December 4, 1682, at Chester, and sat for four days. They passed an act uniting the three counties of Delaware with Peimsylvania, and adopted the code of laws which had been agreed upon in England. These laws pro vided that no person acknowledging Almighty God "shall in any wise be molested or prejudiced for his or her conscientious persuasion or practice" or "compelled to frequent any religious worship," but shall enjoy Christian hberty. The death penalty was hmited to murder, a great advance upon the laws of England and of the other American provinces. Widowers and widows were not permitted to marry again within a year after the death of the spouse. A county court was required to sit every month and cases could be appealed to the provincial court, which sat quarterly. Parties were permitted to plead their own causes. The laws provided punishment for "swearing, cursing, getting drunk, drinking healths, playing cards, scolding, and telling lies." Before December 29, 1682, twenty-three vessels had arrived at Philadelphia. Three counties were soon formed: Philadel phia, Chester, and Bucks. One branch of the government was the Provincial Council, consisting of not less than eighteen nor more than seventy-two members, chosen for three years. This council prepared bills to be published thirty days before the Assembly met, so that everybody could examine them; saw that the laws were executed; looked after the peace and safety of the people; fixed the location of cities, ports, towns, roads, and public places; created courts and schools; gave rewards for useful discoveries, and summoned the Assembly and ordered its dissolution. In the first council sat Christopher Taylor, of Bucks County, who had taught the classics in a school near London, and had published a book upon the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, with all of which he was familiar. In the second Assembly, 48 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE which met in 1682, there were two of the Swedes and four of the Dutch settlers. Almost at once quarrels began. The council disciplined Nicholas Moore for saying in an inn: "They have this day broken the Charter. . . . Hundreds in England will curse you for what you have done." Education received early attention. The governor and 'council were directed to "erect and order all public schools and reward the authors of useful sciences and laudable inven tions." A law was passed "to the end that the poor as well as rich may be instructed in good and commendable learning, which is to be preferred before wealth," parents and guardians should teach children to read the Scriptures and to write before reaching the age of twelve, and also see that they be taught a useful trade. Enoch Flower, who had taught for twenty years in England, opened a school December 26, 1683, at the rate for a term of three months of four shillings for reading, six shillings for read ing and writing, eight shillings for reading, writing, and arith metic, and ten pounds a year for boarding, lodging, and washing. Much of the time of Penn was spent in trying to fix a boundary with Lord Baltimore and in purchasing lands of the Indians. His famous treaty seems to have been made with Tamanend, June 23, 1683, under an elm tree, which was pointed out to Benjamin West in 1755. In the treaties of Penn with the Indians no part of the payment was made in rum or strong drink. The same year he sent agents to treat with the Iroquois for the lands on the Susquehanna. This led to trouble, because the people in New York were afraid of losing the fur trade, and they tried to have Penn's province go only to the Susquehanna, to have it annexed to New York, and to have him removed as governor. Penn succeeded later in getting the Indian title. In 1683 Charles Pickering, a lawyer, whose name is attached to Pickering Creek, a branch of the Schuylkill, made and cir- THE QUAKER SETTLEMENT 49 culated the first silver coinage. It was considered an offence. He was fined and the money recalled and smelted. Unfor tunately, no piece of this money is known to exist. In February, 1683-4, Margaret Matson, a Swede, was tried for witchcraft and acquitted. It is the only trial for that alleged offence in Pennsylvania annals. The generous spirit of Penn and the freedom of his colony becoming widely known in Europe induced people from many countries to come to the Delaware. The blending of races as a result of war made Greece, Rome, and England great nations. Penn through his love of mankind brought about the same kind of blending in Pennsylvania. Nine French Huguenots arrived in 1683, and there were many others among the incoming Germans later. The Forney (Fortenai), Bushong (Beauchamp), Lefevre, Bertolette (the Bertolettes gave their name to the Bartlett pear), Bartholomew (Barthelemi), Dubois, and Boileau families are among those well known in Pennsylvania who are de scendants from this race. Welsh Quakers, whose forefathers, the ancient Britons, had been driven into the mountain regions of Wales, began to arrive in 1682, and continued in considerable numbers up to 1700. They wanted a barony which they could themselves control, and were given lands since called the Welsh Tract at Merion, Haverford, and Radnor, and in the Chester Valley. Among them were Thomas Lloyd, deputy-governor under Penn, David Lloyd, the famous lawyer, who became a tribune of the people, John Cadwalader, who founded a noted family, and John Bevan, a judge and a member of Assembly, who first in America exercised the right to bear the royal arms of England and France. Many of the towns and localities along the main line of the Pennsylvania Railroad still bear their early Welsh names. Most important in its effect upon the colony and the future of the State was the inpour of Germans. On October 6, 1683, D 50 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE thirteen men with their families, in all thirty-three persons, arrived in the ship "Concord." They came from Crefeld and its neighborhood, on the lower Rhine. Most of them were of the sect of Mennonites. Immediately after their arrival they laid out the town of Germantown, six miles from Philadelphia. At their head was Francis Daniel Pastorius, a very learned man, a graduate of the Law School at Altdorf, who spoke and wrote in eight languages. MERION PRIENDS MEETING-HOUSE. In 1685 they were followed by other Germans, from Kriegs heim in the Palatinate. In 1688 Pastorius, together with Abraham Op den Graeff, Dirck Op den Graeff, and Gerhard Hendricks, issued a protest against slavery, which began the struggle against that institution in this country. In 1690 William Rittenhouse built upon a branch of the Wissahickon Creek the first paper mill in America, and began to make paper. Germantown had for its borough seal a clover leaf, with the THE QUAKER SETTLEMENT 51 motto, "Vinum linum et textrinum," and for the water mark of his paper Rittenhouse used this trefoil. In 1694 Johannes Kelpius, a scholar who was at the head of the Society of "The Woman in the Wilderness," and Henry Bernard Koster, who had made a translation of the Bible, came to Germantown. The same year Plockhoy, old and bhnd, with his wife, came from the Hoorn Kill, and the Germans built him a little house and gave him a garden. John Jacob Zimmerman, who had been professor of astronomy at Heidelberg University, sailed for the Delaware with his wife and four children, but he died on the way. Of those connected with this settlement, sixteen had been the authors of books of more or less importance. CHAPTER VI THE COLONY After having established relations with the Dutch and Swedish inhabitants along the Delaware and with the Indians, organized the province and set up magistrates and courts, and laid out the city of Philadelphia, Peim returned to England in the latter part of 1684. The following year William Bradford arrived from England, bringing with him types and a printing-press. He was the first printer in the middle colonies. In 1685 he printed an al manac on a single sheet of paper. In 1688 he proposed to bring out an edition of the Bible. In 1687 he pubhshed Magna Charta, the charter of Enghsh liberty, for the first time in America. Most of his books were printed upon paper made by William Rittenhouse, who in 1690 started, on a branch of the Wissahickon Creek, the earliest paper mill in America. When Penn went to England he left the province in charge of Thomas Lloyd, president of the council, a man of learning and influence. In 1692 an event occurred, known as the Keith controversy, which had grave consequences. George Keith began to differ with the Quakers about questions of doctrine, and to contend that the inner light was not alone sufficient for salvation. He brought about a schism and, as the bitterness increased, he publicly called Dirck Op den Graeff, who was a magistrate, "an impudent rascal," and said to Thomas Lloyd, the deputy governor, that "he was not fit to be governor" and that his 52 THE COLONY 53 name "would stink." Twenty-eight ministers presented a condemnation of Keith to the monthly meeting. Keith then wrote what he called an Appeal, and Bradford, who took sides with him, printed it. Some time before a man named Babbit had stolen a sloop on the Delaware. Three of the Quaker magistrates issued a warrant in the nature of a "hue and cry," and some men went out and captured the robbers. Samuel Carpenter stood upon the wharf and offered £100 as a reward in case of success. In his Appeal Keith twitted the Quakers with encouraging men to fight, with engrossing the government, and with sen tencing malefactors to . death. Keith, Bradford, and others were arrested and tried for publishing a seditious and libellous paper, and Keith was con victed and fined. In these trials the court left to the jury to de termine the truth of the allegation and the question whether the paper was seditious. This was the doctrine which many years later Andrew Hamilton endeavored to have accepted in the Zenger trial in New York, which trial led to the passage of the Enghsh libel act. The modern doctrine of the liberty of the press was first announced as law in Philadelphia. The cases had other important results. They were made one of the grounds for CHRIST CHURCH, PHILADELPHIA. 54 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE depriving Penn of his province. They led to the foundation of the Church of England in Pennsylvania. Most of those who left the Quakers with Keith went back to the Episcopal Church, and formed the congregations of Christ Church, in Philadelphia, St. David's, at Radnor, and St. James, at Per kiomen. The Stuart Kings of England had been friendly to Penn, but after the Revolution of 1688 he was not in favor with the new powers. On April 26, 1693, Benjamin Fletcher, the gover nor of New York, v/as appointed governor of Pennsylvania and the three lower counties. Upon Penn's promise that he would himself go to Penn sylvania, and that the orders of William and Mary would be obeyed there, the province was restored to him in 1695. He appointed William Markham to be lieutenant-governor. By 1696 Philadelphia had grown to be nearly equal to New York in "trade and riches." Its charter as a city had been granted in 1691, with Humphrey Morrey as the first mayor. The pirates who at that time infested the seas had been driven out of the West Indies, and they began to trouble the people along the Delaware. The famous Captain Wilham Kidd, who was later hanged and whose hidden gold is still sought in the Jersey sands, was among them. It was even asserted that some of the people were in league with the pirates and winked at their crimes. From the very beginning of the settlement there began a demand for greater popular rights, which soon led to a division into two parties. As early as 1685 the Assembly impeached the Chief Justice, Nicholas Moore, for using what they termed unhmited and arbitrary power. Samuel Richardson, a member of the Council, told John Blackwell in a meeting of that body that he was not a governor and was only a lieutenant-governor, and his orders were frequently disobeyed. Under the admin- THE COLONY 55 istration of Markham the Assembly secured the right to origi nate bills, to decide upon its ovyn adjournments, and to remain in session through the term for which they were elected. David Lloyd, who arrived in 1686 and soon became attorney-general, was elected clerk of the Assembly and ere long became their spokesman and the leader of the popular party. He may be said to have been the earliest Pennsylvania statesman. A most significant event happened in 1698. Because of troubles with the pirates and in an effort to collect customs duties the king established a court of admiralty, of which Robert Quarry was the judge, and John Moore the attorney. The marshal of the court seized the goods upon a vessel be longing to a man named Adams, alleging a violation of the law. AUTOGRAPH OP DAVID LLOYD. David Lloyd went into the county court and sued out a writ of replevin under which the sheriff took the possession of the goods from the marshal and surrendered them to Adams upon his giving bond. At the hearing the marshal produced the letters patent from the king with the effigy of the king stamped on them, and the wax seal attached, enclosed in tin. Lloyd grasped the credentials, rose to his full height, and, to the astonishment and awe of all present said, "What is this? Do you think to scare us with a great box and a little baby? 'Tis true, fine pictures please children, but we are not to be fright ened at such a rate." He followed it up by saying that those who brought about the creation of the admiralty court were greater enemies to the liberties of the people than those who claimed ship money in the time of Charles the First. This was 56 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE an open defiance of the king, and a suggestion that the fate of Charles might be repeated. Three-quarters of a century before the speech of Patrick Henry in the House of Burgesses in Virginia, it was the glimmer of the dawn of the American Revo lution. Anthony Morris lost his judgeship, Lloyd was sus pended as a councillor in consequence, but the seed had been sown. Perm set sail for his province again September 9, 1699, bringing with him James Logan, who was bom of a Scotch N ^ lo^^^y ''' "^ 1 ^ ^1 ^'' --^^ \ - ~7~^ ^^..^ ^ i x| f F^^^PB^r^^^/^ < '^Mg^^m ^^ HOME OF JAMES LOGAN. family living in Ireland, as his secretary. Logan later built a country home at Stenton, and until the death of Penn con tinued to be his agent. He likewise became the leader of the proprietary party in opposition to Lloyd. The same year the yellow fever visited Philadelphia for the first time, and caused many deaths and much consternation. While here Penn made further treaties with the Indians, and sought for legis lation for their protection and for bettering the condition of the slaves. Under pressure from the people and the Assembly Penn THE COLONY 57 granted, in 1701, a new charter, which gave greater privileges and lessened the power of the executive. The same year he granted a new charter to the city of Philadelphia, under which Edward Shippen became the mayor. Then Penn returned to England to oppose the efforts which were being made to have all of the proprietary governments, including Pennsylvania, given over to the crown. His selec tion of heutenant-governors was not very happy. Since they had to take an oath of office and to participate in military affairs, they could not well be chosen from among the Quakers, and were, therefore, out of sympathy with the people and the Assembly. In 1706 war was going on between England, the Spaniards, and the French. The Assembly took no means for defence. The lieutenant-governor, John Evans, concluded to test the principles of the Quakers. On the day of the annual fair he had a messenger sent from New Castle to announce that the enemy's ships were in the Delaware, sailing for the city. Then he rode on horseback through the streets waving his sword and calling for men to arm. Much alarm was caused. The boats in the Delaware sought shelter in the creeks, property was hidden, and women were frightened into illness. Only four recruits responded, however, and the Quakers held their relig ious meeting as usual. To some extent James Logan partici pated in this device, the purpose of which was soon disclosed among the people. It aroused much indignation. At the next election the popular party was successful and the following year the Assembly presented articles of impeachment against Logan, which the governor refused to entertain. In 1709 a colony of German Mennonites from the mountain regions of Switzerland, under the leadership of Hans Herr and others, settled on the Conestoga, in what became Lancaster County. 58 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE In 1710, during the reign of Queen Anne, there was a great exodus of Germans from the Palatinate and the upper Rhine to London. From there they were, for the most part, sent to New York. Not liking the country or the government, they came down the Susquehanna into Pennsylvania, to the region which later became Berks County. Among them was Conrad Weiser, who for many years was relied upon throughout the colonies to conduct negotiations and treaties with the Indians. These people were mostly of the Lutheran and German Re formed faith. The difference in sentiment between the people of Lancaster and Berks Counties began with the settlement, and continues down to to-day. In 1702 Matthias Van Bebber, a Dutchman, made a settle ment and established a patroonship upon the Skippack, in what is now Montgomery County. When William Penn died, July 30, 1718, there were about forty thousand people in his province. In 1719 the Dunkers, a peace sect of plain people practising triune immersion, arrived in Germantown, led by Alexander Mack. About the same time the Scotch Irish, Scotch Pres byterians, hving on lands in the north of Ireland, which had been taken in the reigns of Elizabeth, James, and Cromwell from the Irish Catholics, began to arrive in large numbers. Being mostly poor, they settled upon border lands, where they came into contact with the Indians. Their earliest settlements were in the lower parts of the counties of Chester and Lancaster, and upon the edges of Bucks and Northampton; but, in the main, they went to the Cumberland Valley, where they were the pioneers. Being a sturdy race, they have taken a large part in the wars and politics of the State. From about 1730 the German immigration was so large that the Enghsh feared that the Germans would secure control of the province. One of the precautions taken was to require the THE COLONY 59 captains of vessels to report a list of all their German passengers. The only practical result is that the descendants of these people know with greater certainty than any others the dates of the arrival of their ancestors. The Schwenkfelders, from Silesia, followers of Caspar Schwenkfeld, of whose views George Fox was the English ex ponent, came in 1734, and settled in what is now Montgomery County. Alone of American sects they set apart a day to give thanks for their escape from persecution, and have so ^."¦v%,.fe'>&%'ii^'il^P? -SSELAi^ % i 0m'''' -HUff^R fe' ¦-:¦... ^^^^^S^^^HR J *Lj^ ^'l^^ l:M ' ' m%m- lUBfi^^^flbi \^zi Mii/. If J • ?wi wm^Mm- ^m ¦ ..,.,# ^•«¥^: ¦/; ,-,:m A MORAVIAN MISSIONARY. maintained the 24th of September down to this time. The Moravians, under Count Zinzendorff, Baron of Thurnstein, arrived in 1742, and founded the settlements of Bethlehem and Nazareth. They first reproduced in this country the highest class of music, and they estabhshed schools to which George Washington sent the children of his family. Benjamin FranliUn, then in his eighteenth year, came to Philadelphia from Boston in 1723. He had learned to print 60 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE in the office of his brother, but he ran away before he had served his apprenticeship. Samuel Keimer gave him em ployment in Philadelphia and aided him when he opened a printing office. The Library Company of Philadelphia was started in 1731, the first subscription library in America, and the first meeting of its members was held in the house of Nicho las Scull. To it James Logan, a learned man who had col lected a valuable library of rare literature, gave by will its most important books. The American Philosophical Society, the earliest American institution devoted to science, was established in 1744. Ebenezer Kinnersley, who made a study of electricity. Dr. Thomas Bond, John Bartram, the botanist. Dr. William Smith, and David Rittenhouse, the astronomer, were among those who gave it the most attention. Franklin was the secretary, but none of his minutes are preserved. At the suggestion of Dr. Thomas Bond the Pennsylvania Hospital, the earliest in America, was organized in 1751. Matthias Kophn, of Perkiomen, gave to it its first real estate. The University of Pennsylvania had its origin in 1740 in a trust created for a charity school, and for the erection of a building in which George Whitefield could preach. Ebenezer Kinnersley, Professor of Chemistry in the College, now the University of Pennsylvania, made a series of experi ments upon the subject of electricity, and delivered a course of lectures upon them. Frankhn also made such experiments. An article in Franklin's "Gazette," October 19, 1752, tells of flying a kite and of pointed rods on high buildings. Franklin became famous in science, and of him it was said in Latin, "Eripuit fulmen coelo sceptrumque tyrannis." Thomas Rutter, a smith, erected a furnace for the manufac ture of iron at Colebrookdale, in Manatawny, now Mont gomery County, in 1716, and Samuel Nutt built a forge at Coventry, upon the French Creek, in Chester County, in 1718. THE COLONY 61 BIBLI^i SiaSiil: tUmUif D.iiatfiti^sfScfdi ^e5^ Urn miHU the Miniflry to enforce fuch a Tax, wh'th they will undoubtedly oppofc-, und in lo doing, give you evfry poffible Obdrudlioti. \Vc arc nbmrnated to .a very difjgreeable. but ncceffary Service - - To our Care are committed all, OflVi"]i;rs jgainit the Kights of Amtrka , and haplefsis he, whoft evil Defliny has doomed him lo fuffer at our Hands. ¦ ' . You arc fcnt out on a diabohcal Servirc, and if you arc'fo fodliflvand obflmaie as to complcat your Vnyatic ¦.¦'bv- bringing your Ship lo Anchor m this Fori ; 'you may ruV-fuch a' Gautitlct, Bs will, induce you, in yo'jr lail Monictilb, moll iKMrtily to curfe ihpfc who, have,, made you "^iho Dupe of their Avarice and Ambin^n , '¦¦ , '-m ¦¦ ¦'. ' ¦¦ ,,:¦ :' '¦ ' ¦Wlijl think' yo'6 Captain, nf a HalttT around yburNcck'-->'tfn^GlIiron3 ol" liquid Tar decanted on your pjtr----wi(hlhc l-eathcr* ofadoien wdd Gcefc laid Over lhal>taeiiliyen your AppL-arancc^ flnly think fei umdy tjf tlirs—- an'd fly;,,trj(tV-Rla4^frbm' wl|ence=,you ..came-,-- fly withogt Hefitatidn-— v.thout the Kornuiity -of a Prntell-"Vm'idffllJ-oy,c."allliCap(ainP/y^^^^ 'you to fly without tho wild C«rc Feathers. ¦'" . .. \ ^f'-'^^^p^f^^r - --^ ., , ¦ Vhil^dfh... N.V -.7. ^^7i ^'''¦''''"^'P^^yi^'^^^ COMMITTEF: ^ h'rr^ ('^h'^nhU THE PHILADELPHIA TEA-PARTY, by removing all real burden. The colonies, however, whetted by success, would have none of it. The East India Company sent a number of tea ships to America and one of them entered F 82 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE the Delaware. At a meeting held in the State House Square, October 16, 1773, a series of resolutions drawn by Colonel Wilham Bradford, son of the old printer, were adopted, to the effect that the tea should not be permitted to be landed; and a committee was appointed to go to the captain of the vessel at Gloucester and warn him. The consignees gave up their com missions and the ship sailed out to sea. Notice of this proceeding was sent to Boston, and thereupon the people of that town met on the 5th of November and adopted Bradford's resolutions, with a preamble setting forth their appreciation of the patriotism of their brethren in Phila delphia. When a vessel reached Boston some men in disguise went on board and threw the tea into the sea. Then the British Government determined to exercise force, and in March, 1774, passed the Boston Port Bill, which closed the port and led to the outbreak of hostilities. The imme diate cause of the war, therefore, was the passage of the Brad ford resolutions and the consequences which resulted from that act. Massachusetts called loudly for help. A convention of county committees met in Philadelphia. Among the committeemen were John Dickinson, Joseph E,eed, soon to be Adjutant- general, Thomas Mifflin, soon to be Major-general, Charles Thomson, Secretary of the Continental Congress, Anthony Wayne, James Wilson, later a Justice of the Supreme Court, and William Irvine and Daniel Brodhead, who later commanded brigades. They adopted a paper, drawn by Dickinson, which recommended the Assembly to appoint delegates to a Congress of the colonies, and to endeavor to secure among others a repeal of the acts quartering troops and imposing duties, and the Boston Port Bill. The Assembly sent delegates to the Congress which met in Carpenter's Hall, on the south side of Chestnut Street below THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 83 Fourth in Philadelphia, September 5, 1774. The delegates from Pennsylvania to this first Continental Congress, to which came Patrick Henry and George Washington from Virginia, and John Adams and Samuel Adams from Massachusetts, were Joseph Galloway, Samuel Rhoads, Thomas Mifflin, John Dickinson, John Morton, Charles Humphrey, George Ross, and Edward Biddle. Of the six papers drawn by the Congress, the two most important, the Address to the King and the Address to the people of Canada, were written by Dickinson. The Congress determined that if the Act of Parhament chang ing the government of Massachusetts should be forced upon its people, "All America ought to support them in opposition." The proceedings of the Congress were ratified by the Assembly of Pennsylvania, first of all the colonies, in December. An event of significance occurred November 2, 1774. Twenty- eight gentlemen of Philadelphia met and formed the First City Troop of Cavalry, an organization which has continued in existence ever since and has participated in all of our wars. On April 19, 1775, occurred the battle of Lexington. Since the British Government had made in Massachusetts its earliest attempt to use force, it naturally happened that the first out break of active warfare should occur there, but the struggle after two indecisive engagements sought the great heart of the continent. At this period Galloway and Franklin parted company, the former gradually drifting into the position of a supporter of the Crown, and the latter, who had been denounced by Lord Wedderburn, and was no longer a persona grata in England, returned home in 1775, and grew to be a conspicuous represen tative of the colonies. After the battle of Lexington the Associators throughout the counties, under the direction of county committees, gathered to gether for defence. Among the colonels were Dickinson, John 84 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE Cadwalader, Thomas McKean, and Timothy Matlack. When the last named, who had been a Quaker and had been imprisoned for debt, girded on his sword, saying he did it to protect his property and hberty, James Pemberton rephed, "Timothy, as to thy property, thee knows that thee has none, and as for thy THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE HOUSE. (Independence Hall.) liberty, thee owes that to me." The Assembly in June adopted the Associators, agreed to pay them if called into active service, and appointed a committee of safety, of which Franklin was elected chairman. The Second Congress met May 10, 1775, in the State House of Pennsylvania, which thus became the home of the earliest THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 85 government of the colonies. On June 3d the Congress decided to borrow £6000 for the purchase of gunpowder, and threw the responsibihty upon Pennsylvania by appointing her delegates a committee for the purpose. Eleven days later it resolved to raise six companies of expert riflemen in Pennsylvania, two in Maryland, and two in Virginia, to go as soon as recruited to Boston. In this way began the Continental Army, and on the following day George Washing ton, whose entire military experience had been secured in the Indian wars in the western part of the province, was appointed to the command. He selected Thomas Mifflin as the quarter master-general and Joseph Reed as his adjutant-general. Five battahons were recruited in Pennsylvania in 1775, commanded by colonels John Bull, Arthur St. Clair, John Shee, Anthony Wayne, and Robert Magaw. The principles upon which resistance to the authority of England were justified had been thought out in Pennsylvania, and were promulgated by her statesmen and writers, and they were accepted by the other colonies. The leaders of the move ment among her sons were men of substance and influence, who had many of them been educated in the universities abroad; they were of higher social standing than those who took part from elsewhere; they had more at stake in the contest, and, down to the middle of the year 1776, under the leadership of Dickinson, they controlled the deliberations of the Congress. Nearly every paper sent out by it, including the Articles of Confederation establishing the government under which the war was fought, was written by him. These papers received a warm encomium from Pitt, and of one of them it was written that it would remain a monument to Dickinson and the Con gress "so long as fervid eloquence and chaste and elegant com position shall be appreciated." The object sought by Pennsylvania was to secure a redress of 86 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE grievances, to resist arbitrary and unconstitutional enactments, and to remain loyal to the government under which she had grown and prospered. This was likewise the view of George Washington and of most of the more sober minded of the people. It has, however, rarely happened that those who start a revolution are able to stay its progress or direct its course. The onrush of liberated forces is not tempered by reason and is reckless of consequences. It is likewise true that those who are radical and impulsive groan most when the burdens are to be borne and seldom are steadfast to the end. Before the strength of the colonies had been tested, men with out resources, like Samuel Adams, of Massachusetts, began to urge independence. At this time Thomas Paine, a man with a past to be forgotten and a future to be shunned, was the editor of the "Pennsylvania Magazine," published by Robert Aitken. He wrote a fiery pamphlet, called "Common Sense," which strongly appealed to the people and did most to turn their minds toward independence. The more cautious printers would have nothing to do with it. "Common Sense" was published by Robert Bell. There were other printers in the country before Bell, who called himself "a provedore to sentimentalists," but to him we owe the intro duction of literature in America. He opened his office in 1768, and published first in America "Rasselas," Robertson's "Charles the Fifth," "Blackstone," "Milton," Thompson's "Seasons," and Young's "Night Thoughts." Dickinson was not in favor of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. He regarded it as inopportune for the reason that this course created dissension among those enlisted in the cause, who were already too few, and that it was not acting in good faith toward France, with whom the colonies were then negotiating. It was, besides, but a fulmination. Independence could not be attained by announcement and could only be se- THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 87 cured through armies in the field. Livingston, of New York, Rutledge, of South Carolina, Wilson and Morris, of Pennsyl vania, agreed with him, but afterward signed the paper. The resolution favoring independence was adopted on the 2d of July, the Declaration approved on the 4 th of the same month, and four days later it was read to the people in the State House Square. CHAPTER IX THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION (Continued; Two of the members of the Congress which adopted the Declaration of Independence went out into the field to fight for the cause — John Dickinson and Thomas McKean. The adoption of the Declaration not only changed the avowed purpose of the war, but it marked the success of another set of men, who then came into control of the affairs of Penn sylvania. They superseded the Quakers, who had determined its policies from the settlement and given it high reputa tion the world over, and they put an end to its proprietary government. A convention, whose most conspicuous members were Franklin and Rittenhouse, met in Philadelphia, July 15, 1776, to adopt a Constitution. This Constitution vested executive authority in a Council of Safety, presided over by Thomas Wharton, Jr., comprised of twelve members, one from the city and one from each of the counties. The legislative power was' vested in an Assembly elected annually, and consisting of six members from the city and from each county. A Council of Censors supervised the Constitution and the branches of the government, with a power to impeach. The Constitution also provided that "All useful learning shall be duly encouraged and promoted in one or more universities." This was the first time in America that higher education was made a part of the fundamental law. THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 89 Events soon proved the correctness of the foresight of Dick inson. Six months had not passed before the outcome of the American cause was conceded by its friends to be apparently hopeless, and much of the burden was borne by Pennsylvanians. Early in the year a brigade of Pennsylvanians, consisting of three regiments under the command of General William Thomp son, under whom was Wayne, then a colonel, was sent to Canada. Together with a battahon from New Jersey they made an assault upon a larger force, under Burgoyne, at Three Rivers, and were repulsed with a loss of three hundred and fifty men; but, according to Wayne, they saved the army, which retreated to Fort Ticonderoga. Here Wayne was put in command. 90 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE On August 27, 1776, occurred on Long Island the first battle between the British Army of invasion, under Sir Wilham Howe, and the Continental Army, under Washington, with General Israel Putnam in immediate command. At this time Pennsyl vania had thirty-one hundred men in the field. In the spring of that year she had organized a force of fifteen himdred men for her own defence, being two regiments of riflemen, consoli dated under Colonel Samuel Miles, and a regiment of musketry, under Colonel Samuel John Atlee; but almost at once they were asked for by Congress and were sent to the support of Washing ton. In the battle the British, by a flank movement, siuprised and completely defeated the Americans. The British General Grant drove in the outlying pickets and captured Major James Burd, of Lancaster County. Grant was confronted by Stir ling's brigade, which was in the advance. It was the only line of battle formed in the engagement and the first of the war. Stirling sent Atlee with his battalion to the front. Atlee seized a ridge of ground, held it against two spirited assaults, main tained his position through the moming, and imtil after the army had retreated. In the hurry Stirling failed to give him notice to withdraw. It was at this place that the British met the most serious resistance and incurred their greatest losses. Lieutenant-colonel Caleb Parry was shot through the head and died "like a hero," the first man of prominence from Pennsyl vania to lose his life in the war. Atlee was captured about 5 o'clock in the afternoon, and the command of the battalion fell to the senior captain, Patrick Anderson. The army suc ceeding in escaping across the river with the loss of about a thousand men. The next morning General Mifflin arrived with one Massachusetts and two Pennsylvania regiments, helping to restore confidence. On November 16th Fort Washington, through the failure of General Nathanael Greene to withdraw his forces, was sur- THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 91 rendered to the British, with a loss of twenty-one officers and two thousand six hundred and thirty-seven men. They were nearly all of them from Pennsylvania, and about half of them were well-drilled troops. The effect of these disasters was disheartening in the extreme. We had declared ourselves independent, but were really in a most abject condition. The army dwindled to three thousand men. New York and New Jersey were abandoned to the British. On all sides officers were deserting the cause and returning to their homes. Said David Ramsay, the contem porary historian, "In this period, when the American Army was relinquishing their general, the people giving up the cause, some of their leaders going over to the enemy, and the British commanders succeeding in every enterprise," Washington determined to fall back to Peimsylvania, to Augusta County, in Virginia, and, in the last extremity, to the mountains. Then something happened, and Ramsay adds, "Fifteen hundred of the Pennsylvania militia joined him." These were brought by Mifflin and were under the command of John Cadwalader. It was the very crisis of the war. With this addition to his force, equal to one-half of his army, Washington turned on the enemy, crossed the Delaware through the ice on Christmas night, attacked the carousing Hessians at Trenton, and captured about one thousand of them. On January 3, 1777, Washington, leaving his campfires burning to mislead the enemy, advanced to Princeton, attacked the British there, and won another success. The Pennsyl vanians won the approval of the whole country. Washington named Cadwalader in his report to Congress and said of him that he was "a man of good principle and of intrepid bravery." Michael Hillegas, who had been the first treasurer of Peim sylvania, was succeeded in that office by David Rittenhouse, and became the first treasurer for the colonies. 92 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE In 1777 the war became a struggle for the possession of Philadelphia, the seat of Congress and the government. It was the belief of Howe that its capture would be decisive of the contest, and it was the effort of Washington to protect the city at all hazards. Pennsylvania became the scene of the most determined confiicts, and her people suffered the injuries and the desolation which were the result of the marches and battles of opposing armies. Such experience meant woe in the present and classic renown in the future. ^^^ ^^ ^^P ^^ -iiiiM p m H P ''iM ^ ¦ P ^^^fe^ li '> '^d^ ^^ n^^^^B A 1 g H^^^ K .^ «M ,.'¦'* '^4^^^^^^^k THE BRANDYWINE. Saihng from New York, Howe landed at the head of Elk River in Maryland on the 25th of August, and marched across Delaware into Chester County. The two armies met at Chadd's Ford on the Brandywine Creek on the 11th of September. The Americans numbered about eleven thousand and the British about thirteen thousand, separated by the creek. John Armstrong, with the Pennsylvania militia, held the extreme left. Says Carrington, "The position at Chadd's Ford was entrusted to Wayne" on the left centre, and Sullivan com manded the right. Howe sent Cornwallis up the creek THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 93 about six miles, where he crossed, turned the American right, and won a decided victory. Wayne held his posi tion throughout the day. With the loss of about a thou sand men Washington retreated to Chester and then to Germantown. The armies fought another battle at the Warren Tavern on the 16th, in which twenty-one Americans were killed, many were wounded, and forty-three were taken prisoners. A severe rain storm wet the ammunition and prevented a decisive engagement. Still endeavoring to prevent Howe from crossing the Schuyl kill, Washington withdrew to the Yellow Springs, in Chester County, and thence crossed the river at Parker's Ford into Philadelphia County and watched the fords. He marched down the river on the east side through the Trappe to the Perkiomen, and made his headquarters near the mouth of that stream, at Richardson's Ford, on the Schuylkill. Howe moved northward on the west side of the Schuylkill, burning the forge and the mill of Colonel William Dewees at Valley Forge on his way, and on September 21st the head of his column had reached the Fountain Inn Tavern, now in the bor ough of Phoenixville. This point was the high-water mark of the invasion. Washington, fearing an attack upon his supplies at Reading or an attempt to cross above where the Schuylkill was more shallow, marched northward to Upper Hanover, near the present borough of Pottstown. While in Chester County Washington divided his army, sending Wayne with fifteen hundred men to harass the rear of the British as they marched. But this plan resulted disastrously. Two of his letters were intercepted by the British. On the night of September 20th General Grey, with a greatly superior force, fell upon Wayne at the Paoli Tavern. Wayne held his ground for an 94 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE hour and saved his artillery, but lost about one hundred and fifty men. For a day or two there was some firing across the river, but on the night of the 22d and the morning of the 23d Howe, having succeeded in misleading his opponent, crossed the river, his right at Fatland Ford and his left, under Cornwallis, at Gordon's Ford, now Phoenixville, where he lost a man or two. Some of the Chasseurs crossed at the Long Ford. He went on his way toward the city, burning the buildings of Colonel John Bull, at the present Norristown, and on the 26th his advance rode in triumph into the city. Philadelphia was captured, but the result did not justify the ex pectation. The Congress fled by way of Bethlehem to Lancaster and then to York, the Supreme Executive Council and Assembly fled to Lancaster, and the State House Bell was hidden under a church floor in AUentown. It was important to do something, and in the midst of the commotion forty- two Quakers were arrested and sent away to Winchester, in Virginia. Washington, on the same day that Philadelphia was cap tured, took his army to Pennypacker's Mills on the Perkiomen at the head of the Skippack Road, the central one of three main roads leading to the city and about twenty-seven miles from it. There he was reinforced by a thousand men from Peekskill and some New Jersey and Virginia militia. News came of success over Burgoyne. A council of war determined that the army should approach nearer to the enemy and seek another chance for combat. THE LIBERTY BELL. THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 95 On the 4th of October an attack was made on the British Army at Germantown. In the plan of battle John Armstrong, with the Pennsylvania militia, was placed on the left and Wayne, as usual, was in the advance. He came out of the en gagement with three wounds and a dead horse. On the retreat he covered the rear. The enemy had been driven for three miles, but confusion arose due to a dense fog and to the fact that the stone house of Benjamin Chew was occupied by some of the British, and the attack was halted to dislodge them. The army retired to its former camp inspirited by its partial success, and tarried long enough to bury its dead. It then moved to Kulpsville, where General Francis Nash was buried and a spy was hanged. From there it advanced to White Marsh, where another battle was fought on the 7th of December. Howe assumed the aggres sive. Lydia Darragh in the city overheard some officers talking over what they were going to do to the American Army, and, feigning to go to mill, she walked all the way to the American camp and told Washington. He was, therefore, on his guard. Howe tried the right, left, and centre in vain, and then withdrew with a loss of about a hundred men. On the 19th of December Washington went into winter- quarters at VaUey Forge on the Schuylkill, twenty-three miles from the city. There upon a hill, called Mount Joy because in the early time William Penn, who had been lost, upon it discovered his course, having the river to the north and the Valley Creek to the west, the army threw up intrenchments and built log huts. It proved to be a very severe winter with much ice and snow. There was much suffering in the camps from cold, want, and illness. There was much deprivation among the people, who had been overridden by both armies, and whose property had been burned by the British and seized by the Americans. The hills were bleak and the naked feet of 96 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE the soldiers were cut by the ice upon which they trod. The north wind blew through the chinks of their huts. They would have been warmer could they have eaten meat, but often there was none in the camp. Sulhvan threw a bridge across the river. Steuben came from Germany, and taught them the drill and introduced discipline. Lafayette took twenty-five hundred men and eight cannon to Barren Hill, and barely escaped capture. Wayne went over into the Jerseys after cattle and had many skirmishes. Congress sent a committee to investi gate Washington, who had been unsuccessful. A combination WASHINGTON S HEADQUARTERS AT VALLEY FORGE of officers arose to deprive him of his command, and Isaac Potts, in whose house he lived, found him on one occasion on his knees in the woods in prayer. Then came the news of the French alliance, which had been secured by Franklin, sent to that country as the representative of the colonies. The help of the French gave the struggle a new aspect. When the British occupied Philadelphia the Americans held two forts on the Delaware, Fort Mercer, at Red Bank in New Jersey, and Fort Mifflin, on Mud Island, on the Pennsylvania side, and Pennsylvania had a small fleet in command of Com- THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 97 98 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE modore John Hazlewood. October 22, 1777, Count Donop, with a force of Hessians, assailed Fort Mercer. He was killed and his troops repulsed with a loss of four hundred men. Fort Mifflin was heroically defended for six days and nights, until its walls had been knocked to pieces and two hundred and fifty of its small garrison had been killed or wounded. The British TICKET FOB THE MESCHIANZA. fleet finally succeeded in compelhng the abandonment of these forts and in opening the river. On January 5, 1778, occurred what is called the "Battle of the Kegs," when the Americans, in an effort to destroy the British fleet, floated a lot of kegs charged with gunpowder among them. The British spent the winter in Philadelphia, enjoying them selves with fetes, dances, and theatre parties. They kept THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 99 their prisoners in much misery in the jail at Sixth and Walnut Streets. Sir Henry Clinton superseded Howe, who was re garded as indolent, in command. Before Howe's departure, on May 18, 1778, a f^te at the home of Thomas Wharton was arranged for him by Major John Andre, a talented man, at tractive to the ladies, who was later hanged, as a spy. It was called the Meschianza, and comprised a regatta, tournament, feast, and ball. Clinton, fearing that the French fleet would cut off his com munication with England, abandoned Philadelphia June 17, 1778, and thus ended all the hopes founded upon possession of that city. On the 19th Washington left his camp at Valley Forge and started in pursuit. At a council of war held on the 24th, attended by seventeen generals, only the two Pennsylvanians, Wayne and Cadwalader, advised an attack. On the 24th the army overtook Clinton at Monmouth in New Jersey, and, in the language of Wayne, "Pennsylvania showed the road to victory." Washington sent General Charles Lee, with five thousand men, five miles in advance to attack the rear guard. Lee ordered Wayne with seven hundred men to lead the advance of this attack. While Wayne was in a desperate struggle Lee's courage weakened and he withdrew, saying that the temerity of Wayne had brought on him the whole fiower of the British Army, seven thousand in numbers. Washington, angered at the retreat of Lee, ordered Wayne with three Penn sylvania regiments and two others from Virginia and Maryland to stop the British pursuit. Colonel Henry Monckton, who tried to drive Wayne from his position, was kiUed. Washing ton later wrote that the bravery of Wayne "deserves particular commendation." In 1777 Pennsylvania had thirteen regiments in the field, designated as the "Pennsylvania Line," and in 1778 she had 100 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE two brigades with the Continental Army, three hundred men with Colonel Richard Butler on the Mohawk, three hundred men with Colonel Daniel Brodhead at Pittsburgh, and a regiment with Colonel Thomas Hartley at Sunbury. On July 4, 1778, the same fateful day in this State, a body of tories with about a thousand Indians fell upon the settlement ANTHONY WAYNE. at Wyoming, tortured and murdered the people, and burned the houses and mills. They took about two hundred and twenty-seven scalps. The poet Campbell has told the dread tale in his "Gertrude of Wyoming." Almost equally cruel was the hanging, in the same year, of Abraham Carlisle and John Roberts, two Quakers, upon an idle charge of treason. THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 101 Elizabeth Ferguson, of Graeme Park in Montgomery Coimty, a loyalist, who is one of the characters in the novel of Hugh Wynne, told Joseph Reed, the Adjutant-general, that if he could settle the war he could secure £10,000 and any office in the gift of the King. Reed's answer was, "Poor as I am, the King can not buy me." A few months later he was elected President of the Council, equivalent to the governorship. On the night of July 15, 1779, Wayne, with a force of thirteen hundred and fifty men, took by storm Stony Point, a fortress on WYOMING MONUMENT. the Hudson, on a promontory one hundred and fifty feet high, protected by three abattis and a moat and defended by six hundred British soldiers. It remains the most brilhant event in the military annals of America. On January 1, 1781, occurred what has been called the revolt of the Pennsylvania Line. They comprised two thousand and five men, from one-third to two-thirds of the army, the soldiers from the other colonies having, in the main, gone home. Their 102 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE terms of service had long expired. They had not been paid for a year. They were almost without clothes. Then, under the leadership of a brave sergeant, named Wilham Bowser, they arose in arms and proceeded to settle matters for themselves. Two emissaries from Clinton, seeking to corrupt them, they handed over to Washington to be hanged. Congress and the generals they forced to terms. Twelve hundred and fifty men whose terms of service had expired were discharged and the matter of the indebtedness to them was arranged. Then most of them re-enlisted. AUTOGRAPH NOTE OF WAYNE. Wayne, with the Pennsylvania Line, was then sent to the South, and there bore a brave part in Lafayette's campaign in Virginia and at the siege of Yorktown. After the surrender of Cornwallis these troops were ordered further south to aid Greene. In a series of brilhant engagements Wayne drove the British out of Georgia. In the last event of the war in the South, when the British abandoned Charleston, Wayne rode at the head of his troops through the streets of the reheved city. Throughout the whole war the Indians were committing massacres along the Susquehanna and the frontiers. Nearly all of the battles of Washington, those at Brandywine, Warren THE WAR OF THE REVOLUTION 103 Tavern, Paoli, Germantown, White Marsh, Trenton, Prince ton, and Monmouth were fought around the city of Philadel phia. There sat the Congress when they gave him command and when they declared independence. The people of Pennsyl vania, starving like the soldiers, bore the brunt of the terrific struggle. It was a contest won not by military skill, but by endurance and character. That spirit was better exemplified in the dreary camp at Valley Forge than in any battle of the war. In the main its finances were conducted by Robert Morris, a wealthy merchant, who gave largely from his own private resources. CHAPTER X THE BEGINNING OF THE NATION As has been seen, the system of govemment imder which the war of the Revolution was conducted had been devised by John Dickinson. It answered the purpose at a time when old bonds were being broken and former conditions were being overthrown. With the successful close of the war and the estabhshment of independence by the armies in the field came the necessity for the greater power which is required for con structive work. Out of the discordant colonies, with their diverse traditions and interests, up to -the time of the war dis tinct and separate, a nation was to be builded. In the preliminary movement only five of the thirteen colo nies were represented. Delegates from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia met at Annapolis Sep tember 11, 1786, and, after consideration, they recommended that a convention be called to meet in Philadelphia on the second Monday in May, 1787. When that day arrived the only delegates to appear at the State House were those of Pennsylvania and Virginia. At the end of two weeks no others had arrived except those from Delaware and New Jersey. The fact indicates how little men appreciated the importance of the event. The largest delegation came from Pennsylvania, and con sisted of Benjamin Franklin, Thopias Mifflin, who had presided over the Continental Congress, Robert Morris, George Clymer, 104 THE BEGINNING OF THE NATION 105 Thomas Fitzsimmons, Jared IngersoU, James Wilson, and Gouverneur Morris. Washington presided and the aged Franldin participated, but the most learned lawyer among them was James Wilson, and, perhaps, more than any other member he affected the results reached. The Constitution was adopted September 17, 1787, and in Philadelphia a new nation was born. There was much trouble about the adoption of the Constitution, which did not go into effect until ratified by nine states. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, CONGRESS HALL. and Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts, opposed it violently.. It was the influence of Pennsylvania which made it successful. The first states to ratify it were Delaware and Pennsylvania. That is the reason that to-day in aU national processions these States are given the lead. The national government, feeble at first, had no buildings and no home. During seven years of Washington's term as Presi dent the capital was at Philadelphia. Congress met at Sixth and Chestnut Streets, the Supreme Court met at Fifth and Chestnut Streets, and the President hyed on Market Street 106 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE below Sixth Street. The govemment of the United States has never paid the rent for these public buildings and, in its weakness, Pennsylvania gave it a home without compensation. Unfortunate and deadly visitations of the yellow fever in 1793 and 1798 prevented Philadelphia from becoming the per manent capital. Both Washington and John Adams were inaugurated as Presidents in that city. After Washington resigned the command of the army, Josiah Harmar, one of a family living along the Perkiomen, succeeded him. Harmar led an expedition against the Miami Indians in 1790, but was defeated. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a major-general of the Pennsylvania Line, and President of the Continental Congress, succeeded Harmar. St. Clair was at the time governor of the northwestern territory. He, too, was defeated in a serious engagement, November 4, 1791, by the Miamis, led by their chiefs and aided by Simon Girty, the renegade, another Pennsylvanian. Then Washington appointed Anthony Wayne a major- general, and put him in command of the army of the United States. The Indians were aided by the British; within seven years they had killed fifteen hundred people, and their object was to prevent the settlements from extending beyond the Ohio River. Wayne organized an army of two thousand six hundred and thirty-one men at Pittsburgh. A large propor tion of the soldiers enlisted from Pennsylvania, and others came from Virginia, Maryland, and New Jersey. The war lasted over two years. Wayne moved his army down the Ohio, thence to the site of Cincinnati, to the Miami River, four hundred miles into the wilderness. On August 20, 1794, at the Fallen Timbers he encountered a force of two thousand Indians and won the most important victory ever secured over the Indian foes. The commander of a British fort in the vicinity undertook to interfere, and Wayne threat- THE BEGINNING OF THE NATION 107 ened the fort. He burned aU of the Indian villages and corn fields, and all of the houses within a hundred miles, including that of the British Indian Agent. This victory made possible the settlement of Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, and the West. It closed a campaign similar in its objects and difficulties to those of Cffisar in Gaul and of Braddock. ORDER OF WAYNE IN HIS INDIAN WAR. The Presidents of Pennsylvania under the Constitution of 1776 were, in succession, Thomas Wharton, Jr., Joseph Reed, Wilham Moore, John Dickinson, Bepjamin Franklin, and Thomas Mifflin; and perhaps in no other fourteen years of her history have such able men been at the head of her affairs. 108 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE A new Constitution was adopted in 1790, which created a single executive called a governor, divided the legislative body into two branches, a Senate and House, and provided for a Supreme Court, whose members should hold their offices during good behavior. When the first national census was taken in 1790 Pennsylvania had twenty-one comities, a population of 434,373, of whom 28,522 lived in Philadelphia, and 3737 slayes. The first American edition of the English Bible was published by Robert Aitken in 1782, the first American edition of Shake speare in 1796, and the publication of the "Columbian Maga zine," a periodical illustrated with portraiture and engraved views, was commenced in 1787 — all in Philadelphia. Charles Brockden Brown, of Philadelphia, the first American to adopt literature as a profession, and who had a great influence upon Shelly, published his novel of "Arthur Mervyn" in 1799. Joseph Priestley, the chemist who discovered oxygen, driven from England because of his religious views, came to Pennsyl vania in 1794, and made his home in Northumberland County, where he pubhshed a number of books. James Wilson delivered a series of lectures upon law before the University of Pennsyl vania in 1791, and established the earliest American school of law. Robert Morris started the Bank of North America, the most ancient of the banks of the country, in 1782. Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, born at the Trappe, who had been educated at Halle in Germany, became Speaker of the first national Congress in 1789. • The Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, the first society with this object in the world, organ ized in 1774, called a convention of similar societies, which met in Philadelphia in 1794. Conventions of abolition societies were continued through the succeeding years. THE BEGINNING OF THE NATION 109 T II E - >|-. PLAYS AND POEM, SI WILLIAM SHAKSPEARE. COnUUCTEU r.IlOM Tlli-. lATLSr ano bust ¦ LONDON KDITLby-- >'.¦ IT II X O 1 E S, BY 8 A M U EL J O M N S O N, L. L. D, TO which' .'' RF- A»DEr>j A GLOSSARY AND THE- L I F E O F T HE A U T H O R. P-MBXLLISHf D WITH A STRIKINC LIKENESS FKOM THE. C01-L£CT10.\' OF HIS CKACE THE DUKE OF CHAND05, JM ^[inettcan eot'tion.' ? VOt. I. /I PHILADELPHIA! ' PRINTED AND SOLD BY BIORIN £s?#a'dAN. M DCC XCV. (plays and poems or sh.\kespeare.) no PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE At this period there were living west of the Alleghany Moun tains four men of unusual ability and influence — Albert Gallatin, who became Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, under Jefferson and Madison, Hugh H. Brackenridge, the author of "Modern Chivalry," "Gazette Publications," and other works, who became a Justice of the Supreme Court, Wilham Findley, who was governor in 1817, and Alexander Addison, a learned judge, who published a volume of law reports. The boundary-lines between Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia were long in dispute, and many of the people in the southwestern part of the State felt that they owed an uncertain allegiance. In the main, they were of Scotch-Irish race. The grain they produced on their farms could not be transported to market and, for the most part, was converted into whisky. Westmoreland, Allegheny, Washington, and Fayette counties had a scattered population of about seventy thousand. The largest town was Pittsburgh, with twelve hundred people. There had been various attempts, beginning in the colonial days, to impose a tax upon whisky, and they had always met with opposition. After the adoption of the Constitution the federal government, sadly in need of money, passed an excise law. Twenty-five cents a gallon was imposed upon whisky, and, since it was worth twice as much east as west of the moun tains, the law worked unequally if not unjustly. In a sense whisky became a sort of currency as well as a product. A col lector appeared in Washington County in 1791, and had to run for his life. Delegates met in Pittsburgh and threatened resistance. On July 16, 1794, the house of a whisky inspector was surrounded and his house and barn were burned. Two of the assailants, acting as local militia, were killed. The angry people held a mass meeting at Braddock's Field, and proposed to march on Pittsburgh, where the collectors were. Bracken- THE BEGINNING OF THE NATION 111 ridge succeeded in appeasing their wrath. Then Washington ordered out an army of twelve thousand men and proceeded as far as Bedford. The display of force and the arrest of about two hundred persons calmed the excitement, and the Whisky Insurrection ended. It is a peculiar and interesting episode. Washington, attended by Alexander Hamilton, rode with the troops from Carlisle to Bedford, and thus his last military service, as well as his first, was rendered in this State. BETHLEHEM IN 1790. (Never before used.) David Bruce pubhshed a volume of poems depicting these events and the heroes of them, and possessing both vivacity and literary merit, at Washington, Pa., in 1801. During the administration of John Adams a tax was im posed upon windows. John Fries, a Pennsylvania Dutchman of Montgomery County, who had been a soldier of the Revolu tion, harangued the people against the tax. He was helped by 112 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE the women, who poured hot water on the assessors, and he gath ered a force of sixty men. The United States Marshal arrested some of them and held them at the Sun Inn, in Bethlehem. Fries, in March, 1799, summoned the Marshal to surrender and rescued his followers. He was tried for treason and sentenced to death. The situation, however, was too absurd, and Adams pardoned him. He has won fame as the leader of the Fries' Rebellion. CHAPTER XI THE RISE OF DEMOCRACY The men who took part in the Revolutionary War, who con ducted the affairs of the colonies during its progress, and who participated in the organization of the government of the United States, in the main became Federalists, and foimded the political party known as the Federal Party. George Wash ington and John Adams were elected to the presidency by this party, and under the same influences Thomas Mifflin became governor of Pennsylvania. The success of the Revolution and the estabhshment of a republic had an almost immediate effect upon Europe, and they were soon followed by the Revolution in France. In that uprising of the masses in France the doctrines of Rousseau and Voltaire were put into practice and carried to extremes. This revolution had a reflex effect upon America. French refugees came in numbers to Philadelphia. Among them were Prince Talleyrand, Volney, the author of the "Ruins," the Duke Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, and Louis' Philippe, later King of France. People upon the streets began to address each other as "citizen," and laws were introduced in the legislature to abolish all titles and the formal openings and closing of letters. The treaty of peace with England conducted by John Jay, the short war with France in 1798, the Alien and Sedition laws, H U3 114 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE and the Excise laws of John Adams, measures of the Federal ists, were all more or less unpopular. Thomas Jefferson, who sympathiized with the French Revolution and ad vocated an extension of popular power, led in the forma tion of the Democratic Party and became President of the United States. Pennsylvania became a Democratic State, and Thomas McKean, who had long been Chief Justice, became the governor in 1799. For the most part the Democratic Party controlled the affairs of the country down to the beginning of the RebeUion in 1861. It is of this period that Henry Adams, the Massachusetts historian, wrote: "In every other issue that concerned the union the voice which spoke in most potent tones was that of Pennsylvania," and, further, that "Had New England, New York, and Virginia been swept out of existence in 1800, democracy could have better spared them all than have lost Pennsylvania." The most important contribution to the welfare of the country made by that party was the purchase of Louisiana by Jefferson in 1803. The territory of Louisiana was owned by France and included all of the lands west of the Mississippi River except those in the possession of Spain. Jefferson wanted to purchase only New Orleans, a city at the mouth of the Mis sissippi River. Napoleon insisted upon his taking the territory with the city, and said that he had now created a rival for England which would one day humble her pride. It is now sufflciently plain, that the nation as it has since developed could not have existed without the possession of the Missis sippi Valley. The measure was, in reality, Federahstic rather than Demo cratic, because the extension of the government over so vast a domain made a concentration of power inevitable. Much opposition arose, especially in New England. The measure THE RISE OF DEMOCRACY 115 was said to be a violation of the Constitution, since that instrument contained no provision for an extension of terri tory, and it was argued that no new States could be ad mitted save by the unanimous consent of all of the original States. The real reason for objection was a recognition by the Eastem States of the fact that by the admission of new States from the west their own influence would be diminished. It was said we had land enough. These wastes could never be utilized. Comphcations with other nations were sure to arise. Quincy, of Massachusetts, and Plumer, of New Hampshire, threatened a dissolution of the Union. AU of the senators from Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire, including Timothy Pickering and John Quincy Adams, voted against the bill to enable the President to take possession. But both of the senators and all of the eighteen representatives from Pennsylvania voted in its favor, and the law was enacted. Thomas McKean, in an address to the Legislature December 9, 1803, said that the acquisition of these lands afforded "a natural limit to our territorial possessions," and that it ought to be regarded "as an auspicious manifestation of the inter ference of Providence in the affairs of men." The resolu tion adopted by the Legislature anticipated all of the results of the future, and declared that "the United States will now possess a soil and climate adapted to every pro duction, and an outlet is thereby secured for the western parts of the Union to the ocean and the trade of the world." In this important crisis, in giving her strength and influence in support of the extension of the national domain to the Pacific Ocean, Pennsylvania conferred a lasting benefit upon the whole country. 116 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE It was at this period that Pennsylvania came to be recog nized as the "Keystone State." For many years affairs of politics and govemment had centred in Philadelphia, and all important measures affecting the country had there originated and been from there promulgated. The Demo cratic Committee in 1803, addressing the party throughout the land, wrote, "As Pennsylvania is the Keystone of the Democratic Arch every engine will be used to sever it from its place." Among the leaders of the Democratic Party in Pennsylvania were Thomas McKean, Simon Snyder, WiUiam Duane, David JOHN pitch's steamboat. Rittenhouse, Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg, and Peter Muhlenberg. The last named had been educated for the ministry at Halle, in Germany, and on returning home he took a church at Woodstock in the VaUey of Virginia. At the breaking out of the war he one day preached a sermon. After the sermon was finished he threw off his robes, disclosing a uni form underneath, and, declaring, "There is a time to preach and a time to fight," called on the congregation to enhst. He became a major-general and a United States Senator from Pennsylvania. THE RISE OF DEMOCRACY 117 In 1785 John Fitch, a resident of Bucks County, invented the steamboat, and for several months, beginning in 1787, ran it up and down the Delaware River between Philadelphia and Burlington, at the rate of about seven miles an hour. With Simon Snyder, in 1808, began the regime of the Penn sylvania Dutch governors of the State. CHAPTER XII THE WAR OF 1812 Although the War of the Revolution had ended in the success of the colonies and a govemment had been created, there remained much uncertainty as to the permanence of existing conditions. Independence had been asserted, but it was not entirely established or altogether accepted. Americans had grown into the habit of looking to England for guidance, and England manifested very little real respect for a people comparatively feeble whom they had so long controlled and governed. Another trial of strength had to be made before either country could be quite sure that American liberty would be maintained. The former war had been incited by, though not conducted from. New England, and had resulted in the growth of a force which led to federalism. The war about to break forth originated with and was directed by the forces of democracy, and in the course of it Pennsylvania and the States to the southward overmastered the opposition, and even hostility, of New England. England was engaged in a des perate and uncertain contest with Napoleon, and she did not hesitate to override aU of the rights of neutrals. She over hauled American vessels and took from them such sailors and men as she claimed to be British subjects. Outrages upon the high seas, such as no nation with any strength and self-respect would permit, were of frequent occurrence. Nor was it for gotten that during a time of professed peace she had supplied lis THE WAR OF 1812 119 the savages along the western borders with arms and scalping knives. War was declared by Congress June 18, 1812. Both of the Senators from Pennsylvania, Andrew Gregg and Michael Leib, and fifteen of her seventeen members of the House of Repre sentatives voted in favor of the declaration. Governor Snyder in his message said that the sword "had been drawn to maintain that independence which it had gloriously achieved." At the outset of the war Pennsylvania had three times as many soldiers enrolled as were required by her quota, and as it progressed she furnished more men and more money than any other State. Massachusetts sent to Congress a resolution of her Assembly to the effect that the war was "in the highest degree impohtic, unnecessary, and ruinous," and thirteen of her fourteen mem bers of Congress voted against the declaration. Such facts show how important for the interests of the country was the attitude taken by Pennsylvania. At the outset of the war the mUitia force of the State con sisted of ninety-nine thousand four hundred and fourteen men. Fourteen thousand of them were called into service and organ ized in two divisions, each having two brigades and eleven regi ments. One division encamped near PhUadelphia, under the command of Major-general Isaac Morrell, and the other near Pittsburgh, under the command of Major-general Adamson Tannehill. Four thousand men were called for by the Presi dent, and they gathered together at Meadville and Pittsburgh, looking to a movement upon Canada. The two thousand men at Meadville were ordered to western New York, and there they participated in the battles along the Canadian borders. After the unsuccessful efforts of General Henry Dearborn and James WUkinson, the rank of major- general was conferred upon Jacob Brown, and he was given the command of the Northern Department. He was born in 120 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE Bucks County, in Pennsylvania, May 9, 1775, and came of Quaker ancestry. It has been written of him "that no enter prise undertaken by General Brown ever failed," and that "his plans, which were never rash or imprudent, were distin guished for energy and vigor." At Ogdensburg, October 4, 1812, in command of twelve hundred men, he repulsed an assault of the British, inflicting a loss of three killed and four wounded, and with cannon knock- PITCHER PORTRAIT OF JACOB BROWN. ing to pieces two of their boats. On May 29, 1813, the British, with a squadron of six armed vessels and forty bateaux and a land force of twelve hundred men, made an attack on Sacketts Harbor. After a severe engagement, with many wavering fortunes. Brown defeated them and they retreated in disorder to the fleet, leaving their dead and wounded. The Americans lost forty-seven kiUed, eighty-four wounded, and thirty-six missing. The British lost fifty kiUed and two hundred and eleven wounded. The Americans retained possession of the harbor until the close of the war. THE WAR OF 1812 121 The British held Fort Erie on the Canadian shore, opposite Buffalo. In July, 1814, Brown concluded that he had a suffi cient force 'With which to undertake the invasion of Canada. Among his troops were five hundred volunteers from Pennsyl vania. On the 3d of July, although General Ripley hung back, he crossed the Niagara River, surrounded and captured Fort Erie, with a loss of four men killed and a number wounded. Reinforcements were on the way to relieve the garrison of two hundred men, but because of the prompt energy of Brown they came too late. These reinforcements were halted at Chippewa. Winfield Scott, later the successful commander in the war with Mexico, and a candidate for the Presidency, was ordered by Brown to advance on the 4th of July with a brigade and artillery. For sixteen miles Scott kept up a continuous combat, but finding the enemy in force across the Chippewa River, he encamped. On the moming of July 5th three hundred Pennsylvania volun teers came to his support. Then ensued the most important engagement fought up to that time during the war. The Americans numbered about thirteen hundred. They were attacked by the British, about seventeen hundred in number, advancing in three columns. At first the Americans gave way, but Scott led a bayonet charge and put the enemy to flight. A further force of two hundred Pennsylvania militia came to his aid and he pursued the fleeing British until they blew up the bridge over the Chippewa. The loss of the Americans was sixty-one kiUed, two hundred and fifty-flve wounded, and nineteen missing, and that of the British was two hundred and thirty-six kiUed, three hundred and twenty-two wounded, and forty-six missing. Captain Thomas Biddle, .of Philadelphia, commanded one of the three batteries of artillery engaged. The result of this battle produced a decided effect upon the British and their Indian aUies. 122 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE Brown then prepared to cross the Chippewa and flank the British position, and, riding to the front, he took command in person. He threw a temporary bridge over the river and pur sued the enemy. In the severe battle of Lundy's Lane, July 25th, in which twenty-six hundred Americans fought seven thousand British, and, capturing a battery, held the field, the former lost eight hundred and fifty-two and the latter eight hundred and seventy-eight men. General Brown was twice wounded. A ball passed through his thigh and he was carried off the field. Among other Pennsylvanians, Major Daniel McFarland was killed. Captain- Biddle of the ArtiUery, and Colonel Hugh Brady of Northumberland County were both wounded, the latter severely. The British made two efforts to capture Fort Erie, one on August 15th and another on September 17th. In both pf these the Pennsylvanians were conspicuous. Lieutenant John G. Watmough, of Philadelphia, was severely wounded. Brown finally ordered a sortie and succeeded in driving away the British, with serious losses upon both sides. At the close of the campaign the city of New York gave General Brown the freedom of the city with a box of gold, "in testimony of the high sense they entertained of his valor and skill in defeating the British forces, superior in number." The State of New York gave him a decorated sword. Congress gave him the thanks of the nation and a gold medal, and he was made Commander-in-Chief of the armies of the United States. He died February 24, 1828, from the effects of his wounds, still holding his command. General Thomas Bodley, born in Pennsylvania July 4, 1772, was a quarter-master under General Harrison \in the campaign of 1813, and Colonel Wilham Carroll, born in Pittsburgh in 1778, Governor of Tennessee from 1821 to 1827, and again from 1830 to 1835, opened the fire upon WeUington's veterans in the THE WAR OF 1812 123 battle of New Orleans. It was his Tennessee riflemen who killed General Pakenham and before whom the British Army quailed. To a great extent the war became a struggle upon the sea, and here, too, Pennsylvania bore a conspicuous part. Stephen Decatur, a Philadelphian, born in Maryland whUe his parents were temporarily in that State, won fame in Tripoh by seizing and burning a vessel of which the Turks had taken possession, and by boarding a Turkish vessel and killing her commai;ider in a hand- to-hand contest. On Octo ber 25, 1812, in the frigate "United States," he cap tured the "Macedonian," one of the finest frigates in the British Navy, after a battle lasting an hour and a half. He had four men killed and seven wounded, and the British had thirty-six killed and sixty-eight wounded. He modore Barron, March 20, jambs BIDDLE. was killed in a duel with Com- 1820. James Biddle, born in Philadelphia February 18, 1783, was educated at the University of Pennsylvania. Entering the navy, he was imprisoned in Tripoli for nineteen months. As a lieutenant on board of the "Wasp" he took part in an engage ment lasting forty-three minutes with the British sloop of war "Frohc," October 18, 1812, and at the head of a party boarded her and received the surrender of her officers. In command of the "Hornet," March 23, 1815, he captured, after a fight lasting 124 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE twenty-two minutes, the brig "Penguin," having sixteen car ronades of thirty-two pounds each, two long twelve pounders, a twelve-pound carronade, and several gims. The "Hornet" lost twelve men and the "Penguin" forty-two. The British commander was killed and Biddle was badly wounded. Charles Stewart, born in PhUadelphia July 22, 1776, likewise had experience in Tripoli. In June, 1813, he was given com mand of the frigate "Constitution." In a cruise of that year he ran out of Boston Harbor through a blockade of seven ships, captured the schooner "Picton," of sixteen guns, and a letter- of-marque ship, the brig "Catharine," the schooner "Phoenix," and chased a British frigate which got away. February 20, 1815, he fought two ships together, the "Cyane," with thirty- four guns, and the "Levant," with twenty-one guns, and cap tured them both. He lost sixteen men and the British eighty- seven. Stephen Cassin, born in Philadelphia February 16, 1783, entered the navy, and as a lieutenant gained experience in the war with TripoU. In MacDonough's successful battle with the British fleet on Lake Champlain, September 17, 1814, he commanded the "Ticonderoga." In his official report Mac- Donough said: "The 'Ticonderoga,' Lieutenant-commandant Cassin, gallantly sustained her full share of the action." William Burrows, born near Philadelphia October 6, 1785, of wealthy parents and well educated, received an appointment as midshipman in 1799. As a lieutenant he served in the war with Tripoli. In command of the sloop of war "Enterprise" he encountered the British brig "Boxer," under Captain Blyth, off Portsmouth, September 6, 1813, and after an engagement of forty-five minutes, in which the "Boxer" received twenty shot in her hull, captured the vessel. The Americans lost fourteen men and the British thirty-nine. Burrows was mortally wounded, but lived long enough to receive the sword (J ll maig ycu raff l^g day i^i ¦^ et/fir you yixed jw^r Clraas eyes ^ mylif/ /df^T^er fmai^mt J^or/Z^t or another ding prihsfride of loMN' MwLi, . CARTOON OF THE WAR OF 1812. 126 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE ,of Blyth, who was killed, and to exclaim, "I am satisfied; I die content." Burrows and Blyth were buried in the same yard and at the same time, in Portland, Maine. The victories of these gallant men did much to establish the fame of the American Navy and to win respect even from the foe. Each of them was given a gold medal by Congress. There was another victory nearer home. Captain Daniel PERRY AT LAKE ERIE. Dobbins, of Erie, who had been a prisoner at Detroit in the summer of 1812, went to Washington and suggested to the President the building of a fleet at that harbor to drive the British from the lakes. He was appointed a sailing mas ter in the navy, was directed to proceed, and by the 12th of December he had two gunboats constructed. In the following January he added two sloops of war. The timber was cut and THE WAR OF 1812 127 worked into shape in the woods around Erie. Captain Oliver H. Perry was sent to take command. When Perry arrived at Erie, March 27, 1813, the keels of two twenty-gun brigs and a schooner had been laid, two gunboats built, and a third begun. A volunteer company of sixty men had been organized and Dobbins had formed a guard among the mechanics. On the 10th of September, out on the lake. Perry met the British fleet under Captain Robert H. Barclay, who had served with Nelson at Trafalgar. The British had six vessels with sixty-three guns, two swivels, and four howitzers. The Ameri cans had nine vessels, with fifty-four guns and two swivels. Barclay had thirty-five long guns and Perry fifteen, but Perry could throw more metal, and, therefore, the advantage at long range was with the former, and at close range with the latter. Barclay had five hundred men and Perry four hundred and ninety. The American fleet attacked and fired the first shot, seeking to get to close quarters. The "Lawrence," the flag flying, with the motto "Don't give up the ship," on board of which was Perry, for two hours bore the brunt of the struggle. Of the one hundred and three officers and men on this ship, twenty-two had been killed and sixty-one wounded. His first lieutenant, John J. Yarnall, from Pennsylvania, though three times wounded, could get no help, and, covered with blood, fired every shot from his battery in person. When the "Lawrence" had been silenced and lay a hulk. Perry, leaving her in charge of Yarnall, crossed in a boat to the "Niagara." The battle lasted from noon until 3 p. m., and at its close Perry sent a dispatch, "We have met the enemy, and they are ours." The whole British fleet had been captured. Sixty-eight men had been killed and one hundred and ninety wounded, the losses being pretty nearly evenly divided between the two combatants. 128 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE In 1813 the British fleet established a blockade of the Dela^ ware River, and in 1814 Governor Snyder called out the volun teers and militia of the State, forming Camp Dupont near Wilmington, and another camp at Marcus Hook. In 1814 it looked as though the American cause must fail for lack of funds, and the heads of the national government were in despair. A loan was offered in the money market, and so low was the credit of the nation that only $200,000 were sub scribed. Thereupon Stepheh Girard, of Philadelphia, took the whole issue of bonds, amounting to five millions of doUars, and saved us from defeat. CHAPTER XIII DEVELOPMENT In 1810 an Act of Assembly was passed providing for the removal of the capital from Lancaster to Harrisburg. John Harris gave four acres to the State for the purpose, and William THE OLD CAPITOL AT HARRISBURG. Maclay, the first United States Senator from Peimsylvania, who wrote an interesting book of memoirs, gave ten acres more. Until a proper buUding could be erected, the govern ment was conducted in the Court-house of Dauphin County. I 129 130 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE The corner-stone of the Capitol was laid May 31, 1819, and in two years the buUding, afterward destroyed by fire, was" com pleted. Pennsylvania early began to show a tendency to become a manufacturing State. Before the Revolution stockings had been woven in large quantities by the Germans, of Germantown, and became famous; fulling mills, grist-mills, and saw-mills were along most of the streams, looms had been set up for the weaving of woolen goods; and potteries were numerous. Baron Stiegel had made glass at Manheim, specimens of which are '>¦ 1 gff ^Sfz . . ^m^ Mu fek 1 V^ lU' ^£7' 1^--^ 3 wSj^iarg. *«~uH mm w^ iM^v m H^^BI w^ ~<1^[ H p^^ -.*» l/ ^ ^9 ON THE LANCASTER PIKE. now much in demand, and many forges and furnaces for the manufacture of iron were owned by the Potts family and others. A society for the encouragement of manufactures was organized in Philadelphia prior to 1794. After the wars, which resulted in setting up an independent nation, and the increase of resources that followed, came the dawn of an era in which pubhc improvements were demanded. The first effort was to secure better highways. In 1792 the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike was chartered and built at a cost of $465,000. Before 1828 one hundred and forty-six turnpike companies had been chartered and one thousand and DEVELOPMENT 131 PERKIOMEN BRIDGE AT COLLEGEVILLE. DETAIL OF THE SAME BRIDGE. 132 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE seven miles of road had been constructed, toward which the State had contributed $1,861,542. The State had also contributed $382,000 toward the erection of bridges, the buUding of which had before often been aided by lotteries. Perhaps the finest old stone bridge in the State, built in 1799, spans the Perkiomen at CoUegeville, on the pike between Philadelphia and Reading. WiUiam Duane wrote, in 1810, that there was not a single canal in the State and that two-thirds of the lands remained a wUderness. By 1828 eighteen navigation companies had been chartered to build canals, and the State had made contributions of $130,000. A junction of the waters of the Schuylkill and the Susquehanna had been suggested, and Governor Joseph Hiester recommended a canal to connect the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. The canal from Reading, on the Schuylkill, to Middle- town, on the Susquehanna, was completed in 1827, and that from the Delaware to the Chesapeake in 1829. At the Legislative session of 1826 a Board of Canal Com missioners was created to provide for internal improvements, with authority to borrow $300,000, and they began to extend canals over the State. This board later became the most in fluential power in the State, and was presided over by Thaddeus Stevens. When railroads began to come into use, they were regarded only as an extension of the system of highways. The State, therefore, started upon the policy of aiding in their construc tion, and in 1835 owned six hundred and one miles of canals and one hundred and nineteen miles of railroads. The Penn sylvania Railroad Company, now having its extensions from ocean to ocean and through the country from North to South,, generally regarded as the best managed system in the world, had its origin in a railroad from Philadelphia to Columbia, chartered March 31, 1823. DEVELOPMENT 133 The charter of the existing corporation was approved by Governor Francis R. Shunk, April 13, 1846. The Erie Canal, devised by DeWitt Clinton, and constructed by David Thomas, a Pennsylvanian, had deflected the trade of the Great Lakes and the West from Philadelphia to New York, and made the latter the leading city of the nation. It was expected that a railroad over the mountains would bring this trade back to Philadel phia and restore the supremacy of that city. In order to make sure that no outside influence should get control, the charter provided that all of the directors "shall be citizens and residents of this commonwealth." This part of the plan failed. The road has grown wonderfully in wealth and strength, but the patriotic purpose intended has not been served, and, as time rolled along, was forgotten. The Philadelphia and Reading Railroad had its origin in Chester County in 1831, and was incorporated AprU 4, 1833. Through the foresight of Franklin B. Gowen, one of its later presidents, it secured control of the greater part of the anthracite coal deposits in the State. The charters granted at this period provided that the railroads should be highways, and contem plated that private owners of cars should have a right to use them. The most important national event in the period immediately succeeding the close of the War of 1812 was the overthrow of the Bank of the United States by President Andrew Jackson. This bank had been established by Congress in 1791, and to a great extent the flnancial stability of the country depended upon it. Nicholas Biddle, of Philadelphia, was its president. Jackson, recognizing that it represented political power as well as financial strength, became hostile. In the spring of 1833 he appointed WiUiam J. Duane, of Philadelphia, Secretary of the Treasury and a member of his cabinet. The funds of the government had been deposited with the bank, and he ordered 134 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE Duane to remove them and deposit them with the State banks. Duane replied that he was "obhged to decline to adopt the course described." Thereupon, in September, the President informed Duane: "Your further services as Secretary of the Treasury are no longer required." His more compliant suc cessor, Roger B. Taney, removed the deposits, which was a serious blow to the bank. When the charter of the bank ex pired Congress passed an act renewing it, which the President vetoed. Thereupon Elijah F. Pennypacker, who became a Canal Commissioner with Thaddeus Stevens, and v/as then Chairman of the Committee on Banks of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, had a bill passed granting a charter from the State which was approved by Governor Joseph Ritner, February 18, 1836. The bank, however, too sorely stricken, soon suc cumbed. The result was a widespread financial depression, and through the following years the currency of the country consisted of the issues of local banks. These notes varied in value according to the strength of the banks issuing them, which no man could know. Employers bought them up at a discount and paid them to their employees at par. Every merchant had to keep a counterfeit detector at his side. After an experience of a quarter of a century the nation returned to a national banking system. The effort of Pennsylvania to advance in canal im provements had resulted in the accumulation of a debt which amounted in 1838 to $30,174,304. In his message of 1834 Governor George Wolf maintained that corporations ought only to be created for purposes of pubhc utihty for which individual capital and credit were not sufficient, and he contended that "by multiplying these formidable irresponsible public bodies we shall in the process of time raise up within the commonwealth an aristocratiQ DEVELOPMENT 135 combination of powers which will dictate its own laws and put at defiance the government and the people." This was a philosophic attempt to forecast the future and to meet threat ened evils in their causes. Had the American people been wise enough to heed him they would have been saved many of the troubles which now cause so much commotion. Governor Wolf urged the cause of public education. During his administration, in 1834, a law was passed providing for a system of pubhc schools. The law met with much opposition from the selfish thought that one man ought not to be taxed to PROFILES FROM PEALB S MUSEUM. pay for the education of another man's children. An effort at repeal was made at the next session of the Legislature, but was defeated largely by the effect of a powerful speech made by Thaddeus Stevens. Like many another who has sought wisely to benefit humanity, Wolf suffered for his zeal, and at the next election he lost the governorship. Charles Willson Peale established the first museum in the United States in the State House in Philadelphia in 1802. For it he had painted portraits of the leading generals and political characters of the Revolution, and it is to him we owe the preser vation of their features and those portraits which hang in 136 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE Independence Hall. He did more. In connection with his museum, he employed a skiUed person to cut profiles. They constituted the portraiture of those who could not afford to pay for paintings in oil. Nearly all of the profiles found in possession of the older Peimsylvania families can be traced to this source. The Academy of Natural Sciences was founded in Philadel phia January 25, 1812. The Academy of the Fine Arts, the earliest in America, was founded in Philadelphia in 1805, the outcome of a drawing class started by Peale in 1791. Owing to a split in the Democratic Party, which had con trolled the State for thirty-three years, Joseph Ritner was elected governor in 1835 by the Whigs and Anti-masons. He was a plain German farmer, born in Berks County, and his education had been very limited. It is told that after his election one of his daughters asked her mother: "Mommy, will we all be governors?" The good lady rephed: "No, only Daddy and me." Whatever may be the foundation for this tale, a local poet wrote: " Der Joseph Ritner ist der mann, Wer diesen Stadt regieren kaim." He was much opposed to slavery, and in a message expressed decided views upon the subject. It is of him that Whittier wrote: "Thank God for the token! One lip is still free. One spirit, untrammeled, unbending one knee, Like the oak of the mountain, deep-rooted and firm. Erect when the multitude bends to the storm; When traitors to freedom and honor and God, Are bowed at an Idol polluted with blood, When the recreant North has forgotten her trust, And the lip of her honor is low in the dust; Thank God that one man from the shackle has broken! Thank God that one man as a freeman has spoken!" DEVELOPMENT 137 In 1837 a convention, presided over by John Sergeant, who had been a nominee for the Vice-presidency on a ticket with Henry Clay, met at Harrisburg and prepared a constitution, adopted the following year. It provided that no man should serve as governor more than two terms of three years each in any period of nine years, and did away with the life tenure of the judges. At the next election Ritner was defeated by David R. Porter. The leader of Ritner's friends, Thaddeus Stevens, claimed that fraud had been used, and advised his party to treat the election as void. When the Assembly met there were forty-eight Demo crats, forty-four Whigs, and eight contested seats from Phila delphia. This led to two organizations. In the Senate the Whigs had a majority, but there were also contested seats. Stevens went to help his party, but an angry crowd drove him away and he escaped through a window. The friends of Ritner seized the arsenal. The governor ordered out a division of militia, which, armed with buckshot, proceeded to quell the insurrection. The event has been called "the Buckshot War." In 1844, during the administration of Governor Porter, serious riots occurred in Philadelphia, originating in the hatred of foreign-born citizens and the formation of a native American party, in which many were killed and wounded and a number of Roman Cathohc churches were burned. The mihtia were called into service. In 1842 imprisonment for debt was abolished in Pennsylvania. In 1848, while Shunk was governor, the right to own and trans fer property was conferred upon married women. In 1851, during the administration of Governor WUliam F. Johnston, occurred one of the preliminary contests over the question of slavery. Edward Gorsuch and several others came from Maryland to capture some negroes alleged to be fugitive slaves at Christiana, in Lancaster County. Gorsuch was kiUed 138 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE and his son wounded. Trials for treason followed, but they were without result. The debt of the State amounted, December 1, 1845, to $40,986,393. In 1857, James Pollock being governor, the line of railroad from Philadelphia to Pittsburgh was sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company for $7,500,000, and the State, disposing of this and her other holdings, gave up the policy of endeavoring to own and manage lines of transporta tion. To the war with Mexico, in 1847, Pennsylvania sent two regi ments and several companies. In this war Meade, McCleUan, Hancock, Humphreys, Geary, McCall, and other distinguished soldiers received their training. For four years, from 1857 to 1861, the affairs of the United States centered about James Buchanan. Born of Scotch- Irish ancestry, AprU 23, 1791, in Franklin County, and educated at Dickinson College, he began the practice of law in Lancaster, a city which was his home through life. He was a member of the Legislature, sat in Congress for ten years, and for a year was Minister to Russia. In 1834 he was sent to the United States Senate. President Polk made him Secretary of State, and he directed foreign affairs when the boundary-line with England was settled, Texas acquired, and the war with Mexico fought. President Pierce sent him as Minister to England, and at the Ostend Conference he sought to bring about the purchase of Cuba. In 1856 he was elected President of the United States. Altogether a gentleman, with intellectual cultivation, pure in conduct, of the highest integrity, he approached the office with a training and knowledge of its requirements which no one of his predecessors had possessed. But he came to it in a time of storm, amid the perishing throes of the forces he repre sented. Under the control of the Democratic Party the system of DEVELOPMENT 139 slavery had grown and thriven, and now it was confronted with destruction. The repeal of the Missouri Compromise brought about a struggle in the territory of Kansas. John W. Geary, born in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, the territorial governor, maintained peace for a time and then resigned. 'C^Z MANUMISSION OF A SLAVE. Before the coming of Penn it had existed under both the Dutch and the Swedes. Peter Alricks and Governor Printz ' had both owned slaves. Many of the Quaker settlers had a few negro girls in their houses and a few negro men in their fields. Joseph Richardson, a Quaker, who in 1710 hved on a tract of a thousand acres at the mouth of the Perkiomen, owned ten of them. It is an interesting fact that Mordecai Lincoln, the 172 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE blacksmith, at Coventry Forge, in Chester County, and the ancestor of the President, had a negro slave Jack. William Moore, of Moore Hall, President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Chester County, had a number of slaves. John Harris, the founder of Harrisburg, owned slaves in 1733, one of whom, Hercules, who had saved him from the Indians, he manumitted. As a general thing they were well treated and when they died they were buried in the corner of the family graveyard, gener ally found in the woods in the roughest and stoniest part of the farm. In 1693 George Keith pubhshed "An Exhortation and Cau tion to Friends Concerning Buying .or Keeping of Negroes." The first effort to overthrow the system was directed against the slave trade. In 1712 the Assembly sought to prevent the importation of slaves by imposing the heavy duty of £20 upon each one of them brought into the province. Those interested in the trade in England had the law there repealed. The duty was then reduced by the Assembly to £5. In 1727 the ironmasters at Colebrookdale and Coventry, who had found it a means of supplying them with labor, asked for a repeal of all duties on slaves, but without success. The importation of slaves ceased about 1750, and the act of 1780 made it unlawful. William Southeby, who deserves to be remembered as a pioneer in a great movement, presented a petition to the Assembly in 1712 asking that aU of the slaves be set free. Ralph Sandiford had lived in the West Indies. There he was robbed by pirates, the sloop sunk in the sea, he was on the ocean for eight days in an open boat, and finally reached Cat Island. Then he came to Philadelphia. He wrote, had pubhshed, and gave away a little book in 1729 entitled, "A Brief Examination of the Practice of the Times," in which SLAVERY 173 he denounced slavery as a practice which ought to be disowned by all mankind. He published a second edition in 1730, also distributed without charge, under the title, "The Mystery of Iniquity." In it he said that slaves were sold twice a week in sight of his habitation in the centre of Philadelphia by auction along with the beasts. Christian magistrates, called Philadel- phians, saw the proceedii^. He also said that the .Chief BENJAMIN LAY. Justice of the Province at the Yearly Meeting of Friends threatened to commit him to jail for distributing the books, which he did at his own charge. He cited the advice of George Fox to Friends, "After a reasonable service to set them free," and he argued: "The Converting Men's Liberty to our Wills ... is what is to be abhorred by all Christians." Benjamin Lay came to Philadelphia from Barbados. He 174 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE was very short in stature, very slim in the legs, and he lived in a cave at Abington. There is a portrait of him engraved on copper by Henry Dawkins, one of the earhest and rarest of American portraits, in which he is represented standing in front of his cave holding an anti-slavery book in his hand. In 1737 he published and gave away a little book with the title "All Slave-Keepers that Keep the Innocent in Bondage Apostates." By this time the feeling against slavery had somewhat increased, since he wrote that his views did not grieve the Quakers, and that "It is by their request and desire that they are made publick." All three of these volumes were pubhshed by Benjamin Franklin. The cause, however, was unpopular, and that shrewd man of affairs took the money for them and put his imprint on none of them. John Woolman and Anthony Benezet followed with treatises upon the subject which had a much wider and more potent infiuence. In 1751 there were about eleven thousand negroes in Penn sylvania. Lydia Wade, of Chester County, by will set free her two negro slaves in 1701, and she appears to have been the first to set the example of manumission. In 1754 the Yearly Meeting of Friends printed and sent out a missive condemning the holding of slaves. About this time, under the impulse of an awakening of conscience, the whole society of Friends were aroused to an effort for the suppression of slavery. Many of them set their slaves free and then organ ized committees to visit those who still held them and urge a like course. In 1758 this policy was advised by the Yearly Meeting. In 1774 the Meeting in Philadelphia determined that Friends who held slaves beyond the time of the service of apprentices SLAVERY 175 should be treated as disorderly persons. In 1776 slave-holders were disowned. In this manner the Quakers put an end to slavery within their own sect, and gave to the world the first instance of its abolition. The combined influence of the Germans and the Quakers led to the legislation which in 1780 made Pennsylvania the flrst State in America to abolish the system. After this result had been accomplished, quietly and effectively in an orderly way, an effort was made to bring about like conditions beyond her own borders in the other States. Twenty-four conventions of Abolition Societies were held between 1794 and 1829, and twenty of these met in Philadel phia. William Lloyd Garrison started in 1830 an anti-slavery movement in New England which resulted from the effect of these conventions upon the thought of the nation . Pennsylvania became a haven for slaves who had escaped from their masters in the more southern States. Attempts to capture them within her borders often led to collisions. Her citizens were, with some justice, accused of violating the national law and obligations upon this subject. Her Legisla ture passed an act in 1847 against kidnapping, which made it a criminal offence for any one claiming a runaway slave to capture him by the use of violence. In 1850 Congress passed an act, called the "Fugitive Slave Law," which made it the duty of all persons to give assistance to the owners of slaves endeavoring to reclaim their property which had escaped to the free States. This law, though ac cepted and often enforced, ran counter to the feeling of a large proportion of the people of the State, and it was met by organ ized effort to aid fugitive slaves in their efforts to escape to Canada. In the border counties stations were established for this purpose upon what was termed "The Underground Rail road." Among those most active were Lucretia Mott, William Still, a negro, Daniel Gibbons, I. MiUer McKim, of Carlisle, 176 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE WUUam H. Furness, of Philadelphia, Grace Anna Lewis, Bartholomew Fussell, and Elijah F. Pennypacker. The last named wrote in 1857 that within two months he had taken forty-three "colored friends" in his own conveyance nine miles to Norristown. Sixty were sent through the station in Phila delphia in one month. These conditions continued from 1850 -up to the commencement of the War of the Rebellion in 1861. The part borne by Pennsylvania in that war has already been narrated. CHAPTER XVIII LITERATURE Before any people can have a distinctive literature they must have been welded together long enough to cherish ideals and aspirations in common, and to have developed a desire for the expression of them. England could have no real literature until the struggles of Celt, Saxon, and Norman had ended and the animosities produced by their wars had been appeased. The reason that Massachusetts came to the fore .so early in writing the history and verse of America was because her citizens were of one blood, the followers of a single sect who thought alike upon all the problems of life. The divers races with different creeds which settled Penn sylvania have not yet dwelt long enough together to have be come homogeneous, but when that time arrives we may anti cipate with entire certainty the greater strength which comes with the broader foundations. Three years after the coming of the English Quakers to Penn sylvania in 1682, William Bradford, the printer, appeared in Philadelphia, and in 1685 published an almanac and a small volume descriptive of the people and the region, which is one of the important sources of our early history, Thomas Budd's "Good Order Established in Pennsylvania and New Jersey." In 1687 he published the earliest American edition of "Magna Charta," with a preface by WUUam Penn. So far as known, only one copy of this edition has been preserved. It is in the M 177 178 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE The Exceilcat Privilcdge of LIBERTT & PROPERTr BEING THE BIRTH-RIGHT Of the Free-born Subjedls of England. CONTAINING J . M/t£na Chare/t^ with a learned Comment upon it. 1 1 The Confirmation of the Charters of the Li berties oiEngUfidzuA of the Forreft, made in the 55th year of Edward-xXxz Firib I If. A Statute made the ^^.Edro.i. commonly called De TalUgeo non Conctdcndo % wherein all Fundamental Laws, Liberties and Cuftoras are confirmed. 'With a Comment upon it. IV. Anabftraftofthc Pattent granted by the King to fn^iMamPenn and his Heirs andAf- figns for the Province of Vtmftlvama. V. And L'iflfy-, The Charter of Liberties granted by the faid l^f^iHiam Penn to the Free-men and Inhabitants of fheProvince Q{?em/iii/AnM and Territories thereunto annexed, lajimriea. Major Hisreditas vtnit: nmeunq^; nojirum a '^ure & Legibm, quam a ?.arenttbtis. EARLIEST AMERICAN PUBLICATION OF MAGNA CHARTA. LITERATURE 179 Friends' Library in Philadelphia. He issued a proposal for publishing the Bible in 1688, but it was too large a venture for that period to be successful. In 1692 R. Freame wrote "A Short Description of Pennsyl vania." It contains information iii doggerel verse and is the beginning of printed versification in the State. The dissensions among the Quakers brought about by George Keith in 1692 led to many controversial pamphlets during the next ten years. Pastorius was the author of many volumes, most of which remained in manuscript, but three or four of them were printed in Europe. He wrote our earhest school book, a primer, printed in 1701. A single copy of it is preserved in a Quaker library in Europe. No other American prior to the Revolution attained to so high a position in Enghsh hterature as did James Ralph, born in Philadelphia about 1700. He left a daughter in that city, among whose descendants are the members of the well-known Quaker family of Garrigues. He and FraiUilin were inseparable companions, and went to London together in 1724. To him Franklin dedicated his "Liberty and Necessity," but they afterward quarreled over a matter not creditable to Franklin. When the first edition of Pope's "Dunciad" appeared in 1728, Ralph wrote a satire in defence of the authors attacked, and Pope in the second edition rephed in the well-known line: "Ralph to Cynthia howls." He aided Hogarth in the prepa ration of the "Analysis of Beauty"; he was a friend of Garrick, who helped him to secure a pension; he wrote the preface to Fielding's play, "Temple Beau," and was a partner of Fielding in conducting a journal and a theatre. Smollett, in his history of England, tellii^ of the men of genius of the time, includes Ralph with Robertson and Hume, caUing him "the circum stantial Ralph." Thackeray, in the "Paris Sketch Book," devotes to him a page of moralizing in an' effort to show 180 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE how perishable is history and how permanent is romance. Byron, in the "Enghsh Bards and Scotch Reviewers," has the lines: "Oh! hadst thou lived in that congenial time To rave with Dennis and with- Ralph to rhyme." He wrote a "Critical History of the Administration of Sir Robert Walpole," a work on the "Use and Abuse of Parha- ments," and "The Case of Author by Profession and Trade Stated," in which he was the earUest to take up the cause of authors in their relations with publishers. His most important work, however, was "The History of England During the Reigns of King WUliam, Queen Aime, and King George I" in two folio volumes. This history received praise from Charles James Fox and Bolingbroke. Hallam calls him "the most diligent historian we possess for the time of Charles II." When Prince Frederick and the Earl of Bute wrote a "History of Prince Titus," which has been a subject of curiosity and interest in English literature ever since, they entrusted the manuscript to Ralph, and it was found among his papers. The "Historical Review of Pennsylvania," pubhshed in London in 1759, has always been credited by historians to Franklin. He, however, wrote at the time, that this volume "was not written by me nor any part of it." Job R. Tyson said in 1827 that it was attributed to Ralph. He died January 24, 1762, and in recog nition of his services George III gave a pension of £150 a year to his daughter. The people of Germantown were the most literary of the settlers, no less than eleven of them having written books. Jacob Taylor, in 1702, Titan Leeds, in 1716, John Jerman, in 1721, 1. Hughes, in 1726, W. Birkett, in 1729, Thomas Godfrey, in 1731, and Benjamin Franklin, in 1733, began the publication of a series of almanacs. These almanacs were all pretty much LITERATURE 181 alike in construction, being little books containing the days of the week, the months, echpses of the sun and moon, the main roads and fairs, short dissertations and pithy sayings, the later ones imitating those which went before. They became more important and larger in size when Christopher Sower, of Germantown, in 1738 began to add illustrations. Newspapers had their origin in Pennsylvania when Andrew Bradford, in 1719, started the "American Weekly Mercury." This was foUowed by Samuel Keimer's "Pennsylvania Gazette," which was later bought by Franklin. Keimer, one of the French prophets, had some talent, com posed as he set the type an elegy in verse upon Aquila Rose, and had the enterprise to pubhsh in 1728 "Sewel's History of the Quakers," a large foho. He proved to be a friend to the impoverished Franklin and gave him work and assistance. Later he went to Barbados, where he published a newspaper called "The Caribbean." The magazine literature of America began in 1741 with the issue of "The American Magazine," by Andrew Bradford, edited by John Webbe. Only three days later Franklin pubhshed the first number of "The General Magazine." Keimer in 1729 published an edition of "Epictetus," the first transla tion of a classic to appear in America, and in 1735 James Logan translated "Cato's Moral Distichs," the earliest American translation of a classic. With collections of the hymns of the Dunkers at Ephrata, between 1730 and 1739, and the poem of Aquila Rose in 1740, the publication of Pennsylvania verse may be said to have begun. Christopher Sower estabhshed a printing-press in German- town in 1738, a newspaper in 1739, and between 1743 and 1777 he printed three editions of the Bible and seven editions of the New Testament. 182 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE f^- /^', ' PAGE FROM EPHRATA MUSIC BOOK. The first American English Bible appeared in PhUadelphia in 1782. The Dunkers at Ephrata, in Lancaster County, started a press in 1745, and four years later published the most import ant literary production of colonial America. It was a huge LITERATURE 183 folio of about fifteen hundred pages concerning rehgion, history, and biography, and was bound with stout boards and had leather clasps. Thirteen men worked on it for three years making the paper, printing, and binding, while Henry Funk and Dielman Kolb supervised the translation from the Dutch. A bright satire of great literary merit and of unknown author ship, called "The Chronicles of Nathan Ben Saddi," which dealt harshly with Isaac Norris, Franklin, Hughes, Wayne, and others, was published in Philadelphia in 1757. David James Dove, a schoolmaster in Philadelphia, and Isaac Hunt, the father of the famous English poet, Leigh Hunt, whose mother was a Pennsylvania woman, wrote a number of caustic pamph lets in the period just after the French and Indian War. But the credit of introducing hterature into America must be accorded to the Scotchman, Robert Bell, who, beginning with the publication of "Rasselas" in 1768, produced before 1782 Robertson's "Charles the Fifth," Blackstone's "Commen taries," Burgh's "PoUtical Disquisitions," Milton, "^sop," Thompson's "Seasons," Young's "Night Thoughts," with many other standard and some original works, several of them illustrated with portraits by the celebrated engraver, John Norman. We are told in 1784 that "Just by St. Paul's where dry divines rehearse, BeU keeps his store for vending prose and verse." The earliest American edition of Shakespeare appeared in Philadelphia in 1796, and almost contemporaneously with their publication in England Wordsworth's "Lyrical Ballads," containing Coleridge's "Ancient Mariner," were brought out in the same city in 1802. WUliam Makepeace Thackeray, the English novehst, was first introduced to the readers of books by the publication of 184 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE his "Yellow Plush Papers" in PhUadelphia in 1837. This fact is a remarkable indication of hterary acumen. "A History of Peimsylvania," in two volumes, by Robert Proud, a Quaker schoolmaster, appeared in 1797. Charles Brockden Brown, the first American to make litera ture a profession, born in Philadelphia in 1771, wrote six novels: "Wieland," "Ormond," "Arthur Merwyn," "Edgar Huntly," "Clara Howard," and "Jane Talbot." Though somewhat lurid and gloomy, they were widely read, affecting English taste, and made a deep impression upon Shelly, who said they in fluenced him beyond any other books. When Scott wrote "Guy Mannering" he founded the story upon the career of James Annesley, a redemptioner, sold to a farmer in Lancaster County, named the leading character after Brown, and called another Arthur Merwyn. Brown's novels were reproduced in England. Francis Hopkinson at the time of the Revolution wrote sprightly verse from which even CampbeU copied, including the "Battle of the Kegs," a lively description of an effort by the use of floating casks of gunpowder to destroy the British fleet in the Delaware. "The American Magazine," edited by William Smith, the first provost and founder of the University of Peimsylvania, began in 1757, and continued through thirteen numbers. In it is a description of the youth of the artist West. Thomas Paine edited the "Pennsylvania Magazine," an ambitious effort with iUustrations, which ran through two vol umes in 1775 and 1776. "The Columbian Magazine" con tinued from 1786 to 1792, was rich in portraiture and illus tration, and gave much attention to history, biography, verse, essay, agriculture, and manufacturing interests. It was the most important American periodical attempted up to that time. LITERATURE 185 The first successful American magazine was the "Portfolio," edited by Joseph Deimie, which commenced in 1801 and was maintained through forty-four volumes. It secured the aid of all the men of literary reputation throughout the country, and in the merit of its productions equaled any of the period icals published at the time in England. PORTRAIT FROM COLUMBIAN MAGAZINE. At this period Philadelphia had long been known and for many years was to continue to be known as the "Athens of America." She attracted to her portals aU those of culture who for any reason came across the Atlantic. Priestley, when driven out of England by intolerance, was among them. Talleyrand, Beauvais, Vicomte de NoaiUes, Volney, the Due de Liancourt, Moreau, and later Murat and Joseph Bonaparte were among tbe French residents. Even Voltaire said that only seasickness 186 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE prevented him from going to the same city. Thomas Moore, the Irish genius, who translated the odes of Anacreon and was the author of "Lalla Rookh," lived in a one-and-a-half-story house TOM MOORE'S COTTAGE ON THE SCHUYLKILL. opposite an island in the SchuylkUl. He wrote for the "Port folio" verses closing: "The stranger is gone, but he will not forget ¦When at home he shall talk of the toils he has known. To tell with a sigh what endearments he met, As he strayed by the wave of the Schuylkill alone." Alexander Wilson, poet and ornithologist, buried in Old Swedes churchyard along the Delaware, made a trip on foot to Niagara Falls and in a poem called "The Foresters," printed in the "Portfolio," described the events and the scenery. Else where he wrote: "Sweet flows the Schuylkill's winding tide. By Bartram's green emblossomed bowers. Where nature sports in all her pride, Of choicest plants and fruits and flowers." The New England School of Litterateurs, which later became famous, received its training in Philadelphia, LongfeUow, LITERATURE 187 Holmes, Lydia H. Sigourney, Frances Osgood, and Harriet Beecher Stowe were contributors to Godey's "Lady's Book," established in 1830. Edgar Allen Poe lived in Philadelphia and edited "Graham's Magazine" and the earlier one conducted by William E. Burton, the actor. One of his successors was Rufus W. Griswold. John G. Whittier and James Russell LoweU were both residents of Philadelphia, the former as editor of the "Pennsylvania Freeman" and the latter as an assistant to Graham. "The Raven" and "The Goldbug" were both written in PhUadelphia. BIRTHPLACE OF THOMAS BUCHANAN READ. George Lippard, born in Chester County, Sociahst and man of letters, became, with "The Monk of Wissahikon," "Blanche of Brandywine," and other tales, the most popular novelist of his day, though his style is too exuberant and tropical to suit modem tastes. In "Nick of the Woods" Robert Montgomery Bird produced a narrative of adventure among the Indians in Kentucky more entrancing than the tales of Cooper. His plays became a part of the r61e of Edwin Forrest, the actor. Thomas Buchanan Read, bom in Chester County, both artist and poet, was the author of "Sheridan's Ride" and other poems more meritorious, among them "The Wagoner of the Alleghanies." 188 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE Lindley Murray, born in Lancaster County, wrote a grammar which was used in all English and American Schools, and his name became "a household word in every Country where the English language was spoken." Bayard Taylor, born in Chester County, is probably the most famous man of letters from Pennsylvania. He was a voluminous writer in many lines of work. He translated the "Faust" of Goethe. It is a grave question whether the "Scarlet Letter" of Hawthorne or the "Story of Kennett" by Taylor holds the higher rank among American novels. THE HOME OF LLOYD MIFPLIN. Leigh Hunt was the son of Isaac Hunt, who lived and wrote in PhUadelphia, and of Mary SheweU, a Quakeress of that city, and through her he is related to many Pennsylvania famiUes. David Ramsay published a "History of the American Revo lution" in 1789. It passed through many editions, and was translated into many languages. His other works were numer ous. Bom in Lancaster County, a graduate of the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, he became a delegate to the Continental Congress, a prisoner of war, and President of the South Carolina Senate. Henry C. Lea's "Studies of the Period of the Reformation" LITERATURE 189 have given him a world-wide and permanent fame. The "Variorum Shakespeare," by Horace Howard Furness, is gener aUy regarded as the most thorough study of the Enghsh drama tist. Dr. S. Weir MitcheU has written "Hugh Wynne," "Madeira Tales," and much else in prose and verse. Owen Wister, still living, attained success with the "Virginian," "Lady Baltimore," and other novels. John Bach McMaster's "History of the United States" is a comprehensive study of a large subject, and has been compared with the work of Macau- lay. Lloyd Mifflin, writing sonnets about the beautiful region of the Susquehanna, has been likened by English critics to Anacreon and Shakespeare, and is perhaps the most regarded of living American poets. CHAPTER XIX SCIENCE AND INVENTION The Quaker settlers of Pennsylvania with the German sects holding like views of life, the Mennonites, Schwenkfelders, and Dunkers, looked upon art, music, and amusements as frivolous and worldly, and upon war as wicked. Their emotions found an outlet in philanthropy and their mental activities turned toward practical affairs and science. Naturally, botany, which ^ -tmto.j^y ^^B JOHN BARTRAM S HOUSE. concerned the trees, plants, and flowers growing around them, was the earliest to attract their attention, John Bartram, born in 1699, son of a Quaker farmer, was one day plowing and turning down the daisies in the meadow. Sud denly his conscience smote him as he thought of the number of years he had been "destroying so many flowers and plants without being acquainted with their structure and uses." He 190 SCIENCE AND INVENTION 191 began to study those upon the farm and, extending his re searches, he travelled to other localities and States. In 1731 he built a house below Philadelphia on the west bank of the Schuylkill, and on the grounds running to the river located the first botanical garden in America. It is still preserved by the city as a park. He corresponded with leading scientists in Europe, and became known as the American Linnseus. He pubhshed a book about some of his journeys in 1751. James Logan wrote in Latin an essay upon the "Generation of Plants," basing his researches largely upon the maize or Indian com. It was published in Leyden in 1739. Humphry Marshall, born in 1722 in Chester County, of Quaker ancestry, influenced by the vicinage, friendship, and example of Bartram, took up the study of trees, and ere long was in correspondence with the leading men of Europe in that line of investigation. Like Bartram, he sought to contribute knowledge. In 1785 he published in Philadelphia his "Arbus- tum Americanum," or "Description of American Trees," which has been called "the first truly indigenous botanical essay" published in this Western Hemisphere. Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst Muhlenberg, born at the Trappe, in Montgomery County, in 1753, wrote much upon the same subject, and his works are regarded as of high authority. He received honorary degrees from universities of learning at Erlangen, Berlin, Gottingen, and other places. His catalogue of the plants of North America was published at Lancaster in 1813. Dr. Benjamin S. Barton, born in Lancaster in 1766, and his nephew. Dr. W. P. C. Barton, born in Philadelphia, were both botanists of note, and the latter, published a work upon "The Flora of North America." WiUiam Darlington, born in Chester County in 1782, pubhshed "Florula Cestrica" in 1826. A rare pitcher plant discovered in California bears his name, "Darlingtonia Californica." 192 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE Although the credit of inventing the quadrant is often given to Hadley, an EngUshman, it was, in fact, the outcome of the genius of Thomas Godfrey, a native of Pennsylvania, born in 1704. When the American Philo sophical Society arose in 1744, scientific inquiry in America was put upon an organized basis, and the systematized elucidation of scientific subjects began. Those who made the most contributions to its researches were David Rittenhouse, Dr. William Smith, the Provost of the College, and John Lukens, the Surveyor General. Rittenhouse, who reached the highest intellectual plane of any native or resi dent of the province, discovered for himself the theory of fluxions, con structed a telescope and a plan of the heavens, made in 1769 the observations on the transit of Venus, calculated the dis tance of the sun, and first ascertained that the planet Venus was surrounded by an atmosphere. He is perhaps the most eminent of American astronomers. Ebenezer Kinnersley studied carefully the problems of electricity, made many discoveries, and delivered a series of lec tures upon the subject over the country. The results of his researches Franklin transmitted to Europe, having himself tried the experiment of flying a kite to prove that lightning and electricity were manifestations of the CLOCK MADE BY DAVID RITTENHOUSE. SCIENCE AND INVENTION 193 same force. The result has been that all over the world men concerned in the investigation and utilization of this most potent and interesting of forces look back to Pennsylvania as a source of information and for the beginnings of our knowl edge concerning it. Oliver Evans, a mechanic of great talent, living in Phila delphia in the latter part of the eighteenth century, made the first high-pressure steam engine and the first steam dredg ing machine used in the country. With its own power this machine moved to the SchuylkiU and, being there fitted with a paddle, moved itself to the Delaware and up the river. He constructed mills and invented their machinery. He fore casted that the time would soon come when carriages propelled by steam would travel over the country on two tracks prepared for them, and that a man would eat his breakfast in New York, his dinner in Philadelphia, and his supper in Washington. Joseph Priestley, the chemist who discovered oxygen, spent the later years of his life and ended his days in Northumberland County. Peter S. DuPonceau, a Frenchman, came to this country during the Revolutionary War as an aide upon the staff of Baron Steuben, and after the war remained in Philadelphia. He became President of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. He devoted much time to philology, and was one of the first to study scientifically the structure of the Indian languages. Aided by the Moravian missionaries, Zeisberger and Hecke- welder, he contributed much to the information upon this subject. John Fitch, living in Bucks County, invented the steamboat, and for several months ran his boat upon the Delaware River between PhUadelphia and Burlington. He was too early to receive recognition, and the venture failed. Robert Fulton, born in the lower end of Lancaster County, was more fortunate. 194 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE He ran a boat called the "Clermont" from New York to Albany in 1807, and thereafter the people of the world traveUed over its seas by the use of steam. In a practical way the most valuable of all of the sciences is entomology, or the science which treats of the lives and habits of insects. The reason is that insects prey upon man and his products. Infinitely more men die in battles with the lower forms of animal life than in wars with each other. It is far easier to overcome the Bengal tiger and the cobra than it is to destroy the mosquito. The father of entomology in America is F. V. Melsheimer, a preacher who lived in York County, and who published at Hanover in 1806 "A Catalogue of Insects of Pennsylvania." Alexander Wilson, a Scotchman, came to Philadelphia in 1794, and there worked as a copperplate printer. He had both ambition and talent. He walked from PhUadelphia to Niagara FaUs and wrote a description of his joumey, a volume of verse three times printed, caUed "The Foresters." He sought to make a complete study of American birds, and, starting in 1804, travelled over the country. He both drew and etched. His efforts resulted in the publication of an American "Ornith ology" in nine volumes. Exposure caused his death in 1813, and he is buried in the Old Swedes Church at Weccacoe. He was followed by John James Audubon, who hved for many years on the Perkiomen near its mouth. He published an immense work upon the "Birds of America," which brought to him lasting fame, but not much profit. Many of his adven tures in the search of birds amid the ynlds of the West were both dangerous and romantic. Richard Harlan, born in Philadelphia in 1797, published in three volumes a "Fauna Americana," or description of the animal life of the country. No name is given greater recognition in the annals of science SCIENCE AND INVENTION 195 than that of Joseph Leidy, a scion of a Pennsylvania Dutch family of Montgomery County. He became a vice-president of the Afcademy of Natural Sciences and a professor in the University of Pennsylvania. He published five hundred and fifty-three papers upon mineralogy, botany, zoology, compara tive anatomy, and palaeontology. He directed his attention, however, especiaUy to the study of the Rhizopoda and minute invertebrates, or creatures without skeletons. He discovered the Trichina in the pig, which is the cause in men of the disease called trichinosis. From a few broken teeth foimd in the West he was able to depict the entire form of an extinct rhinoceros, and the subsequent discovery of a skeleton proved him to be correct. Thirty-nine learned societies over ]the world honored him with membership. Daniel G. Brinton, bom in Chester County in 1837, became an authority upon American ethnology, and published many works concerning the languages, traditions, manners, and customs of the Mayas, of Central America, and of the Lenape, Iroquois, and other Indian tribes. Edward Drinker Cope, born in PhUadelphia in 1840, made a special study of palaeontology, and his fame was worldwide. Ernst Haeckel, the celebrated German scientist, said of him that he had described and named about one-third of all the known fossU vertebrates of North America, or about 1155 species. Most of the recent scientific investigations within the State have been made under the auspices of or connected with the Academy of Natural Sciences, whose president. Dr. Samuel G. Dixon, is now at the head of the State Department of Health. CHAPTER XX ART Considering the fact that the settlement of Pennsylvania was so largely due to the emigration of sects inclined to repres sion and to look askant at all tendencies to gratify the upwelling of primitive instincts, it is remarkable that this State should have had so pronounced an influence upon American art. American portraiture began here, the organization of the study of art was brought about by the creation of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and the popularizing of art in this country may be said to have been the natural and direct result of the Centennial Exposition of 1876. While, with the changes that continually come over the fancies of men, it is the fashion of the hour to depreciate Benjamin West, no other American has ever reached so high a place in art in the opinion of his contemporaries at home and abroad, and with another turn of the tide we may anticipate a revival of interest in his work. In many ways the art expression in Pennsylvania is quite unusual, and deserves a much more careful attention than it has heretofore received. In almost every Quaker household in the early time a sampler hung in a frame against the wall of the parlor. It was expected that every little girl should make one of them. Upon a linen background with colored woolen she produced the letters of the alphabet, the numerals, her name, the date, religious sentiments, verse, trees, flowers, and houses. 196 ART 197 A SAMPl/ER, 198 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE Almost every German family had what was called a "Vor- schrift." It had the same characteristics as the sampler, except •^ V. 'B -111/"'*"'' ' '- " W ^ >;•'. -.^.v. -At, •-^^rm, (ff(s }iirtroinrrnn(| I Ins anflf?nirni ' [..pj.i.ir, luii. }iu t-iuii|[|nnq una uiiutJtifiru T», A VORSCHRIPT MARRIAGE SCENE. (Never before used.) that the work was done with a pen and brush, using water-colors. The baptismal certificate, or "Taufschein," regarded as essen tial, was cut into ornamental shapes and decorated with hand- ART 199 painted birds and flowers. The middle age art of illumination found its last expression in the manuscripts of the Dunkers of Ephrata and the Schwenkfelders of Montgomery County, in which human figures and allegorical designs were often rendered with great beauty. Women spent much time over the production of coverlets, bed-spreads, and quilts, which were ornamented with in- mi^^^J: ¦:^\[m\ mi? .^ auf>^'Mi(in . i(!(n [\\\^in-^-\KK}M\m,Sr ,J/':'//,,/y: .^^,„ k'liur (iil'ulKiiX^K'maliVin : ^w^ My (^r//<»iii'fl"'ftww*w«li..ii'.*iii'rtn«i»«ffnirt illliili MUlUMWil ..^.^ ^r-*.«^ IRON STOVE-PLATE. were also made at Durham and at Elizabeth, a furnace buUt in Lancaster County about 1750, and famous because it be longed to the celebrated Baron Wilham Stiegel, who also made a glass now much sought for. The first furnace, "Mary Ann," west of the Susquehanna was built in York County in 1762 by George Ross and Mark Bird, a son of William Bird and a colonel in the Revolutionary Array. IRON AND COAL 237 In 1789 there were in Pennsylvania fourteen furnaces and thirty-four forges. One of the most noted of the iron proper ties of the State is CornwaU Furnace in Lebanon County, started in 1742 by Peter Grubb, who left two sons, both of whom becarae colonels in the Revolutionary Army. The works of the Phoenix Iron Company at Phoenixville, in Chester County, arose out of a rolling and shtting mill erected at the mouth of the French Creek by Benjamin Longstreth in 1790. IRON FURNACES AT LEBANON. The same year John Hayden made "the first iron in a smith's fire" west of the Alleghany Mountains in Fayette County, and in the same county the earliest furnace west of the mountains was erected. The manufacture of iron rapidly travelled westward. From the beginning of the nineteenth century down to 1842 there was more iron produced in Huntingdon and Centre Counties than anywhere else in the country. Up to this time the smelting was done in charcoal furnaces and the supply of fuel came from the forests. From this centre of production most of the iron was 238 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE hauled in wagons to Pittsburgh, which then began to be known as a mart for the product, which later gave to that city so much of its wealth. Fayette County also continued as an important centre in the making of iron, having in 1811 eleven fumaces, eight forges, three raUls, a steel furnace, and five trip-hammers, and in that county the first puddling mill in America was built in 1816. Arthur St. Clair, who had been Major-general in the comraand -r^^M ^&- 1^ •^>: .:. -'''-'-:^ '-^/¦-; •..i.«-"'" <' -v^r: ¦¦••^-'"-- '"'kM • ¦m^ ^4^^ PITPSBURGH. of the Army of the United States, undertook to make iron near Ligonier in Westmoreland County in 1802, but, unfortunate in this venture as in his campaigns, failed. The great industry at Johnstown, known in recent years as the Cambria Iron and Steel Company, began with Cambria Forge, built by John Holiday in 1809. George Anshutz, born in 1753 on the borderland between Germany and France, and who had had the management of a foundry at Strasburg, built a furnace in 1792 in Pittsburgh, IRON AND COAL 239 and thus became the leader in a development which has affected the commercial relations of the entire world. There were three nail factories in Pittsburgh in 1807; Abner Updegraff started to make files; a rolling miU followed in 1813, and thirteen years later there were six of thera. The leadership of Pennsylvania in the production of iron and steel has been raainly due to the energy shown in this respect by the people of Pittsburgh. AUegheny County in 1901 produced 23 per cent, of the pig iron of the United States and 38 per cent, of the steel of the United States. It is shown by the census of 1900 that Pennsylvania as compared with the entire country produced 46 per cent, of the pig-iron, 48 per cent, of the steel rails, 91 per cent, of the structural steel, and 56 per cent. of the rolled products. The fortune of Andrew Carnegie, one of the most immense the world has ever known, and which has given assistance to libraries and charities in many lands, was the outcome of the growth of this industry. Bessemer steel began to be made in Pennsylvania at Steelton in 1867, and in the same year the first steel raUs in the United States were rolled at Johnstown. - But the making of iron and steel could never have assumed such proportions but for the deposits of coke and coal,, anthra cite and bituminous. In Pennsylvania there are about seven teen hundred square miles of anthracite coal deposits. About one hundred and fifty thousand men are employed in mining it. The production has reached about sixty millions of tons in a single year. In 1776 James Tilghman wrote to the Penns, then proprie taries, that "a bed of anthracite coal had been found in the Wyoming Valley, and that it may some day or other be of great value." He was cautious, but still a prophet. Two years later a couple of blacksmiths used some of it in their forges. A boat load of it was shipped to Columbia in 1807. The next 240 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE year Jesse FeU, of Wilkes-Barre, proved that it could be burned in an open grate. He wrote on February 11, 1808, that he had found that "it wUl answer the purpose of fuel." Two hundred tons sent to PhUadelphia in 1803 were thrown away. A man who in 1812 took some wagon loads to the same city was threatened with arrest. Not until 1825 could any be there 'sold, but the same year at Phoenixville it was first successfully used in generating steam. sw ^"U^^M I^i^*i^~ ^ Lk. m mm '^^^^mm, ^K ^^ B^j .^i*^^- :\ ipi^HJI^^^^ Pi PH'^^.^^'^ ^^^ft COAL BREAKER AT SHENANDOAH. It was first used successfully as an exclusive fuel in a blast furnace by William Lyman at Pottsville, October 19, 1839, and six months later David Thomas, at Catasauqua, succeeded in blowing in a furnace with it. This able ironmaster conducted the industries which have resulted in the Bethlehera Iron and Steel Company. The introduction of the use of anthracite and bituminous coal began another epoch in the manufacture of iron. The supply of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania is much more extensive, covering twelve thousand square miles, but this IRON AND COAL 241 variety of coal is found in many of the States. It was used in Philadelphia during the Revolution, and in 1789 sold there for Is. 6d. a bushel. It was used at Fort Pitt in 1760, and within a few years its use there was generally known. It was applied to a steam engine in 1794. Transportation of this fuel from Pittsburgh began in 1803. It was first used in blast-furnaces at Sharon, in Mercer County, in 1843. The total annual production in Pennsylvania has reached about forty mUhons of tons. COKE FURNACES. In 1835 WUham Firmstone made pig-iron at Mary Ann Furnace in Huntingdon County by the use of coke as fuel. Two years later about one hundred tons were made in Fayette County with the same fuel. In 1856 there were twenty-one fumaces in the State making iron in this way, and at the present time fifteen-sixteenths of aU of the iron of the United States are produced with coke as fuel. Pennsylvania produces more coke than aU of the other States combined. The growth of the output of iron and coal has gravely affected the State materially, moraUy, and polit- Q 242 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE ically. Canals and railroads have been laid out to the rain ing regions, and now the coal is largely owned through indirect processes by the railroads. If the State is out of debt it is because of the fact that these corporations have been taxed for her benefit. The corpora tions, whose stock is mainly owned elsewhere, have brought to their mines and furnaces the surplus of population from all of the nations of Europe, and she has been compelled to maintain a national guard and constabulary to keep the unruly in order, while often enduring the criticism of those who have brought such difficulties upon her and who are quietly reaping the profits. CHAPTER XXV INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS After iron and coal, the most important natural production of Pennsylvania has been coal-oil. Great interests have arisen from it and much romance has gathered around it. The largest individual fortune the world has ever seen is the outcome of the development of the business of securing and distributing coal-oil. The existence of the oU had long been known, and one of the streams emptying into the Allegheny River had been named Oil Creek because of the quantity of petroleum which floated upon its surface. It was known as Seneca oil and sold in the drug stores. Attention was called to its great commercial value in a very curious way. We all know Bret Harte's poem of the unlucky man who failed in his search for water and found gold. This story here was realized. A man named Kier, at Tarentum, Pennsylvania, in 1847 bored for salt water and pumped up oU. He put it into barrels and sold it as a wonderful remedy brought up out of a weU in Allegheny County four hundred feet deep. A professor at Dartmouth CoUege, using one of the bottles of oil, told a man named Bissell that in his opinion it could be used for the purpose of hghting houses. Bissell drew the conclusion that the right way to get to the source of supply was to bore into the earth, organized the Penn sylvania Rock Oil Company — which was the first of its kind in the United States — and sent a quantity to SUliman, Professor 243 244 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE of Chemistry in Yale College, who reported that nearly the whole of the raw product could be treated so as to be used for iUuminating and other purposes without waste. Edwin Drake, one of the stockholders of this company, went to TitusviUe, devised the plan of driving a tube into the ground, and succeeded in 1859 in drilling the first oil-well. Twenty- five barrels of oil were secured from this well. OIL DERRICKS. Then began what has been caUed the "oil fever." People from all parts of the country flocked to western Pennsylvania. In aU of the larger cities oil companies without number were organized, whose stock was sold on the market, and sometimes at high prices, before a driU had reached the ground. Land which for generations had been regarded as alraost barren sold for fabulous prices. To "strike oil" became the term used for the sudden gathering of riches. "Coal-oU Johnnie," an ignorant young man whose paternal INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 245 acres had long brought only poverty and were now found to be loaded with wealth, appeared in Philadelphia, scattering ten- dollar bills in all directions, and buying a team of horses on one day only to give thera to his coachman on the next. He built an opera-house in Cincinnati and ended his career as its door keeper. In 1860, near RouseviUe, the oil flowed out of a well without the use of a pump, and other flowing wells in other localities were soon found. A merchant at TitusviUe bored a well which supplied sixty gallons a minute, and within two years this farm land yielded one hundred and sixty-flve thousand barrels of oil. The production of the region soon ran up to hundreds of thou sands of barrels a day. Oil was first transported in wagons and in boats. The raUroads were laid out to Oil City in 1865. But in 1864 Samuel Van Syckel constructed a pipe line four miles in length, and the result was a change in the entire method of trans portation. A few weeks' time was often sufficient to create a centre of business activity. Pit Hole City was but a farmhouse in May, 1865, and by September had fifteen thousand inhabitants. A refinery was built at Corry in 1862. There were great changes in the prices of oil. In 1859 crude oil brought ten doUars a barrel and in 1863 ten cents, but it soon again rose rapidly in price. In 1880 the entire production amounted to twenty- seven milhons three hundred and thirty-four thousand one hundred and ninety-nine barrels. In recent years the Standard Oil Corapany has controUed to a great extent the oil production of the country. Natural gas, found in association with coal-oil at a depth of five hundred to seven hundred feet, began to be used about 1870, and has furnished hght to Pittsburgh, TitusviUe, and other places. 246 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE The manufacture of Portland cement, which has taken on large proportions and is rapidly growing, began in 1870 in a smaU operation by David 0. Saylor, of AUentown. Lehigh County produces about 60 per cent, of the entire production of the United States. For the first century after the settlement the skill of individual artisans supplied the comparatively simple needs of the people. Along the streams mills driven by the weight and momentum of falling water sawed the logs, ground the flour, and fulled the woven cloth. PORTLAND CEMENT WORKS AT ALLENTOWN. In 1758 no salt was made in the colonies and this com modity was all imported. Robert Hunter Morris, in a petition to Parliament, offered to establish the industry in Pennsylvania at his own charge if he should be permitted to enjoy the profits for such a term of years as would com pensate him. Around the iron furnace or forge could be found a blacksmith shop, a country store, a pottery, and a cooper shop. The black smith made the utensUs which the housewife used about the oven and fireplace, and the iraplements which the good-man INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 247 used in the hay-field and around the barn. They were expected to last for generations and often were ornamented and dated. The potter made from clay the pie- dishes and meat-dishes which, when not in use, stood on the mantel-piece in the kitchen or were put away in the cor ner cupboard. The broom-com grown in the garden found its way to the hands of a broom-maker, whose productions ran in size from a rude whisk to the huge broom which swept the stables. A weaver wove the linen for the coverlets and, receiving the round baUs of rags cut into strips and sewn into lengths, made them into carpet, and many an urchin has lain on the dining-room floor to search out in the new carpet the remnants of the coat he so long wore. The majority of the settlers of Ger mantown were weavers, and for a cen tury thereafter the Germantown stockings held a place in the markets. Henry William Stiegel, who is described in contemporary literature as a German Baron, and who certainly was a heroic figure, in 1757 bought a furnace in Lancaster County, erected in 1750, and named it Elizabeth, in honor of his wife. He bought large tracts of land and founded the town of Manheim. Before 1768 he had begun the making of glass, and established the first successful manufacture of glass in America. His glass, which Franklin called "a coarse ware," recognized by the irregularity of the lines, by its clear ring, and by the uneven frac ture of the base of the piece, is now sought after with great zeal. COLONIAL LAMP. 248 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE The basket-maker made baskets of rolls of straw bound round with strips of hickory and oak, of willow and of hickory, in a great variety of shapes and sizes. The great resources of Pennsylvania led inevitably to the development of manufactures, and with the growth of the manufactures and the introduction of machinery these trades men were little by little swept aside. The Colonial houses with STIEGEL GLASS. high ceilings and spacious rooms of which so much is heard were the outcome of a later era, with increased wealth, and were most of them built in the begiiming of the nineteenth century. Albert Gallatin, the famous Secretary of the Treasury, started a glass factory on the Monongahela River in 1787, and ten years later another was established in Pittsburgh. In the production of glass and plate-glass Pennsylvania leads aU of the other INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 249 States of the Union. In 1904 she had invested in this industry 3,612.180, out of a total in the United States of 189,389,151, A STRAW AND HICKORY BASKET. PLATE-GLASS WORKS AT PITTSBURGH. the most of it in Pittsburgh. Of the seventeen plate-glass manufactories in the same year eleven were in Pennsylvania. 250 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE The Baldwin Locomotive Works in PhUadelphia, estabhshed by Matthias W. Baldwm in 1831, made the first American locomotive, and are now the largest in the world. Doyyn to 1880 they had constructed two thousand eight hundred and sixteen locomotives, and the output has since been increased to about three a day. Within three years after the settlement vessels and boats had been buUt in Philadelphia. Through the colonial period AT PHILADELPHIA NAVY-YARD. raft ships containing as many as eight hundred logs each were sent to England. In 1769 twenty-two vessels were built. During the Revolution the beginnings of a navy were established on the Delaware. After that struggle a trade with China arose, and the "Canton," a ship of 250 tons burthen, left Philadelphia. In 1850 there were four lines of vessels running between that city and Liverpool. The "Arctic," which Dr. Elisha Kent Kane took upon his expedition to the North Pole, was built in Philadelphia. Down INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 251 to 1892 ninety-three of the vessels of the United States Navy had been there constructed. John Roach & Sons, at Chester, and WiUiam Cramp & Sons, at Philadelphia, gave a great impetus to American ship-building. During the Rebellion the latter firm built the new "Ironsides," and later many vessels for the American and Russian navies, becoming famous over the world. In the manufacture of textile goods PhUadelphia is not only by far the leading city of the United States, but also the leading city of the world. She produces one-tenth of all the textile goods of the country. In this city William Calverly in 1775 made the first American carpets. The Disston Saw Works include fifty-seven buildings, occu pying fifty acres of ground and make nine milhons of saws in the course of a year. For a long time Pennsylvania led in the production of lumber, but has of late been surpassed by two or three of the Western States. The centre of this industry was Williamsport, and the logs were drifted down the Susque hanna River in rafts from both of its branches. Few men would be inclined to dispute the statement that in breadth of conception, energy of execution, and ultimate suc cess no other American merchant has equalled John Wanaraaker. He began in a one-story roora at the Comer of Sixth and Market Streets in Philadelphia in 1861. The present store, twelve stories in height, occupies nearly a square of ground at Thir teenth between Chestnut and Market Streets, being the largest retail store in the world, and employs about ten thousand per sons. When the efforts of A. T. Stewart, who had been the leading New York merchant, came to disaster after his death, Wanaraaker bought the establishment and built a sixteen-story structure at Tenth Street and Broadway. He has likewise a bureau in Paris and an office in London. Among the great inventors of the world who have revolu- 252 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE tionized industries are included General Benjamin Chew Tilghman, of Philadelphia, who discovered the process of making paper from wood pulp, Robert Fulton, of Lancaster County, to whom is given the credit for the steamboat, Christo pher Latham Sholes, of Montour County, who invented the Remington Typewriter, and Cyrus Hall McCormick, who invented the reaper which cuts the ripened grain, and who came of a family living along the Susquehanna. CHAPTER XXVI TRANSPORTATION lN.no respect have the habits of people changed more in the three centuries since the Dutch first came to the South River than in the readiness and frequency with which they move themselves and their goods from place to place. The peasantry of Europe,, both on the Continent and in England, were for centuries attached to the soil by habits and legal relations almost as closely as though the ties were physical. In recent times it has been no unusual thing for a Yorkshire farmer never to leave the farm on which he was bom. Even to-day the traveller is irapressed with the deserted condition of the roads of England, and with the fact that only the nobility and gentry seem to use them. When the first settlers came to the region which is now Pennsylvania there were Indian trails running in various direc tions throughout the country. The Indians were not un- skiUed in engineering problems, and these trails were generally direct, found the gaps in the mountains, and followed the streams. A historical map of Pennsylvania, published in 1875, shows perhaps the raost of thera. One entered the State, on the borders of Susquehanna County, followed the head-waters of the Susquehanna River, and thence to Conemaugh, the site of Johnstown. One started at Conestoga, ran to the source of the Conestoga Creek, then to the source of the Sankanac or French Creek, then to the Manayunk, now Schuylkill River, and ended at Coaquannock, the site of Philadelphia. 253 254 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE These trails were helpful to the settlers, whose first means of transportation was the back of a horse. The horses were generally branded on the shoulder or buttocks with the initials of the owner or an adopted brand-raark. Horses were easily stolen, and in the early newspapers adver tisements offering rewards occur very fre quently. Devices of various kinds to pre vent such theft were adopted, among them an iron horse collar which was fastened to the staU with a lock. The ranger whose duty it was to look after horses and cattle was a regular officer of the county. Soon roads were laid out by local sur veyors, and juries under the supervision of the Courts of Quarter Sessions of the dif ferent counties. The trees were cut down and the hills to some extent levelled off, but these roads were crude and rough. Along the main roads stones were carved and set up at the end of each mUe to show the distance frora Philadelphia to the near est leading settlement. Ere long efforts were made to use the rivers and streams, and boats to carry produce and freight were built, propelled and directed by the use of poles in the hands of the boatmen. This led to attempts to improve the navigation of the streams. Rough dams were built where necessary to deepen the chan nels. In 1761 a Board of Commissioners was appointed by the Assembly for "cleaning and scouring" the Schuylkill River and making it passable for boats, flats, rafts, canoes, and other small vessels. The records show that Pennsylvania was better suppUed with wagons than any of the other colonies. Braddock secured there for his expedition in 1755 one hundred and fifty wagons. IRON COLLAR AND LOCK TO PREVENT HORSE STEALING. TRANSPORTATION 255 In 1780 Washington made a requisition for ten hundred and sixty-six wagons frora this State, in addition to those which had already been supplied. Joseph Reed, who was then President of the State, protested, saying, "Your Excellency recoUects that the array has been chiefly supphed with horses and wagons frora this State during the war and that most of ON THE UPPER DELAWARE. them now attached to the army are drawn from this State." He further adds that one-half of aU the supplies furnished the army for the preceding three years came from Pennsylvania. The Conestoga wagon came into vogue about 1760, and was regarded for a long while as the highest type of freight trans portation in the country. It was drawn by six horses and had a curve in the bottom, which to some extent prevented the shp- 256 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE ping backward and forward of the contents when going over the mountains. It may alraost be said to have raade the settlement of the West at the time it occurred possible. The wagon originated, or at least received its name, from a valley in Lancaster County inhabited by German Mennonites and Amish. It was covered with canvas. Strings of bells hung upon the horses. A large wooden pot, with a leather thong, filled with grease for the wheels, hung upon the wagon. A CONESTOGA WAGON. In 1761 there were only thirty-eight vehicles of all descrip tions in Philadelphia, and in 1796 this number had been in creased to eight hundred and sixty. A line of stages connecting Philadelphia and New York ran from Burlington to Amboy once a week in 1732. A line in 1766, with spring wagons called "flying machines," made the trip twice a week. Passengers from Philadelphia to Baltimore TRANSPORTATION 257 in 1788 slept the first night at Christiana Bridge and paid for their fare £1 5s. In 1828 the "Good Intent" made the trip between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh in fifty-two hours. The movement for the construction of turnpikes began in 1792. In that year the Assembly chartered a company to con struct an artificial road between Philadelphia and Lancaster, and thus began the first turnpike of any importance in the United States. It was extended to the Susquehanna in 1803. Twenty years later eighteen hundred and seven mUes of turn- THE PENNSYLVANIA CANAL. pike roads had been constructed in the State, and in 1831 Governor Wolf was able to inforra the Legislature that there were twenty-five hundred miles of such roads. A canal was projected to connect the waters of the Susque hanna with those of the Schuylkill as early as 1760, and two years later a committee of the American Philosophical Society made a survey for the purpose. It was laid out to run from Middletown to Reading, and was the first location of a canal in the United States. The Revolutionary War interfered and E 258 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE work was not commenced upon it until 1791. Four mUes were opened in 1794, but it was not completed until 1827. In 1818 there were only three or four miles of canals in opera tion in the State, but the success of the Erie Canal in New York gave a great impetus to this kind of construction. The stock of the SchuylkiU Navigation Company, whose canal was com pleted in 1825, sold a few years later for three and a half times its par value. Up to the end of 1832 four hundred and eighty and a half miles of canals owned by the State had been finished. In 1841 they had been increased to 649 miles. Canals were not, however, permanently successful, and were superseded as carriers by the railroads. Railroads in America, like most of the other pursuits of men, even the most important, began in a very smaU way. In 1801 Thomas Leiper built at the Bull's Head Tavern, at Third and CallowhiU Streets, in Philadelphia, what was called a tram-road, twenty-one yards long, and by horse-power hauled over it a car containing ten thousand six hundred and ninety-six pounds of material. In 1809 John Thomson, the father of John Edgar Thomson, who became President of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, built for Thomas Leiper a tram-road sixty yards long, and as this was successful, Leiper built another a mile long from Crura Creek to Ridley Creek in Delaware County. In 1818 a hke road was made for transporting ore and iron at Bear Creek furnace in Armstrong County. On all of these horse power was used. These primitive roads led up to the modem railroad and the locomotive. On March 21, 1823, a charter was granted for building a rail road from Philadelphia to Columbia. This road, eighty-one miles in length, was completed in 1834 and was then regarded as a great engineering triumph, and comraunication between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh by railroad and canal was opened. By the close of the year 1830 twenty-eight charters for rail- TRANSPORTATION 259 roads had been granted. In 1836 there were in the State 188i miles of railroad in operation. They belonged to fourteen different companies, and among them were the Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown, the Mauch Chunk, the West Chester, and the Little Schuylkill roads. In addition the State owned 118 miles of railroad. ROCKS AT HUNTINGDON. At the present time there are three great systems of railroads which have ramified in many directions and accumulated vast capital, and which have been the outgrowth of the develop ment of the interests of this State. The Philadelphia and Read ing Railway Company, primarily a road for the carrying of coal, was incorporated in 1833, and now operates over a thousand miles of road. After many vicissitudes of fortune it is now reap ing great prosperity, due to the conceptions of the brilliant 260 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE Franklin B. Gowen in the past and the energy and capacity of George F. Baer in the present. The Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, also organized as a coal road, was incorporated in 1846, and now operates with its extensions and the lines it controls about fourteen hundred railes of railroad. The principal figure connected with this road and responsible for its growth was the late Asa Packer. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company, one of the most ex tended in its lines, most important in its work, and raost effi cient in its raanagement to be found in the world, was incor porated in 1846. Nothing has been able to thwart its progress. THE HORSESHOE, PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. It has tunnelled rivers, climbed mountains, and crossed with its extensions the continent from ocean to ocean. It has had an exceptionally able succession of Presidents, including John Edgar Thomson, Thomas A. Scott, and Alexander J. Cassatt, and it is one of the provisions of its charter that every raeraber of its Board of Directors must be a citizen of Pennsylvania. The Northern Pacific Railroad, the earliest effort to reach the Pacific Ocean from the East and to connect the Western Border with the Atlantic States, owes its origin to Jay Cooke, of Phila delphia, the financier of the War of the Rebellion. When the plan was first broached all financial men regarded it as visionary, and after it succeeded all followed in the wake. TRANSPORTATION 261 During the first half of the nineteenth century omnibuses and stages drawn by two horses furnished the transportation for persons going from place to place in our large cities. In 1857 the Fifth and Sixth Streets Passenger Railway Company started a line of street cars on the streets of Philadelphia. The precedent was soon followed on other streets and in other cities. At first and for many years the cars were drawn by horses. Various devices to supply power were tried, including underground cables. Now street cars as-e everywhere run by electricity supplied by overhead or underground wires. In the present period trolley lines are being extended out into the rural districts and have been given the right to carry freight, and, to the more prosperous, automobiles furnish in dividual transportation. CHAPTER XXVII EARLY RELIGIOUS SECTS It may be said with truth that the Baptists, who under the lead of Roger Williams settled Rhode Island, and the Quaker followers of Penn were the only American colonists who founded colonies to escape religious oppression, and were sufficiently enlightened to accord to others the religious liberty they claimed for themselves. Around the dome of the Capitol at Harrisburg is written the prophecy of WiUiara Penn, "And my God will make it the seed of a nation." His inspiration has found fulfilment. When there was written into the Consti tution of the United States that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof," and that principle was accepted by the other colonies and embodied in their State Constitutions, they had abandoned their own conceptions of the province of govern ment and were converted to those of Pennsylvania. The Dutch who first settled upon the Delaware River were, for the most part, Dutch Reformed or Calvinists, but among them was one colony of Mennonites, at the Hoorn Kill. The Swedes who came later were, in the main, the foUowers of Luther. The Quakers who founded the colony in 1682, and main tained control of the government of the province down to the time of the Revolution, occupied the three counties of Phila delphia, including what is now Montgomery, Chester, including 262 EARLY RELIGIOUS SECTS 263 what is now Delaware, and Bucks. Though they extended into other counties and were to be found over the State, they nowhere else constituted a majority of the residents. Most of the Welsh imraigrants were Quakers, and among the Welsh the Baptist Church in the province took its origin. Almost at the same time with the Quakers a number of Men nonite famiUes, consisting of thirty-three persons, some of whom may have been affected by the Quaker doctrines before their immigration, formed the settleraent at Germantown. They EifPi^. .*.i:.:erfSS^r*fW|''*^^f^'l^'-;-i^# ¦mmmmmmgsmKM MENNONITE MEETING-HOUSE, GERMANTOWN. built a log meeting-house in 1708, and another at Skippack in 1725. In 1694 a number of Pietists, among whom were Johannes Kelpius, the hermit of the Wissahickon, and Henry Bernhard Koster, a very learned man, who had translated the Septuagint version of the Scriptures, came to the Wissahickon, and became known as "The Society of the Woman of the WUderness." When Kelpius came to die the story of King Arthur, Sir Bedi- vere, and the Sword Excalibur was repeated in events along the Schuylkill. This society built a monastery of stone upon the Wissahickon in 1734. Mennonites from the Palatinate, the Upper Rhine, and from 264 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE Switzerland occupied the rich lands along the Conestoga in Lancaster County in 1710, and made of that county the richest agricultural region in the United States. To the same locality came later the Amish followers of Jacob Ammen, a Swiss, who made a schism among the Mennonites to enforce a more strict discipline. They wear long beards, fasten their coats with hooks and eyes, and lay great stress upon the "Ban," or shun ning of those who have transgressed. Among these people a hymn-book is still in use the hymns of which narrate in detail the martyrdom of their ancestots by fire and sword. Thomas Dungan, a Baptist preacher from Rhode Island, came to Pennsylvania about 1684 and estabhshed a smaU con gregation of that sect at Cold Spring, in Bucks County, which kept together for eight een years and then per ished. The oldest exist ing Baptist Church in the State is that organ ized by a few Welsh immigrants at Penny- pack in 1687. Twenty years later they built a stone church. EUas Keach, the first pastor, began to preach in pre tence, but succeeded in converting himself, con fessed in tears his impos ture, and thereafter took charge of the congregation until 1692. The Biaptist movement received a great impulse from the Keith schism among the Quakers, and those who went off with Keith were known as Keithian Baptists. Among thera was Thomas Rutter, the blacksmith, who started making iron as has been GREAT VALLEY BAPTIST CHURCH. EARLY RELIGIOUS SECTS 265 before told, and he baptized a number of persons. The church in the Chester Valley was built in 1722. Ebenezer Kinnersley, who had the assistance of Franklin in his electrical experi ments, a professor in the CoUege now the University of Penn sylvania, was a Baptist. While there may have been a few raerabers of the Church of England in the province from the beginning of the settlement, the organization of that Church also had its rise in the difficul- ST. David's episcopal church. ties amoi^ the Quakers which were the outcome of the contro versy with George Keith. Many of those who had been con verted to Quakerism in England, and with him later separated from the Meeting, returned to the religious associations of their early Ufe. Christ Church, in Philadelphia, was buUt in 1695 and was regarded as an imposing buUding. It cost over £600. Evan Evans became the first rector in 1700. The most con spicuous persons among the members were Jasper Yeates, 266 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE Joshua Carpenter, Colonel Robert Quarry, the Judge of the Admiralty Court, and John Moore, the Advocate of that Court. The Welsh settlers in Chester County established St. David's Church at Radnor, about which Loi^fellow wrote a beautiful poem and in whose yard Anthony Wayne was buried, in 1700. About the same time, certainly before 1708, Edward Lane, one of the seceders from the Quakers with Keith, founded St. James, on the Perkiomen. This church still has its old altar table of walnut wood and the prayer-book and Bible sent over by the society for the propagation of the gospel in 1723. Many Revolutionary soldiers are buried in its church-yard. Other early churches were those at Oxford, Chester, and White Marsh. The first General Convention to organize the church throughout the country was held in PhUadelphia in 1785 under the aus pices of Bishop WiUiara White, who presided. The main sources from which arose the Presbyterian Church in Pennsylvania and, in fact, in the United States were the German Calvinists, who in 1710 began to arrive in New York, and thence foUowed the Susquehanna into Pennsylvania; the Scotch-Irish, who came in large numbers from the north of Ire land from about the year 1730, and settled the interior valleys and mountain regions of the State, and an infusion into its central part of Puritans from New England. Francis Makemie, an Irishman, as early as 1692 preached in a loft over the Bar bados warehouse at the Northwest Corner of Second and Chestnut Streets, Philadelphia. The first regular Pastor was Jedediah Andrews, who in 1698 preached altemately to Pres byterians and Baptists. In 1705 seven preachers created the first Presbytery. In 1788 was held the first General Assembly of the Church in America, and it met in Philadelphia. The Log College, founded in 1725, educated the preachers, among them Gilbert and WiUiam Tennent, and paved the way for Princeton University and other colleges throughout the country. EARLY RELIGIOUS SECTS 267 The coming of George Whitefield, the most noted preacher of his time, to America in 1738 was an impressive event. His powerful voice could be heard in the city from Sixth Street to the Delaware River. He preached at Neshaminy, Skippack, and other places. The Dunkers came to Germantown with Alexander Mack in 1719. They are distinguished from the other German peace sects in the fact that they believe in immersion and that the ^Wl^M'^ ' * ^s^bI m igg^ BUILDINGS OF THE DUNKERS AT EPHRATA. ceremony should be performed three times. They have proved to be an energetic proselyting sect and have steadily grown in numbers. To them we owe the very early and prolific printing- presses of Germantown and Ephrata, the Uterature of which marks an epoch in American life. When the War of the Rebel- hon closed they did a work of signal significance and piety by sending to the impoverished Rebels of the Shenandoah Valley the seed wheat necessary to sow their fields. 268 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE The Schwenkfelders were the forerunners of the Quakers. Caspar Schwenkfeld, of Silesia, preached in 1523 the doctrines accepted by George Fox in 1648. They came to Pennsylvania in 1734, bringing with them their sixteenth century volumes of literature, which were here often reproduced in neatly written manuscripts. In the year of their arrival they established a "Gedachtnis Tag," or Thanksgiving Day, and have maintained it ever since. Among their descendants are John F. Hartranft, Major-general and Governor, and Christopher Heydrick of the Supreme Court, and of late years they have estabhshed the thrifty Perkiomen Seminary. The Lutheran faith was first pronounced in America by the Swedes. Daniel Falckner, who later wrote a descriptive book 'j<:?uy AUTOGRAPH OF DANIEL FALCKNER. about the country, came to Germantown in 1694, and was a Lutheran. A church was established at Falckner's Swamp, in Montgomery County, in 1703. The authorities at Halle, Germany, sent Henry Melchior Muhlenberg to Pennsylvania in 1742, and he spent his life in the organization of the Church and the broadening of its influence. He lived at the Trappe, in Montgomery County, and the church, built there in 1743, is still piously preserved in its original condition. The reports he sent to Halle and there printed supply much early original information. Paul Van Vlecq was the pastor of a Dutch Reformed Church at Neshaminy in Bucks County in 1710, and from there came to Skippack to baptize a number of people. The same year Samuel Guldin, a Reformed preacher from Switzerland, came to Pennsylvania, and later here wrote a book against the Mora- EARLY RELIGIOUS SECTS 269 vians. The Church, however, in this State may claim as its founder John Philip Boehra, who in 1725 preached at Falckner's Swamp, Skippack, and White Marsh. He, too, wrote a book against the Moravians, published by Andrew Bradford. His most prominent and efficient successors were George Michael Weiss and Michael Schlatter, the latter of whom sent reports to Holland gathered into a volume. A remnant of the Moravians who had tried to form a settle ment in Georgia came to Northarapton County in Pennsylvania in 1740. Two years later Count Ludwig Von Zinzendorf, the head of the Church, joined them and founded Nazareth and LUTHERAN CHURCH AT THE TRAPPE. Bethlehem. He held several conferences in an effort to unite the different churches of the province, but this proved to be im practicable. The Moravians had great influence over the Indians, and may be said to be the only one of the Protestant sects which succeeded in converting the heathen. They pro duced much literature and were leaders in education and musical instruction. Captain Thomas Webb, a soldier who had lost an eye under Wolfe at Quebec, preached a Methodist sermon in Philadelphia in 1767 or 1768. A church, bought frora the Reformed, be came a Methodist Church in 1770 and was caUed St. George. 270 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE Three years later there were one hundred and eighty members in that city. Neither John Wesley nor Francis Asbury, who became the first American Bishop, intended to form a new Church, and began with the use of a prayer-book, but events proved to be too strong for thera. The Methodists have rapidly grown to be one of the raost numerous and influential of American churches. Mittelberger, writing in 1754, names fifteen different sects then in Pennsylvania whose presence was due to the breadth ST. George's m. e. church, Philadelphia. and liberahty of Penn, and still did not succeed in naming them all. Mass was celebrated in Philadelphia in 1707, and one of the accusations against Penn in England was that he permitted what was termed a scandal. Some of the Catholics in Mary land, to avoid maltreatment, moved to Peimsylvania. A chapel was erected near Nicetown in 1729. There were Catho lics among the German immigrants and some in Lancaster. John Royall, born in 1729, was the first native to become a priest. Father Greaton, a Jesuit, established a congregation in Philadelphia in 1740, and a few years later two German EARLY RELIGIOUS SECTS 271 Jesuits from the Rhine labored among the Germans.' In 1741, when Father Theodore Schneider began his career here, there were Catholics in Philadelphia and at several places in Montgomery and Berks counties. As late as 1844 many of ST. Mary's catholic church, Philadelphia (Founded 1763.) the Catholic churches in Philadelphia were burned by mobs, requiring the calling out of the mihtia. In recent years the membership of the Church has much increased in numbers and influence. No man was more highly esteemed than Archbishop Patrick John Ryan. CHAPTER XXVIII ROMANCE Pennsylvania has been so conspicuous in the development of American life for her resources, her prosperity, and her many achievements in war and statecraft that to a certain extent the romantic and attractive features of her growth have been obscured and neglected. They are worthy of more atten tion than this brief chapter can give them. The attempt to transport a sect of people across the seas to a wild land, where a colony should be founded based upon the principles of equal privileges and universal toleration, and where the hostiUty of the savages, who hunted through the woods and raet their foes with scalping-knives in their hands, was to be overcorae not with firearms, as in Mexico and in New England, but by the exercise of kindness, has a dramatic interest which strongly appeals to the imagination. It was indeed a "holy experiment," and it succeeded. The province became, in truth, "the seed of a nation," and the Indians came to regard Penn as Brother Onas and a friend. He was the only founder of a colony in America who won their permanent regard. When the French exiles were driven out of Grand Pr6 in Canada they did not rest until they had reached Philadelphia, and the tragic scenes of "Evan geline" depicted by Longfellow close in a hospital in that city. On April 18, 1728, the good ship "James," of Dubhn, Thomas Hendry master, set sail for Philadelphia. On board were a number of redemptionists to be sold as servants for their passage money and expenses, and among thera was a boy then about 272 ROMANCE 273 eleven years of age. He was sold to a farmer in Lancaster County and there he grew to manhood. His name was James Annesley. His mother died when he was an infant, and his father, the Earl of Anglesea, the owner of vast estates, married again, and soon after also died. His uncle seized the estates, claimed the title, and sent him across the seas to perish or gr6w up in obscurity. When Admiral Vernon came to this country with his fleet Annesley was found on the farm and taken back to England. There he brought an action of ejectment and recovered a judgment. It is one of the most famous of English trials. Its incidents form the groundwork for Smollett's novel of "Peregrine Pickle," Charles Reade's "Wandering Heir," and Sir Walter Scott's "Guy Mannering." This is not the only instance of Pennsylvania influence upon the "Waverly Novels" of Scott. He had heard much of the beauty and at tractiveness of Rebecca Gratz, of Philadelphia, and introduced her into his novel of "Ivanhoe" in the character of Rebecca the Jewess. The struggles with the Indians along the border, after the many wars had begun, were replete with incidents which would give a vivid color to any narrative describing them. Many tragic events marked their course, among them the massacre at Wyoming, which led CampbeU to write his poem "Gertrude of Wyoming," and the massacre of the friendly Conestoga Indians in the jail at Lancaster by the Paxton Boys. Daniel Boone, the most heroic figure in Kentucky annals, whose statue is set in t^e Capitol at Washington, and who is referred to by Byron in "Childe Harold," Lewis Wetzel, the desperate Indian fighter of Western Virginia, and Simon Girty, the renegade who took part with the British and the savages and witnessed the burning of Colonel Crawford — were all born in Pennsylvania. Captain Samuel Brady, who has been called the hero of s 274 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE Western Pennsylvania and whose fame for adventure is kept ahve in all the hterature of the West, was born in Shippensburg. He took part in the War of the Revolution, saved the life of Colonel Edward Hand at Princeton, was wounded at Brandy wine, and at PaoU had his coat pinned fast by a British bayonet, but tore out the piece and escaped. His father and brother were killed by the Indians, and he spent the rest of his life in hunting the perpetrators down and seeking vengeance. His adventures and escapades were many and thrilling. On one A PENNSYLVANIA STREAM. occasion, dressed and painted as an Indian and scouring the distant forests, he met a chief and his party returning from the war-path, having Jenny Stupes and her baby thrown across the horse he was riding. Brady shot and killed the chief and, though fired at by the Indians, succeeded in escaping with the woman and child. A Mrs. Bozarth, living along Dunker Creek in Westmore land County, was startled one day by her children running into the house with the cry that there were "ugly red raen outside." There were two white men in the house, but before they could ROMANCE 275 get the door closed one of them was shot. An Indian forced his way inside. Mrs. Bozarth picked up an axe lying by the fireplace, killed three Indians with it, and finally got the door closed in safety. In the year 1778 the Indians carried off from Wilkes-Barre a little girl five years of age, named Frances Slocura. Nothing was heard of her for sixty years afterward, and, then she was found the wife of a chiefs a raother and a grandraother, in a wigwam among the Miamis in Western Indiana. She had forgotten the English language and her name, but remembered some of the incidents and localities of her childhood and showed the thumb which her little brother had crushed with a hatchet. She had become an Indian in thought and feeling and refused to return to her relatives. The deeds of the seven Doane brothers of Bucks County, who at the time of the Revolution rode to and fro far and wide across the country; of Captain Joseph Richardson, who lived along the Schuylkill and in folk tales is associated with them; of James Fitzpatrick, the gentleman robber of Chester County, finally betrayed by a woraan, and of Elisha Bowen, a popular preacher at the beginning of the nineteenth century, whose raethod of proceeding was to build up a congregation, raarry a girl, and then steal a horse and ride off to repeat the operation else where — are as full of dramatic interest as anything which oc curred upon Exmoor or attracted the attention of the author of "Lorna Doone." Tacy Richardson, daughter of the captain who has just been raentioned, owned a favorite riding horse of good blood. The British Army on their way to Philadelphia carried it off with them. She followed them to Philadelphia and found it in a pound surrounded by a high fence. The British officer in chg,rge told her in a spirit of banter that she could have it again if she could get it out of the pound. She mounted the 276 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE horse, patted his flanks, leaped the fence, and away. The troopers chased her as far as Levering's Mill. She lost her comb, her hair flew in the wind, but she came home with the horse. The shooting of Braddock by Thomas Fausett, one of his own men; the burning of Kittanning by Colonel John Arm strong; the bringing in of the captives by the Indians to Bouquet at Pittsburgh and Carlisle; the driving of the tea-ship out of the Delaware River; the deed of the youth who rode through the Rebel Army before Gettysburg and brought the news of the advance of the Array of the Potoraac to Governor Curtin at Harrisburg; the putting of a Pennsylvanian at the head of the Array of the Potomac only four days before the battle which crushed the Rebellion — are all events which appeal to the imagination. "Molly Pitcher" was a native of Carlisle. Her husband entered the service as an artilleryman and she followed him, as Katharine, Empress of Russia, followed her Swedish husband to Turkey, into the war. At Monmouth he was killed. Then she fought the gun to the end of the battle and won that illusive reward called fame. Lydia Darragh, a Quakeress in Philadelphia, overheard the British officers then in occupation of the city discussing the plans for attacking Washington. Under pretence of going to the mUl she trudged through the snow to White Marsh and gave warning of the intended movement. When it was made the Americans were found prepared and the battle at White Marsh was an American success. Rowland Richards, frora the Chester Valley, had a grist- mUl in 1732 at the mouth of the French Creek where Phcenix vUle now stands, and he cut paths through the woods putting up signs "R. R. M." He failed and his goods were sold by the sheriff. His wife fell on her knees by the roadside and cursed ROMANCE 277 the mill and all who might possess it. Through the century one disaster followed another. The miU becarae part of the iron tract and every attempt to build up slitting miUs and naU factories ended in failure. In 1839 it was used as a dwelling. A great flood that year tore it out to its foundation, and all of the occupants except one little girl, whom the villagers saved, were drowned. The man at the head of the household clung for hours to a buttonwood tree in the SchuylkiU, but finally dropped into the river and disappeared. Years later the tree was struck by lightning and burned to the ground. Then the iron industry of Phoenixville prospered. In 1779 Anthony Wayne, with 1500 men, captured the British force of 600 in the fort upon the crest at Stony Point by assault. It was the most brilhant event of the Revolutionary War. Wayne, expecting to be kUled, sent his watch home and wrote to a friend to look after his children. The assault was led by twenty-one men, called the "Forlorn Hope," at the head of whom was a young lieutenant named James Gibbons, from Philadelphia. When he had crossed the swamp at the foot of the mount, and an abattis, and another abattis, and climbed the wall of the fort, and looked into the eyes of the British garrison, seventeen of these men had been shot. Not the Greek who defended the pass at Thermopylse or the mountaineer of the Tyrol, who gathered the spears into his bosom, is more deserving of eternal fame. CHAPTER XXIX POETRY It is impossible to separate history from verse. All of the earhest annals of nations begin with ballads preserved in the memories of bards. Had it not been for Homer we should have known nothing of the Trojan wars. "Suwanee River," "My Old Kentucky Home," and other soi^s, giving expression .^*«r* ** ' "^MfMH^ttf^ ^ .A^'^^SttS^' ^? ^^J ^^^^S^*""^ ^^£r^ ^i^^M^^ W^^^^ h"- - BIRTHPLACE OF STEPHEN C. FOSTER. with sympathy and pathos to the feeling of the South and every where sung, were written by Stephen C. Foster, of Pittsburgh. There are certain poems which are distinctively Pennsyl vanian and, representing the spirit of their time as no narrative 278 POETRY 279 does, they must be read and studied. Pastorius expressed the learning of the settlers of the province when he wrote among others this Latin verse as a letter to an old friend: DE MUNDI VANITATE Vale mundi genebundi colorata Gloria Tua bona, tua dona, sperno transitoria Quae externe, hodierne, splendent pulchra facie Cras vanescunt et liquescunt sicut sol in glacie. Quid sunt Reges? quorum leges terror sunt mortalibus. Multi locis atque focis latent, infernalibus. Ubi vani crine cani Maximi Pontifices? Quos honorant et adorant cardinales suppKces. Quid periti? 'Eruditi sunt doctores artium Quid sunt harum, vel illarum studiosi partium? Ubi truces, belli duces? Capita mihtiae? Quos ascendit et defendit rabies saevitiae. Tot et tanti, quanti quanti, umbra sunt et vanitas. Omnium horum nam decormn brevis est inanitas. Qui vixerunt, abierunt, restant sola nomina, Tanquam stata atque rata nostrae sortis omina, Fuit Cato, fuit Plato, Cyrus, Croesus, Socrates, Periander, Alexander, Xerxes, et Hippocrates, Maximinus, Constantinus, Gyges, Anaxagoras, Epicurus, Palinurus, Daemonax, Pythagoras, Caesar fortis, causa mortis tot altarum partium, Ciceronem et Nasonem nil juvabat artium. Sed hos cunctos jam defunctos tempore praeterito, Non est e re recensere. Hinc concludo merito Qui nunc degunt, atque regunt orbem hujus seculi, Mox sequentur et labentur, velut schema speculi. Et dum mersi universi sunt in mortis gremium, Vel infernum, vel aeternum sunt capturi proemium. Hincce Dei Jesu mei invoco clementiam, Ut is sursum, cordis cursum ducet ad essentiam, Trinitatis, quae beatis summam dat laetitiam. *^nmci4 ianifi^ '^^i \i/fiyf^/(^. 280 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE When the British were in Philadelphia and had their fleet on the Delaware the Americans sent some kegs charged with gunpowder floating down the stream in an effort to destroy the vessels. The British opened fire. Francis Hopkinson, signer of the Declaration of Independence, then wrote this baUad: THE BATTLE OF THE KEGS Gallants attend and hear a friend Trill forth harmonious ditty, Strange things I'U tell which late befell In Philadelphia City. 'Twas early day as poets say, Just when the sun was rising, A soldier stood on a log of wood And saw a thing surprising. As in a maze he stood to gaze, The truth can't be denied, sir. He spied a score of kegs or more Come floating down the tide, sir. A sailor, too, in jerkin blue This strange appearance viewing, First rubbed his eyes in great surprise Then said: "Some mischief's brewing. "These kegs I'm told the Rebels hold Packed up like pickled herring; And they're come down t'attack the town In this new way of ferrying." The soldier flew, the sailor too. And soared almost to death, Sir, Wore out their shoes to spread the news And ran till out of breath, Sir. POETRY 281 Now up and down throughout the town. Most frantic scenes were acted; And some ran here and others there Like men almost distracted. Some "Fire!" cried, which some denied, But said the earth had quaked; And girls and boys with hideous noise Ran through the streets half naked. Sir Wilham, he, snug as a flea. Lay all this time a' snoring Nor thought of harm as he lay warm The land of dreams exploring. Now in a fright he starts upright Awaked by such a clatter; He rubs both eyes and boldly cries "For God's sake what's the matter?" At his bedside he then espied Sir Erskine at .command. Sir, Upon one foot he. had one boot And the other in Ids hand. Sir. "Arise, arise!" Sir Erskine cries, "The Rebels, more's the pity. Without a boat are all afloat And ranged before the city. "The motley crew, in vessels new. With Satan for their guide, Sir, Packed up in bags or wooden kegs Come driving down the tide. Sir. "Therefore prepare for bloody war, These kegs must all be routed. Or surely we despised shall be And British courage doubted." 282 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE The Royal Band now ready stand All ranged in dread array, Sir, With stomachs stout to see it out And make a bloody day, Sir. The cannons roar from shore to shore The small arms make a rattle — Since wars began I'm sure no man E'er saw so strange a battle. The Rebel dales, the Rebel vales With Rebel trees surrounded, The distant woods, the hills and floods With Rebel echoes sounded. The fish below swam to and fro Attacked from every quarter; Why sure, thought they, the Devil's to pay 'Mongst folks above the water. The kegs, 'tis said, though strongly made Of Rebel staves and hoc^s, Sir, Could not oppose their powerful foes. The conquering British troops, Sir. From morn to night these men of might Displayed amazing courage, And when the sun was fairly down Returned to sup their porridge. An hundred men with each a pen Or more upon my word, Sir, It is most true, would be too few. Their valor to record, Sir. Such feats did they perform that day Against those wicked kegs, Sir, That years to come, if they get home, They'll make their boasts and brag, Sir, POETRY 283 Peter Muhlenberg, born and buried at the Trappe, who had been educated at Halle, was the pastor of a Lutheran Church in the Shenandoah Valley. At the outset of the Revolution he one day preached a sermon, and then, throwing off his robe, displayed a uniform and called on his congregation to enlist. . m^ m ' *^^ \ 3l/ M Nflk^' ^fl ifl^Hft ^^1 ^^^^^^K^^^t^BS^^^ flnl WMK^S THOMAS BUCHANAN BEAD. In the "Wagoner of the AUeghaiiies" Thomas Buchanan Read depicted the scene: The pastor rose. The prayer was strong. The Psahn was' warrior David's song. The text, a few short words of might, "The Lord of Hosts shall arm the Right." He spoke of wrongs too long endured. Of sacred rights to be secured; Then from his patriot tongue of flame The startling words for Freedom came. The stirring sentences he spake Compelled the heart to glow or quake, And rising on his theme's broad wing, And grasping in his nervous hand The imaginary battle brand. In face of Death he dared to fling Defiance to a tyrant king. 284 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE Even as he spoke his frame renewed In eloquence of attitude. Rose, as it seemed, a shoulder higher; Then swept his kindhng glance of fire From startled pews to breathless choir; When suddenly his mantle wide His hands impatient flung aside. And lo! He met their wondering eyes Complete in all a warrior's guise. And now before the open door — The warrior-priest had ordered so — The enlisting trumpet's sudden roar Rang through the chapel, o'er and o'er. Its long reverberating blow. So loud and clear, it seemed the ear Of dusty death must wake and hear. And there the startling drum and fife Fired the living with fiercer life; While overhead, with wild increase. Forgetting its ancient toll of peace. The great bell swung as ne'er before: It seemed as it would never cease; And every word its ardor flung From off its jubilant iron tongue Was, " War! War! War! War!" At the battle of Chancellorsville the march of Stonewall Jackson's command across the front of the Union Army was heard, and Colonel Pennock Huey, a Philadelphian, Colonel of the Eighth Pennsylvania Cavalry, ordered his men to "Draw sabre and charge." They rode through the Confederate Army and those left alive returned. It was "a desperate -charge, com pletely checking the enemy." Of the four commissioned officers who were in the lead Major Keenan and two others were kiUed, and the horse ridden by the fourth was kiUed. It was one of the most heroic events of the war. Keenan rode to POETRY 285 death and eternal fame. George Parsons Lathrop, of Boston, assistant editor of the "Atlantic Monthly," wrote the lyric which tells their tale: KEENAN'S CHARGE By the shrouded gleam of the Western skies Brave Keenan looked in Pleasonton's eyes For an instant clear and cool and still; Then, with a smile, he said: "I will." "Cavalry, charge!" Not a man of them shrank. Their sharp full cheer from rank on rank Rose joyously with a wiUing breath, Rose hke a greeting hail to Death. Then forward they sprang and spurred and clashed. Shouted the officers crimson sashed. Rode weU the men each brave as his feUow, In their faded coats of the blue and yellow, And above in the air with an instinct true Like a bird of war their pennon flew. With clank of scabbards and thunder of steeds, And blades that shine like sunht reeds. And strong brown faces bravely pale For fear their proud attempt shall fail Three hundred Pennsylvanians close On twice ten thousand gaUant foes. Line after hne the troopers came To the edge of the wood that was ringed with flame, Rode in and sabred and shot and fell, Nor came one back his wounds to tell. Over them now year following year, Over their graves the pine cones faU, And the whippoorwill chants his spectre caU, But they stir not again, they raise no cheer: They have ceased. But their glory shaU never cease Nor their light be quenched in the hght of peace. The rush of their charge is resounding stiU That saved the army at Chancellorsville. POETRY 287 They lay along the batteries' side, Below the smoking cannon: Brave hearts from Severn and from Clyde And from the banks of Shannon. They sang of love and not of fame; Forgot was Britain's glory; Each heart recalled a different name, But all sang "Annie Laurie." Voice after voice caught up the song, Until its tender passion Rose like an anthem rich and strong, Their battle eve confession. Dear girl her name he dared not speak. But as the song grew louder Something upon the soldier's cheek Washed off the stains of powder. Beyond, the darkening ocean burned The bloody sunset's embers, While the Crimean valleys learned How English love remembers. And once again a fire of Hell Rained on the Russian quarters, With scream of shot and burst of sheU And bellowing of the mortars. And Irish Nora's eyes are dim For a singer dumb and gory, And English Mary mourns for him Who sang of "Annie Laurie." Sleep, soldiers! Still in honored rest Your truth and valor wearing: The bravest are the tenderest, The loving are the daring. About the time of the battle of Gettysburg A. J. H. Duganne, who had edited a newspaper in Chester County, and was later 288 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE on the editorial staff of the "New York Tribune," wrote an in spiring lyric which reaches a very high plane of literary merit. While a little too long, its warmth of feehng is well sustained, and some of its lines are unexcelled in Uterature. It ought to be in the memory of aU who appreciate the worth and im portance of the State. PENNSYLVANIA Hurrah for Pennsylvania! She's blazing as of yore Like a red furnace molten, with freedom's blast once more. From all her mines the war hght shines, and out of her iron hills The glorious fire leaps higher and higher till all the land it fills! From vaUeys green and mountains blue her yeomanry arouse And leave the forges burning and the oxen at their plows; Up from highland and headland they muster in forest and plain By the blaze of their fiery beacons in the land of Anthony Wayne. Hurrah for Pennsylvania! Her sons are clasping hands Down from the Alleghanies and up from Jersey's sands. Juniata fair to the Delaware is winding her bugle bars. And the Susquehanna like warhke banner is bright with stripes and stars; And the hunter scours his rifle and the boatman grinds his knife. And the lover leaves his sweetheart and the husband leaves his wife. And the women go out in the harvest and gather the golden grain While the bearded men are marching in the land of Anthony Wayne. Hurrah for Pennsylvania! Through every vale and glen Beating hke resolute pulses, she feels the tread of men. From Erie's Lake her legions break, from Tuscarora's Gorge, And with ringing shout they are tramping out from brave old Valley Forge. And up from the plains of Paoli the minute men march once more, And they carry the swords of their fathers and the flags their fathers bore; And they swear as they rush to battle that never shall cowardly stain Dishonor a blade or a banner in the land of Anthony Wayne. Hurrah for Pennsylvania! She fears not traitor hordes, Bulwarked on all her borders by loyal sons and swords. From Delaware's strand to Maryland and bright Ohio's marge Each freeman's hand is her cattle brand, each freeman's heart her targe; POETRY 289 And she stands hke an ocean's breakwater, in fierce rebellion's path And shivers its angry surges and baflSes its frantic wrath. And the tide of slavery's treason shall clash on her in vain, RoUing back from the ramparts of freedom from the land of Anthony Wayne. Hurrah for Pennsylvania! We hear her sounding call Ringing out Liberty's summons from Independence Hall; That tocsin rang with iron clang in Revolution's hour, And it is ringing again through the hearts of men with a ten-ible glory and power. And aU the people hear it — that mandate old and grand Proclaims to the uttermost nations that Liberty rules the land. And aU the people chant it — that brave old royal strain, On the borders of Pennsylvania, the land of Anthony Wayne. Hurrah for Pennsylvania! And let her soldiers march Under the arch of triumph — the Union's star ht arch; With banner proud and trumpets loud they come from the border fray, From the battle-fields where hearts were shields to bar the invader's way. Hurrah for Pennsylvania! Her soldiers weU may march Beneath her ancient banner, the keystone of our arch. And aU the mighty Northland will sweU the triumphant train From the land of Pennsylvania, the land of Anthony Wayne. APPENDIX GOVERNORS OF PENNSYLVANIA. PRIOR TO WILLIAM PENN. Cornelius Jacobson May . 1624^1625 Wilham Van Hulst 1625-1626 Peter Minuit 1626-1632 David Pieterzen De Vries 1632-1633 Wouter Van Twiller 1633-1638 Sir WiUiam Kieft 1638-1647 Peter Stuyvesant 1647-1664 Colonel Richard Nicholls.l664r-1667 Colonel Francis Lovelace. 1667-1673 Anthony Colve 1673-1674 Sir Edmund Andross 1674^1681 Governors of the Swedes. Peter Minuit 1638-1641 Peter HoUender 1641-1643 John Printz 1643-1653 John Pappegoya 1653-1654 John Claude Rysingh . . . 1654-1655 PROPRIETARY QOVERNORS. Wilham Markham 1681-1682 WiUiam Penn, Proprietor and Governor 1682-1684 The Council (Thomas Lloyd, President) 1684^1688 Captain John BlackweU . . 1688-1690 The Council (Thomas Lloyd, President) 1690-1691 WiUiam Markham 1691-1699 WiUiam Penn 1699-1701 Andrew Hamilton 1701-1703 The Council (Edward Shippen, President) .... 1703-1704 .lohn Evans 1704-1709 Charies Gookin 1709-1717 Sir WiUiam Keith 1717-1718 Sir WiUiam Keith 1718-1726 Patrick Gordon 1726-1736 The Council (James Logan, President) 1736-1738 George Thomas 1738-1746 George Thomas 1746-1747 The CouncU (Anthony Pahner, President) 1747-1748 James Hamilton 1748-1754 Robert Hunter Morris . , . 1754-1756 WiUiam Denny 1756-1759 James Hamilton 1759-1763 John Penn, Lieutenant Governor 1763-1771 The Council (James Hamilton, President) . . 1771 Richard Penn 1771-1773 John Penn, Lieutenant Governor 1773-1776 291 292 PENNSYLVANIA— THE KEYSTONE SINCE WILLIAM PENN. DURING THE REVOLUTION. Chairman of the Committee of Safety. Benjamin Frankhn Presidents of the Supreme Executive Council. .1776-1777- Thomas Wharton, Jr 1777-1778 George Bryan, V. P 1778-1778 Joseph Reed 1781 WiUiam Moore 1781-1782 John Dickinson 1782-1785 Benjamin Frankhn 1785-1788 Thomas Mifflin 1788-1790 UNDER THE COMMONWEALTH. Thomas Mifflin 1790-1799 Thomas McKean 1799-1808 Simon Snyder 1808-1817 WiUiam Findlay 1817-1820 Joseph Hiester 1820-1823 John Andrew Shulze 1823-1829 George Wolfe 1829-1835 Joseph Ritner 1835-1839 David Rittenhouse Porter 1839-1845 Francis Rawn Shunk 1845-1848 WiUiam Freame Johnston 1848-1852 WiUiam Bigler 1852-1855 James Pollock 1855-1858 WiUiam Fisher Packer. . .1858-1861 Andrew Gregg Curtin. . . . 1861-1867 John White Geary 1867-1873 John Frederick Hartranft 1873-1879 Henry Martyn Hoyt 1879-1883 Robert Emory Pattison . . 1883-1887 James Adams Beaver. . . .1887-1891 Robert Emory Pattison . . 1891-1895 Daniel Hartman Hastings 1895-1899 WUham A. Stone 1899-1903 Samuel W. Pennypacker . 1903-1907 Edwin S. Stuart 1907-1911 ; JohnK. Tener 1911- UNITED STATES SENATORS FROM PENNSYLVANIA. WiUiam Maclay 1789-1791 Robert Morris 1789-1795 Albert GaUatin 1793-1794 James Ross 1794-1803 WilUam Bingham 1795-1801 John P. G. Muhlenberg . . 1801 George Log'an 1801-1807 Samuel Maclay 1803-1808 Andrew Gregg 1807-1813 Michael Leib 1808-1814 Abner Leacock 1813-1819 Jonathan Roberts 1814^1821 Walter Lowrie 1819-1825 Wilham Findlay 1821-1827 Wilham Marks 1825-1831 Isaac D. Barnhard 1827-1831 George Mifflin DaUas 1831-1833 WiUiam Wilkins 1831-1834 Samuel McKean 1833-1839 James Buchanan 1834^1845 Daniel Sturgeon 1839-1851 Simon Cameron 1845-1849 James Cooper 1849-1855 Richard Brodhead 1851-1857 APPENDIX 293 UNITED STATES SENATORS FROM PENNSYVANIA. WiUiam Bigler 1855-1861 Simon Cameron 1857-1861 David Wihnot 1861-1863 Edgar Cowan 1861-1867 Charles R. Buckalew .... 1863-1869 Simon Cameron 1867-1877 John Scott 1869-1875 WiUiam A. WaUace 1875-1881 J. Donald Cameron 1877-1897 John I. MitcheU 1881-1887 Matthew Stanley Quay. .1887-1899 Boies Penrose 1897- Matthew Stanley Quay . . 1901-1904 PhUander C. Knox 1904^1909 George T. OUver 1909- CHIEF JUSTICES OF PENNSYLVANIA. Nicholas Moore 1684 James Harrison 1685 Arthur Cook 1686 John Simcock 1690 Andrew Robeson 1692 John Guest 1701 WiUiam Clarke 1703 John Guest 1705 Roger Mompesson 1706 Joseph Growden 1707 David Lloyd 1717 Isaac Norris 1731 James Logan 1731 Jeremiah Langhorne 1739 John Kinsey 1743 William Allen 1750 Benjamin Chew 1774 Joseph Reed 1777 Thomas McKean. .1777, 1784, 1791 Edward Shippen 1799 WUUam Tilghman 1806 John Bannister Gibson.. .1827, 1838 Jeremiah S. Black 1851 ElUs Lewis 1854, 1855 Walter H. Lowrie 1857 George W. Woodward 1863 James Thompson 1867 John Meredith Read 1872 Daniel Agnew 1873 George Sharswood 1878 Ulysses Mercur 1882 Isaac G. Gordon 1887 Edward M. Paxson 1888 James P. Sterrett 1893 Henry Green 1899 J. Brewster McCoUum 1900 James T. MitcheU ' . . . . 1903 D. NewUn FeU 1909 INDEX Abbey, Edwin A., 206 Abolition pubhcations, early, 141 Abohtion societies, 108 earUest, 141 many organized, 175 Academy of the Fine Arts founded, 136, 196, 204, 205 Academy of Natural Sciences, 136 Adams, John, 113 Adams, John Quincy, 115 Adams, Samuel, 86 Addison, Alexander, 110 Agnew, D. Hayes, 213 Aitken, Robert, 85 pubhshes first English Bible, 108 Albany Convention, 67 AUegheny County, 110, 219, 239, 243 National Arsenal in, 143 Allegheny River, 64 AUen, WiUiam, 78 AUentown, 145 Liberty BeU hidden at, 94 Portland cement at, 246 Alm.anacs, early, 180 Ahichs, Jacob, 23 Altona, viUage on the Delaware, 23 "American Journal of Medical Sci ences," 212 American Party, 137 American Philosophical Society, 60, 192, 207, 257 American races, 9 "American Weekly Mercury,'' 62, 181 Ames' Almanac, 80 Amish, 263 Anderson, Patrick, 90 Andre, John, 99 Andrews, Jedediah, 266 Andros, Edmund, Governor, 38 Annapolis Meeting, 104 Annesley, James, story of, 272 Anthracite coal, 239 discovery of, 239 flrst use of, 240 Argall, Samuel, becomes governor, 19 Armstrong County, 258 Armstrong, John, 70, 71, 93, 276 Army Commanders, 151 Army, Continental, 85, 100 Army of the Potomac, McClellan commands, 147 Meade commands, 153 Art, early, 196 household, 199 Articles of Confederation, 85 Artists, 201, 204, 206 Asbury, Francis, 270 Assembly, the first, 47 Associators, Pennsylvania, 83 Astronomy, 192 Atlee, Samuel John, 90 Attorneys-general, Pennsylvania, 220 Aubrey, Letitia, 224 Audubon, John James, 194 895 296 INDEX B Baer, George F., 260 Baker, Edward D., 148 Baldwin Locomotive Works, 250 Baldwin, Matthias W., 250 Bank, first, 108 Bank of North America, 108 Bank, United States, overthrown by Jackson, 133 Baptists, 262, 264 Barber, E. A., 200 Baron Stiegel, 248 Barton, Benjamin S., 191 Barton, W. P. C, 191 Bartram, John, 60, 190 Basket making, 248 "Battle of the Kegs," 98, 184 words of, 280 Beaver, James' A., inaugurates State Forestry, 165 Bedford, 72, 73, 111 Bedford, Nathaniel, 213 Beissel, Conrad, 207 BeU, Robert, pubhsher, 86, 183, 218 Benezet, Anthony, 141, 174 Berks County, 58, 70, 136, 271 Bessemer steel, 239 Bethlehem, 59, 111, 112, 206, 224 Bethlehem Iron and Steel Company, 240 ' Bethlehem Moravians in 1790, 60 Bevan, John, 49 Beversrode, Fort, 21, 22 Bibles, first American German and EngUsh, 108, 181 Bibles, Sower, 181 Biddle, George W., 219 Biddle, James, 123 Biddle, Nicholas, President United States Bank, 133 Biddle, Thomas, 121, 122 Bikker, Genit, 22 Binney, Horace, 219 Bh-d, Robert M., 187 Bh-d, WilUam, 236 Birdsboro, 235 Bituminous coal, 240 in AUegheny County, 241 in Mercer County, 241 Black, Jeremiah S., Attorney-gen eral, 140, 219 "Blackstone," first American edi tion, 218 Block, Adrian, 19 Blue Anchor Inn, 46 Bodley, Thomas, 122 Boehm, John PhiUp, 269 Bonaparte, 185 Bond, Thomas, 210 Boone, Daniel, 273 Botanists, early Pennsylvania, 190 Bouquet, Henry, 71, 72, 73 reaches Fort Pitt, 73 Bowen, EUsha, 275 Bowser, WiUiam, 102 Bozarth, Mrs., story of. 274 Brackenridge, Hugh H., 110, 219 Braddock, General Edward, death of, 68 defeat of, 68 in command, 67 Bradford, Andrew, 62, 181, 216 Bradford, WiUiam, arrested, 53 first printer, 52 pubUcations of, 177 trial of, 217 Bradford's Resolutions, 81, 82 Brady, Hugh, 122 Brady, Samuel, story of, 273 Brandywine, battle of, 92 Brandywine Creek, 23, 92 Branson, WUliam, 234, 235 Bridges, State builds, 132 Brinton, Daniel G., 195 Brodhead, Daniel, 100 INDEX 297 Brook Farm, 24 Brooke, John R., 165 Brown, Charles Brockden, 108, 184 Brown, David Paul, 220 Brown, Jacob, at Lundy's Lane, 122 captures Fort Erie, 121 ' commander of Northern De partment, 119 made Commander-in-Chief, 122 Major-general, 119 New York City thanks, 122 Bruce, David, poems. 111 BruI6, Etienne, crosses Pennsylva nia, 19 Brumbaugh, Martin G., 232 Bryn Mawr CoUege, 228 Buchanan, James, 138, 169, 227 "Buck Shot War," 137 Bucks County, 47, 58, 263, 264, 268, 275 Budd, Thomas, 177 BuU, Colonel John, 85 BuU, Ole, 207 Burd, Colonel James, 71, 90 Burgoyne, 94 at Three Rivers, 89 Burials, early, 34 Burrows, WiUiara, 124, 126 Bushy Run, battle of, 73 Butler, Richard, 100 ByUinge, Edward, 43 Cadwalader, General John, 91, 99 and the Pennsylvania militia, 91 Cadwalader, John, 49, 83 Cadwalader, Thomas, 210 Cambria Forge, 238 Cambria Iron Company, 238 Cameron, Simon, 169 Secretary of War, 144, 158 Camp Curtin, 145 Camp du Pont, 128 Canal Commissioners, 132 Canals, early, 257 growth of, 258 State buUds, 132 Capitol, new building erected, 167 old building burned, 164 Carhsle, 70, 72, 111, 158, 212, 217, 219, 275 bombarded, 152 Carnegie Institute, 229 Carpenter, Samuel, 53 Carpenter's HaU, 82 Carr, Sir Robert, 26 Carroll, WiUiam, 122 Casunu-, Fort, 22 Cassatt, Alexander J., 260 Cassidy, Lewis C, 220 Cassin, Stephen, 124 Catasauqua, 240 CathoUcs, 270 among the Germans, 270 in Berks County, 271 in Lancaster County, 270 in Montgomery County, 271 in Philadelphia, 271 Causes of War of 1812, 118 Census, first, 108 Centennial Exhibition, 163, 196 Central High School, 232 Centre County, 237 Chadd's Ford, armies at, 92 Chambersburg burned, 156 invaded, 152 raided, 150 Charity schools, 225 Charter to Penn, 44, 57 Chester, Admiral Porter born in, 158 court at, 38 Penn lands at, 46 Chester County, 47, 93, 161, 174, 188, 195, 219, 234, 237, 262, 288 298 INDEX Chester County, iron in, 62 Presbyterians in, 58 Revolutionary Army in, 92, 93 Scotch Irish in, 58 Chew House, 95 Chippewa, battle of, 121 Christ Church founded, 54, 265 Churches, early, 38, 266 Claypoole, James, 204 Clinton, DeWitt, 133 Clinton, Su- Henry, 99 Clymer, George, 104 Coal, 233 anthracite, 239, 240, 241 bituminous, 240 "Coal OU Johnny," 244, 245 Coaquannock, 10, 253 Coinage, early colonial, 48 Coke, 241 furnaces, 242 in Fayette County, 241 in Huntingdon County, 241 vast production of, 241 Colebrookdale Furnace, 60, 234 College of Physicians, 212 CoUeges, 227 Bryn Mawr, 228 Dickinson, 227 Franklin and MarshaU, 227 Gkard, 228 Haverford, 228 Lafayette, 228 Lehigh University, 228 Muhlenberg, 228 State, 228 Swarthmore, 228 University of Pennsylvania, 227 Washington and Jefferson, 228 Western University of Pennsyl vania, 228 CoUegeville, bridge at, 131 Colony asserts her rights, 80 Columbia, 258 "Columbian Magazine," 108, 184 "Common Sense," 86 Conestoga, 10, 253 Indians, massacre of, 76, 273 wagon, 255 Confederates enter Pennsylvania 152 threaten Pennsylvania, 150 Congress, First Continental, 82 Second Continental, 84 sits at Lancaster and York, 94 Congress HaU, 82, 105 Connecticut land question, 77 settlers, 64, 77 ConnoUy, John, 212 Conshohocken, 17 "Conspiracy" of Pontiac, 72 "Constitution," Charles Stewart commands, 124 Constitution, First State, 88 State, of 1790, 108 State, of 1837, 137 Constitution of United States, adop tion of, 105 Constitutional Convention in Philar delphia, 104 Continental Army, beginning of, 85 Continental Congress, First, 82 Second, 84 Cooke, Jay, finances Northern Pa cific RaUroad, 260 finances the RebeUion, 156 in panic of 1873, 161 "Cooper Shop," 149 Cope, Edward D., 195 CornwaU F\irnace, 237 CornwaUis, Lord, 93 Corporation taxes, 242 Corps commanders, Pennsylvania. 151, 158 Corry, 245 Corssen, Arent, 21 Couch, D. N., 151 INDEX 29D Coughhn, James M., 232 CouncU of Censors, 88 Council of Safety, 88 Counties, first three, 47 western, 110 Courts, early, 216 ecclesiastical, 216 English estabhsh, 37 system of, 215 Coventry Forge, 60, 223 Cramp and Sons, ship-builders, 251 Crematory, first, 213 Cumberland County, 70 Cumberland VaUey, Scotch Irish in, 58 Curtin, Andrew Gregg, caUs for vol unteers, 150 elected Governor, 142 D Darlington, WiUiam, 191 Darragh, Lydia, 95, 276 Dauphin County, 129 Dawkins, Henry, 205 Decatur, Stephen, 123 at Tripoh, 123 Declaration of Independence, 86, 88 DeHeart, Granny, 208 Delaware Bay, 18 Delaware County, 201, 258, 262 Delaware Indians, 9, 68 Delaware ratifies Constitution, 105 Delaware River, 44, 46 British blockade, 128 early Ufe on, 38 Fitch's steamboat on, 117 named, 36 Democracy, rise of, 113 Democratic Party, close of control, 138 { leaders of, 116 rise of, 113 Dennie, Joseph, 185 Department of PubUc Instruction established, 231 DetwUer, Henry, 213 DeVries, David Pieterzoon, 20, 21 Dickinson CoUege, 227 Dickinson, John, 76, 78, 79, 80, 82, 83, 89, 104, 107, 169, 217 and the Declaration of Inde pendence, 86 and Massachusetts, 80 "Farmer's Letters," 79 Dinwiddle, governor of Virginia, 64 Discovery of iron, 16 Disston Saw Works, 251 Dixon, Samuel G., 195 Doanes, outlaws, 218 Dobbins, Daniel, buUds fleet, 126 Dock, Christopher, 224 writes first essay on school- teaching, 224 Doddridge, Joseph, 213 D'Hinoyossa, Alexander, becomes Governor, 24, 26 Drama, 207 Drexel Institute, 229 Duane, WilUam, 116 Duane, WUUam J., Secretary of Treasury, 133 Duganne, A. J. H., poem "Pennsyl vania," 288 Duke of York, 25, 36, 43 conveyance to Penn, 45 his Book of Laws, 36 Dungan, Thomas, 264 Dunkers arrive in Germantown, 58 at Ephrata, 62, 182 DuPonceau, Peter S., 193 Durham Furnace, 235 Dutch and the Swedes, 21 claim the country, 18 on the Delaware, 19 on the SchuyUdU, 21 300 INDEX Dutch second government, 38 surrender claims, 26 Dutch Reformed in Bucks County, 268 in Montgomery County, 268 on the Delaware, 262 Dutch West India Company, 19, 22,24 E Early, Jubal A., 152 at York and Wrightsville, 152 Education, 222 among the Germans, 222 begiiming of, 48 Electricity, 192 Electric roads, 261 Ehzabeth Furnace, 248 EUiott, Washington L., 158 England and her colonies, 75 war between HoUand and, 38 EngUsh at Fort Nassau, 35 claims and contests, 26 create a council, 37 estabUsh courts, 37 on the North River, 26 on the South River, 26, 35 Engraving, art of, 205 "Enterprise," 126 Entomology, first American, 194 Ephrata, Dunkers at, 62, 267 hymns, 181, 182 martjrr book, 182 schoolmaster at, 226 Episcopal Church, 54 EpiscopaUans, 265 Erie Canal, 133, 258 Erie County, 63 Evans, John, 57 F Falckner, David, 268 FaUen Timbers, battle of, 106 "Farmer's Letters," 80 Fayette County, 64, 66, 110, 212, 237, 24l FederaUst Party, 113 FeU, Jesse, 240 Fenwick, John, 43 Ferguson, EUzabeth, 101 Fmdley, WiUiam, 110 Finns on the Delaware, 30 Firmstone, WiUiam, 241 First City Troop, 83 First Continental Congress, 82 "First Defenders," 145 Fitch, John, invents first steam boat, 117, 193 Fitzpatrick, James, 218, 275 Fitzsimmons, Thomas, 105 Fletcher, Benjamin, 54 Flower, Enoch, 48, 222 Floyd, John B., 143 Forbes, General John, 70 Forrest, Edwin, 207 Fort Augusta, 72 Beversrode, 21, 22 Casimir, 22 Christina, 22, 23, 28, 31 Duquesne buUt, 64, 66 becomes Fort Pitt, 72 Braddock's defeat at, 68 capture of, 71 EUsborg, 32 Erie captured by General Brown, 121 Pennsylvanians at, 122 Eriwomeck, 35 Granville, 70 Le Boeuf, 63, 64, 72 Ligonier, 73 Machault, 63 Mercer, 96 Mifflin, 96 Nassau, Dutch buUd, 20, 21 Enghsh at, 35 INDEX 301 Fort Necessity, 66, 67 New Gothenborg, 32 Pickens, Lieutenant Slemmer commands, 144 Pitt, 72, 73, 74 Presque Isle, 72 Red Bank, 98 Sumpter fired upon, 144 Ticonderoga, 89 Venango, 72 Washington, surrender of, 90 Forts, frontier, 70 Foster, Stephen C, 278 Fox, George, and the Quakers, 40 and the Schwenkfelders, 59, 268 visits America, 37 France and the United States, 113 Frankhn, Benjamin, at Albany Con vention, 67 comes to PhUadelphia, 59 his almanacs, 180 his "General Magazine," 181 in England, 78 in 'State Constitutional Conven tions, 88, 105 opposes Proprietary Govern ment, 76 President of Pennsylvania, 107 returns from England, 83 sides with the Colonies, 83 Frankhn and MarshaU CoUege, 227 Franklin County, 161 Freame, R., writes first Pennsylvania poem, 179 Fredericksburg, Pennsylvania gen erals at, 150 Freebooters, stories of, 275 French AlUance, 96 French and Indian War, 63 French forts, 63 Huguenots, 49 refugees in Philadelphia, 113 settlements, 63 Fries' Rebellion, 111 Fugitive Slave Law, 175 FulUng mills, 246 Fulton, Robert, 193, 252 Funk, Henry, 183 Furness, Horace Howard, 189 Furness, WilUam H., 176 Fussell, Bartholomew, 176 G Gallatin, Albert, manufacturer of glass, 248 Secretary of Treasury, 110 GaUoway, Joseph, 76, 77, 83, 217 Garrison, WilUam Lloyd, 175 Geary, John W., 139, at Lookout Mountain, 156 Governor, 163 in Mexican War, 138 recommends Centennial Cele bration, 163 recommends geological survey, 164 Geological survey, 164 German immigration, 50, 59 German Reformed in Berks County, 58 Germantown, battle of, 95 development of, 50 Dock teaches at, 224 Dunkers at, 267 Mennonites at, 263 settlement of, 50 Washington retreats to, 93 weaving at, 247 Gerry, Elbridge, 105 "Gertrude of Wyoming," 100, 273 Gettysburg Battlefield Memorial Association, 165 Gettysburg a Pennsylvania battle, 166 cavalry battle at, 156 302 INDEX Gettysburg, first day's battle, 154 first encounter at, 152 losses at, 156 reunion at, 169 second day's battle, 155 third day's battle, 156 Gibbons, Daniel, 175 Gibbons, James, at Stony Point, 277 story of, 277 Gibson, John B., 220 Girard College, 230 Girard, Stephen, finances War of 1812, 128 Girty, Simon, 106, 273 Glass-making, 130, 248 at Manheim, 248 at Pittsburgh, 249 importance of, 248 on Monongahela River, 249 Godey's "Lady's Book," 187 Godfrey, Thomas, 180, 192 Goodson, John, 208 Gordon's Ford, 94 Gorsuch, Edward, 137 Gowen, Frankhn B., 133, 260 Graeme Park, 101, 208 Graeme, Thomas, 208 "Graham's Magazine," 187 Great Meadows, battle at, 64, 66, 68 Greaton, Father, 270 Greble, John T., 148 Green Castle invaded, 152 Greene, Nathaniel, 90, 102 Gregg, Andrew, 119 Gregg, David McMurtrie, commands Union cavahy at Gettysburg, 156 Grierson, Benjamin H., 158 Grist mills, 246 Gross, Samuel D., 211 Grow, Galusha A., contest with Keitt, 148 Growdon, Joseph, 217 Guldin, Samuel, 268 H "Half Moon," 18 Hamilton, Andrew, 217 Hancock, Winfield Scott, at Gettys burg, 154 in Mexican War, 138 Hand, Edward, 212 Hanover Township, 16 Harlan, Richard, 194 Harmar, Josiah, commander-in- chief, 106 Harris, John, gives land for Capital, 129 owns a slave, 172 Harrisburg, Indian massacre near, 70 Lincoln speaks at, 143 rebels four miles from, 152 State Capital estabhshed at, 219 Hartley, Thomas, 100 Hartman, Regina, story of, 74 Hartranft, John F., at Fort Stead man, 156 a Schwenkfelder, 268 Governor, 162 organizes National Guard, 162 Hastings, Daniel H., establishes Department of Agriculture, 165 Haverford, 49 Haverford CoUege, 229 Hayden, John, 237 Hazlewood, John, 98 HeUertown, 213 Hendricks, Gerhard, 50, 170 Hendricks, Jacob, 38 Hendrickson, Cornehus, 19 Henry, Patrick, 83, 105 Herb women, 208 Hering, Constantine, 213 Hesselius, Gustavus, 201 Heydrick, Christopher, 268 Hiester, Governor Joseph, 132 recommends canal, 132 INDEX 303 HiUegas, Michael, first Colonial Treasurer, 91 Hocker, Ludwig, 226 Hofmarm, J. W., Colonel, opens bat tle of Gettysburg, 154 Hohday, John, 238 HoUand's war with England, 38 Holme, John Campanius, 33 his book, 33 Homeopathic Medical CoUege of Pennsylvania, 213 Homeopathy, 213 Homes, early, 38 Hopkinson, Francis, 184, 280 "Hornet," 124 Hospital, Mercy, of Pittsburgh, 213 Pennsylvania, 210 Western Pennsylvania, 213 Hospitals for lunatics, 213 Hossett, Gilles, 20 ,Howe, Sh- Wilham, 90, 92, 94, 99 Hudde, Andreas, 21 Hudson, Henry, in Delaware Bay, 18 Hughes, John, 78 Huguenots, 49 Humphreys, Andrew A., at Freder icksburg, 151 in Mexican War, 138 Hunt, Leigh, 188 Huntingdon County, 237, 241 Implements, Indian, 11, 12, 16 Indians, bread making, 13 characteristics, 11, 14 Delaware, 9 discovery of iron, 16 early troubles with, 23, 24 food, 11 how they hved, 9 humor, 17 implements, 11, 12, 16 Indians in Pennsylvania, 9 Iroquois, 9 Lenni Lenape, 9 letter, 16 Manitou, 14 marriage, 11 medicines and cures, 14 Miami, 106 Minqua, 21 oratory, 15 place names, 17 Quaker treatment of, 16, 17 ravages, 70 rehgion, 14 Shawnees, 16 stories of, 273 tobacco, 11 tomahawk, 13 traders killed by, 16 trails, 253, 254 treaties with, 48, 56 viUages, 10 weapons, 11, 12 wigwams, 10, 13 Industries, 243 IngersoU, Jared, 105 Inventors, 252 Iron at Manheim, 248 at Pittsburgh, 238 Indian discovery of, 16 in AUegheny County, 239 in Centre County, 237 in Chester County, 237 in Fayette County, 237 in Huntingdon County, 237 in Lancaster County, 248 in Lebanon County, 237 in Westmoreland County, 238 in York County, 236 Iron furnaces, 233 Iron indastries, beginnings of, 62, 233, 235 "Ironsides," 251 304 INDEX Iroquois Indians, 9 Irvine, Wilham, 212 .T Jackson, Andrew, overthrows United States Bank, 133 Jacquette, John Paul, 23, 40 Jansen, Jan, 21 Jay's Treaty, 113 Jefferson, Joseph, 207 Jefferson Medical CoUege, 211, 212 Jefferson, Thomas, 114, 140 Johnson, Andrew, impeachment of, 160 Johnson, John G., 219 Johnston, WUUam F., 137 Johnstown, 238 flood, 164 K Keach, EUas, 264 Kearsley, John, 208, 210 "Keenan's Charge," 285 Keimer, Samuel, 60, 181 Keith controversy, 52, 53, 179 Keith, George, 41, 52, 222, '264 essay on slavery, 172 Kelpius, Johannes, 51, 200, 202, 263 Kennedy, Samuel, 211 "Keystone State," 116 Kidd, Captain WiUiam, 54 Kieft, WilUam, 21 Kinnersley, Ebenezer, 60, 192, 265 Kittanning, Indian town, destroyed, 70 Knight, John, 212 Kolb, Dielman, 183 KopUn, Matthias, 210 Koster, Henry Bernhard, 263 Kuhn, Adam, 210 KulpsviUe, 95 Labor strUje of 1877, 162 Lafayette, 96, 102 Lafayette CoUege, 228 Lake Erie, fleets built on, 127 Perry at, 126 Lancaster, Congress at, 94 "Paxton Boys" at, 76 Lancaster County, 10, 18, 70, 137, 138, 160, 182, 188, 193, 236, 256, 271, 273 Amish in, 263 iron in, 248 Mennonites in, 263 Presbyterians in, 58 Scotch Irish in, 58 Lancaster Turnpike, 130 Lane, Edward, 266 Law, 108 Academy of PhUadelphia, 220 Association of Philadelphia, 220 Libel, 215, 216 School, first American, 108 "Lawrence," flagship, 127 Lawyers, 215 early, 216 eminent, 217, 219, 220 Lay, Benjamin, 141 treatise on slavery, 173 Lea, Henry C, 188 Lebanon County, 237 Lee, Charles, 99 Lee, Robert E., invades Pennsyl vania, 151, 152 Lehigh County, 246 Lehigh University, 229 Leib, Michael, 119 Leidy, Joseph, 195 Leiper, Thomas, 258 Lemoyne, John Julius, 213 Lenni Lenape Indians, 9 Lewis, Grace Anna, 176 INDEX 305 Lewis, WiUiam, 219 Lexington, battle of, 83 Libel, first trial, 53 Libel Laws estabUshed, 216 Liberty BeU hidden at AUentown, 94 Libraries, early, 60 Library Company of PhUadelphia, 60 Lincoln, Abraham, calls for volun teers, 144, 151 elected, 142 his Secretaries of War, 158 reaches Washington, 144 speaks at Harrisburg, 143 speaks at Independence HaU, 143 speaks at Pittsburgh, 143 thanks Pennsylvania, 143 Lincohi, Mordecai, 62, 171, 234 Lippard, George, novelist, 187 Literature, beginnings of, 108, 177 Lititz, 224 Lloyd, David, 49, 55, 62, 169, 216 defies the king, 55 Lloyd, Thomas, Deputy Governor, 49, 52 Logan, James, Penn's secretary, 56, 57, 60, 191 "Log CoUege," 225, 266 Long Island, battle of, 89 Pennsylvanians at, 90 Lord Baltimore and Penn, 48 Louisiana Purchase, 114 New England opposes, 114, 115 Pennsylvania approves, 114, 115 Lovelace, Francis, 37 LoweU, James RusseU, in Philadel phia, 187 Lukens, John, 192 Lumber industry, 251 Lundy's Lane, battle of, 122 Lutherans, 262 in Berks County, 58 in Montgomery County, 268 U Lutherans on the Delaware, 262 Lyman, WUUam, 240 M Machinery, development of, 248, 249 Mack, Alexander, 58, 267 Maclay, WilUam, gives land for Capitol, 129 MacVeagh, Wayne, 220 Magaw, Robert, 85 Magazines, early, 181, 184, 187 Magna Charta first published, 52, 177 Mahanoy City, Indian massacre at, 68 Makin, Thomas, 222 Manayunk, 17 Manheim, glass-making at, 130, 248 Manitou, 14 Mann, Wilham B., 220 Manufactures, early, 130, 246, 247, 248' Maple sugar, 11 Marchand, Da-vid, 212 Marcus Hook, camp at, 128 Markham, WilUam, Deputy Gover nor, 45, 54, 55 Marriage, Indian, 11 Marriages, early, 34 MarshaU, Humphry, 191 "Mary Ann" Furnace, 236 Mason and Dixon's Line, 77 Massachusetts attitude in War of 1812, 119 vs. Pennsylvania, 115 Matlack, Timothy, 84 Mauch Chunk, 17 McCaU, George A., in Mexican War, 138 General, 146 McCleUan, Dr. George, 211 306 INDEX McCleUan, George B., at battles of South Mountain and An tietam, 150 commands Army of the Poto mac, 147 General, 146, 158 in Mexican War, 138 McClure, Alexander K., 144 McCormick, Cyrus Hall, 252 McFarland, Daniel, 122 McKean, Thomas, 84, 88, 114, 115, 116, 169 McKim, I. MiUer, 175 McMaster, John Bach, 189 Meade, George Gordon, at Freder icksburg, 150 at Gettysburg, 154, 155, 156 character of, 153 commands Army of the Poto mac, 153 General, 146, 158 in Mexican War, 138 Meadville, 119 Medical diploma, first, 209 instructors, 213 practice, beginnings of, 60, 208 Medical Schools, 211 first, 210 Jefferson, 211 Medico-Chirurgical, 212 University of Pennsylvania, 210 Woman's, 212 Medical Societies, 212 Medicines, Indian, 14 Medico-Chirurgical College, 212 Meeting houses, early, 33 Melsheuner, F. V., 194 Memorial HaU, Fairmount Park, 164 Mennonite settlers, 50 at Germantown, 263 in Lancaster County, 57, 263 on the Skippack, 263 Mercer County, 241 Mercer, Dr. Hugh, 212 Mercer, Hugh, 71 Meredith, WiUiam M., 162 Merion, 49 Meschianza, 99 Methodists, 269 Mexican War, Pennsylvanians in, 138 Mey, CorneUus, 19, 20 Mifflin, Thomas, 82, 83, 104, 107, 113 MUes, Samuel, 90 MUls, early, 38, 130 Minqua Indians, 21 Mmuit, Peter, 27, 28 Missouri Compromise, 139 MitcheU, S. Weir, 189, 214 "MoUy Pitcher," story of, 276 Monmouth, Anthony Wayne at, 99 Monongahela, Department of, 152 Monongahela River, 63, 64, 248 Montgomery County, 101, 112, 154, 195, 262 Dutch Reformed in, 268 Lutherans in, 268 Revolutionary Army in, 93, 94, 95 Schwenkfelders in, 59 Moore, John, 266 Moore, Nicholas, ioapeached as Chief Justice, 54, 216 Moore, "Tom," on the SchuylkiU, 186 Moore, WUUam, of Moore HaU, 70, 107, 172 Mora-sdans, 206, 224 in Northampton County, 59, 269 Morgan, John, 210 MorreU, Isaac, 119 Morrey, Humphrey, first mayor of Philadelphia, 54 Morris, Anthony, 235 Morris, Gouverneur, 105 Morris, Robert, 104 INDEX 307 Morris, Robert, establishes Bank of North America, 108 Mott, Lucretia, 175 "Mount Joy," 95, 224 Muhlenberg Baptismal Certificate, 199 Muhlenberg College, 229 Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus, first speaker of Congress, 108, 116 Muhlenberg, Gotthilf Heinrich Ernst, 191 Muhlenberg, Henry Melchior, 74, 206, 268 Muhlenberg, Peter, 116 Read's poem about, 283 Murray, Lindley, 188 Music, 60, 206 Musical Fund Society, 207 N Nation, beginning of, 104 National Capital at Philadelphia, 105 National Guard called out, 162 organization of, 162 Natural gas, 245 Nazareth, 59, 224 New Amstel, 23, 24 New Castle, 22, 46 settlement at, 40 New England authors in PhUadel phia, 186 opposes Louisiana purchase, 114 New Haven, Delaware County, 36 New Jersey, settlement of, 43 New Orleans, Pennsylvanians at, 123 New Sweden, 28 Newspapers, early, 181 New York, New Amsterdam be comes, 36 Zenger trial in, 53 Nicholson, John P., 165 Nicolls, Colonel Richard, 36 Normal schools, 231 Norman, John, 205 Norris, Isaac, 169 Norristown, 94, 144, 176 Northampton County, 58, 70, 139, 269 Northumberland County, 108, 112, 193 Nutt, Samuel, 16, 60, 233 O Occupations, 243 Ogdensburg, battle of, 120 Ohio River, 64, 106 Ohio VaUey, 63 OU Creek, 243 Oil derricks, 244 discovery of, 243 importance of, 243 transportation of, 245 well, first, 244 "OU fever," 244 "Onrust," 19 Op den Graeff, 16, 170 Op den Graeff, Abraham, 50, 170 Op den Graeff, Dirck, 50, 52, 170 Oratorio, early, 207 Oratory, Indian, 15 Ord, E. O. C, 146 Ornithology, 194 Otto, Bodo, 211 Outlawry, 218 Packer, Asa, 260 Paine, Thomas, 86, 184 Pamphlets, controversial, 179 Panic of 1836, 134 of 1873, 161 PaoU, fight at, 93 308 INDEX Papegoja, Johan, 34, 37 Paper miU, earhest, 51, 52 Parker, Thomas, 213 Parker's Ford, 93 Parry, Caleb, 90 Passyunk, 17, 22 Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 50, 170, 216, 223 friendly letter of, 279 writes first Pennsylvania school book, 223 Patterson, Robert, 145 Pattison, Robert E., appoints For estry Commission, 165 "Paxton Boys," 75, 273 Peale, Charles WiUson, 135, 201, 204 Peale, Rembrandt, 201 Peale's Museum, 135 Penn, WUUam, 12, 15, 43, 177 and his Governors, 57 and Lord Baltimore, 48 becomes a Quaker, 42 comes to Pennsylvania, 45 concessions to settlers, 45 conveyance to, 45 death of, 58 family and estate, 62 his account of Pennsylvania, 45 improves English law, 216 on the Rhine, 43 organizes the province, 52 publishes Magna Charta, 177 restored to authority, 54 returns to England, 52 returns to Pennsylvania, 56 Royal Charter given to, 44 "Pennamite War," 77 Penn's Patent for Pennsylvania, 43 Penn's Treaty, 15, 48 Pennsylvania appropriates money to arm, 144 attitude in War of 1812, 119 becomes "Keystone State,'' 116 Pennsylvania centre of activities during Revolution, 102 commanders in Rebellion, 145 corps commanders, 151, 158 debt of, in 1838, 134 debt of, in 1861, 141 early presidents of, 108 early pubUcations, 177 first Assembly of, 47 first history of, 184 first ratifies Congress proceedings, 83 first State Constitution, 88 importance of, 85, 114, 116 in the Mexican War, 138 in the Revolutionary crisis, 91 in Spanish-American War, 165 inventors, 252 leaders of, 169 leads opposition to tea tax, 81 Lee invades, 151 naval heroes, 124 number of men in the RebeUion, 158 officers in the RebeUion, 159 opposed to slavery, 171 organization of National Guard, 162 patriotic zeal of, 143 Penn returns to, 56 Penn's Account of, 45 population of, in 1765, 79; in 1771, 80; in 1790, 108; in 1861, 141 pro-vides money for war, 146 ratifies Constitution, 105 recent revenues, 168 regiments in Continental Army, 100 revenues in 1911, 169 supplies "first defenders,'' 145 supports the government, 143 troops in battle at Long Island, 90 INDEX 309 Pennsylvania troops in Continental Army, 84, 100 troops in the RebeUion, 146, 167 troops in Spanish-American War, 165 troops m War of 1812, 119 vs. Massachusetts, 115 vote on Louisiana Purchase, 116 Pennsylvania Associators, 83 Pennsylvania Attorneys-General, 219 Pennsylvania Canal, 267 "Pennsylvania," Duganne's poem, 288 "Pennsylvania Freeman," 187 "Pennsylvania Gazette," 181 Pennsylvania Hospital, 60, 210 "Pennsylvania Idea," 262 Pennsylvania Line, 99, 101, 102 "Pennsylvania Magazine," 86, 184 Pennsylvania Pubhc Service Com mission, 169 Pennsylvania Raih-oad Company, 133 Pennsylvania Reserves, 146 Pennsylyania Rock OU Company, 243 Pennsylvania State CoUege, 229 Pennsylvania State Constabulary, 167 Pennsylvania State Forestry, 165 Pennsylvania State Highways, 168 Pennsylvania State House, erection of, 217 Pennypacker, EUjah F., 134, 176 Pennypacker, Galusha, 158 Pennypacker's MiUs, American Army at, 94 Penrose, Boies, 169 Pepper, WiUiam, 213 Perkiomen bridge, 131 Perkiomen Creek, 106, 171 Washington on, 94 Perkiomen Seminary, 226, 268 Perry County, 220 Perry, OUver, at Lake Erie, 126, 127 Peterson, Jan, 208 Philadelphia, 19, 21, 40 beginnings of, 45 British enter, 94 British in, 98 British vacate, 99 City HaU, 162 Constitutional Convention, 104 first charter, 45 First City Troop of Cavalry formed in, 83 first mayor, 54 foreign authors in, 185 , importance in the Revolution, 92 Indian traU to, 253 lawyers, 217 Library Company of, 60 national capital at, 105 new charter, 67 New England authors trained in, 186 population of, in 1790, 108 riots in, 137 Tea Party, 81 Two Hundredth Anniversary, 164 yeUow fever in, 106 Philadelphia and Reading Railroad, 133, 259 PhUadelphia CoUege of Medicine, 211 Philadelphia County, 4:7, 262 Philadelphia Medical Society, 212 Philips, George M., 232 Phoenix Iron Company, 237 PhcenixvUle, 240, 276 Howe's army at, 93, 94 Physicians, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214 early, 208 homeopathic, 213 310 INDEX Physicians of middle and western Pennsylvania, 212 Physick, PhUip Syng, 211 Pickering, Charles, 48 Pickering, Timothy, 115 Pickett's charge, 165 Pietersen, Evert, 23 Pietists, 263 Pirates on the Delaware, 64 Pit Hole City, 246 Pittsburgh, 119, 159, 241 coal at, 241 early physicians of, 212 early population. 111 first Republican Convention at, 142 fort at, 64 glassmaking at, 248 "Greater," 166 hospitals of, 213 importance of site, 64 industries of, 238, 239 in Spanish-American War, 166 iron industries at, 238, 239 lawyers of, 220 Lincoln speaks at, 143 natural gas at, 246 Stephen C. Foster born at, 278 Place-names, Indian, 17 Plate-glass, 249 Plockhoy, Pieter CorneUus, 24, 26 comes to Germantown, 51 his book, 25, 170 Plowden, Sir Edmund, 35 Poe, Edgar AUen, in PhUadelphia, 187 Poetry, early, 179, 181 Pennsylvania, 278 PoUock, James, 138 Pone, Indian, 13 Pontiac, conspiracy of, 72 Pool Forge, 233 Popular rights, struggles for, 54 Porter, David D., 158 Porter, David R., 137 "Portfoho," 185 Portland cement, 246 Portraits, early, 200 Potteries, 246 Pottery, early, 200 Potts, John, 234 Potts, Jonathan, 211 Potts, Thomas, 234 Pottstown, 93, 165, 234 Pottsville, 145, 240 Poupard, James, 206 Pratt, Matthew, 201, 204 Preachers, early, 33, 38 Presbyterians in Chester County, 58 in Cumberland VaUey, 69 in Lancaster County, 58 in Philadelphia, 266 Presidents of Pennsylvania, 107 Presque Isle, 63, 73 Priestley, Joseph, 108, 193 Princeton, battle of, 91 Printz, Hof, 32, 33 Printz, Johan, 30, 31 his eminence, 34 Proprietary Government, revolt against, 76 Proud, Robert, 184 Provincial Council, 47 quarrels in, 47 Pubhcations, early Pennsylvania, 177, 182 Ephrata, 182 Pubhc Schools, 135, 168 beginnings of, 48 Penn estabhshes, 222 system of, 226, 230 Pubhc Service Commission, 168 Puddling miUs, 238 Pusey, Caleb, 16 Putnam, Israel, 90 INDEX 311 Q Quakers, 263, 265, 266 oppose slavery, 141, 171 organize against slavery, 174 principles tested, 57 settlement of New Jersey, 43 treatment of Indians, 16, 17 Quarry, Robert, 266 Quay, Matthew Stanley, 169 R Races, American, 9 white, 18 Radnor, 49 Raihoad companies organized, 258 Railroads, early, 258 Lehigh Valley, 260 Pennsylvania, 132, 260 PhUadelphia and Reading, 133, 260 present system of, 259 State abandons control of, 138 State buUds, 132 Ralph, James, the most prominent early American author, 179 Ramsay, David, 91, 188 Rawle, WiUiam, 219 Read, Thomas Buchanan, 187, 283 Reading, 145 Reading Furnace, 234 Reading, Washington's supphes at, 93 RebelUon, Pennsylvania losses in, 167 , the first, 37 threatens Pennsylvania, 145, 150 Reed, Joseph, 107, 169, 265 Reed, WUham B., 220 Reeder, Andrew H., 139 Reform legislation, 167 Religion, Indian, 14 Rehgious sects, early, 262 RepubUcan Party, first convention, 142 "Reserve Volunteer Corps," 146 Revolutionary War, 76, 88 Reynolds, John F., 146, 150-164 Richardson, Joseph, 276 Richardson, Tacey, story of, 275 Ridder, Peter HoUander, 31 Ridley Creek, 21 Riots in Philadelphia, 137 Ritner, Joseph, 134, 136 Rittenhouse, David, 60, 88, 116, 192 observes transit of Venus, 77 Rittenhouse, WiUiam, 50 Roach, John, and Sons, ship-build ers, 251 Roads, early, 254 Robbers, stories of, 275 Roman CathoUc churches burned, 137 Roman Catholics, 270 among the Germans, 271 in Berks County, 271 in Lancaster County, 271 in Montgomery County, 271 in Philadelphia, 271 Romance, 272 Rose, AquUa, 181 Ross, George, 83 Rothermel, P. F., 206 RouseviUe, oU at, 245 Royal, John, 270 Rush, Benjamin, 141, 210 Rush, William, 204 Rutter, Thomas, 60, 233, 264 Ryan, Patrick John, 271 S Sackett's Harbor, battle of, 120 St. Clair, Arthur, 85, 106 Commander-in-chief, 106 312 INDEX St. Clair, Arthur, manufactures iron, 238 St. David's Church founded, 64 St. Georges' M. E. Church, 269 St. James' Church founded, 54 Salt, manufacture of, 246 "Sampler," 197 Sandiford, Ralph, 141 books on slavery, 172 opposes slavery, 172 "Sanitary Fan," 157 Sargent, John, 137 Sartain, John, 206 Saw miUs, 246 Saws, manufacture of, 261 Saylor, David O., 246 Scarooyadi, an Indian chief, 64 Schaeffer, Nathan C, 232 Schlatter, Michael, 269 Schneider, Theodore, 271 Scholarship, early, 60 School Code, 232 School houses, early, 224, 226 eight square, 225 Schoolmasters, old-time, 23, 225 Schools, charity, 225 Moravian, 224 normal, 231 of medicine, 210 SchuyUjiU, 22, 76, 263 Dutch on the, 21 Revolutionary movements on, 93 Schuylkill Navigation Company, 268 Schwenkfeld, Caspar, 40, 69, 268 Schwenkfelders in Montgomery County, 59, 268 Science, 108, 190 beginnings of, 60 Scotch Irish and the Quakers, 76 in Chester County, 68 in Lancaster County, 68 in the Cumberland VaUey, 68 in the interior, 266 Scott, Thomas A., Assistant Secre tary of War, 148 President of Pennsylvania Rail road, 260 Scott, Winfield, at Chippewa, 121 Scottdale, Soldiers' Orphans School at, 161 ScuU, Nicholas, 60 Second Continental Congress, 84 Shackamaxon Treaty, 16, 48 Sharon, 241 Sharswood, George, 220 Shee, John, 85 Ship-building on the Delaware, 19, 250 Shippen, Edward, becomes Mayor of PhUadelphia, 57 Shippen, Joseph, 71 Shippen, WUham, 210 Shippensburg, 274 Sholes, Christopher Latham, 262 Shunk, Francis R., 133, 137 Sickles, Daniel E., at Gettysburg, 165 Six Nations, 67 Skippack Creek, 263 Skippack Road, 94 Slave holders in Pennsylvania, 171 Slave trade, 170 Slavery, 170 abohtion of, 108 contests over, 137 first protest against, 60, 141, 170 importation duties against, 172 movements against, 141, 174 Slaves, number of, in 1790, 108 Pennsylvania a refuge for, 175 Slemmer, A. J., commands Fort Pickens, 144 Slocum, Frances, story of, 276 SmaU, WiUiam F., 146 Smith, Captain John, saUs up the Susquehanna, 18 INDEX 313 Smith, Charles F., 148 Smith, WiUiam, 60, 184, 192, 203, 225 Smithers, James, 206 Smithies, 246 Snyder, Simon, 116, 117, 119 Social experiment, first in America, 24 Soldiers' orphans schools, 161 "Song of the Camp," 286 Southeby, WUliam, 172 South River, 18, 22, 24, 31, 253 becomes the Delaware, 36 Sower Bibles, 181 Sower, Christopher, 62, 206, 223, 230 his almanacs, 181 his Bibles, 181 Spanish-American War, Pennsyl vanians in, 165 SprogeU, John Henry, 216 Stage hues, 256 Stamp Act, 78 repealed, 79 resented in Philadelphia, 78 Stanton, Edwin M., Secretary of War, 168 United States Attorney-gen eral, 143 Stanwix, Major-general, 72 State abandons control of railroads, 138 State Capital estabUshed at Harris burg, 129 State Capitol burned, 164 new building erected, 167 State Constabulary, 167 State Constitution of 1776, 88 of 1790, 108 of 1837, 137 of 1873, 162 State forestry, 165 State highways, 166, 168 Steamboat invented by John Fitch, 117 Steel, early manufacture of, 236 Steelton, 239 Steeper, John, 206 Steuben, Baron, 96 Stevens, Thaddeus, 137, 169 canal commissioner, 132, 134 views and character of, 160 Stewart, Charles, commands the "Constitution," 124 Stiegel, Baron Henry WilUam, 130, 236, 247 StiU, WiUiam, 176 Stony Point captured by Wayne, 101 Stories, 272 of James Annesley, 272 of the Accursed MUl, 276 of Captain Samuel Brady, 274 of Mrs. Bozarth, 274 of Lydia Darragh, 276 of freebooters and robbers, 275 of James Gibbons, 277 of Indians, 273 of Mollie Pitcher, 276 of Tacey Richardson, 275 of Frances Slocum, 276 "Story of Kennett," 188, 218 Stoves, manufacture of, 236 Street raUways, 261 Stuart, Gilbert, 201, 204 Stuart, J. E. B., raids Chambers burg, 150 separated from Lee, 151 Stuyvesant, Peter, becomes gover nor, 22 Sugar, maple, 11 SuUy, Thomas, 201, 205 Surgeons, 211 Susquehanna Company, 77 Susquehanna County, 148, 263 Susquehanna, Department of, 151 314 INDEX Susquehanna River, 9, 18, 19, 48, 64, 70, 72, 102, 153, 253, 267, 266 "Swanandael," 20, 24 Swarthmore College, 229 Swedes and Dutch, 21 Swedes build new forts, 32 form a company, 27 homes of, 30 on the Delaware, 27 Swedish charter, 28 Swedish colony, end of, 34 increases, 32 T Talleyrand in PhUadelphia, 113, 186 Tamanend, 48 Taney, Roger B., 134, 227 TannehUl, Adamson, 119 Tarentum, 243 "Taufschem," 198 Taylor, Bayard, 188 his best-known poem, 286 his "Story of Kennett," 188 Taylor, Christopher, 47 Tea ship sent away, 82 Tea Tax, Pennsylvania leads oppo sition to, 81 Teedyuscung, 10 Tener, John K., improves State highways, 168 Textile manufactures in Philadel phia, 261 Thackeray first pubUshed in Phila delphia, 184 Thomas, David, 240 constructor of Erie Canal, 133 Thompson, WilUam, 89 Thomson, Charles, 82 Thomson, John, 258 Thomson, John Edgar, 260 Three Rivers, battle of, 89 "Ticonderoga," 124 TUghman, Benjamin Chew, 262 Tilghman, James, 239 Tinicum Island, 32, 33, 39 TitusviUe, first oil weU at, 244, 245 natural gas at, 246 Tobacco, 11, 30 Tomahawk, origin of word, 12 Torkillus, Reorus, first clergyman, 28, 33 Traders kiUed by Indians, 16 Tram-roads, 258 Transportation, 253 of oU, 245 Trappe, 108, 191 Lutheran Church at, 268, 269 Treaty, Penn's, 16, 48 Shackamaxon, 15, 48 Trenton, battle of, 91 Trichina, discovery of, 195 Tripoh, Decatur at, 123 TroUey roads, 261 "Tulip Ware," Pennsylvania Ger man, 200 TumpUies, 257 State builds, 130 Tyson, James, 213 U Underground Railroad, 141, 176 "Union Volunteer Refreshment Saloon," 149 United States Constitution adopted, 106 sympathy with France, 113 University of Pennsylvania, 227, 230 University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 210, 211 Upland (Chester), 39, 45 Court at, 38 Penn lands at, 46 Utie, Nathaniel, 23 INDEX 315 Valley Forge, American Army at, 96 early school at, 224 iron forge at, 234 made a State park, 166 the Forge burned, 93 the spirit of, 103 "Valley of the Swans," 20 Van Bebber, Matthias, 68 Van Bram, Jacob, 64 Van TwiUer, Wouter, 21 Van Vlecq, Paul, 269 Venango County, 64 ViUages, Indian, 10 Volney in Philadelphia, 113, 185 "Vorschrift," 198 W Wade, Lydia, first frees slaves, 174 "Wagoner of the AUeghanies," 283 Wagons, Conestoga, 266 furnished to Washington, 255 numerous in Colonial times, 266 WaUcer, Daniel, 235 Walker, John H., 162 Wanamaker, John, merchant, 261 War of 1812, 118, 119 Warren Tavern, battle of, 93 Warwick Furnace, 236 Washington County, 110 Washington, George, 60, 64, 66, 68, 71, 72, 111, 113 at battle of Brandywine, 92 at Pennypacker's Mills, 94 at Princeton, 91 at Trenton, 91 at Valley Forge, 96 begins his career in Pennsylva nia, 66 Commander of American Army, 85 Washington, George, last mihtary service. 111 messenger to the French, 64 near Pottsto'wn, 93 on a pie-plate, 201 President, 113 presides over Constitutional Convention, 106 surrenders Fort Necessity, 67 Washington and Jefferson CoUege, 227 "Wasp" and "Hornet," 123 Waterways, 265 Watmough, John G., 122 Wayne, Anthony, 82, 89, 93 at battle of Brandywine, 93 at battle of Germantown, 95 at Fallen Timbers, 106 at Monmouth, 99 at VaUey Forge, 96 buried at St. David's, 266 captures Stonj Point, 101 Colonel, 85 Commander-in-Chief, 106 in the South, 102 Weaving, 130, 247 Webb, Thomas, 269 Weiser, Conrad, 58, 70 Weiss, George Michael, 269 "Welcome," Penn sails in, 46 Welsh, EpiscopaUans, 266 Quaker settlers, 49 Welsh, John, President of the Cen tennial Exposition, 163 Wesley, John, 270 West, Benjamin, 15, 48, 201 at Lancaster, 203 bhth, 202 famous paintings, 203 Western Pennsylvania Hospital, 213 Western University of Pennsylva nia, 213, 228 316 INDEX Westmoreland County, 110, 139, 156, 212, 274 Westtown School, 228 Wetzel, Lewis, 273 Wharton, Thomas, 99 Wharton, Thomas, Jr., 88, 107 Whiskey Insurrection, 110 Whitefield, George, 60 White Marsh, battle of, 95 Lydia Darragh at, 276 White, WiUiam, 266 Whittier, John G., in Philadelphia, 187 poem on Joseph Ritner, 136 Wicaco, Swedish viUage, 40 Wigwams, 10, 12 WiUies-Barre, 240, 275 WiUiamsport, lumber industry at, 251 Wihnington, 20 WUmot, David, 142 Wihnot Proviso, 142 Wilson, Alexander, 186, 194 Wilson, James, 82, 105, 108, 217 Wingohocking, 17 Wissahickon Creek, 50, 263 Wister, Owen, 189 Witchcraft, 49, 216 Witt, Christopher, 200, 209 WoU, George, Governor, 134, 231, 267 estabhshes pubhc schools, 135, 230 ¦ Woman's Medical College, 212 Woolman, John, 174 WrightsvUle bridge burned, 153 Early's cavalry at, 152 Wyoming massacre, 100, 273 Wyoming, settlement at, 64, 77, 273 Wyoming VaUey, coal discovered in, 239 Yarnall, John J., 127 YeUow fever in PhUadelphia, 106, 211 Yellow Springs, Soldiers' Orphans School at, 161 Washington's army at, 93 York, Congress at, 94 Early's cavalry at, 152 York County, 237 Zenger famous hbel suit, 217 Zinzendorf, Count, 269 YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 9002 01503 0100 fert"-"" ¦ 1- Itir- -¦"4ECL?' , ^-j's r£h r WSBBPSJ ;- H-'^r Si' :'jfalilS4i?^-):4.,-.