Yale University Library 39002015450910 Cr, Z4-./2 "J give tke/e Books for tie faunikng af a. CoUege in. this Colony" 1915 AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY OF THE STATE OF INDIANA: BEING A FULL AND AUTHENTIC Civil and Political History of the State from its First Exploration down to 1875. tBTCLITDING AN ACCOUNT 01' THB I WITH HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE SKETCHES OF THE Cities, Towns and Villages, EMBRACING Interesting Narratives of Pioneer Life, TOGETHER WITH BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES Al PORTRAITS Of the Prominent Men of the Past and Present, AND A HISTOEy OF EACH COUNTY SEPARATELY. BY DeWITT C GOODRICH, AND Prof. CHARLES R. TUTTLE, .A.uthor o/ ihe '^Border Wars of Two Ceniuries,^^ ^'- Illustrated History o/ the State of Michigan" etc., etc. SOLD dfliY BY STTBSCKIPTION. INDIANAPOLIS: RICHAKD S. PEALE & CO., Publishers. 1876. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, by Richard 8. Pbalb & Co., In the Offlce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. PUBLISHERS' PREFACE. In the mechanical execution of this volume we have aimed to reach some degree of perfection. It is true that the Western book manufacturing establishments do not yet present as complete facilities for printing and binding books of this class, as some of the older Eastern publishing houses contain, but we have already made considerable advancement in this important industry; and it is, perhaps, not too much to say that this work presents, especially in its best bindings, a high degree of this progress. The materials of which the volume is composed, in a literary sense, and the manner in which these are treated, are subjects so fally considered in the General Introductory, that we can not speak of them here wi1;h expediency, yet, to prevent a misunderstanding, we have thought proper to make these explanatory remarks: The volume was not intended as an exclusive dml history of Indiana; hence, to persons expecting such, it will bring disappointment and dissatisfaction; nor did our plan c6ntem- plate an exclusive political history of the State, hence to persons expecting a full history of the several political admin istrations that have characterized the State government, it will bring disappointment also. Neither did we expect to present, in a single volume, all the importknt events in the (5) 6 pioneer history of Indiana. But, believing that, at the present time, the wants of the people could be best served by present ing an equal part of each of these great features, we have adopted the plan of the present volume. And, while it must be remembered that neither of these phases, as presented in the following pages, is a$ complete as it would be were the entire volume devoted to a single feature, yet, since our space is limited, the idea of variety seems most acceptable. In presenting this, the second edition of the History of Indiana, we have made several important corrections and additions, thereby making the work more desirable. May 16th, 1875. TO THE PIONEEKS OF INDIANA, MEN AND WOMEN, WHO BT GREAT INDUSTRY AND A CONSTANT INTEGRITY IN THE LABORS OP THEIR SEVERAL CALLINGS, HAVE LAID WELL THE FOUNDATION PRINCIPLES OF A GREAT AND PROSPEROUS STATE, THIS VOLUME IS RKSPECTPUIiLT DEDICATED. INTRODUCTORY. npHE positive need of a reliable history of Indiana has been recognized for more than ten years, by nearly all the people of the State. It is equally true that the harvest of ma- < terials for such a work was fully ripe. The early explorations of the French in the country of the Miamis ; the labors of the zealous missionaries among the natives ; the adventures of the fur-traders; the early wars with the Indians; the scenes and events around the old French forts and settlements; the strug gles between the French and the English; the subjugation of the latter by Americans; the heroic proceedings of General George Eogers Clarke and his brave Yirginians; the thrilling incidents and interesting reminiscences of pioneer life; the growth and prosperity of the settlements; the glorious part acted in the "War for the Union; and, lastly, the unparalleled advancement in all the great industries and professions of civ ilization; — all these combine to render the narrative replete with interest and instruction. How far we have succeeded in our attempt to collect and arrange these materials in the form of a history of the State, may now be seen; and, we shall regret, indeed, if, after so much labor, our work has been in vain. Our aims and objects have been shaped, as near as possible, by the demands or wants of the people. Hence it has not been an important part of our plan, as it has, of course, been beyond our ability, to present (9) 10 HISTORY OF INDIANA. a work of any great literary merit. But such a work at this time is uncalled for, and it would seem that the present volume is needed to prepare the way for its demand in. the future. Although deficient in many things, it will scarcely fail of this desired end. The early history of the Wabash Valley would, of itself, if properly written, make a volume much larger than the present one, and, perhaps, if viewed in the light of narrative excel lence, more interesting. At the beginning of the eighteenth century communication was opened up between Louisiana and Canada, by the way of the Maumee, Wabash, Ohio, and Mis sissippi. Indeed this route had been traveled by a few, among whom was Robert de La SaUe, some twenty years before, or as early as 1680. But with the beginning of the eighteenth cen tury a general communication was established. With this came the necessity of forts or fortifications, to protect the route against hostile Indians, and, also, to further possess the country adjacent to it against the encroachments of the English colo- ' nies, which, until this period, and for several years after, were content with a narrow strip of land on the Atlantic sea-board. Such became the policy of the French Colonial Government sometime between 1690 and 1700, a decade during which the possibilities of establishing a permanent branch of the French Empire in the New World were bright and promising. In 1700, the French decided to establish this chain of forti fications without delay, and in one year after, Fort Pontchar train (Detroit) was established on the Detroit river. During the four years following, rude forts, or stockades, were erected at the head of the Maumee, where the city of Fort Wayne now stands, on Wea Prairie, near the Wabash, in what is now Tippecanoe county, and at a point farther down the Wabash, where Fort Knox was afterwards established, aud where the ' INTRODUCTORY. U flourishing city of Vincennes now stands. The first was called Post Miami, in respect to the Indian Confederacy of that name, which had its ancient capital near the site; the second was called Ouantenon ; the third, Post Vincennes, in honor of its founder. I am well aware that certain phases of these state ments will be contradicted by persons who have made conside rable research, particularly those points touching the exact date of the establishment of these posts ; but it is necessary that such contradictions be accompanied by satisfactory proof. A prominent gentleman of this State, who has justly earned a wide reputation for historical information, stated, in a conver sation with the writer, only a few weeks ago, that the first military occupation of Vincennes took place in 1716. Grant ing this, we give Post Miami ( Fort Wayne ) an antiquity exceeding Vincennes by eleven years, for it is certain that a military post was established at the former point in 1705. But in the absence of the records themselves, the date of the first French military settlements in Indiana, can best be deter mined by observing the colonial policy under which they were made, as also, the year in which that policy was executed. In many portions of the Northwest, the first French settlements were merely the off-shoots of personal ambition, or missionary zeal, as was that at Green Bay, Wisconsin, or that near the mouth of the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan ; the former, affords us an illustration of personal aggrandizement — presented in the daring and privations of M. Longlade; the latter a grand demonstration of the burning zeal of Fathers Dablon, Allouez and others, early Jesuit missionaries of New France. With regard to these and like settlements, there is ground for dispute as to the date of their origin. But the first settlements in Indiana were not made by chance explorers, or roving fur-tra ders, or pious Jesuits ; they were made under a fixed policy of 12 HISTORY OF INDIANA. the French Government — a policy framed bythe sagacious La Motte Cadillac, the founder of Detroit. Near the close of the seventeenth century, this bold pioneer and statesman of New France returned to his native country, on a mission of greater importance to French interests than was, at that time, realized by his countrymen. Filled with patriotic zeal, he laid before the Colonial Minister, Count Pontchartrain, the first map of the Wabash Valley ever made, executed by his own hands. He pointed out the new route that had been discov ered by La Salle and his associates, through the fertile vales of Indiana, and urged upon the establishment of a chain of fortifications upon it, for the. protection of travel. And we fancy Cadillac reasoned in this wise : He pointed out upon his rude map the vast 'extent and richness of the country adjacent to the route on either side, and indicated the Indian strong holds, suggesting their value as allies in case of future conflicts with rival colonies. Whatever his arguments were, they were convincing, as the Colonial Minister at once entered upon Ca dillac's plans. " Pontchartrain," says a French writer, " was delighted with his plan, and at once commissioned him to execute it." Cadillac returned to Canada and established Detroit, as we have said already, in 1701. It was under this general policy that the first military settlements were made in Indiana. The missionaries undoubtedly visited Vincennes, as did they also the site of Post Miami, long before military posts were erected in those places, but no permanent missions were stationed until after their occupancy by military power. This took place according to the French Colonial records, in 1705, and as near as can be ascertained there is not more than six months' differ ence in the date of the first establishment of Posts Miami, Ouantenon, and Vincennes. Certain it is,' that they were aU INTRODUCTORY. 13 existing in the spring of 1706. That these posts were often deserted, and left without military garrisons, is undoubtedly true, but we wiU venture the assertion that the French Colo nial archives will show that small garrisons were located at the three points indicated previous to 1706. The history of these posts from their first establishment until they were discontinued, furnishes a narrative replete with thrilling incident. It carries the reader through all the interesting scenes of French and Indian intercourse, which presents many romantic, unique phases. In some of these phases, we see Frenchmen degraded instead of savages ele vated ; we see thousands of reckless men, throwing off all civil ized restraint, and plunging deliberately into barbarism ; with the rifie and the scalping knife, they go forth to wreak ven geance upon the whites, eide by side with red men, as if their destinies have become indissolubly united with those of their new allies; we see a type of amalgamation for which the history of the world furnishes no parallel — Frenchmen descending to the level of Indians in social economy, and in many instances, dragging the natives down to a pitch of degra dation from which a half savage sense of propriety often recoiled with just pride. And again, the history of these posts carries the reader through curious accounts of the fur-trade, of the manners and customs of the courriers des hois, or wood rangers — a set of half breeds, with a language and characteristics peculiar to themselves. In the light canoe they would float carelessly down the streams, basking idly in the summer's sun, or gaily singing some French or Indian song. At night they slept upon the river's bank, thoughtless of bed or protection. Eeturning with loads of furs after a long journey, or from the chase, they were greeted by their tawny wives and hybrid offspring with social enthusiasm. 14 HISTORY OF INDIANA. and, in their low, uncultivated sphere, seemed to enjoy life without many of its cares and burdens. The fur-trade had many distinguishing features. Whiskey was one of the chief articles of merchandise, and in the use of this the savage per petrated his greatest abuse. Oft have the forests around Fort Wayne or Vincennes echoed with the hideous yells of the fow wow, when barrel after barrel of poisonous liquors was permitted to be distributed among deluded savages. Verily, the fur-trader will have an account to give at the day of reck oning, in which Indian wrongs will be vindicated. And, again, the history of these posts carries us through the pious devoutment of Catholic missionaries, through accounts of Christian zeal, persecution, privations for the Gospel's sake. We see missionary priests mingling with the savages, teaching them, supping with them, pointing them to the cross. In wigwams or rude log-huts, these priests gathered anxious, curi ous pupils and labored to instruct them in a civilization and Christianity that they could never, never comprehend or appre ciate. But the Indians assented and applauded in their silent devotion, and the missionaries labored on, in a hopeless cause, until a war of extermination ended their labors. ¦ And, again, the history of these posts is filled with thrilling narratives of war, narratives that carry the reader through Sandoskit's ( Nicholas ) conspiracy, Pontiao's conspiracy. Te- cumseh's war, and the long desultory war that, for years, kept alive a feeling of alarm in the pioneer homes on the borders. We see the mighty war-clouds gathering, as the' voice of the mighty Pontiac resounds through the forests of the lake regions, and, as they burst in thunderous volleys of musketry, we behold the massacres that characterized the fall of the " fated nine." Who shall paint the darkness and gloom that settled over the western outposts in 1763-4, when the giant of the INTRODUCTORY. 15 Ottawas swayed, at his imperial command, all the Indian forces of the Northwest? Who shall tell us of the foul conspiracies plotted in forest councils where this proud Ottawa presided? What pen shall ever describe the horrors in the execution of these conspiracies ? The mind turns away from the scene at Michilimackinac, awed with its extremes of barbarity ; the heart sickens with a contemplation of Vanango; while the fall of Holmes, on a supposed errand of mercy, at Post Miami, and the capture of Jenkins at Ouantenon, present shameful inci dents of French cowardice and Indian treachery. But no sooner did the storm of Pontiac's vengeance subside, than another great Indian statesman rose to defend his race. Tecum seh gathered the scattered forces, and led the last great struggle of the red men, until swallowed up in death and defeat. As we have said, these things — the important events in the history of the Wabash Valley — would make a volume, one quite easy of construction, but full of deep interest. But with the aim of presenting modern Indiana, its early history has been exceedingly abridged, so that, to a great extent, this field may still be regarded as open to the investment of labor and research. In the second place, our account of the civil administration of the State and territorial government is necessarily very concise. This would, also, if properly digested, make a volume much larger than the present one; but, we presume it would not be as interesting to the general reader, as valuable to those in search of specific information concerning the civil service of the State. This digest of documents introduces us to the organization of the Territorial Government at Vincennes in 1800, under our own General Harrison; follows the dry routine in the administration of the territory — a narrative interspersed here and there with pleasing incidents ; presents the interesting 16 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Constitutional Convention of 1816, which sat at Corydon, and framed the Constitution that so ably preserved the liberties of the people for thirty -five years; it presents also the Constitu tional Convention of 1850, from which we received the present inestimable Constitution — the foundation of the grand free public school system of the State. It presents the burdens and blessings, the triumphs and defeats of the Old Internal Improvement system — a system so deeply rooted in the legis lation of the State that it still presents itself at every change in the political composition of the legislature; it carries us through a system of land grants, and commissions thereunto belonging, which the State Government is still trying in vain • to fathom ; it presents a network of private legislation and an ocean of local laws, the enumeration of which, though not easy, would be a pleasant task, in comparison with the attempt to discover their origin and real designs. But, as already hinted, our occupancy of this field is so limited as to present the widest scope for zeal and energy. Indeed, the materials are ripe, and the demand large, for a Documentary History of ¦ Indiana. In the third place, our county histories present the " might have been," more than they sustain the plan under which they are presented; and, if persons into whose hands this volume may be placed, jealous of the interests of their own counties, condemn the work because of the inequality apparent in the county sketches, we shall scarcely be surprised. Yet, after all, we may honestly rest our case, as to -that point, with this explanation. It was not the original purpose to vn-ite a history of each county. This must be plain to even a careless thinker, as such a plan would require a scope of at least ten volumes. We regret, however, the want of space for more of these local records. Truly, the history of the pioneers of Indiana is full INTROD UCTORT. 17 of interest and instruction. It presents a narrative full of dramatic situations and romantic scenes, in which more than a thousand actors render the same part. The pioneer history of Indiana presents much that is worthy of admiration. In the hardy, honest pioneer we have a grand illustration of true manhood. He left the scenes of civiliza tion as if moved by an over-ruling divinity, and witli axe and gun, wended his lonely way along the bending rivers, deep into forests, inhabited only by wild beasts and straggling natives. Prospecting on vale and hill, he moves forward, guided only by the familiar hlaze of the surveyor's axe, through openings, across fertile bottoms, and through rolling woodlands, until the eye falls on the spot of his choice. Here the cabin home is to be erected. Hard by runs a rippling stream, through a fertile ravine, ever telling Nature's mystic story in the voice of tireless waters. Upon this the mill is to be established. Ever and anon, on either side stretches a vast forest of oak, walnut, and other valuable timber, and beneath is a rich, pro ductive soil, awaiting only the touch of the husbandman to break forth into a golden harvest. The history of the pioneers of Indiana carries us from this scene through many incidents. We have the building of the cabin; the moving of the family from civilization to that iso lated cabin home; the toils and hardships of the mother, rearing a family, where there is naught but her own hands to administer in circumstances where the raost delicate and tender sympathy is required ; the long, weary years of toil and danger through which the father passes, unmoved in his persistent energy. At his bidding, the forests gradually fade away, and fertile fields spread out in harvest luxury; and, in short, the various scenes in that grand transformation from the wilderness to the metropolis, from barbarism to civilization, from chaos 2 18 HISTORY OF INDIANA. to achievement. Although we have presented much of this narrative, more than enough to constitute a rare and useful volume remains yet unwritten. From these hints concerning the manner in which the three great phases of the State's history are treated in the following chapters, it will be seen that, while we do not claim to have elaborated on either, as much of all is presented as will con form to our original plan — that of producing a work touching upon all these subjects, and at the same time condensing all within the compass of a single volume. CHAELES R. TUTTLE. India .NAPOLis, Ind., March, 1875. INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. Brown, Prof. R. T 239 Brown, Austin H 195 Buckles. Joseph S. ---355 Biddle, Judge Horace P 183 Brownfield, John 369 Bates, Harvey..- 805 Bass, J. H. 140 Bass, S. S 143 Br aokenridge, Robert - - 71 Bird, Hon. O. 84 Carpenter, Willard 337 Comstock, James 315 Cason, T. J - - 339 Comingor, Prof J. A 339 Cumback, Hon. Will _ . -353 Cox, Prof E. T 187 Colfax, Hon. Schuyler.- 90 Campbell, John L... 175 Clarke, Gen. George Rogers Frontispiece. Danaldson, David S.-- 163 Evans, S. Cary 137 Evans, A. 8 533 Edson, Judge Wm. P 179 English, Maj. Elisha G. 391 English, Hon. Wm. H 385 Edgerton, Joseph K - - 106 Edgerton, A. P.- -.130 Fletcher, Prof W. B 339 Field, Dr. Nathaniel -347 Fitch, Hon. G. N 515 Fowler, Moses 153 Gooding, Hon. David S ..681 Hunter, Hon. M. 0 579 Houghton, Walter R _277 Hoagland, Pliney 200 Hackleman, Hon. Elijah .. .146 Hoss, Prof. Geo.W 333 Hobbs, Prof. B. C 363 Hanna, Samuel 130 Hanna, Mrs. Eliza 131 Hough, John 75 Hendricks, Hon. Thomas A 118 Harrison, Gen. William H _ Frontispiece. Kirkwood, Daniel 277 Kerr, Hon. M. C _-339 LaSalle, Charles B _648 Long, Thomas B __204 Lane, Hon. Henry 8 579 Lingle, W. 8..... 631 Louder, Charles 367 Lockwood, John M _ 233 Lewis, Andrew 331 Martindale, E. B 651 Moody, M.M 315 McDonald, Hon. Joseph E 579 Mears, G. W 339 Mitchell, Hon. William 191 Morton, Hon. O. P 102 Nutt, Rev. Dr. Cyrus 311 Nuttman, J. D 78 Orth, Hon. G. 8 .579 Owen, Richard.. 377 Olds, N. G ...335 Pratt, Hon. D. D -339 Purdue, Hon. John 137 Peed, H. A 257 (19) 20 INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS. Patterson, Judge C. Y 315 Pierce, Martin L 134 Posey, Gov. Thomas.Frontispiece. Ryan, T 439 Roche, John 117 Robbins, G. W .299 Ross, W. T ....156 Rose, Chauncy 169 Randall, Hon. F. P. 96 Shanks, Hon. J. P. C... 839 Studebaker, Clem 475 Studebaker, John M -485 Studebaker, Peter E .495 Studebaker, Jacob F 505 Scott, John T 245 Suttenfield, Mrs. Laura 93 Stockton, Lawrence B 149 Sutherland, John 315 St.Clair, Gen. Arthur. Frontispiece. Tyner, Hon. James N 579 Thompson, Col. James S. 377 Tuttle, Dr. Joseph F. 172 Trentman, B ..-110 Vandgundy, Adam 215 Wolfe, Hon. S. K -339 Wright, C. !]¦. 339 Wylie, Dr. T. A.- 377 Wilson, Col. W. C- 307 Wood, George W - 349 Williams, Jesse L.. 87 Wayne, Gen. Anthony-Frontispiece Yeoman, D. H 315 Zollinger, Charles --. 81 MISCELLANBOnS. Residence of Samuel Hanna 134 Residence of F. P. Randall-- - 99 Residence of Judge H. P. Biddle --.219 Birth place of Judge H. P. Biddle. - ..218 Studebaker Brothers' Wagon Works, South Bend - 615 Studebaker Brothers' Carriage Works, South Bend 435 Bass Foundry and Machine Works, Fort Wayne 631 Scene Of the Battle of Tippecanoe - 165 Council S ne between General Harrison and Tecumseh 159 Public Scl A Building, Sullivan - ...453 Ford School Building, La Fayette 385 Opera House, La Payette 383 Purdue University Buildings 387, 389, 301, 893 INDEX TO BIOGRAPHIES. Andrus, LL.D., Reuben 667 Biddle, Judge H. P 634 Baker, Hon. Conrad 634 Beard, John 645 Brackenridge, Robert 646 Brownfield, John 666 Bates, Harvey 667 Buckles, Joseph 8 671 Bird, Hon. 0 683 Brown, Austin H 688 Brown, Prof. R.T.. 684 Bass, J. H - 684 Bass, Col. S.S --. 684 Campbell, LL.D., John L 689 Cumback, Hon. Will 643 Carpenter, Willard - 677 Cox, Prof E.T 684 Comingor, Prof A. J 684 Cason, Hon. T. J .-- 684 Colfax, Hon. Schuyler 684 Dunn, Williamson 646 Dowling, Thomas 648 Danaldson, David 8 649 Elston, Isaac C 646 English, Hon. Wm. H 650 English, Major Elisha G. 656 Eddy, Col. Norman 659 Edgerton, J. K .. 663 Edgerton, A. P -- 683 Earp, A.M., Jno. E 665 Evans, Amos S 678 Evans, 8. Cary 684 Edson, Wm.P 676 Pitch, Hon. G. N 638 Fowler, Moses 641 (21) Field, Dr. Nathaniel 668 Fletcher, Prof. W. B. 684 Gooding, Hon. David 8 _. 680 Hobbs, LL.D., Barnabas C 628 Hackleman, Hon. Elijah 660 Hoss, LL.D., George W 660 Hendricks, Hon. Thomas A. -. 661 Houghton, Walter R 664 Holloway, Col. W. R. - 674 Hoagland, Pliney 680 Hanna, Samuel ..- 684 Hanna, Mrs. Eliza 684 Hough, .John 684 Hunter, Hon. M. C 684 Knoblock, John C 668 Kirkwood, LL.D., Daniel 630 Kerr, Hon. M. C 663 Lane, Hon. Henry S 645 Lingle, W. 8 655 Long, Judge Thomas B. 672 Lowder, Charles 672 Lewis, Dr. Andrew - _ - 676 Lockwood, John M 677 Lasselle, Charles B - - - 678 Morion, Hon. O. P 661 Martindale, E. B 664 Mitchell, Hon. Wm -- 676 Moody, M. M 684 McDonald, Hon. J. E 684 Mears, Prof G. W 684 Nutt, Dr. Cyrus 625 Nuttman, J. D.. 635 Nicholson, Wm. W 646 Niblack, Hon. W. E 654 Orth, Hon. G. 8 663 22 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Olds, N. G 684 Owen, Prof Richard 685 Purdue, Hon. John 677 Peed, Henry A 666 Pratt, Hon. D. D 685 Patterson , Judge C. Y 685 Pierce, Martin L 685 Ross, W. T 659 Randall, Hon. F. P 659 Rogers, A.M., Lewis T 665 Robbins, G.W 665 Ryan, Townsend 670 Rose, Chauncy 683 Roche, John 685 Shanks, Hon. J. P. C 633 Smith, Zenas 649 Stockton, L.B 664 Studebaker, Clem 681 Studebaker, John M. .^. 681 Studebaker, Peter E.. .! 683 Studebaker, Jacob F 688 Suttenfield, Mrs. Laura 684 Scott, John T 685 Southerland, John 685 Tuttle, Dr, Joseph P 640 Thompson, Rev. James 645 Thompson, Richard W 648 Trentman, B 684 Tyner, Hon. .James N 685 Thompson, Col. James 8 685 Vigo, Col. Francis 647 Van Gundy, Adam 658 Whitlock, Major A 644 Wallace, Gen. Lewis 652 Wood, George W 658 Wilson, Col. W. C 658 Wylie, Dr. T. A 657 Williams, Jesse L 683 Wolfe, Hon. S. K 685 Wright, Prof C. E. 685 Yeoman, D. H _. 685 Zollinger, Charles A 663 CONTENTS. PART FIRST. CIVIL AND POLITICAL HISTORY. CPIAPTEE I. MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS. Native Tenants of Indiana.. The Discovery of the Territory.. The Route from Louisiana to New France by the Ohio, Wabash and Maumee.. A Chain of Fortifications through Indiana. .The Mission aries- -Customs of the Indians, Missionaries, and Fur Traders. - Central Points of the Fur Trade. .The English and the French-. Defeat of the latter.. The British in Indiana.. Inhabitants of Post Vinoennes 61 CHAPTER II. GENERAL CLARKE'S CELEBRATED EXPEDITION. Clarke's Preparations for the Western Campaign.. Description of his Forces.. His March to the Illinois. .Capture of Kaskaskia.. Pecu liarities of Clarke 69 CHAPTEE III. CLARKE'S EXPEDITION — CONTINUED. Operations at Kaskaskia.. His Celebrated Liberty Speech.. Clarke Prepares for the Conquest of Vincennes.. Services of Father Giboult ..Change of Allegiance at Vincennes.. Captain Helm appointed to the Command at Vincennes. . His Speech to the " Grand Door " . .The British Cause on the wane in Indiana.. The British Lieutenant Gov ernor re-takes Vincennes.. Bravery of Captain Helm 74 (23) 103 24 HISTORY OF INDIANA. CHAPTEE IV. CLARKE'S CELEBRATED MARCH AGAINST VINCENNES. Preparations for the March'.. Perilous Situation of Clarke.. A Bojd Enterprise Boldly Executed.. The March. -Possibilities of Human, Endurance.. Indescribable Hardships -.Marching in Water- -Ap proaching Vincennes. -Approaching Starvation- -Fortunate Relief from the latter. -Clarke's Letter to the Inhabitants of Vincennes.. Cunning Manreuvre of Colonel Clarke.. The Contest.. Indians Vol unteering to Aid Clarke.. Clarke Declines their Assistance.. Clarke Orders Hamilton to Surrender. .Refusal. .The Firing Continued. . The Final Capitulation - ^ CHAPTER Y. CLARKE'S MOVEMENTS AT VINCENNES. Organization of a Military Government.. Clarke Punishes the Hostile Delawares. .They plead for and find Mercy through the endorsement of the Piankeshaws.-The Expedition against Detroit abandoned.. Organization ofa Civil Government at Vincennes in 1779.. Early Land Grants.. Virginia Cedes her Northwestern Territory to Con gress - — CHAPTEE VI. EARLY SETTLEMENT AND LAND GRANTS. Tfie Ordinance of 1787.. The Northwestern Territory. .General Harmar ..Vincennes in 1790.. Adoption of Laws bythe General Court at Vincennes . .Testimonials to Mr. Sargent - 109 CHAPTER VII. HARMAR, SCOTT AND WILKINSON'S EXPEDITIONS. The Expedition against the Wabash Indians.. General Harmar's Forces.. Hardin's Defeat.. The Alarm in the Frontiers. .Scott's Ex pedition.. The Wea Indians Punished.. Wilkinson's Expedition on the Wabash 116 CHAPTER VIII. ST. CLAIR'S AND WAYNE'S EXPEDITIONS. St. Clair Marches from Fort Washington.. St. Clair's Memorable Defeat.. Indian Cruelty.. St. Clair's Resignation.. He is succeeded by General Anthony Wayne. .Major Hamtramck at Vincennes.. Indians Insisting on the Ohio as the Boundary ..General Scott joins Wayne's Forces with Kentucky Volunteers.. The March. .The Battle and the Victory.. The Losses.. Destruction of Indian Dwellings, Cornfields, etc... Erection of Port Wayne .Tlie Army Dispersed.. Civil Matters 138 CONTENTS. 26 CHAPTEE IX. ORGANIZATION OF THE INDIANA TERRITORY. Vincennes.. Port Knox.. Condition of Indiana Settlements in 1800.. Civil Matters _. 129 .CHAPTEE X. GOVERNOR HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. The Second Grade of Government. .Revision of the Territorial Statutes ..Land Offices. .Indian Complaints.. The Prophet. .His Speeches.. Settlement of the Prophet's town.. Tecumseh.. Harrison's Speech to the Indians. The Prophet Visits Vincennes.. Extinguishing Indian Titles.. Movements of Aaron Burr 133 CHAPTEE XI. STATISTICS— LAND TITLES— INDIAN AFFAIRS. Population.. The Early Land Title Controversy.. Report of the Com missioners.. Organization of the Territory of Illinois 142 CHAPTEE XII. HARRISON'S CAMPAIGN. Movements of Tecumseh and the Prophet.. General Harrison Labor ing for Peace. -Tecumseh and Harrison in Council. .Tecumseh Denounces Harrison to his Face.. Happy Termination of the Diffl culty. .Tecumseh Repents of his Deed.. But is Persistent in his Purpose 144 CHAPTEE XIII. HARRISON'S CAMPAIGN- CONTINUED. The Territorial Legislature of 1810.. Extinguishment of Native Titles Recommended by Governor Harrison. .The Question of a Permanent Capital.. The Influences of Tecuinseh and the Prophet.. Harrison's Speech of Warning. .Tecumseh Goes South 148 CHAPTEE XIV. HARRISON'S CAMPAIGN— CONTINUED. War Inevitable. .Military Measures-.The Indians Ordered to Disperse ..Erection of Port Harrison.. Harrison's Army on t^e March. .The Battle of Tippecanoe.. Bra very in War. .The Forces. -Compliments to the Heroes. .Taylor's Heroic Defense of Port Harrison... ._ 155 CHAPTEE XV. CIVIL MATTERS. The Affairs of the Indiana Territory.. The General Assembly at Via- 26 HISTORY OF INDIANA. cennes in 1813.. Acting Governor Gibson.. The Capital .Removed to Corydon. .Thomas Posey Appointed Governor of the Territory. .The Legislature at Corydon in 1813 . .The Session Laws 168 CHAPTEE XVI. REVIEW OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL EVENTS. The Ordinance of 1787.. Early Forms of Government.. Judicial Cir cuits. .Banks and Banking Laws -- — 174 CHAPTEE XVII. ORGANIZATION OP THE STATE. Close of the Territorial Existence.. The First Constitutional Conven- tion.. Delegates.. The First State Election.. The First State Legisla ture.. Governor Jennings 178 CHAPTEE XVIII. GOVERNOR JENNING'S ADMINISTRATION. Taxation.. Internal Improvements.. Extra Session of the Legislature ..Financial Difficulties. .Embarrassment of the General Credit of the State..The Panic of 1821 185 CHAPTEE XIX. ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR HENDRICKS. His Message to the Legislature. -Internal Improvements- -Education -.The Seminary at Bloomington 190 CHAPTEE XX. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY. Condition of State Affairs in 1836. .Population.. Trade and Commerce --Asylums --General Prosperity. .The Southern States in an Unpleas ant Attitude ... - i __. 193 CHAPTER XXI. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY— CONTINUED. Continued Increase of Immigration . . Success in Agriculture . . Internal Improvements.. Infirm Colored People from the'South pouring into Indiana- .Remaining Indian Tribes.. Election of a President of the United States. .The Civil Code I99 CHAPTEE XXII. ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR NOBLE. Shortness of Crops in 1832. .The Black Hawk War. . Internal Improve ments. .The Indianapolis Donation. .Indian Titles.. Commencement CONTENTS. 27 of the Wabash and Erie Canal.. The Governor Recommends a sys tem of Public Improvements.. The Michigan Boundary Question.. The State Bank Organized.. The "New Capital " of 1835.. Progress of the Internal Improvements 203 CHAPTEE XXIII. ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR WALLACE. The Public Improvement Trouble. .The Governor Speaks Discour agingly in his Message.. A Crisis Inevitable.. Removal of the Potta- watomies beyond the Mississippi 313 CHAPTEE XXIV. ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR BIGGER. Prostration of the Internal Improvements. .Review of the Public Works in 1840. .Individual Indebtedness.. Dark Days.. Inability to Pay Interest of the Public Debt. .List of the Works Undertaken, and their Condition in 1841. .The State Debt 314 CHAPTEE XXV. ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR WHITCOMB. Light Breaking over Indiana. .The War with Mexico. -Redemption of i the Public Credit. -Administration of Governor Wright- -Death of President Taylor- -Progress of the Public Improvements -.Governor Wright Endorses the Missouri Compromise.. The Constitutional Convention of 1850.. Administration of Governor Willafd.. History of the State Bank.. Death of Governor Willard.. Death of David Dale Owen.. Acting Governor Hammond.. Administration of Lieu tenant Governor Morton.. His Patriotic Message to the Extra Session of the Legislature .' JJiJl CHAPTER XXVI. RECORD IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. Intelligence of the Fall of Sumter.. Proclamation of the President.. Proclamation of Governor Morton. .Contributions of Men and Means .. Providing Munitions of War.. Patriotism and Promptness of Indiana in the War. .The Laurels Won 338 CHAPTEE XXVII. MORTON AND BAKER'S ADMINISTRATION. The General Assembly of Indiana in 1867-.A Stormy Session .. Con gressional Districts- -The Soldiers' Home- -The State Normal School .-The Agricultural Collegel. Statistics 238 28 HISTORY OF INDIANA. CHAPTEE XXVIII. GOVERNOR BAKER'S ADMINISTRATION. The Political Contest- -Election . . State Debt- -War Claims. .The House of Refuge--Lynch Law--Seymour Vigilance Committee --- 343 CHAPTEE XXIX. GOVERNOR BAKER'S ADMINISTRATION. The Fifteenth Amendment Lock in 1869 ..The Storm of Partisanism- - Election of D. D. Pratt to the United States Senate. -Wholesale Resignations.. Breaking Up of the Session. .New Elections Ordered ..Extra Session of the Legislature. -The Purdue University Estab lished.. Another Lock in the Legislature.. Development of Mineral Resources . .Agricultural Products 347 CHAPTEE XXX. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BAKER— CONTINUED. Another Lock over the Fifteenth Amendment.. Wholesale Resignation of Republicans to Prevent its Repeal.. A Member of the Legislature Convicted of Bribery in obtaining his Election.. The Wabash and Brie Canal Controversy.. Woman Suffrage Movement. .Decision of the Supreme Court in favor of Taxing the People to Support Rail. roads.. The Election of October, 1873.. The Special Session of the Legislature in November, 1873. -Re-election of Senator Morton 251 CHAPTEE XXXI. ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR HENDRICKS. Governor's Message.. Common Pleas Courts Abolished.. Amendment of the Divorce Laws.. The Liquor Law.. The Temperance Conven tion of 1873.. Congress of Agriculture 356 CHAPTEE XXXII. EDUCATIONAL. The School Law of 1853.. The Township System.. Opposition to the Law. .Deficiency in the Number and Qualification of Teachers. . The School Fund.. Township Lil)raries.. School Statistics of 1860.. 359 CHAPTEE XXXIII. EDUCATIONAL. Present Condition.. Origin of Free Schools ..Present Common School Fund. .School Fund compared with that of other States.. School Houses. .County Superintendents . .Educational Statistics. . Statistics of Libraries.. Religious.. Statistics of Churches 368 CONTENTS. 29, CHAPTEE XXXIV. BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. Insane Hospital.. Deaf and Dumb Asylum. .Blind Asylum. .Other Charities. -Statistics of the Objects of Charity.. Statistics of Popu lation, Pauperism and Crime 381 CHAPTEE XXXV. WEALTH AND PROGRESS. Population.. Population by Towns.. Wealth, Taxation and Public Indebtedness of Indiana.. Statistics 387 CHAPTEE XXXVI. AGRICULTURAL. Agriculture.. General Remarks, Statistics of Productions, Soil, Farms, etc., etc. 397 CHAPTEE XXXVII. MANUFACTURING AND COMMERCE. Manufacturing Statistics . . Trade and Commerce 302 CHAPTER XXXVIII. THE MINERAL WEALTH OF INDIANA. Mineral Wealth-.Coal, Iron, Stone, etc... Statistics.. Analysis of Coals .¦ _ 807 CHAPTER XXXIX. LAWS AND COURTS OF INDIANA. Actions. -Arrests.. Attachments.. Claims.. Deeds, Mortgages, etc .. Women's Rights. .Depositions. . Executions 314 CHAPTER XL. OFFICIAL REGISTER OF INDIANA. Governors... Lieutenant Governors.. Secretaries of State. .Auditors of State.. Treasurers of State.. Attorneys Gen eral.. Supreme Court .Judges. -U. 8. Senators ^ 827 PART SECOND. COUNTY. HIS TORIES. CHAPTEE XLI. [htroductoky 333 CHAPTEE XLII. ALLEN COUNTY — EARLY HISTORY. Kekionga. .The Ancient Miami Capital. .Post Miami.. Nicholas' Con spiracy.. Dubuisson's Port. .Fate of Post Miami. .Fate of Holmes ..Erection of the Fort in 1794..Tecumseh's Siege of Fort Wayne.. Bravery of Oliver.. Intemperance of Captain Rhea. .General Harri son Marches to the Relief of the Besieged Garrison.. Incidents of the Siege. .The Relief.. Destruction of Indian Villages.. Improve ment of the Grounds around the Fort 335 CHAPTEE XLIII. FORT WAYNE— EARLY SETTLEMENT. Indians and Whites. .The "Old Port House". .The Company's Garden. .The Garrison Burial Ground. .Modes of Travel. .The Pirsi Mills. -The Fur Trade.. Major Whistler's Fort..Richardville.. Rebuilding the Fort-.The "Big Elm" Post Office.. Pay Season at Port WayncThe Land Office. .The Old Town Plat..The Land Sale 349 CHAPTER XIJV. ALLEN COUNTY — EARLY SEITLEMENT. Organization of the County.. Location of the County Seat. .County Officers.. Pioneer Days- of Fort Wayne.. Taxation.. First Circuit Court. .Scenes in the Court. .Trial of Big Leg. .Courting 85S (30) CONTENTS. 31 CHAPTER XLV. ALLEN COUNTY — FORT WAYNE — MODERN HISTORY. Area- -Population- -Wealth- -Population of the Towns- Rural Dis tricts. -Public Schools of Allen County and of Port Wayne. -Cath olic Schools-. Religious- -Railroads. -Public Improvements 364 CHAPTER XLVI. HUNTINGTON COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Surface of the County-. First Settlement.. The Helveys.. Flint Springs Hotel .. Organization of the County.. First School Teacher.. Hunt ington. .The Lime Interest --Agricultural Wealth- -Public Improve ments - - 370 CHAPTEE XLVII. CASS COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Organization of the County-. "The Mouth of Eel".. Early Settlers.. Increase of the Settlement.. Organization of the County. .First County Officers. .The Board of Commissioners.. The Circuit Court . . Growth of the Town and County. Logansport -.. 874 CHAPTEE XLVIII. TIPPECANOE COUNTY— HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Ouantenon.. The Pate of the Post on the Wea Prairie.. Jenkins' Letter to Major Gladwyn. .First Settlers ..Crawfordsville the Centre of Civilization on the Wabash.. William Digby.. Rival Townson the Wabash-. Educational. .Sketch of the Early Schools.. Purdue Uni versity 381 CHAPTER XLIX. MONTGOMERY COUNTY— EARLY HISTORY. Organization of the County.. Scenes and Incidents at Crawfordsville ..John Beard. -Surface and Soil.. Crawfordsville.. The Streets and Public Improvements.. Wabash College 893 CHAPTEE L. VIGO COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Fort Harrison.. Canadian Land Grants. .Early Settlers. .The Town of Terre Haute Laid Out. Sale of Lots.. Organization of the County ..First County Officers. .The First Circuit Court.. Early Court Houses. .The Present City of Terre Haute. -Educational --- 398 CHAPTEE LI. KNOX COirNTY- HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Vincennes- -Its Establishment.. Barly Fur Traders. .Knox the Mother 32 HISTORY OF INDIANA. of Indiana Counties. -New Vincennes- -Its Buildings and Public Improvements-. Churches..The New Court House.. Country Tribu tary to Vincennes - ^^ CHAPTEE LII. VANDERBURGH COUNTY — EVANSVILLE. Early Settlement of Evansville. .The Town Plat.. Early Sale of Lots ..Early Settlers-. Growth of the City. -Effects of the Internal Im provement System -.Wabash and Erie Canal --Advantages of the Civil War to Evansville- .Population, -Public Schools 413 CHAPTEE LIII. PARKE COUNTY -HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Organization of the County--Early Settlers --Soil and Productions-- Coal Mines- -RockviUe- -Educational 420 CHAPTEE LIV. JOHNSON COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Surface- .Soil and Productions. -8chools--Pranklin College- -Progress of the County - - 433 CHAPTER LV. WABASH COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Surface, Soil and Productions- -Early Settlers. .Indian Mill. .The Town of Wabash. .Past and Present. .The First Courts 437 CHAPTER LVI. ELKHART COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Organization of the County- -Early Settlement-. Goshen, its History and Present Importance.. Elkhart, Past and Present.. Soil and Pro ductions... .' 481 CHAPTER LVII. ST. JOSEPH COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Surface, Soil and Productions. .The Kankakee Marshes. .Organization of the County. .The County Seat. .Its First and Second Location.. The City of South Bend.. Its Greatness.. Notre Dame University.. St. Mary's Academy.. Public Schools.. Manufacturing 434 CHAPTER LVIII. MADISON COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Early Settlement.. Surface, Soil and Productions. -Organization of the County- -Indian Massacre- -Trial of Hudson- -Trial of Sawyer Trial of Bridge- -The Execution- -Anderson 441 CONTENTS. 33 CHAPTER LIX. COUNTY HISTORIES. Sullivan, Clay, Owen, Greene, Lawrence and Jackson Counties. -His torical and Descriptive . .-. 451 CHAPTEE LX. WELLS COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Joseph Knox, the First Settler.. Early Settlers. .Their Trials, Priva^ tions, etc... Organization of the County .-Bluffton - 463 CHAPTEE LXI. MONROE COUNTY — INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY. Soil and Productions--Bloomington--Indiana State University. .His tory of the Institution.. The School of Mental, Moral and Political Philosophy. -The School of Natural Pliilosopby. The School of Natural Science. .The School of Mathematics. .The School of Greek ¦ Language and Literature. .The School of Civil Engineering- -The School of Latin Language and Literature.. English Literature and Elocution.. School of Modern Languages.. The Preparatory School ..Geological.. Law School 467 CHAPTEE LXII. HENRY COUNTY— HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Early Settlements.. Asahel Woodward Organization of the County.. Soil and Productions.. New Castle.. Knightstown 481 CHAPTEE LXIII. CARROLL COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Early Settlers .-Organization of the County- -List of Early Settlers -- Present Condition - 484 CHAPTEE LXIV. SWITZERLAND COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. First Settlements --Colony of Swiss--Hardships of the Early Settlers ..Organization of the County-. Vevay _- 488 CHAPTER LXV. OHIO COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Surface, Soil and Productions. -Incidents in Pioneer Life. -Rising Sun 490 CHAPTER LX7I. BARTHOLOMEW COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Organization of the County.. Surface, Soil and Productions. -Colum bus. . Courts and Court Houses. .Early Railroads . .Present Condition 493 3 34 HISTORY OF INDIANA. CHAPTEE LXVII. FLOYD COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Surface, Soil and Productions. .New Albany, its Early History, Pro gress, and Present Condition.. Scenery.. River Navigation.. Manu facturing Interests. .Depauw College. .St. Mary's Female Academy ..Schools.. Morse Academy 499 CHAPTEE LXVIII. CLARKE COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. The Illinois Land Grant.. Clarke and his Brave Virginian Rewarded ..Surface, Soil, etc.. -Jeffersonville, its Importance. -Manufacturing Interests-.Quartermaster's Depot. -Its Interests -.Schools, etc - 507 CHAPTEE LXIX. SHELBY COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Soil and Productions- - Organization of the County 513 Clinton County 514 Boone County 51 6 CHAPTEE LXX. HENDRICKS COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Soil and Productions. -Early Settlements.. Progress 518 Morgan County - 519 Scott County 531 CHAPTER LXXI. WAYNE COUNTY — HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Early Settlements.. The Friends.. Names of the Early Settlers.. Etc.- 535 CHAPTER LXXIL WAYNE COUNTY— HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Organization of the County.. Fight over the County Seat.. Present Condition. .Growth. .Schools. .Earlham College _ 530 CHAPTER LXXIIL JAY COUNTY— HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. Early Settlers.. Privations and Hardships.. Organization of the County ..First Courts. .Progress of the County 534 CHAPTER LXXIV. PUTNAM COUNTY — ASBURY UNIVERSITY. Soil and Productions. .Greencastle. .Railroad Facilities.. The Asbury University.. Its Aims and Objects. .Its History. .The Law Depart. CONTENTS. 35 ment.. The Course of Study.. The Endowment.. Various Adminis trations _ 538 CHAPTER LXXV. COUNTY HISTORIES. Adams County 549 Blackford County 55O Benton County 55I Brown County 553 Crawford County 553 Daviess County _ 553 Dearborn County 554 Decatur County 554 DeKalb County 555 Delaware County 555 Dubois County 556 Payette County 557 Fountain County 557 Franklin County 558 Fulton County 558 Gibson County 559 Grant County .' 560 Hamilton County 560 Hancock County 561 Harrison County 561 Jasper County 563 Jefferson County 562 Jennings County 563 Kosciusko County 563 La Grange County 564 Lake County 565 La Porte County 565 Marion County 566 Marshall County 567 Martin County 568 Noble County 568 Orange County 569 Perry County 569 Porter County 570 Posey County --.-' 570 Pulaski County - --- 571 Randolph County - 571 Ripley County - 572 Rush County 572 Spencer County 578 Steuben County .' 573 Tipton County - 574 36 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Union County - 574 Vermillion County 574 Warren County 574 Warrick County 575 Washington County - — 575 White County 576 Whitley County 577 Howard County - - -- 577 Stark County 577 Miami County 578 Newton County 582 Pike County 583 CHAPTER LXXVI. PRESENT AND FUTURE GREATNESS OF INDIANAPOLIS. Indianapolis, the Future Great City of the West- -Its Present Import ance and Future Growth - --_ 584 CHAPTEE LXXVII. PROGRESS OF THE GRANGE IN INDIANA. Extent of the Organization in the State- Its History- -State Grange Offlcers. .Aims and Objects of the Order.-Good Results ..- 605 CHAPTEE LXXYIII. THE GREAT WAGON AND CARRIAGE WORKS OF THE STU DEBAKER BROTHERS MANUFACTURING COMPANY, AT SOUTH BEND, ST. JOSEPH COUNTY, INDIANA. Early Beginning- -History of the Firm. -Description of Buildings. - Fire of 1872- -Rebuilt. .Fire of 1874- -Description of New Building ..Statistics of Products gig THE BASS FOTOTDBT AND MACHINE WORKS OF BOBT WAYNE, IND. Description of Works.. Personnel of the Firm.. Works in Chicago and St. Louis.. Products gj^g CHAPTER LXXIX. THE NEWSPAPER PRESS OP INDIANA. Press of Indiana 1 aan Newspaper Directory of Indiana aon INDEX HISTORIES OF COUNTIES Adams 549 Allen 335 Bartholomew , 498 Benton 551 Blackford... 550 Boone 516 Brown 553 Carroll 484 Cass - 874 Clarke - 507 Clay. - - 454 Clinton 514 Crawford.. 552 Daviess 553 Dearborn 554 Decatur 554 DeKalb 555 Delaware 555 Dubois 556 Elkhart - - 431 Payette - -. 557 Floyd 499 Fountain 557 Franklin 558 Fulton.. --- 558 Gibson- .- 559 Grant 560 Greene 457 Hamilton 560 Hancock. 561 Harrison 561 Hendricks 518 Henry 481 Howard 557 Huntington 370 Jackson 461 Jasper 562 Jay ..584 Jefferson 562 Jennings 563 Johnson 423 Knox 405 Kosciusko 563 La Grange 564 Lake 565 La Porte 565 (37) Lawrence 458 Madison 441 Marion .- 566 Marshall 567 Martin 568 Miami - 578 Monroe 467 Montgomery - 393 Morgan 519 Newton 582 Noble , 568 Orange 569 Ohio - 490 Owen 456 Parke - 430 Perry 569 Pike. - 588 Porter 570 Posey 570 Pulaski 571 Putnam 538 Randolph 571 Ripley 573 Rush 573 Scott 531 Shelby. 513 Spencer 573 Starke 577 St. Joseph 434 Steuben 578 Sullivan 451 Switzerland 488 Tippecanoe... 381 Tipton 574 Union 574 Vanderburgh 412 Vermillion 574 Vigo 398 Wabash 427 Warren 574 Warrick 575 Washington. 575 Wayne 525 Wells.... 468 White 576 Whitley 577 INDEX TO APPENDIX. The Eighteen Presidents of the United States and their Original Cabi nets 55 Signers of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 57 Army Statistics - - 58 Organization of the Army 58 Pay of the Army per year - 58 Costof the four U. S. Wars 58 War Statistics of the U. S 59 Sixteen American Wars 59 Troops Furnished by the States for the War of the Rebellion 59 Number of Killed, Wounded and Died during the War of the Rebellion 59 Salaries of the Principal Government Officials -- 60 Post Offlce Directory of Indiana 699 Geographical Position of County Seats of Indiana, from Indianapolis, Chicago and Cincinnati - - - 706 Population by Counties for 1860 and 1870, and Per Cent. Gain 708 Per Cent. Increase in Population of the States, from 1860 to 1870, and their Area in Square Miles Compared 709 Population of Principal Cities in the U. 8., and Per Cent. Gain 710 Statistics of Population 710 Growth of Railroads in U. S - 711 Railroads of Indiana - 711 Admission, Area, and Increase in Population of States, from 1790 to 1870 .--. 713 Statistics of Manufactures of U. 8 713 State Governments 715 Salaries of State Governors 715 Time of Holding State Elections 715 Assembling of State Legislatures 715 Apportionment of Congressmen 715 Constitution of the State of Indiana 716 (88) PIONEER LIFE IN INDIANA. Th:e settlement of a new country is one of the most interest ing phases of national history ; and this fact applies with pecu liar force to this country and to this State. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, Indiana was a wilderness, broken only by the lakes and rivers, and small prairies, and curious tumuli, that now form the distinguishing physical and anti quarian features of a great and prosperous civilized agricul tural State. Here and there, along the banks of the rivers, and by the side of the placid lakes, were clustered the rude huts and wigwams of the uncultured natives. These scenes of savage life were now and then interspersed with the rude huts of the French fur-traders, and perhaps now and then a small block-house, intended for the storage and defence of pelt ries; but even these better features presented few traces of civilization, and afforded only a rude hospitality to the wan dering English or American trader who ventured into the Territory. The Indian tribes still cherished unpleasant recollections of the Old French War; and, having just emerged from a bitter participation iu the Eevolutionary struggle, they were greatly confused with the conflicting currents of civilized policy. Why the " Eed-coats," after reducing Canada, and conquering the French, should, in so short a period, precipitate a bloody (39) 40 HISTORY OF INDIANA. war among themselves, was a question that the savage mind could solve only by attributing base treachery to the English character. The red men of the North-west had been urged to join the British against the French in 1760 ; but, for the most part, they refused, preferring to stand by the arms of their old " French father," of whose treatment they had little or no cause for complaint. However, when Major Eogers marched the British forces into the lake-region, when all Canada was ceded to the enemy, the Indian halt regretted his choice in the '*p*- "^^i THE PIONEER PROSPECTING. conflict, and murmured because he was not on the side of the victorious party. At this juncture, had the English policy been properly guarded, the lasting friendship of the natives would have been easily attained. But insolence was the dis tinguishing feature of the treatment which the English extended to the Indians in the North-west; and Indian hatred and savage revenge were its legitimate products. When the Eovolutionary war burst upon the infant colonies, the natives were unable to discover the difference between one Ens^lishman PIONEER LIFE. 41 and another, or to determine clearly the causes that led to their separation; and regarding them all as a treacherous, insolent people, they became a ready tool in the hands of designing Frenchmen, who sought, to revenge themselves upon the Eng lish for the losses of 1760, for which the bitter struggle between the British colonies and the mother-country afforded them an opportunity. At the close of this war, as at the close of the struggle of 1760, they found themselves, for the most part, on the side of the lost cause. There was a difference, however; ' /\ \ jN *-^* i r. THE JOURNEY FROM CIVILIZATION TO THE FOREST HOME. and that difference was in their favor. Canada still remained true to the British flag; and beneath that flag the North western Indians not only found protection, but sympathy, — material sympathy. As a reward for their services on the battle-fleld, they were given rum, tobacco, blankets and powder, but not as a reward for their deeds only. These gifts were intended to keep alive a revenge against the Americans. The few remaining Frenchmen, for whom the natives of 1776 held a profound respect, aided largely in perpetuating this feeling 42 HISTORY OF INDIANA. of revenge. Hence in 1812, when the final contest came> many of the tribes of the lake-region stood ready to lift the hatchet in behalf of the enemy of our Independence. At the close of this war, the red men were in a similar position to that occu pied by them at the termination of all civilized wars in which they engaged, — on the side of the defeated party, supporting a lost cause. The feeling of disappointment consequent upon this unfortunate situation was aroused to enmity and hatred at the prospect of losing their best hunting grounds; for, ever since the American colonist crossed the Ohio, his rude cabin was marching north and west, toward the rich agricultural regions of the Great Lakes. Such, were the feelings of the natives of Indiana in 1800, when the American colonist was attracted hither by the rich soil, giant forests of good timber, excellent climate, and beautiful scenery of the Territory; and such the causes that led to this enmity and suspicion. Thus it was when the American pioneer, with his wife and family, entered the unbroken forests of Indiana. The Indian beheld his approach with feelings of mingled fear and revenge. The sound of his axe fell ominously upon the savage ear; and all his actions were signals of the rapidly-approaching ruin of the Indian race. In the midst of these forebodings, the elo quent speeches of the great Pontiac, the true champion of Indian rights, and the chief of native warriors, came up in his memory from the clashing struggle of 1763 in all their gran deur: " The red men will be driven into ruin and death, and the Englishman's corn will wave in triumph over his decaying bones." But the memory of these speeches now serve a futile warn ing. The red man's hands are tied. His cause is lost; his inheritance has become the possession of a relentless enemy; he has fallen blighted by civilization; and he remains only to bid adieu to the home of his fathers, and, perchance, to work PIONEER LIFE. 43 a secret vengeance upon a few of his conquerors. His career is almost, yet not wholly, ended. The unprotected pioneer must feel the sharp, keen death-pain of the scalping-knife. The anxious mother and innocent children must fall, in their rude cabin-home, beneath the merciless tomahawk. A few trembling souls must be carried into a barbarous captivity. In short, the red man mnst characterize his departure from a miserable existence by a wretched revenge. But in the face of all the dangers, and sometimes in sight BUILDING THE OABIN-HOME. of these horrible deaths, or thrice horrible tortures, the pioneer of Indiana pressed forward. With his faithful gun as a pro tector, and his axe as an implement of industry, he went forth to do battle with the forest. And now let us glance at the pioneers of Indiana in the different phases of their experience, and in the beauty and simplicity of their character. The journey from civilization to the forest-home was not among the least of their diiSculties. The route lay, for the most part, through a i-ongh country. 44 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Swamps and marshes were crossed with great exertion and fatigue; rivers were forded with difliculty and danger; forests were penetrated with risk of captivity by hostile Indians; nights were passed in open prairies, with the sod for a couch and the heavens for a shelter; long, weary days and weeks of tiresome travel were endured. Perchance the mother and child were seated in a rough farm-wagon, while the father walked by the side of his faithful team, urging them over the uneven ground. But they were not always blessed with this means of THE PIONEER AND HIS HOME. transportation. And, in the best cases, the journey westward was a tedious, tiresome, dangerous one. Often the children sickened by the way, and anxious parents worried over them in a rude camp, until relieved either by returning health or by death. If the latter, a father would be compelled to dig the grave for the body of his own child in a lonely forest. Who shall describe the burial-scene when parents are the only mourners ? This is a subject only for contemplation. After a PIONEER LIFE. 45 iew sad days, the bereaved ones take up the journey, leaving only a little fresh mound to mark the sacred spot. But these incidents were not frequent. Generally the pio neers were blessed with good health, and enabled to overcome the privations of forest-travel. At night they slept in their wagon, or upon the grass; while the mules, hobbled to pre vent escape, grazed the prairie around them. But the toils and dangers of the pioneer were not ended with the termina tion of his journey. Perchance the cabin is yet existing only in the surrounding trees. But he never falters. The forest bows beneath his axe; and, as log after log is placed one upon the other, his situation becomes more cheerful. Ah-eady the anx ious mother has pointed out the corner for the rude chimney, and designated her choice in the location of the door and win dow. The cabin grows day by day; and at length it is fin ished, and the family enter their home. It is not a model home; but it is the beginning of a great prosperity, and as such is worthy of preservation in history, on account of its obscurity and its severe economy. But it was a home, not withstanding; and 1 venture the observation, that with all its lack of comforts, with all its pinching poverty, with all its isola tion and danger, it was often a happy home; and perhaps its growth, in this respect, is not among the greatest of its accom plishments; yet, after all, it has become happier, as well as wealthier. Next to building the cabin-home came the work of prepar ing the soil for agricultural purposes. This was a work of no ordinary magnitude. For miles in every direction, the eye of the pioneer met only a dense forest, broken here and there by rivers and creeks and small lakes. Dams must be constructed, and mills erected on these streams; and the forest must be cleared away to make room for the cornfield. For the accom plishment of these ends, the pioneer prepares his axe, and day 46 HISTORY OF INDIAN .'\. after day he toils on. Tree after tree bows its lofty top. Log after log is rolled into the stream . Through many a long, dreary winter has the early settler pursued these elementary branches of industry. Oft has he eaten a cold dinner in a stormy winter's day, with only a log to serve the double pur pose ofa chair and table; but, endowed with a spirit of enter prise that knows no faltering, he toiled steadily on. Spring comes, and he goes forth to prepare the patch of ground for the planter. The team is ready. The father takes PIONEER PLOUGHING. his post at the plow; and the daughter takes possession of the reins. This is a grand scene,— one full of grace and beauty. This pioneer girl thinks but little of fine dress; knows less of the fashions; has possibly heard of the opera, but does not understand its meaning; has been told of the piano, but ha- never seen one; wears a dress "buttoned up behind;" has on leather boots, and " drives plow " for her father. But her sit- uation has changed. To-day she sits in the parlor of hei grandson, whose wife keeps house through the proxy of one or PIONEER LIFE. 47 two servants, and whose daughters are flinging their nimble, delicate fingers over the white keys of a charming Chickering piano, filling the home with a melody that has but few charms for the plain old grandmother. Her mind runs back to the cornfield, to the cabin-home, to the wash-tub by the running brook, to the spinning-wheel, to toil and danger; and well may she exclaim, " Oh, wondrous progress ! my life is but a dream." Truly our pioneer mothers were hard-working, honest-thinking women. Our highest praise is but a poor tribute to their worth. ' 1 tf.SFK^- ii.v.<:-' ¦ »r-. W PIONEER HARVESTING. The character of the pioneers of Indiana is properly within our range. They lived in a region of exuberant fertility, where nature had scattered her blessings with a liberal hand. Their liberties, the vastness of their inheritance, — its giant forests, its broad prairies, its numerous rivers, — the many improvements constantly going forward, and the bright pros pect for a glorious future in everything that renders life pleas ant, combined to deeply impress their character, to give them 48 HISTORY OF INDIANA. a spirit of enterprise, an independence of feeling, and a joyous- ness of hope. They were a thorough combination and mix ture of all nations, characters, languages, conditions, and opin ions. There was scarcely a nation in Europe, or a State in the Union, that was not represented among the early settlers. The much greater proportion of the emigrants from Europe were of the humbler classes, who came here from hunger, poverty and oppression. They found themselves here the " joy of ship-wrecked mariners, cast on the untenanted woods, and 1 I n ^ WASHING DAY. instantly became cheered with the hope of being able to build np a family and a fortune from new elements." The Puritan and the Planter, the German, the Briton, the Frenchman, the Irishman, the Swede, the Dane, and the Hollander, — each with his peculiar prejudices and local attachments, and all the complicated and interwoven tissue of sentiments, feelings, and thoughts that country, kindred, and home have, — settled down beside and with each other. All now form one society. " Men must cleave to their kind, and must be dependent upon each PIONEER LIFE. 49 other. Pride and jealousy give way to the natural yearnings of the human heart for society. They begin to rub off mutual prejudices; one takes a step, and then the other; they meet half-way, and embrace: and the society thus newly organized and constituted is more liberal, enlarged, unprejudiced, and, of course, more affectionate, than a society of people of like birth and character, who bring all their early prejudices as a com mon stock, to be transmitted as an inheritance to posterity." The rough, sturdy, and simple habits of tlie early pioneer of PLANTING CORN. Indiana, living in that plenty which depends only upon God and nature, have laid broad the foundation of independent thought and feeling. The wedding was an attractive feature of pioneer life. For a long time after the first settlement of the Territory, the people married young. There was no distinction of rank, and very little of fortune. On these accounts, the first impression of love generally resulted in marriage. The family establish ment cost but little labor — nothing more. A description of 4 60 HISTORY OF INDIANA. a wedding in the olden time will serve to show the progress made in society, as well as preserve an important phase of history. The marriage was always celebrated at the house of the bride; and she was generally left to choose the officiating clergyman. A wedding, however, engaged the attention of the whole neighborhood. It was anticipated by both old and young with eager expectation. In the morning of the wed ding day the groom and his intimate friends assembled at the house of his father, and, after due preparation, departed, en GOING TO MILL. masse, for the " mansion " of his bride. The journey was .:;ometimes made on horseback, sometimes on foot, and some times in farm wagons or carts. It was always a merry jour ney; and, to insure merriment, the bottle was taken along. On reaching the house of the bride, the marriage ceremony took place; and then dinner or supper was served. After the meal, the dancing commenced, and generally lasted till the following morning. The figures of the dances were three and four handed reels, or square sets and jigs. The commence- PIONEER LIFE. 51 ment was always a square four, which was followed by what the pioneers called "'jigging; " that is, two of the four would single out for a jig, and were followed by the remaining couple. The jigs were often accompanied with what was called " cut ting out; " that is, when either of the parties became tired of the dance, on intimation, the place was supplied by some one of the company, without any interruption of the dance. In this way the real was often continued until the musician was exhausted. ' \ f^^J J ¦» THE INDUSTRIOUS PIONEER MOTHER. About nine or ten o'clock in the evening, a deputation of young ladies stole off the^ bride, and put her to bed. In doing this, they had to ascend a ladder from the kitchen to the upper fioor, which was composed of loose boards. Here, in this pioneer bridal chamber, the young, simple-hearted girl was put to bed by her enthusiastic friends. This done, a deputation of young men escorted the groom to the same apartment, and placed him snugly by the side of his bride. The dance still continued ; and if seats were scarce, which was 62 HISTORY OF INDIANA. generally the case, " every young man, when not engaged in the dance, was obliged to offer his lap as a seat for one of the girls; and the offer was sure to be accepted." During the night's festivities, spirits were freely used, but seldom to great excess. The infair was held on the following evening, when the same order of exercises was observed. The " bee " was another distinguishing and interesting fea ture of pioneer life. The first settlers were alone, and had to build their cabins as best they could ; but, when the people THE PIONEER ' SCHOOL HOUSE. were sufficiently numerous, the cabin was nearly always raised by a "bee," or "frolic." The latter is a very old but signifi cant terra. We will now suppose that a young couple has. been married. They are about to settle down on their own account. A spot is selected on a piece of land for their habi tation. A day is appointed for the commencement of the building of their cabin. The fatigue party, consisting of the choppers, fells the trees, and cuts them in proper lengths. This done, a man with a team hauls them tp the place, and PIONEER LIFE. 53 arranges them properly assorted. Another party selects the proper materials for the roof; and still another prepares the puncheons for the floor. The materials all on the ground, the raising takes place. The first thing to be done is the election of four corner men, whose business it is to notch and place the logs. The rest of the company do the lifting. The cabin being finished, it was generally " wanned " by a good " break down," or dance. With the use of liquor, these " warmings " were always full of spirit and hilarity. PIONEER WOODSMEN AT DINNER. Going to mill was quite an undertaking with the pioneer. It was, perhaps, two or three days' journey to the mill, more or less, in proportion to the situation and growth of the neigh borhood. Sometimes a pair of oxen, attached to a two-wheeled cart, carried the farmer and his grain on this journey; but frequently he went on horseback, with the bag of grain across the horse's back, before him. This was a tedious way of transporting grain to the naill ; but his return was anxiously waited for by mother and children, all suffering, it may be, 54 HISTORY OF INDIANA. from the scarcity of flour. There are some recollections of "going to mill" that bring with them vivid pictures of weary, watchful nights,- when the father did not return as promised and expected, being delayed either by the number of " grists " before him, or the impassable condition of the roads, or " traces." Those were the dismal, desolate phases of pioneer life, when the darkness closed in upon the anxious mother and crying children ; when the Vinds beat upon the rude cabin, bringing to their ears unwelcome sounds, laden with the dying howls of starving wolves ; when hunger pressed heavily upon helpless woraen and children. The years passed on, and the pioneers continued their toils, submitted patiently to their hardships, until the light of civil ization and prosperity dawned upon them in open cornfields, waving in harvest luxury, or in neat, comfortable dwellings, that were raised by the side of the cabin homes. But this dawn is rapidly approaching the high noon of prosperity. In place of the ever-winding " trace," the iron rail may now be seen, and for the old-fashioned two-wheeled cart we have the powerful locomotive. The scene has been completely changed. The forests have disappeared, or are rapidly disappearing, and being supplanted by cultivated fields. On every hand we may behold evidenc'es of this great transformation. Let us thank God and praise the pioneers of Indiana for what has been accomplished, and, having the promises already fulfilled in our eyes, continue in the industry and perseverance for which we have had so glorious an example. GENERAL STATICTICS. 55 THE EIGHTEEN PEESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THEIE OEIGINAL CABINETS. George "Washington, Va., born February 33, 1733, inaugurated 1789, aged 57, served 8 years, died December 14, 1799, aged 67 ; Thomas Jeffer son, Va., Secretary of State ; Alexander Hamilton, N. Y., Secretary of the Treasury; Henry Knox, Mass., Secretary of War; Samuel Osgood, Mass., Postmaster General. John Adams, Mass., born October 30, 1785, inaugurated 1797, aged 63, served 4 years, died July 4, 1836, aged 91 ; Timothy Pickering, Mass., Sec retary of State ; Oliver Woolcot, Ct., Secretary of Treasury ; Jas. McHenry> Md., Secretary of War; George Cabat, Mass., Secretary of Navy; Joseph Habersham, Ga., Postmaster General. Thomas Jefferson, Va., born April 3, 1743, inaugurated 1801, aged 58, served 8 years, died July 4, 1836, aged 83 ; Jas. Madison, Va., Secretary of State; Samuel Dexter, Mass., Secretary of Treasury; Henry Dearborn, Mass., Secretary of War ; Benjamin Stoddard, Mass., Secretary of Navy; Joseph Habersham, Ga., Postmaster General. James Madison, Va., born March 16, 1751, inaugurated 1809, aged 58, served 8 years, died June 38, 1836, aged 85 ; Robert Smith, Md., Secretary of State; Albert Gallatin, Pa., Secretary of Treasury; Wm. Eustis, Mass., Secretary of War ; Paul Hamilton, 8. C, Secretary of Navy ; Gideon Gran ger, Ct., Postmaster General. James Monroe, Va., born April 3, 1759, inaugurated 1817, aged 59, served 8 years, died July 4, 1831, aged 73; John Q. Adams, Mass., Secretary of State ; Wm. H. Crawford, Ga., Secretary of Treasury ; John C. Calhoun, 8. C, Secretary of War, Benj. W. Crowninshield, Mass., Secretary of Navy; Return J. Meigs, Ohio, Postmaster General. John Q. Adams, Mass., born July 11, 1767, inaugurated 1835, aged 58, served 4 years, died February 33, 1848, aged 81 years ; Henry Clay, Ky., Secretary of State ; Richard Rush, Pa., Secretary of Treasury ; Jas. Bar bour, Va., Secretary of War ; Samuel L. Southard, N. J., Secretary of Navy ; John McClean, Ohio, Postmaster General. Andrew Jackson, 8. C, born March 15, 1767, inaugurated 1839, aged 63, served 8 years, died June 8, 1845, aged 78 years ; Martin VanBuren, N. Y., Secretary of State ; Samuel D. Ingham, Pa., Secretary of Treasury ; John H. Eaton, Tenn., Secretary of War ; John Branch, N. C, Secretary of Navy; Wm. T. Barny, Ky., Postmaster General. Martin VanBuren, N. Y., born December 5, 1783, inaugurated 1837, aged 55, served 4 years, died December 37, 1863, aged 80 years ; John Forsyth, Ga., Secretary of State ; Levi Woodbury, N. H., Secretary of Treasury ; Joel R. Poinsett, 8. G, Secretary of War; Mahlon Dickerson, N. J., Secre tary of Navy; Amos Kendall, Ky., Postmaster General. William Henry Harrison, Va., born February 9, 1773, inaugurated 1841, aged 68, served 1 month, died April 4, 1841, aged 68 years ; Daniel Webster, Mass., Secretary of State; Thomas Ewing, Ohio, Secretary of Treasury; 56 . HISTORY OF INDIANA. John Bell, Tenn., Secretary of War; Geo. E. Badger, N. C, Secretary of Navy ; Francis Granger, N. Y., Postmaster General. John Tyler, Va., born March 30, 1790, inaugurated 1841, aged 51, served 4 years, died January 17, 1863, aged 73 years ; Daniel Webster, Mass., Sec retary of State; Walter Foward, Pa., Secretary of Treasury; John C. Spen cer, N. Y., Secretary of War; Abel P. Upser, Va., Secretary of Navy; Chas. A. Wickliffe, Ky., Postmaster General. James K. Polk, N. C, born November 3, 1795, inaugurated 1845, aged 50, served 4 years, died June 15, 1849, aged 54; James Buchanan, Pa., Secre tary of State; Robert J. Walker, Miss., Secretary of Treasury; Wm. J. Marcy, N. Y., Secretary of War ; George Bancroft, Mass., Secretary of Navy ; Cave Johnson, Tenn., Postmaster General. Zachary Taylor, Va., born November 34, 1790, inaugurated 1849, aged 65, served 1 year, died July 9, 1850, aged 66 years: John M. Clayton, Del., Secretary of State ; Wm. M. Meredith, Pa., Secretary of Treasury ; George W. Crawford, Ga., Secretary of War ; Wm. B. Preston, Va., Secretary of Navy ; Jacob Collamer, Vt., Postmaster General. Millard Filmore, N. Y., born May 7, 1800, inaugurated 1850, aged 50, served 3 years, died March 8, 1874, aged 74 years ; Daniel Webster, Mass., Secretary of State ; Thos. Corwin, Ohio, Secretary of Treasury ; Chas. M. Conrad, La., Secretary of War ; Wm. A. Graham, N. C, Secretary of Navy ; Nathan K. Hall, N. Y., Postmaster General. Franklin Pierce, N. H., born November 33, 1804, inaugurated 1S53, aged 49, served 4 years, died October 8, 1868, aged 65 years ; Wm. L. Marcy, N. Y., Secretary of State ; Jas. Guthrie, Ky., Secretary of Treasury ; Jef ferson Davis, Miss., Secretary of War ; Jas. C. Dobbin, N. C, Secretary of Navy ; Jas. Campbell, Pa., Postmaster General. James Buchanan, Pa., born April 33, 1791, inaugurated 1857, aged 66, served 4 years, died June 1, 1868, aged 77 years ; Lewis Cass, Mich., Secre tary of State; Howell Cobb, Ga., Secretary of Treasury; John B. Floyd, Va., Secretary of War ; Isaac Toucey, Ct., Secretary of Navy ; Aaron V. Brown, Tenn., Postmaster General. Abraham Lincoln Ky., born February 13, 1809, inaugurated 1861, aged 53, served 4 years, died April 15, 1865,' aged 56 years ; Wm. H. Seward, N. Y., Secretary of State; Salmon P. Chase, Ohio, Secretary of Treasury; Simon Cameron, Pa., Secretary of War; Gideon Wells, Ct., Secretary of Navy; Montgomery Blair, Mo., Postmaster General. Andrew Johnson, N. C, born December 39, 1808, inaugurated 1865, aged 57, served 4 years ; Wm. H. Seward, N. Y., Secretary of State ; Hugh Mc- CuUough, Secretary of Treasury ; Edwin M. Stanton, Pa., Secretary of War ; Gideon Wells, Ct., Secretary of Navy ; Wm. Dennison, Ohio, Postmaster General. Ulyssus 8. Grant, Ohio, born April 37, 1833, inaugurated 1869, aged 47 ; Hamilton Fish, N. Y., Secretary of State ; George 8. Boutwell, Mass., Sec retary of Treasury; John A. Rawlins, 111., Secretary of War; Adolph E. Borie, Pa., Secretary of Navy; John A. J. Creswell, Md., Postmaster General. GENERAL STATISTICS. 57 SIGNEES OF THE DECLAEATION OF INDEPEND ENCE, JULY 4, 1776. PLACE AND DATE OF BIRTH AND PROFESSION. John Hancock Braintree, Mass. 1737 Merchaijt. Samuel Adams Boston, Mass 1633 Merchant. John Adams Quincy, Mass 1735 ..Lawyer. Thomas Jefferson Shadwell, Va 1743 Lawyer. Benjamin Franklin Boston, Mass 1755 Printer. Robert Morris .England' .1734 Merchant. Lewis Morris Harlem, N.Y 1736 Parmer. Stephen Hopkins Scituate, Mass 1707 Farmer. Roger Sherman Newton, Mass 1731 Shoemaker. Charles Carroll Annapolis, Md 1737 Lawyer. Josiah Bartlett Amesbury, Mass 1739 Physician. William Whipple Kittery, Maine 1730 Sailor. Robert T. Paine .Boston, Mass 1731 Lawyer. Philip Livingston Albany, N. Y 1716 Merchant. Francis Hopkinson Philadelphia, Pa 1737 Lawyer. Richard Stockton .Princeton, N.J 1730 Lawyer. John Witherspoon Jester, Scotland 1733 _ Minister. Thomas Stone Pointon, Md 1744 Lawyer. Thomas Nelson, Jr _York,Va 1738 Soldier. William Hooper .Boston, Mass 1743 Lawyer. Abraham Clark Elizabethtown, N.J... 1736 _. Lawyer. Benjamin Rush .Byberry, Pa .1735 Physician. John Hart Hopewell, N.J 1708 Farmer. Mathew Thornton Ireland 1741 .Physician. George Clymer .Philadelphia, Pa 1739 Merchant. Elbridge Gerry Marblehead, Mass 1744 Merchant. James Smith Ireland .1715 Lawyer. John Morton Ridley, Pa .1734 Surveyor. George Ross Newcastle, Del 1730 Lawyer. Samuel Huntington Connecticut 1733 Lawyer. Button Gwinnett England. 1733 ...Merchant. Lyman Hall Connecticut 1730 Physician. George Walton ...Virginia ...1740 • Lawyer. George Wythe. Elizabeth City, Va 1736 Lawyer. Benjamin Harrison Berkley, Va .1740 Farmer. Edward Rutledge Charleston, S. C 1749 Lawyer. Francis L. Lee ..Stratford, Va 1734 Farmer. Arthur Middleton Banks of Ashley, 8. C..1743 Lawyer. Joseph Hewes .Kingston, N. J 1730 Lawyer. George Taylor Ireland 1716 Physician. Thomas McKean Chester Co., Pa 1734 Lawyer. James Wilson Scotland 1743 ..Lawyer. Carter Baxter Newington, Va. 1736 Farmer. 58 HISTORY OF INDIANA. John Penn ...Virginia 1741.. Lawyer; Thomas Lynch St. Georges, S. C 1749 Lawyer. Thomas Hey ward St. Lukes, S.C 1749 Lawyer. Richard H.Lee ..Stratford, Va 1733. Soldier. Cffisar Rodney... ..Dover, Del 1730 Lawyer. William Pasca Maryland 1740 Lawyer. George Read Maryland 1734 Lawyer. Samuel Chase Maryland 1741 Lawyer. Oliver Wolcott .Windsor, Conn 1736 Physician. William Ellery .Newport, R. I. 1737 Lawyer. William Williams Lebanon, Conn ..1731 Politician. Francis Lewis Llandaff, Wales 1713 Merchant. William Floyd Long Island, N. Y.... 1734 ..Parmer. AEMY STATISTICS. Gbnbkal Officers of the Armt. — General, William T. Sherman, in command ; Lieutenant-General, Philip H. Sheridan ; Major-Generals, Win field S. Hancock, J. M. Schofield and Irwin McDowell ; BrigadierGener- als, Philip 8. G. Cook, John Pope, Oliver O. Howard, Alfred H. Terry, E. O. C. Ord, Christopher C. Auger. Organization of the Abmy. — Generals, 1 ; Lieutenant-Generals, 1 ; Major-Generals, 3; Brigadier-Generals, 6; Adjutant, Quartermaster, Com missary and Surgeon Generals, with their subordinates' Engineers, .300 ; Cavalry, 10,000; Artillery, 3,635; Infantry, 15,000; Indian scouts, 1,000; Quartermaster's department, 3,500. Total number of enlisted men and attaches for which rations can be used, under act of Congress, July. 15, 1870, 35,384 Pay OF THE Akmt, PER Yeah. — General, $10,603; Lieutenant-General, $8,073; Major-Generals, $5,673; Brigadier-Generals, $3,918; Colonels of Engineers, Ordinance and Cavalry, $3,734; Lieutenant-Colonels, $3,436; Majors, $3,148; Captains, $1,650; Lieutenants, $1,449.96; Colonels of Infantry, $3,544; Lieutenant-Colonels, $3,156; Majors, $3,038; Captains, $1,530; First-Lieutenants, $1,410; Second-Lieutenants, $1,350 ; Chief Signal ofllcer, $3,734; Chaplains, $1,416. There are fifteen military geographical divisions and departments, and twenty-five armories and arsenals in the United States. COST OF THE FODE UNITED STATES WAES. Revolutionary war, seven years $ 135,163 703 War of 1813, two and a half years... 107159003 Mexican war, two years _ _ 66,000,000 War of the Rebellion, four years over 3,000,000,000 Aggregate : $3,308,353,706 GENEEAL STATISTICS. 59 WAE STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES. Since the organization of the Federal Government eleven attempts have been made against its authority. 1st, Conspiracy of a few federal army ofiBcers, in 1782, to combine the original thirteen states into one, and place Washington in supreme command. 3d, Shay's insurrection in Massachu setts, in 1787. 3d, Whisky insurrection of Pennsylvania, in 1794. 4th, By the Hartford convention, in 1814. 5th, In 1830, on the question of the admis sion of Missouri into the Union. 6th, Collision between the Legislature of Georgia and the Government in regard to the lands given to the Creek Indians. 7th, In 1830, with the Cherokees in Georgia. 8th, Was the infamous nullifying ordinance of South Carolina in 1833. 9th, In 1843, between the suffrage association of Rhode Island and the State authori ties. 10th, On the part of the Mormons in Utah, in 1856, who resisted the authorities of the Government; and the 11th was the late war of the Rebellion. In the Revolutionary war the original thirteen States furnished troops for the army as follows: Deleware, 3,386; Georgia, 3,679; Rhode Islaud, 5,908; South Carolina, 6,417: North Carolina, 7,363; New Jersey, 10,736 ; New Hamshire, 13,497; Maryland, 13,913; New York, 17,781; Pennsylva. nia, 35,678; Virginia, 36,738; Connecticut, 31,939; Massachusetts, 67,907. Total, 331,791. SIXTEEN AMEEICAN WAES. Dutch 167:3 tecumseh 1811 King Philip's 1675 War of 1813 King William's 1689 Algerine Pirates 1815 Queen Anna's. 1744 First Seminole 1817 French and Indian 1753 Second Seminole 1845 American Revolution 1775 Black Hawk 1833 Indian 1790 Mexican 1846 Barbary 1803 Southern Rebellion 1861 TROOPS FURNISHED BY THE STATES FOR THE UNITED STATES DURING THE WAR OF THE REBELLION. There was enlisted for the three months service 191,985 men ; six months, 19,076 men ; nine months, 87,558 men ; one year service, 394,959 men ; two years, 43,113 ; three years, 1,950,793 men, and for the four years service 1,040 men. Total, 3,688,533 men. But as many of these re-enlisted, it is safe to say that there were 1,500,000 men enlisted and served in the war for the Union from 1861 to 1865. Of this number 56,000 were killed in battle, 35,000 died of wounds, and 184,000 died in hospitals of diseases. 60 HISTORY OF INDIANA. SALAEIES OF THE PEINCIPAL GOYEENMENT OFFICIALS. The following indicates the increase in the salaries of government offl cials made by vote of congress March third, 1873, and popularly denomi nated the " Salary Grab Bill." Former. Increase. President $35,000 $50,000 Vice-President, Speaker of House, and eight Justices, each 8,000 10,000 Chief Justice 8,500 10,500" Seven Members of the Cabinet each 8,000 10,000 317 Congressmen and 74 Senators .each 5,000 7,500 First and Second Ass't Sec'y of State and of Treasury, each 3,500 . 6,000 Supervising Architect 4,000 5,000 Commissioners of Customs, Indian affairs. Pensions, Land offlce and Agriculture 3,000 4,000 Solicitor of the Treasury. 3,000 4,000 First and Second Postmaster Generals and Superintendent Foreign Mails each 3,000 4,000 First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Auditors, each 3,000 4,000 The increase in the salaries of the representatives and senators, except the speaker of the house and the congressional employes, was dated back two years, and made to begin March fourth, 1871. The whole amount of the increase is about $1,500,000 a year. Congress passed an act, approved January twentieth, 1874, repealing the " Salary Grab Bill," except as relates to the president and the justices of the supreme court; Provided that mileage shall not be allowed for the first session of the forty-third congress, that all moneys appropriated as com pensation to the members of the forty-second congress in excess of the mileage and allowances fixed by law at the commencement of said con gress, and which shall not have been drawn by the members respectively or which having been drawn have been returned in any form to the United States, are hereby covered into the treasury of the United States, and are declared to be the moneys of the United States absolutely, the same as if they had never been appropriated as aforesaid. NoTE.-For the want of room in the Appendix, and having extra room Immediately hefore Chapter I, we have placed a few pages of the Appendix in the fore part of this work. PART FIRST. GENERAL HISTORY. CHAPTEE L MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SEITLEMENTS. IN 1670, and for many years previous, the fertile regioh of country now included within the boundaries of the State of Indiana, was inhabited by the Miami Confederacy of Indians. This league consisted of several Algonquin tribes, notably the Twightwees, Weas, Piankeshaws, and Shockeys, and was formed at an early period — probably in the early part of the Seventeenth century — for the purpose of repelling the invasions of the Iroquois, or Five Nations, at whose hands they had suffered many severe defeats. By the frequent and unsuccessful wars in which they were compelled to engage, in self defense, their numbers had become greatly reduced, until, at the date mentioned, they could not muster more than fifteen hundred or two thousand warriors. They dwelt in small vil-, lages on the banks of the various rivers in Indiana, and extended their dominion as far east as the Scioto, north to the great lakes, and west to the country of the Illinois. Their principal settlements were scattered along the headwaters of the Great Miami, the banks of the Maumee, the St. Joseph, of Lake Michigan, the Wabash and its tributaries. Although once important among the nations of the Lake region, they had become greatly demoralized by repeated defeats in war, and when first visited by the French, their villages presented a very untidy appearance. They were living in constant terror of the Five Nations, practicing only suflBcient industry to prevent- starvation, and indulging all their viscious passions to a vulgar extreme. Almost immediately following the discovery and explora tion of the Mississippi, by La Salle, in 1682, and a few years (61) 62 HISTORY OF INDIANA. later by James Marquette,- the government of France began to encourage the policy of connecting its possessions in North America by a chain of fortifications, and trading posts, and missionary stations, extending from New Orleans on the southwest, to Quebec on the northeast. This undertaking was inaugurated by Lamotte Cadillac, who established Fort Pont chartrain, on the Detroit river, in 1701. At this period the zealous Jesuit missionaries, the adventurous French fur traders, with their coarse blue and red cloths, fine scarlet, guns, powder, balls, knives, ribbons, beads, vermilliou, tobacco and rum ; and the careless rangers, or ooureurs des hois, whose chief vocation was conducting the canoes of the traders along the lakes and rivers, made their appearance among the Indians of Indiana. The pious Jesuits held up the cross of Christ and unfolded the mysteries of the Catholic religion in broken Indian, to these .astonished savages, while the speculating traders offered them fire water and other articles of merchan dise in exchange for their peltries, and the rangers, shaking loose every tie of blood and kindred, identified themselves with the savages, and sank into utter barbarism. The Jesuit missionaries were always cordially received by the Miami tribes. These Indians would listen patiently to the strange theory of the Savior and salvation, manifest a willing belief in all they heard, and then, as if to entertain their visitors in return, they would tell them the story of their own simple faith in the Manatous, and stalk off with a groan of dissatisfaction because the missionaries would not accept their theory with equal courtesy. Missionary stations were established at an early day in all of the principal villages, and the work of instructing and converting the savages was begun in earnest. The order of religious exercises established at the missions established among the Miamis was nearly the same as that among other Indians. Early in the morning the mis sionaries would assemble the Indians at the church, or the hut used for that purpose, and, after prayers, the savages were taught concerning the Catholic religion. These exercises were always followed by singing, at the conclusion of which the congregation was dismissed, the Christians only remaining to MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS. 63 take part at mass. This service was generally followed by prayers. During the forenoon the priests were generally engaged in visiting the sick, and consoling those who were laboring under any afiliction. After noon another service was held in the church, at which all the Indians were permitted to ¦ appear in their finery, and where each, without regard to rank or age, answered the questions put by the missionary. This exercise was concluded by singing hymns, the words of which had been set to airs familiar to the savage ear. In the even ing all assembled again at the church for instruction, to hear prayers, and to sing their favorite hymns. The Miamis were always highly pleased with the latter exercise. Aside from the character of the religious services which constituted a chief attraction in the Miami villages of Indiana while the early French missionaries were among them, the traveler's attention would first be engaged with the peculiari ties of the fur trade, which, during the first quarter of the Seventeenth century, was monopolized by the French. This trade was carried on by means of the carriers, or rangers, who were engaged to conduct canoes on the lakes and rivers, and to carry burdens of merchandise from Detroit to the principal Miami villages, where the traders exchanged their wares for valuable furs, which they transported to the nearest trading post affording them the most available market. This traffic was not, however, confined to those whose wealth enabled them to engage vessels, canoes, and carriers, for there were hundreds scattered through the various Indian villages of Indiana, at almost any time during the first half of the Eighteenth cen tury, who carried their packs of merchandise and furs by means of leather straps suspended from their shoulders, or with the straps resting against their foreheads. Eum and brandy were freely introduced by these traders, and always found a ready sale among the Miami Indians. A Frenchman, writing of the evils which resulted from the intro duction of spirituous liquors among these savages, remarked: "The distribution of it is made in the usual way; that is to say, a certain number of persons have delivered to each of them a quantity sufficient to get drunk with, so that tlie whole 04 HISTORY OF INDIANA. have been drunk over eight days. They begin to drink in the villages as soon as the sun is down, and every night the fields echo with the most hideous howling." In those early days the Miami villages of the Maumee, those of the Weas about Ouiatenon, on the Wabash, and those of the Painkeshaws around Vincennes, were the central points of the fur trade in Indiana. Trading posts were established at these places and at Fort Wayne, in 1719, although for twenty years previous the French traders and missionaries had frequently visited them. A permanent mission, or church was established at the Painkeshaw village, near Vincennes, in 1749, by Father Meurin, and in the following year a small fort was erected there by order of the French government. It was in that year that a small fort was erected near the mouth of the Wabash river. These posts soon drew a large number .of French traders around them, and in 1756 they had become quite important settlements, with a mixed population of French and Indian. At this date the English became powerful competitors for the trade with the Indians in Indiana, and the surrounding country, and at the close of the Old French War, in 1759-60, when Canada and its dependencies fell into the hands of the British, this monopoly passed over to the English. Notwith standing this change in the government of the country, the French who had settled around the principal trading posts in Indiana, with a few exceptions, swore allegience to the British , government, and were permitted to occupy their lands in peace and enjoy the slight improvements which they had wrought. In the course of the year 1762, while the Indians in the Northwest seemed to be quite reconciled to the change of gov ernment, and the English traders were beginning to carry on a successful traffic with the tribes that dwelt between the lakes and the Ohio, Pontiac, the chief of the Ottawas, and the head of a loose confederacy of the Wyandotts, Pottawattomies, Chippewas, and Ottawas — tribes of the Algonquin Indians residing in Michigan and Western Canada — was secretly pre paring his forces for a desperate war on the English. This great scheme was ably projected, and, to a great degree, sue- MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS. 65 cessfnlly carried out. With a view to increasing the strength and numbers of his confederacy, Pontiac circulated among the different tribes the false report that the English had formed the design of driving the Indians from the country. By this crafty policy he brought to his assistance, in the spring of 1763, nearly the whole strength of the Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawattomies, Sacs, Foxes, Menominees, Miamis, and other Indiana tribes, the Shawanos, Wyandotts, and factions of many other tribes, and was indeed ready to strike the contemplated blow. The attack was made on all the British forts or trading posts of the Northwest in the month of May, 1763, and the infuriated Indians, without much opposition, took possession of the posts of Michilimackinac, Green Bay, St. Joseph, Ouiate non, Miami, Sandusky, Presque Isle, Leeboeuf, and Venango. These places, with the exception of Michilimackinac, were but slightly fortified, being merely trading posts with only a light garrison. A number of English traders, who were residing at the posts, were butchered, while not a Frenchman was injured. Some of the English escaped, others were taken prisoners, and were either burned, butchered, or afterwards released. Some of the incidents connected with this furious onset are full of horror. The massacre at Fort Michilimacki nac was without a parallel, seventy Englishmen being merci lessly slaughtered in less than half an hour. This war or outbreak was the result of French misrepre sentation. The French were jealous of the English, and, smarting under their own defeats, goaded the Indians to des peration by designing falsehoods and promises which they never intended to fulfill. The siege of Detroit was conducted by Pontiao himself ; but this post, as also Fort Pitt, withstood the storm of Indian vengeance until the forces of Colonel Bradstreet on the one hand, and Colonel Bouquette on the other, brought relief to the tired garrisons. The British army penetrated the Indian country, and forced the savages to a treaty of peace, and on the fifth of December, 1764, a cessation of hostilities was proclaimed. 5 66 HISTORY OF INDIANA. From this date until 1774, the Indians who occupied the country northwest of the Ohio river remained at peace with the English, although in the meantime many English colonists, contrary to the proclamation of the king, the provisions of the treaty, and the earnest remonstrances of the Indians, continued to make settlements on Indian lands. Near the close of the year 1764, General Gage, Commander- in-Chief of the British forces in North America, being con vinced of the peaceful intent of the Indian tribes of Indiana and Illinois, issued a proclamation to the French inhabitants then residing in the territory, extending to them the same rights and privileges enjoyed by the French under the treaty of Paris, in Canada, and on the ninth of July, 1765, M. de St. Ange, who was at that time the French commandant at Fort Charters, in Illinois, evacuated that post and retired with his little garrison to St. Louis. A detachment of English troops then took possession of the evacuated post, and Captain Ster ling, the British commandant, established his headquarters there. Nearly all of the French inhabitants of the villages of Illinois took the oath of allegiance to the government of Great Britain, and continued in the peaceful enjoyment of their ancient possessions, a few only removing to the western bank of the Mississippi, where the authority of France was still in force, although the country had passed into the hands of the Spaniards. When the British extended dominion over the territory of Indiana by placing garrisons at the various trading posts in 1764-5, the total number of French families within its limits did not probably exceed eighty or ninety at Vincennes, about fourteen at Fort Ouiatenon, on the Wabash, and nine or ten at the confluence of the St. Joseph and St. Mary's rivers, near the Twightwee village. At Detroit and in the vicinity of that post, there were about one thousand French residents, men, women and children. The remainder of the French population in the Northwest resided principally at Kaskaskia, Cahokia, Prairie du Eocher, and in the vicinity of these villages ; and the whole French population, northwest of the Ohio, at that time did not exceed three thousand souls. MIAMI VILLAGES AND FRENCH SETTLEMENTS. 67 The colonial policy of Great Britain, which was adopted immediately after the treaty of Paris, was not calculated to facilitate the settlement of the fertile country west of the Alleghany mountains. The king's proclamation, issued almost immediately after the signing of the treaty, prohibited his subjects from " making any purchases or settlements what ever, or taking possession of any of the lands beyond the source of any of the rivers which fall into the Atlantic ocean from the west or northwest." In pursuance of this policy the government rejected the urgent offers of various wealthy and enterprising individuals to establish English colonies in the West. However we hear of nothing that disturbed the peaceful pursuits of. the French settlements in Indiana, until a proclamation of General Gage, in 1772, declared that — " Whereas, many persons, contrary to the positive orders of the king uppn the subject, have undertaken to make settle ments beyond the boundaries fixed by the treaties made with the Indian nations, which boundaries ought to serve as a bar rier between the whites and said nations, and a great number ©f persons have^ established themselves, particularly on the river Ouabache, where they lead a wandering life, without government, and without laws, interrupting the free course of trade, destroying the game, and causing infinite disturbance in the country, which occasions considerable injury to the affairs of the king as well as to those of the Indians, His Majesty has been pleased to order, and by these presents, orders are given in the name of the king, to all those who have established themselves on lands upon the Ouabache, whether at St. Vincent [Vincennes] or elsewhere, to quit those countries instantly and without delay, and to retire at their choice into some one of the colonies of His Majesty, where they will be received and treated as the other subjects of His Majesty." The principal inhabitants of Post Vincennes replied to this official document on the fourteenth of September of the same year, stating that their possessions were held by " sacred titles," that the French settlement of that place was of "seventy years standing," and that their "land had been 68 HISTORY OF INDLANA. I granted by order and under the protection of his most Chris- tian Majesty." To this General Gage made answer, demand ing the proof of their assertions, which he descried "to be transported to the feet of His Majesty," and leaving them meanwhile in the quiet possession of their dwellings and lands. CHAPTEE II. glare's CELEBRATED EXPEDITION. FEOM 1673 to 1778 there is but little to record in the history of Indiana. The Western settlements were for the most part neglected by the English colonists, owing to the difficulties between them and the British Government, and the few French settlers, aside' from their efforts to instigate another Indian war against the English colonies, then strug gling for independence, did but little worthy of notice. In this endeavor they succeeded so far as to give the settlers on the borders of Virginia, Pennsylvania and New Tork con siderable trouble and uneasiness. Indian depredations were common occurrences, and at intervals a merciless slaughter pervaded the frontier settlements. Dunmore's expedition did much to discourage the Indians from a continuance of these outrages, but not until the celebrated expedition of Colonel George Eogers Clark penetrated the Western country was the French and Indian power in Indiana completely broken. It was in 1775 that Colonel Clark's attention was first directed to the French settlements in Indiana and Illinois, and in the following spring -he visited them with a view to having them annexed to Virginia. In pursuance of this end he assembled the people at Harrodstown, Ky., and requested them to elect delegates, with power to treat with the Assembly of Virginia respecting the political affairs of the country. It was, at that time, the intention of Colonel Clark, if suitable conditions could be procured, to have the inhabitants of these Western settlements declare themselves citizens of that State, otherwise to establish an independent government. The meet ing was held at Harrodstown on the sixth of June, 1776, and (69) 70 HISTORY OF INDIANA. George Eogers Clark and Gabriel Jones elected delegates to the Assembly of Virginia, with instructions to present a peti tion to that body, praying the Assembly to accept them as such. The papers were prepared and in a few days they set out for Williamsburg in the hope of arriving before the As sembly, then sitting, should rise. They proceeded on their journey as far as Bottetourt county and there learned that they were too late, for the Assembly had already adjourned. At this point they resolved to wait for the fall session. When it was convened Messrs. Clark and Jones presented their cre dentials. The Assembly resolved that the Western delegates could not take their seats as members, but that their business should be attended to. " It was late in the session," says Clark, " before we got a complete establishment of a county by the name of Kentucky." He continues: "The command ants of the different towns of the Illinois and Wabash I knew were busily engaged in exciting the Indians. Their reduction became my first object — expecting, probably, that it might open a field for further action. I sent two young hunters to those places (in the summer of 1777) as spies, with proper instructions for their conduct, to prevent suspicion. Neither did they, nor any one in Kentucky, ever know my design until it was ripe for execution. They returned to Harrodstown with all the information I could reasonably have expected. I found from them that they had but little expectation of a visit from us, but that things were kept in good order, the militia trained, etc., that they might, in case of a visit, be pre pared — that the greatest pains were taken to inflame the minds of the French inhabitants against the Americans, not withstanding they could discover traces of affection in some of the inhabitants. When I left Kentucky, October first, 1777, I plainly saw that every eye was turned 'toward me, as if expecting some stroke in their favor. Some doubted my return, expecting that I would join the army in Virginia. I left them with reluctance, promising them that I would cer tainly return to their assistance, which I had predetermined. On my arrival at Williamsburg, I remained a considerable time settling the accounts of the Kentucky militia and making CLARK S CELEBRATED EXPEDITION. 71 remarks of everything I saw or heard, that could lead me to ' the knowledge of the disposition of those in power. Bur- goyne's army having been captured, and things seeming to wear a pleasing aspect, on the tenth of December I communi cated riij design to Governor Henry. At first he seemed to be fond of it; but to detach a party at so great a distance, ROBERT BRACKENRIDGE, ESQ. See page 31. (although the service performed miglit be of great utility,) appeared daring and hazardous, as nothing but secrecy could give success to the enterprise. To lay the matter before the Assembly, then sitting, would be dangerous, as it would soon be known throughout the frontiers; and probably the first prisoner taken by the Indians would give the alarm, which would end in the certain destruction of the party. He had 72 HISTORY OF INDIANA. several private councils, composed of select gentlemen. After making every inquiry into my proposed plan of operations, (and particularly that of a retreat in case of misfortune, across the Mississippi into the Spanish territory,) the expedition was resolved upon; and as an encouragement to those who would engage in said service, an instrument of writing was signed, wherein those gentlemen promised to use their influence to procure from the Assembly three hundred acres of land for each in case of success. The Governor and Council so warmly engaged in the success of this enterprise, that I had very little trouble in getting matters adjusted; and on the second day of February, 1778, received my instructions, and £1,200 for the use of the expedition, with an order on Pittsburg for boats, ammunition, etc. Finding, from the Governor's conversation in general to me, on the subject, that he did not wish an implicit attention to his instructions should prevent my exe cuting any thing that would manifestly tend to the good of the public, on the fourth I set forward, clothed with all the authority that I wished. I advanced to Major William Smith £150 to recruit men on Holston, and to meet me in Kentucky. Captain Leonard Helm, of Fauquier, and Captain Joseph Bowman, of Frederick, were to raise each a company, and on the [first?] February arrive at Eed Stone Old Fort. " Being now in the country where all arrangements were to be made, I appointed Captain William Harrod, and many other officers, to the recruiting service; and contracted for flour and other stores that I wanted. * * « * j received information from Captain Helm that several gentle men took pains to counteract his interest in recruiting, as no such service was known of by the Assembly. Consequently he had to send to the Governor to get his conduct ratified. I found also opposition to our interest in the Pittsburg country. As the whole was divided into violent parties between the Virginians and Pennsylvanians, respecting the territory, the idea of men being raised for the State of Virginia affected the vulgar of the one party; and as my real instructions were kept concealed, and only an instrument from the Governor, written designedly for deception, was made public, wherein I 73 was authorized to raise men for the defense of Kentucky, many gentlemen of both parties conceived it to be injurious to the public interest to draw off men at so critical a moment for the defense of a few detached inhabitants, who had better be removed, etc. These circumstances caused some confusion in the recruiting service. On the twenty-ninth of March, I received a letter from Major Smith, by express, informing me that he had raised four companies on Holston, to be marched immediately to Kentucky, agreeably to his orders; another express from Kentucky informed me that they had gained con siderable strength since I left that quarter." With such forces as he could raise. Colonel Clark moved forward to the falls of the Ohio, where he disclosed his plans to his troops, at which many of them deserted him. At this point, Clark, owing to the weakness of his force, resolved to commence operations in Illinois, where the settlements were smaller, and where the Indians were less an object of terror. At this time the conquest of Vincennes was among the possi bilities of the future. He moved toward Kaskaskia; and, " on the fourth of July," says Clark's memoir, " in the eve ning, we got within a few miles of the town, where we lay until near dark, keeping spies ahead, after which we com menced our march, and took possession of a house wherein a large family lived, on the bank of the Kaskaskia river, about three-quarters of a mile above the town. We were informed that the people, a few days before, were under arms, but had concluded that the cause of the alarm was without founda tion; and that at that time there was a great number of men in tovni, but that the Indians had generally left it, and at pres ent all was quiet. We soon procured a sufficiency of vessels, the more in ease to convey us across the river. * * * « With one of the divisions, I marched to the fort, and ordered the other two into different quarters of the town. If I met with no resistence, at a certain signal a shout was to be given, and certain parts were to be immediately possessed; and the men of each detachment who could speak the French language, were to run through every street and proclaim what had hap pened, and inform the inhabitants that every person who 74 HISTORY OF INDIANA. , appeared in the streets would be shot down. This disposition had its desired effect. In a very little time we had complete possession; and every avenue was guarded, to prevent any escape, to give the alarm to the other villages in case of oppo sition. Various orders had been issued, not worth mentioning. I don't suppose greater silence ever reigned among the inhab itants of a place than did at this at present; not a person toj be seen, not a word to be heard from them for some time; but, designedly, the greatest noise kept up by our troops through every quarter of the town, and patrols continually the whole night around it; as intercepting any information was a capital object; and iri about two hours the whole of the inhabitants were disarmed, and informed that if one was taken attempting to make his escape, he should be immediately put to death." CHAPTEE III. Clark's expedition, continijed A FTEE Colonel Clark, through bloodless means, had -^^ excited the terror of the French inhabitants of Kaskas kia, he sui-prised them and won their firm confidence and lasting friendship by performing many acts of generosity unexpected by them. On the fifth of July, he caused a few of the principal men of the village to be arrested and put in irons. This occurrence caused the priest of the village, Father Gibault, and several of the principal settlers, to call upon Clark and plead for liberty to assemble peaceably in theii little church, and take leave of each other. Colonel Clark calmly replied that he had nothing against their religion; that they might do as they had requested, but that they must not venture out of the town. Accordingly the trembling Frenchmen assembled at the church, where they laid the burden of their troubles at the CLARK'S CAMPAIGN, CONITNUED. 75 foot of the cross. After a long and devout service, they returned to their dwellings. A deputation of the principal citizens again waited on the conqueror, and represented that the inhabitants could submit to the loss of their property, knowing that their situation was the fate of war, but that they desired not to be separated from their wives and children, and JOHN HOUGH, ESQ. See page 21. that some clothes and provisions miglit be allowed for their support. In reply. Colonel Clark asked the Frenchmen if they regarded the Virginians as savages. " Do you think," said he, " that Americans intend to strip women and children, or take the bread out of their mouths? My countrymen dis dain to make war upon helpless innocence. It was to prevent 76 HISTORY OF INDIANA. the horrors of Indian butchery upon our ovra wives arid children, that we nave taken arms and penetrated into this remote stronghold of British and Indian barbarity, and nbt the despicable prospect of plunder." He told them that the King of France had united his powerful arms with those of America; and that the war for independence would not prob ably long continue; that they were at liberty to take which side they pleased, without the least danger to either their property or their families. Nor would their religion be a source of disagreement, as all religions were regarded with equal respect in the eye of the American law, and that any insult offered it would be immediately punished. He concluded by telling them to go and inform their fellow-citizens that they were at liberty to conduct themselves as usual, without the least apprehension; and that their friends who were in con finement should be released immediately. This speech dispelled the gloom that was resting on the minds of the inhabitants, and, together with the intelligence that an alliance between France and the United States had been effected, induced them to take the oath of allegiance to the State of Virginia. So effective was the impression which Clark produced upon them, that a volunteer company of French militia joined his forces. Having brought the settlements of Illinois under the juris diction of Virginia, ColoneL Clark next turned his attention to Vincennes. Believing that Father Gibault was inclined to the American interest, he consulted him on the subject of excluding the British power from that post. The priest at once suggested a plan of operations. The Governor of Vin cennes, he said, had gone to Detroit on business ; and the inhabitants could easily be induced to declare themselves on the side of the Americans. He offered to engage in the work of accomplishing this result. Clark was pleased with the plans; and the priest, with some attendants, immediately set out for Vincennes. Having arrived, they spent a day or two in explaining the nature of the war to the people. The French inhabitants unanimously acceded to the pro posal, and went in a body to the church, where the oath of Clark's campaign, continued. 77 allegiance was administered to them in the most solemn man ner. An officer was elected, and the fort was immediately garrisoned in defense of the American fiag which was unfurled over them. Thus, for the first time, through the good offices of Colonel George Eogers Clark, the territory included within the present limits of the State of Indiana was placed under the American flag. These events worked a great change in the little settlement of Vincennes. The Indians were alike astonished and de lighted; and the white people put on a new face, and " began to act like freemen." With a garrison of their own, and the United States to assist and protect them, their actions toward the Indians were immediately changed. They talked as citi zens of the United States, telling the Indians that their father, the King of France, had awakened from his long sleep, and was angry at them for fighting for the English; that they would advise them to make peace with the Americans as soon as they could; otherwise they might expect the land to be very bloody. The Indians began to think seriously, and the cause of the Americans began to prosper in the west. As soon as the news of the peaceful conquest of Vincennes reached Colonel Clark at Kaskaskia, he appointed Captain Helm to the command of the post, and also appointed him agent for Indian affairs in the department of the Wabash. About the middle of August, 1778, Captain Helm set out from Kaskas kia to assume charge of affairs at Vincennes. He took with him a speech and a belt of wampum from Colonel Clark, for " The Grand Door to the Wabash," or the Tobacco's Son, as the leading Piankeshaw chief was called by the Indians. He arrived safe at Vincennes, and was received with acclamations by the people. After the usual ceremony was over, he sent for the " Grand Door," and delivered to him the speech from the " Big Knife." The great chief informed the captain that he was happy to see him — one of the Big Knife's chiefs — in his town. It was here, he said, that he had joined the English against him; he confessed that they had always looked gloomy, and seemed inclined to join the Americans; but, according to the Indian custom, demanded time to con- 78 HISTORY OF INDIANA. sider Clark's message, and consult his counsellors on the sub ject. After several days. Captain Helm was invited to the council, where he was informed, by the " Grand Door," that the chiefs had mutually considered his case, and had come to a proper understanding of the war between the English and See page 31. the Americans ; they were satisfied that the Big Knife was right, and that they would tell all the Indians on the Wabash to bloody the land no more for the English. The Grand Door jumped up, struck his breast, called himself a man olark's campaign, oontintied. 79 and a warrior; said that he was now a Big Knife; and took Captain Helm by the hand. His example was followed by all present, and the council was concluded with merriment. In a short time, all the tribes of the Miami Confederacy came to Vincennes, and entered into an alliance with the Americans. The British interest lost ground daily in Indiana, and in a short time the influence of the Americans reached the villages of the St. Joseph, of Lake Michigan, and otiiir places, with good results. Governor Henry, of Virginia, was constantly informed of the progress of the American power, in the west, and in October, 1778, the General Assembly of that State passed an act providing that all the citizens of the Commonwealth of Virginia, "who are already settled, or shall hereafter set tle, on the western side of the Ohio, shall be included in a distinct county, which shall be called Illino^is County/ and the Governor of this Commonwealth, with the advice of the Council, may appoint a county lieutenant, or commandant-in- chief, in thatcounty, during pleasure, who shall appoint and commission so many deputy commandants, militia officers, and commissaries, as he shall think proper, in the different districts, during pleasure; all of whom, before they enter into office, shall take the oath of fidelity to this Commonwealth, and the oath of office, according to the form of their own reli gion. All civil officers to which the inhabitants have been accustomed, necessary for the preservation of peace and the administration of justice, shall be chosen by a majority of the citizens in their respective districts, to be convened for that purpose, by the county lieutenant or commandant, or his deputy, and shall be commissioned by the said county lieu tenant or commandant-in-chief." But before the provisions of this law could be carried into effect over the territory of Indiana, Henry Hamilton, the British Lieutenant-Governor of Detroit, collected an army consisting of about thirty regulars, fifty French volunteers and four hundred Indians. Marching at the head of this force, he passed down the Wabash and took possession of Vin cennes in December, 1778. When Governor Hamilton entered Vincennes there were but 80 HISTORY OF INDIANA. two Americans in the place.* They were the Commandant, Capt. Helm, and a man named Henry. The latter had a cannon well charged and placed in the open fort gate, while Helm stood by it with a lighted match in his hand. When Hamilton and his troops approached within hailing distance, the American officer, in a loud voice, cried out, "Halt!" This stopped Hamilton's approach, and in reply he demanded the garrison to surrender. Helm exclaimed, " No man shall enter here until I know the terms." Hamilton answered, " Tou shall have the honors of war," and then the fort was surrendered, with its garrison of one officer and one private. No attempt was made by the population to defend the town. Capt. Helm was made a prisoner, and a number of the French inhabitants were disarmed. CHAPTEE IV. Clark's oet.ebrated march against vinoennes. WITH the reduction of Vincennes by the British, Colonel Clark's situation in the West became perilous. Indian war parties began to assemble in the neighborhood of his forces in Illinois. To strengthen his position, he ordered Major Bowman to evacuate the fort at Cahokia and join him at Kaskaskia. " I could see," says Clark, " but little proba bility of keeping possession of the county, as my number of men was too small to stand a seige, and my situation too remote to call for assistance, I made all the preparation I pos sibly could for the attack, and was necessitated to set fire to some of the houses in town to clear them out of the way." In January, 1779, Clark received intelligence that Governor Hamilton had weakened himself at Vincennes by sending his Indians against the frontiers and to block up the Ohio; that he had not more than eighty men in garrison, three pieces of * Butler's History of Kentucliy, p. 80. CLARK S celebrated MARCH AGAIITOT VINCENNES. 81 cannon, and some swivels mounted; that the hostile Indians were to meet at Post Vincennes in the spring, drive the Americans out of the West, and attack the Kentucky settle ments in a body, joined by their Southern friends ; that all the goods were taken from the merchants of Vincennes for the king's use; that the troops under Hamilton were repairing the CHAS. A. ZOLLINGER, ESQ. See page 31. fort and expected a reinforcement from Detroit in the spring; that they expected to have plenty of all kinds of stores ; that they were strict in their discipline, but they were not under toiuch apprehension of a visit.* From this report Colonel * Clark's Memoir. 6 82 mSTORY OF INDIANA. Clark concluded that if he could reach the place undiscovered he could succeed in taking it. Colonel Clark's was indeed a critical situation. He was, in a manner, cut off from any intercourse between himself q,nd the United States. He knew that Governor Hamilton, in the spring, by a junction of his northern and southern Indians, would be at the head of such a force that his little army would not be able to maintain possession of the country. Further than this the threatened war on the borders in the following spring could not fail to ruin Kentucky, should the enemy be permitted to make the necessary preparations in peace. In this critical situation, Colonel Clark could see but one course, which was to attack the enemy in their quarters. He immediately gave orders to prepare for the enterprise. Although it was a bold venture, the inhabitants of Kaskaskia gathered about him with great enthusiasm, volunteering, donating provisions, etc. Plenty of provisions were soon provided, and every man was completely provided with all he could desire to enable him to withstand the coldest weather. It was resolved to send a vessel round by water to carry the artillery and stores. This vessel was to be armed so that she might force her way if necessary. ' For this purpose a large Mississippi boat was purchased and completely fitted out. Two four-pounders and four large swivels were placed in posi tion, and forty-six men were assigned to man her under the command of Captain John Eogers. He embarked on the fourth of February, with orders to force his way up the Wabash as high as the mouth of White river, and there to remain in secret until further orders ; but if he found himself discovered, to do the enemy all the damage he could, without running too much risk of losing his vessel, and not to leave the river until he had lost all hope of the arrival of the land forces. Colonel Clark placed much reliance upon the aid he was to receive from this vessel. She was far superior to anything the enemy could fit out without building a vessel ; and at the worst, should they be discovered, they could build a number of largo pirogues to attend her, and with such a little fioot 83 annoy the enemy considerably. Every thing being ready on the fifth of February, after his men had received a lecture and absolution from the priest. Colonel Clark crossed the Kaskaskia river vdth one hundred and seventy men. The weather was very wet, and a great part of the plains covered with water several inches deep. The march was exceedingly disagreeable and difficult. In the face of these obstacles, it became the object of Colonel Clark to keep his men in spirits. " I suffered them," says Clark, " to shoot game on all occasions and feast on it like Indian war-dancers — each company by turns inviting the others to their feasts, which was the case every night." Perhaps Colonel Clark stimulated his men most by setting a brave example, wading as much through the mud and water as any of them. Thus, insensibly, without a murmur, were those men led on to the banks of the Little Wabash, which they reached on the thirteenth of February, having passed through great difficulties and suffered indescrib able hardships. A camp was formed on a small elevation on the bank of the river, and without waiting to discuss plans for crossing the river, Clark ordered the men to construct a vessel, and pre tended that crossing this stream would be only a piece of amusement, although inwardly he held another opinion. The vessel was finished on the evening of the fourteenth, when, freighted with a select company, she was sent to explore the " drowned lands " on the opposite side of the river. The men who embarked in this enterprise were privately instructed what report to make, and, if possible, to find a piece of dry land. They fortunately found about half an acre, and marked the trees from thence back to the camp, and made a very encouraging report. On the fifteenth the work of crossing the river commenced. Fortunately the day was unusually warm for the season. At this point the channel of the river was about thirty yards wide. A scaffold was built on the opposite shore, which was about three feet under water. The baggage was then ferried across and placed on it. The horses next swam across the river and received their loads at this scaffold. The troops 84 HISTORY OF INDIANA. were aU ferried across in safety, and without any important accident the little army was again on the march in water about knee deep. " By evening," says Clark, " we found our selves encamped on a pretty height in high spirits ; each party laughing at the other in consequence of something that had happened in the course of this ferrying business, as they called HON. O. BIRD. See page 31. it. A little antic drummer offered them great diversion by floating on his drum. All this was greatly encouraged, and they really began to think themselves superior to other men, and that neither the rivers nor the seasons could stop their progress. Their whole conversation was now concerning what they would do when they got about the enemy. They now 85 began to view the main Wabash as a creek, and made no doubt but such men as they were could find a way to cross it. They wound themselves up to such a pitch that they soon took Post Vincennes, divided the spoil, and before bed time were far advanced on their route to Detroit. All this was no doubt pleasing to those of us who had more serious thoughts." At this point Clark discovered that the whole Wabash valley was overflowed, and that the enemy could easily approach him if they discovered him, and wished to risk an action. On the sixteenth of February they marched 'all day through rain and water, crossed the Fur river, and spent a disagreeable night in the wet with a scarcity of provisions. On the seventeenth they continued their march, crossing several very deep runs. Eeaching the Embarrass, they found the country all over flowed, and wandered about for some time in a vain search for the Wabash. They traveled till eight o'clock in the evening in mud and water, but found no place to encamp, being com pelled to remain in the water all night. At day-break on the eighteenth, the distressed soldiers heard the morning gun of Vincennes, and at once commenced their march. Eeaching the Wabash about two o'clock, they constructed rafts for the purpose of crossing the river on a boat-stealing expedition, but labored all day and night to no purpose. On the nine teenth they commenced to construct a canoe, in which, when finished, a second attempt was made to steal boats. This expedition soon returned, however, having discovered two large fires within a mile of the little army. On receiving this intelligence Clark immediately dispatched the canoe down the river to meet the vessel that was supposed to be on her way up with the supplies, with orders to hasten forward day and night. This was the last hope, as their provisions were entirely gone, and starvation seemed to be hovering about them. In this condition many of the men were much cast down. On the twentieth they set to work making more canoes, when, about noon, the sentinel on the river brought too a boat with five Frenchmen from the fort. From these persons they received the welcome assurance that they were not as yet discovered. The hardships of this day were consider- 86 HISTORY OF INDIANA. ably ameliorated by a feast of deer which had been killed by one of the men: On the morning of the twenty -first the work of ferrying the men across the Wabash in two canoes was commenced. Having succeeded in getting the whole army across, Clark determined to reach the town that night, and therefore ordered his men to move fqrward. They " plunged into the water, sometimes to the neck, for more than a league." From this point it is desirable that Colonel Clark should tell, in his own peculiar and amusing language, the story of the last day's march, and of the siege of Vincennes. It consti tutes a prominent chapter in the early history of Indiana, and merits ample space in this work. He writes: " This last day's march through the water was far superior to anything the Frenchmen had any idea of. They were backward in speaking; said that the nearest land to us was a small league, called the sugar-camp, on the bank of the river. A canoe was sent off and returned without finding that we could pass. I went in her. myself and sounded the water; found it deep as to my neck. I returned with a design to have the men transported on board the canoes to the sugar camp, which I knew would expend the whole day and ensuing night, as the vessels would pass slowly through the bushes. The loss of so much time to men half starved was a matter of consequence. I would have given now a great deal for a day's provision, or for one of our horses. I returned but slowly to the troops, giving' myself time to think. On our arrival, all ran to hear what was the report. Every eye was fixed on me. I unfortunately spoke in a serious manner to one of the officers ; the whole were alarmed without knowing what I said. I viewed their confusion for about one minute — whispered to those near me to do as I did; immediately put some water in my hand, poured on powder, blackened my face, gave the warwhoop,' and marched into the water, without saying a word. The party gazed, and fell in, one after another, without saying a word, like a flock of sheep. I ordered those near me to begin a favorite song of theirs; it soon passed through the line, and the whole went on cheerfully. I now intended to have them transported across the deepest part CLARK S CELEBRATED MARCH AGAINST VINCENNES. 87 of the water; but when about waist deep, one of the men informed me that he thought he felt a path. We examined and found it so ; and concluded that it kept on the highest ground, which it did; and by taking pains to follow it, we got :/ ^^Mj.U^ See page 31. <^^iA-*''t-^ to the sugar camp without the least difficulty, where there was about half an acre of dry ground, at least not under water, where we took up our lodging. The Frenchmen that we had 88 HISTORY OF INDIANA. taken on the river appeared to be uneasy at our situation They begged that they might be permitted to go in the two canoes to town in the night. They said that they would bring from their own houses provisions without a possibility of any persons knowing it; that some of our men should go with them as a surety of their good conduct; that it was impossible we could march from that place till the water fell, for the plain was too deep to march. Some of the [officers?] believed that it might be done. I would not suffer it. I never could well account for this piece of obstinacy, and give satisfactory reasons to myself or any body else, why I denied a proposition apparently so, easy to execute, and of so much advantage; but something seemed to tell me that it should not be done, and it was not done. " The most of the weather that we had on this march, was moist and warm, for the season. This was the coldest night we had. The ice, in the morning, was from one-half to three- quarters of an inch thick, near the shores and in still water. The morning was the finest we had on our march. A little after sunrise I lectured the whole. What I said to them I forget; but it may be easily imagined by a person that could possess my affections for them at that time. I concluded by informing them that passing the plain that was then in full view, and reaching the opposite woods, would put an end to their fatigue — that in a few hours they would have a sight of their long wished-for object — and immediately stepped into the water without waiting for any reply. A huzza took place. As we generally marched through the water in a line, before the third entered, I halted and called to Major Bowman, order ing him to fall in the rear with twenty -five men, and put to death any man who refused to march, as we wished to have no such person among us. The whole gave a cry of approbation, and on we went. This was the most trying of all the diffi culties we had experienced. I generally kept fifteen or twenty of the strongest men next myself, and judged from my own feelings what must be that of others. Getting about the middle of the plain, the water about middeep, I found myself sensibly failing; and as there were no trees nor bushes for the olark's CELEBRATED MARCH AGAINST VINCENNES. 89 men to support themselves by, I feared that many of the most weak would be drowned. I ordered the canoes to make the land, discharge their loading, and play backward and forward '^ith all diligence, and pick up the men ; and, to encourage the party, sent some of the strongest men forward, with orders, when they got to a certain distance, to pass the word back that the water was getting shallow; and when getting near the woods to cry out ' Land ! ' This stratagem had its desired effect. The men, encouraged by it, exerted themselves almost beyond their abilities, the weak holding by the stronger. * * * The water never got shallower, but continued deep ening. Getting to the woods, where the men expected land, the water was up to my shoulders ; but gaining the woods was of great consequence: all the low men, and the weakly, hung to the trees, and floated on the old logs until they were taken off by the canoes. The strong and tail got ashore and built fires. Many would reach the shore, and fall with their bodies half in the water, not being able to support themselves without it. " This was a delightful dry spot of ground, of about ten acres. We soon found that the fires answered no purpose; but that two strong men taking a weaker one by the arms was the only way to recover him — and, being a delightfijl day, it soon did. But fortunately, as if designed by Provi dence, a canoe of Indian squaws and children was coming up to town, and took through part of this plain as a nigh way. It was discovered by our canoes as they were out after the men. They gave chase and took the Indian canoe, on board of which was near half a quarter of a buffalo, some corn, tallow, kettles, etc. This was a grand prize, and was invalu able. Broth was immediately made and served out to the most weakly, with great care: most of the whole got a little; but a great many gave their part to the weakly, jocosely saying something cheering to their comrades. This little refresh ment, and fine weather, by the afternoon, gave new life to the whole. Crossing a narrow, deep lake, in the canoes, and marching some distance, we came to a copse of timber called the Warrior's Island. We were now in full view of the fort 90 HISTORY OF INDIANA. and town, not a shrub between us, at about two miles dis tance. Every man now feasted his eyes, and forgot that he had suffered anything — saying that all that had passed was owing to good policy, and nothing but what a man could bear. See page 31. and that a soldier had no right to think, etc. — passing from one extreme to another, which is common in such cases. It was now we had to display our abilities. The plain between us and the town was not a perfect level. The sunken grounds CIAKK's celebrated MARCH AGAINST VINCENNES. 91 were covered with water fuU of ducks. We observed several men out on horseback, shooting them, within a half mile of us, and sent out as many of our active young Frenchmen to decoy and take one of these men prisoner, in such a manner as not to alarm the others, which they did. The information we got from this person was similar to that which we got from those we took on the river; except that of the British having that evening completed the wall of the fort, and that there was a good many Indians in town. "Our situation was now truly critical — no possibility of retreating in case of defeat — and in full view of a town that had, at this time, upward of six hundred men in it, troops, inhabitants, and Indians. The crew of the galley, though not fifty men, would have been now a reinforcement of immense magnitude to our little army, (if I may so call it,) but we would not think of them. We were now in the situation that I had labored to get ourselves in. The idea of being made prisoner was foreign to almost every man, as they expected nothing but torture from the savages if they fell into their hands. Our fate was now to be determined, probably in a few hours. We knew that nothing but the most daring conduct would insure success. I knew that a number of the inhab itants wished us well — that many were lukewarm to the interest of either — and I also leamed that the grand chief, the Tobacco's son, had, but a few days before, openly declared, in council with the British, that he was a brother and friend to the Big Knives. These were favorable circumstances ; and as there was but little probability of our remaining until dark undiscovered, I determined to begin the career immediately, and wrote the following placard to the inhabitants : " ' To the Inhahitants of Post Vincennes: 'Gentlemen: Being now within two miles of your village with my army, determined to take your fort this night, and not being willing to surprise you, I take this method to request such of you as are true citizens, and willing to enjoy the liberty I bring you, to remain still in your houses. And those, if any there be, that are friends to the king, will instantly repair to 92 HISTORY OF INDIANA. the fort and join the hair-buyer general, and fight like men. And if any such as do not go to the fort shall be discovered afterward, they may depend on severe punishment. On the contrary, those who are true friends to liberty may depend on being well treated; and I once more request them to keep out of the streets. For every one I find in arms on my arrival, I shall treat him as an enemy. [Signed] G. E. Clark.' " I had various ideas on the supposed results of this letter. I knew that it could do us ho damage, but that it would cause the lukewarm to be decided, encourage our friends, and aston ish our enemies. * * * We anxiously viewed this messenger until he entered the town, and in a few minutes could discover by our glasses some stir in every street that we could penetrate into, and great numbers running or riding out into the com mons, we supposed to view us, which was the case. But what surprised us was, that nothing had yet happened that had the appearance of the garrison being alarmed — no drum nor gun. We began to suppose that the information we got from our prisoners was false, and that the enemy already knew of us and were prepared. * * A. little before sunset we moved and displayed ourselves in full view of the town — crowds gazing at us. We were plunging ourselves into certain destruction or success. There was no midway thought of. We had but little to say to our men except inculcating an idea of the neces sity of obedience, etc. We knew they did not want encourag ing, and that any thing might be attempted with them that was possible for such a number — perfectly cool, under proper subordination, pleased with the prospect before them, and much attached to their officers. They all declared that they were convinced that an implicit obedience to Orders was the only thing that would insure success, and hoped that no mercy would be shown the person that should violate them. Such language as this from soldiers to persons in our station must have been exceedingly agreeable. We moved on slowly in full view of the tovm; but, as it was a point of some consequence to us to make ourselves appear as formidable, we, in leaving CLARK S CELEBRATED MARCH AGAINST VINCENNES. 93 the covert that we were in, marched and countermarched in such a manner that we appeared numerous. In raising volun teers in the Illinois, every person that set about the business had a set of colors given him, which they brought with them to the amount of ten or twelve pairs. These were displayed to the best advantage; and as the low plain we marched MRS. LAURA SUTTENFIELD. See page 31 through was not a perfect level, but had frequent raisings in it seven or eight feet higher than the common level, (which was covered with water,) and as these raisings generally run in an oblique direction to the town, we took the advantage of one of them, marching through the water under it, which 94 HISTORY OF INDIANA. completely prevented our being numbered. But our colors showed considerably above the heights, as they were fixed on long poles procured for the purpose, and at a distance made no despicable appearance; and as our young Frenchmen had, while we lay on the Warrior's Island, decoyed and taken several fowlers, with their horses, officers were mounted on these horses, and rode about more completely to deceive the enemy. In this manner we moved and directed our march in such a way as to suffer it to be dark before we had advanced more than halfway to the town. We then suddenly altered our direction, and crossed ponds where they could not have sus pected us, and about eight o'clock gained the heights back of the town. As there was yet no hostile appearance, we were impatient to have the cause unriddled. Lieutenant Bayley was ordered, with fourteen men, to march and fire on the fort. The main body moved in a different direction, and took pos session of the strongest part of the town. " The firing now commenced on the fort, but they did not believe it was an enemy until one of their men was shot down through a port, as drunken Indians frequently saluted the fort after night. The drums now sounded, and the business fairly commenced on both sides. Eeinforcements were sent to the attack of the garrison while other arrangements were making in town. * * We now found that the garrison had known nothing of us ; that, having finished the fort that evening, they had amused themselves at different games, and had just retired before my letter arrived, as it was near roll-call. The placard being made public, many of the inhabitants were afraid 'to show themselves out of the houses for fear of giving offense, and not one dare give information. Our friends flew to the commons and other convenient places to view the pleasing sight. This was observed from the garrison, and the reason asked, but a satisfactory excuse was given ; and as a part of the town lay between our line of march and the garrison, we could not be seen by the sentinels on the walls. Captain W. Shannon and another being some time before taken prisoners by one of their [scouting parties,] and that evening brought in, the party had discovered at the sugar camp some signs of us. olark's celebrated march against VINOENNES. 95 They supposed it to be a party of observation that intended to land on the height some distance below the town. Captain Lamotte was sent- to intercept them. It was at him the people said they were looking when they were asked the reason ot their unusual stir. Several suspected persons had been taken to the garrison; among them was Mr. Moses Henry. Mrs. Henry went, under the pretense of carrying him provisions, and whispered him the news and what she had seen. Mr. Henry conveyed it to the rest of his fellow-prisoners, which gave them much pleasure, particularly Captain Helm, who amused himself very much during the siege, and I believe did Qfiuch damage. " Ammunition was scarce with us, as the most of our stores had been put on board of the galley. Though her crew was but few, such a reinforcement to us, at this time, would have been invaluable in many instances. But, fortunately, at the time of its being reported that the whole of the goods in the town were to be taken for the king's use, (for which the owners were to receive bills,) Colonel Legras, Major Bosseron, and others, had buried the greatest part of their powder and ball. This was immediately produced, and we found ourselves well supplied by those gentlemen. " The Tobacco's son being in town with a number of war riors, immediately mustered them, and let us know that he wished to join us, saying that by the morning he would have a hundred men. He received for answer that we thanked him for his friendly disposition, and as we were sufficiently strong ourselves, we wished him to desist, and that we would counsel on the subject on the morning; and as we knew that there were a number of Indians in and near the town that were our enemies, some confusion might happen if our men should mix in the dark; but hoped that we might be favored with his counsel and company during the night — which was agreeable to him. "The garrison was soon completely surrounded, and the firing continued without intermission, (except about fifteen minutes a little before day,) until about nine o'clock the fol lowing morning. It was kept up by the whole of the troops — 96 HISTORY OF INDIANA. joined by a few of the young men of the town, who got per mission — except fifty men kept as a reserve. * * * I had made myself fully acquainted with the situatiiDn of the fort and town, and the parts relative to each. The cannon of the gar rison was on the upper floors of strong blockhouses at each angle of the fort, eleven feet above the surface; and the ports HON. F. P. RANDALL. See page 31. so badly cut that many of our troops lay under the fire of them within twenty or thirty yards of the waUs. They did no damage except to the buildings of the town,' some of which they, much shattered; and their musketry in the dark, em ployed against woodsmen covered hy houses, palings, ditches, olark's CELEBRATED MARCH AGAINST VINOENNES. 97 the banks of the river, etc., was but of little avail, and did no injury to us except wounding a man or two. As we could not afford to lose men, great care was taken to preserve them suffi ciently covered, and to keep up a hot fire in order to intimi date the eneray as well as to destroy them. The embrasures of their cannon were frequently shut, for our riflemen, finding the true direction of them, would pour in such volleys when they were opened that the men could not stand to the guns — seven or eight of them in a shojt time got cut down. Our troops would frequently abuse the enemy in order to aggravate them to open their ports and fire their cannon, that they might have the pleasure of cutting them down with their rifles — fifty of which, perhaps, would be leveled the moment the port fiew open; and I believe that if they had stood at their artillery, the greater part of them would have been destroyed in the course of the night, as the greater part of our men lay within thirty yards of the walls ; and in a few hours were covered equally to those within the walls, and much more experienced in that mode of fighting. * * * Sometimes an irregular fire, as hot as possible, was kept up from different directions for a few minutes, and then only a continual scatter ing fire at the ports as usual; and a great noise and laughter immediately commenced in different parts of the town by the reserved parties, as if they had only fired on the fort a few minutes for amusement, and as if those continually firing at the fort were only regularly relieved. Conduct similar to this kept the garrison constantly alarmed. They did not know what moment they might be stormed or [blown up?] as they could plainly discover that we had flung up some entrench ments across the streets, and appeared to be frequently very busy under the bank of the river, which was within thirty feet of the walls. The situation of the magazine we knew well. Captain Bowman began some works in order to blow it up, in case our artillery should arrive; but as we knew that we were daily liable to be overpowered by the nunierous bands of Indi ans on the river, in case they had again joined the enemy, (the certainty of which we were unacquainted with,) we resolved to lose no time, but to get the fort in our possession as soon as 98 HISTORY OF INDIANA possible. If the vessel did not arrive before the ensuing night we resolved to undermine the fort, and fixed on the spot and plan of executing this work, which we intended to commence the next day. " The Indians of different tribes that were inimical, had left the town and neighborhood. Captain Lamotte continued to hover about it, in order, if possible, to make his way good into the fort. Parties attempted in vain to surprise him. A few of his party were taken, one of which was Maisonville, a famous Indian partisan. Two lads that captured him, tied him to a post in the street, and fought from behind him as a breastwork — supposing that the enemy would not fire at them for fear of killing him, as he would alarm them by his voice. The lads were ordered, by an officer who discovered them at their amusement, to untie their prisoner and take him off to the guard, which they did; but were so inhuman as to take part of his scalp on the way. There happened to him no other damage. As almost the whole of the persons who were most active in the department of Detroit were either in the fort or with Captain Lamotte, I got extremely uneasy for fear that he would not fall into our power — knowing that he would go off if he could not get into the fort in the course of the night. Finding that, without some unforeseen accident, the fort must inevitably be ours, and that a reinforcement of twenty men, although considerable to them, would not be of great moment to us in the present situation of affairs, and knov?ing that we had weakened them by killing or wounding many of their gunners, after some deliberation, we concluded to risk the reinforcement in preference of his going again among the Indians; the garrison had at least a month's provisions, and if tbey could hold out, in the course of that time he might do us much damage. A little before day the troops were with drawn from their position about the fort, except a few parties of observation, and the firing totally ceased. Orders were given, in case of Lamotte's approach, not to alarm or fire on him without a certainty of killing or taking the whole. In less than a quarter of an hour he passed within ten feet of an officer and a party that lay concealed. Ladders were flung Clark's celebrated march against vincennes. 99 over to them, and as they mounted them our party shouted. Many of them fell from the top of the walls — some within, and others back; but as they were not fired on, they aU got over, much to the joy of their friends. But, on considering the matter, they must have been convinced that it was a scheme of ours to let them in, and that we were so strong as to care but little about them or the manner of their getting into the garrison. * * The firing immediately commenced on both sides with double vigor, and I believe that more noise could not have been made by the same number of men — their RESIDENCE OP HON. P. P. RANDALL, PORT WAYNE. See page 31. shouts could not be heard for the firearms; but a continual blaze was kept around the garrison without much being done until about daybreak, when our troops were drawn off to posts prepared for them about sixty or seventy yards from the fort. A loophole then could scarcely be darkened but a rifie-ball would pass through it. To have stood to their cannon would have destroyed their men without a probability of doing much service. Our situation was nearly similar. It would have been imprudent in either party to have wasted their men without some decisive stroke required it. 100 HWrORY OF INDIAlfA. "Thus the attack continued until about nine o'clock on the morning of the twenty-fourth. Learning that the two prison ers they had brpught in the day before had a considerable number of letters with them, I supposed it an express ^h&'. we expected about this time, which I knew to be of the ^safest moment to ns, as we had not received one since our arrival m the country; and not being fully acquainted with the character of our enemy, we were doubtful that those papers might be destroyed — to prevent which I sent a flag [with a .etter] demanding the garrison." We include here a copy of the letter which Colonel Clark addressed to the British Governor: " Sir : In order to save yourself from the impending storm that now threatens you, I order you immediately to surrender yourself, with all your garrison, stores, etc. For if I am obliged to storm, you may depend on such treatment as is justly due to a murderer. Beware of destroying stores of any kind, or any papers or letters that are in your possession, or hurting one house in town — for, by heavens! if you do, there shall be no mercy shown you." In answer to this bold letter. Governor Hamilton sent this reply: " Lieutenant-Governor Hamilton begs leave to acquaint Colonel Clark that he and his garrison are not disposed to be awed into any action unworthy British subjects." On receiving this refusal the firing was resumed, and con tinued in a spirited manner until evening, when a flag appeared with the following proposals: " Lieutenant-Governor Hamil ton proposes to Colonel Clark a truce for three days; during which time he promises there shall be no defensive works car ried on in the garrison, on condition that Colonel Clark shall . observe on his part a like cessation of any defensive work; that is, he wishes to confer with Colonel Clark as soon as can be, and promises that whatever may pass between them and another person mutually agreed upon to be present, shall 101 remain secret till matters be finished, as he wishes that what ever the result of the conference may be it may tend to the honor and credit of each party. If Colonel Clark makes a difficulty of coming into the fort, Lieutenant-Governor Ham ilton will speak to him by the gate." * Clark was at a loss to understand what reason Hamilton could have for wishing a truce. Some of his officers believed it to be a scheme to get him within the fort. Although he had the greatest reason to expect a reinforcement in less than three days that would at once put an end to the siege, yet he did not think it prudent to agree to the proposals, and sent the following answer: "Colonel Clark's compliments to Gov ernor Hamilton, and begs leave to inform him that he will not agree to any terms other than Mr. Hamilton's surrendering himself and garrison prisoners at discretion. If Mr. Hamilton is desirous of a conference with Colonel Clark, he will meet him at the church with Captain Helm." They met at the church, about eighty yards from the fort — Colonel Clark, Governor Hamilton, Majijr Hay, Captain Helm, arid Major Bowman. Hamilton produced terms of capitula tion containing various articles. After deliberating on every article, Clark rejected the whole. Hamilton then asked him to make a proposition. Clark told him that he had no other to make than that he had already made — that of his surren dering as prisoners at discretion. He told him that his troops had behaved with spirit, that they could not suppose that they would be worse treated in consequence of it; that if he chose to comply with the demand, though hard, it would be expedi ent to do so immediately; that it was in vain for' him to make any further propositions ; that he must be aware that the gar rison would fall; that all blood spilt from that hour by the garrison would be regarded as murder; that the American troops were already impatient, and called aloud for permission to tear down and storm the fort; that if such a step were taken, many of course would be cut down, and that it would be out of the power of an American officer to save a single man. Considerable discussion followed; Captain Helm attempted 102 HISTORY OF INDIANA. to moderate their fixed conclusions, but Clark told him that he was a British prisoner, and that it was doubtful whether or not he could with propriety speak on the subject, Hamilton then said that Captain Helm was from that moment liberated, :^^>iL-y See page 31. and might use his pleasure, but Clark informed the Captain that he would not receive him on such terms; that he must return to the garrison and await his fate. Clark then informed olark's movements at vinoennes. 103 Hamilton that hostilities should not commence until five min utes after the drums gave the alarm. At this they parted, but the British officer, after a moment's hesitation, turned about and politely inquired Colonel Clark's reasons for refusing the garrison on any other terms than an unconditional surrender. The latter explained at some length, but before completing his reply secretly resolved to change the conditions of his demands. He told Hamilton he would consider the matter and let him know the result at an early hour. In the course of the afternoon of the twenty-fourth, articles of capitulation were signed, and on the following day, at ten o'clock, the gar rison was surrendered, and the bold, courageous Clark took possession of the fort. On the twenty-seventh the vessel with the stores and provisions arrived in good condition, and the Americans in Vincennes were rejoicing over their conquest. CHAPTEE V. Clark's movements at vincennes. ON the day succeeding the occupation of Vincennes by ' Clark's forces, the irrepressible Colonel sent a detach ment of sixty men up the river Wabash to intercept some boats laden with stores and provisions from Detroit. The detachment proceeded up the river in three armed boats about one hundred and twenty miles, when the British boats, seven in number, were surprjsed and captured without firing a gun. The English boats had on board about ten thousand pounds worth of goods and provisions, and were manned by about forty men. These were taken prisoners and the goods divided among the soldiers. Having organized a military government in Vincennes, and appointed Captain Helm as commandant of the town, Colonel Clark retumed in the vessel to Kaskaskia, where he was joined 104 HISTORY OF INDIANA. oy reinforcements from Kentucky, under Captain George. Meanwhile, a party of traders who were going to the falls, were killed and plundered by the Delawares of White river. The news of this disaster having reached Clark, he sent a dis patch to Captain Helm ordering him to make war on the Del awares, to use every means in his power to destroy them; to show no mercy to the men, but to save the women and children. This order was executed without delay. Their' camps were attacked in every quarter where they could be found. Many fell and others were carried to Post Vincennes and put to death. The surviving Delawares at once pleaded for mercy, and appeared anxious to make some atonement for their bad conduct. To these overtures Captain Hehn replied that Colonel Clark, the Big Knife, had ordered the war, and that he had no power to lay down the hatchet, but that he would suspend hostilities until a messenger could be sent to Kaskaskia. This was done, and the crafty Colonel, well understanding the Indian character, sent a message to the Delaware, telling them that he would not accept their friendship or treat with them for peace, but that if they could get some of the neigh boring tribes to become responsible for their future conduct, he would discontinue the war and spare their lives; otherwise they must all perish. A council was called of all the Indians in the neighborhood, and Clark's answer was read to the assembly. After due deliberation the Piankeshaws took on themselves to answer for the future good conduct of the Delawares, and the Grand Door, in a long speech, denounced their base conduct. This ended the war with the Delawares and secured the respect of the neighboring tribes. Clark's attention was next turned to the British post at Detroit, but being^ unable to obtain suffi cient troops he abandoned the enterprise. Colonel John Todd, the county lieutenant for the county of Illinois, in the spring of 1779, visited the old settlem'ents at Vincennes and Kaskaskia, and organized temporary civil gov emments in nearly all the settiements west of the Ohio. Previous to this movement Clark had established a military government at Kaskaskia and Vincennes, appointed com- olark's MO'VBMBN'rS AT VINCENNES. 105 mandants in both places, and taken up his headquarters at the falls of the Ohio, where he could watch the operations of the snemy and save the frontier settlements from the depredations of Indian warfare. On reaching the settlements Colonel Todd issued a procla mation* regulating the settlement of unoccupied lands, and requiring the presentation of all claims to the lands settled. He also organized a court of civil and criminal jurisdiction at Vincennes in the month of June, 1779. This court was com posed of several magistrates and presided over by Colonel J. M. P. Legras, who had been appointed commandant at Vin cennes. Acting from the precedents established by the early French commandants in the west, this court began to grant tracts of land to the French and American inhabitants, and down to the year 1783, it had granted to different parties about twenty-six thousand acres of land. From this date down to 1787, when the practice of granting lands was prohibited by General Harmer, the quantity of land granted exceeded twenty -two thousand acres. The tracts, granted were gen erally small, ranging from a small " house lot " to four and five hundred acres. But aside from the granting of these small tracts, the court entered into a stupendous speculation — one not altogether creditable to its honor and dignity. The • Illinois [CotniTT] to wit— conveniently may be, to lay before the Whereas, from the fertility and beantifal person, in each district, appointed for Bitnation of the lands bordering upon that purpose, a memorandum of his or the Mississippi, Ohio, Illinois, and Wa- her land, with copies of all their vouchers ; bash rivers, the taking up of the usual and where vouchers have never been given, quantity of land heretofore allowed for a or are lost, such depositions or certilica».es settlement by the government ot Virginia, as vrill tend to support their claims ¦ the would injure both the strength and com- memorandum to mention the q iaLt.ty merce of this country; I do, therefore, of land, to whom originally gTanied, and issue this proclamation, strictly enjoining when, —deducing the title luroogh ihe all persons whatsoever from making any various occupants to the present posses- new settlements upon the flat lands of the eor. The number of adventurers who wil. said rivers, or within one league of said shortly overrun this country, renders the lands, unless in manner and form of set- above method necessary, as well to ascer- tlements as heretofore made by the French tain the vacant lands as to guard against inhabitants, until farther orders herein trespasses which vrill probably be com- given. And, in order that all the claims mitted on lands not on record. Given to lands in said county may be fully under my hand and seal, at Kaskaskia, known, and some method provided for the fifteenth of June, in the third year perpetuating, by record, the just claims, of the commonwealth, 1179. every inhabitant if^ ru¦¦.. ySuMr See page 31. in 1742, had been granted by the tribe of Piankeshaw Indians to the French inhabitants of Vincennes. Accordingly a very convenient arrangement was entered into by which the whole Clark's movements at vincennes. 107 tract ot country mentioneO was to be divided between the members of the honorable court. A record was made to that effect, and perhaps the most interesting part of this job — modern politicians w i i ca.. it a steai — was that each mem ber, found conven'en^ to De absent from court on the day that the order was made in his favor.'* During the progress ul the conflict between civilization and barbarism in the northwest, from 1779 to 1787, the date at which the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio was organized, there were but few events of importance in which the settlements in Indiana were not concerned, or by which they were not affected. In the fall of 1780, LaBalme, a Frenchman, made an attempt to capture the British garrison of Detroit by leading an exp.edition against it from Kaskaskia. At the head of thirty men he marched to Vincennes, where his force was slightly increased. From this town he proceeded to the British trading post at the head of the Maumee, where Fort Wayne now stands, where he plundered the British traders and Indians and then retired. While encamped on the bank of a small stream on his retreat, he was attacked by a band of Miamis, a number of his men were killed, and the expedition against Detroit ended in ruin. Thus ran the current of border war, sometimes resulting in a victory for the Americans and sometimes for the enemy, during the long struggle for inde pendence, until in 1783, the treaty of Paris was concluded, and the Congress of the United States declared a cisssation of hostilities between the United States and Great Britain. Up to this date the territory now included within the limits of the State of Indiana belonged, by -conquest, to the State of Virginia, but in January, 1783, the General Assembly of that State resolved to cede to the Congress of the United States all right, title and claim which it held to the territory northwest of the Ohio. The conditions offered by Virginia were accepted by Congress on the twentieth of December of the same year, and the transfer was effected early in 1784. In the year pre ceding, however, the Assembly of Virginia passed an act for * Harrison's Letters. 108 HISTORY OF INDIANA. platting the to-wn of Clarksville, at the falls of the Ohio. The act stipulated that the lots, consisting of half an acre each, should be sold at public auction to the highest bidder, and that purchasers were to hold their lots subject to the condi tions of building on them within three years from the day of sale. • In the spring of 1784, after the deed of cession* had been accepted by Congress, the subject of the future government of the territory was referred to a committee consisting of Messrs. Jefferson of Virginia, Chase of Maryland, and HoweU of Ehode Island. The committee reported an ordinance for the government of the territory northwest of the Ohio, which, among other things, declared, that neither slavery nor involun- * That the territory so ceded shall be laid out and formed into States, contain ing a suitable extent of territory, not less than one hundred, nor more than one hundred and fifty miles square; or as near thereto as circumstances will admit; and that the States so formed shall be distinct republican States, and admitted members of the Federal Union ; having the same rights of sovereignty, freedom, and inde pendence as the other States. That the necessary and reasonable expenses incur red by Virginia in subduing any British posts, or in maintaining forts and garri sons within, and for the defense, or in acquiring any part of, the territory so ceded or relinquished, shall be fully reim bursed by the United States. That the French aud Canadian inhabitants, and other settlers of the Kaskaskia, Post Vin cennes, and the neighboring villages, who have professed themselves citizens of Vir ginia, shall have their possessions and titles confirraed to them, and be protected in the enjoyment of their rights and liber ties. That a quantity not exceeding one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, promised by Virginia, shall be allowed and granted to the then Colonel, now General George Rogers Clark, and to the offlcers and soldiers of his regiment, who matched with him when the posts of Kas kaskia and Vincennes were reduced, and to the offlcers aud soldiers that have been since incorporated into the said regiment, to be laid off in one tract, the length of which not to exceed double the breadth, in such place on the northwest side of the Ohio as a majority of the officers shall choose, and to be afterward divided among the offlcers and soldiers in due proportion, according to the laws of Virginia. That in case the quantity of good lands on the southeast side of the Ohio, upon the waters of Cumberland river, and between the Green river and Tennessee river, which have been reserved by law for the Virginia troops upon continental estab lishment, should, from the North Carolina line, bearing in further upon the Cum berland lands than was expected, prove insufficient for their legal bounties, the deficiency shall be made up to the said .troops, in good lands, to be laid off be tween the rivers Scioto and Little Miami, on the northwest side of the river Ohio, in such proportions as have been engaged to them by the laws of Virginia. Qihat all the lands within the territory so ceded !x> United States, and not reserved for, or appropriated to any of the before men tioned purposes, or disposed of in bonu tics to the officers and soldiers a! th. American army, shall be considered as a common fund for the use and benefit of such of the United States as have become, or shall become, members of the confed eration or federal alliance of the said States. Virginia inclusive, according to their usual respective proportions in the general charge and expenditure, and shall be faithfully and bona fide disposed of for that purpose, and for no other use or pur pose whatsoever. EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND LAND GRANTS. 109 tary servitude, otherwise than in the punishment of criminals, should exist in the territory after the year 1800. This article of the ordinance was rejected, but an ordinance for the tem porary government of the county was adopted, and, in the following year, laws were passed by Congress for disposing of lands in the western territory, and for prohibiting the settle ment of unappropriated lands by reckless speculators. CHAPTEE VI. EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND LAND GRANTS. FEOM this date, 1784 to 1787, when the northwestern ter ritory was organized, we have but little to record in the history of Indiana. Land speculation in Ohio, and on the borders of the Ohio a,nd Wabash rivers, was exciting consider able attention, and large associations, representing consider able means, were formed for the purpose of monopolizing the trade in land. Tracts of millions of acres were sold at one time by Congress to associations on the installment plan, and so far as the Indian titles could be extinguished, the work of settling and improving the lands was pushed rapidly forward. The passage of the " ordinance of 1787," created the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio, which of course included the whole of the territory now embraced in the State of Indiana. On the fifth of October, of the same year, Major General Arthur St. Clair was elected by Congress Governor of the territory. He was instructed, on entering upon the duties of the office, to ascertain the real temper of the Indians and do all in his power to remove the causes for controversy between them and the United States, and to effect the extin guishment of Indian titles to all the land possible. The Govemor took up quarters in the new settlement of Marietta, Ohio, where he immediately began the organization of the no HISTORY OF INDIANA. government of the territory. The first session of the general court of the new territory was held at that place in 1788. The judges were Samuel H. Parsons, James Mitchell Varnum, and John Cleves Symmes. Under the ordinance. Governor St. Clair was president of the court. .^T' Tv B. TRENTMAN, ESQ. See page 31. After the session of the general court at Marietta was con cluded, and the necessary laws for the government of the ter ritory passed, Governor St. Clair, accompanied by the Judges, visited Kaskaskia for the purpose of organizing a civil govern ment there. Meanwhile full instructions had been sent to Major Hamtramck, commandant at Vincennes, requiring him EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND LAND GRANTS. Ill to ascertain the exact feeling and temper of the Indian tribes of the Wabash. These instructions were accompanied by speeches to each of the tribes. On the fifth of April, 1790, a Frenchman named Antoine Gamelin, was dispatched from Vincennes with these speeches. He visited nearly all the tribes on the Wabash, St. Joseph and St. Marys rivers, but was coldly received, most of the chiefs being dissatisfied -with the policy of the Americans toward them, and prejudiced through English misrepresentation. Full accounts of his adventures among the tribes reached Governor St. Clair at Kaskaskia in June, 1790. Being satisfied that there was no prospect of effecting a general peace with the Indians of Indiana, he resolved to -visit General Harmer at his headquarters at Fort Washington, and there to consult with that officer upon the means of carrying an expedition against the hostile Indians. Before leaving Kaskaskia, however, St. Clair intrusted the Secretary of the territory^ Winthrop Sargent, with the execu tion of the resolutions of Congress regarding the lands and settlers on the Wabash. He directed that officer to proceed to Vincennes, lay out a county there, establish the militia, and appoint the necessary civil and military officers. Mr. Sargent at once proceeded to Vincennes, where he organized the camp of Knox, appointed the necessary civil and military officers, and notified the inhabitants to present their claims to lands. In establishing these claims the settlers found great difficulty, and regarding it, the secretary in his report to the President remarked : " Although the lands and lots which were awarded to the inhabitants, appeared, from very good oral testimony, to belong to those persons to whom they were awarded, either by original grants, purchase, or inheritance, yet there was scarcely one case in twenty where the title was complete, ovsdng to the desultory manner in which public business had been transacted, and some other unfortunate causes. The original concessions by the French and British commandants were generally made upon a small scrap of paper, which it has been customary to lodge in the notary's office, who has seldom kept any book of record, but committed the most important 112 mSTORY OF INDIANA. land concerns to loose sheets, which, in process of time, have come into possession of persons that have fraudulently destroyed them, or, unacquainted with their consequence, innocently lost or trifled them away; for by the French usage they are considered as family inheritances, and often descend to women and children. In one instance, and during the gov ernment of Mr. St. Ange here, a royal notary ran off with all the public papers in his possession, as by a certificate produced to me. And I am very sorry further to observe that in the office of Mr. Le Grand, which continued from the year 1777 to 1787, and where should have been the vouchers for important land transactions, the records have been so falsified, and there is such gross fraud in forgery as to invalidate all evidence and information which I might otherwise have acquired from his papers." Winthrop Sargent informs us that there were about one hundred and fifty French families at Vincennes in 1790. The heads of these families had all been at some time vested with certain titles to a portion of the soil, and while the Secretary was busily engaged endeavoring to straighten out these claims, he received a petition signed by eighty Americans, praying for the confirmation of the grants of lands ceded by the court which had been organized by Colonel John Todd, under the authority of Virginia, to which reference has already been made. This case was met in the action of Congress on the third of March, 1791, empowering the Governor of the territory, in cases where land had been actually improved and cultivated under a supposed grant for the same, to confirm to the persons who made such improvements, the lands supposed to have been granted, not, however, exceeding the quantity of four hundred acres to any one person. In the summer of 1790, a session of the general court was held at Vincennes, acting Governor Sargent* presiding, when the following laws, were adopted : I. An act to prohibit the giving or selling intoxicating * Mr. Sargent acted in the capacity of Governor at the request of St. Clair, who, during the time, was busily engaged with military affairs. EARLY SETTLEMENTS AND LAND GRANTS. 113 liquors to Indians residing in, or coming into, the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio, and for prevent ing foreigners from trading -with Indians therein. a.*- :^.^ *• See page 31. II. An act prohibiting the sale of spirituous or other intoxicating liquors to soldiers in the service of the United States, being within ten miles of any military post within the territory of the United States northwest of the river Ohio ; and 114 HI8T0ET OF INDIANA. to prevent the selling or pawning of arms, ammunition, cloth ing, and accoutrements. III. An act for suppressing and prohibiting every species of gaming for money or other property, and for making void ' contracts and payments made in consequence thereof, and for restraining the disorderly practice of discharging arms at certain hours and places. We give here the sentiments of the principal inhabitants of Vincennes, which were addressed to Mr. Sargent while at that place, in 1790, in the following language: " The citizens of the town of Vincennes approach you, sir, to express as well their personal respect for your honor as the full approbation of the measures you have been pleased to pursue in regard to their government and the adjustment of their claims, as inhabitants of the territory over which you at present preside. While we deem it a singular blessing to behold the principles of free government unfolding among us, we cherish the pleas ing reflection that our posterity will also have cause to rejoice at the political change now originating. A free and efficient government, wisely administered, and fostered under the pro tecting wings of an august union of States, cannot fail to render the citizens of this wide extended territory securely- happy in the possession of every public blessing. " We cannot take leave, sir, without offering to your notice a tribute of gratitude and esteem, which every citizen of Vin cennes conceives he owes to the merits of an offlcer [Major Hamtramck] who has long commanded at this post. The unsettled situation of things, for a series of years previous to this gentleman's arrival, tended in many instances to derange, and in others to suspend, the operations of those municipal customs by which the citizens of this town were used to be governed. They were in the habit of submitting the superin tendence of their civil regulations to the officer who happened to command the troops posted among them. Hence, in the course of the late war, and from the frequent change of masters, they labored under heavy and various grievances. But the judicious and humane attention paid by Major Hamtramck, during his whole command, to the rights and feelings of every HARMER, SCOTT AND WILKINSON's EXPEDITIONS. 115 individual craving his interposition, demands, and will always receive our warmest acknowledgments. " We beg you, sir, to assure the supreme authority of the United States of our fidelity and attachment; and that our greatest ambition is to deserve its fostering care, by acting the part of good citizens. " By order, and on behalf, of the citizens of Vincennes. -Ajjtoine Gamelin, Magistrate. Pierre Gamelin, do. Paul Gamelin, do. James Johnson, do. Louis Edeline, do. Luke Decker, do. Francis Bossekon, do. Francis Vigo, Major Commandant of Militia, Henry Vanderburgh, Major of Militia. To this complimentary testimonial Winthrop Sargent made a brief but appropriate reply. CHAPTEE VII. HARMER, SCOTT AND WILKINSON'S EXPEDITIONS. WHEN Governor St. Clair arrived at Fort Washington from Kaskaskia, he determined, after a long conversa tion ¦with General Harmer, to send a powerful force to chastise the savages about the head waters of the Wabash. He had been empowered by the President to call on Virginia for one thousand troops, and on Pennsylvania for five hundred. This power he at once exercised. Three hundred of the Virginia militia were ordered to muster at Fort Steuben, and, with the garrison of that fort, to march to Vincennes, and join Major Hamtramck, who had orders to call for aid from the militia of * 116 history of INDIANA. Vincennes, march up the Wabash and attack any of the Indian villages to which, in his judgment, his force might be equal. The remaining twelve hundred of the militia were ordered to rendezvous at Fort Washington, and to join the regular troops at that post under the command of General Harmer.-* At this time the United States regular troops in the West were estimated by Gen. Harmer at four hundred effective men. These, with the militia, gave him a force of one thousand four hundred and fifty men. With this army Gen. Harmer marched from Fort Washington on the thirtieth of September. The troops continued the march until the seventeenth of October, when they reached the Maumee. The work of punishing the Indians was then begun, but, in one sense, ended disastrously. The savages received a severe scourging, but the militia behaved so badly as to be of little or no service. A detachment of three hundred and forty militia and sixty regulars, under the command of Colonel Hardin, were sorely defeated on the Mau mee, on the twenty-second of October. On the twenty-third, the army took up the line of march for Fort Washington, and reached that place on the fourth of N^ovember, having'Iost in the expedition one hundred and eighty-three killed, and thirty- one wounded. The Indians lost about equally with theAmei-- icans. During the progress of this expedition Major Ham tramck marched up the Wabash from Vincennes as far as the mouth of the Vermillion river, destroyed several deserted villages, and returned, -without finding an enemy to oppose him. Although the savages were severely punished by these expe ditions, yet they refused to sue for peace, and continued theii' hostilities. The inhabitants of the frontier settlements of Virginia took alarm, and the delegates of Ohio, Monongahela, Harrison, Eandolph, Greenbrier, Kanawha and Montgomery counties, sent a joint memorial to the Governor of Virginia, saying that " the defenseless condition of these counties, form ing a line of nearly four hundred miles along the Ohio river, * Dillon's History of Indiana Territory, p. 341. HARMER, SC0TT AND WILKINSOn's EXPEDITIONS. 117 exposed to the hostile invasion of their Indian enemies, desti tute of every kind of support, is truly alarming; for notwith standing all the regulations of the General Governmerrt in that country, we have reason to lament that they have been hitherto ineffectual for our protection, nor indeed could it happen otherwise, for the garrisons kept by the Continental JOHN KOCHE, ESQ. See page 31. troops on the Ohio river, if they are of any use, it must be to Kentucky settlements, as they immediately cover that country. To us they can be of no service, being from two to four hun dred miles below our frontier settlements. We further beg leave to observe that we have reason to fear that the conse quences of the defeat of our army by the Indians on the late 118 HISTORY OF INDIANA. expedition, -will be severely felt on our frontiers, as there is no doubt but that the Indians will, in their tum, (being flushed with victory,) invade our settiements, and exercise all their horrid murder upon the inhabitants thereof, whenever the weather will permit them to travel. Then is it not better to support us where we are, be the expense what it may, than to oblige such a number of your brave citizens, who have so long supported, and still continues to support, a dangerous frontier, (although thousands of their relatives in the flesh, have, in the prosecution thereof, fallen a sacrifice to savage inventions,) to quit the country, after aU they have done and suffered, when you know that a frontier must be supported somewhere." This memorial caused the Legislature of Virginia to author ize the Governor of that State to make any defensive opera tions necessary for the temporary defense of the frontiers, until the General Government could adopt and carry out measures to suppress the hostile Indians. The Governor at once called upon the military commanding officers in the western counties of Virginia, to raise, by the first of March, 1791, se-veral small companies of rangers for this purpose. At the same time Charles Scott was appointed Brigadier-General of the militia of the district of Kentucky, with authority to raise two hundred and twenty-six volunteers, to protect the most exposed portions of that district. A full report of the proceedings of the Legislature of Vir ginia in relation to the exposed condition and defense of the frontiers of that State, was transmitted to Congress, and upon consideration of the same, the General Government consti tuted a local Board of War for the district of Kentucky, composed of Brigadier-General Scott, Henry Innis, John Bro-wn, Benjamin Logan and Isaac Shelby. On the ninth of March, 1791, General Henry Knox, Secretary of War, sent a letter of instructions to Brigadier-General Scott, recommend ing an expedition of mounted men, not exceeding seven hun dred and fifty, against the Wea to-wns on the river Wabash. He recommended that this force be raised and conducted to the Indian villages of the Wabash, where, by rapid incursions the towns could be destroyed and many prisoners taken. HARMER, SCOTT AND WILKINSON's EXPEDITIONS. 119 Pursuant to these instructions, Brigadier-General Scott, on the twenty-third of May, 1791, crossed the Ohio, with about eight hundred mounted men, anu - cmmenced his march for the Wabash, which he reached on the first of June. Many of the Indians, having discovered his s i j^rcach, fied, but he suc ceeded in destroying all the villages around Ouiatenon, together with several Kickapoo towns, killing thirty-two war riors and taking fifty-eight prisoners. He released a few of the most infirm prisoners, giving them a " talk," which they carried to the towns farther up the Wabash, and which the wretched condition of his horses prevented him from reaching. On the third of March, 1791, Congress provided for raising and equipping a regiment for the protection of the frontiers, and Governor St. Clair was invested with the chief command of about three thousand troops, to be raised and employed against the hostile Indians in the territory over which his administration extended. He was instructed by the Secretary of War to march to the Miami village, and to establish a strong and permanent military post at that place. He was also directed to establish,- during his advance, such posts ot communication vdth Fort Washington, along the Ohio, as, in his judgment might be required. The post at the Miami -village was intended to keep the sav ages in that vicinity in check, so as to prevent future hostili ties, and it was the -wish of the Secretary of War that it should be garrisoned not only strong enough for the defense of the place, but so as to afford, at all times, a detachment of five or six hundred men, either to chastise any of the Wabash or other hostile Indians, or to capture convoys of the enemy's provisions. In his letter to Govemor St. Clair, he urged that " the establishment of said post is considered as an important object of the campaign, and .is to take place in all events. In case of a previous treaty, the Indians are to be conciliated upon this point if possible; and it is presumed good argu ments may be offered to induce their acquiescence. •» * * Having commenced your march upon the main expedition, and the Indians continuing hostile, you will use every possible exertion to make them feel the effects of your superiority; 120 HISTORY OF INDIANA. and, after having arrived at the Miami village, and put your works in a defensible state, you will seek the enemy with the whole of your remaining force, and endeavor, by all possible means, to strike them with great severity, -s^ * * In order to avoid future wars, it might be proper to make the Wabash and See page 31. thence over to the Maumee, and down the same to its mouth, at lake Erie, the boundary between the people of the United States and the Indians, (excepting so far as the same should relate to the Wyandots and Delawares,) on the supposition of their continuing faithful to the treaties. But if they should HARMER, SCOTT AND -WILKINSOn's EXPEDITIONS. 121 join, in the war against the United States, and your army be victorious, the said tribes ought to be removed -without the boundary mentioned." On the twenty -fifth of June, 1791, Governor St. Clair, previ ous to marching a strong force to the Miami to-wn, as directed by the War Department, authorized Brigadier-General Wil- '^"k/ ^ ' MRS. ELIZA HANNA. See page 31. kinson to conduct a second expedition, not exceeding five hundred mounted men, against the Indian villages on the Wabash. Pursuant to these instructions, Wilkinson musteped his forces, and was reacly to march on the twentieth of July, with five hundred and twenty -five mounted volunteers, well armed, and provided with thirty days' provisions. With this 122 HISTORY OF INDIANA. force he reached the Ke-na-pa-com-a-qua village, on the north ern bank of the Eel river, about six miles from a point where that river joins the Wabash, on the seventh of August, and succeeded in killing six warriors and taking thirty-four pris oners, before they could escape. This town, which was scat tered along Eel river for a distance of three miles, was totally destroyed. Wilkinson encamped on the ruins of the town that night, and on the following day he commenced his march for the Kickapoo to-wn on the prairie, which he was unable to reach o-wing to the impassable condition of the route which he adopted, and the faiiling condition of his horses. He estimated the results of the expedition, in his official report, as follows: " I have destroyed the chief town of the Ouiatenon nation, and have made prisoners of the sons and sisters of the king. I have burned a respectable Eackapoo village, and cut do-wn at least four hundred and thirty acres of corn, chiefly in the milk." CHAPTEE VIII. THE three expeditions under Harmer, Scott and Wilkinson resulted in great damage to the Indians, but by no means subdued them. They regarded the policy of the United States as calculated to exterminate them from the land, and, goaded on by the English of Detroit, the enemies of the Americans, they were excited to desperation. At this time the govern ment of Great Britain still supported garrisons at Niagara, Detroit and Michilimackinac, notwithstanding it was declared by the second article of the definite treaty of peace of 1783, that the king of Great Britain would, " with all convenient speed, and without causing any destruction or carrying away ST. CLAIR AND WAYNE's EXPEfclTIONS. 123 any negroes or property of the American inhabitants, with draw all his forces, garrisons and fleets from the United States, and from every post, place and harbor -within the same." It was also made a part of the treaty that the creditors on either side should meet with no lawful impediments to the recovery of the ful^ value, in sterling money, of all hona fide debts previously contracted. The British government claimed that the United States had broken faith in this particular under standing of the treaty, and, in consequence, refused to with draw its forces from the territory. The British garrisons already mentioned were a great source of annoyance to the Americans, as they afforded succor to the hostile Indian tribes, and encouraged them in their incursions against the frontier" American settlements, frequently aiding them -with stores and provisions. This state of affairs in the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio, continued from a period previous to its organization until the British power was withdrawn from the country in 1796, under the second treaty. In September, 1791, Govemor St. Clair moved from Fort Washington -with a force of about two thousand men. On the the third of November the main army, consisting of about fourteen hundred effective troops, moved forward to the head waters of the Wabash, where Fort Eecovery was afterwards erected. Here the army encamped. At this time the Little Turtle, Blue Jacket and Buck-ong-a-helas, and other Indian chiefs were secreted a few miles distant with a force of twelve hundred Indians, awaiting a favorable opportunity to begin an attack, which they improved on the morning of the fourth of November, about half an hour before sunrise. The attack was first made upon the militia, which immediately gave way. But we shall not, in this place, tax our readers with an account of St. Clair's defeat, with which they are undoubtedly familiar. It will suffice to say that he retumed to Fort Washington with a broken and dispirited army, having lost in the unsuccessful action of the fourth of November, thirty-nine officers killed, and five hundred and thirty-nine men killed and missing. Twenty-two officers and two hundred and thirty-two men were wounded. Several pieces of artillery, and all the baggage. Ill I II J w I IIIIIIII i «. M r I ^ In ^: RESIDENCE OF HON. SAMUEL HANNA, FORT WAYNE. ST. CLAIR AND WAYNe's EXPEDITIONS. 125 ammunition and provisions, were left og the field of battle, and fell into the hands of the victorious Indians. The stores and other public property lost in the action were valued at thirty- two thousand eight hundred dollars. Mr. John B. Dillon, in his early history of Indiana, speaks of St. Clair's defeat in these words: " With the army of St. Clair, following the for tunes of their husbands, there were more than one hundred women. Very few escaped the carnage of the fourth of No vember, and after the fiight of the remnant of the army, the Indians began to avenge their own real and imaginary wrongs, by perpetrating the most horrible acts of cruelty and brutality upon the bodies of the living and the dead Americans who fell into their hands. Believing that the whites, for many years, made war merely to acquire land, the Indians crammed clay and sand into the eyes and down the throats of the dying and the ,dead."* Although no particular blame was attached to Govemor St. Clair for the loss in this expedition, yet he resigned the office of Major General, and was succeeded by Anthony Wayne, a distinguished officer of the Eevolutionary War. Early in 1792, provisions were made by the General Government for re-organizing the army, so that it should consist of a respect able force. Wayne arrived at Pittsburg in June of the same year, where the army was to rendezvous. Here he continued actively engaged organizing and training his forces, until October, 1793, when, with an army of about three thousand six hundred effective men, he moved westward to Fort Wash ington. While Wayne was preparing for the offensive campaign every possible means was employed to induce the hostile tribes of the northwest to enter into a general treaty of peace with the American government. Speeches were sent among them ; agents to make treaties were also sent, but little was accom plished. Major Hamtramck, who still remained at Vincennes, succeeded in concluding a general peace with the Wabash and Illinois Indians, but the tribes more immediately under the * In Atwater's History of Ohio, we are informed that there were two hundred and flfty women with the army. 126 HISTORY OF INDIANA. influence of the British, refused to hear the sentiments of friendship that were sent among them, and tomahawked seve ral of the messengers. Their courage had been aroused by St. Clair's defeat, as well as the unsuccessful expeditions that preceded it, and they were now quite prepared to meet a superior force under General Wayne. The Indians insisted on the Ohio river as the boundary line between their lands and the lands of the United States, and chose rather to trust to the fortunes of a war than to make any further concessions. On the twenty-sixth of July, 1794, Major-General Scott, with about sixteen hundred mounted volunteers from Ken tucky, joined the regular troops under General Wayne, and on the twenty-eighth of the same month the united forces com menced their march for the Indian to-wns on the Maumee river. Arriving at the confluence of the Auglaize and Mau mee rivers. General Wayne erected Fort Defiance, and on the fifteenth of August he moved the army from this place toward the British fort at the foot of the rapids of the Maumee, when, on the twentieth, almost within the reach of the guns of the ^ fort, the American army gained a decisive victory over the combined forces of the hostile Indians and a considerable number of the Detroit militia. The number of the enemy was estimated at two thousand, against about nine hundred American troops actually engaged. This horde of savages, as soon as the action began, abandoned themselves to fiight, and dispersed with terror and dismay, leaving Wayne's victorious army in full and quiet possession of the field. During the action the Americans lost thirty-three killed and one hundred wounded. The loss of the enemy was more than double that of the Federal army. The woods, for a distance of nearly two miles, was stre-wn with the dead bodies of the Indians and British volunteers, who were shot down in their .mad retreat. The army remained three days and nights on the banks of the Maumee, in front of the field of battie, during which time all the houses and cornfields were consumed and destroyed for a considerable distance both above and below Fort Miami, as well as within pistol shot of the British garrison, who were ST. CLAIR AND WA-YNB'S EXPEDITIONS. 127 compelled to remain idle spectators to this general devastation and conflagration, among which were the houses, stores and and property of Colonel McKee, the British Indian agent, and " principal stimulator of the war then existing between the United States and savages." •V- "^^ a^^^ &^:>^^^^'^^ See page 31. During the return march to Fort Defiance, the villages and cornfields for about fifty miles on each side of the Maumee were destroyed, as well as those for a considerable distance around that post. 128 mSTORY OF INDIANA. On the fourteenth of September, 1794, the army under the command of General Wayne commenced its march toward the deserted Miami villages which stood at the confluence of the rivers St. Joseph's and St. Mary's. This place was reached on the seventeenth of October, and on the following day the site of Fort Wayne was selected. The fort was completed on the twenty-second of November of the same year, and gar risoned by a strong detachment of infantry and artillery, under the command of Colonel John F. Hamtramck, who gave to the new fort the name of Fort Wayne.-* The Kentucky volunteers returned to Fort Washington, and were mustered out of the service. General Wayne, with the Federal troops, marched to Greenville, where he took up his headquarters during the -winter, and where, in the month of August, 1796, after several months of active negotiation, this gallant officer succeeded in concluding a general treaty of peace wH;h all the hostile tribes who inhabited the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio. The treaty of Greenville, which was effected through the good offices of General Wayne, opened the way for the flood of emigration which from that day, flowed from the Eastern States into the Northwestern territory. Aside from military affairs in the northwestern territory, there was but little of civil progress worthy of mention in a history of Indiana. In July, 1796, after the treaty between the United States and Spain had been concluded, the British garrisons, with their arms, artillery and stores, were with drawn from the posts within the boundaries of the Uniuei^ States northwest of the Ohio river, and a detachment of Amer ican troops, consisting of sixty-five men, under the command of Captain Moses Porter, took possession of the evacuated post of Detroit in the same month. In the latter part of the year 1796, Winthrop Sargent proceeded to Detroit and erected the county of Wayne, and established a civil govern ment in that quarter. This county of Wayne, now the most wealthy county in Michigan, formed a part of the Indiana territory until its division, in 1805, when the territory of Michigan was organizea. * A new fort was built on the site of this fort in 1814. CHAPTEE IX. ORGANIZATION OF THE INDLANA TERRITORY. IN the pre-vious chapters we have briefly traced the history of the military, political and civil events, in the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio, from its organiza tion to 1800, when the territory of Indiana was erected. Let us now enter upon what we may call the history of Indiana proper. Heretofore we have been compelled, o-wing to the very large tract of territory over which the government extended its control, to include the events that transpired in neighboring States. This may now be avoided. We have already said that by the treaty of Greenville the lands of Indiana were made available to settlers. Notwithstanding this event, bat few settlements were made until after the terri tory was orgamzed. Yet most of those existing at the time the treaty was made were immediately enlarged and improved Vmcenn;E which at this time was the largest settlement in the territory, was, in 1796, quite a town. Defended by Fort Knox, its citizens were enabled to prosecute a paying trade -with the Indians, and to improve the agricuiturai resources around them. At this date the tovm contained about fifty dwelling houses, aU presenting a thrifty and tidy appearance. Each house was surrounded by a garden fenced -with poles, and peach and apple trees grew in most of the inclosures. Garden vegetables of all kinds were culti-frated with success, and corn, tobacco, wheat, barley, and cotton grew in the fields around the village in abundance. Adjoining the village was Fort Knox, inclosed by a ditch eight feet -wide, and by sharp stakes from six to eight feet high. This palisade, protected by the gnus of the fort, was a 9 (139) 130 HISTORY OF INDIANA. sufficient fortification against hostile Indians. A Frenchman who visited Vincennes in 1796, writes of its inhabitants at that date: "The day after my arrival a court was held to which I repaired. On entering, I was surprised to find the See page 31. audience divided into races of men in person and feature widely differing from each other. The fair or light brown hair, ruddy complexion, round face, and plump body, indi- ORGANIZATION OF THE INDIANA TERRITORY. 131 cative of health and ease, of one set, were forcibly contrasted -with the emaciated frame and meager, tawny visage of the other. The dress, like-wise, of the latter denoted their indi gence. I soon discovered that the former were new settlers from the neighboring States, whose lands had been reclaimed five or six years before, while the latter were' French of sixty years standing in the district. The latter, three or four excepted, knew nothing of English, while the former were almost as ignorant of French. I had acquired, in the course of the year, a sufficient knowledge of English to converse with them, and was thus enabled to hear the tales of both parties. The French, in a querulous tone, recounted the losses and hardships they had suffered, especially since the last Indian war, in 1788. * * * * They complained that they were cheated and robbed, and especially that their rights were con tinually violated by the courts, in which two judges only four of five were Frenchmen, who knew little of the laws or lan guage of the English. Their ignorance, indeed, was profound. Nobody ever opened a school among them till it was done by the able M. Eivet, a polite, well educated, and liberal minded missionary, banished hither by the French revolution. Out of nine of the French, scarcely six could read or write ; whereas, nine-tenths of the Americans, or emigrants from the east, could do both. *•»**! could not fix, with accuracy, the date of the first settlement of Vincennes ; and notwithstanding the homage paid by some learned men to tradition, I could trace out but few events of the war of 1757, though some of the old men lived before that period. I was only able to form a conjecture that it was planted about 1735. These statements were confirmed, for the most part, by the new settlers. They only placed the same facts in a different point of view. They told me that the Canadians (for by that name the French of the western colonies are kno-wn to them) had only themselves to blame for all the hardships they complained of. We must allow, say they, that they are a kind, hospitable, sociable sect; but then, for idleness and ignorance, they beat the Indians themselves. They know nothing at all of our civil or domestic aff'airs. Their women neither sew, nor spin, nor make butter. 132 HISTORY OF INDIANA. * » * * * ijjjg vaen take to nothing but hunting, fishing, roaming through the woods, and loitering in the sun. They do not lay up, as we do for winter, or provide for a rainy day. They can not cure pork or venison, make sourkrout or spruce beer, or distil spirits from apples or rye — all needful arts to the farmer." In 1800, at the organization of the territory, the social con dition of Vincennes had advanced considerably from the state which this French writer represented it in 1796. The French settlers had become more industrious from the example set them by the settlers from the eastern States, and like them, had improved their small lots of land, and were living in a greater degree of civilization. Aside from Vincennes, in 1796, there was a small settlement near where the to-wn of La-wrenceburg now stands, in Dearborn county, and in the course of that year a small settlement was formed at " Armstrong's Station," on the Ohio, within the present limits of Clark county. In 1800, when the territorial governirient of Indiana was organized, although many parts of the State had been settled for more than fifty years by whites, yet the territory was but a wilderness. Its numerous rivers were not disturbed except by an occasional canoe loaded with furs, which the Indians and half-breed propelled with oars. Its scattered settlements were filled with scenes and incidents of border life, many of which were full of romantic situations. In the meanwhile, however, a considerable traffic was carried on -with the Indians by fur traders at Vincennes, Fort Wayne, and at different small trading posts which were established on the borders of the Wabash river and its tributaries. "The furs and peltries which were obtained from the Indians," says Dillon, " were generally transported to Detroit. The skins were dried, com pressed, and secured in packs. Each pack weighed about one hundred pounds. A pirogue, or boat, that was sufficiently large to carry forty packs, required the labor of four men to manage it on its voyage. In favorable stages of the Wabash river, such a vessel, under the management of skillful boat men, was propelled fifteen or twenty miles a day, against the GOVERNOR HARRISON AND THB INDIANS. 133 current. After ascending the river Wabash and the Little Eiver to the portage near Fort Wayne, the traders earned their packs over the portage to the head of the river Maumee, where they were again placed in pirogues, or in keel-boats, to be transported to Detroit. At this place the furs and skins were exchanged for blankets, guns, knives, powder, bullets, intoxicating liquors, etc., with which the traders returned to their several posts." CHAPTEE X. GOVERNOR HARRISON AOT) THE INDIANS. IMMEDIATELY foUo-wing the organization of the territo rial government of Indiana, Governor Harrison's attention was directed by necessity as well as by the instructions which he had received from Congress, to settling matters with the various Indian tribes still holding claims to the lands within the limits of the territory. He entered into several treaties with these tribes, by which, at the close of the year 1805, the government of the United States had obtained about forty-six thousand square miles of territory, including all the lands lying on the borders of the Ohio river, between the mouth of the Wabash river and the western boundary of the State of Ohio. Folio-wing the organization of the second grade of govern ment by creating a General Assembly, the levying of tax caused considerable dissatisfaction among piany of the inhabi tants of the territory. The poll-tax was especially objection able. So far did they carry their opposition to taxation that at a public meeting on Sunday, August the sixteenth, 1807, a number of French inhabitants resolved that they " would withdraw their confidence and support forever from those men who advocated, or in any manner promoted the second grade of government." 134 HISTORY OF INDIANA. In 1807 the territorial statutes were revised, and under the new code, treason, murder, arson, and horse-stealing, were each punishable by death. The crime of manslaughter was punishable by the common law. Burglary and robbery were each punishable by whipping, fine, and in some cases by imprisonment " not exceeding forty years." Eiotous Persons / ^^, -* *. w ft ^KiL- % & HON. MARTIN L. PIERCE. See page 31. were punishable by fine and imprisonment. The crime of larceny by fine or whipping, and in some cases by being bound to labpr for a term not exceeding seven years. Forgery was punishable by fine, disfranchisement, and standing in the pillory. Assault and battery, as a crime was punishable by GOVERNOR HARRISON AKD THE INDIANS. 135 fine, not exceeding one hundred dollars. Hog stealing was punishable by fine and whipping. Gambling, profane swear ing, and Sabbath-breaking, were each punishable by fine. Bigamy was punishable by fine, whipping, and disfranchise ment. The code provided for the punishment of disobedient children and servants by the following section : " If any children or servants shall, contrary td the obedience due to their parents or masters, resist or refuse to obey their la-wful commands, upon complaint thereof to a justice of the peace, it shall be lawful for such justice to send him or them so offending to the jail or house of correction, there to remain until he or they shall humble themselves to the said parent's or master's satisfaction. And, if any child or servant shall, contrary to his bounden duty, presume to assault or strike his parent or master, upon complaint and con-viction thereof, before two or more justices of the peace, the offender shall be whipped not exceeding ten stripes." By the act of Congress of 1804, three land offices were opened for the sale of lands in Indiana territory. One of these was located at Detroit, another at Vincennes, and another at Kaskaskia. By an aot of Congress approved 1807, a fourth land office for the sale of Indiana lands was opened in Jeffer- son-ville, Clark county. This town was first laid out in 1802, agreeably to the plans suggested by Mr. Jefferson, who was then President of the United States. In his annual message to the territorial legislature, in 1806, Governor Harrison congratulated the people upon the peaceful disposition of the Indians. He was inclined to the opinion that they would never again have recourse to arms, unless driven to it by a series of injustice and oppression. They did, as we shall see, again resort to arms, and it is not improper, even at this late, day, to make the inquiry as to whether or not they were not driven to do so by the very policy which Gov emor Harrison pointed out as dangerous in 1806. In the same message the Governor remarked that they were already making complaints — complaints far from being groundless. The laws of the territory provided the same punishment for offenses committed against Indians as against white men, but 136 HISTORY OF INDIANA. unhappily there was always a wide difference in the execution of those laws. The Indian was, in all cases, the sufferer. This partiality did not escape their observation. Qn the contrary, it afforded them an opportunity of making strong comparisons between their o-wn observance of treaties and that of their boasted superiors. All alongjfrom 1805 to 1810, the Indians complained bitterly against the encroachments of the white people upon the lands that belonged to them. The invasion of their favorite hunting grounds, and the unjustifiable killing of many of their people were the sources of their discontent. .An old chief, in laying the trouble of his people before Governor Harrison, remarked: " You call us your children ; why do you not make us as happy as our fathers, the French, did? They never took from us our lands; indeed, they were in common between us. They planted where they pleased ; and they cut wood where they pleased; and so did we. But now, if a poor Indian attempts to take a little bark from a tree to cover him from the rain, up comes a white man and threatens to shoot him, claiming the tree as his own." These complaints were not groundless, nor will any fair minded person blame the savages for lifting up the hatchet in their defense. Indeed, at this time, it was the only thing in their characters worthy of admiration. Surely here was an opportunity for an Indian patriot to leave a name worthy of remembrance and example among the nations of ci-vilization. Nor was the opportunity neglected.' Law-le-was-i-kaw, no doubt at the suggestion of his brother, the sagacious warrior, Tecumseh, took upon himself the character of a prophet, and assumed the name of Pems-quat-a-wah, or the Open Door. Thus was the crafty Shawanee warrior enabled to work effect ually, both upon the superstitious and the rational sides of the dissatisfied tribes around him. The Prophet was a good orator, somewhat peculiar in his appearance, and withal, well calculated to win the attention and respect of the savages. He began by denouncing witch craft, the use of intoxicating liquors, the custom of Indian women intermarrying vrith white men, the dress and habits GOVERNOR HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. 137 of the white people, and the practice of selling Indian lands to the United States. " He told the Indians that the commands of the Great Spirit required them to punish, with death, those who ]^racticed the arts of -witchcraft and magic. He told them, See page 31. also, that the Great Spirit had given him power to find out and expose such persons ; to cure all kinds of diseases ; to confound his enemies, and to stay the arm of death in sickness, and on the battlefield. His harangues aroused, among some bands 138 HISrOET OF INDIANA. of Indians, a high degree of superstitious excitement. An old Delaware chief, whose name was Tate-e-bock-o-she, through whose infiuence a treaty had been made with the Delawares in 1804, was accused of witchcraft, tried, condemned, and toma hawked. His body was then consumed by fire. The wife of the old chief, his nephew, who was known by the name of Billy Patterson, and an aged Indian whose name was Joshua, were then accused of -witchcraft, and condemned to death. The two men were burnt at the stake; but the life of the wife of Tate-e-bock-o-she was saved by her brother, who suddenly approached her, took her by the hand, and, -without meeting with any opposition from the Indians who were present, led her out of the council-house. He then immediately retumed and checked the growing influence of the prophet by exclaim ing, in a strong, earnest voice: 'The evil spirit has come among us, and we are killing each other.' "* As soon as Govemor Harrison was made acquainted -with these events he sent a special messenger to the Indians, strongly entreating them to renounce the Prophet and his works, which, to a small extent, destroyed the Prophet's influence. In the spring of 1808, having aroused nearly all the tribes of the lake region, the Prophet, with a considerable number of followers, settled near the mouth of the Tippecanoe river, at a place which afterwards bore the name of the Prophet's Town. Taking advantage of the influence which the Prophet was exerting over the tribes, as well as of his o-wn popularity as a warrior, Tecumseh actively engaged himself in forming the various tribes into a confederacy. In his speeches before the many Indian councils that he assembled, he proclaimed that the treaties by which the United States had acquired lands northwest of the river Ohio, were not made with fairness, and should be considered void. He said that no single tribe of Indians was invested with the power to sell lands without the consent of all the other tribes, and that he and his brother, the Prophet, would oppose and resist aU future attempts * Dillon's Early History of Indiana. GOVERNOR HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. 139 which the white people might make to extend their settle ments in the lands that belonged to the Indian. Early in the year 1808, Governor Harrison sent a speech to the Shawanee tribe of Indians, which was delivered to them in the presence of the Prophet. It contained this passage: " My children, this business must be stopped ; I wiU no longer suffer it. You have called a number of men from the most distant tribes to listen to a fool, who speaks not the words of the Great Spirit, but those of the devil and the British agents. My children, your conduct has much alarmed the white set tlers near you. They desire that you will send away those people, and if they wish to have the impostor with them, they can carry him along with them. Let him go to the lakes; he can hear the British more distinctly." This message wounded the pride of the Prophet, and he prevailed on the messenger to inform Governor Harrison that he was not in league with the British, but that he was truly speaking the words of the Great Spirit. In August the Prophet visited Vincennes, and remained at that place several weeks, for the purpose of holding interviews ¦with Governor Harrison. At one of these inter-views the Prophet said: "Father, it is three years since I first began with that system of religioii which I now practice. The white people and some of the Indians were against me; but I had no other intention but to introduce, among the Indians, those good principles of religion which the white people profess. The Great Spirit told me to teU the Indians that he had made them, and made the world; that he had placed them on it to do good, and not evil. I told all the red skins that the way they were in was not good, and that they ought to abandon it; that we ought to consider ourselves as one man; but we ought to live agreeable to our several customs — the red people after their mode, and the white people after theirs — particularly that they should not drink whisky; that it was not made for them, but the white people, who alone knew how to use it; and that it is the cause of all the mischiefs which the Indians suffer; that we must always follow the directions of the Great Spirit, and we must listen to Him, as it was He that made us. 140 HISTORY OP INDIANA. Determine to listen to nothing 4;hat is bad. Do not take up the tomahawk, should it be offered by the British or Long Knives." At these interviews Harrison was led to believe that the ^J<^c See page 31. Prophet's motives were honest, but it was not long before he discovered that he was designing, cunning, crafty, and unreli able; that both he and Tecumseh were enemies to the United GOVERNOR HARRISON AND THE INDIANS. 141 States and friends of the English, in sympathy with them, and that in case of a war between the United States and Great . Britain they would induce the tribes to join the latter. In 1809, the Prophet again visited Vincennes, with assur ances that he was not in sympathy with the English, but the Governor was not disposed to believe him, and in a letter to the Secretary of War, in July, 1809, he stated that he regarded the bands of Indians at the Prophet's To-wn as a combination which had been produced by British intrigue and influence, in anticipation of a war between them and the United States. In the face of all these difficulties. Governor Harrison con tinued to prosecute the work of extinguishing Indian titles to the lands in the Indiana territory -with very good success. In the latter part of the year 1809, the total quantity of land ceded to the United States, under treaties which had been effected by Govemor Harrison, exceeded thirty million acres. He prosecuted this work in direct opposition to the influence of Tecumseh and the Prophet. As a part of the history of Indiana, we should state in this connection, that between the summer of 1805 and the spring of 1807, the unpatriotic movements of Aaron Burr in the Ohio vall^, caused considerable excitement in Indiana. The fuU scope of Burr's intentions are not given to us in history, but enough is known to warrant the belief that he intended to invade Mexico, and meeting with success in this enterprise, to found an independent republic composed of States lying west of the Alleghany mountains. Walter Taylor, in a letter to Governor Harrison, dated Louisville, January, 1807, says: "I arrived at Jefferson-ville on Saturday moming last. * * * The public mind at this place appears to be much agitated on account of Colonel Burr's mysterious movements. Conjectures are various about his intentions; but nothing certain has transpired to throw any light on his -views. There is stationed at this place about two hundred militia, who examine all boats that descend the river. No discoveries have yet been made by them, and only two boats have yet been detained, which were built by Burr's direction at Jeffersonville, or this place, I am not certain which. A large drove of horses, said to be pur- 142 HISTORY OF INDIANA. chased for the expedition, will be seized to-day by the ci-vil authority of the State. It seems to me that the precautions now taken are perfectly useless, because Burr, I believe, has got all the force he could raise from this State, and is, probably, before this time, at Natchez.'^* Burr was arrested in the year 1807, in the Mississippi territory, by authority of the procla mation of the President of the United States, but, previous to his arrest, he had abandoned his expedition and his followers had dispersed. CHAPTEE XI. STATISTICS LAND TITLES INDIAN AFFAIRS. FEOM the sources of information at our command, we are enabled to give the following statistics of the condition of the Indiana territory in 1810 : Total population 24,520 Number of grist mills 33 Number of saw mills 14 Number of horse mills 3 Number of tanneries 18 Number of distilleries 28 Number of powder mills 3 Number of looms 1,256 Number of spinning wheels 1,350 Value of manufactures — woolen, cotton, hempen and flaxen cloths $159,052 Cotton and wool spun in mills 150,000 Nails, (30,000 lbs.) 4,000 Leather tanned 9,300 Products of distilleries, (35,950 galls.) 16,230 Gunpowder, (3,600 lbs.) 1,800 Wine, from grapes, (96 bbls.) 6,000 Maple sugar, (50,000 lbs.) * Dillon's Early History of Indiana. STATISTICAL LAND TITLES INDIAN AITAIRS. 143 This table shows the " extent and magnitude " of the great industries of Indiana in 1810. During the year 1810, a board of commissioners was estab lished in Indiana to straighten out the confused condition into which the " land title controversy " had been carried by ^.^.^c^S See page 31. the various conflicting administrations that had previously exercised jurisdiction in this regara. This work was attended with much labor on the part of the commissioners and great dissatisfaction on the part of a few designing speculators, who thought no extreme of perjury too hazardous in their mad 144 HISTORY OF INDIANA. attempts to obtain lands fraudulently. In closing their report the commissioners used the following expressive language: "We close this melancholy picture of human depravity by rendering our devout acknowledgment that, in the a-wful alternative in which we have been placed, of either admitting perjured testimony in support of the claims before us, or hav ing it turned against our characters and lives, it has, as yet, pleased that Divine Providence, which rules over the affairs of men, to preserve us both from legal murder and private assassination." • The question of a division of the territory of Indiana was discussed in 1806, 1807, and 1808, and, in 1809, Congress passed an act declaring that " all that part of Indiana territory lying west of the Wabash river and a direct line drawn from the said Wabash river and Post Vincennes, due north to the territorial line between the United States and Canada," should constitute a separate territory, and be called Illinois. This occasioned some confusion in the government of the territory of Indiana, but in due time the new elections were confirmed and the new territory started off on a journey of prosperity which its people are still pursuing with great advantage. CHAPTEE XII. Harrison's campaign. DUEING the year 1810, the movements of Tecumseh and his brother the Prophet, excited considerable alarm among the people, and retarded the progress of the settlement of Indiana. Their confessed object was to unite the tribes with a view to prevent the sale of their lands, but the train of circumstances which followed proved that English revenge was at the bottom of the whole scheme of Tecumseh's con- Harrison's campaign. 145 federacy, and that his true motive was to oppose the power of the American government. In order to counteract the bad influence of the English which was being exerted over the Indians, and to promote good will between the Prophet's followers and the Americans, Governor Harrison exhausted aU the means at his command to no purpose. There was a power behind this crafty Shaw anee that constantly kept his restless spirit alive to an inten tion of revenge upon the Americans. In the spring qf 1810, the foUowers of the Prophet refused to receive their " annuity of salt," and the officials who offered it were denounced as "American dogs," and otherwise treated in a disrespectful manner. Immediately after this Governor Harrison sent a succession of messengers to the Prophet's town, in order to obtain information concerning the intentions of the hostile Indians there, and to warn them of the danger of engaging in a war with the Americans. To all of these the; crafty Shawanee disclaimed any intention of beginning a war, and gave as an excuse for assembling the tribes, " that the Indians had been cheated out of their lands; that no sale was good unless made by all the tribes ; that he had settled near the mouth of the Tippecanoe by order of the Great Spirit, and that he was like- -wise ordered to assemble as many Indians as he could collect at that place." Governor Harrison, in July, 1810, made an attempt to gain the friendship of the Prophet by sending him a letter, offering to treat with him personaUy in the matter of his grievances, or to furnish means to send him, with three of his principal chiefs, to the President at Washington. The bearer of this letter was coldly received both by Tecumseh and the Prophet, and the only answer he received was that Tecumseh, in the course of a few days, would visit Vincennes for the purpose of holding an interview -with the Governor. Accordingly on the twelfth of August, 1810, the celebrated Shawanee chief, with seventy of his principal warriors, marched up to the Governor's door at Vincennes, in Indian file. They were directed to a small grove near the Governor's house, -where, from that time until the twenty-second of August, Governor 10 146 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Harrison was almost daily engaged in holding councils and interviews with them. In all of his speeches Tecuinseh was haughty, and sometimes arrogant. On the twentieth of August he delivered his celebrated speech, in which he gave the Governor the alternative of returning their lands or meeting them in battle. ELIJAH HACKLEMAN, ESQ. See page 31. It was while the Governor was replying to this speech that he was interrupted by Tecumseh, who manifested great anger, declaring that the United States, through Governor Harrison, had " cheated and imposed on the Indians." When Tecumseh first rose, a number of his party also sprung to their feet, armed with clubs, tomahawks and spears, and made some 147 threatening demonstrations. The Governor's guards, which stood a little way off, were marched up in haste, and the Indi ans, awed by the presence of this small armed force, abandoned what seemed to be an intention to make an oj)en attack on the Governor and his attendants. As soon as Tecumseh's remarks had been interpreted, the Governor reproached him for his conduct, and commanded him to depart instantly to his camp. On the following day Tecumseh repented of his rash act, and requested the Governor to grant him another interview, and protested against any intention of offense. Governor Harrison consented, and the council was re-opened on the twenty-first, when the Shawanee chief addressed him in a respectful and dignified manner, but remained unmovable in his policy. The Governor then requested Tecumseh to state, plainly, whether or not the surveyors who might be sent to survey the lands purchased at the treaty of Fort Wayne, in 1809, would be molested by Indians; and whether or not the Kickapoos would receive their annuities. Tecumseh replied : " Brother, when you speak of annuities to me, I look at the land, and pity the women and children. I am authorized to say that they will' not receive them. Brother, we want to save that piece of land. We dp not -wish you to take it. It is small enough for our purpose. If you do take it you must blame yourself as the cause of the trouble between us and the tribes who sold it to you. I want the present boundary line to continue. Should you cross it, I assure you it wiU be productive of bad conse quences." This talk terminated the council. On the following day .the Governor, attended only by his interpreter, visited the camp of the great Shawanee, and in the course of a long inter-view, told him that the President of the United States would not acknowledge his claims.' " Well," replied the brave warrior, " as the great chief is to determine the matter, I hope the Great Spirit will put sense enough into his head to induce him to direct you to give up this land. It is true, he is so far off he will not be injured by the war. He may sit still in his to-wn, and drink his wine, while you and 1 will have to fight it out." CHAPTEE XIII. Harrison's campaign, continued. AT the commencement of the session of the new territorial legislature, in 1810, Governor Harrison, in his message, called attention to the dangerous views which were held and expressed by the Shawanee Prophet and his brother, Tecum seh,* " to the pernicious influence of alien enemies among the Indians; to the unsettled condition of the Indian trade; to the defects in the revenue laws, the judiciary system, and the militia laws; to the policy of extinguishing Indian titles to lands, and to the subject of popular education." The Gover nor further remarked that although much had been done toward the extinguishment of Indian titles in the territory, much still remained to be done. There was not yet a sufficient space to form a tolerable State. The eastern settlements were separated from the western by a considerable extent of Indian lands; and the most fertile tracts that were within the terri torial bounds were still their property. Almost entirely divested of the game from which they had dra-wn their sub sistence, it had become of little use to them ; and it was the intention of the government to substitute, for the pernicious and scanty supplies which the chase affords, the more certain support which is derived from agriculture, and the rearing of domestic animals. By the considerate and sensible among them, this plan was considered as the only one which would save them from utter extirpation. But a most formidable opposition was raised to it by the warriors, who would never agree to abandon their old habits, until driven to it by abso lute necessity. As long as a deer was to be found in their * Dillon's Early History of Indiana. (148) Harrison's campaign, continued. 149 forests, they would continue to hunt. It was, therefore, sup posed that the confining them to narrow limits was the only means of producing this highly desirable change, and averting the destiny which seemed to await them.-* Are, then," con tinued the Govemor " those extinguishments of native title LAWRENCE B. STOCKTON, ESQ. See page 31. which are at once so beneficial to the Indian, the territory and the United States, to be suspended upon the account of the intrigues of a few individuals? Is one of the fairest portions of the globe to remain in a state of nature, the haunt of a few wretched savages, when it seems destined, by the Creator, to -* Governor Harrison's Message. 160 history of INDIANA. give support to a large population, and to' be the seat of civili zation, of science, and true religion?" In the same message the Govemor referred to the necessity of establishing a popular system of education, in these words: " Let me earnestly recomnaend to you, that, in the system of education which you may establish in those schools, the mili tary branch may not be forgotten. Let the masters of the inferior schools be obliged to qualify themselves, aud instruct their pupils in the military evolutions; while the university, in addition to those exercises, may have attached to it a pro fessorship of tactics, in which all the sciences connected with the art of war may be taught. I can see no reasonable objec tion to this plan ; it will afford healthy exercise and amusement to the youth, inspire them with patriotic sentiments, furnish our militia -with a succession of recruits, all of them habitu ated to the performance of military evolutions, and some of them -with considerable attainments in the higher branches of tactics. The sole additional expense to the ordinary mode of education, independent of the additional professorships in the university, will be the procuring for each subordinate school a number of mock firelocks of wood, a few martial instruments, and, for the higher schools, a few hundred real guns, of the cheapest manufacture." Among the acts passed by this legislature, there was one which authorized the president and directors of the Vincennes library to raise the sum of one thousand dollars, by lottery. A petition was sent to Congress for a permanent seat of gov ernment for the territory, and commissioners appointed to select the site. With the beginning of the year 1811, the British agent for Indian affairs adopted measures calculated to secure the support of the savages in the war which, at this time, seemed almost ine-vitable. Meanwhile Govemor Harrison did all in his power to* destroy the influence of Tecumseh and the Prophet, and thus break up the Indian confederacy which was being organ ized in the interests of Great Britain. It soon became a diffi cult matter to preserve peace between the pioneer settlers of Indiana and the followers of the Prophet. Straggling parties CONTINUED. ' 151 of Indians occasionally committed depradations on the prop erty of the settlers; now and then an Indian was killed, and then a white man was scalped in return. Thus matters con tinued until Governor Harrison sent the foUowing speech to Tecumseh and the Prophet.: "Brothers: Listen to me. I speak to you about matters of importance, both to the white people and to yourselves. Open your ears, therefore, and attend to what I shall say. Brothers : This is the third year that all the white people in this country have been alarmed at your proceedings. You threaten us with war; you invite all the tribes to the north and west of you to join against us. Brothers: Your warriors who have lately been here, deny this; but I have received the information from every direction. The tribes on the Missis sippi have sent me word that you intended to murder me, and then to commence a war upon our people. I have also received the speech you sent to the Pottawatomies, and others, to join you for that purpose; but if I had no other evidence of your hostility to us, your seizing the salt I lately sent up the Wabash is sufficient. Brothers: Our citizens are alarmed, and my warriors are preparing themselves, not to strike you, but to defend themselves and their women and children. You shall not surprise us, as you expect to do. You are about to under take a very rash act. As a friend, I ad-vise you to consider well of it; a little reflection may save us a great deal of trouble, and prevent much mischief; it is not yet too late. Brothers: What can be the inducement for you to undertake an enterprise when there is so little probability of success? Do you really think that the handful of men you have about you are able to contend with the Seventeen fires? or even tliat the whole of the tribes united could contend against the Ken tucky fire alone? Brothers: I am myself of the Long Knife fire. As soon as they hear my voice you will see them pouring forth their swarms of hunting-shirt men, as numerous as the musquitoes on the shores of the Wabash. Brothers, take care of their stings. Brothers, it is not our wish to hurt you. If we did, we certainly have power to do it. Look at the num ber of our warriors to the east of you, above and below the 152 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Great Miami; to the south, on both sides of the Ohio, and below you also. You are brave men, but what could you do against such a multitude? But we wish you to live in peace and happiness. Brothers, the citizens of this country are alarmed. They must be satisfied that you have no design to do them mischief, or they will not lay aside their arms. You t^' m '"'*"''' MOSES FOWLER, ESQ. I See page 31. have also insulted the government of the United States, by seizing the salt that was intended for other tribes. Satisfac tion must be given for that also. Brothers, you talk of coraing to see me, attended by all of your young men. This, how ever, must not be so. If your intentions are good, you have Harrison's camp-Aign, continued. 163 no need to bring but a few of your young men \vith you. 1 must be plain with you. I will not suffer you to eome into our settlements with such a force. Brothers, if you wish to satisfy us that your intentions are good, follow the advice that I have given you before — that is, that one or both of you should visit the President of the United States, and lay your grievances before him. He will treat you well, will listen to what you say, and, if you can show him that you have been injured, you will receive justice. If you wiU follow my advice in this respect it -will con-vince the citizens of this country, and myself, that you have no design to attack them. Brothers, with respect to the lands that were purchased last fall, I can enter into no negotiations with you on that subject. The affair is in the hands of the President. If you wish to go and see him, I will supply you with the means. Brothers, the person who delivers this is one of my war officers. He is a man in whom I have entire confidence. Whatever he says to you, although it may not be contained in this paper, you may believe comes from me. My friend Tecumseh ! the bearer is a good man, and a brave warrior. I hope you will treat him well. You are, yourself, a warrior, and all such should have esteem for each other." The messenger who bore this speech was politely received by Tecumseh, who sent by him to Govemor Harrison a brief reply, stating that he would visit Vincennes in a few days. He arrived, accordingly, on the twenty-seventh of July, 1811. He brought with him a considerable force of Indians, which created much alarm among the inhabitants. On the day of the arrival of Tecumseh, Governor Harrison, in adopting vari ous precautionary measures, reviewed the militia of the county — about seven hundred and fifty well armed men — and sta tioned two companies pf militia and a detachment of dragoons on the borders of the to-wn. In the course of the interview which took place, at this time, between Governor Harrison and Tecumseh, the latter declared that it was not his intention to make war against the United States — that he would send messengers among the Indians to prevent murders and depre dations on the white settlements — that the Indians, as weU as 154 HISTORY OF INDIANA. the whites, who had committed murders, ought to be forgiven; that he had set the white people an example of forgiveness, which they ought to foUow; that it was his wish to establish a union among all the Indian tribes; that the northern tribes were united; that he was going to visit the Southern Indians, and that he would retum to the Prophet's Town. He said that he would, on his retum from the south, in the next spring, visit the President of the United States, and settle all causes of difficulty between the Indians and him. He said, further, that he hoped no attempts would be made to make settlements on the lands which had been sold to the United States, at the treaty of Fort Wayne, because the Indians wanted to keep those lands for hunting grounds. Immediately after his interview with Governor Harrison, Tecumseh, with about twenty of his followers, departed for the south, for the purpose of inducing the tribes in that quar ter to join his confederacy. • " In the year 1811," says Dillon,* " a law-suit, in which Governor Harrison was plaintiff, and a certain William Mc intosh was defendant, was determined in the supreme court of the territory, at Vincennes. The jury, in the case, found a verdict in favor of the plaintiff, and assessed his damages at the sum of four thousand dollars." The defendant, Mr. Mcin tosh, was a wealthy resident of Vincennes, a native of Scot land, well educated, and a man of considerable influence among those who were opposed to the treaty-making policy which had distinguished the administration of Governor Harrison. The suit at law was instituted against Mcintosh, for asserting " that Governor Harrison had cheated the Indians out of their lands; and that, by his conduct in so doing, he had made them enemies to the United States." To satisfy the verdict of the jury in this case, a large quantity of land, o-wned by the defendant, was sold, in the absence of Governor Harrison. The Governor, some time afterward, caused about two-thirds of the property to be restored to Mr. Mcintosh, and the remainder was given to some orphan children. ?Dillon's Early History of Indians — Davison's Life of Harrison. CHAPTEE XIV. HABEISOn's- campaign, CONTINUED. A FTEE exhausting every possible endeavor to maintain peace with the Prophet and his followers. Governor Har rison determined to resort to military measures. Such were his instructions from the President. His first movement was to erect a new fort on the Wabash river, and to break up the assemblage of hostile Indians at the Prophet's Town. For this purpose he ordered Colonel Boyd's regiment of infantry to move from the falls of the Ohio to Vincennes. On the twenty-fifth of September, 1811, when the military expedition that had been organized by Governor Harrison, was nearly ready to march to the Prophet's Town, several Indian chiefs arrived at Vincennes from that place, and declared that the Indians would comply with the demands of the Governor and disperse. This, however, did not check the military proceed ings. The army, under the command of Harrison, moved from Vincennes on the twenty-sixth of September, 1811, and on the third of October, having encountered no opposition from the enemy, encamped at the place where Ft. Harrison was afterwards built, and near where the dty of Terre Haute now stands. On the night of the eleventh of October, a few hostile Indians approached the encampment and wounded one of the sentinels. This caused considerable excitement. The army was immediately dra-wn up in line of battle, and small detachments were sent in aU directions, but the enemy could not be found. At this point the Governor sent a message to the Prophet's To-wn, requiring the Shawanees, Winnebagoes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos, who were at that place, to return to their (155) 166 HISTORY OF INDIANA. respective tribes. It also required the Prophet to restore all the stolen horses in his possession, and to deliver up the mur derers of white people, or to give satisfactory proof that such persons were not there, "nor had lately been" under his control. To this message the Governor received no answer, unless that answer was delivered in the battle of Tippecanoe. ^ HON. WM. T. ROSS. See page 31. The new fort on the Wabash was finished on the twenty-eighth of October, and on that day, at the request of all the subordi nate officers, it was caUed Fort Harrison. This fort was gar risoned with a smaU number of men, under Lieutenant Colonel Miller, and on the twenty-ninth the remainder of the army moved toward the Prophet's Town. This force amounted to Harrison's campaign, continued. 157 about nine hundred and ten men, and it was composed of two hundred and flfty regular troops, under the command of Colonel Boyd, about sixty volunteers from Kentucky, and about six hundred citizens of the Indiana territory. About two himdred and seventy of the troops were mounted. With this army the Governor marched to within half a mile of the Prophet's Town, when a conference was opened with a distinguished chief who was in the esteem of the Prophet. He informed Harrison that the Indians were much surprised at the approach of the army, and had already dispatched a message to him by another route. Harrison replied that he would not attack them until he had satisfied himself that they would not comply with his demands ; that he would go on and Micamp on the Wabash, and on the following moming would have an interview with the Prophet. Harrison then resumed his march, and after some difficulty selected a place to encamp. The spot where the troops encamped was not altogether what could have been wished, as it afforded great facilities to the approach of savages. It was a piece of dry oak land, rising about ten feet above the marshy prairie in front (toward the Indian town), and nearly twice that height above a sim ilar prairie in the rear, through which, and near to this bank, ran a small stream, clothed with wiUows and brushwood. Toward the left flank this high land -widehed considerably, but became gradually narrower in the opposite direction, and at a distance of one hundred and fifty yards from the right flank, terminated in an abrupt point. The two columns of infantry occupied the front and rear of this ground, at the distance of about one hundred and fifty yards from each other on the left, and a little more than half that distance on the right flank. These flanks were filled up, the first by two companies of mounted riflemen, amounting to about one hundred and twenty men, under the command of Major-General Wells, of the Kentucky Militia; the other by Spencer's company of mounted riflemen, consisting of eighty men. The front line was composed of one battalion of United States infantry, under the command of Major Floyd, flanked on the right by two companies of mUitia, and on the left by one company. The 158 history of INDIANA. rear line was composed of a battalion of United States troops, under the command of Captain Bean, acting as Major, and four companies of militia infantry, under Lieutenant-Colonel Decker. The regular • troops of this line joined the mounted riflemen under General Wells, on the left flank, and Colonel Decker's battalion formed an angle with Spencer's company on the left. Two troops of dragoons, amounting, in the aggregate, to about sixty men, were encamped in rear of the left flank, and Captain Parke's troop, which was larger than the other two, in rear of the right line. For a night attack the order of encampment was the order of battle, and each man slept immediately opposite to his post in the line. In the formation of the troops, single file was adopted, in order to get as great an extension of the lines as possible. At this place they remained until the seventh ol November, when, about four o'clock in the morning, just after the Gover nor had risen, the left fiank was attacked by the enemy. But a single gun was fired by the sentinels or by the guard in that direction, which made no resistance, abandoning their posts and fleeing into camp ; and the first notice which the troops of that fiank had of the danger, was from the yells of the sav ages within a short distance of the line. But even under these circumstances the men were not wanting in courage and discipline. Such of them as were awake, or were easily awakened, seized their arms and took their stations; others, who were more tardy, had to contend with the enemy in the doors of their tents. The storm first feU upon Captain Bar ton's company of the Fourth United States regiment, and Captain Geiger's company of mounted riflemen, which formed the left angle of the rear line. The fire from the Indians was exceedingly severe, and men in these companies suffered con siderably before relief could be brought to them. Some few Indians passed into the encampment near the angle, and one or two penetrated to some distance before they were killed. All the companies formed for action before they were fired on ¦ The moming was dark and cloudy, and the fires of the Americans, afforded only a partial light, which gave greater 160 HIOTORY OF INDIANA. advantage to the enemy than to the troops, and they were therefore extinguished. As soon as the Governor could mount his horse he rode to the angle that was attacked, where he found that Barton's company had suffered severely, and the left of Geiger's entirely broken. He immediately ordered Cook's and Wentworth's companies to march up to the centre of the rear line, and form across the angle in support. His attention was then attracted by a heavy fire upon the left of the front line, where were stationed the small company of United States riflemen and the companies of Bean, SneUing, and Prescott. As the General rode up he found Major Daviess .forming the dragoons in the rear of these companies, and having ascertained that the heaviest fire proceeded from some trees about fifteen or twenty paces in front of these com panies, he directed the Major to dislodge them with a part of the dragoons. Unfortunately, the Major's gallantry caused him to undertake the execution of the order with a smaller force than was required, which enabled the enemy to avoid him in front, and attack his flanks. The Major was mortally wounded, and his dragoons driven back. The Indians were, however, immediately and gallantly dis lodged from their position by Captain Snelling, at the head of his company. In the course of a few minutes after the commencement of the attack, the fire extended along the left fiank, the whole of the front, the right fiank, and part of the rear line. Upon Spencer's mounted riflemen and the right of the rear line, it was exceedingly severe. Captain Spencer and his First and Second Lieutenants were killed, and Captain Warwick was mortally wounded. The companies, however, still bravely maintained their posts, but Spencer's had suffered so severely, and having originally too much ground, Harrison reinforced them -with a company of riflemen, which had been driven from their position on the left flank. The General's great object was to keep the lines entire, to prevent the enemy from breaking into the camp until daylight, which would enable him to make a general and effectual charge. With this -view he had reinforced every part of the line that had suffered much, and -with the approach of morn- harSison's campaign, continued. 161 ing he -withdrew several companies from the front and rear lines and reinforced the right and left fianks, foreseeing that at these points the enemy would make their last effort. Major Wells, who commanded the left flank, charged upon the enemy, driving them at the point of the bayonet into the marsh, where they could not be foUowed. Meanwhile Captain Cook and Lieutenant Barabes marched their companies to the right flank and formed under the fire of the enemy, and being there joined by the riflemen of that flank, charged upon the enemy, kiUing a number of the Indians and putting the rest to a precipitate flight. In this battle General Harrison commanded only about seven hundred efficient men, while the Indians numbered about one thousand. The loss of the Americans was thirty- seven kiUed on the field, and twenty-five mortaUy wounded, and one hundred and twenty-six wounded; that of the Indi ans, about forty killed on the spot, the number of wounded being unkno-wn. The battle of Tippecanoe was fought on the seventh of November, 1811. It was a decisive victory for Indiana, as for some time after her settlements enjoyed peace. Standing on a small piece of elevated ground near by, the Prophet encouraged his warriors to battle by singing a favorite war song. He told them that they would gain an easy victory, and that the buUets of their enemies would be made harmless by the Great Spirit. Immediately after their defeat the sur viving Indians, having lost their faith in the power of their leader, returned to their respective tribes, and thus the con federacy was destroyed; and the Prophet, thus left without followers, took up his residence among a small band of Wyan dotts, who were encamjfed on Wildcat creek. His famops to-wn, -with aU that it possessed, was destroyed on the eighth of November. Harrison's army retumed to Vincennes on the eighteenth of November, 1811, where most of the troops were discharged, and when, on the same day, the Temtorial Legislature adopted the foUo-wing preamble and resolution complimentary to Gov ernor Harrison, and the officers and men who served under him: 11 162 history of INDIANA. " Whereas, The services of his Excellency, Governor Har rison, in conducting the army — the gallant defense made by the band of heroes under his immediate command, and the fortunate result of the battle fought with the confederacy of the Shawanee prophet, near Tippecanoe, on the morning of the seventh instant, highly deserves the congratulations of every ~'Xi««i^N^w.-v^v-^-.^ - DAVID DANALDSON, ESQ. See page 81. true friend to the interests of this Temtory and the cause of humanity ; ''ResoUed, therefore. That the members of the Legislature, Council, and House of Eepresentatives will wait upon his Excellency, Governor Harrison, as he returns to Vincennes, continued. 163 and in their ovra names, and in those of their constituents, welcome him home; and that General W. Johnston be, and he is hereby appointed a committee to make the same known to the governor, at the head of the army, should unforeseen circumstances not permit." Perhaps we ought, to record, in this connection, that the sentiments of the legislature and citizens of the territory were somewhat divided on this resolution. There were those who had all along opposed Governor Harrison's administration, and, through some reason, were inclined to award to Colonel Boyd, and his small regiment of regular troops, the honor of saving the army from defeat. This, however, had no foundation outside of partisan spirit, if, indeed, it was not entirely con fined to those who, from good reasons, were suspected of being friends of the British government. This feeling of prejudice was considerably augmented by the following joint address of the two houses of the territorial legislature, which was delivered to Governor Harrison on the fifth of December, 1811. The address was prepared by the legislative council, and was adopted in the House by a vote of four to three: " To His Excellency, WilUam, Henry Harrison, Governor and Oomma/nder -¦in- Chief in and over the India/nq, Ter ritory: " When, in the course of human events, it becomes neces sary for a nation to unsheath the sword in defense of any portion of its citizens, and any individual of society becomes intrusted with the important charge of leading the army of his country into the field to scourge the assailants of its rights; and it is proved by the success of their arms, that the indi vidual possesses superior capacity, accompanied by integrity and other qualities of mind which adorn the human character in a superlative degree, it has a tendency to draw out the affections of the people in a way that must be grateful to the soldier and the man. Such is the light, sir, in which you have the honor to be viewed by your country, and one which the legislative council and House of Representatives of this terri tory think you justly entitled to. And, sir, in duly appreci- 164 HISTORY OF INDIANA. ating your services, we are perfectly sensible of the great benefits and important ser-rices rendered by the officers and soldiers of the United States infantry -finder your command; and it is with pleasure we learn that the officers and militia men of our country acted with a heroism more than could be reasonably calculated upon from men, (such as they generally were) undisciplined and unaccustomed to war." To this General Harrison made an appropriate reply on the ninth of December. This triumph over the Indians broke up the power of the Prophet for the time being, and temporarily relieved the frontier settlements from Indian depredations. This tempo rary relief, however, was fuUy ended when, in June, 1812, the United States declared war against Great Britain. This event was not unexpected by the citizens of the Indiana territory; and from the hour that it occurred, or was made kno-wn in the northwest, scattering bands of hostile Indians began to cominit depredations on the frontier settlements. Tecumseh had for saken the soil of the United States, and settled in Maiden, Ontario, where, counciled by the English, he continued to excite the tribes against the Americans. In the early part of the month of September parties of hos tile Indians began to assemble in considerable numbers in the vicinity of Fort Wayne,* and about the same time a large force attacked Fort Harrison, while other bands of Indians passed through the territory of Indiana to the counties of Clark and Jefferson, where they massacred twenty-four persons at a place which was called " the Pigeon-roost Settlement."-)- The attack on Fort Harrison, which at that time was com manded by Captain Zachary Taylor, is described by that hero in his report as follows: " About eleven o'clock I was awakened by the flring of one of the sentinels. I sprung up, ran out, and ordered the men to their posts — when my orderly sergeant, who had charge of the upper blockhouse, caUed out that the Indians had fired the * See more complete account in History of Allen County. t See complete account of this massacre in History of Scott County. i "¦ -A' '^--^'''"- \p^^<%Vi 166 mSTORY OF INDIANA. lo-yfer blockhouse. * * * The guns had begun to fire pretty smartly from both sides. I directed the buckets to be got ready, and water brought from the well, and the fire extin guished immediately, as it was perceivable at that time; but, froin debility, or some other cause, the men were very slow in executing my orders. The word ' Fire!' appeared to throw the whole of them into confusion, and by the time they had got the water and broken open the door, the fire had, unfortu nately, communicated to a quantity of whisky, * * * and, in spite of every exertion we could make use of, in less than a moment it ascended to the roof, and baffled every effort we could make to extinguish it. As that blockhouse adjoined the barracks that make part of the fortifications, most of the men immediately gave themselves up for lost, and I had the greatest difficulty in getting my orders executed. And, sir, what from the raging of the fire — the yelling and howling of several hundred Indians — the cries of nine women and children, (a part soldiers' and part citizens' wives, who had taken shelter in the fort,) and the desponding of so many of the men, which was worse than all — I can assure you that my feelings were unpleasant. And, indeed, there were not more than ten or fifteen men able to do a good deal; the others being sick, or convalescent; and, to add to our other misfor tunes, two of the strongest men in the fort, and that I had every confidence in, jumped the pickets and left us. But my presence of mind did not for a moment forsake me. I saw, by throwing off a part of the roof that joined the blockhouse that was on fire, and keeping the end perfectly wet, the whole row of buildings might be saved, and leave only an entrance of eighteen or twenty feet for the entrance of the Indians, after the house was consumed; and that a temporary breastwork might be erected to prevent their even entering there. I convinced the men that this might be accompUshed, and it appeared to inspire them with new life; and never did men act with more firmness and desperation. Those that were ' able (while the others kept up a constant fire from the other blockhouse and the two bastions) mounted the roofs of the houses, with Dr. Clark at their head, (who acted with the Harrison's campaign, continubi?. 167 greatest firmness and presence of mind the whole time the attack lasted, which was about seven hours,) under a shower of bullets, and in less than a moment threw off as much of the roof as was necessary. * * * Although the barracks were several times in a blaze, and an immense quantity of fire against them, the men used such exertions that they kept it under, and before day raised a temporary breastwork as high as a man's head, although the Indians continued to pour in a heavy fire of ball and an immense quantity of arrows during the whole time the attack lasted. * * * After keeping up ¦a constant fire until about six o'clock the next morning, which we began to return with some effect after daylight, they removed out of the reach of our guns. A party of them drove up the horses that belonged to the citizens here, and, as they could not catch them very readily, shot the whole of them in our sight, as well as a number of their hogs. They drove off the whole of the cattle, which amounted to sixty-five head, as well as the public oxen." Mr. Dillon informs us in his history of the Indiana terri tory that "when information of the attack on Fort Harrison was received at Vincennes, about twelve hundred men, under the command of Colonel WilUam Eussell, of the seventh Eegi- ment United States Infantry, marched from that place for the purpose of punishing the Indians, and carrying relief to the besieged fort. The force under the command of Colonel Eus sell was composed of Colonel Wilcox's Eegiment of Kentucky volunteers, three companies of rangers, and two regiments of Indiana militia, commanded respectively by Colonel Jordan and Colonel Evans. When these troops, without meeting with any opposition on their march, reached Fort Harrison on the sixteenth of September, the Indians had retired from the neighborhood of that place. On the fifteenth of September, however, a small detachment composed of eleven men, under the command of Lieutenant Eichardson, and acting as an escort of provisions sent from Vincennes to be delivered at Fort Harri son, was attacked by a party of Indians at a place which was then called "the Narrows," and which lies within the present limits of Sullivan county. It was reported that seven of the 168 history of INDIANA. men composing the escort were killed and one wounded. The provisions feU into the hands of the Indians. The regiment of Kentucky volunteers, under the command of Colonel WUcox, remained at Fort Harrison. The two regiments of Indiana militia, and the three companies of rangers, which had marched to the reUef of the fort, returned to Vincennes." In this connection we do not enter into any account of Gen eral Harrison's second campaign against the British and Indi ans in the war of 1812, partly because that part of the war which directly concerns Indiana is noticed in the history of the county where it took place, and partly because we desire to include in this volume only the history of Indiana, and not the history of the States around it. CHAPTEE XV. CIVIL MATTERS. THE history of the Indiana territory closes -with an account of the administration of Acting Governor Gibson, and Governor Posey. William Henry Harrison was appointed Governor of the territory at its organization, in 1800, but in 1812, owing to General Harrison's absence on military duty, the functions of the executive devolved on John Gibson, the secretary of the territory. On the first of February, 1813, the legislature of the terri tory was convened at Vincennes. In his message on the occasion. General Gibson used the following language: "The Governor of the territory having been for some time absent from us, the gubernatorial functions consequently devolving upon, have been exercised by me. In my discharge of this important trust, I have been actuated by none other than a wish to preserve public rights and protect private property. If I have, at any time, failed in my official duties, or erred in CrVIL AFFAIRS. 169 my plans,, you must attribute in to the head and not the heart. My address to you, gentiemen, shaU be laconic, for I am not an orator, nor accustomed to set speeches; and did I possess the abiUties of Cicero or Demosthenes, I could not portray in See page 31. more glowing colors, our foreign and domestic political situa tion, than it is already experienced within our own breasts. The United States have been latterly compelled, by frequent acts of injustice, to declare war against England. I say com- 170 HISTORY OF INDIANA. pelled ; for I am convinced, from the pacific and agricultural disposition of her citizens, that it must be a case of the last necessity that would induce such a measure. For the detailed causes of the war, I beg leave to refer you, gentlemen, tathe message of his excellency, the President, to Congress, at the commencement of the present session. It is highly worthy the serious perusal of the sage and the patriot. It does honor to the head and heart of Mr. Madison. Although I am not an admirer of wars in the general, yet, as we are now engaged in a necessary and justifiable one, I can exultingly say that I am happy to see, in my advanced days, our Uttle but inimit able navy riding triumphant on the seas; but chagrined to find that our armies by land are so little successful. The spirit of '76 appears to have fied from our continent; or, if not fled, is at least asleep, for it appears not to pervade our armies gen erally. On the contrary, lassitude — and, too often, schisms — have crept in and usurped the place of patriotic ardor. " At your last assemblage, gentlemen, our political horizon seemed clear; our infant territory bid fair for rapid and rising grandeur; our population was highly flattering; our citizens were becoming prosperous and happy; and security dwelt everywhere, even on our frontiers. But, alas! the scene has changed ; and whether this change, as it respects our territory, has been owing to an over anxiety in us to extend our domin ions, or to a wish for retaliation by our foes, or to a foreign influence, I shall not pretend to decide. But that there is a change, and that, too, a distressing one, is evident. For the aboriginees, our former neighbors and friends, have become our most inveterate foes. They have drawn the scalping knife and raised the tomahawk; and shouts of savage fury are heard at our threshholds. Our former frontiers are now our -wilds, and our inner settlements have become frontiers. Some of our best citizens', and old men worn do-wn -with age, and helpless women, and innocent babes, have faUen victims to savage cru elty. Our citizens, even in our towns, have frequent alarms and constant apprehensions as to their preservation. I have not been inattentive to my duty, gentlemen; but have hith erto, and shall continue to exert every nerve to afford to our CrVH, AFFAIRS. 171 dtizens all possible protection; and it is to be hoped that the aU-wise and powerful Creator and Governor of the Universe will not forget his people, but cover us from our savage and sanguinary foe by His benign interposition." During the session the seat of government of the territory was declared to be at Corydon. This session was prorogued by Governor Gibson to meet at Corydon, the new capital, on on the first Monday of December, 1813. During this year the territory was almost defenseless. Indian outrages were of common occurrence, but no general outbreak was experienced. The miUtiamen that were caUed into service during this year were each armed with a rifle and a long knife, and many of the rangers carried tomahawks. In 1813, Mr. Thomas Posey, who was at that time a senator in Congress from the State of Tennessee, and -wfho had been an officer of the army of the Eevolution, was appointed Gov ernor of the territory of Indiana, to succeed General Harrison. The new Governor arrived at Vincennes, and entered upon the discharge of his official duties, on the twenty -fifth of May, 1813. During this year there were several expeditions set on foot in the Indiana territory, against the Indian settlements, but these will be considered so fuUy in the Second Part of this work as to make a referencQ to them here inexpedient. The general assembly of the Indiana territory met at Cory don, in December, 1813, where the new Governor delivered his first message, in which he remarked : " The present crisis is awful, and big with great events. Our land and nation is involved in the common calamity of war. But we are under the protecting care of the benificent Being, who has, on a former occasion, brought us safely through an arduous struggle and placed us on a foundation of independence, freedom, and happiness. He will not suffer to be taken from us what he, in his great wisdom, has thought proper to confer and bless us with, if we make a wise and virtuous use of his good gifts. * * Although our affairs, at the commencement of the war, wore gloomy aspect, they have brightened, and promised a certainty of success, if properly directed and conducted, of which I have no doubt; as the president and heads of departments of the 172 history of INDIANA. General Government are men of undoubted patriotism, talents and experience, and who have grown old in the service of tiieir country. * * * It must be obvious to every thinking man, n77 c/ie::^^:^^ fcjeu page 31. that we were forced into the war. Every measure consistent with honor, both before and since the declaration of war, has tried to be on amicable terms with our enemy. * * * You CIVIL AFFAIRS. 173 who reside in various parts of the territory have it in your power to understand what will tend to its local and general advantage. The judiciary system would require a revisal and amendment. The militia law is very defective, and requires your immediate attention. It is necessary to have good roads and highways in as many directions through the territory as the circumstances and situation of the inhabitants -will admit of — it would contribute very much to promote the settlement and improvement of the territory. Attention to education is highly necessary. There is an appropriation made by Con gress, in lands, for the purpose of establishing public schools. It comes now within your province to carry into operation the design of the appropriation." During this session of the territorial legislature several laws were passed, and the general welfare of the settlements pro dded for. In the foUowing year o-wing, principaUy, to the great success of , the army under General Harrison, in the northwest, the settlements in Indiana began to improve. The fear of danger from the incursions of the hostile Indians had, in a great measure, subsided, and the tide of eastern emigra tion again began to flow into the territory. In January, 1814, about one thousand Miamis, in a state of great destitution, assembled at Fort Wayne for the purpose of obtaining food to prevent starvation. They met with ample hospitality, and their example was speedily foUowed by others. These, with other acts of kindness, won the lasting friendship of the Indians, many of whom had fought in the interests of Great Britain. General treaties between the United States and the northwestern tribes were subsequently concluded, and the way was fuUy opened for the improvement and settlement of the lands. CHAPTEE XVI. REVIEW OF CIVIL AND POLITICAl EVENTS. LET US review, in this short chapter, some of the affairs of the Indiana territory — which, owing to the press of mili tary operations, we have neglected in the previous chapter — and then pass on to the events in the. history of the State of Indiana. The well known ordinance of 1787 was designed for the government of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio, and when, in 1800, this large territory was di-vided for the purpose of forming the Indiana territory. Congress declared that there should be established in Indiana a govern ment similar in all respects to that provided by the ordinance of 1787, and that the inhabitants of the territory should be "entitled to and enjoy all the rights and pri-vileges, and advantages granted and secured to the people by the said ordinance." And yet, with all these privileges and rights, the people of Indiana, at that time, did not enjoy the full blessings of a republican form of government. " I find, how ever," says Mr. Dillon, "that these general terms did not confer upon the people of the territory a right to exercise any great degree of political power. The authority to appoint territorial governors, territorial secretaries, and judges of the ' superior court of the territory, was vested in the President of the United States and the national Senate. The organization of a territorial legislature or general assembly, depended upon the vote of a majority of the freeholders of the territory Before the organization of such a legislature, the governor and the judges of the territory, or a majority of them, were invested with power to adopt and publish such laws, ci-vil and criminal, of the original States as might be best suited to the circum (174) REVIEW OF CIVIL AND POLITIOAL EVENTS. 175 stances of the people; but laws thus adopted and published were subject to the disapproval of Congress. A freehold estate in five hundred acres of land, was one of the necessary qualifi cations of each member of the legislative council of the terri tory ; every member of the territorial house of representatives See page 31. was required to hold, in his own right, two hundred acres of land; and the privUege of voting for members of the house of representatives was restricted to those inhabitants who, in addition to other qualifications, owned, severally, at least fifty 176 HISTORY OF INDIANA. acres of land." The govemor of the territory was vested with the power of appointing officers of the territorial militia, judges of the inferior courts, clerks of the courts, justices of the peace, sheriffs, coroners, county treasurers, and county surveyors. He was also authorized to divide the territory into districts; to apportion among the several counties the members of the house of representatives; to prevent the passage of any territorial law; and to convene, prorogue, and dissolve the general assembly of the territory, whenever, in his opinion, it might be deemed expedient to exercise such authority. It may now be stated, to the honor of the territo rial governors of Indiana, that neither of them ever exercised these extraordinary powers arbitrarily. Nevertheless the peo ple were constantly agitating the question of the extension of the right of sufirage. Five years after the organization of the territory, the legislative council, in reply to the governor's message, said : " Although we are not as completely independ ent in our legislative capacity as we would wish to be, yet we are sensible that we must wait -with patience for that period of time when our population -will burst the trammels of a territorial government, and we shaU assume the character more consonant to republicanism. * * * The confidence which our fellow citizens ha,ve uniformly had in your adminis- tiation has been such that they have hitherto had no reason to be jealous of the unlimited power which you possess over our legislative proceedings. We, however, can not help regretting that such powers have been lodged in the hands of any one, especiaUy when it is recollected to what dangerous lengths the exercise of those powers may be extended." After repeated petitions the people of Indiana were empow ered by Congress to elect the members of the legislative councU by popular vote. This act was passed in 1809, and defined what was known as the property quaUfication of voters. • These quaUfications were abolished by an act of Congress in 1811, which extended the right of voting for members of the general assembly and for a territorial delegate to Congress to every free white male person who had attained the age of twenty-one years, and who, ha-ving paid a county or territorial REVIEW OF CIVIL AND POLITICAL, EVENTS. 177 tax, was a resident of the territory, and had resided in it for the period of one year. In 1814, the voting qualification in Indiana was defined by an act of Congress, "to every free white male person having a freehold in the territory, and being a resident of the same." The house of representatives of the Indiana territory was authorized, by an act of Congress of the fourth of March, 1814, to lay off the territory into five districts, in each of which the qualified voters were empowered to elect a member of the legislative council. The members of the house convened at Corydon, in the month of June, 1814, and divided the territory into districts. According to this division the counties of Washington and Knox constituted one district; the counties of Gibson and Warrick one district; the counties of Harrison and Clark one district; the counties of Jefferson and Dearborn one district; and the counties of Franklin and Wayne one district.* At the session of the general assembly held at Corydon, in August, 1814, an act was passed dividing the territory into three judicial circuits, and making provisions for the holding of courts in these circuits, and defining the jurisdiction of such courts, and investing the governor with power to appoint a presiding judge in each circuit, and two associate judges of the circuit court in each county. The compensation of these judges was fixed at seven hundred doUars per annum. In the same year the general assembly of Indiana granted charters to two banking institutions, viz., the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Madison, and the Bank of Vincennes. The former was authorized to raise a capital of seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars; the latter the sum of five hundred thousand dollars. As we shall see, these banks, upon the organization of the State, were merged into the State Bank and its branches. Our history of the Indiana Territory, which closes with thj^ chapter, is not so full as it could have been -with the * Dillon's History of Indiana Territory. 12 178 HISTORY OF INDIANA. materials at hand, but, as Mr. John B. Dillon has already edited a large volume concerning this period, which was pub lished in 1859, we have thought proper to devote most of the space in this work to a history and description of the State OF Indiana, which covers a period from 1816 to 1875. Thus we take up the work where Mr. Dillon laid it down, and to the best of our ability, carry out a literary enterprise which he so ably commenced. It wiU be proper, at this point, to state that in some of the preceding chapters we have quoted freely from Mr. Dillon's work, and that the completeness of this part of our history is due, in a considerable measure, to his compilations. CHAPTEE XVII. ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE. THE last regular session of the territorial legislature ol Indiana was held at Corydon, convening in December 1816. Owing to the sickness of Governor Posey, who lived at JeffersonviUe, he was unable to be present, but his regulai message was delivered to both houses in joint session by hia private secretary. Colonel Allen D. Thorn. In this message he congratulated the people of the territory upon the general success of the settlements, upon the great increase of immi gration to the territory; recommended light taxes, and a careful attention to the promotion of education and the improvement of the State roads and highways. He also recommended a re-vision of the territorial laws, and an amend ment of the militia system. During this session, which lasted only a month, several laws were passed, and measures adopted, most of which were calculated to promote the desired change from a territorial to a State government. - On the fourteenth ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE. 179 of December a memorial was adopted praying for the authority to adopt a constitution and State government. This was laid before Congress by the territorial delegate, Mr. Jennings, on the twenty-eighth of the same month, and on the nineteenth of April, 1816, the President approved the bill, enabling the JUDGE WM. P. EDSON. See page 31. people of Indiana territory to form a constitution and State government, and pro-viding for the admission of such State into the Union on an equal footing with the original States. Agreeably to the pro-visions of this law an election for mem- 180 history of INDIANA. bers of a convention to form a State constitution, was held in the several counties of the territory on Monday, tbe thirteenth day of May, 1816, with the following result: Wayne county: Jeremiah Cox, Patrick Baird, Joseph Hol man, and Hugh Cull. Franklin county: WiUiam H. Eads, James Brownlee, Enoch McCarty, Eobert Hanna, Jr., and James Noble. Dearborn county: James Dill, Solomon Manwaring, and Ezra Ferris. Switzerland county: William Cotton. Jefferson county: David H. Maxwell, Samuel Smock, and Nathaniel Hunt. Clark county: Jonathan Jennings, James Scott, Thomaa Carr, Jno. K. Graham, and James Lemon. Harrison county : Dennis Pennington, Davis Floyd, Daniel C. Lane, John Boone, and Patrick Shields. Washington county : John DePauw, Samuel Milroy, Eobert Mclntire, William Lowe, and William Graham. Knox county; John Johnson, John BadoUet, William Polke, Benjamin Polke, and John Benefiel. Gibson county: David Eobb, James Smith, Alexander De-vin, and Frederick Eappe. Warrick county: Daniel Grass Perry county: Charles Polke. Posey county: Dann. Lynn. The population of the territory of Indiana, as given in the official returns, certified by the clerks of the various counties and transmitted to the territorial legislature of 1815, was as follows : Counties. White males of 21 and over. Total. Wayne 1,225 6,407 FrankUn 1,430 7,370 Dearborn 902 4,424 Switzerland 377 1,832 Jefferson 874 4,270 Clark 1,387 7,150 Washington 1,420 7,317 Harrison 1,056 6,975 ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE. 181 Counties. White males of 21 and over. Total. Knox 1,391 8,068 Gibson 1,100 5,330 Posey 320 16,19 Warrick 280 1,416 Perry ." 350 1,720 Total 63,897 The first constitutional convention convened at Corydon on the tenth of June, 1816, and continued its session until the twenty-ninth, when, having ably completed the important work assigned to it, it adjourned. Jonathan Jennings pre sided over the deliberations of the convention, and William Hendricks acted as secretary. In reference to the first State constitution, and the honorable gentlemen who constituted the convention that framed it, Mr. Dillon, in his history of the Indiana territory, says: "The convention that formed the first constitution of the State of Indiana was composed, mainly, of clear-minded, unpretending men of common sense, whose patriotism was unquestionable, and whose morals were fair. Their familiarity with the theo ries of the Declaration of American Independence, their ter ritorial experience under the provisions of the ordinance of 1787, and their knowledge of the principles of the constitu tion of the United States, were sufficient, when combined, to Ughten, materiaUy, their labors in the great work of forming a constitution for a new State. With such landmarks in view, the labors of similar conventions in other States and territories have been rendered comparatively light. In the clearness and conciseness of its style, in the comprehensive and just provis ions which it made for the maintenance of civil and religious liberty, in its mandates, which were designed to protect the rights of the people, collectively and indi-vidually, and to' pro vide for the public welfare, the constitution that was formed for Indiana in 1816, was not inferior to any of the State con stitutions which were in existence at that time." The first State election took place on the first Monday of August, 1816, and Jonathan Jennings was elected Governor, 182 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Christopher Harrison, Lieutenant-Governor, and William Hendricks was elected to represent the new State in the House of Eepresentatives of the United States. The first general assembly elected under the authority of the State constitution, commenced its session at Corydon on the fourth of November, 1816. John Paul was called to the chair of the Senate ^o tern., and Isaac Blackford was elected Speaker of the House of Eepresentatives. On the seventh of November the oath of office was administered to Governor Jennings and Lieutenant-Governor Harrison, in the presence of both house* On this occasion Governor Jennings delivered his first message to the general assembly, in which, among other things, he remarked : " The result of your deliberation ¦will be considered as indicative of its future character, as weU as of the future happiness and prosperity of its citizens. The reputation of the State, as well as its highest interest, will require that a just and generous policy toward the general government, and a due regard to the rights of its members respectively, should invariably have their proper infiuence. In the commencement of the State government the shackles of tiie colonial should be forgotten in our united exertions to prove, by happy experience, that a uniform adherence to the first principles of our government, and a virtuous exercise of its powers, will best secure efficiency to its measures and stability to its character. Without a frequent recurrence to those principles, the administration of the goyermnent will imper ceptibly become more and more arduous, until the simplicity of our republican institutions may eventually be lost in dan gerous expedients and political design. Under every free gov ernment the happiness of the citizens must be identified -with their morals; and while a constitutional exercise of their rights shall continue to have its due weight in the discharge of the duties required of the constituted authorities of the State, too much attention can not be bestowed to the encouragement and promotion of every moral -virtue, and to the enactment of laws calculated to restrain the vicious, and prescribe punishment for every crime commensurate to its enormity. In measuring, however, to each crime its adequate punishment, it -will be ORGANIZATION OF THE STATE. 183 well to recollect that the certainty of punishment has generally the surest effect to prevent crime ; while punishments unneces sarily severe, too often produce the acquittal of the guilty, and See page 31. disappoint one ot the greatest objects of legislation and good government. * * * The dissemination of useful knowledge wiU be indispensably necessary as a support to morals, and as 184 HISTORY OF INDIANA. a restraint to vice; and, on this subject, it -will only be neces sary to direct your attention to the plan of education as pre scribed by the constitution. ¦» * * I recommend to your consideration the propriety of providing by law, to prevent more effectually any unlawful attempts to seize and carry into bondage persons of color legally entitled to their freedom; and, at the same time, as far as practicable, to prevent those who rightfully own service to the citizens of any other State or territory from seeking within the limits of this State, a refuge from the possession of their lawful owners. Such a measure will tend to secure those who are free from any unlawful attempts (to enslave them) and secures the rights of the citizens of the other States and territories as far as ought resonably to be expected." Thus was the territorial government of Indiana exchanged for a State government on the seventh of November, 1816. During the session of the legislature, James Noble and Walter Taylor were elected to represent., the State of Indiana in the Senate of the United States. Eobert A. New was elected Sec retary* of State; W. H. Lilley, Auditor of State; and Daniel C. Lane, Treasurer of State. The session was adjourned sine die on the third of January, 1817. If, in their progress from one event to another, along the current of the civil and political history of the State, readers should wish to learn more of the incidents of pioneer life, the progress of the settlements, the social condition of the people, an(I the like, it will only be necessary to remind them that these things are treated in detail in the second part of this volume, under the head of " County Histories," to relieve them of their impatience. CHAPTEE XVIII. GOVERNOR JENNINGS' ADMINISTRATION. WE now come to a consideration of the history of the State of Indiana, which extends over a period from 1816 to 1875. The contemplation of events within this period is a source of pleasure to every Indianian. There are only the fresh memories of the ci-vil war to mar this pleasure. All else is calculated to awaken the highest enthusiasm and the loftiest patriotism. Amasinff progress/ are the only words that seem to convey the idea which this contemplation brings most vi-vidly to the mind. To what quarter of the globe can we point, where, in the short space of fifty years, material progress has been greater? Certainly there is no place on the broad earth to which the Indianian can emigrate with a hope of bettering his present condition and prospects. Within the short space of fifty years the population of Indiana has increased from sixty thousand to over two mil lions.^ Within the same period the valuation of personal and real property within the State has increased beyond all possibility of computation; great and prosperous commercial industries have been established, and the educational and benevolent institutions have become useful in shaping the des tiny of other countries. It now becomes our pleasant duty to note this wonderful progress step by step. The inhabitants of the new State first turned their attention to farming — to agricultural pursuits, which are still the lead ing industry of Indiana. New farms were opened, new settlements were founded, orchards were planted, log and frame school houses were erected, churches were built, to-wns and cities began to fiourish, and battle for the leading position. (185) 186 mSTOBY OF INDIANA. Thus was inaugurated that great era of prosperity which can only terminate in future greatness. Withal, a sense of secur ity pervaded the minds of the people. The hostile Indians, as we have seen, had been humbled. Their power and pride had been broken, and the tomaha-syk no longer excited the fears of the pioneer settler of Indiana. The settlers dwelt in safety in their Uttle, plain log cabins, and, actuated by a faith in that future prosperity which they have lived to enjoy, they cultivated their smaU fields without the aid of armed senti nels. The numerous forts and block houses which had once been made desolate by merciless slaughters, were now con verted into storehouses, dwellings, or in some way made to serve the purpose of trade. But it must not be supposed that this great prosperity has been attained without difficulty. Indiana has had her internal improvement troubles; her financial embarrassment; a cur rency panic; a commercial depression; her dark days; but these have all passed. They were unequal to the persistent energies of a free people. In 1816-17, when the State was in its infancy, and the citi zens were not wealthy, and when the number and value of the objects of taxation were miserably small, and the inexhaust- able resources undeveloped, it was difficult to raise the revenue necessary for the support of the government. The burden upon landholders was indeed heavy; the funds for county purposes were derived mostly from a poll-tax, taxes on lands, to-wn lots, horses, carriages, clocks, watches, and license venders of merchandise. For State revenue purposes the taxable lands were divided into three classes, and taxed per hundred acres, as follows, for several years : Tears. First Rate. Second Rate. Third Rate. 1817 $L00 1.00 1.50 1.50 0.80 $0.87i 0.87i 1.25 1.00 0.60 $0.50 1818 0.62i 0.75 1821 1824 0.75 1831 1.40 GOVERNOR JENNINGS' ADMINISTRATION. 187 In his first annual message. Governor Jennings called attention to the need of greater educational facilities, the revision of the statutes, the organization of the judiciary, and the need of a law to prevent the carrying into bondage per sons of color residing in the State and legally entitled to their See page 31. freedom. He also urged the necessity of raising a revenue sufficient to meet the expenses of that year, and to liquidate the debt consequent upon the constitutional convention of the previous year. In this undertaking the government met with many difficulties. The objects of taxation were not 188 HISTORY OF INDIANA. numerous, and the great scarcity of money within the State, made it difficult for the coUector to realize on the demands of the State upon the property assessed. This difficulty was urged upon the attention of the legislature, in 1818, when Governor Jennings remarked that in order to " enforce the payments of the revenue of the State, on the part of those charged with collections, it is recommended that all suits con nected therewith be instituted in the Harrison Circuit Court, and that the appointment of an Attorney General be author ized by law, whose duty it shall be to prosecute thereon, and in the Supreme Court when the State may be a party." During Governor Jennings' administration the subject of internal improvements was agitated. As early as 1818, in his message to the legislature, he used these words : " The internal improvement of the State forms a subject of the greatest importance and deserves the most serious attention. Eoads and canals are calculated to afford facilities to the commercial transactions connected with the exports and imports of the country, by lessening the expenses and time attendant, as well on the transportation of the bulky articles which compose our exports as on the importation of articles the growth and man ufacture of foreign countries, which luxury and habit have rendered too common and almost indispensable to our con sumption. They enhance the value of the soil, by affording the agriculturalist the means of deriving greater gain from its cultivation, with an equal proportion of labor, thereby pre senting stronger inducements to industry and enterprise, and at the same time, by various excitements, invite to a more general intercourse between the citizens, -* * * The success which has attended the exertions of the Jeffersonville and Ohio Canal Company affords the fiattering prospect of a speedy commencement upon the great object for which the corporation was created, and presents still stronger claims upon the general assembly to aid its ultimate ^ecution." In November, 1821, Governor Jennings convened the legis lature in extra session, to provide for the payment of the interest on the State debt, and a part of the principal, amount ing to twenty thousand dollars. It was then believed that an GOVERNOR JENNINGS' ADMINISTRATION. 189 Amount sufficient for these purposes would be realized by the State treasurer, in the notes of the State bank and its branches, and it was urged upon the legislature, by the Governor, that the public debt could be conscientiously discharged with these depreciated notes. In support of this view he said: " It wiU be oppressive if the State, after the paper of this institution was authorized to be circulated in revenue, should be prevented by any assignment of the e-vidences of the existing debt, from discharging at least so much of that debt with the paper of the bank, as will absorb the collections of the present year; especially, when their notes, after being raade receivable by the agents of the State, because greatly depreciated by great mismanagement on the part of the bank itself. It ought not to be expected that a public loss to the State should be avoided by resorting to any measures which would not comport with correct views of public justice; nor should it be anticipated that the treasury of the United States would ultimately adopt measures to secure an uncertain debt, which would interfere with arrangements calculated to adjust the demand against the State, without producing any additional embarrassment." The condition of public affairs that called for these senti ments from the Executive was not fiattering. An assignment of the bonds executed in behalf of the State had been effected and the general credit of the State greatly embarrassed. The State bank — a history of which will be found further on — owing to bad management had depreciated the bank paper of the State, and injured the public credit. The means employed to produce this result are said to have been designed by unprincipled speculators. The Governor, in reference to this painful phase of the question, held that " whatever disposition the principal bank may have made of the funds deposited by the United States, it must be admitted that the connection of interest between the steam mill company and the bank, and the extraordinary accommodations, on account of the manner in which they were obtained, as well as their amount, effected by arrangements of the steam mill agency and some of the officers of the bank have been among the principal causes which have prostrated the paper circulating medium of this 190 HISTORY OF INDIANA. State, so far as it was dependent on the State bank and its branches. And from the direction which for a time past has been given to the funds as well as to the credit of the State bank, it would seem as if it had been an object to produce depreciation of her own credit, as well as that of her branches, producing thereby, among other mischievous consequences, the means of direct gain to a certain portion of the community, equal to the loss which the innocent and disinterested holder of the paper inevitably sustains." It is undoubtedly true that the panic of 1821, which cast a gloom over the infant industries of the State of Indiana, was in a great measure the result of dishonest speculation, as well as of an un-wise financial policy. At all events the public affairs were in a very unsettled condition when Governor Jen nings, at the summons of the popular voice, handed the gov ernment of the young State over to his successor, Hon. William Hendricks.* CHAPTEE XIX. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLIAM HENDRICKS. TN 1822, in his first message to the legislature. Governor J- Hendricks, not-withstanding the discouraging state of the public affairs, was disposed to regard every prospect fuU of promise for the new State. He regretted the unsettled condi tion of the pecuniary affairs of the State and citizens, but in a happy mood, congratulated the people upon " the agricultural and social happiness of the State." At no period in the previous history of the State had the productions of the soil been more abundant in the necessaries and comforts of Ufe * Governor Jennings having heen elected to Congress, in 1833, Lieuten- ant-Governor Boone -was acting Governor of the State of Indiana for several months previous to the election of Governor Hendricks. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR "WILLIAM HENDRICKS. 191 than during the year 1822. At this time emigration was affording the State considerable accessions to her population, and despite the financial troubles which engaged the attention of the legislature, the people who for the most part depended wholly upon agricultural products, were enjoying moderate HON. WM. MITCHELL. See page 31. prosperity. Nevertheless, the payment for the lands, the extensive consumption of European goods in Indiana, and the want of a market for the surplus produce, had placed the balance of trade largely against the people, and produced general and individual distress; but the subsequent develop- 192 HISTORY OF INDIANA. ment of the resources of the State, the steady pursuit of agricul ture, the resort to domestic fabrics to the exclusion of foreign merchandise, combined to produce the most favorable results. On the question of internal improvements. Governor Hen dricks, in his first message to the legislature, said: "We ought ¦to leave free and unshackled, as far as we can, our resources for improvement and purposes which the interests of the State may hereafter require, if not at our hands, at the hands of those who succeed us. •* * * Let us not lose sight of those great objects to which the means of the State should, at some future day, be devoted — the navigation of the falls of the Ohio, the improvement of the Wabash, the White river, and other streams, and the construction of the National and other roads through the State." Governor Hendrick's administration extended over a period from December 1822, to February 1825, during which the several industries of the State enjoyed considerable prosperity. Although a complete history of the educational institutions of the State is given in other parts of this volume, it will not be improper to note, in this connection, the condition and prospects of the educational facilities of the State as they existed at the close of the administration of Governor Hen dricks in 1825. By a grant of Congress, a section of land in each township in the State was invested in the inhabitants of such townships for the support of common schools ; two entire townships were invested in the legislature for the use of a " State Seminary," and by a provision of the State constitu tion, all fines assessed for a breach of the penal laws, and all commutations for militia service, were appropriated to the use of the " County Seminaries." The common school lands were estimated, at this date, at six hundred and eighty thousand two hundred and seven acres, which, at two dollars an acre, (their value in 1825,) would produce a fund of one miUion two hundred and sixteen thousand four hundred and forty-four dollars. Such were the facilities for establishing common schools, viewed fropi the standpoint of 1825. At this time the seminary at Bloomington, supported in part by one of these township grants, was in a flourishing con- ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY. 193 dition. Tuition was cheap, and "no pains were spared to make the institution respectable." But the common schools then existing ih the youthful settlements of the State were in a poor condition. CHAPTEE XX. ADMINISTRATION OF GO-VEENOR RAT. IN the year 1826, the State of Indiana had already a history of State progress. The foundation for the magnificent public school system which the State now enjoys was being carefully laid. The State government had reached a better policy, and confidence in business circles was in a great meas ure restored. In short the State seems here to have reached a point when its inhabitants could look back over the events in its history, observe their results, and shape a policy consistent with the probable future demands of prosperity. The increase of population was made noticeable. At this date, 1825-6, the population exceeded 250,000 souls; in 1820, it was 147,178; in 1815, it was 68,780; in 1810, it was 24,000; in 1805, it was 11,000; and in 1800, the date of the organization of the terri tory, it was only 5,000. Thus the people could perceive the increase, during the twenty-five years of their history. Begin ning in 1800, with but five thousand, and reaching, in the short space of twenty-five years, the respectable number of two hundred and fifty thousand, there was every reason to take courage. Aside from the growth in population, this year afforded a view from another standpoint. The influence of national policy from without, and the prospective effects upon the future of the State, its commerce and agricultural pursuits, were to be seen and measured. For a long period previous to the war 13 194 HISTORY OF INDIANA. of 1812, the continued struggle for power in Europe caUed immense numbers of their people from the plow to fill their armies. In consequence agriculture was neglected. Whole countries were overrun, and the people, as well as the armies, were in a measure compelled to look to the United States for a considerable portion of their subsistence. Ameri can produce found a ready market in every port in Europe, and the high prices which it commanded enabled the farmers in every part of the country to incur the expense of a tedious and difficult transportation, and yet to realize handsome profits. Nor was this prosperous state of affairs changed by the war of 1812, for in consequence of this war, large disbursements of public money were made by the general government in every part of the Union; consequent upon this came a general , rage for speculation; numerous banks with fictitious capital were established; immense issues of paper were made, and the circulating medium of the country was increased four fold in the course of two or three years. It wiU not be difficult for the intelligent reader of the day to predict the consequences of all this. The great increase of what was then deemed equivalent to money was the cause of a corresponding increase equally as fictitious in the value of labor and every species of property,; the established value of every thing was a deception, a species of fraud upon the world; money — the money of those days — was easily acquired, arid the people too generally and too easily indulged in visionary dreams of wealth and splendor. But this state of things could not always last. The general pacification of the old world, and the consequent disbandment of their numerous armies again tenanted their long unculti vated fields; agriculture was so far encouraged that every nation on the continent produced an ample supply of the necessaries of life for their o-wn consumption, and American produce could no longer find an extended market in that hem isphere. About the same time that peace was concluded in Europe, war was brought to a close in this country, and of course the extraordinary fiow of money from the treasury of the United States was discontinued; the American army was reduced, and the newly created banks, no longer supported by ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY. 195 reckless speculation, began to fail. Specie disappeared, and the fictitious paper trash became worthless in the hands of the people. As a consequence wages and all kinds of property suffered an unprecedented depression in value, and the industry of the whole country was shocked. The evils and embarrass- See page 31. ments of this sudden change were felt severely among the farmers of Indiana. Then followed the " dark days " of Indi ana. Who that lived in the State at the time will ever forget thewinter of 1821? To find a remedy for this depression in trade began to engage 196 HISTORY OF INDIANA. the attention of the people of Indiana, as well as those of the other States, in 1822-3, and many measures were adopted, aU of which worked successfully in the long run, although many, for a time, were " eye-sores " to the people. In the first place the capital which was no longer needed in commercial enter prise was employed in manufacturing establishments. This not only gave employment to thousands whose services were hitherto valueless, but created a market for a great portion of the surplus produce of the farmers. This measure was com pletely successful in Indiana. In addition to the establishment of factories, large portions of the dormant capital of the State and country which, had been withdrawn from mercantile pursuits, now no longer . profitable, was invested and circulated among the people in works of internal improvement. Some of these works were, as we shall see, for a time unsuccessful, yet it is now apparent ihat all worked out, in a measure, the ultimate prosperity of the State. Such were the views which the people of Indiana were enabled to take of the past in 1825. In this year Govemor Eay, in his message to the legislature, urged upon them the necessity of adopting that system of internal improvements which was not fully entered upon as a policy until 1836. He said: " On the construction of roads and canals, then, we must rely as the safest and most" certain State policy to relieve our situation, place us among the first States in the Union, and change the cry of ' hard times ' into an open acknowledgment of contentedness. ¦* * * 'W'e must strike at the internal improvement of the State, or form our minds to remain poor and unacquainted with each other." In the following year he urged the same policy, and in 1829 he added: "This subject, (State internal improvement,) though more than once pressed upon the attention of the legislature, can never grow irksome, since it must be the source of the blessings of civUized life; to secure its benefits is a duty enjoined upon the legislature by the obligations of the social compact." It was in the year 1825, and during the administration of Governor Eay, that the State of Indiana had the honor of ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY. 197 welcoming the illustrious General Lafayette within its borders. The reception of this great friend of American and national ' liberty was extended by the Executive of Indiana in true and genuine republican simplicity; and that so many of the pioneers of the State had the honor to greet the presence of this illustrious veteran in the cause of our liberty and country, and to express to him as far as possible, their unutterable sentiments of gratitude and admiration, will ever be a source of the most greatful recollection. On the important question of asylums, it was urged by the Executive in 1825, that radical changes should be made in the law for the support of the poor, and measures adopted " to provide by law for a general system of education, ascending m a regular gradation from township schools to a State univer sity, wherein tuition shall be gratis, and equally open to all." In 1826, Governor Eay expressed the sentiments of the people of Indiana when, in his message to the legislature he used this exciting language: "All that the most ardent could rationally wish for has fallen within the lap of the State. The history of other nations furnishes us with no parallel for our gigantic growth. ' A wonder among wonders,' our amazing young State, with each annual revolution of the earth, seems destined, by the force of circumstances and the energies of her people, to outstrip the geographer with all his sagacity; to develop some dormant treasure, and exhibit to public view some facinating projects eminently calculated to attach our citizens to their homes and country, and to enable us to look prospectively to the period when we shall be among the first I in power, wealth, and respectability in the grand confederation '¦ of North American States." And in the year 1827, in the same official capacity, he added : " When we bring in review before us the successive currents of emigration which annually penetrate the deep recesses of the western forests; when we behold the generous efforts of the enlightened statesman and philanthropist for the establishment of primary and highei schools that education may be equal and universal; when we witness the enterprise and industry of the people, their moral ity and order, the conclusion follows that all the essential 198 HISTORY OF INDIANA. elements are concentrating to prosecute and consummate the great design of the social compact." And again in 1828, Governor Eay refiects the steady fiow of prosperity in his usual style: "Peace, plenty, and an increase of moral feeUng have blessed our gro-wing community; ¦* * •* and if a dense population is in any respect essential to the happiness of the people, or the prosperity of the State, the continuous influx of emigration which we are now experiencing -without a parallel, augur the most auspicious to both." It was in this year, 1828, that the disaffection of the Southern States first became a subject for executive or legislative atten tion in Indiana. In this year Governor Eay, little suspecting the terrible results that would grow out of the subject of his remarks, observed to the legislature: "Since our last separa tion, while we have witnessed with anxious soUcitude the belligerent operations of another hemisphere, the cross con tending against the cresent, and the prospect of a general rupture among the legitimates of other quarters of the globe; * * * our attention has been arrested by proceedings in our own country truly dangerous to liberty, if seriously premeditated, and disgraceful to its authors if agitated only to tamper with the American people. If such experiments as we see attempted in certain deluded quarters, do not faU with a burst of thunder upon the heads of their seditious projectors, then, indeed, the republic. has begun to experience the days of its degeneracy. ¦» * * The Union of these States is the people's only sure charter for their liberties and independ ence. Dissolve it and each State will soon be in a condition as deplorable as Alexandria's conquered countries after they were divided amongst his victorious military captains." It should be borne in mind by the reader that this part of the history, extending from the organization of the State in 1816, to 1875, treating of the administrations of the various governors, is not supposed to include, as it advances, a history of the educational institutions, benevolent institutions, and settlements. These chapters are designed to cover merelv a ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY. 199 poUtical and exceedingly condensed documentary history of the State, and the reader is directed to look elsewhere for a complete history and description of those sp.ecial features and institutions of the State, as well as of the cities, towns and villages, all of which date their commencement in some one of these administrations, and receive only a passing notice in this connection. It is also desirable to state, in this place, that our political history is necessarily condensed in order that these special features of the State may receive the space which their importance demands. CHAPTEE XXI. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR RAY, CONTENUED. IN 1830 the current of emigration was stiU fiowing into the State and spreading itself throughout the limits of the territory, affording the surest indications of a continued growth and prosperity. These assurances were considerably supported by the great increase of agricultural productions, facilities for transportation, and increasing wealth, enterprise, intelligence, temperance and morality; and of the general and rapidly accumulating masses of the people. During these months, the people were daily cheered by -witnessing from twenty to fifty wagons, containing families, moving through Indianapolis and other large towns, on their way to the val leys of the White and Wabash rivers. It was estimated that , every day, during the year 1826, over thirty families settled in the State of Indiana. It is only from a contemplation of these facts that the reader can form any correct idea of the rapid growth of the State. At no former period within the history of the State had the people enjoyed a more ample reward for the various agricul tural products than in 1830. This market was created from 200 BISTORT OF INDTANA. many causes — principally from tho wars existing at that time. In the same year the farmer, the mechanic and the merchant of Indiana were excited by the " gigantic purpose of wedding the extremes of our vast country by one of the most approved HON. PLINEY HOAGLAND. See page 31. methods of conveyance" — a railroad, notably the "National, New York and Mississippi Eailroad." The " National Eoad," and the " Michigan and Ohio Turn pike " were enterprises in which the people and legislature of ADMINISTKATION OF GOVERNOR RAY. 201 Indiana were deeply interested, in 1830. The latter had already been the cause of much bitter controversy, and its location was then the subject of contention. In his message to the legislature, in 1830, Governor Eay, on the delicate question of excluding a certain class of colored people from the State, remarked: " A non-productive and, in many instances, a superanuated colored population, is pouring in upon us, possessing all the affirmative bad qualities of the uneducated, immoralized bondsman, without affording any of his advantages, living without visible means, or labor, most of whom are paupe^rs on society. * * * While our laws and institutions proclaim the State an asylum for the good, virtu ous and useful of all nations and colors, it is due to ourselves and to the rights of posterity that we should not tamely sub mit to any imposition which is the direct effect of foreign legislation. Though it might savor somewhat of injustice to interfere with any that are already here, it will still become your province, as it is your right, to regulate for the future, by prompt correctives, the emigration into the State, and the continuance of known paupers thrown upon us from any quarter." In 1830 there were still two tribes of Indians living within the borders of Indiana, but their growing indolence, their intemperate habits, their primitive ignorance, their increasing dependence upon their neighbors for the bread of life, their diminished prospects of living by the chase, their perpetration of murders and other outrages of dangerous precedent, their unrestrained exhibitions of their own savage customs before the children of the settlers, combined to make them subjects for a more rigid government. One of the features of interest in the history of Govemor Eay's last term of office was the part taken by Indiana in the election of a President of the United States, which effected a considerable change in the national policy. In the same period the task of preparing a civil code of laws for the State was commenced. In 1830 a question of jurisdiction was presented for the consideration of the legisla ture. The trial and acquittal of William Eothwell, in Perry 202 mSTORY OF INDIANA. county, on a charge of murder, gave rise to great dissatisfac tion. Th6 alleged crime was committed on the Ohio river, and it was successfully claimed by the counsel for the defend ant that the State of Indiana had no jurisdiction over acts committed on that river. This defect in the laws was promptly adjusted. It would appear that the legislature of Indiana was pain fully backward in establishing an asylum for the poor. Gov ernor Eay, in his last message to the legislature used these remarks: "Let the philanthropical but look at home for opportunities to display his pious benevolence, and his eye will recognize many a friendless, moneyless orphan child, whose soul only waits to be kindled into fiame upon educa tion's heavenly altar, th&-t he may leave his rags and -wretch edness behind him, and, wielding the sword of the hero, or the pen of the statesman, by the force of moral precept in the pulpit, or, of eloquence at the bar, or in the senate, rise to the noblest summit of fame and become a pillar of support to his country — but without some aid is doomed to die unseen. * * Whilst our own unfortunate poor are sold in the public streets to the lowest bidder, many of whom have seen days that pos sessed them with the means and rank far above their pur chasers, now compelled to feed upon the crumbs of a scanty meal, and to experience, after a life well spent, just as their sun is setting, their worst days, and even the degradation of mastery, and the separation of kindred ties — and while thousands of families are without the word of truth — and tens of thousands of youths, who must soon take the reins of this mighty Eepublic into their hands, are fast rising to maturity, without sufficient intelligence, for the stupenduous business of self-government, we are admonished by everything sacred and dear to look first to the deranged concerns at home." Governor James B. Eay served the people of the State of Indiana in the high and responsible position of Chief Magis trate of the State, from 1725 to 1831 — a period of special prosperity — and in December of the latter year was succeeded by Hon. Noah Noble. CHAPTEE XXII. ADMINISTRATION OF GO-VERNOR NOBLE. HON. NOAH NOBLE assumed the duties of the high office of Govemor of Indiana, in December, 1831, in which capacity he served until the close of 1837. In the year 1832 the farmers of Indiana were not crowned with usual success, nor was the partial failure in agriculture the only affliction -with which the Indianians were visited during that year. Cholera came in a terrible march among the settlements along the Ohio, sweeping hundreds from time into eternity. ¦ This term is also memorable on account of the Black Hawk War, which, raging in Illinois, sent its terrifying effects into the western borders of the State. Several war parties invaded the western settlements, causing a vast amount of alarm, arid a considerable degree of suffering. During the first year of Governor Noble's administration the work of internal improvement was begun. In his mes sage to the legislature, in 1832, the Govemor remarked : " The agents of the State entrusted with the administration of the affairs of the canal, have, it is believed, faithfully discharged every duty enjoined by law. The Fund Commissioners during the last summer made a sale of canal stock, in the city of New Tork, to the amount of one hundred thousand doUars, at a premium of thirteen and one-quarter per cent., terms honorable to the character of the State and advantageous to the work. Having embarked in the undertaking, it is our imperious duty to maintain our credit, by the adoption of certain and efficient measures promptly to meet aU our engagements." (303) 204 mSTORT OF INDIANA. In 1832 we find the Michigan Eoad in a state of progress. In that year fifty-four thousand dollars were spent for its ^ /J-o(If^f. See page 31. improvement, and fifty-two thousand dollars realized from the sale of lands appropriated for its construction. ADMINISTRATION OF GQ-VBRNOR NOBLE. 205 In May, 1832, the remainder of the Indianapolis donation belonging to the State, was valued by the commissioners selected for that purpose, and, in compliance with the direction of the legislature, it was offered at public sale, by the agent of the State. The sale amounted to upwards of thirteen thousand dollars, leaving unsold lots, at valuation, to the amount of about four thousand dollars. We learn from Gov ernor Noble's message of 1832, that " at the suggestion of the architect who is to build the State house, with the concurrence of the commissioners, the block north of the State house square was reserved from sale, to await the determination of the legislature as to the propriety of adding it to the public ground, making it an oblong square, corresponding to the form of the edifice to be erected. The commissioners appointed to contract for the building of the State house and superintend its erection, have made an agreement with Mr. Town, the artist, whose plan was adopted by the legislature, by which he is to complete the building for fifty-eight thousand dollars. The work in all its parts is to be strictly conformable to the plans and specifications presented to the legislature, and in its construction, as regards ornament, neatness, strength and durabiUty nothing is to be omitted. The whole is to be com pleted by November, 1837. In 1831, a joint resolution of the legislature of Indiana, requesting an appropriation by Congress for the extinguish ment of the Indian title to lands within the State, was for warded to that body, and, in compliance with the request, the necessary provision was made. Three citizens were designated by the Secretary of War, to constitute a commission to carry into effect the object of the appropriation. It was considered an object of great importance to extinguish the title of the Miamis to their lands, at that time surrounded on all sides by American settlers, situated almost in the heart of the State, and immediately on the line of the canal, then under con struction. The prompt and cheerful manner in which the chiefs of the tribe obeyed the summons to the treaty, induced the belief that the negotiation would prove successful ; but in their response to the propositions of the commissioners, they 206 HISTORY OF INDIANA. positively refused to go westward, or sell the remains of their 1 lands. The negotiation with the Pottawatomies was more success ful. This tribe sold about six miUions of acres in Indiana, Illinois and Michigan, including their entire claims in this State. During Governor Noble's government the Wabash and Erie canal was commenced, and a jportion completed. In 1832, thirty-two miles of this canal were placed under contract. During this year a communication was addressed to the Gov ernor of Ohio, requesting him to caU the attention of the legislature of that State to the subject of the extension of the canal, from the Indiana line through the territory of Ohio to the lake. In compliance with this request. Governor Lucas promptly laid the subject before the legislature of his State, and, in a spirit of courtesy, resolutions were adopted by that body, stipulating that if Ohio should ultimately decline to undertake the completion of that portion qf the work within her limits, before the time fixed by the act of Congress for the completion of the canal, she would, on just and equitable terms, enable Indiana to avail herself of the benefit of the lands granted, by authorizing her to sell them and invest the proceeds in the stock of a company to be incorporated by Ohio; and that she would give Indiana notice of her final determination, on or before the first day of January, 1838. The legislature of Ohio also authorized and invited the agent of the State of Indiana to select, survey and set apart the lands lying within that State. In 1834, Governor Noble, grasping at the system of pubUc works that was adopted in 1836, of which he should be regarded, in a great degree, the author, remarked: "With a view of engaging in works of internal improvement, the pro priety of adopting a general plan or system, having reference to the several portions of the State, and the connection of one with the other, naturally suggests itself. No work should be commenced but such as would be of acknowledged publie utiUty, and when completed would .form a branch of some general system. * * * In view of this object, the poUcy ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR NOBLE. 207 of organizing a board of public works is again respectfully suggested." The attention of the legislature, in 1834, was also directed to the "praiseworthy and public spirited enter- y^^ t^c y^^^^^^^,^^^ See page 31. prise of that portion of our citizens interested in the line of railway designated by the La-wrenceburg and Indianapolis charter." 208 HISTORY OF INDIANA. In 1834 the Michigan boundary question, in which that State acted a very headstrong and reckless part, was first brought to light. Michigan, notwithstanding the approval by /Congress of the constitutions of Indiana, Ohio and lUinois, in each of which their respective boundaries were clearly pointed out, claimed, as her southem boundary, an east and west line drawn through the southern extreme of Lake Mich igan. In a recognition of this claim Indiana would have lost a district ten miles wide, extending entirely across the north em part of the State, including one of the fairest and most desirable portions of her territory, and have been entirely excluded from any access to the lake, except through a foreign jurisdiction. In addition to these considerations, there were other reasons why Indiana should have opposed the Michigan boundary claim. In the first place, the mouth of the Maumee river, and the termination of the Wabash and Erie canal, laid within the limits claimed by Michigan, and it was more than probable that Ohio would abandon co-operation in the work if the territory was transferred. Beyond this, Indiana would to a great extent lose the benefit of one of her greatest public improvements. This controversy continued until 1836, when Congress refused to acceed to the demands of Michigan, but, settled the question by extending her territory in the Lake Superior region. In 1834, the State bank again commenced operations " under very favorable circumstances." The stock in all the branches authorized was subscribed by individuals, and the installment paid as required by the charter. The loan author ized for the payment on the stock allotted to the State, amount ing to five hundred thousand dollars, was obtained at a pre mium of one and five-hundredthS per cent, on five per cent. stock, making the sum of over five thousand dollars on the amount borrowed. In December, 1835, the legislature of Indiana convened in ; the " New State Capitol," at Indianapolis, and on the occasion Governor Noble, in his message, remarked: "This is your first session in your new capitol, and from the conviction that the occasion will not fail to inspire feelings of exultation ADMINISTRATION OP GOVERNOR NOBLE. 209 within you, I -wiU not withhold, on my part, the offering of a hearty welcome and congratulation. It is an edifice worthy. of the State, and, being dedicated to the public interests, -within these walls the representatives of the people wiU annuaUy assemble to perform some of the most important duties ever delegated to man. The people, through their rep resentatives, will here speak their wishes, utter their com plaints, and obtain redress for their wrongs." Forty years have passed since these sentiments were uttered by Governor Noble, and stiU " New (now old) State Capitol " is universally the scene of legislative activity. During the year 1835 the work of public improvements waa pushed forward. " The operations on the line of the Wabast and Erie canal," says the Governor's message, "have been conducted the past season with energy and great success. The middle division, extending from the St. Joseph dam to the forks of the Wabash, about thirty-two miles, has been com pleted, for about two hundred and thirty-two thousand doUars, including all repairs to this time. * * * Upon this portion of the Une navigation was opened on the fourth of July, on which day our citizens assembled to witness the mingling of the waters of the St. Joseph with those of the Wabash, uniting the waters of the northern chain of lakes with those of the Gulf of Mexico in the south. On this division boats have been running, without the interruption of a day, since the letting in of the water." On other parts of the line the work progressed with speed, and the sale of canal lands was unus- uaUy active. In 1836 we find that the State bank was " subserving all the valuable purposes for which it was established," agricultural products were abundant, and the market was good; conse quently the people were in the full enjoyment of all the bless ings of a free government and of an enlightened civilization. In this year the first meeting of the State Board of Internal Improvement was convened, and entered upon the discharge of its numerous and responsible duties. Having assigned to each member the direction and superintendence of a portion of the work, the next duty to be performed preparatory to an 14 210 HISTORY OF INDIANA. enlarged sphere of active ser-dce, was that of procuring the requisite number of engineers. A delegation was sent to the eastern cities, but returned without engaging an engineer-in- chief for the roads and railways, and without the desired number for the subordinate stations; but after considerable delay the Board was fully organized and put in operation. During the year 1836 the public works, under the new management, were successful. The Wabash and Erie canal progressed steadily. The navigation of the middle division, from Fort Wayne to Huntington, was uninterrupted. Sixteen miles of the line between Huntington and Lafontaine's creek were filled with water and made ready for navigation, and the remaining twenty miles were completed, with the exception of a portion .of the locks. From Lafontaine's creek to George- town reasonable progress was made, several sections having been completed and received by the Board. The line from Georgetown to Lafayette was placed under contract. During the same year about thirty miles of the White Water canal extending from Lawrenceburg through the beautiful valley of the White Water, to BrookviUe, were also placed under con tract, twenty-three miles of the Central canal, in the vicinity of and passing through Indianapolis, were placed under con tract and work commenced upon it; about twenty miles of the southern division of this work, extending from Evansville into the interior, were also contracted for. On the line of the Cross-Cut canal, from Terre Haute to the intersection of the Central canal, near the mouth of Eel river, a commencement was also made on all the heavy sections. Early in this year a party of engineers was organized, and directed to examine into the practicability of the then con templated Michigan and Erie canal Une. The result of its operations gave evidence of the expediency of the work. Soon after the organization of the Board of Internal Improve ment, a party of engineers was fitted out and entered upon the field service of the Madison and Lafayette railroad, and in the same year contracts were made for the building of this road from Madison to Vernon, on which work was actively commenced. Contracts for grading and bridging the New ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR NOBLE. 211 Albany and Vincennes road, from the former point to Paoli, about forty miles, were also let. Other roads were also under taken and surveyed, and, in all respects, a stupenduous work See page 31. of internal improvement was undertaken. Truly did Govemor Noble remark: "Upon the issue of the enterprise in which we are now engaged, our State has staked her, fortunes. She 212 HISTORY OF INDIANA has assumed a great responsibility, but one that is lull of hope and of promise. •* ¦* * Our great system may be said to be fairly begun, and the State has embarked in a course of policy from which there is no retreat." CHAPTEE XXIII. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR 'WALLACE. WITH the opening of Governor David Wallace's admin istration murrnurs of discontent were beginning to be audible among tax payers. In the estimation of a very respect able portion of the people, the State had undertaken entirely too much; that the very attempt to prosecute so great an enterprise as was contemplated by the Board of Internal Improvements with the means in possession or expectancy, must inevitably involve the State in debt from which it would be difficult, if not impossible, to extricate itself, and thereby entail upon the people the worst of all evils — oppressive and ruinous taxation. These predictions, coming from intelligent lips, were weU calculated to chill the ardor and extinguish the spirit of enter prise in which these public improvements were conceived. In reference to this sad phase of public affairs. Governor Wallace, in his first annual message to the legislature in 1837, said: "But the astonishing success which has thus far attended our progress; the realization of aU, and more than friends, the inost sanguine, dreamed of; nay, the flattering auspices of the future, should, it appears to me, dispel every doubt, and quiet every fear which such boding prognostics may have created." These sentiments from the governor were well calculated to disguise the painful opinion which he himseK possessed at this time, that the State would not be able to carry the load of public improvements with which she had burdened herself, unless the general depression of public and private enterprise ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WALLACE. 213 throughout the whole country should be speedily dispeUed. But he was an ardent advocate of the measure; indeed it was the great theme of his administration, and he never lost his faith in its ultimate success. But if the condition of the public works of Indiana were on the decline at the close of the year 1837, it was so in a more discouraging degree at the close of 1838. On the meeting of the legislature, on this occasion. Governor Wallace said: "Never before — I speak it advisedly — never before have you witnessed a period in our local history that more urgently called for the exercise of all the soundest and best attributes of grave and patriotic legislators than the present. * * * The truth is — and it would be foUy to conceal it — ^we have our hands full — full to overflowing! and therefore, to sustain our selves, to preserve the credit and character of the State unim paired, and to continue her hitherto unexampled march to wealth and distinction, we have not an hour of time, nor a dollar of money, nor a hand employed in labor, to squander and dissipate upon mere objects of idleness, or taste, or amusement." The condition of the State at this time was truly critical. There had been borrowed by the State, for internal improve ment purposes, three millions eight hundred and twenty- seven thousand dollars — one million three hundred and twenty-seven thousand for the Wabash and Erie canal, and the remaining two and a half millions for the benefit of other works. Upon the whole of this sum, with a very inconsiderable exception, the State paid an annual interest of five per cent., which of itself was an unbearable burden. To meet this demand the State had but two small sources, independent of taxation. These were, first, the interest arising from the balances due upon the sales of canal lands, and secondly, the proceeds of the third instaUment of the surplus revenue, both amounting, in 1838, to about forty-five thousand dollars. This was all the visible means with which the State had to pay the enormous sum of two hundred thousand dollars without resorting to direct taxation. In 1838, the tribe of Pottawatomie Indians, according to a 214 HISTORY OF INDIANA. treaty in which they had previously entered, were removed from Indiana to the western reservation. Some difficulty was experienced in their removal. Becoming hostile and refusing to emigrate, the militia was called out, and, under General Tipton, a force was marched to their villages. This induced them to leave without further opposition. In the same year a treaty was concluded with the Miami Indians through the good offices of Colonel A. C. Pepper, the Indian agent, by which a considerable, and the most desirable portion of their reserve, was ceded to the United States. CHAPTEE XXIV. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR SAMUEL BIGGER. GOVEENOE WALLACE was succeeded by Hon. Samuel Bigger, in December, 1840. On this occasion the state of public affairs was in a very unpleasant condition. The system of internal improvements adopted four years pre-vious had not prospered as expected by its friends, and was at that time prostrated, and the government and people found .them selves laboring under the compUcated embarrassments of this disastrous result. They felt and expressed the most intense anxiety respecting the measures which should be adopted to effect their reUef. The great question was now, " What shaU be done with our public improvements?" The "system" embraced ten different works, of which the most important was the Wabash and Erie canal. Their aggregate length was one thousand one hundred and sixty miles. Of this length only one hundred and forty miles had been fully completed. The amount which had been expended on these various Unes was something over $5,600,000, and it required at least 114,000,000 to complete them. In August, 1839, all work ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BIGGER. 215 ceased on these improvements with one or two exceptions, and most of the contracts were surrendered to the State. This course had been adopted under an act of the legislature pro viding for the compensation of contractors by the issue of JUDGE C. Y. PATTERSON. See page 31. treasury notes. In addition to this state of affairs, the legis lature of 1839 had made no provision for the payment of interest on the State debt incurred for internal improvements. In reference to this unpleasant situation of the public works in 1840, Govemor Bigger said : " Their prosecution, as origi- 216 HISTORY OF INDIANA, nally contemplated, wiU not be seriously urged at this time by any one at all conversant with our condition and the extent of our liabilities. Such a course would be the extreme of folly. And on the other hand, their entire abandonment, with the utter loss of the large sums of money already expended, would scarcely be less ruinous in its consequences to our credit and ultimate prosperity." Much individual indebtedness was created during the pro gress of the works of internal improvement.* When opera tions ceased in 1839, and prices fell at the same time, the people were left, in a great measure, without the means of commanding money with which to pay their debts. This con dition of private enterprise, which had been incurred by an un-wise State policy, rendered direct taxation more than ever inexpedient. Hence it became the policy of Governor Bigger's administration to provide the means of paying the interest on the State debt without increasing the rate of taxation, and of continuing that portion of the public works that could be immediately completed, and from which the earliest returns could be expected. The years of 1840-41, were two dark years in Indiana; nor was the prospect brightened with the commencement of 1842. In 1841 the farmer was abundantly rewarded in the pursuits of agriculture, which, to a considerable extent, lightened the burden of the whole people. With the assembling of the legislature in 1841, the State had reached a, crisis in its affairs which had been expected by many, but which many had expected to avoid. Indiana, until that year, had succeeded in paying the interest on her public debt, and at the pre-vious session of the legislature ample pro vision was supposed to have been made for its payment, but circumstances beyond the control of the agents of the State rendered it impossible to obtain the necessary funds, and at this period the people were compelled to acknowledge the unwelcome truth that the credit of the State had not been sustained. In this connection we shall briefly glance over those meas ures, the unfortunate issue of which involved the State in the difficulties to which we now refer. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BIGGER. 217 In the year 1827, the State of Indiana obtained from the general government a grant of land to aid in the construction of the Wabash and Erie canal, with a view to connect the Wabash river with Lake Erie. A portion of this grant was surrendered to the State of Ohio, on the condition that she would construct the canal from the boundary of Indiana to the lake. This canal had been completed, ready for naviga tion from Lafayette, on the Wabash, to the eastern line of the State. This work was not generally regarded as a part of the system of internal improvements adopted in 1836. In the month of January, 1836, the legislature of Indiana passed an act to provide for a general system of internal improvements, embracing a number of expensive works. The extent and condition of these works, including the Wabash and Erie canal, at the close of the year 1841, with the total disbursement thereon, may be summed up as follows: 1. The Wahash and Erie canal, from the State line to Tippe canoe, one hundred and twenty -nine miles in length, completed and navigable for the whole lengthy at a total expenditure of $2,041,012. This sum includes the cost of the steam boat lock afterwards completed at Delphi. 2. The extension of the Wabash and Erie canal from the mouth of the Tippecanoe to Terre Haute, over one hundred and four miles. The estimated cost of this work was $1,500,000, and the amount expended for the same, up to 1841, was $408,855. The navigation was at this period opened as far down as Lafayette, and a portion of the work performed in the -vicinity of Covington. 3. The cross-cut canal from Terre Haute to central canal, forty-nine miles in length, estimated cost $718,672 — amount expended to 1841, $420,679, and at this period no part of the work was navigable. 4. The White Water canal, from La-wrenceburgh to the mouth of Nettle creek, seventy-six and a half miles — estimated cost $1,675,738, amount expended to that date, $1,099,867, and thirty-one miles of the work was navigable, extending from the Ohio river to BrookviUe. 5. The Central canal, from the Wabash and Erie canal, to 218 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Indianapolis, including the feeder dam at Muncietown, one hundred and twenty -four miles in length — total estimated cost $3,299,853, amount expended, $568,046; eight miles com pleted at that date, and other portions nearly done. 6. Central canal, from Indianapolis to Evansville, . on the Ohio river, one hundred and ninety-four miles in length, total estimated cost, $3,532,394, amount expended $831,302; nine- BIRTH-PLACE OF JUDGE HORACE P. BIDDLE. See page 31. teen miles of which was completed at that date, at the southern end, and sixteen miles extending south from Indianapolis were nearly completed. 7. Erie and Michigan canal, one hundred and eighty-two miles in length, estimated cost, $2,624,823, amount expended, $156,324. No part of this work was finished in 1841. 8. The Madison and Indianapolis railroad, over eighty-five ADMINISTRATION OF GQ-VERNOR BIGGER. 219 miles in length, total estimated cost, $2,046,600, amount expended, $1,493,013. Eoad finished and in operation for about twenty -eight miles; grading nearly finished, and twenty- seven miles in addition, extending to Edenburg. 9. Indianapolis and Lafayette turnpike road, seventy-three mUes in length, total estimated cost, $593,737, amount expended, $72,182. The bridging and most of the grading ¦ o. RESIDENCE OP JUDGE H. P. BIl I I See page 31. LOGANSPORT. was done on twenty-seven miles from Crawfordsville to Lafayette. 10. New Albany and Vincennes turnpike road, one hundred and five miles in length, estimated cost, $1,127,295, amount expended, $654,411. In 1841, forty-one miles were graded and macadamized, extending from New Albany to Paoli, and twenty-seven miles in addition, partly graded. 220 HISTORY OF INDIANA. 11. Jeffersonville and Crawfordsville road, over one hundred and sixty-four miles long, total estimated cost, $1,651,800, amount expended, $372,737. Forty-five miles were partly graded and bridged, extending from Jeffersonville to Salem, and from Greencastle north. 12. Improvement of the Wabash rapids, undertaken jointly by Indiana and IlUnois; estimated cost to Indiana, $102,500, amount expended by Indiana, $9,539. There had also been paid to the Board of Internal Improve ments, for instruments, etc., to date, $36,564. By summing up the foregoing, it will be seen that the whole length of these roads and canals was one thousand two hundred and eighty-nine miles, only two hundred and eighty -one of which had been finished in 1841. The estimated aggregate cost of all the works was $19,914,424. The amount expended for all purposes, to that date, was $8,164,528. The State debt, at this time, amounted to $18,469,146. In reference to this condition of the public debt, as well as the means to be employed for reducing it. Governor Bigger, in 1841, remarked: "It is due to ourselves, in this State of our affairs, to examine into some of the prominent causes which have produced the present embarrassments. The first of these is doubtless to be found in the number of large and expensive works embraced in the system of internal improvements and their simultaneous prosecution. Also the unexpected increase in the prices of pro-visions, labor, and materials, was such that a sum much greater than the original estimate was required for the construction of the public works. Two great errors were committed in the progress of the system. The first was, paying the most of the interest out of the money borrowed. This subjected the State to the payment of compound interest, and the people, not feeling the pressure of taxes to discharge the interest, naturally became inattentive to the policy which was pursued. Had the legislature commenced by levying taxes to defray the interest as it accrued, its amount would have been a certain index to the sums expended on the works. This of itself would have done much to check extravagant ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WUrTCOMB. 221 expenditures. The second error was selling bonds on credit," which led to the most disastrous consequences. The administration of Governor Bigger closes in the most dissatisfactory manner, though probably from no fault of the gevernor, unless it may have been through a too sanguine co-operation in the internal improvement system. Both at home and abroad the State was held up in an unpleasant man ner before the gaze of the world. " Indiana cannot pay the interest on her public debt! " was sounded in every State. But Indiana was not wanting in courage in this trying hour, as we shall see, nor was the energy of her people inadequate to the difficulties before them. CHAPTEE XXV. ADMINISTRATION OF GO-VERNOR WHITCOMB. GOVEENOE SAMUEL BIGGEE was succeeded by Hon. James Whitcomb, in December, 1843. The latter assumed the duties of executive of the State under the embar rassing circumstances which we have been considering in the previous chapter, but he found himself ably quaUfied for the responsible duties of his office. " Our State," said he, to the legislature, in 1843, * * * "is experiencing the distress and embarrassment consequent upon a system of over-banking, and its natural progeny, over-trading and deceptive specula tion. * * * The tendency of this state of things is to relax the hand of industry by creating false notions of wealth, and to tempt to sudden acquisitions by means as delusive in their results as they are contrary to a primary law of the Author of our being. •* * * Our position, soil and climate, as weU as the habits of our people, all point to that branch of labor which is devoted to agriculture as our chief reliance for lasting wealth and returning prosperity. This calling should rank 222 HISTORY OF INDIANA. with US the first in respectability, as it is unquestionably the first in importance." During the administration of Governor Whitcomb, the war -with Mexico was thrust upon the United States and prosecuted to a glorious triumph in the acquisition of immense tracts of lands in the south and west. Indiana contributed her fuU ratio to the troops that were sent into the field, and in a spirit of singular promptness and patriotism, adopted all necessary measures to sustain the general government. These new acquisitions of territory opened for discussion the question of slavery, in which Governor Whitcomb expressed himself opposed to any further extension of the " National sin." It is due to the memory of Governor Whitcomb to state that through the judicious operations of his government, the pubUc credit of the State was redeemed. Measures of compro mise between the State and its creditors were adopted by which, ultimately, the public works, although incomplete, were given in payment for the claims against the government. In this and other ways, the State was again placed upon respectable footing in the nation. Governor Whitcomb was succeeded by Hon. Joseph A. Wright, in December, 1849, having faithfuUy discharged the important duties devolving upon the office, until caUed, in December, 1848, to represent the State of Indiana in the Senate of the United States. Lieutenant-Governor Paris 0. Dunning was acting Govemor from December, 1848, to the same month in 1849. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WRIGHT. Governor Joseph A. Wright's administration was an event ful one. During its first year the State was called to mourn the decease of the' President, Zachary Taylor, but at home Indiana had much upon which to congratulate herself. The public improvements were going forward with a giant pro gress, mainly through the united efforts of private capital and ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WRIGHT. 223 energy. The products of the soil were abundant, and the market was ample. At the close of 1850, the Governor, in his inaugural address, spoke of the public works in these words: "We are progressing rapidly with works of public improvement. In the past season we have completed four hundred miles of plank road, which have cost from twelve to fifteen hundred dollars per mile. There are some twelve t^ ^ JOHN M. LOCKWOOD, ESQ. See page 31. hundred miles additional surveyed and in progress. We have two hundred and twelve miles of railroad in successful opera tion, of which one hundred and twenty-four were completed the past year. There are more than one thousand miles of railway surveyed and in a state of progress." In pursuance of a joint resolution of the legislature in 1850, a block of native marble was procured and forwarded to Wash ington, to be placed in the monument then in course of erec- 224 HISTORY OF INDIANA. tion at the National capital, in memory of the immortal George Washington. Although the assembly of Indiana did not authorize any sentiment to be placed on the block. Gov ernor Wright had the following words inscribed upon it: Indiana knows no. North, no South, nothing but the Union! This motto was placed upon the Washington monument in 1850, and a Uttle more than ten years after, the people of Indiana showed to the world how completely they entered into this sentiment by the sacrifice of blood and treasure in the cause of the Union. Governor Wright endorsed the compromise measures en acted by Congress on the slavery question in 1850; and in closing his message of this year he remarked : " Indiana takes her stand in the ranks not of Southern destimy, nor yet of Northern destiny. She plants herself on the basis of the constitution, and takes her stand in the ranks of American DESTINY." It was also during Governor Wright's fruitful administra tion that the State of Indiana started out fully upon the great mission of education. It was in 1852 that the township system was adopted, which has become a truly wonderful success — the boast of the State. The reader is referred to another part of this volume for a complete history of the superior educa tional advantages of Indiana. It was also during Governor Wright's administration that the second constitutional convention was held, and a new con- '.stitution adopted. A general banking law was adopted in 1851. This gave a new impetus to the commerce of the State, ind opened the way for a broader volume of general trade. This banking law, however, gave rise to many abuses. The ^currency was expanded, a delusive idea of wealth prevailed, and, as a consequence, much injurious speculation was ' indulged. In 1857 the charter of the State bank expired, and the large gains of the State in that institution were directed to the promotion of common school education. Governor Joseph A. Wright was succeeded by Hon. Ashbel P. Willard, in January, 1857. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR- WILLARD. 225 ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR WILLARD. An extra session of the legislature was convened by Gov emor Willard in November, 1858. The constitution of 1852 provided only for biennial sessions of the legislature, and as the legislature of 1857 made no provision for raising a revenue for 1868-9, the necessity for the special session is obvious. Governor Willard condenses a very complete history of the State bank in the following paragraph, which is taken from his message of 1859: "On the twenty-eighth of January, 1834, an act was approved estabUshing a State bank. Said act, by its terms, ceased to be a law on the first of January, 1857. Under this law the bank commenced and continued its operations as a corporation authorized to issue and circulate notes, discount paper, and transact all other ordinary banking business until the first of January, 1857. At that time its outstanding circulation was $4,208,725, with a debt due to the institution principally from citizens of this State of $6,095,368. Between the first of January, 1857, and 1859, the bank redeemed nearly its entire circulation, and provided amply for the redemption of that which has not been retumed. She has collected from most of her debtors the money which they owed. •»¦»•» The State was interested in the bank. She invested in its stock $1,390,000. The money to make the investment was procured by the issuing of five per cent, bonds, the last of which will be payable July first, 1866. * * * The report of the commissioners shows that its nominal profits are $2,780,604.36. By the law creating the Sinking Fund, that fund was appropriated, first, to pay the principal and interest upon the bonds; second, the expenses of the commis sioners; and lastly, the cause of common school education." On the third day of October, 1860, before his term of office had expired. Governor Willard died at St. Paul, Minn. His remains were brought back to the State by his widow, accom panied by the Governor of Minnesota, Hon. Henry M. Eice, one of the United States Senators, and several distinguished citizens of that State. From this date the duties of the exec- 15 226 HISTORY OF INDIANA. utive devolved upon the Lieutenant-Governor, Hon. A. A, Hammond. In the same year the State suffered a severe loss to science in the death of David Dale Owen, the State geologist. Acting Governor Hammond, in closing his message to the legislature in January, 1861, referred to the approaching civil war in a spirit of patriotism, manifesting a strong belief that it would not be averted. GO-VERNOR MORTON S ADMINISTRATION. Governor O. P. Morton's administration, which commences with his election as Lieutenant-Governor, owing to the resig nation of Governor Lane, brings us at once to a consideration of the war for the Union, in which he acted an honorable part. Almost immediately after his election to the important office, he issued hi^ proclamation calling the legistature into extra ordinary session. Oh this occasion he placed the position of the Southern States in a true light before the assembled repre sentatives of the State, closing his remarks in the following language! "We have passed from the field of argument to the solemn fact of war which exists by the act of the seceding States. The issue is forced upon us, and must be accepted. Every man must take his position upon the one side or upon the other. In time of war there is no ground upon which a third party can stand. It is the imperative duty of all men to rally to the support of the government, and to expend in its behalf, if need be, their fortunes and their blood. Upon the preservation of this government depends our prosperity and greatness as a nation; our liberty and happiness as indi viduals. We should approach the contest not as poUticians, nor as ambitious partizans, but as patriots, who cast ^.side every selfish consideration ' when danger threatens their country. The voice of party should be hushed, and the bitter ness that may have sprung out of political contests be at once forgiven and forgotten. Let us rise above these paltry con siderations and inaugurate the era when there shall be but GOVERNOR Morton's administration. 227 one party, and that for our country. The struggle is one in which we enter with the deepest reluctance. We are bound to the people of the seceding States by the dearest ties of blood and institutions. They are our brothers and our fellow countrymen. But if they regard not their tender relations, how can we? If they wage war upon us, and put themselves in the attitude of public enemies, they must assume aU the ^x' "sSi^' HON. WILLARD CARPENTER. See page 31. responsibilities incident to that position. But while I deplore deeply the character of the contest in which we are engaged, nevertheless we should meet it as men. * * * -ss- * In view of all the facts, it becomes the imperative duty of Indiana to make suitable preparations for the contest by providing ample supplies of men and money to insure the protection of the State and general government in the prosecution of the war to a speedy and successful termination. I therefore 228 . HISTORY OF INDLANA. recommend that one milUon of dollars be appropriated for the purchase of arms and the munitions of war, and for the organization of such portion of the militia as may be deemed necessary for the emergency; that a militia system be de-vised and enacted looking chiefly to volunteers which shall insure the greatest protection to the State and unity and efficiency of the force to be employed; that a law be enacted defining and punishing treason against the State ; that a law be enacted suspending the collection of debts against those who may be actually employed in the military service of the State or the United States; that suitable provision be made by the issue of bonds of the State or otherwise, for raising the money herein recommended to be appropriated." CHAPTEE XXVI. RECORD IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. . X\7ITH the beginning of the year 1861, the political his- * » tory of Indiana departs from the somewhat dull routine of the previous years,' and partakes of the military cast. It would be difficult now for one who was not living in the State at that time to fully realize the excitement that prevailed throughout the length and breadth of the State, when, in April, 1861, the intelligence that Fort Sumter was bombarded, was received. It has been truthfully said that no man Uving within the limits of America wiU ever forget that dispatch. The graphic compiler of the " Indiana Soldier " thus describes the profound impression which it produced in this State: "The whole earth itself seemed to reel under the blow, and no longer to afford a sure foothold. Through the long Satur day that followed, business was at a stand; business houses were closed, and men with clenched fists and high beating hearts stood on the street corners and at the doors of the tele- RECORD IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 229 graph office. That night, from the knobs of Ohio to the sand hills of Lake Michigan, from the Quaker to-wns in the eastern border to the prairie farms on the western line, the sfreets of Indiana were black with breathless multitudes stiU awaiting the tidings of the seventy loyal men in an unfurnished fort, bombarded by ten thousand raging rebels! When the banner appeared — the banner which vri thin ^the memory of the pres ent generation had only idly fiuttered in holiday breezes — a new meaning seemed to stream from its folds : hats were taken off, as in the presence of something sacred ; and shouts begin ning, it might be, brokenly and in tears, rose and swelled, and made walls and skies resound. At ten o'clock a' dispatch was announced: 'Sumter has fallen.' Young men, and men in middle life, looked at white faces and wet eyes of old and venerated citizens, who stood in the street waiting for tidings, and a great stillness fell upon all. They turned to separate and creep sUently to their homes. Another dispatch : ' Mr. Lincoln will issue a proclamation to-morrow, calling for seventy -five thousand volunteers.' Cheer upon cheer, roar upon roar, responded. The white-faced old men grew red; they stamped, pounded, wept, roared with the loudest, -wildest and maddest. Good, cold-blooded people, who had gone to oed, sprang up, threw open their windows, screamed to passers-by for information, and joined, too, in the national shout." The foUowing Sabbath was a memorable one in the history of Indiana. The country's cause was the theme at the churches; it was in the prayer, in the sermons, and in the songs. Every where, in every city, to-wn and "village of the State, the blessing of the God of nations was invoked upon the President of the United States, and upon the Union. The President's proclamation was immediately followed by Governor Morton's. Indiana was called upon for six thousand volunteers, as her portion of the seventy -five thousand. The response to the Governor's call can never be described. Before the proclamation had been fuUy read more than fifteen thousand brave men stood ready for war. The clerk left his desk, the woodman dropped his ax, the farmer left his fields, 230 HISTORY OF INDLANA. and the mechanic his bench. In every quarter there was a grand response, a patriotic answer to the Governor's call, and from that hour the complete loyalty, may we not say, the intense loyalty, of the State was manifested. But there were contributions of means as weU as of men. Winslow and Lanier, of New Tork, the latter formerly a citi zen of Indiana, offered Governor Morton twenty-five thousand dollars, William Morrison of Indianapolis, one thousand. But there is no room for enumeration. The cities, towns, and other corporations of the State, as well as individuals, gave freely, and unsoUcited. The legislature, which met in extra ordinary session on the twenty -fourth of April, was exceed ingly prompt and unpartisan in transacting the business which the breaking out of the war had thrust upon them. They voted, and placed at the Governor's control, five hundred thousand dollars for arms and ammunition, together with one hundred thousand doUars for military contingencies. They also voted one million doUars for enlisting, maintaining and subsisting troops, and providing munitions of war. Having the necessary means placed at his disposal. Gov ernor Morton commissioned Eobert Dale Owen, formerly member of Congress from the First District, agent to purchase arms and munitions of war fbr the State. In this responsible position Mr. Owen, by his great foresight and -wide experience not only saved the State large amounts of money in his pur chases, but procured for the regiments that represented the State in the army, a much better quality of rifles than many of the other States were enabled to obtain. Being thus provided with arms, ammunition was next wanted. But there was no delay in procuring this. Just two weeks after the news of the fall of Sumter, Captain H. Strum was detailed for the purpose of establishing, at IndianapoUs, a State arsenal. He at once commenced the erection of a suit able building, and the purchase, with State funds, of sufficient materials to manufacture, in large quantities, ammunition for field pieces and small arms. This arsenal afterwards became useful in not only supplying our own troops in the field, but many brigades from other States. At one time the hands RECORD IN THE WAR FOR THB UNION. 231 employed in the arsenal reached six hundred. It has become a permanent establishment. The funds for the preparation of this ammunition were all advanced by the State, and the ammunition was paid for, after deUvery, by the General Government. The auditing com mittee connected with the finances of the arsenal, in closing their report, speak in this wise in reference to the efficiency DR. ANDREW LEWIS. See page 31. of Captain Strum: " We cannot close this report without bearing testimony to the ability, integrity and economy with which Captain Strum has managed the affairs of the arsenal." The want of clothing and camp equipage for the troops as they were mustered into service, was almost as pressing and important as that of arms and ammunition. At first the State was obliged to eariy the burden of this singly, as it was not until August, 1861, that the Quartermaster-General, at the 232 HISTORY OF INDIANA. request of Governor Morton, appointed an Assistant United States Quartermaster for this State. In this capacity the State advanced for clothing, etc., in 1861, the sum of five hundred and forty-one thousand seven hundred and twenty doUars. For camp equipage the sum of sixty-five thousand eight hundred dollars was also expended in the same period. During most of the year 1861 the State was obliged to pro vide supplies for her troops in the field, and for this purpose ninety-four thousand one hundred and fifty -nine dollars were expended. There were many other avenues of expense in which the State disbursed large sums of money, to aid the- General Government, until the latter was thoroughly organ ized for war. Nine days after the President's proclamation was issued calUng for seventy -five thousand men, in this State companies enough to form nine regiments were raised. Indiana's first quota was only four thousand four hundred and fifty-eight, rank and file; but on the twenty -fifth of April, six regiments, containing more than five thousand men, were mustered into the service; "companies enough for three regiments more reluctantly returning home." On the sixteenth of May, 1861, Indiana was asked for four regiments more, making ten in all. It is a matter of pride to the people of Indiana that the Secretary of War, in ordering these troops, urged upon the State to send only fowr regvm&nts. It appears that the patriotism of the State needed restraint rather than stimulant. In advance of this call three regiments had been organized by the State. They were at once turned over to the United States, and a fourth added a few days after. " The urgency of the people," says Mr. Stevenson, " to join the army was such that, at the instance of the Governor, in advance of the July call for five hundred thousand troops, the Secretary of War allowed Indiana to send into the field, by order of June eleventh, 1861, six regiments; by order of June nineteenth, four regiments. Each of these contained one thousand and forty-six men. One regiment of cavalry (the twenty-eighth regiment, first Indiana cavalry) was included. Thus the excess beyond the call was ten thousand four hundred and sixty men. RECORD IN THB WAR FOR THE UNION. 233 From the same source we learn that the calls upon Indiana by the General Government for troops, in 1861, amounted to thirty-eight thousand eight hundred and thirty-two. Mr. Stevenson continues: " In reply, she sent, up to the sixth of January, 1862, forty-eight regiments of infantry, three regi ments of cavalry, and seventeen batteries, in aU fifty-three thousand and thirty -five men; being in excess of the call fourteen thousand two hundred and three men. In the months of July and August, 1862, the President called for six hun dred thousand additional men; and Indiana's quota was fixed at forty-two thousand and five hundred. By September twen tieth Indiana's quota, under ail these calls, had been filled by Volunteers, -with the exception of six thousand and sixty. A draft was ordered; but before it took effect, on October sixth, the number deficient had been reduced to three thousand and three, for which number draft was made. The drafted men were to serve nine months. Of these, however, aU but four companies volunteered to serve three years. * * * There is one epoch connected with the response to this last call, which merits especial notice. It is the promptitude, unexam pled, we believe, even among the wonders of the rebellion, with which regiments were poured into Kentucky on the occasion of the sudden and unexpected invasion of that State by Generals Morgan and Kirby Smith, when both Cincinnati and Louisville were seriously threatened. On the eighth of August General Buell telegraphed to Governor Morton that 'a formidable raid threatened Kentucky,' and urged that troops be at once sent to General Boyle. On the next day the Executive received an urgent appeal from the War Depart ment, to which he replied that the quota of twenty-one thou sand two hundred men, called for in July, would be raised in twenty days. Incredible of performance as the promise seemed, he kept his word." Although Indiana was compelled, in 1862, as we have seen, to make a draft of three thousand men, it should be borne in mind that this was made necessary, not on account of the backwardness of volunteering, but on account of a mistake of the War Department. At the time the draft was made the 234 msTORY OF Indiana. State had more than her quota in the field, and was subse quently credited with this surplus. In 1863, under the call in August, Indiana's quota amounted to twenty-six thousarid eight hundred and thirty-two men, which the State promptly furnished with volunteers, having, when the quota was full, sixteen hundred and sixty -nine men remaining. Under the second caU of this year, in September, Indiana was called upon for eighteen thousand nine hundred and ninety-seven men, which were also promptly furnished by volunteering. But we have no room in this volume to enumerate the evi dence of the patriotism of Indianians in the war of the rebel Uon. Here is a touching incident which we cannot fail to add, although it has been told a thousand times: In July, 1863, news reached Indianapolis that a rebel force, estimated to be six thousand strong, had crossed the Ohio, and was marching on Corydon. The Govemor immediately issued a call for the people to rise en masse and defend the State. What were the results? Within forty -eight hours from the time this call was issued, sixty-five thousand men had ten dered their services, and were on their way to the place of rendezvous, wlule ten thousand more were preparing and had to be notified to remain at home. It wiU hardly be necessary to repeat the story of the fate of the invading expedition. To prevent a continuance of these expeditions the militia was promptly organized. At the session of the legislature in 1863, we learn from Governor Morton's message, that up to that date the State had furnished, in aU, ninety-eight regiments of infantry and cav alry, and twenty-seven batteries of artillery; comprising ninety-five thousand eight hundred and sixty-seven officers and men. To this number should be added six thousand eight hundred and thirty-one recruits, who joined old regiments and batteries in the field, making a total of one hundred and two thousand six hundred and ninety-eight men. This number does not embrace all who were enrolled in the regiments of other States from Indiana. By an act of the legislature, approved May thirteenth, 1861, record IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 235 the Governor was authorized to issue bonds to the amount of two million dollars, bearing interest at the rate of six per cent., and Jesse J. Brown, James M. Eay and John H. O. Boyle were appointed a Board of Loan Commissioners to negotiate their sale. N. G. OLDS, ESQ. See page 31. This board effected the sale of the bonds on favorable terms to the State. By the sixth section of an act of Congress, approved August sixth, 1861, a direct annual tax of twenty miUions of dollars was levied upon the United States, and 236 rasTOEY OF Indiana. apportioned among the several States. The apportionment devolved the payment of nine hundred and four thousand eight hundred and seventy-five dollars on the State of Indiana. This large amount was paid, through the foresight of Govemor Morton, by an offset, consisting of the advances made by the State, in arming and equiping the men sent to the field by the State of Indiana. In his annual message, in 1863, Governor Morton said: " While we rejoice in the bravery displayed by all the armies of the United States, it is a subject of profound congratulation that the Indiana troops have behaved with uniform and dis tinguished gallantry in every action in which they have been engaged. They form a part of every army in the field, and have been among the foremost in deeds of daring, while their blood has hallowed every soil." Owing to the large number of men sent to the field from Indiana, it became evident that the famiUes of soldiers, during the winter of 1862-3, would suffer greatly for want of the necessaries of life, and Governor Morton issued an appeal to the people of the State, calling upon the wealthy to contribute of their means for the support of soldiers' families. A very generous response c^me from all parts of the State. This, together with legislative aid, warded off hunger and starva tion, and enabled all to pass the winter in comparative peace and plenty. In 1865, after the conclusion of the war. Governor Morton, in his message to the legislature, summed up the history of Indiana in the war, as foUows : " The part which Indiana has taken in the war for the suppression of -the rebellion, is a matter upon which the citizens of the State may justly pride themselves. In the number of troops furnished and in the amount of voluntary contributions rendered, Indiana, in pro portion to her population and wealth, stands equal to any of her sister States. It is also a subject of gratitude and th^-nk- fulness that, while the number of troops furnished by Indiana alone in this great contest would have done credit to a first- class nation, measured by the standard of previous wars, not a single regiment, battery or battalion from this State has RECORD IN THE WAR FOR THE UNION. 237 brought reproach upon the national flag, and no disaster of the war can be traced to any want of fidelity, courage or efficiency on the part of any Indiana officer. The endurance, heroism, intelligence and skill of the officers and soldiers sent forth by Indiana to do battle for the Union, have shed a lustre on our beloved State of which any people might justly be proud. Without claiming superiority over our loyal sister States, it is but justice to the brave men who have represented us on. almost every battle-field of the war, to say that their deeds have placed Indiana in the front rank of those heroic States which rushed to the rescue of the imperiled government of the nation. The total number of troops furnished by the State for all terms of service in the armies of the Union, exceeds two hundred thousand men, much the greater portion of them being for three years ; and in addition thereto not less than fifty thousand State militia have from time to time been called into active service to repel rebel raids and defend our southem border from invasion. * * * The war has estab Ushed upon imperishable foundations the great fundamental truth of the unity and indi-visibility of the nation. We are many States, but one people, having one individual sovereignty, one flag, and one common destiny. It has also estabUshed, to be confessed by all the world, the exalted character of the Amer ican soldier, his matchless valor, his self-sacriflcing patriotism, his capacity to endure fatigues and hardships, and his human ity, which, in the midst of carnage, has -wreathed his victorious achievements with a brighter glory. He has taught the world a lesson, before which it stands in amazement, how, when the storm of battle had passed, he could lay aside his arms, put off the habiliments of war, and return with cheerfulness to to the gentle pursuits of peace, and show how the bravest of soldiers could become the best of citizens." CHAPTEE XXVII. GO-VERNOR OF 1867. THE constitution of the two houses of the general assembly of Indiana, in 1867, stood thus : Eepublicans; senate 30, house 61 ; Democrats ; senate 20, ho\ise 39. Soon after the com mencement of the session, Govemor O. P. Morton sent in his resignation, in consequence of having been elected to the United States Senate. In reply to his resignation, a joint res olution passed both branches of the legislature, highly compli mentary to the character and abilities of Mr. Morton, and in January of that year, the chair of the Executive was filled by Lieutenant-Governor Conrad Baker, who was acting Governor during the remainder of Morton's term. One of the first important measures of this session was a joint resolution ratifying the amendment to the Federal Con stitution, proposed by Congress to the legislatures of the sev eral States, "which was intended to constitute all persons born in the country, or subject to its jurisdictions, citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside, with out regard to race or color; to reduce the congressional repre sentation in any State in which there should be a restriction of the exercise of the elective franchise, on account of race or color; to disfranchise persons therein named who shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the United States; and to declare that the validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, shall not be questioned." This joint resolution was carried to a committee, a majority of which reported favorable to its passage, and a report was also submitted by the minority, taking strong grounds against the (338) 240 mSIORY OF INDIANA. ratification of the proposed amendments; but the report of the majority was carried by a very decisive vote. An act was passed di-viding the State into eleven congress ional districts, and apportioning the representation thereto; but the most important measure of the whole session, with the possible exception of the first referred to, was the passage of an act providing for the registry of votes, the punishment of fraudulent practices at elections, and for the apportionment and' compensation of a board of registration. According to the measure, this board was to consist, in each township, of two freeholders appointed by the county commissioners, together with the township trustee of such township; in cities the freeholders were to be appointed in each ward by the city council. The members, by this act, are required to file with the auditor of the county, or with the city clerk, in cities, an oath to support the constitution, etc. Twenty days' residence in a to-wnship, city or ward, was required to qualify any person to vote therein. The penalty provided, by this measure, for offenses of false registration, or fraudulent personation of reg istered persons, is imprisonment in the State prison for a period not less than one year, for each and every offense. In all its phases the measure was very strict, and well calculated to secure honest elections. Its aim in this respect has been 3ffective. No State can present a cleaner political record, since this law was enacted (and even from the earUest history of the State,) than Indiana. The two concluding sections of the law are; Sec. 33. All ballots -which may be cast at any election hereafter held in this State, shall be written or printed on plain -white paper, -without any distinguishing marks or embellishments thereon, except the name of the candidates and the office for -which they are voted for ; and inspectors of election shall refuse all ballots offered of any other description, provided nothing herein shall disqualify the voter from -writing his own name on the back thereof. Sec. 34. That whereas frauds have been practiced upon the ballot-box — to prevent the same and to secure to the people of this State a fair expression of their wishes at all elections at the earliest practicable time — an emergency is hereby declared to exist, and this act is declared to be in force from and after its passage. During the same session a law was passed that created con- GOV. Morton's and baker's administrations. 241 siderable discussion. It provided for the protection and indemnity of all officers and soldiers of the United States and soldiers of the Indiana Legion, for acts done in the " military service of the United States, and in the military service of the State, and in enforcing the laws and preserving the peace of the country." We annex the leading features of this law : Sec. 3. That in all suits and actions, civil or criminal, against individu als, arising out of acts done by offlcers or soldiers of the United States, or of the militia of the State of Indiana, in the preservation of order and the suppression of the late rebellion, or in making any arrest, taking or entering upon any property, or in holding or detaining any person or property, it shall be a full defense to prove that the acts done or commit ted, and for which suit is brought, were done or committed under orders, either written or oral, from any military offlcer. Sec. 5. In all actions for libel or slander for imputing the crime pf treason to the plaintiff, during the late rebellion, it shall be a full defense to prove that the party complaining was a member of, or affiliated with, any society or organization, other than as a political party, in sympathy with the rebellion, and in any case where, for technical reasons, a full defense cannot be made according to the provision of this act, the measure of damages, in case of recovery, shall be flve dollars, and no more, with- out costs. It was at this session of the legislature that an act was passed making definite appropriations to the several benevo lent institutions of the State. Several measures were also adopted for the encouragement of education, and charities. First of these was for the estabUshment of the Soldiers' Home, the corner stone of which was laid on the fourth of July, 1867. The second was for the estabUshment of a State Nor mal School, located at Terre Haute, and, to-day, one of the finest institutions of the kind in the west. The erection of suitable, buildings for this school was undertaken early in 1867, and the corner stone was laid in August, with interest ing and appropriate ceremonies. The original building cost over one hundred and fU'ty thousand dollars. The legislature also graciously provided for the establishment of a House of Eefuge for the correction and reformation of juvenile offenders. According to the law, children under eighteen years of age may be sentenced, upon regular trial, to this Home, instead of being sent to the State prison or county jail. The institution 16 242 HISTORY OF INDIANA. was admirably established on the plan of an industrial school. ChUdren sent to the House of Eefuge by a regular court, are supported by the State, and the county from which they are sent, equally. When sent by the parent or guardian, such person or persons, if able, must defray the expense. This school, or prison, is located near Plainfield, in Hendricks county, and was ready for the reception of the wayward in January, 1868. After a successful session of sixty days, the legislature adjourned on the eleventh of March, 1867. During the ses sion the question of the agricultural college — now the " Pur due University," at La Fayette — was discussed, but not disposed of The financial condition of the State on the thir- •ty -first of October, 1867, the close of that fiscal year, is sho-wn by the following statistics, extracted from the Auditor's report for that year: RECEIPTS. General revenue tax $1,243,013 75 School tax 811,632 19 Sinking fund tax 915,033 39 Library tax 46,041 15 Total $3,015,720 48 EXPENDITURES. Ordinary '. $ 441,850 50 For benevolent institutions 632,186 86 Eedemption of stock, interest, etc 1,671,904 01 Military expenses 66,193 07 School fund, to counties 1,289,097 00 Balance on hand Nov. 1st, 1866 381,521 89 Eeceipts during the year 4,210,336 44 Total $4,591,858 33 In that year the total revenue of the common school fund amounted to $1,336,762, which was without a parallel in the United States. The principal of the fund is over ten million dollars, and can never be reduced "or reverted from its proper channel. CHAPTEE XXVIII. GO-VERNOR baker's ADMINISTRATION EVENTS OF 1868. POLITICALLY Indiana took the lead in the memorable campaign of 1868. Both parties held conventions early in the year, setting forth the principles on which they pro posed to conduct the canvass, before any other State became actively interested. The Democrats nominated Thomas A. Hendricks for Governor, Alfred P. Edgerton for Lieutenant- Governor, and E. C. Kise for Secretary of State. The resolu tions constituting the platform denounced the reconstruction policy of the Eepublicans, recommended the substitution of United States notes in lieu of the national bank currency, denied the right of the General Government to interfere with the question of suffrage in any of the States, and opposed negro suffrage, etc. The Eepublican convention nominated Conrad Baker for Governor, William Cumback for Lieutenant-Governor, and Max T. A. Hoffman for Secretary of State. The platform adopted endorsed the policy of the party in strong terms, defending the plan of reconstruction, and opposing a further contraction of the currency, etc. The canvass was very excited, and resulted in the election of Conrad Baker for Govemor, by a majority of nine hundred and sixty-one votes. The presidential election followed soon after, in which the State poUed 343,532 votes, of which 176,552 were for Grant, and 166,980 for Seymour, giving the Eepubli can Board of Electors a majority of 9,572. At the close of the fiscal year the State debt was $7,195,- 085.94. Over three and a quarter millions of this amount consisted of balances, of old debts, incurred for internal (343) 244 HISTORY OF INDIANA. improvements, of which we have spoken at length in previous chapters. These debts had been adjusted by what is known as the " Butler Bill," in 1846-7, at which time five per cent, cer tificates of stock were issued to the creditors of the State. Over three and a half millions of this debt, as reported in 1868, were represented by non-negotiable bonds, held by the State school fund, for money borrowed therefrom to redeem a portion of the certificates issued to help the State out of its financial difficulty in 1846-7. The balance of the State debt consisted of six per cent, bonds, issued in 1861, for war pur poses, and bonds held by the Vincennes University. In 1868, the State of Indiana was energetically engaged in prosecuting claims on the General Government on account of expenses incurred in the civil war, to the amount of about three millions and a half. The State appointed an agent to prosecute the claims, and during the year $1,958,917.94 were allowed. During the previous year the legislature had appointed commissioners to hear and consider claims against the State for losses sustained by the "Morgan raid." A report was sub mitted by the commissioners, in 1868, showing that $413,- 599.48 had been allowed to persons suffering loss of properly from the raid. It was during the year 1868 that Governor Baker, pursuant to the act of the legislature of the previous year, obtained a a site for the then proposed House of Eefuge. He purchased one hundred and twenty-one acres of land, near Plainfield, Hendricks county, and expended about forty thousand doUars in improvements thereon. As to other benevolent institu tions, " the Soldiers' and Seamen's Home, near Knightstown, originally established by private enterprise and benevolence, and adopted by the legislature in 1867," was in a good condi tion. Up to that date the institution had afforded relief and temporary subsistence to four hundred men who were disabled in the ci-vil war. A substantial brick building had been built for the Home, while the old buildings were used for an orphan's department, in which were gathered eighty-six children of deceased soldiers. GOVERNOR baker's ADMINISTRATION. 245 During this year, 1868, a feeling began to be prevalent in the State, that the processes of law in relation to criminal pro ceedings were neither prompt nor sure for the punishment of crime. It appeared to be easy, by means of affidavits, no matter how false, to obtain numerous continuances and changes See page 31. of venue, and in that way delaying, and injuring confidence in the administration of the penal laws. In consequence of this fact " Lynch Law " became of too frequent occurrence in the State. A remarkable case of this kind occurred in 1868, in the case of several robbers of express cars on railroads in 246 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Indiana. " A gang of these desperadoes had operated for many months in the southern counties, and on the twenty- second of May an extensive robbery was committed on the Jeffersonville road, upon a car belonging to the Adams Express Company. Though the perpetrators of the robbery were soon afterwards arrested, and kept for several weeks in custody in the city of Cincinnati, Ohio, on the twentieth of July they were put on board a train of cars to be taken to the county of Jackson, in this State, for trial. An armed body of so-called Vigilance Committee of Seymour county, laid in wait for the train, and stopped the cars by hoisting a red signal on the road. They then proceeded to seize the prisoners, and after extorting a confession from them, hanged them without the form of a trial."* Almost immediately foUowing this outrage, they published, and widely circulated, the following proclamation, which, together with the demonstrations of "Lynch Law" referred to, created no little excitement and comment in the State and Nation : • - ATTENTION, THIEVES I The attention of all thieves, robbers, assassins and vagrants, together with their aiders, abetters and sympathizers, is called to the doings of the Sejnnour -Vigilance Committee last night. We are determined to follow this up until all of the classes above named, whether imported or to the " manor born," are driven forever from our midst. Threats have been made of retaliation in case we should resort to capital punishment. In answer we say, " should one of our committee be harmed, or a dollar's worth of any honest man's property destroyed by persons unknown, we will awi-ng by the neck until they be dead, every thieving character we can lay our hands on, without inquiry whether we have the persons who com mitted that particular crime or not. This applies not only to Seymour, but along the line of the two roads, and wherever our organization exists. Law and order must prevail. By Order of The Committee. Seymour, Ind., July 31, 1868. In the following October four others of the railroad robbers were arrested in Canada, and taken to New Albany and there confined in prison, and on the night of the twelfth of Decem ber, the Seymour Vigilance Committee, to the number of * Annual Cyclopedia. GOVERNOR baker's ADMINISTRATION. 247 seventy -five men, all armed and disguised, entered that city, and forcibly took the keys of the jail from the sheriff, and proceeded to hang the ruffians in the corridors of the prison. CHAPTEE XXIX. ¦EVENTS OF 1869. EVEEY person in Indiana who has taken any interest in the recent political history of the State, will remember the " Fifteenth Amendment lock " in the legislature in 1869. The regular session commenced in January, and after listening to the Governor's somewhat lengthy message, the members proceeded to business, but accomplished very little. An attempt was made to alter the constitution of the State courts, but the Amendment question interfered, and the assembly adjourned prematurely, in March, without transacting any business of importance. During the short session serious complaints were made against the management of the State prisons, and nearly the whole of the two months' session was occupied in investigating the conduct of prison, and other officials. Party spirit was at a very high pitch, owing partly to the necessity of electing a United States senator to succeed Thomas A. Hendricks. The Democrats were strongly united on Mr. Hendricks, and the EepubUcans were somewhat di-vided between Will Cumback and James S. Frazer. The joint con vention of the two houses occupied nearly the whole of three days, and finaUy elected Daniel D. Pratt. The Fifteenth Amendment came before the legislature, and the Democrats, as well as a portion of the conservative Eepub licans, opposed its consideration strongly, on the ground that it would be unfair to vote on the question until the people of the State had had an opportunity of expressing their -views at 248 HISTORY OF INDIANA. the polls. The Eepublican members, however, resolved, in caucus, to force the ratification through the legislature, while, on the other hand, the Democratic members, in caucus, resolved to resign in a body, and all did so except those who were ordered by the caucus to remain and protect the interests of the party. Accordingly, on the fourth of March, seventeen senators and thirty-six representatives resigned, destroying a quorum in both houses, which stopped legislation. The rupture left the benevolent institutions of the State unprovided for, as no appropriation bills had been passed. The Governor at once issued writs for special elections of members of the legislature to fiU the vacancies made by this wholesale resignation, and on the twenty-second of March issued a proclamation convening the legislature in special ses sion, summoning the members to meet on the eighth of April. On the day appointed the members appeared, but the Demo crats, before submitting to the oath of office, compelled a majority of the Eepublican members to agree that the consid eration of the Fifteenth Amendment should not be taken up 'until after the legislation needed for the general welfare of the State had been disposed of. At this extra session the legislature passed an act introduc ing the study of the German language in the course of study in the public schools; also a measure establishing a female prison and reformatory institution for girls and women, at Indianapolis, to which all female convicts should be sent, instead of to the State prison. This legislation was among the good phases of the political year, as also that locating the Agricultural CoUege at La Fayette, in consideration of the gift of $100,000, cash, by Hon. John Purdue, of that place. This philanthropic gentleman has added $50,000 to the first sum given, and, we understand from his own lips, contemplates enlarging this very considerably. The institution has been, appropriately, given his name, and is now kno-wn as the Purdue University. It is in a flourishing condition, and promises to win new laurels for the State's educational repu tation. On the nineteenth of May, during the extra session of the 249 legislature, the Fifteenth Amendment was again introduced, but, as all the Democratic members, in anticipation of this, had presented their resignations to the Governor, it was claimed that there was not a quorum present. In the senate, however, there was a quorum, and although many of the niem- GEORGE W. WOOD, ESQ. See page 31. bers refused to vote, and declared that they were no longer senators, the president of that body decided that as he had not been informed of their resignation, by the Governor, they were still members. A vote was taken and the resolution was 250 HISTORY OF INDIANA. adopted. Soon after the joint resolution came up in the house, and although the Democratic members had resigned, leaving no quorum, the chair decided that there was a quorum of the de facto members present, and the resolution was put and the Amendment ratified. The decision of the chair was after- wa."ds substantially sustained by the Supreme Court. During the session the election laws were so modified as to riave elections held biennially instead of annuaUy, the first election under the new law to be held in October, 1874. The general progress in the State institutions of all kinds was marked with good results. The Hospital for the Insane - was enlarged in 1869, and so improved as to become one of the most complete institutions of the kind in the State. In 1869, the development of mineral resources in the State attracted considerable attention. Eich mines of iron and coal were discovered, as also fine quarries of building stone. The line of the Vincennes railroad passed through some of the richest portions of the mineral region — its quality of richness having been accurately determined by the engineers of the road. Some of the mineral resources of the State, as viewed in 1869, are noted as follows: "Near Brooklyn, about twenty. miles from Indianapolis, is a fine formation of sand-stone. It is being used extensively in buildings in Indianapolis, and is considered the best building stone in the State. The lime stone formation at Gosport, and continuing for twelve mUes from that point, is of great variety, and includes the finest building material in the world. Portions of it are susceptible only to the chisel ; other portions are soft, and can be worked with the ordinary tools. It is said to be the most durable building material in the worl(J. At the terminus of this lime stone formation a sandstone formation commences and extends a distance of seven miles, to a point about sixty miles from Indianapolis, when an extensive coal bed. is reached, consisting of seven distinct veins. The first is about two feet in thick ness, the next three feet, another four feet, and the others of various thicknesses. These beds are all easily worked, having a natural drain, and are already yielding heavy profits to enter prising companies. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BAKER. 251 We make this mention of the mineral resources of the State in connection with the events of 1869, partly because they were first brought to the notice of the public in that year, prominently, for the first time; but in another part of this work will be found a chapter devoted exclusively to this subject. On the first of October, at the trial of the machinery at the State fair, a steam boiler exploded, killing twenty persons and seriously wounding more than forty others. The accident was caused by a deficiency of water. In 1869 a woman's State suffrage convention was held, at Indianapolis, which was quite largely attended, and at which resolutions were adopted favoring more rights to women. The principal agricultural products of the State, according to the official report for the year 1869, were: Products. Bushels. Acres. Value. Indian Corn 73,000,000 3,146,551 $51,100,000 Wheat 20,600,000 1,430,555 19,158,000 Eye 575,000 37,096 437,000 Oats 12,413.000 420,779 5,461,720 Barley 411,000 17,947 423,330 Buckwheat 303,000. 24,240 251,490 Potatoes 4,750,000 44,811 2,090,000 Tobacco, lbs 7,000,000 9,575 672,000 Hay, tons 1,200,000 805,369 12,624,000 Total 5,936,923 $92,217,540 CHAPTEE XXX. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BAKER EVENTS OF 1870-1. THEEE was no session of the legislature in 1870, and no election of Governor, therefore the political campaign of that year was not a very important one. There was no impor- 252 HISTORY OF INDIANA. tant issue in the canvass except that of general retrenchment The subject of the Wabash and Erie canal was Ughtly touched in the Eepublican platform, and occasioned considerable dis cussion, and probably had some effect on the election of mem bers of the legislature. An attempt was made during the session of the legislature in 1869, to have the State reburden itself with the old canal debt, and the matter was considerably agitated in the canvass of 1870. The election resulted in an average majority for the Democracy of about two thousand eight hundred and sixty-four, in the State. It was in this year, 1870, that the divorce laws of the State began to attract considerable attention in the nation. They were pronounced injurious to society, and, in 1871, the Gov emor, in his message, recommended reform in this direction, which was pretty effectuaUy carried out. With the commencement of 1871 the condition of the State was in every respect prosperous, financially and commercially. At the beginning of the fiscal year, which closed on the thirty- first of October, 1871, there was a surplus of $373,249 in the treasury. The receipts of the year amounted to $3,605,639, and the disbursements to $2,943,600, leaving a balarice of $1,035,288. The total debt of the State in November, 1871, was $3,937,821. The session of the legislature which began on the fourth of January, 1871 , presented a singular contrast with that of the previous one. As we have seen, a large number of Democratic senators and representatives resigned to prevent the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Federal constitution. On this occasion we have an equal number of EepubUcan members resigning to prevent the repeal of that ratification. The res olution was adopted in the senate by a party vote of twenty-six to twenty, and in the house was referred to the committee on Federal relations; but before the committee had time to report the thirty-four Eepublican members of the house resigned, thereby preventing its passage, and putting a stop to further legislation. At this session of the legislature one seat in the senate was contested; that of John W. Burson, a Eepublican, chosen from ADinNISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BAKER. 253 the district made up of the counties of Delaware and Madison. He was charged with making use of bribery to secure his 254 HISTORY OF INDIANA. election. The case excited a great deal of remark, both in this and other States, and was thoroughly investigated by the com mittee on elections. A report was signed by a majority of the committee, just before the close of the session, which declared that Mr. Burson " did both offer and give bribes, and rewards to procure his election," and recommended the passage of a resolution refusing to grant him his seat, and that the same be declared vacant. The report was adopted by a strict party vote of twenty-four to twenty-one. The controversy regarding the purchase of the Wabash and Erie canal was taken up at the session in 1871, and after a long and bitter debate, was finally disposed of by the adoption of an amendment to the -constitution, making it impossible for the legislature to burden the State with any part of the old internal improvement debt, which had been disposed of by the " Butier biU." The right of suffrage to women was ably discussed by the legislature, and disposed of adversely to the interests of the women interested. Among the important laws passed was one fixing the compensation of State and county officers, and cut ting off all fees and allowances; one distributing six hundred thousand dollars to the several counties of the State, to be loaned out for the benefit of schools, and one reducing the State taxes. The latter was, however, pronounced unconsti tutional by the circuit court of Marion county, and an action was brought to restrain the Auditor, Secretary of State and Treasurer from making the distribution. The matter was taken to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court of the State rendered a very important decision in April, 1871, viz.: that the law authorizing counties to subscribe for stock in railroad companies, and tax the people to pay for it, was valid. It had been claimed that the legislature had no authority under the constitution to tax the people for the purpose of aiding in the construction of rail roads, but the Supreme Court decided adversely to this claim. During the year 1871 there was no general election in Indi ana, consequently poUtical matters were very dull; but with the commencement of 1872, politics began to revive. On the DMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BAKER. 255 twenty-second of February the Eepublican State convention was held at Indianapolis. The State ticket nominated was as follows: For Governor, General Thomas M. Browne; Lieu tenant-Governor, L. M. Sexton; Congressman-at-large, G. S. Orth; Secretary of State, W. W. Curry; Auditor of State, Colonel James A. Wildman; Treasurer of State, Major John D. Glover, etc. The Democratic convention was held at Indianapolis, on the twelfth of June, when the foUowing were nominated for State officers: For Governor, Thomas A. Hendricks; Lieutenant- Governor, W. C. Depauw; Congressman-at-large, John S. Williams, M. C. Kerr; Secretary of State, Owen W. Eddy; Auditor of State, John B. StoU, etc. There was also a State temperance ticket in the field. The election took place on the eighth of October, 1872. Thomas A. Hendricks was elected Governor, and M. B. Hopkins, Superintendent of PubUc Instruction, from the Democratic ticket. With these two important exceptions, the Eepublicans were successful. The State legislature for 1873 contained twenty-seven Eepublicans and twenty-three Democrats in the senate, and fifty-four Ee pubUcans and forty-six Democrats in the house, giving the Eepublicans a majority on joint ballot of twelve. A special session of the legislature was convened at the capital, on the fourteenth of November, 1872, at which con siderable business was transacted. O. P. Morton was re-elected to the Senate of the United States, and the State was re-dis tricted for both legislative and congressional representation. The measure re-districting the State gave great dissatisfaction to the Democratic members. Among other bills passed, was one raising the Governor's salary to eight thousand dollars a year. CHAPTEE XXXI. ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR HENDRICKS E-VBNTS OF 1873-4. THE regular session of the legislature began on the'first Wednesday of January, 1873, and soon after Governor Hendricks was inaugurated. In his address to the assembly he said: "The laws regulating our elections require your special attention. They do not restrain the corrupt, nor pro tect the votes of the people. Our elections must not become a reproach. Their result must express the wiU of the people. Our system must be made so efficient as to guarantee purity iu the conduct and management of the elections, and also to inspire and establish public confidence. When the people know that a political result has been fairly brought about, aU discontent disappears. They cheerfully acquiesce and yield entire obedience to the authority thereby established. I can not now attempt to suggest all the provisions that may be essential to the efficient system, but -without the foUo-wing probably no system -will prove efficient: 1st A fair and real representation, upon the board of election officers, of all polit ical parties having candidates to be voted for. 2nd. Voting places so numerous and the precincts so small, in respect to the voting population, that aU who offer to vote may be known by the people of the neighborhood, as weU as by the officers. 3rd. A reasonable period of residence in the election precinct as a qualification to vote, so that persons may not pretend a residence not real, in fraud of the law. 4th. The exclusion of money as an influence and power from elections. If, in the contest for power, money shall become stronger than the people, we -wiU have the worst government possible. It wiU be a reproach to us aU when wealth can buy what the loftiest talent and the purest virtue cannot attain." (356) ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR HENDRICKS. 257 The Governor also made some excellent suggestions on rep resentation reform in the same address. He said ; " In this connection I wish to call attention to the subject of represen tation refomi, which, during the last ten years, has been advo cated by some of the best minds, both in Europe and in this cims5ctip&w[-:s-i » H. A. PEED, ESQ. See page 31. country, and is now undergoing the test of experience. I desire to make this the more emphatic, because in this State it seems yet to be regarded as right and proper for the majority to deny to the minority even that representation which an 17 258 HISTORY OF INDIANA. apportionment based upon population and contiguity of counties would give. Eepresentative reform rests upon the proposition that minorities of constituencies should have a representation as nearly in proportion to members as may be practicable. All the citizens contribute to the burdens of government, and should yield obedience to the laws, and it is just, equal and fair that all should be represented." Among the important acts of the session were the following; One abolishing the courts of Common Pleas, and dividing the State into thirty-eight judicial districts for judicial purposes; one remodeling- the divorce laws; one amending the school laws, and one regulating the sale of liquors. The following are the only causes upon which divorces can be granted under the new law: 1st. Adultery. 2nd Impo tency, existing at time of marriage. 3rd. Abandonment for two years. 4th; Cruel and inhuman treatment of one party by the other. 5th. Habitual drunkenness of either party, or the failure of the husband to make reasonable provision for the family. 6th. The failure of the husband to make reason able provision for the family for a period of two years. Tth. The conviction, in any county, of either party, of an infamous crime. The new liquor law provides that it shall be unlawful for ' any person, under penalty from ten dollars to fifty dollars fine, or from ten to thir.ty days imprisonment, to sell, barter or give away intoxicating liquors, to be drank on the premises, with out a permit from the county commissioners, and even when the permit is so procured, the law is definite as fo how the traffic shall be regulated, and is very stringent. A case of -violation of this law was soon carried to the Supreme Court, to test its vaUdity, and it was sustained in all points. There was a very enthusiastic temperance convention held at Indianapolis, in April, 1873, at which a long list of stirring resolutions were adopted ; and, in one way and another, during the fall of that year and the early part of 1874, the temperance question was agitated with greater enthusiasm than it had been for years before. The " crusade " prevailed throughout Indiana, as well as in other States, but, unfortunately, at the EDUCATIONAL GENERAL FEATURES. 259 election, in 1874, the temperance projects were defeated, and it is probable that the present liquor law will be repealed, and a regular license system a'dopted. This idea was embodied in the Democratic platform, and having been successful, the Democracy -will probably inaugurate the license system again. The total receipts during the fiscal year of 1873 were $4,300,653.02. The disbursements for the year amounted to $4,115,457.55, and there was a balance on hand at the close of tiie year of $185,175.47. The second annual meeting of the Congress of Agriculture was held at Indianapolis, on the twenty -eighth of May, 1873; about two hundred delegates were present, representing twenty -five States. The proceedings of this body were very' interesting to the public and beneficial to the cause of hus bandry. The committee on transportation submitted a very lengthy report, which called forth considerable remark. We should also mention that at the present time there is a legislative measure on foot to erect a magnificent new State capitol, and it is quite probable that the legislature of 1875 will take active steps in the matter. Plans are already on exhibi tion by leading architects, and there is every reason to believe that the work of erecting a new State capitol -will be com menced immediately. At the election in October, 1874, the Democrats carried the State by a fair majority, and now have a small majority on a joint baUot in the legislature of 1875. The term of the pres ent Governor, Thomas A. Hendricks, -will not expire until January, 1877. CHAPTEE XXXII.L , EDUCA'nONAL GENERAL FEATURES. THE schools and school laws of Indiana existing previous to 1853 are sufficiently noticed in the local history of each county in another part of this volume. It will be expedient 260 HISTORY OF INDIANA. in this place to treat only of the law to provide for a uniform system of common schools, adopted in 1852 ; its several amendments and the beneficient results that have been attained through its successful operation. These are, justly, the pride and boast of the people. Although this law was passed in 1852, it did not ^ become practically operative until the first Monday of April, 1853, when the to-wnship trustees for school purposes were elected in the several townships of the State. This law committed to the to-wnship trustees the charge of all the educational affairs of the to-wnship. It gave them the control and disbursement 'of aU the school funds; it left with them to determine the number and location of all the school-houses necessary for the accommodation of the children of the township; it left to them the making of all contracts for building, repairing and furnishing school-houses; the purchasing of fuel; the employ ment of teachers, and, lastly, they were to determine the time of commencing and the period of the continuance of the schools. Immediately upon the passage of the law, it met with con siderable opposition in all parts of the State. It was claimed that it would not be possible to select men in all the to-wn- ships of the State capable of discharging properly the various duties required of township trustees; and, that in many in stances, the summary and discretionary powers -with which they were to be clothed, would be injudiciously exercised. This opposition, however, resulted only in the complete suc cess of the law, for through it the people of the State were awakened to the great importance of electing the ablest and best men to the office — a commendable practice to which they StiU earnestly adhere. With hardly a single exception during the past twenty years, they have placed in these positions of usefulness and power of their township their most inteUigent and efficient men. Hardly a single year elapsed when the friends of the new system saw that there was no cause longer to fear for its success through the want of capacity or of interest on the part of the trustees. The trustees, on entering on the duties of their office, were KPUCATIONAL — GENERAL F.EATURES. 261 m nearly all cases, greatly embarrassed by the general want of correct information among the people concerning this new system of public instruction. The law, in aU points, was radically new, providing for a system wholly different from any to which the people had ever been accustomed. Few of the trustees, and still fewer of the people, had ever read, much less studied the law, hence they were unable to operate prop erly under it. To remove these difficulties a pamphlet of upwards of sixty pages, embracing the law, with its amend ments and copious notes, explanations, instructions and forms of proceedings, was issued from the office of the Superintend ent of Public Instruction. A large edition was printed and distributed to the several to-wnships of the State, so that any person, by simply caUing on any of the county officials, would receive a copy without charge. By this means all soon became acquainted with the whole system. The first duty of the Board of Trustees was to estabUsh and conveniently locate a sufficient number of schools for the education of all the children of their township. In referring to this matter in his annual report of 1853, Hon. W. C. Lar rabee, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, made these remarks: "But the school-houses, where are they? and what are they? In some townships there is not a single school- house of any kind to be found. In other to-wnships there are a few old, leaky, dilapidated log cabins, wholly unfit for use even in summer, and in winter worse than nothing. * * * Before the people can be tolerably accommodated -with schools there must be erected in this State at least three thousand five hundred school houses." Previous to the enactment of the township system, school houses were erected by single districts, but under this law districts were abolished, district lines obliterated, and houses pre-viously built by districts became, the property of the to-wn ship, and aU new houses were to be built at the expense of the to-wnship, by an appropriation of township funds, by the trustees. By a general law, enacted in conformity to the constitution of 1852, each and every township in the State was made a 262 HISTORY OF INDIANA. municipal corporation, with such powers and liabilities aa, by common usage, belong to such corporations. Every voter in the to-wnship was made a member of the corporation. The business of the corporation was managed directly by the whole body of the voters, in regular or special township meetings, or by persons chosen by the people, as directors of the corpora tion, called township trustees. Among the inherent and necessary powers of such corporations, stood first and most important, that of raising, by taxation on the property and polls of the township, an amount of funds sufficient to defray all the legitimate expenses of the corporation. The most important interest of the township was that of educating the children — common schools. Under the new township system, as guaranteed by the constitution of 1852, the authority to levy taxes, to build school houses and to carry on all parts of the system of public instruction, might have been constitutionally exercised either by the majority of the members of the corporation, that is, by the voters of the township, or by officers elected by the voters, but no power was given to the to-wnship trustees to levy this tax without the consent of the voters of the to-wnship. This phase of the law, authorizing the vote of the township on a special tax was questioned, and gave rise, at first, to some impediment to the success of the system. Tax-payers who were opposed to the special township tax, refused to pay the assessment, thereby not only retarding the progress of schools, but causing an unusual deUnquency in the collection of taxes for general purposes. Contracts for building school houses were thro-wn np, houses half finished were abandoned, and aU operations were sus pended in several townships. In some townships a rumor was circulated by the enemies of the law, that the entire school law, from beginning to end, had been declared by the Supreme Court unconstitutional and void. Believing this, the township trustees actually dismissed all their schools, and even considered themselves summarily deposed from office. In reference to this state of things, Hon. W. C. Larrabee, Superintendent of Public Instruction, spoke as follows in his report to the Governor, in 1853: "As soon EDUCATIONAL — GENERAL FEATURES. 263 as information of these facts was received at this office, efforts were made, by private correspondence and by circulars, to correct public opinion and to arrest the downward tendency of the whole system. It is hoped that the real facts are now B. C. HOBBS, ESQ. See page 31. known and appreciated, and before any more serious evil shaU arise, we hope for a decision to settle the whole question." While the voting of special taxes was doubted on a consti tutional point, it became apparent that it was weak m a prac ticable point. The existence of this provision >n the law 264 HISTORY OF INDIANA. greatly retarded the organization and impaired the efficiency of the schools. In many townships the trustees, on exploring their territory, found few or no school houses fit to be occu pied. They proposed a township tax for the erection of houses, but thfe proposition was voted down. They renewed the proposition at subsequent meetings, but it was again and again voted down. Under these circumstances, the first year of the existence of the township system was not a very suc cessful one. Another impediment to popular education, in 1853-4, was the great deficiency in number and qualifications of teachers. In some to-wnships teachers of no grade could be obtained in sufficient numbers to supply the schools. But few of the persons offering themselves for examination could pass accord ing to law. The scarcity of well qualified teachers was well understood by those who framed the School Law of 1852. By that law the Superintendent was required to appoint deputies in each i county to examine all applicants for license to teach, and to license them, if found qualified, for one or two years. The , law, however, erected no specific standard of qualification. It left to the examiner the right of determining, at his discretion, the amount and variety of knowledge the applicant should exhibit in order to entitle him to a license. The examiner in each case took into consideration any peculiar circumstances that might exist in the county or township in which the teacher was to be employed. In some counties and in some to-wnships, where schools were few and teachers scarce, and the children few, young and backward, it was found expedient to employ persons to teach who were by no means qualified to take charge of schools in advanced towns. But in this respect the School Law was changed in 1853. The authority to appoint examiners, by the amendment, was transferred from the Superintendent to the County Commis sioners, and a standard of qualification was erected. The committee on education who prepared the amendatory law, while erecting a standard of qualification for teachers, at which all persons proposing to teach should aim, at the same time EDUCATIONAL GENERAL FEATURES. 265 made provision to meet the emergencies existing at that time, and authorized a temporary license, at the discretion of the examiners, to persons who might not be able to pass a rigid examination in all the branches constituting the standard. The common school fund available in 1854, consisted of the Congressional Township fund, the surplus Eevenue fund, the SaUne fund, the Bank tax fund, and miscellaneous funds, amounting in all to two million four hundred and sixty thousand six hundred dollars. This amount was subse quently increased to a very great extent from many sources. The common school fund was intrusted to the several counties of the State, which were held responsible for the preservation thereof, and for the payment of the annual interest thereon. The fund was managed by the Auditors and Treasurers of the several counties, for which these officers were allowed one- tenth the income. It was loaned out to citizens of the county, in sums not exceeding three hundred doUars, on real estate security. Under this phase of the school law the common school fund was consoUdated and the proceeds equally distributed each year to all the townships, cities and towns of the State, in proportion to the number of children therein. This part of the law met with great opposition in 1854. In reference to the township libraries, which were organized in 1855, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, in 1854, says : " Much time and labor, and thought, have been devoted to the selection of books to form the libraries. * * * "We have made copious selections of historical works, deeming the reading of such books both interesting and useful." Caleb MiUs entered upon his term of office as Superinten dent of Public Instruction at the close of the year 1854. In his report, presented to the legislature in January, 1855, he says: " It is distressing to know that many localities can have no schools, because instructors cannot be obtained; and it is but little mitigation of our grief to be assured by county examiners, that more than half the Ucense could not be legally authorized to teach if a rigid construction of the stat ute on this point should be pressed." The Superintendent, in 266 HISTORY OF INDIANA. this report, called loudly for some means by which teachers could be qualified for the important duties of conducting the schools. In regard to the township libraries, which had previously been established under the new law, Mr. Mills remarked: " There is a peculiar felicity in this provision of the system inasmuch as it will prove, in no slight degree, especially in the rural portions of the commonwealth, an important substi tute for the living teacher, and answer the purpose of a school of uninterrupted session. These volumes -will be like gushing fountains to minds thirsting for knowledge. They will furnish to our youth, and adults of every age and pursuit, intellectual nutriment and mental stimulus. The' wearied apprentice, the tired ploughboy, the exhausted clerk, and the secluded domes tic, will find in them encouragement and solace under aU their toils, privations and discouragements." And again, in the same report, in relation to school buildings, he says: " Among the pleasing signs of progress in educational mat ters, may be named the tasteful and commodious school struc tures that have been erected, or are now in the process of erection in various parts of the commonwealth. They have risen in all their beauty and symmetry of proportion, not only in the towns, but they have gone up in some of the rural por tions of the State. During Mr. Mills' term the pubUc schools were blessed with singular progress; attempts were made to establish graded schools, but these met with much legal opposition, but were, as we shall see, eventually successful. The State Teach ers' Association was organized -with promises of success, and the number and efficiency of teachers were on the increase. W. C. Larrabee succeeded Mr. Mills as Superintendent, and during his term the school law was subjected to severe legal criticism, but some general progress was made. He was suc ceeded by Samuel L. Eugg, who, in his report to the legisla ture of 1860, informs us that there were, at that time, 7,233 school districts within the State; 6,475 primary schools and 73 high schools. The average number of pupils to each school was forty-one. During the same year there were 6,766 teach- EDUCATIONAL GBNEEAL FEATURES. 267 ers employed in the primary schools, of which number 5,294 were males and 1,359 females; sixty-t^o male and fifty-one female teachers were employed in the high schools. The average compensation of male teachers was one dollar and thirteen cents per day, and of female teachers eighty-six cents per day. SCHOOL STATISTICS OP 1^60. Whole No. of children between 5 and 21 years of age, 512,478 Increase since previous enumeration 17,449 Males 268,394 Females •. 244,074 Number of school districts in the State •. 7,309 Increase within the year 463 No. primary schools taught within the year 6,938 Increase -within the year 463 No. of high schools 78 Increase within the year 5 No. pupils attending primary schools within the year, 297,882 Increase within the year 71,509 No. attending high schools 5,991 Increase within the year 849 Average attendance at each primary school 31 Average attendance at each high school 102 Male teachers employed in primary schools 5,614 Increase within the year 320 Female teachers employed in primary schools 1,611 Increase within the year 252 Male teachers employed in high school 77 Increase within the year 15 Female teachers employed in high school 55 Increase within the year 4 School houses erected within the year 750 Increase over the previous year 84 Value of school houses erected within the year $324,276 No. of volumes in township libraries '. 221,523 No. of select schools 694 No. of pupils attending select schools 11,805 268 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Mr. Barnabas C. Hobbs, Superintendent of PubUc Instruc tion, in his report in 1868, said: " The General Assembly, in 1865, incorporated into our school law a pro-rision requiring that ' The Bible shaU not be excluded from the public schools of the State.' They spoke nobly for their heads and hearts. A sovereign State has given its insignia for the Divine Law. It marks the progress of Christian civilization, and indicates that toleration and mutual confidence have taken the place of jealousy and suspicion. It shows that the teachers of the common schools of our State have reached that standard which indicates large and liberal views; that they, are guarded by prudence, and guided by that Christian patriotism which seeks to inculcate those cardinal and catholic principles which teach obedience to God and duty to man. The Bible is the universal law-book of the world, and was given by inspiration of God, with the injunction that it should be taught diligently to the children.^'' And, in 1870, the same gentleman truthfully said: "Our State has a great future before it. -* * * Industry and thrift are rapidly advancing the happiness and material wealth of the State. But for lasting success the interest of the capitalist and laborer must be blended. The laborer is contented only when he sees a pleasing future for his children. The free schools of the State afford this guarantee. They are alike the friends to both capital and labor." CHAPTEE XXXIII. EDUCATIONAL PRESENT ' FACILITIES. XN the previous chapter we have traced the common school -L system of Indiana from its first organization down to 1870. By the statistics and suggestions contained in that chapter it may be seen that the system has been a complete success. It shall be the pleasure of the reader of this chapter EDUCATIONAL — GENERAL FEATURES. 269 to contemplate the present advanced condition ot the schools and colleges of the State. In speaking of the history of the common schools of Indiana, the late lamented Milton B. Hop kins, then Superintendent of Public Instruction, in his report of 1872, said: "The fountain of knowledge and learning has JOHN BROWNFIELD, ESQ. See page 31, been unsealed aUke for all. The children of the poor and the opulent have sat do-wn together at this fountain. The contest in reference to the fundamental principles that lie at the basis of the system has ceased. The enemies of free schools have 270 HISTORY OF INDIANA. either been converted or have sunk away in sullen silence. The friends of this precious cause can now afford to seize upon a moment's leisure, and review as a matter of history, the origin, conflicts, struggles, reverses and triumphs of the great cause of popular schools." He continued : ¦* ORIGIN OF FREE SCHOOLS. " In the year 1526 Martin Luther propounded to the Elector of Saxony the foUowing proposition: 'Government as the natural guardian of all the young has the right to compel the people to support schools.' This proposition he argued thus: ' What is necessary to the well-being of a State, (and he might have added to its existence,) should be supported by those -who enjoy the pri-vileges of the State. Now nothing is more necessary than the training of those who are to eome after us and bear rule.' Luther's proposition struck the mind of the Elector with all the force of an axiom, and just one year thereafter he invited the great reformer to draw up a plan for free schools, adapted to the exigencies of little Saxony. This Luther did, and in the year 1527 he produced with his o-wn hand what is known as the Saxon Free School System. " This inaugurated the era of public free schools supported by the State. Hitherto the work of education had been car ried on exclusively by the church and educational corporations. These educated the few, but left the many untouched. The result was the few did the thinking; the many the serving. Luther's plan opened the door alike to all. The contest thus begun in Germany continued there for several centuries with varied fortune. After Luther's death other friends of popular schools bore the ark of the sacred cause on theii' shoulders. One by one the German States adopted, in substance. Saxony's system. The light of their example shot across the sea and fell upon Scotland, and the eloquent John Knox was heard in successful advocacy of popular schools in his own country. " It is the part of candor, however, to confess that there was * As the State has lost an efflcient laborer in the cause of education in the death of Mr. Hopkins, we make a liberal extract from his able report of 1873, which our readers will not fail to appreciate. EDUCATIONAL PRESENT KACILTHES. 271 one unfortunate feature connected -with these systems. An unholy aUiance had been formed between the State and the church; and while the State was asked to provide the revenue for the education of all the children, the church dropped upon her knees and asked permission to execute the system. The privilege was granted, and hence the schools of those times partook largely of the ecclesiastical. The pure waters of science and literature were muddied with the sediment of a dogmatic and speculative theology. The prevailing desire was to make, not the intelligent thinking man or woman, but a blind devotee to the church. For the true model of a free school we have to look to this side of the Atlantic. Here the contest Ues between Massachusetts and Hartford, in Connecti cut. As early as in 1647 Massachusetts made it obligatory upon the inhabitants of every township of fifty householders to provide for the education of aU ; but the town of Hartford, six years before, in 1641, had established a town school, sup ported from the public treasury of the city. The crown of this honor, therefore, must be placed upon the head of the city of Hartford. Other New England States early fell into line, and by the time we reach the Eevolutionary era free public schools are fixtures in all those States. Luther's proposition that it is the right of government as the natural guardian of the young to compel the people to support schools by taxation, had been a steady arid growing principle -with these colonies from their earliest settlement. To this same principle and to that same Eevolutionary period we must look for the origin of the free schools in Indiana. " In the year 1780, Congress, realizing what must be the barren condition of the national treasury at the close of the war, commenced prospecting for some fruitful source of reve nue. And to whom could the people's representative look but to the States themselves. They possessed no divine wand by the touch of which all turns to gold. Virginia, standing in the front of the battle, her patriotic bosom bare to the leaden storm ; her giant arm uplifted to give a powerful blow for inde pendence, was the owner of large possessions lying north of the Ohio, east of the Mississippi, and stretching north to 272 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Lake Superior, a territory out of which have since been carved five great States, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wis consin, containing an area of 239,522 square miles, 153,294,080 acres of land, and capable of supporting a population of fitfty milUons of souls. " Congress ventured to hint to Virginia that a present of these lands for the benefit of the entire family of States would be very acceptable. A hint was all the patriotic heart of Vir ginia then needed, and on the first day of March, 1784, through her delegates in Congress, Thomas Jefferson, Samuel Hardy, Arthur Lee and James Monroe, she made the solemn, patri otic and valuable conveyance. " Does history afford another instance of patriotism like this, a civil State ceding away, in fee simple, so vast an area of the richest country on earth, without one dollar in compen sation ? Virginia may have committed errors since, but when I remember that from her the people of Indiana have their homes and firesides, I feel like spreading the cloak of universal amnesty upon my shouldeis, walking backward, and covering up those errors. " Next, the surveyor, with chain and compass, passed over this beautiful land, and marked it off into squares of six miles each, called congressional townships, . and these again were di-vided into smaller squares of one mile each, called sections, making thirty-six sections in each township. These were numbered, commencing with the section in the north-east cor ner, counting westward and eastward, as a boy plows rows of corn, the sixteenth falling near the centre. In 1787 a terri torial government was established over this country, and in the third article of the ordinance of 1787, the Congress declared that ' religion, morality and knowledge being essen tial to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education shall forever be encouraged.' This was the grain of mustard seed planted by patriotic hands, which has grown into our great educational tree. " On the nineteenth of April, 1816, Congress invited Indi ana to meet in convention, adopt a constitution, and take her position among the family of republican States, tendering for EDUCATIONAL PRESENT FACILITIES. 273 her free acceptance or rejection the foUo-wing proposition: ' That the section numbered sixteen, in every to-wnship, and, when such section has been sold, granted, or disposed of, other lands, equivalent thereto, and most contiguous to the same, shall be granted to the inhabitants of such township for the use of schools.' Indiana 'chose the good part that shall never be taken from her,' and thus fell heir to about five hun dred and seventy-six thousand acres of land. This became the corner stone of our system of free public schools." Let us now tum our attention to the present condition of the glorious system of popular schools in Indiana. First, then, as to the means of support. And just here we strike the great key note that makes the heart of every Indianian bound -with patriotism. Indiana has a larger school fund, by two MILLIONS OF DOLLARS, THAN ANY OTHER StATB IN THE UnION. The following was, in 1872, the Indiana COMMON SCHOOL FUND: Non-negotiable bonds $3,591,316 15 Common school fund 1,666,824 50 Sinking fund, at 8 per cent 569,139 94 Congressional to-wnship fund 2,281,076 69 Value of unsold congressional to-wnship lands. . 94,245 00 SaUne fund 6,727 66 Bank tax fund 1,744 94 Escheated estates 17,866 55 Sinking fund, last distribution 67,067 72 Sinking fund, undistributed 100,165 92 Swamp land fund 42,418 40 Total $8,437,593 47 These items are all embedded in the constitution, and form the principal of the common school fund, a perpetual fund which may be increased but never diminished. Let us com pare this fund with the school fund of tie other leading States in the Union: Indiana, $8,437,593 47 Arkansas 2,000,000 00 18 274 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Connecticut 2,809,770 70 Florida 216,335 80 Illinois ¦ ¦ 6,348,538 32 Iowa 4,274,581 93 Kansas '¦ 750,000 00 Kentucky 1,400,270 01 Maine 289,991 58 Massachusetts 2,210,864 09 Michigan : 2,500,214 91 Minnesota 2,471,199 31 Missouri '. 2,525,252 52 Nevada 29,263 80 New Hampshire 336,745 45 New Jersey 556,483 50 New York 2,880,017 01 North CaroUna 968,242 43 Ohio 6,614,816 60 Ehode Island 412,685 00 West Virginia 216,76106 Wisconsin 2,237,414 37 We may add to this that the common school fund of Indi ana is still increasing. The next grand feature of the educational facilities of Indi ana is her numerous and commodious school houses. The school house is the unerring sign of ci-vilization; there is no better exponent of the educational progress of a people than the number and kind of their school houses. Two provisions have been made by the legislature of Indiana for the erection of these. The first authorizes the school trustees of the townships, incorporated to-wns and cities, to levy a special tax in their respective corporations, not exceed ing twenty-five cents on each one hundred dollars' worth of taxable property, and fifty cents on each poll in any one year; the second authorizes the trustees of incorpoi;ated towns, and the city councils of incorporated cities to issue bonds to the extent of thirty thousand dollars. Under the operations of these two provisions of the law, school houses have sprung up in all parts of the State. EDUCATIONAL PRESENT FACILITIES. 275 Wherever the traveler passes through the rural districts, the neat frame or substantial brick greets him with a smile of cheerfulness, and as he enters the towns and cities of the State they arise before him in commanding proportions. Among the cities a commendable spirit of rivalry is at work. The following statement wiU show the progress in the number and cost of the school houses for each of the last nine years pre ceding 1875: Year. Stone. Brick. Frame. Log. Total. Total valuation. 1865 65 440 5770 1128 7403 $3,827,173 00 1866 78 506 6145 1096 8231 4,515,734 00 1867 71 554 6672 1063 8360 5,078,356 00 1868 74 592 6906 831 8403 5,828,501 00 1869 76 655 7207 723 8661 6,577,258 33 1870 83 725 7436 583 8827 7,282,639 30 1871 125 834 7517 513 8989 7,381,839 73 1872 88 877 7586 547 9080 9,199,480 15 1873 1874 12,000,000 00 The more recent amendments of the school law pro-vides for County Superintendents, and for a high standard of qualifica tion of teachers. Ha-ving observed some of the general features of the educa tional facilities of Indiana, we would naturally turn to notice the universities, colleges, normal and high schools, and other special educational agencies. A full history and description of these being included in the history of the town or city in which they are located, and presented in another part of this volume, renders superfluous any mention of them in this con nection. Eeaders are referred to the contents and indexes to find special features desired. The following table, however, will show the number and class of special educational institu tions that are noticed at length elsewhere: EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS. % § s on SOHOOI-B. ClaeseB and Kinds. All Classes Public Normal .- - - High Grammar, and Graded Common ¦Ungraded, Common. Classical, Professional and Technical Universities — ^ Colleges Academies - Law Schools- Medical Colleges - --- Theological Colleges - Commercial Colleges - School for the Blind -- For the Deaf and Dumb Of Art and Music .-- Day and Boarding Schools _ Parochial and Charity Schools Number. Tbaohbrs. Malo. 9,073 6,678 8,871 6,402 1 3 69 106 ,S71 171 8,430 6,122 50 184 6 66 16 115 16 26 1 2 1 5 2 3 7 15 1 3 1 8 A 4 124 58 28 34 Female 4,9744,640 3 123 558 3,956 141 7 28 99 4 5 5 143 50 Pnpn.a. 237,664 228,189 49 5,228 17,578 205,334 4,936 1,428 2,431 1,305 51 48 43 782 43 143 34 2,803 1,737 Female. 226,813217,887 541 4,845 I 18,751 I 194,237 J 3,401 239671 2,275 3357 129 218 3,4942,031 Income— Endino Jmra 1, 1870. From En dowment. $50,620 o * Income included in date of Universities. 50,62033,80048,530 1,000 From Tax ation and PublicFunds. $2,126,502 2,002,0522,002,052 118,250 17,70017,700 8,050 32,500 60,000 6,200 From other sources,includingtuition $322,389 61,547 61,547 197,641 17,05096,030 64,940 * 2,500 * 24,831 8,720 47,427 15,774 [|[|IINIIIIIIIIIIIIIHI1IIINIII!I' 278 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. Connected with the educational institutions of the State are the Ubraries, prominent among which are the "township libraries," or common school libraries. In our table which follows, giving the statistics of libraries in the State, we have classed the " township libraries," as school Ubraries. These were established under the school law of 1852. By this law each township in the State — nearly one thousand — was sup plied with a very complete library. The selection of books for each of these libraries contemplates the literary wants of all classes, youth and adult, and is intended to gratify the tastes of every calling and pursuit of life. The merchant and the farmer, the raechanic and the physician, the la-wyer and the preacher, all find something to amuse, entertain and instruct in these collections. These libraries furnish rich materials for the discipline of the mental and the culture of the moral powers. They are well calculated to refine the taste, chasten yet gratify the imagination, inculcate virtue, rebiike vice, foster temperance, strengthen patriotism, encour age enterprise, confirm and establish whatever is lovely and of good report in character and praiseworthy in action. Is it any wonder that, with these splendid libraries, added to the other superior educational facilities of the State the people of Indiana have already attained a high standard of Uterary, moral and religious culture: STATISTICS OF LIBEAEIES FEOM 1850 TO 1870. 1870. 1 1860. 1850. Kinds and classes. ilo. .Volumes. No. Volumes. No. Vols. All classes, public and private Libraries, other than private. State libraries 5,3012,333 1 7092 1,0061,075 87 ' 20 2,998 1,125,553 647,894 16,147 47,164 10,308 323,391 204,629 24,856 8,294 497,659 1,128 341 1 467,062 198,490 12,000 151 58 68,403 46,238 Town, city, etc _. Court and la-w School, college, etc 534 247 1 202,916 65,456 200 7 85 1 10,500 Sabbath school 11,265 Church 400 Circulating Private — EDUCATIONAL — PBESENT FACILITIES. 279 EELIGIOUB. "Knowledge is power," because wherever education prevails there -will always be found a high moral and reUgious culture. In the State of Indiana, as may be seen by the foUowing sta tistical table, if compared with a similar showing of other States, there are a larger number of churches, in proportion to the population,' than in any other State in the Union with but a single exception — that of Massachusetts. The largest religious denomination in the State is that of the Methodists, which has a membership of considerably more than double that of any other religious society. The Methodists have one thousand six hundred churches in the State at this writing, as shown by the returns of the compilers of this work, which gives them an increase of over two hundred churches in four years, or fifty churches a year. By referring to the following table it will be seen that the increase has been above this ratio for the last twenty years. The value of Methodist church property in the State in 1874 was nearly four millions of dol lars, or more than three times as great as that of any other church spciety in the State. Next to the Methodists, in point of numbers and wealth, are the Baptists; third in order, in this regard, are the Chris tians; and fourth, the Eoman Catholics. The following table will be interesting: Statistics of Chubches. o O 00 1870. 1860. 1850. Chmclie!. Sittings. Property. CliDrelMS. Bittiogs. Property. Chniclies. Sittings, Property. Baptist, regular . 552 68 455 18 49 4781 5 195 1,403 ""2 .... 383 42 2 34 204 .... 184 18 "4 185,575 16,800 122,775 4,800 10,300 , 10,925 29,500 1,900 62,285 346,125 -"""650 '"" 100 116,560 12,400 500 8,880 86,880 ""3"3,975 6,800 1,200 $1,047,625 89,700 810,875 119,900 492,500 124,600 363,800 113,000619,600 3,291,427 """""5",6o6 """""4,060 2,006,550 71,500 8,200 97,800 2,511,700 474 27 347 11 29 '"93 2 150 1,256 "275 53 6 9 127 "28"'44 164,710 9,900 125,600 5,250 10,350 ""4i",336 450 46,384 432,160 ""'"466"164,195 21,070 1,500 3,800 57,960 "V,i36'"l"3",622 $ 430,510 25,350 270,515 42,600 117,800 428 13 187 2 24 ""89 ""63 778 2 57 "282 85 5 63 ...."'15 "is 138,783 4,050 65,841 1,400 7,300 ""44915'"l"9',656 266,372 472 18,250 "l"o"5",582 1,800 1,2751,150 25,115 """256 """5",656 '"ijm .$ 212,785 Baptist, other 4,745 Christian 89,790 Congregational. Episcopal, Protestant Evangelical Association 8,000 74,000 Friends 111,650 8,000 237,000 1,345,985 """"3",566"""2"6"6',435 72,850 7.850 26,600 665,025 60,365 Jewish. - Lutheran 37,425 Methodist - 492,560 Miscellaneous-- Moravian 730 21,600 Mormon : -f^ftW ,Ternsa.]eTn. , .. , . Presbyterian, regular 336,520 Presbyterian, other 1,650 Dutch Reformed 1,800 German Reformed Roman Catholic 3,500 167,726 Second Advent Shaker - Spiritualist . . Unitarian 600 United Brethren in Christ [Jniversalist 188,600 73,400 """"3",666 """"3"7',856 "'"35,864 """'17,866 Unkno-wn, local missions [Jnknovyn, Union """"'8",656 CHAPTEE XXXIY. benevolent instttutions. THEEE is no State in the Union, not even Old Massachu setts, which can boast a better or more humane system of benevolent institutions. Indiana has ever been mindful of the poor, the bUnd, the deaf and dumb, the friendless, the orphan, and the faUen. All have their institutions. These have ever been well supported by charitable donations from individuals, and by liberal appropriations from the State. The Benevolent Society of Indianapolis was organized in 1843. This organization was a pioneer benevolent institution, and, although at first its field of work was small, it has gro-wn into great usefulness, and has now a long history of good deeds. During the session of 1842-3, the legislature adopted mea sures providing for a State Hospital for the Insane. " As early as 1839," says Mr. "HaUoway's Indianapolis," "atten tion had been directed to the subject, but the State was in no very good condition to undertake new enterprises, and an appeal was made to Congress for a grant." This appeal had no good results, and the State was left to its o-wn resources. Subsequently the County Assessors were ordered to make a return of the deaf mutes in their respective counties, in order that pubUc sympathy for these unfortunates might be awak ened. During the year 1842, the Governor, acting under the direction of the Legislature, procured considerable informa tion in regard to hospitals for the insane in other States ; and in 1843, Dr. John Evans lectured before the Legislature on the subject of Insanity and its Treatment. The result of this double effort was a determination to take some active steps in establishing a Hospital for the Insane in the State. On the (281) 282 HISTOET OF INDIANA. thirteenth of February, 1843, the Governor was directed to obtain plans and suggestions from the Superintendents of Hospitals in other States, for submission to the Legislature at the next session. This he faithfully performed, and at the session of the Legislature in 1844, this information was exam ined, a mode «f operations determined, and a tax of one cent on the hundred doUars levied to carry it out. In the following year a commission was appointed to obtain a site, not to exceed two hundred acres, consisting of Dr. John Evans, Dr. L. Dunlap, and James Blake. Mount Jackson was selected — then the residence of Nathaniel Bolton. This site, with specifications for building, was reported to the Legisla ture at the next session, and in 1846 the Commissioners were ordered to proceed with the work of building. Means were placed at the disposal of the commission, and in 1847 the central building was completed, at a cost of $75,000. It has since been enlarged by wings, some of which are larger than the old central building, until it has become an immense structure, ha-ring cost over half a milUon of dollars. It is supplied with water by its own waterworks from Eagle creek, and is in every respect a complete, well-regulated hospital. But while the State was providing for the insane, the deaf and dumb were not forgotten. In the same year that the Governor was instructed to obtain plans from Insane Hos pitals, a tax was levied to provide for the mutes. The first one to agitate the subject, was "William Willard, who was himself a mute. He -risited Indiana in 1843, and opened a school for mutes on his o-wn account, with sixteen pupils; and in 1844 the Legislature adopted his school as a State Institu tion, and appointed a Board of Trustees for its management, consisting 6f the Govemor, and Secretary of State, ex officio, and Revs. Henry Ward Beecher, Phineas D. Guriey, L. H. Jameson, Dr. Dunlap, Hon. James Morrison, and Rev. Mat thew Simpson. They rented the large building standing .on the southeast corner of lUinois and Maryland streets, and opened the first State Asylum there, in 1844. In 1846, a site for a permanent building was selected, consisting, first of thirty acres, but afterwards ofa hundred and thirty acres, just BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 283 east of the city of Indianapolis. A building was begun on this site in 1849, and was completed in the fall of 1850, at a cost of $30,000. The school was transferred to the new build ing in October, 1850, where it is still fiourishing, with enlarged buildings, and ample facilities for instruction in agriculture.- The blind were not provided for at this time; probably on account of the pressure of the wants of the insane, and the deaf and dumb, as also from the fact that their number had, at this time, not become very large. But the blind were hot forgotten. The first effort, on their behalf, "was instigated and directed by James M. Ray, to whom the Indiana Institute for the Blind is more indebted than it is to any other man U-ring." It was through his efforts that William H. Church man was induced to come to Indianapolis from Kentucky, and give exhibitions, in Mr. Beecher's church, with blind pupils from his State. These entertainments were attended by mem bers of the legislature, for whom they were especially intended ; and the effect upon them was so good that before the adjourn ment of the session measures to estabUsh a blind asylum were adopted. A commission was appointed to carry out the measure, consisting of James M. Bay, Geo. W. Mears and the Secretary, Treasurer and Auditor of the State. They engaged Mr. Churchman to make a lecturing tour through the State, and to collect statistics of the blind population. The Institute for the Education of the Blind was founded by an act of the genera! assembly in 1847; and was' first opened, says Mr. Halloway, in a rented building, on the first of October of that year. The permanent buildings were first opened and occupied in the month of February, 1853. The original cost of the buildings and ground was $110,000. A more full description -will be found in the history of Marion County in this work. Aside from the three institutions already mentioned, the State early provided handsomely other needed charities. Among these are the Indiana Female Prison and Reformatory, infir maries, hospitals, homes for friendless women, homes for orphans, asylums for friendless colored children, societies for the relief of the poor, and many other benevolent institutions, 284 HISTOET OF INDIANA. aU of which are fully noticed in this volume, in the history of the county in which they are located. Following are some statistics of the blind, deaf and dumb, insane, and idiotic, in the State: SEATISTICS OF THE BLIND, DEAF' AND DUMB, INSANE, AND roiOTic — 1870. Blind. Deaf and Dumb. Insane. Idiotic. Bace and sez. 19 a i 1 CD a BB.9 756747 4 5 A Total 541521 15 5 450 441 72 467 463 2 3 405 408 "2 1 748739 63 790787 3 3 670 "Wbite 561 5 Colored Mulatto .- .. ._ 4 Indian - - As before mentioned, the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb was founded by the State, in 1844, In 1860 it contained about one hundred and fifty pupils. During this year the sum of $15,000 was appropriated by the State to construct a complete steam heating apparatus in the Insti tution. During the year 1870 the attendance was nearly two hundred, and it has since been constantly increasing. The school is conducted in the best possible manner, while the industrial interests are growing yearly. At the Insane Hospital, in 1860, there were about five hundred and twenty patients. The number of applications that year for admission, was two hundred and sixty, many being refused for want of room. In reference to this matter, the Superintendent of the hospital, in the same year, reported that there was not room enough in the institution to accom modate all who were pronounced unsafe in the community. He added: "The constitution contemplates provision for every insane person in the State, and humanity demands that each one should have an equal right to the benefits of treatment." It was not long until complete arrangements were made for the accommodation of aU the insane within the State. As BENEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS. 285 soon as the War for the Union was ended, the north wing of the Insane Hospital was erected. This greatly improved the institution, giving the required room, improving the venti- See page 31. lation, and bringing the hospital up to a standard equal to the demand upon it. During the year 1870 there were seven hundred and ninety-two patients treated in this institution^ 286 msTOET OF Indiana. with good results. Following are statistics of pauperism and crime. Full descriptions of the penal institutions will be given in the history of the counties in which they are located: STATISTICS OF POPULATION PAUPERISM AND CRIME. 1870. 1860. 1850. Population of the State 1,680,637 1,350,428 988,416 White population. . : 1,653,837 1,338,710 977,154 Colored do 24,560 11,428 11,262 Native do 1,639,163 1,232,144 930,458 Foreign do 141,474 118,284 55,572 Number of poor supported. . . 4,657 3,565 1,182 Costof supporting them...... $403,521 $151,851 $57,560 Receiving support June 1 . . . . 3,662 1,589 583 Native do do 2,790 1,120 446 White do do 2,583 Colored do do 207 Foreign do do 862 469 137 Persons convicted 1,374 1,184 175 Persons in prison June 1 907 284 59 Native do do 755 129 41 White do do 691 Colored do do 64 .... Foreign do do 152 155 18 In CoUecting the statistical tables for this work, the com pilers have consulted the census reports of 1850, 1860, and 1870, and aiso obtained much valuable information from travel through the State. The above table gives the statistics of the population, pauperism and crime in Indiana from 1850 to 1870. In another part of this work a sketch will be found gi-ring the same information covering a period from 1870 to 1876. In this short chapter mention has been made only of the most distinguished features of the charities of the State. The reader -wiU find special mention of the several benevolent institutions in the histories of the counties according to their location. CHAPTEE XXXY. -WEALTH AND PROGRESS. IT would be impossible to sum up, in a single chapter, or a single volume, all the wealth of Indiana; or to measure the progress of the great industries of the State. By studying the following table, and comjiaring these statistics with a sim ilar showing of other States, the reader will be astonished to learn, perhaps for the first time, that Indiana is no longer a third rate State in the American Union ; and had she sufficient territory within her limits, she would not long rank in the class of second rate States. Indeed it is only in point of terri tory that Indiana can be ranked a second rate State. In regard to population, wealth, progress, enterprise, commerce, manu factures, agriculture, intelligence, the State of Indiana, in comparison -with other States, acre for acre, or square mile for square mile, is, in aU senses, a First Rate State. In many things she excells even the leading State of the Union. POPULATION. The compilers of this work having visited aU the cities, towns and villages in the State for the purpose of coUecting the material for the county histories, were enabled to gather much valuable information concerning the probable number of inhabitants now li-ving within the limits of the State. In 1860, the total population of Indiana was 988,416 ; in 1860 it was 1,350,428; in 1870, it was 1,680,637; and from a careful estimate, by to-wnships, the compilers of this work have arrived at the conclusion that the population of this State, in 1875, wiU be Q-VEE TWO millions. The following table, showing the population in 1850, 1860, 1870, and 1875, of aU the to-wns (287) 288 mSTOET OF INDliNA. and cities in Indiana, containing over one thousand inhabit ants, -wiU exhibit the unparalleled growth of the State during the past five years: POPULATION OF THB PEINCIPAL CITIES AND VILLAGES IN INDIANA IN 1850, 1860, AND 1870, -wtih reliable EBUMATES FOE 1875. Cities. 1850. 1860. Anderson -- -- 382 1,169 Angola - - 226 Attica--- 1,698 Aurora .> ---1,945 2,984 Bloomington 1,396 Blufifton 477 760 Boone-Tille - 196 621 Bom-bon Brazil - 84 Brownsto-wn Cambridge City - 1,143 1,644 Cannelton 3,155 Carthage Centreville - 908 943 Charlesto-wn 243 Columbus 1,004 1,840 Columbia City -.. ... 885 Connersville 1,347 2,070 Corydon 429 707 Covington 1,164 1,847 Cra-vrfordsville 1,429 1,889 Danville 338 883 Decatur. 281 631 Delphi 1,354 1,895 Dublin... 658 895 Edinburgh ... 1,097 Elkhart 1,804 2,760 Evansville ...3,156 11,389 Franklin City 873 1^710 Frankfort 673 764 Fort Wayne... 4,201 Greencastle 1,375 2,092 Greenfield 738 Greensburgh ... Goshen 769 3,043 Gosport 584 Hagersto-wn 694 688 1870. 1875. 3,126 8,650 1,072 1,460 2,373 8,100 8,804 4,111 1,038 1,620 1,131 3,160 1,039 1,733 874 1,503 2,186 4,200 908 1,600 2,163 6,000 2,481 4,000 481 800 1,077 2,500 2,304 8,090 3,359 6,500 1,663 2,600 3,496 4,000 747 1,500 1,888 3,370 3,701 5,400 1,040 1,600 858 1,300 1,614 3,000 1,076 1,800 1,799 3,500 3,265 5,000 21,880 30,000 2,707 3,600 1,300 3,500 17,718 37,150 3,337 4,500 1,303 3,300 3,000 3,188 6,000 860 1,600 830 1,600 I » o la cc o 03 ts 00 at OS o CS -3 CT 00 O O is » S CD oa oa Ol 0& cn OS O! to 05 CO oa ^ en (o p- g. & ft?; as-o S o Q ^§.3. CD* ?¦ «O-3Hi-qM.C0OIM-d^COl-^OOOHtCOClOKSC0tf^a3C0l->-tf».OCDo i tri t-l t-l ? » p ?Xj £p '^ O >^ S5 " so Vc^ p s. TO ft CD C: WWWB CD C S. P B a ft P ^ » -q C3 -3 -3 00 O 00 ts O Hi. is =-i «H w m td CB so p rl JT ^ HJ B ft g £? 2 3 s. P B'^? ^S as ¦ CD OS t^ to 00 00 CD h-L Ob CO toOS 00 -5 to 1-^ -^ o to 00 CD*>^OCD-^00-3rf^h-i-OCOCOCSOOQOOOcotoocooscn^os CO OD CO O 00 OS ri^ CO ri^ M- to "co OS -3 "55 OT CO H-^ CO to OS o to O 00 ^ CO 00 CO CD -a o J© h-t OS "t* "o tf^ 01 CO OS rfi. OD t^ , 00 h-^ O I "h* OS O I l-A OS «o • CO bs CO CD OS ' to v-^ -q 00 00 CD CO 00 -:i CD rfi- hP^ O CD CO 01 01 -^ ht^ 01 en OS 00 i_i.coos^5ojoj-»- i^j^ 'o"bl"J|ifclp*."cD05 00 OSo^-^ -3~CSO0"h->>'tO^ -30! tf».Ol~h-i^'bl'o Ol'h-i.OT 00 ._ ,_ _. OOlCOOSCDOStO'-icOOoOi-iOlOOCOtOOloi-J.rfx-aolOOCOO.^tOOOSOtO -___- -_..-._-, -CJlCDi-i^OOOi-^CDOO*^OtOCOh-iOOOS-:iOOtO*»-t^CO ^^ W[ *-v 09 cc? 1^^ O.' >1 OS Ol »{:^ jNO CO CO '¦jl=»-l-iOlCOt-*tOtf*.tOJ-^jf^l-^fcO l>0~rfi»^'OT"OT'o"O^Ol'o Ol c^"cn~bilD'bilDOOito^"oi~bi'o~o^'^"^~' ^ "(-1 >-. "tt. * - - 'IC300000000000000000000 "rf^^'br'oTlslD^oi'o'w'bi'cn'cnlD'bi'ooo^ • OOOOlOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO" ' • OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO" ~ ~ ' 0000 J-.— w t0rf=^00^J30^JO^50j3_^-*^OSjfi».J-^^ ^OOOOOlO'"''"'--'^'"''"''^''^'^^'^o o o o o o o lOCDOOOlQIOlOOOtOOScopOOIOOOOOOOOOCO," GO CO 290 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Cities. 1850. 1860. Rising Sun 1,648 1,716 RockviUe 714 711 Ridgeville -- Richmond! 1,392 6,329 Rushville 734 936 Rochester -- 645 Rockport 410 834 Seymour. 980 Shelbyville 986 1,946 Spencer .'. 885 South Bend 1,634 3,785 Sullivan ... 985 Salem 1,153 1,298 Thorntown 1,005 Tell City ... 1,030 Tipton .'. 197 506 Terre Haute 3,834 8,379 -[Jnion City "Vincennes 1,849 3,763 "Valparaiso 520 1,690 Versailles 412 Vevay 1,195 Wabash 964 1,504 "Warsa-sv 304 Williamsport 279 520 Winamac 206 Winchester 533 Westville 306 West Logan Washington 1 Waterloo City 348 Worthington -WEALTH, TAXATION, AND PUBLIC INDEBTEDNESS OF INDIANA FOE 1870. Assessed valuation of real estate $ 460,120,974 Assessed val'iation of personal estate 203,334,070 True valuation of real and personal estate . 1,268,180,543 TAXATION. State 2,943,078 County 4,664,476 To-wn, city, etc 3,193,577 1870. 1875. 1,760 2,500 1,187 3,000 716 1,000 9,445 15,000 1,696 3,500 1,538 3,000 1,730 3,500 3,373 3,000 2,731 8,600 971 1,500 7,206 12,000 1,396 2,000 1,294 2,000 1,526 2,000 1,660 3,500 893 1,500 :6,108 30,000 1,439 2,500 5,440 8,000 3,765 3,500 495 1,000 1,300 1,600 3,881 4,000 3,306 4,000 988 1.500 906 1,500 1,466 3,500 608 1,000 987 1,200 3,901 4,000 1,359 2,500 1,500 WEALTH, TAXATION. PUBLIC DEBT. County debt, for which bonds have been issued All other Town, city, etc., for which bonds have issued . . All other ; 291 620,926 506,343 2,342,067 181,867 m r I'' < n CROSSCUP A. WEST-pmUA MAJOR ELISHA G. ENGLISH. See page 21. The total receipts into the State Treasury during the fiscal year 1870, were $3,689,889; of which $2,903,679 were from taxes; $360,688 from interest on school and sinking fund; 292 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. 5,900 from liquor licences; $15,626 from college fund; $140,870 from pubhc institutions; $64,667 from militia fund; and $18,649 from other sources. The total disbursements from the State Treasury during the same year, were $3,532,- 537; of which, $36,198 were for the Executive Department; $5,880 were for Legislative expenses; $73,119 for the Judi ciary; $125,200 for Penitentiary expenses; $62,566 for House of Eefuge; $36,055 for Female Prison; $137,166 for Hospital for Insane; $68,042 for Deaf and Dumb Asylum; $36,594 for Soldiers' Home; $1,580,763 for educational purposes and schools; $44,881 for public printing; $1,108,778 for interest and redemption of public debt; $4,428 for military expenses; and $213,344 for repayments, and other purposes. WEALTH, TAXATION AND INDEBTEDNESS. 293 va rford born - - Jalb )is tte italn m t - ilton ^ o 1 Ol d 1 IS : f CT>^ OSW«OM0DO>«^ I-l CO 00 CO pJ QO pi l-i-3CO*>.COOtOtD5s-5 . _- H-i cnj-3 #«. 5s P» O 00 piCDOitOCOpiCOlO:-^ co'^'io'to'f-i'" -3 COOi-^Os ----_._ -_ „Ot^Q05000tf^piepiOCSOieOCOCO&SWtO OS cn_co_eo p» wi Qo^ co^ CO to CO - .----- — - -.OiOJW S^OTsDOD--ll-iC;iCD*kODOTOOCnoav-itOi-'OiC7li-J-<-iC -3w-5<]---lCDi-ieOCO-3tOt-iO;-^CTQOOOOJOCOeDCDC OC7iCOOtOOOHOOOOtOOeOfr.CJtC;i-.:iOC;TC7IOtg I'Bnosiad pnv IQQz JO noi; I-l I-l l-i h-i IO M l-J- h-i >-i cc h-i h-i i-i l-J- M- i-i 1-1. )0 iO 1^ HI h-iCO CS o po OCO Ojti O Ojt-JOCO OS w ^-i_>-i w_p w w jOJ5j5 rfi. M OTj^ M °o " 5 1^. -5 Q O O OJ O OS O' 3-3 0iCC< 5cn 00-^ ( SOOJOiOCOOC SOiOi-'-^ QC OOtOW OC sssg 5 00' JSSSSSI issiS -98 IBTIOSiad ptlB IBai JO I-l l-il-i l-^l-il-i I-L to l-^l-i h-1 (-^M-M- l-^CO -5 arfi.01tOtOOl)Ci.*..MCpGO>Pi.OOO»-**»..^tSWOS-.3K)h(i.tOeDCOOltO-3QO<0 05>-'pplUiK*3i.Ji5p tQ^O CO CO 7^ t" Oj^ 00 OOJO CO C-»-to -^oii-i •iiv c6i-'QOsi-'oigDcoiOeo-^ai*.qov&.Kue7pi- CO I-l CO cooaoacocoaoooD-^tacp tOM)-*tOfCk.i-icoCO*.COl&.i-'COMCOCOtp„COlO**.*».-Q CO_l-'h(».cjll-i3 -3)EM.oji>^i^03ts&90soj»^030ococoi^coco»--icoio>^aiODOi)^i--ia>coa •31B?S •Xiunoo goi-qrficoiooios-^togatojo 0i0lM.0lc0>-i-q«0.-5QOC0_- - a&'-*oa-:i*-*oatOwoirfi>oco-J&03 to *. iO CO CO to >£i rf^ CO-.Jl-'l-'COh-irfi.tS tOtOiOOStO CO »-*!feOo^;eo ^ W-JO j& co^ o fo Oi js it^ OJ Oi^ ~^s^ to to IS I-l '-'^p-l^ JOi® rfi. 00 CO^OS CO QSOMM ffiM lo"co"I-i Oi to OS "wto'h^ CO W I^QCOWtOOiOiOOI--i|--iC7l-QCOOl-.ll--iOS»l^COQOO)^tO>I^O 0>OOJ5sCO>-itOOlQOtSOilf'.53a>-3-^tO-QtOOOltO>&COOii^i&-COCOO*g •0!J9 COOOOI OICO OI •^^TIUOO fe^2 OI e;i S 00 ^S g •0}8 WEALTH, TAXATION AND INDEBTEDNESS OP INDIANA IN 1870, BY COUNTIES -- Cora op. ' o ^ < t 001 i 1 1 1 ¦ g^ ^-o f $4,894,260 11,499,172 10,087,780 6,185,975 4,634,545 8,121,2182,361,4493,360,7558,973,6594,211,591 9,913,0658,049,5707,517,640 10,906,975 2,979,705 . 10,251,936 7,825,0008,118,145 41,058,045 6,263,0103,317,7195,358,5556,006,774 12,663,680 8,320,4004,763,206 5,757,6001,689,9034,838,231 5,482,2609,912,160 $9,000,000 20,000,00030,000,000 12,000,00010,000,00020,000,000 5,000,0008,000,000 13,000,000 9,000,000 16,000,00010,500,000 16,000,00020,000,000 8,939,116 20,000,000 12,000,00016,236,29075,000,00010,000,000 4,470,876 12,000,000 6,800,000 20,000,000 12,000,000 7,500,000 17,274,600 2,605,830 10,000,000 8,323,375 16,746,300 $67,979 157,547 196,178 92,62698,975 104,507 34,584 67,500 131,618 67,643 183,476 129,461119,600 66,14045,684 163,197 103,471 98,228 699.317 89,96536,8-3796,897 102,841177,473 128,538 114,200 79,788 34,28960,737 76,991 133,140 $23,334 60,679 47,47324,16721,76135,60811,20416,09640,37019,80043,60135,98535,00023,697 6,311 45,25334,7003:3,384 178,374 26,656 10,781 25,83326,560 55,64636,366 21,30037,203 7,8,39 31,96026,14343,846 $35,738 52,412 121,278 42,095 70,533 44,865 12,33129,47460,00327,669 108,114 56,453 43,000 20,19616,61678,829 41,00040,590 234,943 38,330 13,392 44,94933,760 87,518 53,63273,00026,84520,88920,296 33,788 42,663 $18,907 54,45627,43726,374 6,692 24,128 11,049 21,93031,34520,17432,76138,023 41,600 22,248 22,757 39,115 27,77124,354 286,000 24,980 12,659 36,11642,54134,309 38,630 20,00026,740 5,561 18,49118,060 46,731 $33,500 38,11474,873 3,000 2,000 42,004 25,00018,300 1,435 22,604 9,065 64,000 30,000 18,00011,11010,000 Hendrick* Howard - ^- $10,907 JaBper . — Jefferson -- Johnson -- 37,000 15,000 Lake w 5,000 1.3,000 155,000 Martin - Miami 48,000 Ohio Parke WEALTH. TAXATTOK AND INDEBTEDIinESS OF INDIANA IN 1870, BY COUNTIES - - Ooiitirmed. COUNTIBS. Valuation. Taxation not National. PtiBLio Debt. iif|«>« CD ¦ S 2. p- P m1 0§ ct i 0I i ¦^ $2,333,685 3,266,240 4,942,965 8,005,045 1,911,315 12,252,216 8,067,726 12,386,780 3,874,0751,702,850 10,773,225 5,321,615 943,704 3,034,846 10,496,885 6,876,800 3,683,006 20,867,915 2,905,1304,555,390 13,736,100 23,000,000 4,795,0006,107,5756,410,4355,144,9757.213,947 20,231.600 3,718,930 4,110,2904,251,636 - $5,000,000 5,000,000 14,828,895 9,451,0862,500,000 16,819,900 13,446,20815,000,000 8,000,0003,400,000 25,709,27512,000,000 1,200,000 9,360,000 20,000,000 8,000,000 10,949,015 45,000,000 4,000,000 10,666,870 30,000,00030,000,00010,000,00014,169,09210,000,000 8,500,000 15,000,00035,000,000 6,000,000 12,000,000 5,341,545 $60,432 64,444 101,628 89,99836,788 163,201120,903 122,257 63,83624,317 305,278 97,10024,150 60,735 127,046 72,84666,761 356,901 54,63861,543 452,410213,977114,621 116,796101,539 142,718 37,774 246,847 81,82:5 67,720 74,606 $14,735 16,278 24,787 36,064 9,667 53,96837,418 52,74915,645 7,136 47,554 24,400 5,150 14,636 46,854 27,59217,18391,23313,613 20,18961,05271.40021,33338,34226,283 23,920 13,401 86,474 13,34019,76119,311 $39,847 31,41338,99326,964 14,98667,395 80,37320,79046,169 8.666 148.666 44,000 11,500 22,67938,12735,70631,337 200,003 27,19320,716 327,380 85,60079,43543,13235,25779,44420,668 149,608 49,39226,431 33,406 $15,860 16,713 37,84926,970 12,125 41,94853,11248,718 2,3138,5159,158 28,700 7,500 23,430 43,039 , 19,551 18,24165,66514,732 20,637 163,978 56,977 13,85386,33140,00039,354 4,705 10,76619,09122,52821,889 $21,838 8,0004,6166,000 9,3005,000 2,380 50,000 14,000 1,500 23,00010,000 17,500 65,000 16,000 18,000 6,0005,000 32,400 50,000 49,000 12,093 Pike $2,000 80,000 10,000 8,600 Porter - - . -- Pulaski jjngli 15,700 Scott ;::::::::...:::: Shelbv .. . .. 12,267 75,000 Tipton 818,189 100,000 15,000 240,000 4,000 21.1B6 296 HISTOET OF INDIANA. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES FROM 1816 TO 1873. Tears. Population. Value of Tasa- bles. JKeceipts. Ezpenditnres. 1816 $10,000.00 17,953.15 17,485.59 12,412.0417,000.1747,516.6725,174.4535,643.4461,705.8921,544.1880,867.1046,545.88 43,321.0841,023.6065,344.48 115,162.04 97,683.34 122,139.38106,797.08107,714.63 120,126.83 98,206.97 195,965.54186,653.04 1,644,158.13 451,637-22 1,748,859-98 891,934-17 1,844,240.581,132,413-76 874,461-23 , 794,025-31 1,246,306-36 873,243-36 1,432,442-78 984,398-95 1,283,064-84 1,620,943-74 2,094,818-03 1,204,683-991,495,486-99 1,774,675.14 844,416.84 1,288,445-72 1,658,217-883,672,657-648,486,304.552,233,899.332,391,291.15 2,742,989-193,957,035.234,210,336.444,279,687.07 4,197,489.21 3,589,889.403,605,639.232,415,269.59 1817 $21,428.33 1818 . ... 20,047.3911,869 24 1819 1820 147,187 20 036 24 1821 23,866 14 1822 46,395.17 27,044.02 1823 1824 36 852 09 1825 41,170.01 32,063-5033,208.1951,126.31 42 247 93 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 343,031 41,408.23 105,173.90110,194.53136,776.97121,372.23 103,901.46126,284-14 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1636 1837 1838 172 4Q4 01 1839 $107,037,715 91,756,01895,518,763 109,173,610 103,709,853115,590,065 118,615,lff:122,265,686124,558,060128,960,986133,419,056 137,443,565 210,973,643230,009,189266,097,614290,418,148301,858,474306,797,819 317,932,968 318,204,964436,367,862465,011,378441,662,339 421.406,936 443,455,036516,805,999567,381,553578,484,109 577,869,079 587,970,549 655,521,479662,283,178 179,658-25 1,684,936-90 421,874-15 1,177,218.731,028,592.381,472,494.14 831,955.26 1,053,936.53 956,404-78 979,191-48 1,137,398.25 1,513,584.041,150,988-661,061,605-681,509,305-321,645,544.951,700,090-821,338,976-111,748,756-691,363,728.04 1,218,185-641,621,107.483,546,224.072,974,976.482,503,246.531,752,529.70 8,899,993-02 8,663,179-834,446,691.09 8,842,342.524,473,129-68 8,632,369.042,948,416.902,686,601.70 1840 685,866 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 988,416 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1868 1859 1860 1350,428 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 — 1870 1,680,637 1871 1872 1873 CHAPTEE XXXYI. AGEIOULTUEB PIONEEE HISTOET. THE first object of the pioneer settler of Indiana was to provide the means of subsistence, and for a considerable time all the surplus produce was limited to a few articles, and usually disposed of to other settlers. Every one, as soon as possible, prepared a corn field, a garden, procured a few swine, one or two horses, and a few cows. These made up the capital of the pioneer farmers of Indiana. Many of the citizens of the State who are now rich, can to-day point back to a beginning of this kind, and we doubt not they often do so with pride, as they justly should. They frequently entered on the public lands with even less stock than that above enumerated ; they were generally protected in the improvements they made, and after accumulating sufficient means, entered and purchased the lands. Many of the wealthy farmers of to-day in Indiana can look back to the period when they began to erect the little log cabin with only an ax and some provisions — their capital consisting wholly in a persistent energy. They rented land on improvement leases, by which they were to have the use of from ten to twenty acres from seven to ten years, and, in most cases, at the end of that time, tbey were abundantly able to buy land for themselves. It was an easy matter in those days to maintain stock. The wild grass, nutritious roots, and several kinds of nuts and acorns, were so abundant that neither horses, cattle, nor hogs required much grain; and often, after a few years residence, the flocks and herds of the settlers were very numerous. This eondition of things soon produced a surplus of corn, beef, pork, etc. Low prices created a market, and even before the (397) 298 HISTOET OF INDIANA. farmers were fully aware of it, a profitable commerce was established. Fluctuations soon crept into the market, how ever, and the farmers became much exercised as to what arti- ctes of produce to expend the most labor on. This led to a greater diversity of crops, and as a consequence, a wider range of commerce; and thus, step by step, year by year, the pro duce market of Indiana has been extended, until to-day it is one of the largest in the Union — certainly the best regulated. Many causes combined to render a great diversity of crops necessary. The soil, though very rich, demands this, as it will not yield a large crop of one kind of produce lor many years in succession, frequent changes being required. Hemp has been tried, and although at first unsuccessful, owing to an injudicious management, will eventually result in profit to the producer. Flax, tobacco, fruit of various kinds, and a great variety of seeds from which oil can be manufactured, are now cultivated to a great extent, and many valuable experiments are being made yearly in beet and corn sugar. The cultiva tion of grapes in many parts of the State, is attended with profitable results. Corn is the great staple of the State; many farmers have become wealthy in raising it. It is easily cultivated, and almost every farmer has from forty to one hundred and fifty acres. Two persons can prepare the ground, plant and attend to and gather from forty to fifty acres, and the product is gen erally from thirty to seventy bushels an acre, averaging, per haps, forty or forty-five. Good land, with the proper prepara tion and care, wiU, in a good season, produce from seventy to ninety bushels to the acre. Corn, in former days. Bay from 1840 to 1850, usually sold at from ten to thirty cents a bushel. Millions and millions of bushels have been used at the former price to fatten hogs in the interior; but in this respect things have undergone a change — a change in favor of the farmer. As we pen these lines, September twenty-fifth, 1874, com is in good demand in New York city at from 95c. to $1.00, while in the western markets the price is firm at from 85 to 95c., according to quality. This year, however, is not a representa tive in regard to the price of corn of the last decade. The AGEICULTUHE EIONEEE HISTOET. 299 prices are ranging unusually high, owing to the lightness of the crop, in many parts, and, also, to the great demand exist ing among pork producers for this cereal. The cultivation of corn is admirably adapted to ihe climate and soil of the State, and to the customs of the farmers. The Q. W. ROBBINS, ESQ. See page 21. soil is very rich, loamy, and with proper cultivation the corn does not often suifer either from cold, rains or drouth. Following are statistical tables showing the growth of agri culture in all its branches, from the year 1841 down to the present time: Agkioultubal Statistics of Indiana Feom 1841 to 1870. g Productione. 1841. 1850. 1860. 1869. 1870. Hiishela of "wheat 4,049,375 38,155,887 129,621 5,981,605 28,01549,019 1,525,794 ' 1,830,306 "34V,636"675,983 1,623,608 619,980 i,"337,9i9 38,59130,647 178,029 3,727,795 6,314,458 53,964,363 78,793 5,655,014 45,483 149,740 2,083,337 1,044,630 13,881,535 634,564314,000 6,599 1,133,493 3,363,776 714,666 $33,478,555 2,610,387 92,796 935,339403,230 3,921,192 16,848,367 71,588,919 463,495 5,317,831 383,345896,989 3,866,6477,993,378 18,306,651 605,795520,677 28,893 991,175 3,099,110 1,069,384 $41,855,539 2,553,318 27,884 1,259,014 629,426 1,541,761 $367,270,072 30,600,00073,000,000 575,000 13,413,000 411.000 303,000 4,750,0007,000,000 33,506,470 590,213690,340 35,340 1,011,120 3,580,130 1,744,850 .$58,125,360 2,478,385 16,380 3,018,047 1,300,0001,049,831 $403,033,319 27,190,000 79,205,000 Bushels of rve -- 437,468 11,784,000 Bushels of harlev 352,000 154,000 Bushels of Dotates --- 5,436,000 9,316,000 Pounds of hutter _- 22,915,385 283,807 TTuniber of horses 497,883 TSTunaher of asses and mules __ 43,259 ^NTumber of sheeD 1,612,680 1,873,330 1,036,184 $83,594,222 5,029,023 63,884 Pounds of honev and heeswax . _. 407,337 1,026,009 1,333,833 Value of farms and implements - $673,049,380 o o CO AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS. 301 AGRICULTI?RAL STATISTICS OF 1850, PARED. 1860 AND 1870 COM- 1860. 1870. Acres of land in farms, improved. Acres of land in farms, woodland Acres of land in farms, other unimproved.. Present cash value of farms Present cash value of farm implements Total amount of wages paid during the year, in cluding value of board Total value of all farm products Orchard products Produce of market gardens Forest products Value of home manufactures Value of animals slaughtered or sold for slaughter _ ;. Value of all live stock Number of horses on farms Number of horses not on farms Number of mules and asses MUchcowe on farms Working oxen, number of, on farms other cattle, number of, on farms... Cattle not on farms Sheep, number of Swine, number of. Wheat, sfjring, bushels Wheat, winter, bushels Rye, bushels Indian corn, bushels _. Oats, bushels Barley, bushels. Buckwheat, bushels Tobacco, pounds Cotton, bales ; Wool, pounds .- - Wool, average of fleeces, pounds. Peas and beans, bushels.... Potatoes, Irish, bushels Potatoes, sweet, bushels Wine, gallons. Butter, pounds — Cheese, pounds - Milk sold, gallons Hay, tons _ --. Clover seed, bushels Grass seed, bushels Hops, pounds Hemp, tons _ Flax, pounds Flaxseed, bushels , Sugar, maple, pounds Molasses, sorghum, gallons Molasses, maple, gallons Beeswax, pounds Honey, pounds 5,046,543 8,242,183 7,746,879 $136,386,173 6,704,444 8,146,109 8366,712,175 10,457,897 324,940 72,864 1,631,0396,567,935 22,478,565 314,299 6,599 284,564 40,221 389,991 1,132,4932,263,776 6,314,458 78,792 53,964,363 5,656,014 45,483 149,740 1,044,620 14 2,610,287 35,773 2,083,337 201,711 14,055 12,881,535 283,807403,230 18,380 11,95192,796 584,469 36,888 2,921,192 180,325 1,258,942 546,153 9.824,204 41,825,539 520,677 39,425 28,893 363,533 117,687588,144 79,340 991,176 3,099,110 16,848,267 463,495 71,688,919 5,317,831 382,346396,989 7,993,378 2,552,318 257-100 79,902 3,866,647 299,616102,895 18,306,651 605,795622,426 60,72637,91427,884 4, 97,119 119,430 1,541,761 881,049 292,908 34,526 1,224,489 10,104,279 7,189,334 82,635 $634,804,189 17,676,591 9,676,348 123,914,302 3,858,086 487,479 2,645,679 605,639 30,246,962 83,776,782 497,883 55,320 43,259 393,736 14,088 618,860156,804 1,612,6801,873,330 161,991 27,685,231 457,468 51,094,538 8,590,409 356,352 80,231 9,325,392 3 5,029,023 312-100 35,536 5,399,044 150,705 19,479 23,915,385 936,903634,664 1,076,768 61,16817,37763,884 32 37,771 401,931 1,332,3332,036,212 227,880 12,049 395,278 CHAPTER XXXVII. MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE. THE manufacture and trade of the State will be more par ticularly noticed in the descriptions of the towns and places where they are carried on. Madison and some of the other towns on the Ohio, above the falls, have good natural advantages for manufactures. These are being employed to a good advantage, and every year carries the prosperous State of Indiana further along the highway of commercial prosperity. In the whole soiithwestern part of the State, and for three hundred miles up the celebrated "Wabash, coal exists in good quality and abundance; and in the central portion of the State, as well as in the north, there is every facility for water power, and in the latter inexhaustible beds of bog-ore, so that when ever labor for agriculture ceases to be in demand, it can be turned to manufacturing with good results. And, indeed, it is true that much labor is being profitably employed in the latter, while yet the pursuit of agriculture is on the advance. This is one of the many evidences of the steady growth in all the great industries of civilization applicable to the resources of the State. The wheat raised within the State is almost entirely manufactured into flour within its limits, though large quantities in the southeastern part are sent to Cincinnati, and some is transported north by the Wabash and Erie canal, and by the lakes to Canada and western New York. There is no commanding position in the State at which even a fifth of the whole business will ever be concentrated. Madi son, Indianapolis, Eichmond, Fort Wayne, Logansport, Lafay ette, Terre Haute, South Bend, Michigan City, Evansville, and many places on the Ohio, are all fast becoming great commer- (303) MANUFAOTUEES AND OOMMBBOE. 303 oial centers, and the railroads and other improvements now in- progress, and the facilities that shall hereafter be afforded to the enterprising business men of the State, point to no par ticular city with any assurance of its precedence. All parts and sections are progressing. It has truthfully been said that " the public convenience and the general good, not State pride, is building our cities." The principal articles of export from the State, at the pres ent time are pork and flour. The former is mostly produced in the southern, and the latter in the northern part of the State. To these great staples may be added horses, mules, fat cattle, corn, poultry, butter, most of the agricultural products of the West, and a wide range of articles of manufacture. The numerous canals and railroads which intersect each other at many points in the State, afford great facilities for trans portation, so that our producers can reach any market desired at a nominal expense. The disposition to monopolize in the trade of the State does not exist to a greater degree than is desirable or necessary in a healthy commercial State. During the civil war many attempts of this kind were made, which resulted either in making very large profits or in the utter failure of the specu lator who engaged in them. The prospect of securing a large profit in a vast amount of produce which was made reasonably certain oj the increasing demand for this merchandise became very exciting, and the fiour and pork trader found it quite impossible to practice moderation in their calculations. The result was always damaging on the general trade. When the trader failed the farmer generally suffered in pocket, and when he made heavy profits their feelings were outraged. This state of things led to a better regulated commerce. Farmers united in maintaining prices and protecting each other, and so great has been their strength and influence in the making and administration of the laws touching matters of trade that they have been enabled to regulate the cost of transportation, and to prevMit, in a great measure, damaging fluctuations in the markets. Commerce in the productions of the soil, for many years, 304 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. absorbed the attention of traders and speculators; but no sooner had the prosperity of trade created a demand for a general development of the agricultural resources of the State, than a special interest was directed to manufacturing. This was manifested as early as 1840, and, from that year down to the present, a general prosperity has attended almost every manufacturing establishment in the State. It is said that the largest carriage factory in the whole world, to-day, is located in the State of Indiana, at the flourishing city of South Bend. This is the greater e"5ridence of the enterprise of Indiana man ufactures, when taken in consideration with the celebrated carriage factories of Connecticut, many of which have sup plied, to a great extent, the markets of the old world. Fol lowing are some statistical observations. MAlSrUFAOTUEING STATISTICS • Classes. 1875. 1870. 1860. 1850. Mfg. establishments Steam engines employed. . Total horse power Total No. waterwheels Horse power waterwheels. . Hands employed ._ 16,812 3,684 114,961 1,641 38,61486,40281,631 3,7912,000 $117,463,161 35,461,987 104,331,633301,304,371 11,847 3,881 76,851 1,090 33,51858,85354,413 , 3,2733,168 $ 53,052,435 18,366,780 63,135,493 108,617,378 5,333 31,395 30,563 733 fl8,45Y,i3i 6,318,335 37,143,597 43,803,469 4,392 14,440 13,748 692 No. males over 16 years... No. females over 15 years.. No. of youths - . Capital employed $ 7,750,403 3,738,844 10,369,70018,725,423 "Wages paid Cost of material Value of products The above statistics of manufacturing in Indiana, for the years 1850, 1860, and 1870, were compiled from the re ports of the Bureau of Statistics; those for the year 1875 have been gathered by the compilers of this work, while trav eling through the State, and are, in nearly all cases, as correct as those taken from the reports. The column representing 1875 "will show the unparalleled increase in manufactures in Indiana during the last five years. As a manufacturing State, Indiana is now considerably in advance of Illinois and. Mich igan, in proportion to her population, and she is rapidly leaving them in the rear in this great branch of industry, MANUFACTDEING STATISTICS. 305 which must, in some future day, become the great source of wealth in the States, instead of agriculture. • From careful estimates by the compilers of this work, it is sho"wn that there is over $100,000,000. now invested in manu facturing in this State. Five years ago Illinois had less than H. BATES, ESQ. See page 21. 1,000,000 invested in this branch of business, while at the same time Michigan had« but $70,000,000. Indiana, in the same year had but little over $50,000,000 invested in ber fac tories. How has this comparison been affected by a growth 20 306 HISTOET OF INDIANA. of five years! It was estimated, in 1874, by one of the leading journals of Illinois, that the manufacturing capital of that State had increased thirty per cent, in five years. This would give Illinois $117,000,000 in manufacturing, in 1875, against $100,000,000 iu Indiana. From this basis it will be safe to predict that in 1880 Indiana, in proportion to her population, will greatly exceed the State of Illinois in manufacturing enterprise. The comparison with Michigan, during the same period, is still more fiattering to Indiana, than that with Illinois. The same increase of prosperity is noticeable in the pro ducts of Indiana factories. In 1870 they were estimated at $103,617,278. From careful estimates by the compilers of this work, it appears that the products of the various factories in the State, for the year ending September thirtieth, 1874, will exceed $300,000,000, showing an increase in five years of nearly $200,000,000. These estimates have been made with the greatest of care, and although they seem to overstate the pros perity of the State during the last five years, yet they may be regarded as reliable. It is true that the inquiries as to the amount of capital invested, and the amount of products, were not always sue cessful, but means have been employed to correct errors, into which the answers of over-ambitious persons were calculated to lead us. But the manufacturing industry of Indiana has not pros pered in the last five years more than it will in the next. There is a brilliant prospect for a great future advancement iri this branch of business. Indeed, this department of enter prise cannot be regarded as more than fuUy begun ; and from the present indications, its future growth is guaranteed. CHAPTEE XXXYIII. THE MINBEAL WEALTH OF INDIANA. SECOND in importance among the material resources of Indiana are her minerals, as yet only partly discovered, and almost entirely undeveloped. In agricultural wealth the State has no equal, acre for acre, in North America; in min eral wealth she is scarcely behind the richest States in the Union. In short, she possesses "within her borders every ele ment required to produce wealth, and stimulate progress. Physically, the surface of the country is, for the most part, gently rolling. In the southern portion, along the Ohio river, there are a few hills ranging from fifty to four hundred feet in height, but the average height is ' probably not more than one hundred feet. About one-eighth part of the State is prairie land, and the remaining seven-eighths, when in a state of nature, was set with a dense forest.* About one-third of the State is still well timbered. The surface of the territory is well supplied with water courses. The Ohio river, one of the largest tributaries of the Missis sippi river, flows along its southern border, and is navigable by the largest class of steamboats during the greater part of the year. The Wabash river rises in the State of Ohio, crosses Indiana in a southwesterly direction, and thence to its junction with the Ohio river forms the boundary line between Indiana and Illinois. For a part of the season this fine stream is navigable for steamboats as far up as Lafayette, about three nundred miles above its mouth. When the improvements now going on under authority of the General Government, * "We have been kindly permitted to use, in this chapter, the materials embraced in a pamphlet edited by Prof. E. T. Cox, State Geologist. (¦307) 308 HISTOET OP INDIANA. are completed, it is believed by competent engineers that it will be navigable as far up as Terre Haute, at all times except when stopped by ice. Lake Michigan, one of the chain of great lakes between Canada and the United States, extends do"wn into the north west corner of ludiana, and furnishes ship communication with the immense iron ore deposits of the Lake Superior regions, as well as a channel -of commerce with the Atlantic seaboard. In the northern part of the State there are numer ous small fresh water lakes, from half a mile to ten miles in length, and from a quarter of a mile to a mile in width ; the water is clear and pure, and in many of them very deep. They abound with fish of the finest quality for table use, and together with fiocks of wild ducks and geese that frequent them in the fall and spring, afford fine amusement for sports men, as well as an abundance of cheap and wholesome food. It must be borne in mind that in this country there are no , laws against hunting or fishing on the public domain, water courses or lakes, but they are open alike to all.* But more particularly as to the mineral resources. Coal, the most valuable of all minerals, exists in the State in great abundance. The measures, says Prof. E. T. Cox, cover an area of about six thousand five hundred square miles, in the south western part of the State, and extend from Warren county, on the north, to the Ohio river, on the south, a distance of about one hundred and fifty miles. The foUowing counties lie within its area: Warren, Fountain, Parke, Yermillion, Yigo, Clay, Sullivan, Greene, Knox, Daviess, Martin, Gibson, Pike, Dubois, Vanderburg, Warrick, Spencer, Perry, and a small part of Crawford, Monroe, Putnam and Montgomery. The coal is all bituminous, but is divisible into three well marked varieties: Caking-coal, non-caking-coal or Block coal, and Cannel coal. The total depth of the seams or measures is from six hun dred to eight hundred feet, with twelve to fourteen distinct seams of coal, though they are not all to be found throughout the entire area of the field. The seams range from one foot ?Prof. E. T. Cox. MINEEAl WEALTH. 309 to eleven feet in thickness, and the field may, from the charac ter of the coal, be di"vided from north to south into two zones ; the western contains the seams of caking coal, and the east ern the non-caking or block coal. There are, continues Prof. Cox — and this gentleman is our authority on questions pertaining to minerals — from three to four workable seams of caking coal, ranging from three and a half to eleven feet in thickness. At most of the localities, when these are being worked, the coal is mined by adits driven in on the face of the ridges, and the deepest shafts in the State are less than three hundred feet; the average depth to win coal being not over seventy-five feet. The analysis of samples of caking coal, from different counties, are here inserted, and "will serve to indicate its value. The five feet seam at Washington, Daviess county, is as fol lows: Specific gravity, 1,294; one cubic foot weighs 80.87 lbs. Coke 64.50 j Moisture @ 212° F. .. . 5.50 ( Fixed Carbon 60.00 Volatile matter 35.50 \ ^'^' ^^^*^ ^-^^ ( Gas 30.00 100.00 100.00 This is a bright black coal, makes a very fair quality of coke and yields four cubic feet of gas per pound, with an illu minating power equal to fifteen standard candles. The five feet seam in Sullivan county is as follows : Specific gravity, 1,228 ; one cubic foot weighs 76.75 lbs. Moisture @ 212° F ... 2.85 Fixed Carbon 51.10 Coke 52.50 | Volatile matter 47.50-!^^^'^^^*^ ^/^ Gas 45.25 '{ 100.00 100.00 This is a glossy, jet black coal, makes a good coke and con tains a very large percentage of pure illuminating gas. One pound of coal yields 4.22 cubic feet of gas, with a candle- power equal to fifteen standard sperm candles. The average calculated calorific power of the caking coals is 7745 heat 310 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. tnits; carbon being equal to 8080. Both in the northern and southern portions of the field, the caking coals present similar good qualities, and will be a great source of private and pub lic wealth. The eastern zone of the coal measures has an area of more than four hundred and fifty square miles. It is here that we find the celebrated Block coal, a fossil fuel which is used in the raw state for making pig iron. In fact this coal, from its physical structure and freedom from impurities, is peculiarly suited to metallurgical purposes. It has a laminated structure with carbonaceous "matter, like charcoal, between the lamina, slaty cleavage and rings under the hammer. It is free burn ing, makes an open fire, and "without caking, swelling, scaf folding in the furnace or changing form, burns like hickory wood until it is consumed to a white ash and leaves no clink ers. It is likewise valuable for generating steam and for household uses. Many of the principal railway lines in the State are using it in preference to any other coal, as it does not burn out the fire-boxes and gives as little trouble as wood. There are as many as eight distinct seams of block-coal in this zone, three of which are workable, having an average thickness of four feet. In some places this coal is mined by adits, but generally from shafts, forty to eighty feet deep. The seams are crossed by cleavage lines and the coal is usually mined without powder, and may be taken out in blocks weigh ing a ton or more. When entries or rooms are driven angling across the cleavage lines, the walls of the mine present a zig zag notched appearance, resembling a Virginia worm fence."* In 1871, there were about twenty-four block coal mines in operation, and about fifteen hundred tons were mined daily. Now there are more than fifty mines in operation, and the amount mined daily "will reach nearly five thousand tons, and the demand is increasing faster than the facilities for raising it. Miners are paid from one dollar to one dollar and twenty cents per ton, and the coal sells, on the cars at the mines, for two dollars and seventy-five cents per ton of two thousand pounds. The usual estimate, to cover all expenses 'for running * Prof. E. T. Cox's pamphlet. MINERAL WEALTH. 311 a mine, is fifty cents per ton, which leaves a net profit of from one dollar to one dollar and twenty-five cents per ton. Coal lands sell at from fifty dollars to five hundred dollars per acre, according to location and the extent of the investigations that have been made to prove the quality and quantity. The following analysis will serve to indicate the quality of the block coal : OLAT COUNTT, STAE MINE, PLANET FUENACE. No. 1. No. 2. Ash, white 2.74 1.68 Carbon 81.60 83.68 Hydrogen 4.39 4.10 Nitrogen 1.67 1.67 Oxygen 8.88 8.17 Sulphur .72 .70 100.00 100.00 Calculated calorific power equal to 8283 heat units. These examples show a fair average quality of the block coal used in the blast furnaces of Indiana for making Besse mer pig. The quality is alike good, both in the northern and southern parts of the field. Nine blast furnaces in Indiana, and others at Carondelet, near St. Louis, are using the raw block coal for smelting iron ores, and it gives universal satis faction. The Brazil blast furnace is sixty-one feet high, fourteen feet across the boshes, and has a closed top. It is using the Mis souri specular hematite and red hematite iron ores. With three parts of the former and one part of the latter, the make is forty tons of two thousand two hundred and sixty-eight pounds per day, and with equal parts of each the make is thirty-five to thirty-six tons per day. Four thousand pounds of block coal are used to the ton of iron. The Missouri ores now cost, on an average, twelve dollars per ton at the furnace, being an advance over the year 1874 of more than three dol lars per ton. One and a half tons of the specular ore will produce a ton of pig iron ; of the red hematite it requires a little more than this quantity to make a ton of pig. 812 HISTOET OF INDIANA. This certainly speaks highly for the block coal, as well as of the superior advantages offered in Indiana for the manufacture of iron and Bessemer steel rails. The cost of labor to make a ton of pig iron at the furnace in Indiana, is about three dol lars and fifty cents.* The great Indiana coal field is less than one hundred and fifty miles, by railroad, from Chicago, Illinois, or Michigan City, in this State, from which ports the Lake Superior spec ular and red hermatite ores are landed from vessels that are able to run in a direct course from the ore banks. Lake Superior ore is similar in quality to that from the Iron Moun tain in Missouri, and is as well adapted for making Bessemer pig. From the Iron Mountain to the block coal field, the dis tance is two hundred and sixty-six miles by railroad. There are five railroads running from the coal field to St. Louis, and three to Chicago, and two to Michigan City. Any carefully thinking business man can easily observe the advantages of this immense coal field to the future prosperity of Indiana. From it untold wealth will flow into private and public treasuries. To-day it lays comparatively dormant, awaiting only the combined efforts of capital and labor to make it the centre of activity and the fountain of material prosperity. But we must not forget the cannel coal. One of the finest seams of this coal to be found in the country is to be seen in Daviess county, Indiana. Here we have a coal five feet thick, of which the upper three and a half feet is cannel, and the lower one and a half feet is a beautiful jet-black caking coal. The two qualities are united, and show no intervening clay or shale, so that in mining, fragments of the caking coal are often found adhering to the cannel. There is no gradual change from one to the other, or blending of the varieties where united, but the change is sudden and the character of the cannel coal is homogeneous from top to bottom. The cannel coal makes a delightful fire in open grates, and does not pop and throw off scales into the room, as is usually the case "with this variety of coal. The following is Prof. ?Prof. E. T. Cox. MINEEAL WEALTH. 313 Cox's analysis of this coal: Specific gra"vity, 1.229; one cubic foot weighs 76.87 lbs. Coke 48.00 \ ^'^' ^^^^ 6.00 ( Fixed carbon 42.00 Volatile matter ...'.. . .52.00 \ ^°i«*^^« ® 212° F . . . • 3.50 Gas 48.50 100.00 100.00 Ultimate analysis of the same coal by the same gentleman: Carbon 71.10 Ash 7.65 Hydrogen 6.06 Nitrogen 1.45 Oxygen 12.74 Sulphur 1.00 100.00 From the above analysis it will be seen that this coal is admirably adapted to the manufacture of illuminating gas, both from the quantity it yields and its high illuminating power. One ton of two thousand pounds of this cannel coal yields ten thousand four hundred feet of gas, while the best Y"oughiogheny coal used at the Indianapolis gas works, yields but eight thousand six hundred and eighty cubic feet. This gas has an illuminating power of 25.2 candles, while the Youghiogheny coal gas has an illuminating power of seven teen candles. Cannel coal is also found in great abundance in Perry, Greene, Parke and Fountain counties, where its commercial value has already been attested. There are numerous deposits of bog iron ore in the north ern part of the State, and elay iron stones and impure carbo nates and brown oxides are found scattered over the vicinity of the coal fields. At some localities the beds are quite thick, and of considerable commercial value. Investigation is already showing that Indiana contains valuable ore beds, that will, at no distant day, contribute largely to her importance. Indiana also contains immense. and inexhaustible quantities of building stone, sufficient for all future purposes, of the very 314 HISTOET OF INDIANA. best quality. Numerous quarries are already open and in suc cessful operation. There is an abundance of excellent lime in the State. This is gaining a wide reputation, and largely adding to the volume of the State commerce. It abounds in Huntington county in extensive beds, where numerous large kilns are kept in prof itable operation. CHAPTEE XXXIX. LAWS AND OOUETS OF INDIANA. AS a work for reference, this volume would not be com plete without a brief digest of the laws and courts of Indiana. Hence this chapter, in which we shall endeavor to give a complete, concise and simple exhibit of the latest revis ion of the State laws. We have been aided in our seletition of materials for this feature by some of the leading members of the Indianapolis bar.* The last revision of the State laws was accomplished in 1852, and the latest publication of the revised code, as amended, comprises all the public acts and general laws now in force. " Practice in civil suits," says Mr. Pierce, " is under the code of 1852, in which all distinction between law and equity, and all forms of action are abolished. All defenses, except the denial of the facts alleged by the plaintiff, are pleaded specially. On the second and following days of the term, the dockets are called by the court for plead ings or defaults. Amendments to pleadings are allowed with liberality, somewhat in the discretion of the court." 'Actions must be commenced by filing in the office of the clerk of the court, a complaint, in the name of the person or party interested, and the service of summons at least ten days * "We are especially indebted to Henry D. Pierce, Esq. 316 HISTOET OF INDIANA. before the first day -of the term. Service may be made by publication. " A judgment rendered on service by publica tion may be opened within five years, except in divorce cases, when the judgment may be opened within two years as to the subject of alimony and custody of children," and as to the merits of the divorce, when granted, upon service by publica tion. In the latter case the party obtaining the divorce is prohibited from marrying within two years from the date of the decree. Arrests are permitted in civil cases where the plaintiff' or his attorney lodges with the clerk of the court an affidavit, specifying the right to recover existing debt or damages, and that the defendant is about to leave the State, with properly, with intent to defraud the plaintiff. " An undertaking of the plaintiff must first be filed, with sufficient sureties, to pay all damages sustained by the arrest, if wrongful, not to exceed double the amount of the claim." Attachments may be issued against the property of a defendant, when the action is for the recovery of money, at the beginning of the action, or any time thereafter, only upon the affidavit of the complainant, or his attorney, showing the exact nature of the claim, and that it is just, as also the amount to be recovered, and .the existence pf one of the fol lowing causes: 1. That the defendant is a non-resident, or a foreign corporation. 2. That the defendant is secretly leav ing, or has left the State, with intent to defraud his creditors. 3. Or conceals himself so that summons cannot be served. 4. Kemoval of property out of the State. 5. That the defend ant has sold or is about to sell or dispose of property with intent to defraud creditors. With certain exceptions no attach ment can issue against a debtor while his "wife and family remains settled in good faith within the county where the debtor's usual place of residence had been prior to his absence. All creditors share pro rata who file their claims under an original attachment before final judgment. CLAIMS AGAINST ESTATES. In order to recover costs, claims against estates of persons deceased, except judgment and mortgage liens created during LAWS AND C0DET8. 317 the life-time, must be filed with the clerk of the circuit court, within one year from the appointment of the executor or administrator. " After one year, if not filed at least thirty days before final settlement, the claim is, with few exceptions, barred. A succinct statement of its nature and amount is sufficient, if it have attached the affidavit of the claimant, that it is justly due and wholly unpaid. The entry by the clerk upon the appearance docket of the court is the only notice of the filing necessary. When the claim has been so entered ten days before the first day of the ensuing term, the executor or administrator may admit or refuse it, on the margin of the docket; if not admitted, it is to stand for trial at the next term. After allowance it has the force of a judgment, and bears interest at six per cent."* In deeds, mortgages, acknowledgments and recording, ^pri vate seals are abolished, and one witness is sufficient, and, when the deed is acknowledged by the party, no witness is necessary. " The certificate of acknowledgment may be annexed or indorsed. All conveyances of land must be by deed in writ ing, subscribed and duly acknowledged by the grantor or his attorney, empowered by a like instrument. The joint deed of husband and wife passes the lands of the wife, but does not bind her to any of the covenants. Conveyances, to be valid against any other than the grantor, his heirs, or those having notice thereof, must be,recorded within ninety days from their execution. To enable deeds and mortgages to be recorded, they must be acknowledged or proved before a judge, or clerk of some court of record, justice of the peace, auditor, recorder, notary public, or mayor of a city, in this or any other State, or before a commissioner of this State residing in another State, or before a minister, charge d^affai/res, or consul of the United States in a foreign country. Acknowledgments before an officer having an official seal require no further attestation. Acknowledgment is essential to admit a deed to record, but not to its validity, which may be proved by attesting wit nesses. A married woman need make no acknowledgment different from that of an unmarried woman. A married • From Henry D. Pierce's Digest of the Laws and Courts of Indiana. 318 HISTOET OF INDIANA. woman under twenty-one and over eighteen may join her hus band in conveying his property, if her father, or if he be dead, her mother, declare before the officer taking the acknowledg ment, that it would be prejudicial to her and her husband not to convey, and that it is for the interest of the woman to cofi- vey; this declaration, with the name of the father or mother, to be inserted in the certificate. The conveyance by a corpo ration must, of course, be under its corporate seal. All con veyances and mortgages of lands, and every lease for three years, must be recorded in the recorder's office of the county where the lands are situated, within ninety days from the execution thereof, other"wise they are held fraudulent and void as against subsequent purchasers or mortgages in good faith for a valuable consideration." Chattel mortgage must be recorded within ten days from the date of execution, in the county where the mortgagee resides ; otherwise they are void as against creditors. In regard to depositions, they may be taken out of the State under a commission issued by the clerk of the court where the cause is pending. In such cases, " notice must be served upon the adverse party, and reasonable time given to reach the place of taking the deposition by the ordinary facilities of travel, excluding the day of service of notice, intervening Sundays, and the day of taking. Depositions of witnesses may be taken within or without the State, before a^ judge, justice of the peace, notary public, mayor, or recorder of a city, clerk of a court of record, or a commissioner appointed by a court; but not before any person being of kin to either party, or inter ested in the action. Unless waived by agreement, officers in other States must act under a commission (debmms potestatem) from the court in Indiana where the cause is pending. Objec tion to a deponent, as not competent, or to any questions pro posed to or answers given by him, may be made at the exam ination and embodied in the deposition, or subsequently in open court."* And now in regard to executions. There are a lien on per- * Henry D. Pierce, Esq., Indianapolis. LAWS AND OOUETS. 819 sonal property "within the jurisdiction of the officer from the time of delivery, but if there be several executions in the hands of different officers, the first levy has the preference, and divests all liens created by prior delivery. An execution to another county from that in which judgment is rendered, is a lien only from time of levy. Executions may issue at any time within five years after rendition of the judgment; after that period, leave of court must be obtained, upon notice and motion. Executions from a court of record may issue to any county in the State. Property sold on execution, unless oth- er"wise directed by the judgment, must be appraised and sold for at least two-thirds its appraised value. When notes or other instruments or contracts in writing contain the clause '"without relief from valuation or appraisement laws,' the property of the judgment-debtor is sold upon execution for what it will bring. Stay of execution is allowed on nearly all judgments, by presenting one or more sufficient freehold securities as follows: On sums not exceeding six dollars, thirty days; over six and under twelve dollars, sixty days; over twelve and under twenty dollars, ninety days; over twenty and under forty dollars, one hundred atid twenty days; over forty and under one hundred dollars, one hundred and fifty days; over one hundred dollars, one hundred and eighty days. Stays are not allowed on judgments for moneys received in a fiduciary capacity; or for breach of official duty." Every recognizance of this character operates as against the bail, as a judgment confessed. The property of the judghaent-debtor must be exhausted before that of the bail. As to redemptions, personal property taken upon execution may be redeemed by delivering bond. All lands sold under judgments upon contracts, since June 4, 1861, may be redeemed within one year from sale, by the payment of the purchase money, with interest at the rate of ten per cent. per annum. The exemption or stay laws cannot be waived in a binding form. In regard to exemptions and homestead laws, " every resi dent householder may claim as exempt from execution, prop erty, real or personal, to the amount of three hundred dollars, 320 mSTOET OF INDIANA. on any debt founded on contract made since May 6, 1853. This right exists while in transitu from one residence to another, within the State. There is no homestead exemp tion." The legal rate of interest is six per cent. ; but any other rate, not exceeding ten per cent., may be provided for by con tract in writing. All interest over ten per cent, is illegal, as to the excess only. The rate of interest on judgments is six per cent, in the absence of a contract, but any rate may be provided for by contract, not exceeding, however, ten per cent. Kegarding judgments of the supreme and superior courts, they are liens upon all real estate of defendant liable to execu tion in the county where rendered, for the space of ten years, and after the expiration of twenty years are deemed satisfied. A transcript of the judgment of any court of record may be filed in another county, and from the time of filing becomes a lien on the real estate of the judgment debtor in that county. An order of attachment binds the defendant's property in the county where issued, and becomes a lien from the time of delivery to the sheriff. Goods in the hands of a consignee are subject to a lien for any debt due from the consignor. Jus tices' judgments become a lien on real estate from the time of filing transcript in the common pleas court. Judgments on bonds payable to the State become a lien on the real estate of the debtor from the commencement of the action. Every recognizance binds the real estate of the principal from the time it is taken, but that of the surety only from the time judgment of forfeiture is taken; those taken by justices in criminal cases become a lien from the time of filing in circuit or criminal courts.* The law regarding liens of mechanics, etc., is also impor tant. Mechanics and all persons furnishing materials for, or performing labor upon, any building, or machinery therefor, have a Uen on the building and real estate on which it is sit uated for their pay, either jointly or separately, by filing notice of intention to hold such lien in the recorder's office within * Manual of Laws and Courts. LAWS AND OOUETS. 321 sixty days after conclusion of the work or completion of build ing. The lien relates to the time when the work or repairs commenced, and has priority over any subsequent claims only. All who " file under " on action pending prior to judgment are allowed a. -pro rata decree. Sub-contractors can acquire lien in the same manner, whether the original contractor is paid or not, or they may give notice to the' owner to stop pay ment, and recover whatever is due the contractor. The stat- , ute gives a lien on all boats and water craft for debts contracted for supplies, wages, repairs, etc. A mortgage for purchase- money h&s preference over a prior judgment against the pur chaser. Mechanics and tradesmen have a lien on goods left for alteration or repair, liverymen and feeders on stock left with them, forwarding and commission merchants on goods in storage. Attorneys have a lien for their fees on all judgments taken by them, upon entering notice on the docket or order book at the time of taking, giving the amount of such fees. Touching the law on limitation of actions, we quote from the digest of Henry D. Pierce, Esq., as follows : " Actions for injuries to person or character, and for penalty or forfeiture by statute, must be commenced within two years; against public officer or his sureties, within three, years ; for the recov ery of real property sold by executors, etc., on a judgment directing such sale, by a party to the judgment, his heirs or assigns, subsequent to the date of judgment, within five years after confirmation of sale; on accounts and contracts not in writing, for use, rents, and profits of real property, for inju ries to property, and for the recovery of personal property and damages for the detention thereof, for relief against frauds and for money collected by public officer, within six years ; for the recovery of real property sold on execution, when action is brought by execution debtor, his heirs or assigns, after date of judgment, within ten years. All actions not limited by statute shall be brought "within fifteen years after the same shall have accrued; actions on written contracts, judgments of a court of record, and for the recovery of real estate, "within twenty years. Persons under legal disability may bring their actions within two years after such disability is removed. Set- 21 322 HISTOET OF INDIANA. , off or payment may be pleaded, not-withstanding the same are barred by statute. When a cause of action is barred by the statute of the State where the defendant resided at date of contract, the lex loci contracPus shall govern the limitation. An acknowledgment or new promise, in order to operate as a new or continuing contract, must be in writing, signed by the party to be charged." In reference to the law bearing upon the rights of married women, we have the following brief resume from the pen of the same writer: "A married woman may sue and defend alone where the action concerns her separate property, or where the action is between herself and husband. The wife may claim the benefit of the exemption law for her husband in his absence. She may qualify as an executrix "with the consent in writing of her husband. Marriage, after having been appointed an administratrix, does not cause her removal if her husband consents in writing. Married women may make wills as if single. A wife of an insane husband may contract in relation to her separate property as a feme sole. A mar ried woman holds her real and personal property and all profits therefrom absolutely as her separate property, and they are not liable for the debts of her husband, but she cannot alien or encumber her personal or real estate unless her husband join in the conveyance. The separate deed of the husband conveys no interest in his wife's land. The courts may authorize her to sell and convey her o"wn real estate in case of abandonment by her husband, or his confinement in the penitentiary, and to make any contracts. By the statute of 1852, tenancies by the courtesy and dower are abolished. A widow takes one-third of her deceased husband's real estate in fee, free from all demands of creditors, where the estate does not exceed ten thousand dollars ; where it does not exceed twenty thousand dollars one-fourth only; and where it exceeds twenty thousand dollars one-fifth only as against creditors. She takes one-third of the personalty. In all cases she takes three hundred dol lars from the estate without accounting. If a widow marry a second husband, she cannot alienate real estate held by virtue of her previous marriage, but it goes to her children by the LAWS AND COUETS. 323 former marriage. A second or subsequent wife, if tliere are children by a former wife, takes only a life estate in her hus band's lands unless she have children alive. A widow may elect to take under her husband's will, or the law. Alienage of the wife does not affect her rights if the husband is a cit- PROF. GEORGE W. HOSS. See page 21. izen, or if an alien he be authorized to hold lands. The wife's interest is saved from reversion in the absence of heirs, where an estate is given to the husband in consideration of love and affection. A widow may occupy the dwelling and forty acres of land of her deceased husband, free of rent for one year." 324 HISTOET OF INDIANA. In relation to notes, bills and protest, the law is interesting and important: "Bills of exchange and promissory notes payable in banks within the State, are governed by the ' law merchant.' On all bills of exchange payable within the State, whether sight or time bills, three days of grace are allowed. Notes and bills not payable in bank are governed by statutory provisions as follows: All notes and bills are negotiable by endorsement. The assignee may, in his own name, recover against the maker. The suit must be brought in the name of the real party in interest. Whatever defense or set-off the maker of any such instrument had before notice of assign ment against an assignor, or the original payee, he shall have also against their assignee. The maker is entitled to all defenses against the note in the hands of the assignee which he could make against it in the hands of the payee. All notes and bills should contain the clause, ' without any relief what ever from the Valuation or Appraisement Laws of Indiana.' The holder of a note or bill, whether negotiable by the law merchant or by the law of this State, may institute suit against the whole or any number of the parties Uable; but no more than one suit at the same term. Damages of five per cent. are allowed upon protested bills dra"wn or negotiated in this State, if drawn upon a person at a place out of the State ; and ten per cent, if drawn upon a person out of the United- States. Beyond such damages no interest or charges are allowed, except from date of protest. A holder, without consideration, cannot recover damages. Protest must, of course, be made on the last day of grace, in the usual form. If the notary's cer tificate shows that written notices were duly given to the sev eral parties, naming them, it is sufficient evidence of the fact." The law in relation to taxes is important. Taxes attach as a lien on real estate on the first day of April in each year. Corporation taxes mostly attach on the first day of January. Penalties attach on the third Monday in March, annually, and after that day all unpaid taxes are collectable by distress and sale of personality. Sales of real estate for taxes occur in each county on the first Monday of February annually. All lands on which taxes are delinquent for two years are offered. After LAWS AND OOUETS. 326 sale, the owner has two years in which he may redeem. If not redeemed within the time, a deed is made to the purchaser by the aounty auditor. In order to sustain a tax sale, the party claiming under it must show a substantial compliance with every provision of the law authorizing the sale. After four years no suit to review the title can be brought. A tax deed is only pri/rna facie evidence of regularity of the pro ceedings, aud may be contradicted. Possession under a tax deed is adverse though the title be invalid. As to wills, all persons of a sound mind, who are twenty- one years of age, may make wills and devise all their estate, of every kind, to any person or corporation, saving the legal provision for the widow. Married women may devise their separate property. Wills must be in writing (except nuncu pation, bequeathing not to exceed one hundred dollars), signed by the testator or some person by his direction and in his presence, and attested by two persons subscribing as witnesses. Wills ma.y be probated by the court of any county where the testator resided, or in which he shall die leaving assets, on proof of execution by one or more subscribing witnesses, or by proof of handwriting of the testator and of the witnesses, in case of their incompetency, death or absence. Provisions are made by statute for contesting the validity and probate of wills, either before or within three years after offered to pro bate. Wills executed without the State, and probated in another State or country, according to the laws thereof, may in most cases be recorded, and shall have the same effect as if executed in the State. Regarding witnesses, no party in a civil suit is disqualified as a witness by reason of interest, and one party to the suit may compel the other to testify. Husband and wife are not competent witnesses as to matters for or against each other, or communications made during marriage. When an executor, administrator or guardian is a party, and the judgment affects the estate, neither party can testify unless called by the adverse party. A want of belief in the Supreme Being only affects the credibility. The criminal laws of the State of Indiana consist of well 826 msTOET OF Indiana. defined penalties for the various crimes. The list is very, long, and too tedious for insertion in this volume. We will close this chapter with a brief notice of the courts. The supreme court of Indiana has appellate jurisdiction only from the superior, criminal and circuit courts of the State. Injunctions are granted by it in certain cases. There is no distinction among the judges; each acts as chief justice in rotation, for a single term. The present judges of the supreme court are, five in number, as follows : John Pettit, of La Fay ette; James L. Worden, pf Fort Wayne; Samuel H. Buskirk, of Bloomington; Alexander C. Downey, of Eising Sun, and Horace P. Biddle, of Logansport. The terms of the supreme court commence at Indianapolis on the fourth Mondays of May and November. The court sits at chambers during the greater part of the year, and causes can be submitted, by agree ment, on briefs, at any time. The circuit and superior courts have original concurrent jurisdiction in most civil cases, such as actions on contracts, etc. The circuit court has exclusive jurisdiction in actions for slander. In all oases of concurrent jurisdiction the court first obtaining cognizance, retains it exclusively. There are four terms of the circuit court. The terms of the superior court commence on the first Monday of each month, except July and August. An appeal from the special to the general term of the Superior court is granted as a matter of right, "without bond except in special cases. The superior court was established in 1871. It exists at present only in Marion county, the latter being the only county containing a city (Indianapolis) of over forty thousand inhabitants, that being requisite to the organization of this court. Judgment may be had at the first term after suit commenced, unless good cause of defense is shown. A judgment in either of these fcourts for less than fifty dollars does not carry costs. Justices of the peace have jurisdiction in collections and other civil cases, to the amount of two hundred dollars, within the to"wnship where the debtor resides; but they may render judgment upon confession to the amount of three hundred dollars. Judgment can be had generally "within a week or ten days. CHAPTEE XL. OFFICIAL EEGISTEE OF INDIAISIA. WE win close the fiest paet of this Volume with a list of the State officers who have served the people of Indiana, through the various grades of government, from 1800 to 1875. teeeitoeial goveknoes. Arthur St. Clair, Governor Northwest Territory. William H. Harrison, from 1800 to 1812. Thomas Posey, from 1812 to 1816. GOVEENOES OF THE STATE. Jonathan Jennings, from 1816 to 1819. Jonathan Jennings, (second term,) from 1819 to 1822. William Hendricks, from 1822 to 1825. James B. Ray, (acting,) February, 1825. James B. Eay, from 1825 to 1828. James B. Ray, (second term,) from 1828 to 1831. Noah Noble, from 1831 to 1834. Noah Noble, (second term,) from 1834 to 1837. David Wallace, from 1837 to 1840. ' Samuel Bigger, from 1840 to 1843. James Whitcomb, from 1843 to 1846. James Whitcomb, from 1846 to 1848. Parris 0. Dunning, (acting,) from 1848 to 1849. Joseph A. Wright, from 1849 to 1852. Joseph A. Wright, from 1853 to 1857. Ashbel P. Willard, from 1857 to 1860. Abram A. Hammond, acting from 1860 co 1861. (827; 328 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Henry S. Lane, (a few days,) 1860. Oliver P. Morton, (acting,) from 1860 to 1865. Oliver P. Morton, from 1865 to 1867. Conrad Baker, (acting,) from 1867 to 1869. Conrad Baker, from 1869 to 1873. Thomas A. Hendricks, from 1873 to . LIEUTENANT GO"VEENOES. Christopher Harrison, from 1816 to 1819. Eatliffe Boone, from 1819 to 1825. John H. Thompson, from 1825 to 1828. Milton Stapp, from 1828 to 1831. David Wallace, from 1831 to 1837. David Hillis, from 1837 to 1840. Samuel Hall, from 1840 to 1843. Jesse D. Bright, from 1843 to 1845. Godlove S. Orth, (acting,) 1845. James G. Reed, (acting,) 1846. Parris C. Dunning, from 1846 to 1848. James G. Reed, (acting,) 1849. James H. Lane, from 1849 to 1852. Ashbel P. Willard, from 1853 to 1857. Abram A. Hammond, from 1857 to 1859. John R. Cravens, (acting,) from 1859 to 1863. Parris C. Dunning, (acting,) from 1863 to 1865. Conrad Baker, from 1865 to 1867. Will. Cumback, (acting,) from 1867 to 1869. Will. Cumback, from 1869 to 1873. Leonidas Sexton, from 1873 to . SECEETAEIES OF STATE. John Gibson, Territorial, from 1800 to 1816. Eobert A. New, from 1816 to 1825. William W. Wick, from 1825 to 1829. James Morrison, from 1829 to 1833. William Sheets, from 1833 to 1837. William J. Brown, from 1837 to 1841. OFFICIAL EEGISTEE. 329 William Sheets, from 1841 to 1845. John H. Thompson, from 1845 to 1849. Charles H. Test, from 1849 to 1853. Nehemiah Hayden, from 1853 to 1855. Ei'asmus B. Collins, from 1855 to 1857. Daniel McClure, from 1857 to 1858. Cyrus L. Dunham, from 1858 to 1859. Daniel McClure, from 1859 to 1861. William A. Peelle, from 1861 to 1863. James S. Athon, from 1863 to 1865. Nelson Trusler, from 1865 to 1869. Max F. A. Hoffman, from 1869 to 1871. Norman Eddy, from 1871 to 1872. John H. Farquhar, from 1872 to 1873. William W. Curry, from 1873 to . John E. Neff, from 1874 to . AUDITOBS OF STATE. William H. Lilley, from 1816 to 1829. Morris Morris, from 1829 to 1844. Horatio J. Harris, from 1844 to 1847. Douglass McGuire, from 1847 to 1850. Erastus W. H. Ellis, from 1850 to 1853. John P. Dunn, from 1853 to 1855. Hiram E. Talbott, from 1855 to 1857. John W. Dodd, from 1857 to 1860. Albert Lange, from 1861 to 1863. Joseph Ristine, from 1863 to 1865. Thomas B. McCarty, from 1865 to 1869. John D. Evans, from 1869 to 1871. John C. Shoemaker, from 1871 to 1873. James A. Wildman, from 1873 to . Ebenezer Henderson, from 1874 to . TEEA8UEEE8 OF STATE. Daniel C. Lane, from 1816 to 1823. Samuel Merrill, from 1823 to 1835. 330 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Nathan B. Palmer, from 1835 to 1841. George H. Dunn, from 1841 to 1844. Royal Mayhew, from 1844 to 1847. Samuel Hanna, from 1847 to 1850. James P. Drake, from 1850 to 1853. Elijah Newland, from 1853 to 1855. William B. Noffsinger, from 1855 to 1857. Aquilla Jones, from 1857 to' 1859. Nathaniel F. Cunningham, from 1859 to 1861. Jonathan S. Harvey, from 1861 to 1863. Matthew L. Brett, from 1863 to 1865. John I. Morrison, from 1866 to 1867. Nathan Kimball, from 1867 to 1871. James B. Ryan, from 1871 to 1873. John B. Glover, from 1873 to . B. C. Shaw, from 1874 to ATTOENETS GENEEAL. James Morrison, from March 5, 1855. Joseph E. McDonald, from December 17, 1867. James G. Jones, from December 17, 1859. John P. Usher, from November 10, 1861. Oscar B. Hord, from November 3, 1862. Delano E. Williamson, from November 3, 1864 Bayliss W. Hanna, from November 3, 1870. James C. Denny, from November 6, 1872. Clarence A. Buskirk, from November 6, 1874. JUDGES OF THE SUPEEME OOUET James Scott, from 1816 to 1831. John Johnston, from 1816 to 1817. Jesse L. Holman, from 1816 to 1831. Isaac Blackford, from 1817 to 1853. Steven C. Stevens, from 1831 to 1836. John T. McKinney, from 1831 to 1837. Charles Dewey, from 1836 to 1847. Jeremiah Sullivan, from 1837 to 1846, OFFICIAL EEGISTEE. 831 Samuel E. Perkins, from 1846 to 1865. Thomas L. Smith, from 1847 to 1853. Andrew Davidson, from 1853 to 1865. William L. Stewart, from 1853 to 1857. Addison L. Eoache, from 1853 to 1854. Alvin P. Hovey, (appointed,) from to 1854. Samuel B. Gookins, from 1854 to 1857. James L. Worden, (appointed,) from 1858 to 1865. James M. Hanna, (appointed,) from 1858 to 1866. Charles A. Eay, from 1865 to 1871. John P. Elliott, from 1865 to 1871. James S. Frazier, from 1865 to 1871. Eobert S. Gregory, from 1865 to 1871. James L. Worden, from 1871 to . Alexander C. Downey, from 1871 to . Samuel H. Buskirk, from 1871 to . John Pettit, from 1871 to . Andrew L. Osborn, from 1872 to . Horace P. Biddle, from 1874 to . UNITED STATES SENATOES. Class 1. James Noble, from 1816 to 1831. "Class 3. Waller Taylor, from 1816 to 1825. Class 3. William Hendricks, from 1825 to 1837. Class 1. Eobert Hanna (appointed), 1831. Class 1. John Tipton, from 1831 to 1839. Class 3. Oliver H. Smith, from 1837 to 1843. Class 1. Albert S. White, from 1839 to 1845.' Class 3. Edward A. Hannegan, from 1843 to 1849. Class 1. Jesse D. Bright, from 1845 to 1861. Class 3. James Whitcomb, from 1849 to 1852. Class 3. Charles W. Cathcart (appointed), from 1852 1853. Class 3. John Pettit, from 1853 to 1857. Class 3. Graham N. Fitch, from 1857 to 1861. Class 1. Joseph A. Wright, from 1861 to 1863. Class 3. Henry S. Lane, from 1861 to 1867. 332 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Class 1. David Turpie, 1863. Class 1. Thomas A. Hendricks, from 1863 to 1869. Class 3. Oliver P. Morton, from 1867 to . Class 1. Daniel D. Pratt, from 1869 to 1875. Class 3. Joseph E. McDonald, 1875 to . PART SECOND. COUNTY HISTORIES. CHAPTEE XLI. INTEODUCTOET. IN the first part of. this work we have treated only of mat ters pertaining to the State, in a general sense. It is our purpose, from this point, to present sketches of the moral and material progress of different localities within the State, or, of each county. In taking up these county histories, we shall observe no particular order, unless it be to follow the lines of early immigration through the State. One, and the most important of these, is by the way of the Maumee, and the Wabash, to the Ohio, the oldest route ever traveled by the whites, on the territory now within the borders of the State of Indiana. We shall first take up this route, observing the pioneer history, and giving brief sketches of the condition of each county during our progress. A good many people, and some modem writers, are not a little mixed on the question of the date of the first settlement in Indiana. It must be admitted that the question is an important, and interesting one, and yet, after all, no great good would follow an authentic elucidation of the subject. It is important only as a starting point for the subject of the following chapter, and to satisfy one species of curiosity not (333) 334 HIOTOET OF INDIANA. altogether worthless. We shall take more pride in pointing to the causes that led to the first settlement of the territory, and in defining their relationship with the government of the county, than to demonstrate, exactly, when and where the fiLrst outpost of civilLzation in Indiana was established. Nev ertheless, we shall be able to draw our lines with some degree of certainty as to the latter. The first white man who "dsited the territory was a French Jesuit missionary, who came from the old French mission of the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan, which was one of the oldest Jesuit missions in the lake region. This missionary (or mis sionaries) came among the Miamis in the latter part of the seventeenth century, probably in 1675. It was through the adventurous spirit of these early representatives of the Cross, that the route from " New France " to " Louisiana," by the Maumee, Wabash, and Ohio rivers was discovered. This dis covery has directly to do with the early settlement of Indiana, for "with the knowledge of the route mentioned, and the con sequent travel over it, came the necessity of military estab lishments along the line for its protection. It will be remem bered that at the close of the seventeenth century, France held extensive possessions in Louisiana and in Canada. There was no established trade between the two colonies, as the former had direct communication with the mother country by the way of the Mississippi and the Gulf, and the latter by the way of the river St. Lawrence and the 'Gulf of that name. Not withstanding this, there was, at the date mentioned, a commu nication established between them. About the same peripd, the French Government, from its knowledge of the wealth and extent of the Mississippi Valley, as well as of the adjacent territory on either side, resolved on the full possession of the country. The English appeared to be content with but a nar row strip of land on the Atlantic seaboard, while the French were constantly pushing their conquests or discoveries west ward. In 1700, the French foresaw the conflict that termi nated "with the fall of Quebec, over fifty years later, and with a view to strengthen themselves in their new and valuable possessions, they adopted measures looking to the speedy ALLEN COUNTT EAELT HISTOET. 335 establishment of a chain of fortifications, extending from Canada to Louisiana. For a time, the great question "with the French colonial authorities was the location of these for tifications. The route by the Maumee and the Wabash was, at length, adopted, and in 1701 a fortification was estabUshed on the Detroit river. This was the first step towards carry ing the measure into effect, but it was not the last. During the fo7tf years that followed, forts with military garrisons were established at the head of the Maumee, where the city of Fort Wayne now stands; at Ountanon, on the Wea prairie, in what is now Tippecanoe county, and at Vincennes. These posts were probably garrisoned first in 1704-5, but as to which of them should take precedence in point of antiquity, there is considerable doubt. They were, however, all established about the same time. In the foregoing we have pointed out, with some clearness, the causes that led to the first settlement of Indiana by the French. We "will now speak of the characteristics and growth of those settlements. CHAPTEE XLIL ALLEN COUNTT EAELT HISTOET. IT was at Fort Wayne, or near where the St. Mary's and St. Joseph rivers form the Maumee, that the somewhat celebrated family of Indians of the Algonquin nation, the Miamis, had their ancient capital. Around this spot, for many years, perhaps for centuries, the Miami chiefs assem bled in council to deliberate upon the affairs of their confed eracy, or to decide for war or peace. How often have the echoes of Indian oratory, sounded along the valley of the Maumee, and the St. Joseph and St. Marys rivers ! It has 336 HISTOET OF INDIANA. broken the silence of the forests many times in defense of justice; it has excited the savages to war to rejiel an Indian enemy ; it has eloquently pleaded the cause of the red man against the oppressions of the whites. Kekionga was, to the patriotic Miami, the dearest of aU places in his broad domain. There was an eloquence in the scenery around the place that won high admiration in his savage heart. To the simple Indian mind there was some thing supernatural, something unspeakably grand, in the quiet of this fertile valley. It was here that they buried their illustrious dead. It was in this vaUey, and particularly at the head of the Maumee, where all their important cer emonies were commemorated. Eeturning from the chase, these Indians would assemble in the beautiful groves along the banks of these rivers, and pass the time in their usual sports. Games of chance, feats of strength and agility, and the feast were aU enacted here with native enthusiasm. But, at length, say in 1676, the white adventurer found his way to the Miami capital. He was not a warrior, not a trader, but a simple, pious, yet zealous Jesuit, who came, in his mysterious robe, telling the story of the Cross, which the savages could never fully appreciate. Here, at once, we J)as8 from tradition to history, in which connection it is expedient to state that the sources of much of the information following is through the recollections of the oldest settlers of Fort Wayne, still living. The compiler being aware that previous efforts to produce a history of Fort Wayne have not resulted to the satisfaction of those inter ested, first sought to learn the errors already committed by hasty writers. Collecting every scrap of history pertaining to the settlement of the place, he proceeded to Fort Wayne, where he remained some three weeks, inter-viewing the oldest settlers, and comparing their statements with the incomplete writings previously published. By this method he has been enabled to present a straightforward, truthful and complete history of AUen county. It has not been our custom in this work to present inter views verbatim, but in this single instance the ends in -view ALLEN COUNTT EAELT HISTOET. 337 can best be accomplished by departing from the rule. On the twenty-sixth of October, 1874, a compiler of this work called upon Judge , a gentleman well informed on matters of local history, at his residence in Fort Wayne, and was kindly favored by the following conversation: Compiler. — " Judge, I have been frequently referred to you as a person well qualified to give me rauch information con cerning the early history of Fort Wayne. Have you any objection to state to me what you know about the early his tory of Allen county, and the sources of your information?" Judge. — " I cannot boast of any particular knowledge on the subject, and there are others of our citizens who could give you much more accurate information than I can, but what I have collected is at your service. I must premise, however, that most of it is mere tradition of the Indians, and, therefore, not to be relied upon implicitly. When in Europe, in 1861-2, I spent most of the summer of the latter year in London and Paris. Through the infiuence of Mr. Dayton. our French minister, and the kindness of Mr. Peabody, I obtained access to the colonial documents and records in the archives of those governments, from which I obtained some information, and when I located here, about thirty -five years ago, I had frequent intei-views with the late Miami chief, EichardviUe, as also -with Messrs. Coquillard and Comparet, the earliest French traders then living. I took down in writ ing their statements, but do not place so much confidence in the tradition of the Indians as some do, yet, I have no doubt, but that the ancient Indian route between the Ottawa (Mau mee) river and down the Wabash to the Ohio and Mississippi, was first made known to the French in Canada by a visit of one of the French priests from their mission on Lake Mich igan to Kekionga, about the year 1676. Nor can there be the least doubt but that Baron La Salle was at Kekionga in the year 1680, as his letter to the Governor-General of Canada states that fact, and also mentions that the route alluded to had been already traveled by French traders from Canada, who had pursued this route in their trade with the Indians on the Lower Wabash." 22 338 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Compiler. — " Who were the first white men to visit this place?" Judge.-T-'"'' The tradition of the Indians, which is undoubt edly true, is that one of the missionaries from St. Joseph came to Kekionga about four years before La Salle came in 1680. La Salle was the next to follow the missionaries." Compiler. — " When and where was the first stockade built at Fort Wayne?" Judge. — " In one local history already published, it is stated that La Salle was at Kekionga in 1680, and at that time caused a small stockade fort to be built here.* The statement is made on the authority of Mr. Goodman, who claims to have obtained his information from the French records at Montreal and Quebec. But in the year 1705, Santer Vincennes, of the French army, was at Kekionga, and found here, at that time, several Indian traders from Pennsylvania. It has been gen erally supposed that then it was that Vincennes, by the direc tion of the Governor-General of Canada, erected the French stockade north of the present Catholic hospital, between the canal and the St. Mary's river, in the old Tipton or Eock Hill orchard, near the residence of Judge McCuUoch, our late sec retary of the treasury, on the same spot where Mass was first said by the Catholic priest in 1676. This was the stockade, ' the dim outlines of which were traced by General Wayne Ib 1794.' " Compiler. — "What became of this fort?" Judge. — " It was destroyed by the Indians at the time of * Nicholas's' conspiracy." Compiler. — " Judge, a good many people get this conspir acy mixed up with Pontiac's conspiracy. This is a sorry mis take. Will you state your recollections of Nicholas's con spiracy ? ' *Tlie statement that La Salle built a fort at tlie bead of the Maumee in 1680, is probably incorrect. He was at that time returning from his some what disastrous Mississippi expedition, and being on a journey to Can ada, in search of the Griffin, and out of supplies, it is unreasonable to assume that he erected a fort at this place. The author is of the opinion that the early records in Quebec and Montreal show only that La Salle reported the place as well suited for a fort. 340 mSTOET OP INDIANA. Judge. — " About the year 1745 the celebrated Indian chief of the Huron tribe, called by the French and English, Nich olas, but whose Indian name is said to have been Sandosket, and who lived at the Indian village where the city of San dusky, Ohio, now stands, formed a conspiracy to destroy all the French ports and settlements northwest of the Ohio. The French post at Kekionga, erected by Vincennes in 1705, fell in this war. It was burnt by the Indians — the Miamis, the Otta was and the Pottawatomies assisting the Hurons." Compiler. — " Did the French government cause another fort to be erected here? " Judge. — "Yes; Captain Dubuisson, of the corps ot royal engineers, was sent here, and erected a new fort in 1748. He did not erect this fort on the same spot where Vincennes erected the stockade in 1705, but at a point uot far distant to the west, and near the present canal aqueduct, and a little to the east of the residence of Judge Lowry. The fort, or rather a part of its foundation, was still standing when Colonel John Johnson came here in 1800."* In the conversation which we have given with Judge , it will be seen that there were two French forts or stockades erected at Fort Wayne, one in 1705 and the other in 1748. FoUowing this chain of events, we next come to the English fort which was erected on the east bank of the St. Joseph's river, by Ensign Holmes, in the fall of 1760, or winter of 1760-61. With the fall of Cg,nada in 1759, all the French forts in the northwest feU into the hands of the British, and Major Eogers was sent to Detroit with an army to occupy them. Ensign Holmes, with a smaU detachment, came to Fort Wayne, but finding the old French post here unfit to pro tect the garrison, at once commenced the erection of the Eng lish fort. Our readers wiU remember that the British occupation of the northwestern outposts was distasteful to the Indians, who, * The compiler of this work, who visited Fort "Wayne, received much more valuable information from John P. Hedges and Judge Borden. He was also aided by J. L. Williams, F. P. Randall, John Hough, Mr. Edger- ton, and many others. ALLEN COUNTT EAELT HISTOET. 341 during the old French war, had continued fast allies of their French father. This dissatisfaction was soon augmented into a spirit of revenge by the insolence of British officers, and the Indians, in the Spring of 1763, were strongly united under the great Ottawa chief, Pontiac, determined upon driving the red coats from their country. Francis Parkman, the ablest American writer on the Indian wars of North America, has given us a volume on this Pontiac war — a literary treasure of rare merit — in which he gives us a graphic and thrilling account of the fate of Ensign Holmes and his feeble garri son at Fort Wayne. Our, mention of this affair is necessarily brief. The Miamis of the Maumee had taken up the hatchet at the will of the Ottawa chief, and in the Spring of 1763, the vaUey around Kekionga resounded with many a savage war- whoop. Holmes had observed the savages gathering with unusual demonstrations, and, suspecting their designs, kept a close watch upon their movements. Nevertheless he became a "victim to savage ingenuity. An Indian girl with whom Holmes was intimate, and in whom he placed too much confidence, by compulsion, it is said, went into the fort and told Holmes that there was a sick squaw lying in a wigwam not far from the fort, and expressed a desire that he should go and see her. The fatal hour had come.* Unsuspectingly, and with a view to serve and per haps relieve the supposed sick squaw, (knowing perhaps some thing of medicine; for, it would seem, had there been a surgeon in the fort, he would have been more likely to have at least been called on by the Ensign than for Holmes to have gone himself,) preceded by the Indian girl, he was soon without the enclosure of the garrison, and advancing with cautious steps in the direction of the hut wherein lay the object of his phi lanthropic mission. Nearing a cluster of huts, which are described to have been situated at the edge of an open space, " hidden from view by an intervening spur of the woodland," the squaw directed him to the hut wherein lay the supposed * Parkman's Conspiracy of Pontiac ; Bryce's History of Fort "Wayne, etc. 342 HISTOET OF INDIANA. invaUd. Another instant — a few more paces — and the sud den crack of two rifles from behind the wigwam in view, felled Holmes to the earth, and echoed over the little garrison, start ling the guards and inmates into momentary surprise and wonder. Amid the confusion, the sergeant unthoughtedly passed without the fort to ascertain the cause of the rifle shots. But a few paces were gained, when, with loud, tri umphant shouts, he was sprung upon by the savages and made a captive; which, in turn, brought the soldiers within, about nine in all, to the palisades of the garrison, who clam bered up to see the movement without, when a Canadian, of the name of Godfroi, (or Godfri) accompanied by " two other white men," stepped defiantly forth, and demanded a surrender of the fort, with the assurance to the soldiers that, if at once complied with, their lives would be spared ; but, refusing, they should " all be killed without mercy." The aspect before them was now sadly embarrassing. Without a commander — with out hope, and full of fear, to hesitate, seemed only to make death the more certain, and the garrison gate soon swung back upon its hinges; the surrender was complete, and English rule, at this point, and for a time, at least, had ceased to exer cise its power. But we have some local traditions of this affair. Mrs. Laura Suttenfield, one of the " Mothers " of Fort Wayne, living there since 1814, whose portrait appears in another place in this work informed one of the compilers that she became acquainted with this woman in 1815; that she and her family lived neighbors to her for several years. At the period of Mrs. S.'s acquaint ance with the woman, she had a son, a man of some years. On one occasion, being at the hut of the woman, the man, her son, came in intoxicated, and somewhat noisy, and the woman, by way of an apology to Mrs. S., remarked that he was a little SQUABBT, or drunk; and concluded with the remark that he was a Saginash, (English) ; and from the age of the man, the infer ence is drawn that he was a son of Holmes. After lea-ving here, the woman took up her residence at Eaccoon Village. She lived to a very old age, and was known to many of the early settlers of Fort Wayne. Mrs. Suttenfield's recollections ALLEN COUNTT FOET WATNE. 343 of the account she received are, that the Indians at the time of the conspiracy, (probably induced by Godfroi and his asso ciates) forced her to act as she did towards Holmes, which is quite probable. In 1764, Captain Morris was sent with a small detachment of English soldiers, and again the English fort on the St. Joseph was garrisoned. CHAPTEE XLII. ALI.EN COUNTT' — FOET WA"rNE. FEOM 1764 to 1794, there is but little to record in the history of Fort Wayne, except those general events of war which are sufficiently noticed elsewhere, and which form, more properly, a part of the general history of the State. Passing on to Wayne's campaign, and over that part of its progress which brought his army into the field, we find him at the head of the Maumee in October, 1794. The work of erecting a fort was immediately commenced, and was com pleted on the twenty-second of the month, when Lieut.-Col. Hamtramck gave it the name of Foet Watne. Pre"vious to this date the place was not known by that name. This was the starting point of tho present city, the nucleus around which the civilization, industry and wealth of northern Indiana early began to accumulate, and to which it still centres. Colonel Hamtramck commanded at Fort Wayne from its erection in 1794 to 1796, during which time nothing of any great importance transpired. After the surrender of Detroit to the British, Tecumseh devised a scheme for the reduction of Forts Wayne and Har rison, and in September, 1812, began to assemble his warriors 844 HISTOET OF INDIANA. in the "vicinity of the forts. The garrison at Fort Wayne, at this time, was under the command of Captain Ehea, " whose habits of intemperance," says Mr. Knapp, " disqualified him for the place; and during a period of two weeks the safety of the fort, principally owing to the incompetency of the com mander, was in jeopardy." An express had been sent to General Harrison requesting reinforcements, but many long weary days passed, bringing no tidings of the expected assistance. At length, one day a white man and four Indians arrived at the fort on horseback. The white man was Major William OUver. He was accompa nied by four friendly Indisins, among whom was the brave Logan. The garrison had been in a state of cruel suspense for more than two weeks, "wishing ardently for reinforcements on the one hand, and fearfully expecting the approach of the British forces on the other. It is not surprising, then, that in this extremity they were anxious to hear news from any quarter. The little party, with Oliver at its head, had reached the fort in defiance of five hundred Indians — " had broken their ranks and reached the fort in safety." Oliver reported that Harrison, ha"ving been informed of the dangerous situation of Fort Wayne, had determined to march to its relief Ohio was raising volunteers. Eight hundred were then assembled at St. Mary's, Ohio, sixty miles south of Fort Wayne, and would march to the relief of the fort in three or four days, or as soon as they were joined by reinforcements from Kentucky. Oliver prepared a letter, announcing to General Harrison his safe arrival at the besieged fort, and giving an account of its beleagured situation, which he dispatched by his friendly Shawanoes, while he determined to take his chances with the occupants of the post. As soon as an opportunity presented itself, the brave Logan and his companions started with the message to Governor Harrison. They had scarcely left the fort when they were discovered and pursued by the hostile Indians, but, passing the Indian lines in safety, they were soon out of reach. The Indians now began a furious attack upon the fort, but ALLEN COUNTT — FOET WATNE. 345 the little garrison, with Oliver to cheer them on, bravely met the assault, repelling the attack day after day, until the army approached to their relief. During this seige the command ing officer, whose habits of intemperance rendered him unfit for the command, was confined in the " black-hole," and the junior officer assumed charge. This course was approved by the General, on liis arrival, but Captain Ehea received but little censure, undoubtedly owing to his services in the Eevo lutionary war. In those days, to have been a gallant officer in the Eevolutionary war was, to official imperfections, as charity is to sins. On the sixth of September, the army under General Harri son moved forward to relieve Fort Wayne. On the seventh it reached a point to "within three miles of the St. Mary's river, making the remaining distance to the river on the eighth, on the eve of which they were joined by two hundred mounted volunteers, under Colonel Eichard M. Johnson. On the ninth the army marched eighteen miles, reaching " Shane's crossing," on the St. Mary's, where it was joined by eight hundred men from Ohio, under Colonels Adams and Hawkins. At this place, chief Logan and four other Indians offered their services as spies to General Harrison, and were accepted. Logan was immediately disguised and sent forward. Passing through the lines of the hostile Indians, he ascertained their number to be about fifteen hundred, and entering the fort, he encouraged the soldiers to hold out, as relief was at hand. General Harrison's force, at this time, was about three thousand five hundred. " Friday morning," says Mr. Kjiapp, " we were under marching orders after an early breakfast. It had rained, and the guns were damp ; we were ordered to discharge them and re-load, as we were then getting into the vicinity of the enemy, and knew not how soon we might be attacked. A strong detachment of spies, under Captain James Suggett, of Scott county, Ohio, marched considerably ahead of the army. Indications of the enemy having advanced from their position at Fort Wayne, for the purpose of watching the movements of our army, were manifest, and Captain Suggett came upon the trail of a large party, which he immediately 346 HISTOET OF INDIANA. pursued. After following the trail for some distance, he was fired on by an Indian who had secreted himself in a clump of bushes so near to Suggett that the powder burnt his clothes, but the ball missed him. The Indian jumped from his covert and attempted to escape, but Andrew Johnson, of Scott county, Ohio, shot him." On the return of Suggett's party, a breastwork was erected in expectation of an attack from the Indians, but the night passed with repeated alarms but no formidable onset. Mr. Bryce, in his history, tells us that on the tenth of Sep tember the army expected to reach Fort Wayne, but thought, in all probability, that the march would be a fighting one, as the Indians were encamped directly on their route at the Black Swamp, but this expectation was happily disappointed, as " at the first grey of the morning of the tenth of September, the distant halloos of th« disappointed savages revealed to the anxious inmates of the fort the glorious news of the approach of the army. Great clouds of dust could be seen from the fort, rolling up in the distance, as the valiant soldiery under General Harrison moved forward to the rescue of the garrison, and soon after daybreak the army stood before the fort. The Indians had beat a retreat to the eastward and northward, and the air about the old fort resounded with the glad shouts of welcome to General Harrison and the brave boys of Ohio, and Kentucky." This siege of Fort Wayne occasioned great inconvenience and considerable loss to the few settlers who had gathered around the fort. At the date of its commencement there was quite a little village clustered around the military works, but with the first demonstrations of the enemy, the occupants of these dwellings fied within the fort, leaving their improve ments to be destroyed by the savages. Every building out of the reach of the guns of the fort was leveled to the ground, and thus was the infant settlement totally destroyed. During the siege the garrison lost but three men, while the Indians lost about twenty-five. There was a plenty of provi sions in the fort, and the soldiers suft'ered only from anxiety and a fear of slaughter at the hands of the savages. 348 HISTOET OF INDIANA. The follo"wing information concerning the movements of General Harrison at Fort Wayne, on the occasion, is compiled from the "writings of Messrs. Knapp and Bryce: " The second day following the arrival of the^army at Fort Wayne, General Harrison sent out two detachments, with the view of destroying the Indian "villages in the region of country lying some miles around Fort Wayne, the first division being composed of the regiments under Colonels Lewis and Allen, and Captain Garrard's troop of horse, under General Payne, accompanied by General Harrison. The second division, under Colonel Wells, accompanied by a battalion of his own regi ment under Major Davenport, (Scott's regiment,) the mounted battalion under Johnson, and the mounted Ohio men under Adams. These expeditions were all successful; and after the return of the divisions under Payne and Wells, General Har rison sent them to destroy Little Turtle Town, some twenty miles northwest of the fort, with orders not to molest the buildings formerly erected by the United States for the benefit of Little Turtle, whose friendship for the Americans had ever been firm after the treaty of Greenville. Colonel Simrall most faithfully performed the task assigned him, and on the even ing of the nineteenth retumed to the fort. "In addition to these movements. General Harrison took precaution to remove all the undergrowth in the locality sur rounding the fort, extending toward the confluence of the St. Joseph and St. Mary, to where now stands Eudisill's miU, and westward as far as St. Mary, to the point where now stands the Fort Wayne CoUege; thence southeast to about the point of the residence of the late Allen HamUton, and to the east down the Maumee a short distance. Aud so well cleared was the ground, including a very large part of the entire Umits of the present site of the city of Fort Wayne, that it was said by those who were here at that early day, and to a later period, a sentinel ' on the bastions of the fort looking westward, could see a rabbit running across the grounds as far as so small an object was discernible to the naked eye.' The seclusive points were thus cut off, and the Indians now had no longer any means of conceaUng their approach upon the fort. Some FOET WATNE EAELT SETTLEMENT. 349 thirty or forty acres of what is now known as the Cole farm, extending to the junction of the rivers, and just opposite the Maumee, was then kno"wn as the Public Meadow, which of course was then, as it had long before been, a considerable open space. -The soldiers were thus readily enabled to observe the approach of any hostile movement against the fort, and to open the batteries, with formidable effect, upon any advance that might be made against the garrison from any direction." It will be observed that Fort Wayne, up to this period, and fbr several years after, was but little else than a military post. This may be said of it during the whole period of its exist ence, or from 1705, when the first French stockade was erected, until the final evacuation of Fort Wayne in 1819. During this time it had been in charge of different commanders. Captain Hugh Moore succeeded Captain Rhea, in 1812, who, in 1813, was superseded by Joseph Jenkinson. In the spring of 1814, Major Whistler took charge of the post and repaired it, or built an addition to it, which he occupied until 1817, when he wate succeeded by Major J. H. Vase, who held the command until the post was permanently evacuated in 1819. CHAPTER XLIII. FOET WATNE EAELT SETTLEMENT. ASIDE from a mere military post, we may date the first settlement of the town of Fort Wayne in 1815. In this year a few houses began to appear some distance from the fort, but usually under the protection of its giins. One of these, and perhaps the first, was built about the center of what is now Barr street, near the corner of Columbia, which, some years afterwards, being removed from its original location, formed a part of the old Washington Hall building, on the 350 HISTOET OF IiJdL4NA. southwest comer of Columbia and Barr streets, wnich was destroyed by flre in 1858. In referring to incidents of pioneer life in these years, Mr. Bryce, in his work, says that during 1818, "a year remarkable for the congregation of many Indi ans here, the red man is referred to as presenting a general spirit of order and love of peace, not surpassed by many of the whites of the time, and well worthy of emulation in many instances. It was no uncommon thing, in their visits to Ke-M-on-ga, seeing a new hut, to inquire whether the new comer was quiet — if he 'make no trouble for Injun,' etc. And their intuition and close observation were presented very often in the most striking and remarkable light. On one occasion, about this period, an elderly Miami had come to the "village to trade a little. Soon meeting his old friend, Jas. Peltier, the interpreter, his observing eye, in looking about the place, soon fell upon a hut near, that had but recently been built. 'Ugh!' ejaculated the Indian; 'new wigwam!' He now became most anxious to know if the white man was peaceable — whether he come to make trouble for Injun? The two now soon entered the hut of the new-comers, and shook hands with the inmates. The Indian at once began to look about him, and to inquire how many warriors (children) they had, etc. Eyeing the matron of the house or squaw, as the Indian called her, and observing that she was quite sad, the Indian became anxious to know what was the matter with her ^- he was sure she was sick. The woman averred that she was not sick. But the Indian knew she was. Tuming to his old friend P. again, after looking at the woman and striking his hand upon his breast, exclaimed, ' White squaw sick at heart;' and was anxious to know if she had not left something behind at the settlement from which they came to Fort Wayne. In response to this, the woman quickly replied that she had left her only son, by her first husband, at Piqua, and that she was anxious to have him "with her, but her present husband did not want him to come. ' Didn't I tell you white squaw sick at heart!' replied the Indian, much elated; and he at once proposed to go to Piqua and bring her son to her, if Mr. P. would give him a blanket — which was readily agreed to. FOET WATNE EAELT SETTLEMENT. 351 Recei"ving a note from the mother, the next moming early, "with two Indian ponies, the generous red man was on the road to Piqua, and in five days from that time returned with the boy ! The woman's heart was eased, and as the faithful Indian gazed upon the happy meeting of the mother and the son, his heart warmed within him, and turning to his friend Peltier, he exclaimed: ' Isn't that good medicine for the white squaw!' The Indian now became the faithful" protector and friend of the woman and her son, assuming the special guardianship of the latter ; telling the husband that if he ever heard a word of complaint, either from the son or mother, as to ill treatment, 'he would have his hide, if he had to lay in the Maumee river until the moss had grown six inches on his back.' " Attached to the fort, and extending west of it, to about where the " Old Fort House " afterwards stood, and embracing about one acre of land, was a well cultivated garden, belonging to the commanding officer, always filled, in season, with the choicest vegetables. West of this was the company's garden, extending to about where the Hedekin House afterwards stood. This was also well tilled, affording suitable labor fbr the soldiers when military discipline was slackened. The main thoroughfare in those days, extended westward from the fort along what is now the canal. Not far south of the fort in what is now known as " Taber's addition," was located the burial ground of the garrison, and where also were deposited others who died, not immediately connected with the garrison. Lieutenant Ostrander, who had one day unthoughtedly fired upon a flock of birds passing over the fort, had been reprimanded by Captain Rhea, and because of his refusal to be tried by a court-martial, was con fined in a small room in the garrison, where he subsequently died, was among the number buried in this old place of inter ment. Another place of burial, where also a number of Indi ans were interred, extended along the northwest corner of Columbia and Clinton streets, and to the adjoining block. Many bones were removed from this point some years ago, in digging cellars, and laying the foundations of buildings. In 1846, while some parties were making an excavation for 352 HISTOET OF INDIANA. a foundation wall, in the vicinity of Main and Calhoun streets, they dug up and removed the remains of an Indian, who had long before that been buried, with a gun excellently mounted, some trinkets of silver, and a glass pint fiask of whisky, which liquid was still preserved in at least as good a state as when buried. The hair was also in a fair state of preservation, though the skull was much decayed, as were the gun mount ings corroded. At that date, the old Indian burying ground was still a scene of attraction. The stranger would often see swinging from the bough of a tree, in some grove near the bank of the river, the infant of the Indian mother; or a few little log enclosures, where the bodies of adults sat upright, with all their former apparel wrapped about them, and their trinkets, tomahawks, etc., by their sides. Such were a few of the features of pioneer Fort Wayne. In those days a " new comer " was hailed with delight. He was welcome. There was " enough and to spare " of every thing but money. Land was plenty and cheap, and the few pioneers, tired of seeing only each other, always extended a cordial welcome to new settlers. One of the most general ways by which Fort Wayne was reached in early days, was by water, either by way of the St. Mary's or Maumee rivers, usually in fiat boats, and what was then called pirogues. The old boat landing was just below the fort, about where the Maumee bridge was afterwards erected. For many years, and down to 1838, it was a common sight for residents to see pirogues and fiat boats, laden "with various articles of merchandise, whisky, flour, furs, etc., load and unload at this little commercial center. This system of river navigation was finally impeded, and completely obstructed by dams which were erected on the St. Mary's for mill pur poses. The flrst of these was built on the St. Mary's in 1822, at the " Devil's Race Ground," by Captain James Riley. Two years later, Samuel Hanna and Joseph Barnett built a mill . about three miles from Fort Wayne, at the present site of "Beaver's MiU." Fort W ayne was, for many years, one of the principal depots FOET WATNE EAELT SETTLEMENT. 353 of the fur trade. Many persons became wealthy in the busi ness. Indeed it was the principal commerce of the place during the first ten or fifteen years of its settlement. Rich ard ville, the last celebrated chief of the once great Miami nation, of Indians, who was licensed as a trader with his people at Fort Wayne, as early as 1815, is said to have accu mulated an immense fortune mainly by this trade and the sale of lands. Mr. Schoolcraft estimated his wealth some years prior to his death at about two hundred thousand dollars in specie, much of which he had had so long buried in the earth that the boxes in which the money was inclosed had mainly decayed, and the silver itself considerably blackened. The following short sketch of the early history of Fort Wayne is taken from Mr. Bryce's work : " When Major Whist ler assumed command of the garrison, in May, 1814, aside from the Uttle band of soldiers here, were the two daughters of the commandant, Mrs. Laura Suttenfield, George and John E. Hunt; Lieutenant Curtiss, and William Suttenfield, hus band of Mrs. L. Suttenfield. Soon after the war broke out, with many other members of the tribe, including his family. Chief Richard-ville made his way to the British lines for pro tection, and with a view, doubtless, to render some aid to the enemy; for, as the reader already knows, but few among the tribes of the northwest remained neutral, or failed to give aid in some way to the British cause. At the close of the troubles in 1814, he again retumed to this point, and soon passed on up the St. Mary's, about three miles from Fort Wayne, where he encamped. Major Whistler, desiring ^o see him, at once sent an interpreter to him by the name of Crozier, requesting him to come immediately to the fort, with which he readily complied. The treaty of Greenville, already referred to, was now about to take place, and the Major desired that the chief should be present, and so requested him; but Richard ville was very indifferent about the matter, hesitated, and soon returned to his camp again. A few days subsequently, however, he came back to the fort, where he was now held as a hostage for some ten days, when he at length consented to attend the treaty, and was soon after accompanied thither by Chief 23 354 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Chondonnai, of one of the lower tribes, Robert E. Forsyth, and WiUiam Suttenfield. " Much of the season of 1815 was spent in rebuilding the fort; and when completed as with the first erected in 1794, was a most substantial affair. The timber with which it had been built was obtained principally from what is now the east end, about where stands the dwellings of H. B. Taylor, James Emery, and the late Samuel Hanna. " At this early period, the roads leading from the fort were mere traces ; one leading to Fort Recovery, and known as the ' Wayne trace,' passing through what is now Allen county, thence into Adams, to the north of Monmouth; from thence passing not far from Willshire to ' Shane's Crossing,' and so on. There was also a trace to Captain Wells' place, on the banks of Spy Run; two traces led down the Maumee on either side; and one extended in the direction of Fort Dearborn, (Chicago ;) between which point and Fort Wayne no house was then visible, nor indeed in any other direction, with per haps one or two exceptions, short of the settlements in Ohio. The two common fording places at that time, and for some years later, were above and below the Maumee bridge; the one below the bridge was better known as ' Harmer's Ford,' both of which are now most entirely obliterated. "It was below this latter ford, near a path leading toward Detroit, under the cheerful shade of what was then" and long after known as the 'Big Elm,' on the fourth of July, 1810, that Captain Ray and a few others from the fort, were enjoy ing themselves moat agreeably, partaking of a dinner in honor of the glorious occasion, when an express came up the trace from Detroit "with the private mail and government dispatches. Here Captain Ray took possession of the 'mail matter,' all gathering around to receive their favors, which were then duly distributed by first Postmaster Ray; and the old Elm was thereafter known as ' the Post Office.' What has become of this ' old familiar tree,' whose o'erhanging boughs formed the shadow of the first post office in the region of Fort Wayne, is now unknown. Perhaps some unsparing axeman long since cut it down. It was by way of Fort Wayne at this period. 356 msTOET OF Indiana. and some years after, that the troops at Chicago and Green Bay received their regular mail by military express. " Major Whistler, in 1817, being removed from this point to what is now St. Charles, Mo., was succeeded by Major J. H. Vose, of the fifth regiment of regulars, who held command until permanently evacuated in April, 1819. The deparjure of the troops is said to have left the little band of citizens then here extremely lonesome and unprotected. The cessa tion of the therefore daily music of the troops in the fort was supplied by the stillness of nature, almost overwhelming. The Indians were numerous, and their camp fires and rude music, the drum, made night more dreaded; but to this the inhabitants of Fort Wayne soon became familiarized. The punctilio of military life was gradually infused into the social circle, and gave tone to the etiquette and moral habits of the citizens of the fort." Payment season at Fort Wayne was for many years a lively business period. On these occasions, traders from Ohio, Michigan, and even New York, visited the place for purposes of trade, taking with them large quantities of whisky, which they dealt out to the Indians so freely as to keep them con tinually drunk and unfit for business ; horse racing, drinking, gambling, debauchery, extravagance, and waste, were the order of the day and night. When Indiana was admitted into the Union as a State, in 1816, what is now Allen county formed a part of Knox county. The seat of government for the county was located at Vin cennes up to 1818, when Randolph county was organized, including the present Allen county and a large extent of ter ritory to the north. Winchester was the county seat until the formation of Allen, in 1823. By an act of Congress, a land office was established in Fort Wayne in 1822. Joseph Holman, of Wayne county, was appointed Register, and Captain Samuel C. Vance, of Dear born county. Receiver. After the survey of the lands, the President issued a proclamation fbr their sale, to the highest bidder, the minimum price being $1.25 per acre; and the sale began on the 22d of October, 1823, at the fort. Considerable irOET WA"TNE EAELT S1<71"TLEMENT. 357 rivalry having been awakened, touching that portion which embraced the town and immediate settlement — -some forty acres, in the immediate locality of the fort, being reserved for the use of the Indian Agent — the most extensive purchasers thereof were Barr, of Baltimore, Maryland, and McCorkle, of Piqua, Ohio. This portion of the city is marked on the city maps " Old Plat to Fort Wayne," and originally designated as "the north fraction of the southeast quarter of section two, township thirty, north of range twelve east;" and it was on this that Messrs. Barr and McCorkle laid off the original plat of the " Town of Fort Wayne," as surveyed by Robert Young, of Piqua, Ohio. This plat was embraced in one hundred and eighteen lots. Subsequently, Hon. Samuel Hanna purchased all the Barr and McCorkle claims, and therefore became one of the original proprietors of the town. There was a school-house erected on this original plat, at an early day, of which the Fort Wayne Times SY>oke as follows in 1858: " In this old school-house, many of those, then young, but now past middle life who yet live here, many dead, and others absent, had their early train ing for usefulness; and. many there experienced that joy only once to be enjoyed in a life-time; while, perhaps, nearly every teacher, who there disciplined the youthful mind, has gone to his final account, and soon here to be entirely forgotten. * * This old school-house was built of brick, in 1825, and was then quite large enough fbr all needed purposes. -* * * It was only one story in height, and served for many years, not only as a school-house, but as the place of religious worship, town meetings, masonic installations, political speeches," etc. John P. Hedges,* one of the earliest settlers of Fort Wayne, still living, was among the first teachers in this old pioneer school-house. In the winter of 1826, he had it repaired at his own expense. Mr. A. Aughinbaugh also taught in this build ing. The old county jail, which, until 1847, stood on the southwest corner of Calhoun street and the court-house square, * Mr. Hedges called upon one of the compilers of this work, while he was in Fort Wayne, in October, 1874, and related many interesting inci dents of pioneer life in the vicinity of the old fort. 358 HISTOET OF INDIANA. was also used for several years as a school -house. It was in this building that Mr. Henry Cooper taught, who is claimed to be the first regular teacher in Fort Wayne. Among the events of 1819, was the erection of a log house by Samuel Hanna, at the northwest corner of Barr and Colum bia streets. In this log structure he and James Barnett opened a considerable wholesale store, which they successfully con tinued for several years. They brought their goods from the East, by the way of Toledo and the rapids of the Maumee. At the time of the first land sale at Fort Wayne, the pur chasers, other than Messrs. Barr and McCorkle, were Alexan-" der Ewing, who entered the east half, southwest quarter of section two — being the same land on which Ewing's and Rockhill's additions were afterwards laid out. The section of land across the river, in the forks of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph's rivers, known as the "Wells pre-emption," had been, by an act of Congress of May, 1808, set apart as a pre emption to Captain Wells, who was authorized to enter it, when adjacent lands should be offered at $1.26 per acre; but having lost his life in the massacre at Fort Dearborn, in 1812, his heirs being authorized, entered it at the land sale refer red to. The establishment of the land office, and the influx of pop ulation opened the way for the settlement of Fort Wayne, and in a few years quite a town sprang up at the forks, which has grown into the present populous city. CHAPTER XLIV. ALLEN COUNTT — EAELT SETTLEMENT. ALLEN county was organized in 1823. Previous to that date it formed a part of Randolph county. The com missioners appointed to determine upon a site for the county ALLEN COUNTT — EAELT SUITLEMENT. 359 seat, were James M.Ray, of IndianapoUs, W. M. Conner, of Hamilton county, aud Abaithes Hathaway. In the early part of 1824, they agreed upon Fort Wayne. as the proper place, and in the last week in May, in the same year, the first elec tion for county officers for Allen county took place. The first session of the " County Board " was held on the last day of May in the same year, the Board consisting of William Rock- hill, James Wyman, and Francis Comparet. The county offi cers, elected at the first election, were: Anthony L. Davis, Clerk; Allen Hamilton, Sheriff; Samuel Hanna and Benja min Cushman, Associate Judges; Joseph Holman, Treasurer; H. B. McKeen, First Assessor; Lambert Cushovis, First Con stable; W. T. Daviss, Overseer of the Poor; E. Hors, Inspec tor of Elections; Israel Taylor, Joseph Troutner, and Moses Scott, Fence Viewers; Samuel Eood, Supervisor. At the first session of the Board, three Justices of the Peace were elected, ,as follows: Alexander Ewing, William N. Hood, and William Eockhill. These gentlemen assumed the position, ex officio, of the " Board of Justices," taking tbe place of County Com missioners. The first session of this body was held on the twenty-second of October, 1824. On this occasion the Board gave notice of the location of a State road from Vernon, in Jennings county, by way of Greensburg, Eushville, and New Castle to Fort Wayne. These were true pioneer days in Fort Wayne. There were none of the present fine buildings that grace the city; no lead ing thoroughfares adorned with fancy teams; no coUeges; no fine church buildings; nothing of the modern, fashionable order. But there were the rude taverns, the straggling Indian, the hardy fur-trader — in short, the unpretending pioneer. But few, if any, at this day, thought that Fort Wayne would ever become a leading city. Yet the place had its advantages for trade, and the penetrating business men of early times were not slow to improve them. Pioneer hotel life in Fort Wayne in 1824, is, to some extent, portrayed by an old bill of " tav ern rates" which has been preserved. It reads as follows: " Per day, 60 cts. ; breakfast, dinner and supper, each 25 cts. ; lodging, per night, 12-i- cts.; whisky, per quart, 12^ cts.; 360 HISTOET OF INDIANA. brandy, per quart, 50 cts.; gin, per quart, 37| cts.; porter, per bottle, 37^ cts.; cider, per quart, 18| cts." Allen county had its taxation, and, we suspect, it was both ersome, too. Every male over twenty-one years of age had to pay fifty cents. And for each horse, gelding or mare over three years old, thirty-seven and a half cents ; every work ox, eighteen cents; every gold watch, twenty-five cents; every pinchback, twenty-five cents; every four-wheeled pleasure car riage, one dollar. The State taxes were generally paid in wolf scalps, on which a bounty was allowed. The first circuit court held in Allen county was on the ninth of August, 1824. The judicial circuit then included Adams, WeUs, Huntington, and Whitley counties. At this time, C. W. Ewing "was made prosecuting attorney, and John Tipton foreman of the grand jury. W. G. Ewing was, on this occa sion, admitted to the bar as a practitioner at law. • At this session of the court an application was made for a divorce, and, says Mr. Bryce, " some indictments were found against parties for selling liquor "without Ucense, etc., at this term of the court — each being fined three dollars and cost. In one instance, for gambling, a man was fined ten dollars." The first master in chancery of this court, was Charles W. Ewing, then a young lawyer of much ability. "To show the difference between the manner of allowances of that day and this, when six times as much service was rendered in a given time, * * the records show that Eobert Hood (well remembered by old citizens,) was allowed seventy-five cents per day for three days' service as bailiff to the circuit court; Allen Hamilton, sixteen doUars and sixty-six cjents for four months' service as sheriff of Allen county; and Charles W. Ewing, for his services as prosecuting attorney, for the term, five dollars. This court, after a session of three days, adjourned on the twelfth of August, 1824, to convene again as the court in course. The following year, 1825, the board of justices appointed W. G. Ewing county treasurer; and the second term of the circuit court was convened at the residence of Alexander Ewing, on the sixth of June — Hon. F. Morris, of the fifth judicial cir cuit, a resident of Indianapolis, presiding — Judge Hanna ALLEN COUNTT EAELT SETTLEMENT. 361 officiating in the capacity of associate justice. James Eari- den, and Calvin Fletcher were admitted as practitioners of law at this term — both men of considerable distinction in after years. Henry Cooper, a man of many estimable quali ties, long since deceased, was also admitted to the bar at this term 'of the court, which continued only five days." The third term of this court was convened at the house of William Suttenfield, on the twenty-first of November, 1825, Judges Hanna and Cushman presiding. It was at this session of the court that a device for a seal was presented by Charles W. Ewing. Calvin Fletcher presented his commission and was sworn in as prosecuting attorney. The term in the fol lowing year, 1826, was held at the residence of Alexander Ewing, the same judges presiding; but at the next regular term, which was opened on the thirteenth of August, in the same year, Plon. Miles C. Eggleston, of Madison, presented his commission, as president judge, was sworn in, and pre sided during the term. Benjamin Cushman acted as associate judge; Cyrus Taber as sheriff, and Amos Lane as prosecuting attorney. A singular story is told of the trial and conviction, on a charge of murder, of Big-Leg, an Indian, who resided near Fort Wayne, at the term of the court held in 1830. "A half Indian and negro woman, whom he clairaed as his slave, had been in the habit of entering his cabin during his absence, and taking his meat. After repeatedly warning her to desist, he at length told her that if she disobeyed him again, he would kill her. From her residence among the clan, of which Big- Leg was chief, whose village was on the Wabash, a few miles from Fort Wayne, with a view to escape the fate that she knew must befall her, after a further disregard of the commands of the chief, the woman came to Fort Wayne, and was soon employed by some of the citizens. Shortly after her depar ture, Big-Leg came to town, too, and wandering about, he soon discovered her washing, at a house then standing about what is now the southeast corner of Clinton and Columbia streets. Stealing suddenly upon her, with his long knife ready for her destruction, he plunged it into her with such force, that it is said the blade passed through her body, and she fell 362 HISTOET OF INDIANA. dead at his feet; whereupon he proudly ejaculated, ' Was'nt that nice!' Though no uncommon thing, at that period, for the Indians visiting here to kill each other, and for which no redress had ever been sought by the authorities, the citizens here, who were then largely outnumbered by the Indians of the region, were greatly incensed at this terrible procedure of Big-Leg, and the civil authorities at once had the chief arrested, and placed in the old county jail. His main plea was that the woman belonged to him — was his property, and that he had a right to do what he pleased with her. When told that he was to be hanged for the offense, he could not comprehend- it, but seemed to get the idea that it was some such operation as that he had often witnessed in the use of the old steelyards by the traders in weighing venison, etc., and concluded that he was to be weighed until he was dead; which fact soon became commonly understood among the Indians of his tribe and the region here; and as he was a chief much regarded by his clan, they early sought to exchange him for one of their number, whom they considered rather worthless; but without avail. Ha-ving received some explanations as to his probable fate by hanging, or weighing, as he understood it, which he seemed to regard as fixed, he, with his friends, thought to have the experiment tried upon a dog, in order to see how the animal would act. Accordingly, while the chief was still confined in the jail, a number of his Indian friends collected about the outside of the prison, in "view of a small opening, where the chief could look out and see the action of the canine as his Indian friends proceeded to execute him. Placing a rope aroimd the animal's neck, and suspending him from a pole that had been arranged for the purpose, at the height of a few feet from the ground, by means of crossed stakes driven into the earth, the dog was soon dangling in the air. Observing the animal very closely through the grates of the jail, the violent throes and contortions of the dog at once gave him a great aversion to hanging, or being thus weighed till he was dead; and when the jailor again made his appear ance, he urged that he might be shot, rather than be killed by such a process as that he had seen tried on the dog. When ALLEN COUNTT EAELT SEITLEMENT. 363 his trial came on, John B. Bourie and chief EichardviUe acted as interpreters. He was convicted, but being recommended to mercy by the jury, the governor subsequently granted him a pardon ; and in 1848, with a body of Miamis, he removed to Kansas."* From 1823 to 1830, Fort Wayne was a scene of pioneer life. The general style of the dwellings was that of the usual log cabin, or the "hewed log house," which was quite a luxury. There were a few frame houses, but the interior of all was pretty much the same. Not a vestige of aristocracy could be seen in any quarter. Young ladies were then plain, common- sense girls. Courting was conducted in the vivid presence of a " big log fire," unaided by the soft notes of the piano, as at the present time. The lovers talked of plain matter-of-fact subjects. But little, if anything, was said of the opera. The theatre had a charra, but only as something to be talked about. But things have changed. With 1827-28, there came rumors of a canal, and finally, the canal itself. This was a vast inno vation — an important improvement; but the advanced idea did not rest here. A railroad was agitated — nay, constructed. Brick and stone buildings took the place of log houses ; the pioneer trader became a merchant ; elegant residences were erected; churches were built; society was formed; fine tastes were cultivated; elegant furniture, costly pictures and the piano were introduced. In short, a populous, prosperous city grew up with all its attendant luxuries. Pioneer life disap peared and modem extravagance took its place. It would be tedious to follow along the dry current of the modem history of Fort Wayne and Allen county. It has been a history of continued progress. Enterprise has marked every page, and success crowned almost every effort. We shall be content now, to notice the present condition and future prospects of Fort Wayne and Allen county, and to give a few pem pictures of the pioneers of civilization in that section. ?Bryce's "Work — Recollections of Mr. Hood. CHAPTEE XLV ALLEN COUNTT — FOET WA"TNT; MODEEN HISTOET. A LLEN County was named, at the suggestion of General ^^ Tipton, in honor of Colonel John Allen, of Kentucky, a distinguished lawyer, who met his death at the Massacre of the Eiver Eaisin. The county has an area of 654.35 square miles, embracing 413,607.08 acres, and a population of about 56,000, with a taxable valuation of over $20,000,000. In 1830, the population of the whole county was only 996, and the taxable valuation of real and personal property scarcely $100,000. These statistics give some idea of the immense growth of the county in both population and wealth. The foUowing table shows the growth of the different townships in population, from 1850 to 1875: Townships and Cities. 1875 1870 1860 1850 Aboste, 1200 906 876"^ 539 Adams, 3000 2388 1773 1012 New Haven, 2500 912 Cedar Creek, 2100 1713 1228 814 Eel Eiver, 1900 1217 1003 655 Fort Wayne, 25160 19460 10319 4282 Jackson, 304 202 93 Jefferson, 1800 1445 1061 563 Lafayette, 1700 1471 1320 529 Lake, 1600 1309 951 578 Madison, 1500 1278 919 561 Marion, MOO 1319 1358 1095 Maumee, 500 394 164 93 Milan, 1300 1183 786 361 Monroe, 1600 1479 610 414 MonroeviUe, 900 630 (364) ALLEN COUNTT FOET WA"TNE. 366 Perry, 1400 1280 1180 842 Pleasant, 1300 1280 1207 658 Scipio, ...'600 420 346 173 Springfield, 2100 1749 1505 702 St. Joseph, 1500 1373 1065 748 Washington, 1900 1628 1487 1305 Aside from the city of Fort Wayne, there are no ]"arge towns ' or cities in Allen county. The soil is generally well adapted to agriculture, and corn and wheat are produced in abundance. For the most part, the farmers are wealthy; and within the last ten or fifteen years, the small, incommodious pioneer farm houses have been exchanged for handsome dwellings. Farmers and farmers' children are well educated. The young ladies of the rural districts are in happy contrast with the " girls " of 1850. Most of them are accomplished in music, and possess a good education. The public schools of Allen county are in an excellent con dition. Well furnished buildings are provided in all parts of the county, and these are generally supplied with weU qualified teachers. There is, perhaps, no other county in the State, where the schools are in a better condition. The public schools of Fort Wayne are justly the pride of the city. At the present date, there are in the city thirteen excellent school buildings, well furnished, valued at $185,000. Seventy-five teachers are employed to teach 3,500 pupils. The > high school building is located on beautiful grounds, with an area of 18,000 square feet. The basement of the structure is of dressed stone, nine feet high; the main building, of brick, is two stories high, each fifteen feet in height; and the whole is covered by a "mansard," twelve feet in the clear. The tower has a porch finished with a balustrade so as to form a balcony. The interior is tastefully and elaborately appointed. The Jefferson, or Fourth Ward, school building is also an ornament to the city. This building is of brick, three stories in height, and covers an area of 3,600 feet. It contains t"welve rooms, with a seating capacity of six hundred, and is supplied with twelve teachers. The Clay, or First Ward, school is also a fine three-story 366 HISTOET OF INDIANA. brick building, containing eight rooms, 495 seats, and is sup plied with eight teachers. The others are, the West German, wood, corner Webster and Washington, rented; Jefferson, brick, corner Jefferson and Griffith, $27,600; Washington, brick, corner Washington and Union, $20,760; Hoagland, wood, corner Hoagland avenue and Butler, $17,000; Hanna, brick, corner Hanna and Wallace, $16,600; Harmer, wood, corner Harmer and Jefferson, $5,650; Bloomingdale, wood, corner Bowser and Marion, $3,900; North Bloomingdale Ger man, wood, north of Feeder, rented; North Bloomingdale. English, wood, north of Feeder, rented. ENEOLLMENT FOE 1874. Schools. Boys. Clay, 252 High, 26 West German, 70 Jefferson, 318 Washington, 132 Hoagland, 204 Hanna, 136 Harmer, 53 Bloomingdale, 85 North Bloomingdale German 13 North Bloomingdale English, 18 Total, 1495 1564 3049 The following comparative table, giving the various items concerning the pubUc schools, for a period of ten years, wiU not only show the growth of the pubUc schools, but of the city as well: Girls. Tota 265 607 42 67 69 139 300 618 172 304 211 415 125 261 51 104 121 206 15 28 14 32 Years. 1864 . 1865 . 1866 . 1867 . Ename- r ation. .6270., .5673.,.6321. .7255.. 1868 7846. 1869 8365. 1870 8256. 1871 8239. 1872 8637. 1873 8777 . 1874 9060 . Enroll ment. . . 1385 . . . . 1400 . . ..1629.. ..1937.. ..2181....2457.. ..2637.. ..2640. . . 2472 . . ..2682....3056.. No. of Teachers..19. ..18., ..23.. ..34.-.44. ..49., ..54.,..66.,..66.. ..65.. Valne ol School Prop'y $ 83,150 30,000 38,000 58,500 115,110140,000 165,000 165,000 168,000 173,000 180,000 368 HISTOET OF INDIANA. The Catholics have a large number of parochial schools, as weU as the Lutherans, who have several commodious edifices. The Lutherans have also a large college within the city limits, known as the Concordia CoUege. This is under the Synod of their church, under whose jurisdiction this district is. The Convent of the Sacred Heart, under the charge of the Sisters of the Holy Cross, is in close proximity to the city. The Methodist University occupies a large and well- arranged build ing in the western part of the city. It has been established for a number of years, occupying their present quarters since 1860. The Eev. E. D. Eobinson, D. D,, has charge of it, and under his able management it is rapidly reaching success. The Methodists have a well-conducted college at Fort Wayne. The building is a fine one, and adds something to the appear ance of the city. Eeligious. — There are more than twenty fine, elegant, and well-furnished churches in Fort Wayne. The architecture is generally handsome, and the material is substantiah Among them should be mentioned the Eoman Catholic Cathedral. This is a very beautiful structure of brick, surmounted by two steeples. Trinity Church (Episcopal) on West Berry street, is one of the handsomest church edifices in the State, though by no means as large as some others in that city. The Lutherans, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Christians have all built them- sdves fine and costly churches. Eaileoads. — The lines of railroad leading from Fort Wayne in eight different directions, give to the city a decided metro politan appearance, and bring untold wealth to its doors. These roads are all important lines, that connect the " Summit City " with all the principal cities of the country. The tracks and equipments of these roads are first-class, while the accom modation for all kinds of transportation is as good as could be desired. It is estimated that thirty-four passenger trains arrive at, and depart from, the city every day, while freight trains may be estimated by the hundred daily. Other important roads are in contemplation, but even at the present day Fort Wayne is the great railroad city of Northern Indiana. Wabash and Eeie Canal. — The importance of canals as a ALLEN OOUNTT FOET WATNE. J69 means of inland navigation, attracted much attention in the early days of this country, and it is due to them, in a great measure, that our country has been settled and cities founded. In 1820 an act was passed by the "Ohio legislature, appointing three commissioners to locate a route for a canal between- Lake Erie and the Ohio river, but it was not until 1824 that a survey was made of what is now tho Wabash and Erie Canal. The members of Congress from Indiana then procured a survey of the canal by a corps of United States topographical engineers. This survey was commenced at Fort Wayne, about June, 1826-, and at its completion. Congress passed an act, granting to the State of Indiana one-half of five miles in width of the public lands on each side of the proposed canal, from Lake Erie to the navigable waters of the Wabash river. This grant amounted to three thousand two hundred acres per mile. It was accepted by the State legislature, during its session of 1827-28, and Samuel Hanna, David Barr, and Eobert Johns, were appointed a Board of Commissioners. This grant was the first of any importance made by Congress for the furtherance of any public works, and may be considered the inception of the policy afterwards adopted, of granting so much of the public domain for public improvements. In 1828 the State granted to Ohio all the land which had been granted for canal purposes in that State, upon the condition that they would, in consideration therefor, construct the works through their territory. In 1843 the canal was opened fbr navigation, and two years afterwards the Miami extension was completed, thus perfecting a continuous line of canal between Maumee bay and the Ohio river at Cincinnati. The Mahon Brothers commenced running two small packets between Toledo and Fort Wayne, in 1843, but not with any regularity, and it was not until the summer of 1844 that a line making regular trips was established. Samuel Doyle and William Dickey, of Dayton, Ohio, were the pioneers in this enterprise, running ten boats and one steam propeller between Toledo and Lafay ette, and Toledo and Cincinnati. In 1846, the act kno"wn as the " Butler Bill " was passed by the legislature, by which the canal was transferred to three trustees, two of whom were 24 370 mSTOET OF INDIANA. appointed by the bondholders, the remaining one by the State. Public Buildings. — The County Court House and County Jail, both located at Fort Wayne, are substantial buildings, well adapted to the purposes sought. There is yet no commo dious city hall, nor is any needed at the present day, that would impose a heavy tax upon the city. The building in which the headquarters of the fire department are located, is well suited to that- oranch of the municipality. Further remarks on the present condition and future prospects of Fort Wayne, financially and commercially, are noticed in another part of this work, under the department of the " Great Indus tries of Indiana." See Index to Biographies to find interesting biographical sketches of pioneers and prominent men of Allen county. The leading newspapers published in Fort Wayne are the Gazette and Sentinel, both well conducted and influential journals. CHAPTEE XLVI. HUNTINGTON COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. T EAVING Allen county by the route mentioned in the -L^ foregoing chapter, we soon reach Huntington county, now rich in agriculture and commerce, and minerals, but once a dense forest. The county was named in honor of Samuel Huntington, a delegate in the Continental Congress from Con necticut, and one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde pendence. A small portion of the county is hilly, but for the most part it is level, or only sufficiently undulating to consti tute d natural drain. The soil is a mixture of sand and clay, is very deep and fertile, and well adapted to all the products indigenous to the climate and country. At an early day the HUNTINGTON COUNTT. 371 county was heavily timbered throughout, with the exception of a few small prairies. The first settlement, as near as we can learn, was made in Huntington county in 1829. Messrs. Artimedee Woodworth and Elias Murray were the first settlers. They came in 1829. Mr. Woodward settled north of Silver creek, on the Wabash. Here he built a log house and began pioneer life in earnest. Mr. Murray settled a mile east on the opposite side of the river, where he also built a cabin. In 1832-3, a settleraent was made on the Salamony river, near the present town of Warren. Samuel Jones erected a log house at this place in 1833, and moved into it with his family in September of the same year. James Morrison settled at the same place about the same time, and in the following winter Lewis Purviance, Lewis Eichards, and George Helm, located with them. The first settlers of the present prosperous city of Hunting ton were C. and J. Helvey, who came from the White river sect'on, originally from Clinton county, Ohio, to Huntington, in 1830, with their sisters. They built a hewed log tavern, which is known in history as the " Flint Springs Hotel." It remained a tavern until 1857, and was for a long time a favor ite stopping place on the old "Fort Wayne and Lafayette trace." A few now living in Huntington county remember this trace. It was nearly the same pathway over which the bold Eobert de La Salle traveled with his military escort in 1680, and the same trace upon which many a zealous French priest journeyed alone, before Americans explored the head waters of the Wabash. There was another log tavern erected near the cabin of Mr. Woodworth in 1832, but that region remained unsettled until 1847. Clear creek, two and a half miles north from Hunting ton, was first settled by Michael Doyle^, in 1834. In that year he erected the pioneer log cabin of that section, and moved into it with his family. The Helveys, who first settled at Huntington, sold their lands to General Tipton and Captain Murray, soon after they were located, and the latter gentlemen laid out the town in 1832. Mr. Murray moved to Huntington to reside, "with his 372 HISTOET OF INDIANA. family, about one year previous. The Wabash and Erie Canal was commenced in 1832, which may be regarded as the imme diate cause that led to the settlement of Huntington. The work on this important State internal improvement prospered, and the new to"wn of Huntington shared in the prosperity. In 1835 the permanent population of Huntington was probably two hundred and fifty, although previous to that time gangs of canal men frequently visited the place, sweUing its popula tion temporarily to four and five hundred. Huntington county was organized in 1834, previous to which it formed a part of Grant county. The first county election was held in the fall of 1834, as also the first court. The latter was held in the well known " Flint Springs Hotel." From this the court was soon after taken to the school house, which shows that Huntington, now so justly celebrated for her excellent schools, began the good work of education in hei youth. The first school teacher in Huntington was a Mr. Sergant. They called him a " down east Yankee," but he had consider able influence, probably because he was the son of a Presby terian clergyman. He " boarded round," and being a little on the particular order, it is not a wonder that the old settlers of Huntington tell some funny stories of his experience of this phase of his residence in their to"wn. It is very probable, however, that he had enough to contend with, both in the school room and in society. But we shall not tax the reader with every step in the growth of Huntington county. Such was its social and poUtical beginning. Let us look at results — its present condition. The Huntington of to-day has a population of three thousand five hundred, and is surrounded by well settled, weU cultivated agricultural lands, in every direction. It is the county seat, and a smart, thri"ving city. The streets have been admirably laid off, and the general appearance of the buildings favors the substantial. The new court house is a fine building, located in the center of a spacious square enclosed by a substantial iron fence. The churches are, for the most part, fine build ings, erected in a modern style of architecture, and present HUNTINGTON COUNTT. 373 striking evidence of the high moral taste of the people. The city schools are, at present, in a flourishing condition. For many years they lagged for want of the proper management, but within the last few years a splendid three story brick building has been erected, in which the city graded schools are now located, excellent teachers are provided, and the public schools of Huntington to-day are a credit to the State. There is probably no other city in Indiana of equal popula tion that can boast as much success in manufacturing as Huntington. The manufacture from wood has increased until the city is now supplying many of the towns in northern Indiana with staves, headings, plow handles, etc. In this particular ' industry Huntington possesses many advantages. Wood of nearly all kinds exists in large quantities in many parts of the county. Labor is cheap, and the surrounding country affords an ample and remunerative market. However, the manufacture of lime is perhaps the largest industrial interest of Huntington. During the present year there were over thirty kilns in successful operation, employing a capital of over one hundred thousand dollars, and giving employment CO an army of men either in immediate connection with the Kilns or in chopping wood to supply thera with fuel. Over ten thousand cords of wood were consumed during the year just closed, for which over twenty-flve thousand dollars have been disbursed throughout the county. The product of the Huntington lime kilns is unsurpassed in quality. "Hunting ton white lijne," has become a favorite brand in the northwest, and is sought after even to the full extent of the supply. The lime business of Huntington shows a steady and healthy increase, and is capable of great extension. The total product in 1874 was over four hundred thousand bushels. Huntington county is rich in agricultural wealth, and most of the farmers have become wealthy. Old-time log houses have, for the most part, disappeared, and new and elegant rural residences are scattered over the entire county. Villages have sprung up, and in every quarter there are indications of thrift and prosperity. With the increase of wealth have come all the other desirable acquisitions. Education, once so sadly 374 HISTOET OF INDIANA. neglected in the county, has now its full share of attention, and the youths are as far advanced in the usual course of study as in any other rural section of the State. CHAPTEE XLVII. CASS COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESCEIPTrVE. PASSING over Wabash and Miami counties, for the pres ent, we will take up Cass county. This jump in our route is made necessary by the absence of data, at this writing, for the complete history of those counties, as well as by the fact that the settlement of Cass county is of earlier date."* Cass county was organized on the thirteenth of April, 1829: previous to which it was under the jurisdiction of Carroll county, being originally, however, under the jurisdiction of Tippecanoe county. Previous to its existence as Cass county, it was known as Eel township, in- Carroll county. " The mouth of Eel," which, in early times, acquired con siderable notoriety as the point where the main line of travel crossed the Wabash, is the point where the first settlement was made in Cass county. As early as the fall of 1824,f Ed ward McCartney came down from Fort Wayne, under the auspices of a company of " fur-traders " located there, with head-quarters at Detroit, and erected a small trading-house on the north side of the Wabash, a little below the " mouth of Eel," which was, perhaps, the first house built for the occu pancy of a white man within the present limits of Cass county. A year and a half later, about August, 1826, Alexander Cham berlain, a native of Kinderhook, New York, but more recently from the vicinity of Fort Harrison, in Vigo county, Indiana, brought his family and settled on the south side of the Wabash, * See Index to find sketches of Wabash andMiami counties. f From MS. furnislied by T. B. Helm, of Logansport. OASS OOUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEITTIVE. 375 just opposite the mouth of Eel river. Here, with the assist ance of his neighbors from the "Deer Creek settlements," more than twenty miles down the river, he built the first res idence, also used as a " hotel," (a double hewed-log cabin, two stories high,) in the county. About the same time, WiUiam Newman settled with his family and built a cabin, also situated on the south bank of the Wabash, and three miles below Chamberlain's. The sarae season, James Burch made a settlement less than one mile below the former, and on the same side of the river, on "«'hat is since known as the Simons' farm. These two last remained but a short time, selling out their claims and returning to older settlements. Mr. Chamberlain, after selling out his first residence to General Tipton, who lived there afterward and established the Indian Agency formerly at Fort Wayne, built another house, ' a little further down, where he lived and "kept tavern " until the year 1835, when he moved to Eochester, in Fulton county, and died there a few years since. On the twenty-seventh day of March, 1827, Major Daniel Bell, a son-in-law of Captain Spear Spencer, who was killed in the battle of Tippecanoe, and brother-in-law of Genera] John Tipton, crossed the Wabash river and built his cabin, the first one built between the rivers, within the present limits of the city of Logansport. It was situated just south of the canal, and a few feet west of Berkley street. He lived there until sometime in the spring of 1830, removing thence to a claim, subsequently purchased, a Uttle way north of Eel river, in what is now Clay township. Not long after the settlement of Major BeU, Hugh B. McKeen, an Indian trader, from Fort Wayne, erected a tra ding-house and domicil on the banks of the Wabash, a few rods above the mouth of Eel river, near where McKeen street, in the city of Logansport, strikes the Wabash river. Tn the fall of the same year, Joseph Barron, an interpreter of considerable celebrity, with his family, moved also from I'ort Wayne, and settled on the reservation granted to his children by the treaty of October 16, 1826, below the mouth 376 HISTOET OF INDIANA. of Eel river, residing temporarily in the house before built and occupied by Edward McCartney as a trading-house, until the completion of his own house, a half mile above. Beside those named, there were numerous other settlers who came shortly after, adding rapidly to the population from time to time, so that, by the spring following, the inhabitants num bered about one hundred souls. By the treaty with the Pottawatomies, at the mouth of the Mississinaway, in October, 1826, one section of land, " at the falls of Eel river," was reserved to George Cicott, which, hav ing been surveyed in the month of July foUovring, negotiations were at once entered into between McKeen, Chauncey Carter and General Tipton, for the purpose of acquiring an interest in, if not the entire control, of the Oicott grant. Mr. Carter succeeded in obtaining the control, and, on the tenth day of April, 1828, laid out the original plat of Logansport, between the Wabash and Eel rivers, just above their junction. On the eighteenth of December, 1828, the legislative act authorizing the organization of Cass county, was approved by the^ govemor, to take effect from and after Monday, April 13, 1829. Accordingly, on that day, an election was held by the qualified voters of the county, under proclamation from the governor, and the following officers chosen, as prescribed by said act, to wit. : Chauncey Carter, James Smith and Moses Thorpe, County Commissioners; John B. Durst, Clerk and Eecorder; James H. Kintner, Sheriff; John Smith, Senior, and Hiram Todd, Associate Judges; Job B. Eldridge and Peter Johnson, Justices of the Peace. For the purpose of .conducting this election and carrying the enabling act into effect, William Scott had been previously appointed by the governor, special sheriff, to serve as such until his successor was elected and qualified. By the supplemental act of January 19, 1829, the territory included within the present limits of Fulton, Kosciusko, Miami, Wabash, MarshaU, Elkhart, St. Joseph, with portions of La Porte, Pulaski and Starke counties, was attached to Cass county, for civil and criminal jurisdiction. ¦ The first session of the Board of Commissioners was held OASS COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. 377 on the first day of May, James Smith and Moses Thorpe, Commissioners, with WiUiam Scott, Sheriff, being present. Al this session, Cass county and the territory under its juris diction, were sub-divided into Eel township, embracing " all that part of Cass county lying south of the Tippecanoe and west of the west boundary of the flve-mile reservation"; yf abash township embracing all that part of the territory attached, " south of Eel river," and east of the eastern boun dary of Eel township, and St. JosepVs township, embracing all that part of the attached territory " lying north of the Tippecanoe river, to the north line of the State." On Thursday, May 21, 1829, the Cass circuit court held its flrst session in the old seminary building, occupying only one day, Hon. Bethuel F. Morris, Judge of the Fifth Judicial Circuit of the State, presiding, with Hiram Todd and John Smith Associate Judges, WiUiam Scott, Sheriff, and John B. Duret, Clerk. A seal fbr said court was adopted on the same day, the device of which commemorates the agreeraent of Aub-bee- naub-bee, a principal chief of the Pottawatomies, and General Lewis Cass, one of the coraraissioners on the part of the United States to the terms of the treaty of October 16, 1826, by which the major part of the territory within the bounda ries of Cass county came into the possession of the United States — " An Indian and a white man joining hands." Henry Eistine, Erasmus Powell and Harris Tyner, appointed by the act of organization. Commissioners to locate the seat of justice of Cass county, by their report dated August 12, 1829, submitted to the Board of County Commissioners, then in session, selected Loganspoet, in consideration of certain dona tions made by Mr. Carter, the proprietor. The settlements in the outer townships, Miami in the east, Clay, Noble and Jefferson immediately north of the Wabash and Eel rivers, Boone, Harrison, Bethlehem and Adams on the extreme north, Clinton, Washington and Tipton south of the river, with Deer Creek and Jackson on the extreme south, as the public lands came into market from time to time, were filled up rapidly with an enterprising population. The last 378 HISTOET OF INDIANA. settlements were in the lower to"wnships, that part having been surveyed in the winter and spring of 1846-7, came into market immediately after, though prior to that time and subsequent to the treaty of 1843, many settlements were made by pre emption. For several years succeeding the year 1829, the growth of town and country kept nearly even pace in the progress of settlements and improvements, reaching, perhaps, the year 1836, when the country having fallen behind in the race, as a consequence, the trade being yet chiefiy of a local character the town came nearly to a stand still, while the country moved steadily forward, producing, ere long, a large excess over the demands of home trade, for transportation to other localities. The completion of the canal to this point, in the fall of 1837, opened an avenue to trade with other points of commercial importance, which advantages the people were not slow to iraprove. The iraprovement of the Michigan road, also, from the fall of 1828 to 1834^5, tended to the development of resources scarcely known to exist before. The canal having been corapleted from Toledo to the lower Wabash, was about the only means of shipment of surplus products until 1862-3, and from that time forward, when the Eichmond and New Castle, and the Lake Erie, Wabash and St. Louis Eailroad that began to be operated about that time with telling effect upon the producing interests of the county, adding greatly to the wealth and prosperity of our citizens. Since that time other roads of equal importance traverse the county in various directions. Beside Logansport, other smaller towns have sprung up, of greater or less importance, in different parts of the county; among these, Galveston, Walton, Eoyal Center, New Waverly are of most consequence, embracing a population of from , three hundred to flve hundred each in their own localities, car rying on a substantial trade. There are now published in the county, all of them in Logansport, the Logansport Pharos, daily and weekly; the Logansport Jou/rnal, weekly; Logansport Star, daily and weekly, and the Sun, weekly. OASS COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESCEIPTTVE. 379 And now, more particularly of the present city of Logans port. The seat of justice of Cass county, as originally laid out, was a small, unpretentious plat, in the shape of a right angled triangle, its base, along the margin of the Wabash, being of the length of five, and its perpendicular of four squares, embracing one hundred and eleven lots and fractions. These lots contained an area of fifty square rods, and such of them as occupied a position on the corner of a square were offered and sold for seventy-five dollars, the others for fifty dollars. Some of the lots were sold on condition that the purchaser should erect thereon, within a prescribed time, a house not less than eighteen by twenty feet, and one story high. It was laid out on the tenth day of April, 1828, and the plat recorded in CarroU county, in which jurisdiction it then was. In connection with the name, the following inci dent is related: While the survey was in process of comple tion, the name of the new town site became the subject of conversation between Mr. Carter, the proprietor, General Tip ton, Hugh B. McKeen, Colonel John B. Duret, and others present. General Tipton suggested a Latin compound, sig nifying " the mouth of Eel," of historic fame, or otherwise, commemorative of the location above the junction of the two rivers known as the " Ouabache and Eel " rivers. Another submitted an Indian name by which the locality had before been known. Then Mr. McKeen, who had formerly resided on the Maumee, in the vicinity where Captain Logan, the • Shawanoe chief, a nephew of Tecumseh, who lost his life while attesting his fidelity to the white people, in the month of November, 1812, proposed that his memory be perpetuated in the name of the new town. Colonel Duret agreed with the idea, and thought Logan's port would be appropriate. These differences of opinion were then submitted to the arbi trament of " shooting at a mark," an exercise common in those days. The several names proposed were "shot fbr," and that having " four best out of seven," should have it. The exercise was finally brought to a close by the declaration that Colonel Duret had "won." Hence, the narae as now known — " Logan's-Poet." 380 HISTOET OF INDIANA. By the action of the commissioners appointed for the pur pose, Logansport was selected as the seat of justice of Cass county, on the twelfth day of August, 1829. At the time it was laid out, and for several years succeed ing, its importance was chiefiy recognized in the light of a central " trading post " for a large extent of Indian territory surrounding, and as such it acquired a well merited fame. The consequence was that as soon as the sources of trade began to diminish, the producing population outside the town being inadequate to meet the demands of consumption, and the growth of the town was retarded for several years subsequent to 1836-7, indeed, until the country products equalled, overbalanced the consumption account of the non- producers in town, and the avenues of trade were opened between this and other more commanding markets. The increase in population and business facilities was steady for many years succeeding the depression of trade in 1837-8, but not rapid. Up to 1860-65, the spirit of improvement and enterprise was only in process of development. After that time, however, new life seemed to be infused, and rapid advances were observable in every department of industry, and capital — before withheld from investment proraising extensive accumulations, as if a dollar out of sight was for- ever lost — began to seek investment in public and private enterprises which have since yielded Uberal profits. For a few years past, the character of the improvements have been more healthy and permanent than ever before, the population increasing in the last decade more than three hundred per cent. To-day it contains fourteen church edifices, one coUege, eight public school buildings, including seven ward and one high school building, in addition to four private school build ings, representing conspicuously the educational interest of the citizens. CHAPTEE XLVIII. TIPPECANOE COUNTT HIST'OEIOAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. T^IPPECANOE county contains within its limits one of -¦- the oldest historical landmarks in Indiana — Ountanon. This was the French name given to the military post which was established on the Wea prairie, near the Wabasli, about the sarae time that Fort Miami, at the head of the Maumee, was erected, probably in 1705, ¦ At Ountanon, (unlike other pioneer French outposts in Indiana,) but few French settled, except the transient trader, who was coming and going with the demands of his vocation, and the military occupation of the place was not permanent. There were long intervals when no garrison was maintained to restrain the savages, which may be given as a reason for the tardiness of the place as a general French settlement. How ever, in 1759-60, when all the French forts in the northwest fell into the hands of the British, Ountanon was enjoying the benefits of a garrison, and was surrounded by a small number of rude French dwellings. The post, with all qthers in the vicinity, passed into the hands of the English, and was garri soned by the latter in 1760. At this time most of the French inhabitants removed to Vincennes, a few families only remain ing. The Wea Indian village surrounding the fort, was one of the most iraportant Indian settlements in the Miami con federacy, and remained such until its destruction under the military administration of General George Eogers Clark, in 1788-9. In 1763, during the memorable Pontiac war. Fort Ountanon fell among the "fated nine," a victim to Indian stratagem. r381) 382 HISTOET OF INDIANA. At that time the Uttle fort was commanded by Edward Jen kins, who, in a letter to Major Gladwyn, of Detroit, dated June first, 1763, gives us an account of the reduction of the fort in the follo"wing language: Sm : I have heard of your situation, which gives me great pain ; indeed, we are not in much better ; for this morning the Indians sent for me to speak to me, and immediately bound me. "When I got to their cabin I found some of my soldiers in the same condition. They told me Detroit, Miami, and all those posts were cut off, and that it was a folly to make any resistance. They therefore desired me to make the few soldiers in the fort surrender, otherwise they would put us all to death in case one man was killed. They were to have fell on us and killed us all last night, but Mr. Maisongville and Lorain gave them wampum not to kill us, and when they told the interpreter that we were all to be killed, and he, knowing the condition of the fort, "begged of them to make us prisoners. They have put us into French houses, and both Indians and French use us very well. All these nations say they are very sorry, but that they were obliged to do it by the other nations. The belt did not arrive here till last night about eight o'clock. Mr. Lorain can inform you of all. 1 have just received the news of St. Josephs' being taken. Eleven men were killed, and three taken prisoners with the oflicers. I have nothing more, to say, but that I sincerely wish you a speedy succor, and that we may be able to revenge ourselves on those that deserve it. This letter was written by Mr. Jenkins while a prisoner of the Indians before his departure from Wea to Illinois, whence he was taken by his captors. These incidents were enacted on the soil of Tippecanoe county, in 1763, long before it was settled by Americans. The fort had been erected probably in 1705, and was garri soned, at intervals, by the French until 1760, when it was occupied by the English, who maintained a garrison at the post until its destruction by the Indians in 1763, which termi nated its existence. It was never rebuilt, and to-day not a vestige of it remains to mark the place where it stood. The soil has been cultivated, and most of the old rusty swords, tomahawks, etc., have been uncovered and carried away by the surrounding settlers. When the fort was reduced, in 1763, the few remaining French settlers reraoved to Vincennes, leaving their rude dweUings, as well as the old fort to the Wea Indians, who deraoUshed them. TIPPECANOE COUNTT. 383 The first American settlers who came to Tippecanoe county, settled in 1823, seven years after the date of the organization of the State, and at an era in its history when immigration was flowing in from the east in a steady volume. From 1763 to the date of the settlement of the county, there is but little of importance to record. In 1808, the " Prophet's Town," OPERA HOUSE, LAFAYETTE. which has become famous in history, was established. It was located near the junction of the Tippecanoe and Wabash rivers, about one mile from the spot where the celebrated "Battle of Tippecanoe" was afterwards fought, and about seven miles from the present city of La Fayette. When General Harrison invaded this town, on the seventh of 384 HISTOET OF INDIANA. November, 1811, it contained about two thousand inhabitants, men, women and children, and was the largest Indian settle ment iu the State; but, with the Prophet's defeat, and the return of his brother, Tecumseh, in the foUowing spring, it was broken up, and the remaining followers of the brave Shawanoe went with him to Canada, where they established themselves near Maiden. In 1823, when the flrst settlers came to the county, Craw fordsville was the center of civilization in the Wabash valley for several miles in both directions. It was at this place that the flrst land office was opened, and where the first settlers of Tippecanoe county entered their lands. For three years after the settlement of Tippecanoe county, or until 1826, when the county was organized, the settlers were obliged to go to Crawfordsville for all judicial purposes, as well as for supplies. As we have said, the county was organ ized in 1826. " In due time coraraissioners "were appointed to survey and lay out the new county according to law, and to locate the county seat. The natural . beauty and eligibility of the site now occupied by LaFayette, together with its surround ings, iramedlately determined the said commissioners to award to this locality the county honors. At the time there were rival towns, but that rivalry soon ceased to be, as La Fayette soon outstripped them in the race of progress, some of which joined with her and added to her population, being satisfied that La Fayette was soon to be the 'pride of the valley,' her location being at the head of na"vigation, bounded by the beautiful wooded hills, beyond which lies the different prairies, teeming with fertility, the abundance of whose harvests have more than made real the hopes of the most hopeful, gladdening the hearts of the industrious farmer, filling his home with the necessities of life, giving him a liberal purse, a liberal mind. and manly qualities."* In 1825,f or about one year previous to the creation of Tippecanoe county, oue William Digby was induced by a few enterprising gentlemen from Crawfordsville, to lay out the first * Loren Harsman's pamphlet. t From a sketch written by Mr. A. J. Rouse, of La Fayette. TIPPECANOE OOUNTT". 385 plat of the town of La Fayette, on his little tract of land on the east bank of the river Wabash, near the center of what would be a reasonable sized county, with the view that ultimately it might become the county seat of the then projected county. Digby was not a man of enterprise or forethought, and conse quently sold his entire town plat of the city on the same day II ' 'L I \ '»1 9 i\ I i' f ' I' 4i t 1. FORD SCHOOL, LA FAYETTE. it was laid out, to Samuel Sargent, for two hundred and forty dollars; reserving for himself only one fractional lot, and twenty acres adjoining the town. The original plat was soon divided between Isaac C. EUston, John Wilson, and Jonathan Powers, all of the same town of Crawfordsville. As yet it was a mere city on paper, located in a dense forest, with rivals 25 386 HISTOET OF INDIANA. both above and below, whose claims were not to be ignored. Cincinnatus, two miles below, on the west bank of the river, and Americus, above, on the east bank, had each claims that were thought by the parties interested, sufficient to induce the proper authorities to locate the county seat at either place. But the joint proprietors of the new city in the woods were Uberal as well as enterprising, and offered to the new county authorities half of their town plat for the location ; besides, Sargent, Kesey, and Alexander, each donated ten acres adjoin ing the plat, as a further inducement to the authoritiesi which liberal donation was accepted, and the location of the county seat made the same year the county merged into existence. The choice was a wise one, that has given entire satisfaction to the inhabitants ever since, because of its central and healthy location. With the completion of the old Wabash and Erie Canal to LaFayette, that place began to iraprove and increase in popu lation, and although for several years it had many rivals in the Wabash valley, it has outgrown them all, and is now one of the leading cities in the State in point of population, wealth and infiuence. La Fayette is beautifully situated, and is one of the handsomest places in the State. Its educational advantages are second to no city in Indiana; its commerce is very good, and in manufactures it is consider ably behind, but there are ample facilities for this branch of industry in LaFayette, and many bright prospects of their being improved at an early day. The city has now a popula tion of about, twenty thousand, and is growing rapidly. The history of the public schools of La Fayette is full of interest and instruction. It has been very pleasantly written by Mr. Sanford C. Cox, an affable old gentleman of La Fayette, who himself has spent many valuable years as a teacher of pioneer schools, and who has kindly permitted the use of the pioneer schools, and who has kindly per?~Hted the use ot the following in this volume: In the fall and winter of 1837-28, Joseph Tatman, Esq., taught school in La Fayette, in a log cabin that stood near where Breckenrldge & Jenkins' mill now stands. Like all other cabins of those days, the floor was laid with puncheons, the door made of shaved clapboards, hung on wooden TIPPECANOE COUNTT. 387 hinges, the chimney built of cat-an-clay, with back wall and jambs. The seats and writing-tables were also made of puncheons, and the windows were covered with greased paper instead of glass. The fm-niture con sisted of a splint-bottom chair for the teacher, a water bucket, gourd, and some pegs in the wall on which to hang hats, cloaks and dinner-baskets. He taught two or three terms in this cabin. He also taught vocal music, and played well on the flute. The next school was taught by John D. Farmer in the same cabin, who afterwards removed his school to the old court-house, that stood near the ferry landing at the foot of Main street, which was afterwards occupied as a residence by Moses Michaels, the ferrj'man, and the widow Riley, who baked and sold the first ginger-cakes baked in La Payette. How many terms Mr. Farmer taught is not remem bered.* Hugh M. King, in the year 1839, taught school in a one story frame PURDUE UNIVERSITY. that stood on the lot now occupied by Handley's block, on the east side of Fourth street, between Columbia and South streets. These were sub scription schools — the employers paying according to the number of pupils subscribed, at the rate stipulated in the articles, which was gener ally from one dollar and flfty cents to two dollars per scholar per quarter. The branches taught were spelling, reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar and geography. In but few instances was the teacher called upon to instruct his pupils in more than the four flrst named branches. The athletic sports of the boys, at the noon play-time, consisted in playing corner ball (iull-pen), cat, town ball, and a game called shinny. Base *The sketch of the pioneer schools of La Fayette may be applied, in a great measure, to the pioneer schools of every city and county in the State. 388 HISTOET OF INDIANA. ball, now so popular among grown-up boys, who go from city to city to play with other hopeful " nines " Whose ages range from eighteen to forty- flve, is a perversion of town-ball. It is a rough and dangerous game. The girls amused themselves jumping the rope, gathering flowers, swinging, and other healthful amusements. There were then no male and female Dolly Varden Croquet Clubs, playing out-door billiards on the green, with painted mallets and balls, large shoe-buckles, and a stock of affectation to match. The next on the list of teachers was Ezekiel Timmons, who taught in a small frame house which stood on the nortlieast corner of the lot occupied by the Milwaukee block. He taught several terms. He also taught sing ing schools in the village, and in several neighborhoods in the country, and served as surveyor of Tippecanoe county for many years. He wrote excellent poetry. Rufus "Webb followed Mr. Timmons In teaching the young idea how to shoot. He taught in a one-story frame on the " Miller property," east of Henry Taylor's residence, near the corner of Third and Alabama streets. He taught two or three terms. Miss Abigail Huff, in the summer of 1833, taught school in a one-story frame that stood on Main street, north of the public-square, between the First National Bank and Wilson & Hanna's bank. Colonel Henry Oilar, a few years later, taught three terms in the .Jennings' brick, which stood where the Lahr House now stands. He was also county surveyor for several years. In 1833, the Presbyterians built their brick chuBch, on the corner of Fourth and South streets, and had, by an agreement with those who con tributed funds for its erection, a room struck off at the west end for a school-house. Rev. Joseph Q-. "Wilson and his wife, and Rufus A. Lo6k- wood, Esq., were among the flrst who taught in this house. Hon. David Turpie, Hon. Joseph E. McDonald, and other distinguished personages, can look back to this little house where they received their flrst academic honors. In a few years, the congregation being straitened for room, the partition was taken out, and the whole building was used as a church, literary hall, and public lecture-room, where many distinguished strangers entertained the, literati of the village. The flrst County Lyceum (inaugu rated by Mr. Town, the grammarian,) was held in this house. Some of the most pleasant recollections of by-gone years of many of our older citizens, date back to the literary meetings held in this house. The flrst regular school-house built in the town, was a one-story frame, which stood north of Main street, near where the German Catholic Church now stands. In this house John B. Heald, Frederick Stone and Jacob &. "Wallace successively swayed the birch ; also, a gentleman, and scholar, who«e name is fortunately forgotten, generally known as the " Educator." The way he obtained that soubriquet was as follows : Having a high opin ion of himself, and his qualifications as a teacher, he imprudently (per haps playfully) told some of his chums that he was no common pedagogue, but an ediLcator. His remark was regarded as rather pedantic for a new cotmtry, and was the occasion of a severe pun. One afternoon, on return ing to school from his boarding-house, he espied the word " Educator," TIPPECANOE OOUNTT. 389 carved in large Roman letters on a plank of the weather-boarding of the house facing Main street. It could be seen and read plainly from the middle of the street. His wrath was kindled, and he declared that he would punish any one who had the audacity to engrave that word on the wall, to insult him. On an investigation of the case, he found it had been carved by a blue-eyed, golden-haired miss of some twelve summers, a member of one of the most wealthy and influential families in the town. He changed his mind in regard to inflicting corporeal punishment. The mischievous urchins, in going to and returning from school, would often stop and spell aloud the hand-writing on the wall, in the hearing of the teacher, which so worried him that in a short time he left the town in dis gust — but the word " Educator " was for many years seen standing out in bold relief, as the only monument of the departed school-master. The white school-house that stood on the corner of Fourth and Alabama streets, east of the new jail, was the next school-house erected in the town. { 1 1 LABORATORY. PURDUE UNIVERSITY. It became the principal eeat of learning for the youth of La Fayette, as well as a hall of the Moot Legislature that met there for several winters ; the County Lyceum, and other interesting literary, religious and political meetings. The interesting discussions in the Moot Legislature, which numbered some hundred members, were participated in by many who afterwards became distinguished as jurists, legislators, scholars and busi ness men. It was in this house Miss Sarah "Webb, Rev. P. R. Vannatta, James B. Heatley and several others taught prior to the erection of the county seminary. Reuben Robinson taught one or two terms in the old frame Methodist Church, on the lot occupied by the late Fifth Street Church — now used as a town hall. Solomon Hathaway taught two or three terms in the basement of the Baptist Church, on Sixth street, between Main and Ferry. Mrs. McCune taught in the southern part of the, city, 390 HISTOET OF INDIANA. near the old Junction House, and afterwards on Fifth street, about one square south of the New Albany Railroad depot. Mrs. Goodwin's high school was taught on the Oakland Hill, near the Oakland House. Among the first teachers in the graded schools, under our common school system, were Laura Maynard, Ellen Merrill, Mary E. Smith, Nancy J. Skinner, Margaret E. Hoes, Sarah C. Comstock, Elmira Meeker, Mary G. Clinie and Orphie Hathaway. C. M. Bishop taught a grammar' school. In 1863-63, Professor Rouse had a Classical Academy in the old State Bank, corner of Main and Sixth streets. Professor Kennedy conducted a commercial college in Taylor's block, west side of the public square. There was also a commercial college and writing school taught by a Mr. Hollingsworth in the Barbee block, opposite the Lahr House, about the years 1863 and 1863. P. B. Began taught in the school-house at the St. Mary's (Catholic) Church, on Fifth street, Father M. J. Clark, pastor. At St. Mary's Church and Seminary, on Columbia street. Rev. Father Hamilton and Hallinan, pastors ; Christian Brothers' School, Superior Brother Bernard and flve brother assistants; Sisters' School of the Order of Sisters of Providence; Superior, Sister Mary John, and eight sister assistants. At St. Boniface, (German Catholic Church and Schools) pastor, Rev. Biene ; assistant. Rev. Gregory ; Franciscan, (German School), taught by three Ursuline Sisters ; and at St. Ann's (Catholic) Church and School, on Wabash avenue — three primary schools for cliildren under eight years of age — under charge of the Brothers of the Holy Cross. There were several select schools kept in different portions of the town by the Misses Boyer, Garland, Campbell, Stiles, Carpenters, Shaw, Jason, Dame, Mrs. Underwood, Rev. Mr. Barton, Rev. Mr. Leveredge, Naylor and wife, Rev. Mr. Tenbrook and others, whose names and places of teaching are not remembered with suflScient deflniteness to be described by the writer, nor by those with whom he has conferred on the subject — whose assistance has greatly aided him in the preparation of this paper, which, although correct in the main, he can not hope will be entirely free from inaccuracies. The success in after years of a majority of these Lang Syne teachers is well known to our citizens. The most of them have passed to the Spirit land— while a few remain to witness the good results of their labors of " long time ago." May their hearts never grow old. The erection of the County Seminary in 1841^3, by R. S. Ford, Joseph S. Hanna and Jacob Benedict, Trustees of the Seminary funds of Tippe canoe county, formed a new epoch in the literary advantages of our county. It was built on the side of the hill in the eastern portion of La Fayette, on the site now occupied by the Catholic Church and Seminary. It was opened under favorable auspices under the charge of Rev. Joseph 6. "Wil son and his wife, as principals, aided by other competent teachers in the primary and higher grades of the Academy. Public exhibitions were given at the close of each session, giving satisfaction to the parents and euardians of the pupils attending the school. But county seminaries did TIPPECANOE COUNTT. 391 not supply the wants of the people of the different counties in the State. Few were able to pay the expenses of boarding and tuition of their chil dren •, besides they were deprived of the society of their sons and daugh ters, who were removed from the social endearments and wholesome restraints of home, where their welfare could be looked after by those who loved them best. The system became unpopular, and the law was repealed by the new Constitution of the State which took effect Novem ber flrst, 1851, and the county seminary and land on which it was erected reverted to L. B. Stockton, Esq , who had conveyed it to the board of sem inary trustees on the condition that it was forever to be used for school purposes and as a public hall for the town — and for no other purpose whatever. Resort was then had to the old system of select and high schools. A high school was erected on the corner of South and Seventh streets, under the auspices of Messrs. M. L. Pierce, R. H. Eldridge, "Wil- Ml' If ^ DORMlTORir. PURDUE UNI"VERSITY. liam P. Heath, R. Brackenridge and others. It was conducted success fully for several years, by Rev. Mr. Stone Allen and Prof. "Winter.s and his wife. But, at length, the present excellent common school system came to the relief of those who wished to educate their chil dren, and three large school -houses — the Central, Southern and Eastern — ^were erected in localities to suit the conven ience of the residents. But educational enterprise, under the new system, did not stop here. The Ford school building was soon after erected, which is one of the finest public school buildings in the State. Other school buildings have from tirae to time been erected, until La Fayette has to-day very com- 392 HISTOET OF INDIANA. plete and most admirable school facilities. The present year required the labor of thirty -seven teachers, and there was an average attendance of two thousand pupils. The school prop erty of the city proper is valued at one hundred and fifty thousand dollars. Aside from the public schools, the Purdue University, or Indiana State Agricultural College, is also a pride and boast of the citizens of La Fayette. There is sufficient reason to hope that, at no distant day, the Purdue University will be one of the most popular institutions of learning in the West. Its founder, whose name it bears, together with the trustees, have thus far spared nothing which might add to its advan- PURDUE UNIVERSITY. tages. Its endowments are large enough to bring it up to a high standard, and, with proper management, it will surely become a lasting blessing to the State and a solid honor to its venerable founder. The funds available at present are as fol lows: Educational fund converted into government bonds, $300,000; county funds, $50,000; donation by Hon. John Purdue, $150,000. There are now one hundred and eighty- four acres of land connected with this college, with a prospect of increasing the same to three hundred. Hon. John Purdue, of La Fayette, has the honor, not only of founding this coUege, but of securing its location at La •MONTGOMEET COUNTT EAELT HISTOET. , 393 Fayette. He has already donated two hundred thousand dol lars to it, in the way of money and land, apd there is a prob ability that he will increase this amount before his death to five hundred thousand dollars. The "writer, when in Tippeca-* noe county, called on Mr. Purdue, at his private rooms in the Lahr House, and was handsomely entertained. Mr. Purdue is a genial, kind-hearted old bachelor, having never married. He is ripe in years, sound in intellect, fully conversant with the affairs of the world, and very pleasant in conversation. The St. Mary's Academy is another of the valuable educa tional advantages of La Fayette, as is also the Sisters' School. The buildings and grounds of these institutions are valued at one hundred thousand dollars. Tippecanoe county is one of the best agricultural counties in the State. Throughout the county the farmers are nearly all wealthy, the schools are in good condition, and general prosperity is noticeable to the observing traveler on every hand. CHAPTEE XLIX. MONTGOMEET COUNTT EAELT HISTOET. MONTGOMEET county was named in honor of the dis tinguished General Eichard Montgomery, who gave his life for the American cause at the battle of Quebec. It was first settled in 1822-3. In the latter year the county was orgamzed, including a much larger tract of country than that now embraced within its limits. Crawfordville, the county seat of Montgomery county, was early a central point on the Wabash, and for several years the principal town in that sec tion. It is one of the oldest settlements in the vaUey. It was the depot from which the early settlers of La Fayette and 894 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Tippecanoe county, drew their supplies from 1823 to 1826-7. Until 1826, all the settlements for thirty, and even forty miles in any direction, were compelled to visit Crawfords"ville for •judicial purposes. Among the prominent early settlers was Major Ambrose Whitlock, who located in Montgomery county in 1822. This pioneer laid off the town of Crawfords"ville in 1823. He was appointed receiver of public moneys by John Quincy Adams in 1825, one year after the land ofiice was opened in Craw fordsville. Major Whitlock was one of the leading men of the olden time; he was an active and eflBcient officer under General Wayne, and a useful man in the town which he assisted in founding. He died in Crawfordsville in June, 1864, leaving a widow, who lived untU ninety years of age. She died in Crawfords-ville in 1873. In 1824, or about two years after the county was first settled, and one year after the' county was organized, the land office was opened at Crawfordsville. The first general land sale took place on the twenty -fourth of December of that year. Up to this date the numerous settlers were mere " squatters," having no title to the land which they occupied, and,' as a con sequence, there was considerable rivalry at the sale. At this" period CrawfordsviUe was a small settlement, surrounded on every side by a dense wilderness. The first white settlers in Montgomery county were WilUam Offield and William Miller. Mr. Offield settled near the mouth of Offield creek in 1822, where he built a rude cabin and began pioneer life with energy. Mr. Miller settled near the present town of Crawfordsville in the same year. He erected a round log cabin, which was the first building of any kind erected in the vicinity. Both of these pioneers have passed away. Mr. Offield left the county in 1836, and Mr. MiUer died in the city which he was useful in founding, early in 1874. Among those who settled in 1823, in the vicinity of Craw fordsville, was John Beard. He was born in ISTorth Carolina in 1795, and at the age of twenty-seven, came as a pioneer to the State of Indiana. He became prominent in the affairs of Montgomery county at an early day. In 1827 he was elected MONTGOMEET OOUNTT EAELT HISTOBT. 395 representative of the county in the State legislature, and was continued for fifteen years, with the single exception of one term, as a representative either in the Senate or in the House. Mr. Beard distinguished himself in legislative duties, render ing an effective support to the bills for the abolition of impris onment for debt, liberal exemption of property from execution, investing the governor with power to commute capital pun ishment to imprisonment for Ufe, and for the construction of the Wabash and Erie canal. There is no better tribute to the memory of the public ser vices of Hon. John Beard than that which has been con tributed by Hon. John Coburn, of MoorsviUe, Morgan county, Ind., which is in these words: "I venture to say again, that not one man in a hundred in our State knows the narae of him who proposed that the surplus of the proceeds of the stock of the State in the State Bank of Indiana should be appropriated as a school fund. He is one of our greatest public benefactors, a venerable, simple-hearted, clear-headed, sound-minded old gentleman, living in Montgomery county, named John Beaed. His narae ought to be precious in the heart of every boy and girl who enjoys the benefit of free schools. When he proposed the measure, it was hardly treated seriously. Nobody thought anything would be left as a surplus; he himself, doubtless, did not realize its importance. But so it was he put the net where it caught the golden fish, and we thank him for it ten thousand times; and we thank those steady, straightforward, strictly upright financiers who husbanded these funds for us. This measure has been the means of producing our present fund of eight hundred thou sand dollars for the support of common schools."* But we must discontinue our sketches of biography, and refer the reader to the regular department of biograpliies in this work for life sketches of Messrs. Beard, Lane, and many other pioneer settlers of Montgomery county. Montgomery county was organized in 1823, with the follow ing county officers : John Wilson, clerk of the circuit court, recorder of deeds, and clerk of the commissioners' court; *The fund is now $8,000,000. 396 HISTOET OF INDIANA. WilUam Offield, James Blevins, and John McCuUough, county commissioners ; Samuel D. Maxwell, sheriff. Montgomery county is located in the western part of the State, having good facilities for the transportation of its mer chandise. The soil is well adapted to the cultivation of the various kinds of grain indigenous to the northwest. " It bor ders upon those fertile prairie lands in the northern part of the State, and partakes partially of both timbered and prairie soils. Indeed, the northern portion of the county contains several small prairies, which give to it the appearance of having been settled much longer than it really has. The soil of these prairies is very rich and productive, yielding in favor able seasons, very profitable crops of corn, wheat, rye, oats, and barley. Considerable tracts of this prairie remain uncul tivated, being used principaUy for pastures. Nearly two-thirds of the county was originally very heavily timbered, but much of it has been consumed; yet there is an abundance remaining for all immediate needs. The county is laid out into eleven townships, and is twenty -four miles long north and south, and twenty-one miles "wide. The soil is watered by Sugar creek and its tributaries. This stream used to be known by the name of Eock river. There are a consider able number of mills located on this stream. The next prin cipal stream is the Walnut fork of Sugar creek, which empties into the main stream near Crawfordsville. "The county," says Mr. James Heaton, Sen., " is well supplied "with good public highways. The public improvements, in the way of school houses and bridges, are of the most substantial' charac ter. There are but few counties in the State so weU suppUed "with railroads. Every township in the county, except two, has a railroad; and the two exceptions are so near to a road that it may be said that every to"wnship has a direct advantage in the way of railway traffic. These roads all center at Craw fordsville, making that city a desirable location for manufac turing enterprises." Crawfordsville is the county seat, and the principal business center of the county. It is an enterprising city of over four thousand inhabitants, many of whom may be ranked among MONTGOMEET COUNTT EAELT HISTOKT. 397 the most entei-prising citizens of the State. The city has three railroads, giving six different directions of railroad trans portation. These roads have constructed a very fine Union Depot at the junction, about one mile from the city. Crawfordsville is taking great pride in her streets, expend ing considerable means in grading and paving them. They are very broad,*and are bordered on either side with beautiful shade trees, which lend an enchanting scene to the place. Good turnpike roads lead from the city in almost every direction. The medical, or mineral springs, just northwest of the town, promise to become no inconsiderable attraction to this city, and seem to add another assurance that the future of Crawford mile will partake largely of a resort for summer recreation and literary pursuits. These springs are already enclosed in light and airy summer houses, and the gentleraen who have control of them contemplate erecting a five story hotel just north of the springs. The waters of these springs are said to contain ingredients of great medical importance. The material resources of Crawfordsville for manufacturing purposes are equal to those of, any town in the State of ite size. There is an abundance of good timber, coal, iron ore, Umestone and sand, and brown stone. In educational and religious enterprises, Crawfordsville is not behind any other point in Indiana. She has nine churches, most of which are constructed in an attractive and substantial style. The public schools are well conducted in one of the finest school buildings in the State, having been erected at a cost of over sixty thousand dollars. Wabash College is the pride of the city, and is one of the finest educational institutions in the West. It is located just west of the city Umits, " in a campus containing thirty-three acres, shaded with beautiful native forest trees, affording to the students a healthful atmosphere, as well as abundant space for drill and field sports." There are four buildings, viz.: Central Hall, the Academy, the Dormitory, and the Polytech nic Building, all of which are tastefully appointed and well equipped with aU modem appliances. 398 HISTOET OP INDIANA. This coUege was founded in 1832-3, and in the latter year the institution was opened with only twelve students. Through a long and tedious effort, however, it has reached a firm financial footing. CHAPTEE L. VIGO COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. THE first settlement made in Vigo county was around Fort Harrison. The march of Harrison's army to the Upper Wabash, the battle of Tippecanoe and the establishment of Fort Harrison, seemed to impress the people of the West "with the importance of this region of country, and soon after the close of the war of 1812, public attention was drawn toward it. The Indians of the Wabash, who had been mainly hostile during the war, were far from being reconciled to peace, and the sur veys of the land in that section were not only opposed by them, but frequently interrupted; and in the spring of 1815 a company of Eangers, on Busseron creek, were defeated and dispersed by Indians, and a number of children taken prisoners, who were never recovered. At the close of the war, in 1814, an act was passed by Con gress granting lands to certain Canadian volunteers, who had been citizens of the United States, but who ' had during the war joined our forces, and whose property ih Canada had been confiscated in consequence. This act permitted these lands to be located in the Land District which included Yigo county, even before the public sale. The sale was announced to take place in June, 1816, and in anticipation gf this many settlers, in the early spring of that year, had resorted hither and selected favorite spots, "with the intention of purchasing at the sale, and several had erected log houses thereon; but previous to VidO COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. 399 the sale, their lands so selected, together with a large propor tion of the most valuable of the county, were located by the claims referred to. This so disheartened and discouraged the early settlers that many left and located on the eastern border joi the Great Prairie, in Illinois. This, together with the unconcilatory bearing of many of the prominent Canadian set tlers, engendered hostile feeling, "wrhich, for years, it seemed impossible to allay, and which tended greatly to retard the settlement of the country. In 1815, Fort Harrison* was garrisoned by a rifle regiment under the command of Major W. Morgan. In this year he rebuilt the fort. In the following year this regiment was ordered west, and the garrison succeeded by a company from Fort Knox, under command of Major John T. Chunn, who had command of the fort up to the summer of 1817, when he was ordered to Detroit and the post finally abandoned as a military fortification. The early settlers at the fort, in 1815, were Isaac Lambert, John Dickson, Joseph Dickson and John Handy. These then were the only reputed settlers north of Turman's creek, or Fort Turman, as it was then called. The Indian traders at the fort in 1815, were John A. LaFonde, John EoUand, A. Dash- ney and Pierro Laplant. Mitchell Bronillet was the Indian agent and also the interpreter. The early settlers around Fort Harrison prairie, were Mr. Lane, at Strawberry Hill; E. Blackman, Thos. Packet, and some others, at the ravine near Hiram Smith's place; a Mr. Austin, on the hiU now occupied by Joseph Gilbert; John M. C9leman, at the Early Grove; Capt. John Hamilton, at the old Dawson place; Peter Allen, two miles east of the fort; Maj. Markle, at the mill; Truman Blackman, also east of the fort; Caleb Crawford, Eobert Graham and Solomon Taver- baugh, at Otter creek; Alexander Cham beriin and Elisha U. Brown, on the bluff north of the Hovey Creek Locks; Isaac Lambert, John Dickson, George Clem, Moses Hoggatt, Eobert ¦" An account of the erection of Fort Harrison is given in the flrst part of this work. 400 HierroET op Indiana. Hopkins, William Walker, and others, on Hovey creek, and Ezra Jones, at the Wallace farm. In the faU of 1816 the town of Terre Haute was laid out, and the first sale of lots took place on the thirty-first of October, of that year, and its settlement commenced immedi ately thereafter. Dr. Charles B. Modesitt, who had lately come on from Virginia, 'and who then resided near the fort, was perhaps the first to settle at Terre Haute. He built a log cabin on the alley, on lot No. 257, at the mouth of Ohio street. Soon thereafter followed Lewis Hodge, Eobert S. McCabe, John Bailey, Adam Weaver, Nicholas Yeager, Samuel Mc- QuiUcin, Henry Bedford, John Harris, Malcom McFadden, Wm. Haynes, Eichard Jaques, Eobert Brasher, Nathan Kirk, Eobert Kerr, Gideon Sleeper, Ichabod Wood, John Britton and Lucius H. Scott, and in 1818, came Dr. E. Aspinwall, Dr. Davenport, Lewis B. Lawrence, Demas Dening and Chauncy Eose, who had the year pre"vious been at the fort. These per sons, with but two exceptions, have finished their labors and gone to rest. The second sale of lots took place in May, 1818. It was made by the county, of lots donated by the original proprie tors, on account of the seat of justice being established there. The sale was, in all respects, a good success, but from thia period the value of lots began to decline, and in 1821, when a final sale of the company's property took place, it had declined more than fifty per cent., and had severely affected those who had made large purchases. In 1820, the river became remarkably low, the wells were aU dried up, and general sickness prevailed, and not a family escaped. Many deaths occurred, taking off some of the most prominent citizens, including Dr. Aspinwall, Dr. Davenport, Lewis B. Lawrence, Samuel Hill, a Miss CoUett, and Mi-s. Hussey. This seemed to strike a fatal blow to the health of Terre Haute, which was felt for years, and from which it did not fuliey recover until after the draining of Lost creek, in 1837. This creek, previous to being drained, had washed do"wn the prairie east and south of the city, creating an immense VIGO OOUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESCBIPTI"VE. 401 morass of several hundred acres, without any outlet except by absorption and evaporation. As already mentioned, nearly all of the first settlers of Vigo county have passed away. The first white male child bom in the county was William Earl, who became a successful navi gator in foreign seas. He was born in Terre Haute, September 22, 1818. The first female child born here was Mary McFad den, now Widow Markle, of Terre Haute. Vigo county was organized in 1818, and the first county officers were: Curtis Gilbert, clerk and recorder; Truman Blackman, sheriff; Alexander Barnes, coroner; Moses Hag- gett and James Barnes, associate judges; John Hamilton, Isaac Lambert and Ezra Jones, county commissioners. The first session of the circuit court held in the county, was commenced April twenty-seventh, 1818, and was conducted by the associate judges, at the house of Truman Blackman. The county was then attached to the first judicial circuit. The first attorneys were George E. C. Sullivan, Samuel Whit tlesey, Jonathan Doty, and Wm. P. Bennett. The regular term of court in 1819 was held at the house of Eichard Bedford, in Terre Haute, by Hon. Thomas H. Blake, presiding judge. The first court house was erected on the public square in Terre Haute, in 1821-2. It was built for the county by Mr. John Brocklebank. In 1868, becoming unfit for use, it was torn down. The present building occupied by the county offices, was erected in 1866. The following persons have been judges of the circuit court of Vigo county since its organiza tion, in the. order named: Thomas H. Blake, Gen. W. John son, John E. Potter, Da-vid McDonald, John Law, Elisha H. Huntington, Amory Kinney, Delaney E. Eckels, Wm. P. Bry ant, Jaraes Hughes, Solomon Claypool, E. W. Thompson, and C. Y. Patterson. The old judicial system required associate judges to set in the circuit courts, and also probate judges, without separate jurisdiction; but in 1851 the system was changed by a revis ion of the constitution of the State into circuit courts and courts of common pleas. This system continued until 1872, when the legislature dispensed with the courts of common 26 402 HISTOET OF INDIANA. pleas, since which time all business has been done by the circuit courts. The Cn-T of Teeee Haute, one of the largest and most fiourishing business centres in the State, is beautifully situ ated, and, with the possible exception of Evansville, is the handsomest city in Indiana. It is situated on the eastern banks of the Wabash river, and is, of course, the county seat of Vigo county. It derived its name (which signifies high land), from the site on which it is located, being elevated about fifty feet above the level of the ri"ver, on a rolling table land, which extends back to the adjoining prairie. Terre Haute is admirably laid out, and has quite a metropolitan appearance. Many of the business houses are among the largest in the State, and the principal thoroughfares will com pare favorably with those of any city in the west. The town of Terre Haute was laid out in 1816, by a com pany styled the Terre Haute Company. The company con sisted of Cuthbert and Thomas Bullitt, of Louisville, Kentucky; Abraham Markle, of Fort Harrison ; Hyacinth LaSalle, of Vin cennes ; and Jonathan Lindley, of Orange county, Indiana. The articles of association of the company bear date of September nineteenth, 1816. The company held patents from the United States to lands described in their articles as " thirteen tracts of land on the river Wabash, in the vicinity of Fort Harrison." These lands were divided into twelve shares, of which Lindley had four, Markle three, LaSalle three, and the BuUitts two. They were the original proprietors, from whom the first title to lots were derived. The original site selected for the town was a spot somfc three miles below the present location, but it was soon aband oned for the more desirable situation now occupied. One of the principal objects, however, in moving was that the national road crossed the Wabash at the latter point. In 1817, this town presented a truly pioneer appearance. There were only a few log cabins, situated along the river, and these were of the rudest style of architecture. But in 1818, when the town was made the county seat, there was a new Ufe diffused among the somewhat dull inhabitants, and the village settlement im- VIQO OOUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. 403 proved. The company referred to, that laid out the town, deeded to the county eighty lots, besides the pubUc square, and paid into the county treasurer four thousand dollars in cash and mortgage bonds. These liberal inducements secured the location of the county seat at Terre Haute. The spirit of liberality, as well as the location of the county seat at Terre Haute, was instrumental in creating a new feeling of enterr prise. The first settlers of Terre Haute were Dr. C. B. Modesitt, Lewis Hodge, Henry Eeedford, Eobert Carr, John Earle, Abner Scott, Ezekiel Buxton, and William Eamage. These pioneers settled in 1816, and built the first cabins in the to"wn. The settlement grew very slow, at first, from the causes noted in the previous chapter; but, in 1823-4, it took a new start, and has prospered until the present. Terre Haute was incorporated as a to"wn in 1832. The town was divided into five wards, and one trustee elected from each. These trustees elected the first municipal officers of the to"wn as follows : James B. McCall, president; James T. Moffat, clerk; Charles B. Taylor, assessor; Samuel Crawford, treas urer; William Mars, constable and coUector. In 1838, a new charter was granted to the town by the Legislature, which provided for the election of a mayor and ten councilmen. This charter was adopted by the inhabitants in March, 1838, and, in the May following, an election was held, which resulted in the election of Elijah Tillotson as the first mayor of the town. In 1863, Terre Haute was incorporated as a city under the general laws of the State, and the first city election was held in May, 1853, at which WiUiam K. Edwards was chosen the first mayor. , Peesent Condition. — A popular city directory, of recent date, gives the population of Terre Haute at 28,000. This is, probably, a little too high. It is about 23,500, or, perhaps, 24,000. The census of 1870 places it at a little more than 16,000 at that date. The growth since then, however, has been marvelous. No city in Indiana has made greater progress in all material interests. Only ten years ago Terre Haute was 404 HISTOET OP INDIANA. but an agricultural town, " and had," says a recent writer, " reached about the height in population and business usually attained by towns whose chief dependence is on the farming interests immediately around them ; but, by a system of ex pansion through railroads, manufacturing interests, and whole sale business, the area of its infiuence and resources has been greatly extended, so that now Terre Haute draws its sustenance and wealth from a wide extent of country, and from many cities connected with it by its numerous railroads. As the country itself is inexhaustible, and the channels of trade and commumcation are already fixed, like the veins and arteries which circulate the blood through the human system, we may expect no premature decay or death of a city which has become the vital center of so extensive a commercial and business system." The business interests of the city are increasing every year. Some of the largest wholesale houses are located there. The manufacturing interest of the city is represented by blast furnaces, with a capacity of fifty tons of iron daily; nail works, 3,000 kegs, weekly; waterworks, 3,000,000 gallons, daily ; a successful rolling mill, and other very extensive establishments. Terre Haute is fast becoming one Of the leading manufacturing cities of the west. The schools and churches of Terre Haute, and, indeed, the whole of Vigo county, are in a high and efficient condition. In the various professions are found men of superior talent and education, under whose care the schools and churches have attained the highest degree of usefulness. The State Normal School is located there. The building is one of the finest in the United States, having a capacity of accommodating over a thousand pupils. This institution has already achieved a national good name, and is fast becoming the pride of Indiana. Another educational institution is now being established iri Terre Haute, which has already elicited the attention of the philanthropic citizens of half the world. We refer to the " Terre Haute School of Industrial Sciences," in support of which the Hon. Chauncey Eose is devoting his immense for tune. In short, Terre Haute lacks none of those higher phases KNOX COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. 405 of material and intellectual enterprise that characterize the modem American city, while, on the other hand, it excels in many of them. CHAPTEE LI. KNOX OOUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. IN a "view of Knox county, historically, our attention raust at once centre round Vincennes, one of the oldest — and possibly the oldest — settlements in the State of Indiana. This city — once a French trading post and military station — is situated on the east bank of the Wabash river, about one hundred and ten miles southwest of Indianapolis, and, of course, is the county seat of Knox county. It was on this spot where a French Jesuit missionary from Canada, or New France, said mass before astonished savages in the year 1702.* This act may be regarded as the very beginning of French civilization in Indiana, for, although missionaries had been in the habit of visiting the territory during the fifteen years pre ceding, and notwithstanding Eobert de La Salle passed through it on the old Wabash and Maumee route, erecting some tem porary stockades in 1680, there was no permanent mission established within the limits of Indiana until 1702. This was one year after the establishment of Detroit by La Motte Ca- dillic; and the French records show that this missionary came from that post, or from some point in Michigan. Three years later, or in 1705, the date at which the French fort at the con fluence of the St. Mary's and St. Joseph rivers, where the city of Fort Wayne now stands, was erected, a French trading post and stockade were estabUshed at Vincennes.f Thus it will be * Quebec Annals. f Quebec Records. 406 HISTOET OP INDLANA. seen that Fort Wayne and Vincennes stand on an equal foot ing in the important point of antiquity. The first fort, or more properly stockade, was established at both places in the same year, and it is said by the same man. There was not, however, any considerable settlement around Post Vincennes until 1745. In the latter year quite a number of traders were found there, who, under the protection of the slight garrison, conducted a profitable commerce with the Indians, — rum and tobacco being the chief articles of mer chandise on the one side, and peltries on the other. There is no authentic record of the affairs at Vincennes from its first settlement down to 1749 — a period of about forty years — outside of the government records at Quebec. From the latter date, however, a very complete record has been preserved by the CathoUcs of the place. While Vincennes may be regarded as one of the first settle ments in Indiana, Knox county must be looked upon as the oldest county. As Virginia has been called the mother of States, so may Knox county be called the mother of Indiana counties. Its organization dates back to a period anterior to the territorial government, and finds a place among the earliest acts of the government formed for the territory northwest of the Ohio river. Its original boimdaries extended from the Ohio river on the south to the lakes on the north, and from the Wabash river on the west eastwardly to a line bisecting the State east and west. Its original area embraced one-third the territory of the entire State, and from it have been carved, from time to time, thirty of the richest and most prosperous counties of the State. The site of the present city of Vincennes was for a long time only a trading post, and improved but slowly in wealth and population, as the traders were generally transient parties, permanently investing the means elsewhere acquired at this point. The organization of the territorial government and the location of its capital at Vincennes, in the beginning of the nineteenth century, added greatly, for a time, to its prosperity, and from that time do"wn to a period as late as 1818 it promised to become one of the great centres of trade and KNOX OOUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 407 wealth and population in the Northwest. But the removal of the territorial capital to Corydon, prematurely and unexpect edly, was a fatal blow, for the time, to its progress. Although it lost the stimulating impetus of political favor and the expenditure of public money — the creative powers of trade and commerce of late years — from its own intrinsic resources it has more than met the hopes of its people, and fully demon strated the sagacity of the early French, who years ago visited its site in the then wilderness, and with prophetic vision marked it as a future seat of empire, wealth and power. Although the name of Vincennes is a household word throughout the State, and even the whole land, and in a his torical sense it is an old place, yet the present city of Vin cennes is but the child of yesterday, and is just springing into vigorous and active Ufe. The mud-thatched hut and the two- wheeled cart of the early settlers, both constructed without the use of any metal implement whatever, have entirely dis-' appeared within a very few years before the advancing wave of civilized progress, and the material appearance of Vin cennes to-day will compare with that of any city in the State. The old-time business houses have all given place to fine business blocks, three and four stories high, of brick and stone, and of improved architecture. And only a few old-time resi dences remain as landmiarks, as it were, to remind us of the days of yore. The private residences of the citizens are among the finest in the State. Among them we may mention the splendid and costly mansions of Dr. Eobb, Captain Eoss and Mr. Pollock, built of wood, in a magnificent style, and those of Messrs. McKinney, Bayard and Wise, of brick and stone. The residence of General WilUam H. Harrison, the first Governor of the territory, is stiU standing, and is one of the most substantial buildings in the State. It is built of brick, and was constructed in 1804, and its walls and inside finish are as good and perfect in all respects as when first put up. The public buildings of Vincennes are numerous, and some of them are fine specimens of architecture. Among them may be mentioned the city hall, a substantial brick building, 408 mSTOET OF INDLiNA. two stories high, erected in the centre of the city square, in the heart of the business portion of the city, containing rooms for the mayor's office, city clerk, engineer, and treasurer, and a hall for the meetings of the common council. The Knox county court-house, erected on the square owned by the county, and being the most elevated site in the city, is one of the finest buildings in the West, and, excepting the one at Indianapolis, the grandest, finest and costliest structure of the kind in the State. It was built after designs and plans furnished by Edwin May, architect, and Frank L. Tarman, builder, and, unlike most other public buildings, its finished appearance surpasses the best representation that can be given of it on paper. It is built of a beautiful light-colored and durable limestone. It has a front of ninety- three feet on Seventh street, and extends back between Broadway and Busseron street one hundred and thirty-one feet. It is three stories high, and each corner is ornamented with a tower of beautiful proportion and design, each differing from the other. The tower on the west corner is the principal one, and is one hundred and forty-eight feet high, and has a clock with a dial fronting each point of the compass, and a large bell, of eighteen hundred pounds, of a fine and musical tone. The outside face of the walls are beautifully and elaborately carved, and ornamented with marble statues, in appropriate niches, representing the celebrated General George Eogers Clark,* the Goddess of Liberty, and a Federal soldier, and also two large monumental tablets of marble on the Seventh street front. The building is furnished in the finest style throughout. It was commenced in the spring of 1872, and completed in the spring of 1875, and cost over $275,000. The public high school edifice is another of Vincennes' splendid buildings. It is of brick, three stories high, built on an elevated plateau, and can be seen from all parts of the city, and for a considerable distance on approaching it. The German Catholics have also a very large and commodious * See General History to flnd account of Clark's operations at Vincennes in 1778. KNOX COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. 409 school building, of brick, of modem architecture, two stories high. The school building of the Cathedral congregation is another fine edifice of brick, two stories high, and of fine ap pearance. The buildings of the Vincennes University, for the accommodation of males and females, are also fine looking structures. The St. Eose Academy, for females, under the charge of the Sisters of Providence, is a commodious and neat building. The various school buildings of the city are suffi cient to accommodate 1,500 pupils, and are aU supplied with excellent schools in the proper seasons. So high in the public estimation are the schools of the city, that children from a radius of thirty miles around, in both Illinois and Indiana, are sent to Vincennes to receive the benefit of them. The churches of the city are numerous, and many of them are of beautiful design; and on approaching it from the elevated points in the vicinity, a dozen lofty spires, sur mounting churches of various denominations in different parts of the city, meet the eye, and present a beautiful appear ance. The Catholic Cathedral is as fine a church edifice as can be found anywhere. It is built of brick, and was commenced in -1836, and improved from time to time, and ornamented elaborately, until, to-day, it is a perfect gem. The interior decorations are costly, and it is ornamented "with splendid paintings. This church building is surmounted by a spire one hundred and sixty-eight feet high, of beautiful propor tions, and contains a clock and the largest bell in the State. The German Catholics have also a splendid church edifice, built of brick, in a cruciform, and capable of accommodating 1,500 worshipers. Its walls are beautifully frescoed, and it is also surmounted by a spire about one hundred and twenty- five feet high. The Presbyterians have two large and fine churches, finished within and without in the finest style. The one on Main street was built in 1863, and is in the most approved style of architecture. The Methodists, Baptists, and Christians have each fine church edifices. The buildings of the banking and business houses in the city are among the finest in the State. The city possesses many superior advantages, which cannot fail to make it one 410 HISTOET OF INDIANA. of the most prominent and important places in the west. It has unrivaled advantages for trade, manufactures, and com merce combined, such as are possessed by no other si'ngle point in the State, and only need the talismanic touch of capital and labor to make them teU upon the future of the place. It is situated in the midst of the finest timbered region in the west, where all kinds of wood material for manufactur ing are at hand, in inexhaustible quantities. It is also in the centre of the finest coal region in the State — the coal fields of Da-viess, Pike and Knox counties being the richest and most productive in Indiana. It is also situated on a gravel founda tion, and is blessed with the beet streets and sidewalks and the finest water. The streets are never muddy, and the natural gravel foundation makes a better sidewalk th-an either brick or stone. Vincennes is also situated in the midst of one of the most fertile agricultural districts in thie West. The county of Knox is bounded on aU sides, except the north, by natural boundaries — the Wabash and White rivers — and the pocket of land enclosed between them forming the county, contains a vast area of rich alluvial bottom land, unsurpassed for fertility anywhere. The annual rise of the Wabash aud White rivers overflowed a large extent of territory tributary to Vincennes, and prevented its settlement and development. The Wabash river opposite Vincennes has often, from overflow, been eight or nine mUes wide, but, within the past few years, the con struction of levees in Illinois and Indiana, have effectually restrained the water and protected these lands from overflow, and they are rapidly being brought into cultivation, thus in creasing the agricultural products that find a market at Vin cennes. The levee on the IlUnois side, extending from the high land some ten miles above Vincennes, to a point four or five miles below, "will effectually protect from the overflow of the Wabash river a rich prairie, some ten miles long and six miles broad, immediately adjoining the city and the west, which heretofore could not be cultivated with profit, on account of the annual overflow of the river, and "will make it the finest agricultural district in either of the States. Vin- KNOX COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESCEIPIIVE. 411 cennes, of course, "will become the depot for the accumulation of the products of these improved lands. Besides these advantages, Vincennes has available communi cation "with all parts of the country, both natural and artificial, The Wabash river is na"vigable six months of the year by steamboats of as large a draught as can navigate the Ohio river; besides, it has become', within the past two years, a great railroad centre, and from it the iron bands radiate in all directions, like the spokes of a wheel from the hub. The Ohio and Mississippi railroad gives an outlet to the markets of the East and the West, and connects the Ohio and Mississippi rivers at this central point by a direct line at the cities of Cincinnati and St. Louis. The, Indianapolis and Vincennes railroad connects it with the State capital, the great railroad centre of the West, and the Cairo and Vincennes railroad, with the head waters of the continuous navigation on the Mis sissippi. The Evansville and CrawfordsviUe railroad connects it with the Ohio river at Evansville, and with the northwest of the State by the way of Terre Haute; and the Chicago rail road, now nearly completed, "will give direct communication with the entire Northwest. The various advantages, both natural and artificial, are attracting the attention of capital and labor, and, in consequence, the city is improving rapidly in wealth and population. In 1860, it contained less than 2,000 inhabitants ; in 1870, about 4,000 ; and, to-day, Vin cennes has a population of over 8,000. The city has an effi cient fire department, and is in every respect a delightful, safe, comfortable, and healthy place to reside. In the foregoing brief sketch of Vincennes and Knox county, the compiler has, no doubt, disappointed the reader, who, of course, expected to find only accounts of the thriUing incidents of war and pioneer life in the days of Clark and Bowman. Sufficient of this has been given in the general history of the State, in another part of this volume, and in this sketch the writer has given a history of the modem rather than the an cient. This will be appreciated.* * "We are indebted to Mr. Henry Cauthorn, one of the leading attorneys — a very intelligent and affable gentleman -^ of Vincennes, for assistance in producing the above sketch. CHAPTEE LII. VANDEEBUEGH COUNTT EVANSVILLE. AN historical and descriptive sketch of Vanderburgh can be but little else than of Evansville. The county has but few attractions outside of that city. In 1812, Col. Hugh McGary, of Kentucky, settled on the site of Evansville, erecting a log house — the first white man's dweUing in that section. At the time of this settlement there was an Indian "village, of the Shawanoe tribe, near Pigeon creek. " In 1813," says Mr. Eobert, "Warrick county was formed out of that portion of Knox county lying south of ' Eector's Base Line,' and extending from the boundary of Harrison county to the Wabash river, and Col. McGary, who o"wned the lower part of the present site of EvansviUe, laid out a number of lots, and donated some land to Warrick county, pro"vided they would fix on this place as the permanent seat of justice. In 1814, the territorial legislature of Indiana divided Warrick county, creating Posey county on the west and Perry county on the east, which left the site of Evansville near the southwest corner of the then existing county of Warrick; for which reason the legislature ordered 'that the seat of justice be removed from Evansville to a certain tract of land owned by Nathaniel Ewing,' which was afterwards called ' Darlington.' This removal came near nipping the existence of the embryo city in the bud, and from this period until 1817, Evansville made very little progress, hardly having an existence as a vil lage." However, it was not destined to remain long in ob scurity. In 1816 and 1817, Gen. Eobert M. Evans and James W. Jones, united with Col. McGary, and established the to"wn on an enlarged plan. They purchased additional land, and (412) VANDEEBUEGH COUNTT EVANSVILLE. 413 made some general preparations for improvements. It is said that Col. McGary entered the land soon after his arrival, and endeavored to make a survey; but, when Gen. Evans arrived, he made another survey, and had the whole tract platted. This to"wn, in its unsettled state, was called Evans"ville, in honor of one of its founders — General Evans. Gen. Evans was a Virginian, having been born in that State in 1783. He settled in or near Princeton, Gibson county, in 1805, and re moved to Evansville to reside permanently, in 1824. So soon as the town had been remodeled on its enlarged scale, a number of lots were sold and attention was attracted to the place as a convenient landing point for Vincennes (the Old French Fort), and other interior towns in the Wabash valley, which then gave promise of far outstripping Evans ville. In 1818, Vanderburgh county was formed from the western portion of Warrick, and named in honor of Judge Henry Vanderburgh, one of the territorial judges and, early- settlers of Indiana. In the same year commissioners were appointed to fix the seat of justice of the new county, who reported to the county commissioners that, in consideration of the local advantages of Evansville, and of a liberal donation by the proprietors, of one hundred lots and five hundred dol lars in cash, or such materials as will suit in the erection of the public buildings, they have established and fixed the per manent seat of justice of Vanderburgh county at Evansville. The to"wn for a while made considerable progress. The first election was held in August, 1818, when twenty-five votes were polled. In one year from its establishment as a county seat, it became an incorporated town, by the election of Hugh McGary, Isaac Fairchild, Everton Kinnerly, Alfred O. Warner, and Francis J. Bentley, trustees. Hugh McGary was chosen president; Elisha Harrison, secretary, and lister of taxable property; John Conner, treasurer; and Alpheus Fairchild, collector and marshal. The first tax levy was twenty cents on the one hundred dollars of real property, and a specific tax on several kinds of personal property. The value of taxable property is not given in the records, but the total of tax dup licate for that year amounted to $191 28f . On the twentieth 414 HISTOET OF INDIANA. of March, 1819, the first meeting of the board of to"wn trustees was held.* In 1819, Evansville had a population of one hundred souls. A hotel, kept by Mr. Ansel Wood, was situated on the State road, now Main street, and stood in rear of the present site of Armstrong's furniture warerooms. In the same year, a Frenchman opened a store near the river bank. Other stores followed. " Their stocks were scant, but amply sufficient for the pioneers, "with whom hard cash was a great rarity, indeed. Coon skins, and bart^ of that character, formed the medium of exchange, not only with themselves, but with the outside world." In this year, Amos Clark was made prosecuting attorney of the county; and Daniel Warner, postmaster of the new town. In 1820, John M. Dunham, David F. Gold smith, Priestly Pritchett, William Mills, Jr., and John A. Chandler, were elected trustees; and James A. Boiss was appointed secretary; and Alanson Warner, treasurer. These early officers were, for many years, distinguished citizens of Evansville. They have all passed on to another stage of action. The first church in EvansviUe was built in 1821, under the auspices of Eev. D. 0. Banks, of Ohio, a zealous Presbyterian clergyman. We quote from Mr. Eobert's somewhat remarkable pamphlet this authentic information concerning the early schools of Evansville: "The first school house was erected in 1824. It was a small brick building, and stood at the corner of Third and Main streets. Mr. Chute, an elderly gentleman, was ap pointed and empowered to 'teach the young idea how to shoot.'' As early as 1818, he had occasionally received pupils at his cabin ; but now, for the first time, a school was instituted to which all could send children hitherto unprovided and un- afforded regular educational pri"vileges. The school house was also regularly used for religious purposes. Eev. Mr. Wood, a Presbyterian minister, often preached there, as weU as clergy men of other denominations. From 1825 to 1830, Evansville was under a deep shadow of commercial depression; but, in * Mr. HoDert's woriC — Evansville and her Commerce and Manufactures. VANDEEBUEGH OOUNTT EVANSVILLE. 415' the latter year, new hope and spirit seem to have possessed the people, and, as a consequence, improvement and develop ment were "visible. Produce began to -find its way to southern markets in flat boats, on the Wabash and White rivers, and the convenient proximity of Evansville to these water-courses, made it a favorite landing place. During the spring and sum mer months trade was quite lively, and hundreds of boatmen returning from the Lower Mississippi made Evansville their point of debarkation, and it thus became known and appre ciated as the ' Landing for the Wabash.' Some lively ' scenes ' and gay fandangos characterized those times, but it grew, to be a point of supply for much of the interior region of country watered by the Wabash and White rivers, and in this way laid the foundation for its present mercantile prosperity and im portance. "In 1834, on the establishment of the first State bank, Evan8"ville was designated as one of the points for the organ ization of its branches. This greatly enlarged its financial facilities, and gave additional and timely impetus to all de partments of business. In 1836-6, the State legislature having passed the Internal Improvement Bill, Evansville was made the southern terminus of the Central and Wabash and Erie canals. The Wabash and Erie canal, commencing at Toledo, Ohio, was to strike the head waters of the Wabash river, and follow the rich and prolific valleys of that and White river, terminating on the Ohio at EvansviUe. The Central canal was intended to pass from Muncietown, through Indianapolis, to Point Commerce, on White river, where it would be united with the Wabash and Erie canal. Thus EvansviUe, by a grand scheme of hydrographical inosculation^was to be placed in con trol of these stupendous works, commanding the outlet of two of the richest and most productive vaUeys on the globe. No wonder there was Uberal impartment of new energy, new vigor and high hopes of the future. In June, 1836, the awarding of the contracts for the construction of the canal commenced, and a large immigration at once began to pour in; real estate ad vanced to high and fancy speculative rates, and the town appeared to have again taken a hold on prosperity, and deter- 416 , HISTOET OF INDIANA. mined to prove Phoenix-like. But here another drawback occurred, and energy was hampered and enterprise fettered, A great financial revulsion occurred in 1837-8, which caused a suspension of specie payment by our banks, and a very con siderable depreciation in the value of real estate. The crisis was general, and was severely felt all over the country in its sweeping damage, thus, for a time, blighting the fair prospects of EvansviUe. The work of internal improvement was aban doned, general stagnation in trade was prevalent, and the to"wn not only ceased to prosper, but actually decreased in popula tion. Much of the property of Evansville passed into the hands of Eastern creditors, in payment of the indebtedness of merchants and speculators, and for several years possessed very Uttle market value. In 1840, the number of inhabitants had increased to 2,121, which shows quite a substantial gain for the time. " Some time about the year 1846-6, Evansville began to recover from the prostration occasioned by the failure of the internal improvement system and the commercial crisis of the country, and business generally began to revive. The natural advantages of location which it possessed, attracted to it the trade of the surrounding country, and its mercantile interests re-began to advance and thrive. From that period the growth of Evansville has been steady and substantial ; for many years, it is true, laggard and hardly perceptible, but never stationary or receding. Her course and career has been nothing less than a succession of progress and pause, but the latter seemed to have given strength rather than detriment; and if the abiUty of our people to recover after such damaging and discouraging impediments were repeatedly thrown in their way be any criteria, certainly such trials are brightly prognostic of an attainable power and excellence commensurate with what we to-day proudly claim for her. During the legislative session of 1856-7, a grant of land was obtained to extend the Wabash and Erie canal to Terre Haute, and subsequently another grant was obtained to aid in the construction of this work to the Ohio river at Evansville. This concession was made the basis of an arrangement by the State with her bondholders for VANDEEBUEGH OOUNTT EVANSVILLE. 417 the sale of the Wabash and Erie canal, and a resumption of payment of State interest. The completion of the canal be came a fixed fact, and the anticipation of the benefits to be derived from its successful workings did much to strengthen confidence in our future." * In 1847, Evansville was incorporated as a city. This was another stroke in favor of her progress. Wharf improvements were made, and in 1850 the CrawfordsviUe and EvanB"viUe railroad was commenced. In 1867 the limits of Evansville were extended by the annexation of Lamagco, then an adjoining town. The city public schools of Evansville were established in 1853. Thus, it will be seen that during these years the city was gro"wing rapidly, and also preparing for continual advance ment. Nor was her interests, commerciaUy, injured in 1861. The civil war proved a perfect God-send to her trade. Stand ing as she did upon the verge and dividing line of the con sumptive region and productive sections, her position was one of advantage, and, consequently, the growth during this period was decidedly great. To-day, Evansville has a population of over 30,000, and is the second city in Indiana, in wealth and importance. Her public schools are fully up to an advanced metropolitan grade, and her religious and literary institutions do credit to the State. Evansville is believed by many to be the handsomest city in the State. It is certainly a very beautiful city, and the streets always present a scene of wholesome activity. We wiU close our historical and descriptive sketch of Evans ville with a brief notice of her public schools, for which we are in a great measure indebted to Mr. Charles E. Eobert, of that city: Evansville has fostered her educational interests with peculiar care, and has sought by a liberal and judicious expen diture of money, and by the employment of first-class educators to manage her institutes, to place her schools among the very first in the country. So well has she succeeded in attaining this desired object that the splendid facilities here offered for the free education of the young, more than any other cause has * Robert's Evansville. 27 418 HISTOET OF INDIANA. induced immigration to that point, from a large section of the surrounding country. This is a potent argument "with those citizens from other states and countries who are invited to settle there. Many of them have families of growing children — aU of them, it is hoped, education and tastes, or natural instincts that would make them prefer the elevated to the degraded, the moral to the immoral, in the intellectual atmos phere of a new home. All that has been said in behalf of Evansville as a commercial centre, as an inviting field for new enterprises, for the investment of capital, and for the transfer of manufacturing or mechanical skill from the old to this new home of labor, would be unavailing with many, if something more could not be presented than mere appeals to selfish moneyed interests. Those whom Evansville most desires as citizens, hesitate fo remove from Eastern cities to identify their interests with Western communities, no matter what the inducements for the employment of their capital, business exper ience or skill, to new fields, because they fear it will be at the sacrifice of educational advantages, moral infiuences, a thousand individual comforts, the loss or practical deprivation of which might not be compensated for by the pecuniary advantages to be gained. But the social and practical characteristics of the citizens of Evansville are in nothing more clearly and favorable mani fested, than in their zealous support of their scholastic interests. The city abounds in public, semi-public and private schools and colleges. Yet the quantity of the instruction given is, perhaps, less noteworthy than its quality. Publie teachers compete with private teachers, and vice versa/ and the result is, a lively spirit of emulation has ensued and been productive of some very beneficial results. The central location, the fer tility and beauty of the surrounding country and the salubrity and healthfulness of its climate, have doubtless been among the causes which have led to the concentration there of those intellectual elements which have given tone and tenor to the society. And in addition to all this we may state that Indiana has the largest school fund of any State in the Union, and Evansville has taken full i=hat-f» of this great advantage, thus VANDEEBUEGH COUNTT EVANSVILLE. 419 securing permanent and satisfactory basis for her scholastic structure. From the report of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction made in September, 1874, we glean the following valuable facts: Estimated value of school property including grounds, seats, etc ..$10,015,S44.-48 Estimated value of school apparatus 358,298.10 Total |10,378,C4S.58 No. of pupils in attendance 489,0-14 " " teachers 13,655 " " volumes in township libraries 265,039 Amount of revenue on hand September 1, 1874 $1,704,413.81 Amount special " " " " " " 498,396.96 This admirable system of free public schools was established in 1863. They were organized under the assiduous efforts of H. Q. Wheeler, Esq., who having been made the first Superin tendent, to his credit very much of their after success is to be set do"wn. Each year, however, has witnessed additional growth and improvement, until at present the public school property will amount to $460,000, including fifteen supurb and costly buildings, erected in the raost modern and excellent manner, finely ventilated and so located as to afford convenient school privileges to children in all quarters of the city. The schools are under the supervision of a Board of Trustees, three in number, elected by the Common Council, and at pres ent is as follows: Luke Wood, president; Dr. H. W. Cloud, treasurer; J. H. Polsdorfer, secretary. The direct manage ment is under Prof Alexander M. Gow, as Superintendent, with the fbllo"wing excellently appointed staff: Prof. Phil. Baker, first supernumery teacher; Prof. M. Z. Tinker, teacher of music; Prof. A. Bourgeois, teacher of writing; Prof. F. W. E. Peschau, teacher of German, and Simon Hecht and Miss Huldah Eahm, assistant teachers of German; assisted by a corps of one hundred and seven teachers, many of them ladies and gentlemen of superior talents and accomplishments for their work, and all laboring faithfuUy to "build up this most important and fundamental interest of the city. The total 420 HISTOET OF INDIANA. number of pupils enrolled December first, 1874, was 4,316; which was increased to 4,600 February first, 1876, when three new school buildings were completed. We can but congratu late Evansville on the rare fortune which has placed her edu cational interests in the hands of so able, experienced and suc cessful an educator as Prof Gow. Under the wise discipUne of mind and conduct which he, during the past four years, has inaugurated, the schools are becoming nurseries of right and honorable principle, and diffusers of an invigorating atmos phere of thoughtful study. Any community that builds up such a system of schools as, from personal knowledge, we know those of EvansviUe to be, is deserving of the credit of being known as a national benefactor— for it is to that extent helping to meet the greatest demand of the nation, — the demand for men of brains and honesty. , CHAPTEE LIII. PAEKE COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. PA EKE county was organized in 1821, and was named in honor of Benjamin Parke, the first member of Congress from the territory. The county contains about four hundred and forty square miles, with a population of nearly 25,000. The county was first settled in 1818, by John M. Doty, who located on Henry's prairie. Judge Joseph Walker settled near where NTima now is, in Florida township, in 1819. Judge Seybold settled on Big Eaccoon, not far from Bridge- ton, in the same year. The mills at Eoseville were erected by Chauncey Eose, Moses Bobbins and Andrew Brooks, as early as 1820. When the county wae organized, an Indian reservation was made, running up and down the Wabash, from the mouth of Sugar, creek to the mouth of Big Eaccoon, and about seven PAEKE COUNTY HISTOEICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE. 421 miles in "width. Most of this territory was afterwards included in Eeserve township. The last Indian representative who lived on these lands was a half-breed named Christmas Dozney. John Adams settled in 1820, at the forks of the two Eaccoon creeks, and Judge Steele, now a prominent resident of Terre Haute, settled at Portland mills in 1821. Moses Hart settled at the same place about one year before. Judge Strange and Tobias Miller settled in Eaccoon valley, in 1820, as also George and Alexander Kirkpatrick. James Kelsey and Francis Dick son built Dickson's mills (now Mansfield mills), in 1821. Thomas White and James Allen were also among the early settlers. Daniel Buchanan settled in the county in 1822, and Selman Lusk settled at the narrows of Sugar creek in 1821, where he built a mill and had a postoffice. John Beard built mills near the mouth of Sugar creek, in 1822. In 1821, Perley Mitchell setttled in Penn to"wnship. In the year 1825, the friends settled in Penn township. Prominent among them may be mentioned Peyton Wilson, James Morrison, Solomon Allen, James Pickard and Jeremiah Siler. The Friends added much to the settlement, in the way of industry and thrift. They have now an excellent church and high school at Bloomingdale. The latter is under the super vision of Prof. B. C. Hobbs, who has made it a superior school for the education of boys. Dr. E. AUen was one of the first settlers in Eeserve township. His associate pioneers were WilUam Cook and Joseph and Daniel Wolfe. Mr. Cook was father-in-law to Governor Joseph A. Wright. The first settlers of Wabash township were James and John Laverty, Samuel Hill, Dr. Taylor, Colonel Hays and A. Punteny. Quite a number of the old log cabins of pioneer days are still standing — some that were erected in 1820. The first county court was held in 1821, at EoseviUe, and was removed permanently to Eockville, in 1824. With regard to the soil and productions, we will remark that Parke is a county of timbered land. Although situated on the very margin of the great western prairie region, it has, with but the exception of a few acres, or bottom prairie along the Wabash river, nothing deserving the name of prairie in the 422 HISTOET OF INDIANA. county. Nearly every other variety of soil found in the north west is represented in the county. However, for agricultural purposes, the soil is excellent, and most of the farmers have become wealthy. The available coal in Parke county belongs to the lower members of the great western coal field. Measuring from the base of the coal measures upward, the seams number one and two are the only reliable coal beds in the county ; but these are productive, and sufficient for all practical purposes. Eockville, the county seat of Parke county, county, was laid out in the fall of 1823, and became the permanent county seat in the follo"wing year. Previous to the latter date, the county courts had been held in Eoseville and Armiesburg. "The donors of the land on which Eockville is situated, were the first settlers of the town," viz. : Arthur Patterson, Andrew Eay, Aaron Hand and James B. McCall. Andrew Eay built the first house, which was a log cabin, situated on the public square. It was the place of entertainment for all land " pros pectors " in that section of the country for many years. He also built and conducted the first hotel in Eockville, which was opened first in 1824. Mr. Eay was a careful pioneer, lived economically, practiced industry, and died in 1872, a wealthy and respectable citizen of Parke county. The first white child born in Eockville, was James B. Eay, son of Andrew Eay, in 1824. Eockville being situated some distance from the Wabash, and only accessible over almost impassable roads, it was for many years backward in its growth and improvements. The first house built expressly for school purposes, was a smaU brick structilre, north of the old Baptist church, and the first teacher was a Mr. Patterson. The celebrated Lorenzo Dow preached in Eockville in 1832, in the woods, on a lot south of the public square. That was 'a great day for the infant to"wn. The settlers gathered from far and near to see and hear the eccentric preacher. " A man came into the meeting with a cigar in his mouth, and was peremptorily challenged and ordered to throw it away." There were some other interesting incidents connected with the meeting. JOHNSON COUNTT SlSTOEIOAL. 423 The first church organized in Eockville was by the Baptists. They held their first raeeting in the old county court house. During the last ten or fifteen years Eockville, and, indeed, the whole of Parke county, has iraproved rapidly. The raan ufaoturing and commercial interests of the former are now fuU of promise, while the agricultural prospects of the latter are a source of material comfort to the farmers. The railroad facili ties of Eockville have done considerable to promote its com mercial enterprise, and have been largely instrumental in placing it on a solid footing. The educational facilities of Eockville are second to no other town of equal population in the State. The new public school house was begun in the fall of 1872, and finished in January, 1874, at a cost, including grounds, of $36,000. It is a fine three story brick, containing ten rooms, besides the large chapel, or lecture room, and is arranged to accommodate five hundred pupils. Eockville is a pleasant place to reside. The people are intelligent, sociable, and sensible; and the same remark holds good wherever you go in Parke county. / CHAPTEE LIV. JOHNSON COUNTT HISTORICAL AND DESCEIP1'I"VE. THE surface of Johnson county is quite level. There is scarcely an acre in the county that may not be cultivated. The only elevations that can be called hills, are to be found in the southwestern corner, and along the western border. The soil is rich and deep, and is underlaid by extensive beds of gravel. The streams are sluggish, and there are no rock-quar ries of consequence in the county. The gravel beds are a source of immense wealth. Dirt roads are really impassable during three or four months of the year, so that before the 424 HISTOET OF INDIANA. introduction of gravel roads, farmers, and, to a great extent, manufacturers and villagers, were obliged to suspend business. Now these roads extend in all directions from Franklin, the county seat, and as a consequence, all classes are nearly as active in business during winter as summer. Owing to the level surface, and the vast accumulations of carbon and other elements from the old forests, the prevalence of fever and ague was very manifest for many years. But owing to the later very general use of underdrainage, the miasma has almost disappeared. At least it may be truthfully said that Johnson is as free from fever and ague as any of the river counties. The main industry of the county is agriculture and stock- raising. The leading products are wheat, corn, and hogs. Most of the grain and stock find a ready sale in the county at the very highest prices. Vawter, Herriott & Co., slaughter from twenty-five to fifty thousand hogs each year at their estabUshment in Franklin, while Tilford & Co., of Edinburg, could find use for all the surplus corn in their immense starch factory. Flouring mills are abundant, and the railroads that cross at right angles at Franklin furnish as many shipping- posts as the farmers and manufacturers need. The county was organized in 1822. Among the very first settlers were Jacob Whitzel, John Campbell, and Abraham SeUs. Elizabeth CampbeU, (born in 1821,) is said to be .the first white child born in the county. Among others who came in the early settlement, are George Cutsinger, Samuel Herriott, William E. Hinsley, WiUiam Hunt, James Eitchey, Daniel Trout, James Jacobs, George King, David W. McCaslin, the Webbs, the Davidsons, the Adamses, the Thompsons, the Wishards, and the everywhere- present Jonses and Smiths. The county was named in honor of Judge John Johnson, of the supreme court. The district and graded schools of Franklin county have made very decided progress within ten years. The old log houses were replaced by frame ones, and these are now giving place to substantial and commodious brick houses. The school-term has come up from two months to over six months. The standard of teaching has materially advanced, JOHNSON OOUNTT DESOEIPTIVE. 425 and better wages are paid teachers. There are about one hundred district schools in the county, and teachers' institutes are held in nearly every township during term-time. There are several graded schools in the county, and this fact speaks well fbr the prosperity of education. At Hopewell, four miles west of Franklin, is a school of long standing, and a good record. It is now under the superintendency of Prof. Cole, formerly of the State University. At WiUiamsburg, in the southwestern portion of the county, is a prosperous graded school, under the care of Prof. Moore, formerly of Hopewell. At Greenwood, on the northern bor der, is a prosperous graded school, at present under the care of Mr. Burdick. Edinburg, on the southern border, has an efficient graded school. Prof. Martin is superintendent, and has the assistance of from eight to ten teachers. The citizens have also presented the school with a very fair supply of philosophical apparatus, . The trustees feel the necessity of adding to their school building. Franklin has one of the most convenient city school- buildings in the "State. Prof. Hunter is the superintendent, and is aided by from ten to twelve teachers. The trustees have spared no expense in pro viding the school with ample apparatus. There is also a good supply of philosophical apparatus, besides maps, charts, blocks, etc., and one of Estel's programme clocks in" each room. The high school organizes a lecture course each year and the proceeds are applied to the purchase of a library for the school. Franklin CoUege, the State Institution for Baptists, is sit uated on a pleasant rise of ground in East Franklin. It was founded in 1834, as a " Manual Labor Institute," and it was so in fact. The students built log huts in which to study, and chopped wood to defray their necessary expenses. For many years the school had no endowment, but the endowment of earnest Christian workers, both in its Faculty and Board of Trustees. In 1844, Eev. G. C. Chandler, D. D., (now of Oregon) became President, and brought the school up to a high state of efficiency, and a high grade of scholarship. He resigned in 1852, and Eev. Silas Bailey, D. D., LL.D., became 426 HISTOET OF INDIANA. President. He worked in the Institution ten years with rare power and self-sacrifice. A nominal endowment of sixty thousand dollars was raised, but a real endowment of only twenty-seven thousand dollars. Seventeen thousand doUars of this was expended in buildings and the liquidation of debts, in accordance with the agreement of the subscription. Under Dr. Bailey's administration a large number of young men were sent out into the State prep9,red for work, and they have uniformly done good work. In 1861, the war called almost all the students into the United States service. In 1862, declining health obliged Dr. Bailey to resign, and for lack of students the Institution suspended instruction tiU 1869. But it suspended only after a long struggle. For six weeks pre vious to suspension there were but 1/iflo students — anAthey were both lame. Their names are Oliver H. Stout and Mar shall Grinstead. In 1869 college instruction was begun again. In 1870, Eev. H. L. Wayland, D. D., of Michigan, was elected to the presidency. He resigned in 1871. The present financial status of the college is: Eeal estate, forty thousand dollars; endowment subscription, fifty thou sand dollars ; bequests, representing, forty thousand doUars. Besides this, the board has completed a conditional addition to the endowment of twenty -five thousand doUars. Dr. Bailey, the former president, has given his private library (consisting of eight hundred volumes) to the college, and also his estate, valued at ten thousand dollars. The institution has had long and severe struggles, but it is now emerging into the sunlight of prosperity. It affords its advantages alike to young men and young women. Its present faculty of instruction are: Eev. W. T. Stott, A. M., president and professor of intellectual and moral phi losophy; Miss E. A. Thompson, A. M., professor of math ematics; , professor of ancient languages; J. W. Moncrief, A. B., tutor in preparatory department; Miss T. Parks, A. B., instructor in preparatory department ; Mrs. Belle E. Stott, teacher of painting and drawing; Miss Cattie McCoy, teacher of instrumental music. CHAPTEE LV. WABASH OOUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. THEEE are four hundred and twenty-six square miles in Wabash county, the surface of which is generally level. There are no very high hills,* notwithstanding the land is rolling or undulating, near all of the water courses, excepting at the head of them, where it is generally level, and taken as a whole the face of the country is very pleasantly diversified. Almost the whole county is abundantly supplied with water by fine springs and running streams. The northern portion is watered by Eel river and its tributaries. Wabash passes through the centre, and is' intersected by the Sakmonie, four miles from the county line on the east, and Mississinawa runs through the southern part of the county. Among the larger streams are Josina, Grant and Ten Mile creeks, emptying into the .Mississinawa, Eush, Lagro, Treaty, Mill and Charley creeks which empty into the Wabash; Clear, Paw- Paw and Squirrel creeks emptying into the Eel river. These rivers and streams are of sufficient size, and finely adapted for man ufacturing purposes. The land north of Eel river being about fifty-five sections, is composed of prairie barrens, interspersed with small and beautiful lakes. The balance of the county was heavily timbered "with walnut (black and white), hickory, oak, maple, beech, poplar, linn, cherry, etc. Along the Wa bash and Mississinawa there are many fine quarries of lime stone, suitable for building purposes. The soil is rich and very productive. There are few, if any counties in the State that promise a greater reward to the manufacturer or hus- * Prom a sketch by Hon. Elijah Hackleman. (437^ 428 HISTOET OF INDIANA. bandmaii than this. The county was organized in 1835, and is divided into six townships. Not long after the general treaty "with the Indians, in 1818, a miU was erected in the agency of Benjamin Level, on Mill creek, by order of the general government. This mill was located about four miles and a half southwest of the present town of Wabash, and was intended for the use of the Indians. The place of its location is known by the name of the Indian Mills. The miU was kept up for several years, and proved efficient for the purposes designed by its projectors, but it has long since been demolished. In the autumn of 1826, General Tipton and Mr. Barron, the Indian interpreter, selected the Paradise Springs, on the north bank of the Wabash, as a suit able place to hold a treaty with the Indians. James H. Kent- ner (now of Logansport) was present when the location was made. Suitable buildings were erected for the accommoda tion of the commissioners, military, etc. The treaty was signed on the sixteenth and twenty-third days of October, 1826, respectively by the Pottawatomies and Miamis. The commissioners for the United States were General Lewis Cass, General John Tipton and Governor James B. Eay. The site of the treaty grounds and Paradise Springs are those near the residence and now o"wned by Colonel Hugh Hanna, on the east side of the to"wn of Wabash. The land south of the Wabash river and west of a line running due south from the mouth of the Salamonie, were reserved for the Indians, and constituted a part of the thirty miles reserve. In the year 1827, the land between the Wabash and Eel river was sur veyed, and the following year that north of Eel river was sur veyed. On the fifteenth day of January, 1827, three months after the treaty, Samuel McClure moved from Ohio into the cabins at the treaty grounds, and during that winter he cleared fifteen acres of ground, and in the spring planted it in corn, and in May, when the section reserved to the Indian, Charley, was surveyed, McClure's clearing was included in its eastern limits. On the tenth of June of the same year, McClure built a log house on the north bank of the Wabash, three miles below the treaty grounds, where his son-in-law, Jonas Carter, WABASH OOUNTT DESCEIFriVE. 428 now Uves. This was the first house buUt within the limits of this county for a permanent residence. In the spring of the- same year. Champion and Joseph Helvy arrived at the treaty ground, and shortly after settled opposite the mouth of the Salamonie river. The next settlers were Benjamin Hurst and Eobert Wilson, who arrived at the treaty grounds in May of the same year; soon after Mr. Wilson was employed as gov ernment blacksmith at the Indian MiUs. ' The next settlers were David Burr, who settled at the treaty grounds, Jonathan Keller at the Indian mills, and Frederick and James H. Kent- ner, who settled at the mouth of Kentner's creek, and estab lished a saddle and harness shop (the first in the county). In 1830 a post office was established at the treaty grounds. David Burr, postmaster, and Jonathan KeUer had a contract to carry a weekly mail from the treaty grounds to Marion, Grant county. Samuel McClure, Jr., now a citizen of Marion, opened the first dry goods store on the twenty -eighth day of August, 1827, in a log building at the bluffs, where Jonas Carter now lives. The town of Wabash was laid off in the spring of 1834, by Colonel H. Hanna and David Burr. It is situated on the north bank of the Wabash river, at the treaty grounds, partly on the first and partly on the second bottoms. The latter is elevated about forty feet above the former, and contains an abundance of exceUent building stone but a few feet below the surface of the ground. It is about ninety miles northeast from Indianapolis. The sale of town lots was on the fourth of May, 1834. The first settlers in the to"wn were George Shepherd, Colonel William Steel, AUen Smith, Alpheus Black- man, Jacob D. Cassett, John Smith, Zara Sutherland, Michael Duffy, Andrew Murphy, Dr. J. E. Cox, Colonel Hugh Hanna, David Cassett, Dr. I. Finley, Dr. James Hackleman, and James W. Wilson. The first lot cleared and enclosed was lot number 22, im proved by Colonel Steel and Allen Smith. George Shepherd built the first house, which was on lot 63. Colonel Steel built the second on lot 22. These were built in May, 1834. This same year Alpheus Blackman made a kiln of brick, and Dr. 430 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Finley buUt a smaU brick house (in the fall) on lot 54. This house is still standing, and occupied by William Ditton; Colonel Steel and Colonel Hanna built of the same kiln of brick. Colonel Steel opened the first provision store, and Colonel Hanna the first dry good store; this was in the spring of 1834. From this time forward the town improved rapidly. The first tavern was kept by A. Murphy, on lot 37. The first lawyers were Colonel Steel (still a resident) and William H. Coombs, now a resident of Fort Wayne. Colonel Steel was elected the first justice of the peace, in June, 1834. By an act of legislature, Gillis Smith, of Grant county, Daniel Worth, of Eandolph county, Jesse Carter, of Clinton county, Bartholomew Applegate, of Johnson county, and Thomas Watson, of Tippecanoe county, were appointed commissioners to locate a seat of justice for said county of Wabash. Said commissioners met at the house of David Burr, at the treaty grounds, on the third Monday in May, 1835, and after exam ining different locations, selected Wabash as the permanent seat of justice for this county. The present population of this town is 1,522. A log jail was built on the northwest comer of the public square, in the faU of 1835, by Jonas Carter and J. H. Keller. (It was destroyed by fire some years ago.) The present court house was built in 1839 and 1840, under the agency of Colonel Hugh Hanna. It is a square building, two stories high, forty feet front, and terminates with a spire on the centre of the building. Court-room in second story, and jury-rooms below. The present jail was built in 1853. The Wabash circuit court met for the first time at the house of Da"vid Burr, on the fourth Monday (24th) of August, 1835. Present, Hon. Augustus A. Everts, judge of the eighth judicial circuit, also Hon. Daniel Jackson and Hou. Daniel Ballanger, associate judges; Samuel C. Sample, Esq., prose cuting attorney; William Steel, clerk; and WiUiam Johnson, sheriff. After calling the court, they adjourned to the house of Andrew Murphy, in the town of Wabash, on lot number 37. Charles W. Ewing, S. C. Sample, Thomas Johnson, J. ELKHAET COUNTT HISTOEICAL. 431 W. Wright and WiUiam C. Coombs were admitted to practice as attorneys in this court. We have no space in this work to mention the early settlers of all the to"wns in Wabash county. The county is thickly settled. The farmers are all prosperous and wealthy and intelligent. The district schools are in an excellent condition; good buildings and teachers are supplied in all parts of the county. The city of Wabash has grown to be quite a fiourishing centre, and is to-day one of the most thrifty places in the State of its size. The Union high school at Wabash is an excellent edifice. It is situated on the suramit of the hill, in the upper town, with a commanding prospect. It is three stories high, and contains six rooms, and is of sufficient size to accommodate six hundred pupils. It was erected in the year 1858, at a cost of thirteen thousand dollars. On a Saturday afternoon the streets of Wabash present a Uvely appearance. There are to be seen on every hand evi dences of thrift and prosperity. The population is between four and five thousand. CHAPTEE LVI. ELKHAET COUNTY HISTOEICAL AND DESCEIPTIVB. ELKHAET county was organized in 1830, by James Math ews, John Jackson and A. E. Penwell, constituting the board of commissioners. At a meeting of this board, in July of the same year, all the territory in the State east of the present limits of the county was created into a to"wnship, and called Mong-go-qua-nong. The territory constituting this extensive township was attached to Elkhart county, for judicial and other purposes, and has since been organized into several counties. 432 HISTOET OF INDIANA. In May, 1830, the same commissioners located the county seat in Concord township; but in 1831 this location was changed, and the seat of justice was finally established at Goshen, where it stiU remains. The county contains over 302,080 acres of land, all suitable for agricultural purposes. The soil is well watered. The St. Joseph river enters the county near the northwest corner of Washington township, and runs southwesterly through Bristol to Elkhart, thence nearly due west to St. Joseph county. The Elkhart river enters the county near the northwest corner of Benton township, and runs nearly west through the village of Benton to Jackson township, thence it pursues a northwesterly course through Waterford and Goshen to Elkhart, where it enters the St. Joseph. It is quite a stream, and has been valuable to miU owners. At Goshen it is made available for manufacturing purposes to a large extent. The little Elkhart passes through Middlebury, and joins the St. Joseph at Bristol. Christian creek rises in Michigan, enters Elkhart county iu Osolo township, and runs thence nearly south to Elkhart, where it falls into the St. Joseph. Turkey creek enters into the Elkhart river about four miles south of Goshen, while Bang's creek and its tributaries water much of the western portion of the county. Elkhart county is also weU provided with railroad conven iences, and being one of the finest agricultural counties in the State, its business centres have grown into fiourishing cities. Elkhart city is one of the most delightful places in the State. The visitor is at once impressed "with the great beauty of the locaUty and its wonderful adaptation to purposes of business, and especially to manufacturing. The city is situated on a gentle decU-vity, bounded on the north by the St. Joseph river. The streets are tastefully laid out and exceUently improved. The whole place has the appearance of cleanliness and thrift. The citizens are among the most inteUigent and enterprising in the State. They are justly proud of their city and its improvements. The bridge facilities, educational advantages, religious and Uterary institutions, combine to make Elkhart all that the intelligent resident could desire. But in addition ELKHAET COUNTY DESOEIPTIVE. 433 to these, Elkhart is an important railroad point and a com mercial and manufacturing centre. Goshen is the county seat of Elkhart county. It is situated on the east bank of the Elkhart river, and near Elkhart prairie. This prairie is about five miles long and about three miles in width, and is noted for the depth and richness of its soil. The site of the city was formerly oak openings. The land upon which the city stands was entered by the county, and the first lots were sold in the fall of 1831. William Bissell was the first permanent white settler. The first mill was built on Eock Eun, about half a mile from the centre of tbe town, by John Carpenter, in 1831. Goshen, as a town, began in true pioneer style; but, step by step, she has gro'wn, until to-day, with a population of nearly six thousand, and rapidly increas ing commercial and manufacturing industries, she stands among the important centres of wealth and population in the State. It wiU not be necessary to enumerate aU the special features of Elkhart and Goshen ; what can be said of one may be said of the other. They are both flourishing and prosperous cities, with a bright prospect for the near future. Goshen has excellent schools, and the higher educational advantages of the city are the pride of its citizens. Elkhart county affords to-day a happy contrast with its con dition twenty years ago. Then the farmers were struggUng for a living; now they are mostly independent, live in neat and commodious residences, and take a vast deal of soUd com fort. The youth have all the advantages of our great common school system, and the moral and intellectual condition of the people is not only improving, but already at a high standard. There are numerous thrifty villages in the county, all of which are graced with incorporated schools, fine churches, and other pubUc improvements. A portion of this sketch is compiled from Mr. Turner's work, 28 CHAPTEE LVII. ST. JOSEPH COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. THE surface of St. Joseph county is greatly diversified, and is thoroughly adapted to agriculture in all its branches. The soil is divided into four classes: 1st; The Ught, sandy soil of the original oak springs, or barrens; 2d, The black, sandy loam of the thick woods; 3d, The deep vegetable mould of the prairies ; 4th, The natural meadows and marshes. There are some extensive prairies in the county, aU of which are similar to the general prairies of the great west. " The marshes," says Mr. Turner, in his work on the St. Joseph valley, " are quite numerous, but none of them of much mag nitude, except the celebrated Kankakee, which commences two miles frora the St. Joseph river, near South Bend. It is but a few years since these lands began to be prized at something near their real value. At present, however, under a proper system of drainage, they have become very desirable. In many localities, the coarse marsh grass and useless weeds have given way to fields cultivated in wheat, com, or other crops, or to pasture, or meadow lands, thickly set in timothy or blue grass. The Kankakee marsh, or perhaps more properly, the valley of the Kankakee, in particular, presents a remarkable illustration of the benefits of judicious drainage. Here, on four square miles of land, or about two thousand five hundred acres, there have been constructed over twenty miles of ditch, averaging eight feet in width by four feet in depth. These ditehes have an average fall of about four feet to the mUe. Three-quarters of this drainage is through the outlet of the Kankakee lake into the St. Joseph river, some two miles dis tant, and more than forty feet below the lake and the sur- (434) ST. JOSEPH COUNTT - ¦ HISTOEICAL. 436 rounding country. Along here is the dividing line between the waters flowing into the St. Lawrence on the one hand, and into the Gulf of Mexico on the other. Indeed, so equal is the poise here, that it is frequently impossible to tell in which direction the water is inclined to run when unobstructed and unassisted by art." St. Joseph county is well watered by fine springs, clear run ning streams, and several ponds and lakes, and at almost every point the best of water is found by sinking wells from fifteen to twenty-five feet. St. Joseph county was organized on the twenty-seventh of STUDEBAKER BROS. CARRIAGE "WORKS, SOUTH BEND August, 1830. " On that day," says the author last quoted, "in pursuance of the act of the general assembly, Adam Smith, Lambert McComb, and Levi F. Arnold, met at the house of Alexis Coquillard, and having each presented his commission as a justice of the peace, from James B. Eay, gov ernor of the State, took the oath of office before L. M. Taylor, clerk of the county. They then proceeded to elect Lambert McComb president of the board, and St. Joseph had a legal existence." The first act of the newly-created board was to appoint John D. Lasy treasurer of the county. Panels of grand and petit jurors were drawn to serve at the term of the 436 HISTOET OF INDIANA. circuit court, to be held in the foUowing November. It is said, however, that this court was never held. The first court of record, of which there has been any record preserved, was held at South Bend on the twenty-ninth day of October, 1832, by Hon. John E. Porter, president judge of the first judicial circuit to which the county was then attached for judicial pur poses. The session of this court lasted but one day, and was held in the bar-room of Calvin Lilley's hotel. The first steamboat arrived at South Bend in the spring of 1834. " She was propelled by a stern wheel, and was called the Matilda Barrey. She was hailed with great rejoicings, and her advent celebrated with numerous and full-sized liba tions of red-eye and tangle-leg decoctions." It should be observed, in this connection, (as it should more properly have been in the first part of this volume,) that in 1831, by an act of the general assembly of the State, the boards of justices of the peace, in whom the government of counties had pre-viously been vested, were abolished, and the election of county coraraissioners provided for. The first election under this law was held , in St. Joseph county, in the summer of 1831, and resulted in the election of Aaron Staun ton, David Miller, and Joseph Earer. In May, 1830, the commissioners appointed by the general assembly, met and located the county seat on the " McCartney farm," then owned by WiUiam Brookfield, about two miles below the center of the present city of South Bend. " Each of the commissioners," says Mr. Turner, in his appropriate work, " was honored by having his name given to a street — an honor which, however briUiant in anticipation, has only been realized in successive crops of corn." In May, 1831, the county seat was located at South Bend. The first court house was completed in 1837, and this was taken down in 1854, to give place to the present one. The city of South Bend is located on both banks of the St. Joseph, " near a point where the river suddenly turns from a nearly west course and stretches away with a rapid current northward, into the State of Michigan. The site of the city is extremely picturesque and beautiful. * * The location is ST. JOSEPH OOUNTT DESOEIPTrVB. 437 elevated and commanding, and the character of the soil, and the excellent facilities for perfect drainage, are a perpetual guarantee of healthy and attractive places of residence, and dry, hard thoroughfares for locomotion." We quote still fur ther from Mr. Turner, concerning the beautiful city of South Bend: "The rich sandy loam, of which the soil is composed, forms abundant nutriment for the healthy and rapid growth of innumerable shade and ornamental trees, indigenous to the locality, among which may be mentioned the sugar and silver maple, the elm, the sycamore, the walnut, and the oak; while gardens are filled with thrifty apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, and quince trees, and an abundance of the smaller fruits. The streets are "wide and regular, crossing each other at right angles, and at convenient intervals. The grades are uniform, with a sufficient fall toward the river to secure perfect drain age, and afford a never-failing auxiliary to the natural health fulness of the place. The business houses are capacious and convenient, while many of them, by their imposing appear ance, impart a metropolitan air to the city. The private res idences, many of which are of brick, are generally neat and tasteful, and frequently iUustrate some of the most modern and artistic achievements in architecture. The first white settlement at South Bend was made by Alexis Coquillard, in the Spring of 1824. This was also the first in the county. This gentleman was an Indian-trader, and agent for the North American Fur Company, then under the control of John Jacob Astor. He was a Frenchman, originally from Montreal, and, having lived a great portion of his life with the Indians, became a thorough pioneer of the old school. As a business man he was enterprising, prudent and successful. Other settlers soon followed, and step by step the little fown grew into a city, and from an infant city to an important manufacturing and commercial centre. We have no space in this volume to speak of the educa tional advantages of South Bend in the manner in which their importance deserves. Notre Damel Who is not familiar with the name, and with its great merits? "Notre Dame Univer sity " is one of the few institutions of learning in the State 438 HISTOET OF INDIANA. which have taken a high stand in the estimation of the world. It is a Catholic institution, and is justly the boast' of that people. From all parts of the world it attracts its pupils; foreign countries as well as all parts of our own fair land, con tributing their quota to swell the number who haunt the lovely shades of Notre Dame and imbibe instruction and knowledge in its princely halls. The professors, who deal out learning in the ablest manner, are selected with wondrous care, and by their attainments and power of imparting the gleanings of studious years of research, have made an education gained at this university a high honor to any young man. Not only in the more substantial elements of learning does this famed institution excel. The aesthetic is given a prominent place in the curriculum of study, and combines with the more soUd and practical branches to form a result but little short of perfec tion. The extent and magnitude of the grounds and build ings are ever the wonder of the admiring stranger. He had dreamed of something on an enormous scale, but falling short of this. To the guest of South Bend, Notre Dame is a prom inent place of interest, and the affability of its polite brothers tends not a little to make it so. The presiding genius of the institution is well and widely known as Father Lemonnier. revered, and loved of all. It is the headquarters of Father Sorin, general of the order. " St. Mary's is none the less perfect in its own peculiar attri butes. Erected on a garden spot of earth, and in the midst of grounds which nature and art have both tried their most skillful hands upon, it affords within its hallowed shades a perfect home and school together. The common branches and the rugged paths of learning are by no means ignored nor slighted; but St. Mary's particularly excels in the perfect ing of those accomplishments which adorn the mind of lo\"ely woman and which send the elegancies of art into an otherwise sordid and too common-place existence. Music, painting and needlework here receive that critical attention so often disre garded in other academies of this kind. From ' early morn till dewy eve' music, dropping from rose-bud mouths, like pearls, or brought from ivory keys in some mysterious man- 440 HISTOET OF INDIANA. ner, sounds through these stately buildings. Prominent among the delightful features here seen is the care bestowed upon the amenities of life. The poUshed manners of the Sisters of the Holy Cross are insensibly communicated to the students, giv ing a well-bred and courteous air which a pupil of St. Mary's never loses. At commencement there are gala days here; crowds of friends, from afar, come to see and hear the ' sweet girl graduates with their golden hair,' and to pl-aise the skill and excellence evinced in their instruction. " St. Joseph's Academy is under the same supervision, but situated on a commanding spot in our city, instead of some distance down the banks of the beautiful river, as is St. Mary's. It possesses the same excellencies, however, although on a less colossal scale. At both of these institutions special attention is given to health, and the watchful care and tender nursing of these gentle sisters is a great object to parents who would not otherwise dare to send their little ones away from home."* The public schools of South Bend are in a good, efficient condition. The high school has all the attractions of the metropolitan high school, and is under a very able manage ment. The schools throughout the whole county are above the average county schools of the State. The manufacturing interests of South Bend are very exten sive, and are yearly increasing. The city has excellent bank ing facilities; and the commercial industries are full of promise. There is no city in Indiana gro"wing faster. The population is about twelve thousand.j- ¦* Compiled from Turner's Annual. •f There are many of the special features of the county which we are compelled to pass over for want of space. CHAPTEE LVIII. MADISON COUNTT HISTOEIOAL AND DES0EIPTI"VE. MADISON county was first settled in 1820, or during the year preceding. In 1820, the county contained, probably, one hundred settlers, who were located, for the most part, near the falls of Fall creek. Among this number may be mentioned the names of Elias Hollingsworth, Samuel HolUday, Thomas and WilUam McCartney, Thomas Scott, Israel Cocks, and Saul Shaul. Adam Dobson, Parmer Patrick, and WiUiam and Thomas Silver followed soon after. " From this infant settle ment," says Mr. Harding, " we have grown to a population of 26,000." The county, as a rule, might be called level; "there are, however, on White river and Fall creek, hills of considerable size. There is comparatively little waste land in the county. The prairie, between Pendelton and Anderson, for many years considered as waste land, is gradually being subdued, and "will soon become the garden spot of the county, instead of being the home of miasma and noxious weeds." * Improvements in this land, by a system of ditching, are rapidly going forward. The county is well watered by numerous creeks, which have served a valuable day for mill owners, and which drain the soil admirably. Madison county was organized in 1823. At that time the county seat was located at Pendleton, where it remained until 1836, when is was permanently located at Anderson. The population of the county in 1830, was 2,238; in 1840, it was 8,874; in 1850, it was 12,375; in 1860, it was 16,618; in 1870, it was 22,770; and, in 1875, is estimated in round numbers at * Mr. Harding's work. (441) 442 msTOET OF Indiana. 25,000, with a voting population of 6,272. The number of acres of improved land in 1870, was 133,190. The number of acres of woodland was 87,521. A survey of the county at this time would show an extension of the former, not a little fiatterine: to the husbandman. The cash value of farms in 1870, was $9,399,441; the value of farm implements and machinery, $242,671; value of orchard products, $70,262.' The compilers of this work have ascertained that the increase in these items during the last five years has been over sixty per cent, per annum. There is nothing remarkable in the early history of the county, except the Indian murders of 1824, of which we have the following account in Mr. O. H. Smith's " Early Eeminis- cences of Indiana :" At the time of the Indian murders on Pall creek, the coimtry was new and the population scattered here and there in the woods. The game was plenty, and the Indian hunting grounds had not been forsaken by several of the tribes. The white settlers felt some alarm at the news of an Indian encampment, in the neighborhood, and although they were all friendly, a watchful eye was kept on all their movements. The county of Madison had been organized but a short time before. Pendleton, with a few houses at the falls, was the seat of the new county. . Anderson, on "White river, was a small village. Chesterfield and Huntsfield were not then heard of There were only a few houses between Indianapolis and the falls, and still fewer in other directions from the capital. Early in the spring of 1834, a hunting party of Seneca Indians, consisting of two men, three squaws, and four children, encamped on the east side of Fall creek, about eight miles above the falls. The country around their camping ground was a dense, unbroken forest, filled with game. The principal Indian was called Lud low, and was said to be naraed for Stephen Ludlow, of Lawrenceburg. The other man I call Mingo. The Indians commenced their seasons hunt ing and trapping — the men with their guns, and the squaws setting the traps, preparing and cooking the game, and caring fbr the children — two boys, some ten years old, and two girls of more tender years. A week had rolled around, and the success of the Indians had been very fair, with bet ter prospects ahead, as the spring was opening, and racoons were begin ning to leave their holes in the trees in search of frogs tha-t had begun to leave their muddy beds at the bottom Of the creeks. The trapping season was onlyj-ust commencing. Ludlow and his band, wholly unsuspicious of harm, and unconscious of any approaching enemies, were seated around their camp flre, when there approached through the woods five white men — Harper, Sawyer, Hudson, Bridge, Sen., and Bridge, Jr. Harper was the leader, and stepping up to Ludlow, took him bythe hand and told him hij IIADISON OOUNTT HiyiOElGAL. 443 party had lost their horses, and wanted Ludlow and Mingo to help find them. The Indians agreed to go in search of the horses. Ludlow took one path, and Mingo another. Harper followed Ludlow, Hudson trailed Mingo, keeping some flfty yards behind. They traveled some short dis tance from the camp, when Harper shot Ludlow through the body. He fell dead on his face. Hudson, on hearing the crack of the rifle of Harper, immediately shot Mingo, the ball entering just below his shoulders, and passing clear through his body. Mingo fell dead. The party then met and proceeded to within gunshot of the camp. Sawyer shot one of the squaws through the head. She fell and died without a struggle. Bridge, Sen., shot another squaw, and Bridge, Jr., the other squaw. Both fell dead. Sawyer then flred at the oldest boy, but only wounded him. The other children were shot by some of the party. Harper then led on to the camp. The three squaws, one boy, and the two little girls lay dead, but the oldest boy was still living. Sawyer took him by the legs, and knocked his brains out against the end of a log. The camp was then robbed of everything worth carrying away. Harper, the ring leader, left immediately for Ohio, and was never taken. Hudson, Sawyer, Bridge, Sen., and Bridge, Jr., were arrested, and when I flrst saw them they were confined in a square log jail, fltting tight above, below, and on the sides. I entered with the sherifi". The prisoners were all heavily ironed and sitting on the straw on the floor. Hudson was a man of about middle size, with a bad look, dark eye and bushy hair, about thirty-five years of age in appearance. Sawj'cr was about the same age, rather heavier than Hudson, but there was nothing in his appearance that could, have marked him in a crowd, as any other than a common farmer. Bridge, Sen., was much older than Sawyer ; his head was quite grey, he was above the common height, slender, and a little bent while standing. Bridge, Jr., was some eighteen years of age, a tall stripling. Bridge, Sen., was the father of Bridge, Jr., and the brother-in- law of Sawyer. The news of these Indian murders flew upon the wings of the wind. The settlers became. greatly alarmed, fearing the retaliatory vengeance of the tribes, and especially of the other bands of the Senecas. The facts reached Mr. John Johnston, at the Indian agency at Piqua, Ohio. An account of the murders was sent from the agency to the war department at "Washington City. Colonel Johnston and "William Conner visited all the Indian tribes, and assured them that the government would punish the ofienders, and obtaining the promises of the chiefs and warriors that they wo'jld wait and see what their " Great Father " would do before they took the matter into their own hands. This quieted the fears of the set tlers, and preparation was commenced for the trials. A new log building was erected at the north part of Pendleton, with two rooms, one for the court and the otlier for the grand jury. The court room was about twenty by thirty feet, with a heavy "puncheon " floor, a platform at one end, three feet high, with a strong railing in front, a bench for the judges, a plain table for the clerk, in front a long bench for the counsel, a little pen for 444 HISTOET OF INDIANA. the prisoners, a side bench for the witnesses, and a long pole in front, sub stantially supported, to separate the crowd from the court and bar. A guard by day and night was placed around the jail. The court was com- posed of Wm. "W. "Wick, presiding judge; Samuel Holliday and Adam "Winchell, associates. Judge "Wick was young on the bench, but with much experience in criminal trials. Judge Holliday was one of the best and most conscientious men I ever knew. Judge "Winchell was a black smith, and had ironed the prisoners ; he was an honest, rough, frank, ill- iterate man, without any pretensions to legal knowledge. Moses Cox was the clerk; he could barely write his name, and when a candidate for justice of the peace at Connersville, he boasted of his superior qualifica tions ; " I have been sued on every section of the statute, and know all about the law, while my competitor has never been sued, and knows nothing about the statute." Samuel Cory, the sheriff, was a flne specimen of a woods' Hoosier, tall and strong boned, with hearty laugh, without fear of man or beast, with a voice that made the woods ring as he called the jurors and witnesses. The county was thus prepared for the trials. In the mean time the government was not sleeping. Colonel Johnston, the Indian agent, was directed to attend the trials to see that the witnesses were pre sent and to pay their fees. Gen. James Noble, then a United States sen ator, was employed by the secretary of war to prosecute, with power to fee an assistant. Philip S"weetzer, a young son-in-law of the general, of high promise in his profession, was selected bythe general as his assistant; Calvin Fletcher was the regular prosecuting attorney, then a young man of more than ordinary ability, and a good criminal lawyer. The only inn at Pendleton was a new frame house near the creek, still standing by the side of the railroad bridge. The term of the court was about being held. The Sunday before the term commenced the lawyers began to arrive, and, as the custom was in those days, they were invited out to dine on the Sabbath by the most wealthy citizens, as a favor and compliment, not to the lawyers, but to their hosts. "We had a statute in those days imposing a fine of one dollar on each person who should " profanely curse, swear, or damn," and making it the duty of all j udges and magistrates to see that the law was enforced upon offenders in their presence. Judge Holliday invited Calvin Fletcher, the circuit prosecuting attorney, and his Indianapolis friend, Daniel B. "Wick— the brother of the judge — to dine with him. The invitation was accepted, of course, there being no previous engagement in the way. Din ner was announced ; Judge Holliday asked a " blessing " at the table —Mr. Fletcher declining. The judge had killed a fat goose for the extraordinary occasion, which was nicely stuffed with well seasoned bread and onions and placed in the centre of the table. Mr. "Wick, who was not a church member, flxed his eye upon the goose, and said, by way of compliment, " That is a damned flne goose, judge." "Yes, it is a flne goose, and you are fined one dollar for swearing." Not a word more was spoken at the table. Dinner over. Judge Holliday said, " 'Squire Wick, pay me the dollar." " I have not a cent with me, judge." " Perhaps Mr. Fletcher will lend it to MADISON COUNT! HISTOEICAL. -445 you." Mr. Fletcher: "I really have only enough with me to pay my tavern bill." Judge Holliday :" What is to be done ? " Fletcher: "Lend him the money, judge, and take his note, or bind him over to court." " I'll bind him over; you'll go his security.?" "The rules of the court forbid lawyers from going security for any one, but you can go it yourself; just draw the recognizance that ' Daniel B. Wick and Samuel Holliday ap peared before Samuel Holliday, associate judge of the Madison circuit court, and acknowledged themselves to be indebted to the State in the penalty of twenty-flve dollars each for the appearance of Daniel B. Wick at the next term of the court to answer.' " The reasonable proposition of Mr. Fletcher was at once accepted by all parties. The recognizance was taken in due form, and forfeited at the next term, by the absence of Mr. Wick. Judgment was rendered against Judge Holliday for twentij-fitie dol lars. A petition to the governor was drawn up, and signed by the whole bar ; a remittance soon followed. The trial of Hudson commenced the next day after the Sabbath dinner at Judge HoUiday's, and will now be sketched. The day for the trial of Hudson, one of the prisoners, arrived. A number of distinguished lawyers were in attendance from this State, and several from the State of Ohio. Among the most prominent I name General James Noble, Philips Sweetzer, Harvey Cregg, Lot Bloomfield, James Eariden, Charles H. Test, Calvin Fletcher, Daniel B. Wick, and William K. Morris, of this State ; General Sampson Mason, and Moses "Vance, of Ohio. Judge Wick being temporarily absent in the morninsc, WilliamJB. Morris arose and moved the associate judges — "I ask that these gentlemen be admitted as attorneys and counsellors at this bar; they are regular practitioners, but have not brought their license with them." Judge Winchell — "Have they come here to defend the prison. ers?" "The most of them have." "Let them be sworn; nobody but a lawyer would defend a murderer." Mr. Morris — "I move the court for a writ of habeas corpus, to bring up the prisoners now illegally conflned in jail." Judge Winchell — "For what ?" " A writ of habeas corpus." " What do you want to do with it ?" " To bring up the prisoners and have them discharged." " Is there any law for that?" Morris read the statute regulating the writ of habeas corpus. " That act, Mr. Morris, has been repealed long ago." " "Y"our honor is mistaken, it is a constitutional writ, as old as Magna Charta, itself." " Well, Mr. Morris, to cut the matter short, it would do you no good to bring out the prisoners. I ironed them myself, and you will never get them irons off until they have been tried, habeas corpus or no habeas corpus." Perouria " motion overruled." Judge Wick entered and took his seat between the two side judges. " Call the grand jury." All answer to their names and are sworn. Court adjourned for dinner. Coilrt met; the grand jury brought into court an indictment for murder, drawn by Mr. Fletcher, against Hudson. Counsel on both sides — "Bring the prisoner into court." The court — "Sheriff, put in the box a jury." Sheriff — "May it please the court, Dr. Highday just handed me a list 446 HISTOBT OF INDIANA. of jurors to call on the jury." Judge Wick— "Bring Dr. Highday into court." "Did your honor wish to see me?" "Dr. Highday, is this your hand writing?" "I presume it is." "Dr. Highday, we have no jail to put you in, the one we have is full ; hear your sentence : it is the judg ment of the court that you be banished from these court grounds till the trials are over. Sheriff, see the judgment of the court carried strictly into execution." I digress to give the scene in court, published by General Sampson Mason, in a Springfleld, Ohio, paper. "As I entered the court room, the judge was sitting on a block, paring his toe nails, when the sheriff entered, out of breath, and informed the court that he had six jurors tied, and his deputies were running down the others." General Mason, with all his candor, unquestionably drew upon his imagination in this instance. Hudson, the prisoner, was brought into court by the deputy sheriff and two of the guard. His appearance had greatly changed since I flrst saw him in the log pen with his comrades in crime. He was now pale, haggard, and downcast; and with a faltering voice, answered upon his arraignment, "Not guilty." The petit jury were hardy, honest pioneers, wearing moccasins and side knives. The evidence occupied but a single day, and was positive, closing every door of hope to the prisoner. The prosecuting attorney read the statute creating and aflBxing the punish ment to the homicide, and plainly stated the substance of the evidence. He was followed for the prisoner, in able, eloquent, and powerful speeches, appealing to the prejudice of the jury against the ^Indians; relating in glowing colors the early massacres of white men, women and children, by the Indians ; reading the principal incidents in the history of Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton ; relating their cruelties at the battle of Blue Licks and Bryant's station, and not forgetting the defeat of Brad. dock, St. Clair, and Harmar. General James Noble closed the argument for the State in one of his forcible speeches, holding up to tlie jury the bloody clothes of the Indians, and appealing to the justice, patriotism, and love of the laws of the jury, not forgetting that the safety of the settlors might depend upon the conviction of the prisoners, as the chiefs and warriors expected justice to be done. The speech of the general had a marked effect upon the crowd, as well as the jury. Judge Wick charged the jury at some length, laying down the law of homicide in its different degrees, and distinctly impressing upon the jury that the law knew no distinction as to nation or color; that the murder of an Indian was equally as criminal iu law as the murder of a white man. The jury retired, and next morning brought into court a verdict of "guilty of murder in the first degree," motion for a new trial overruled. The pris oner was brought into court, and sentence of death pronounced in the most solemn manner, by Judge Wick. The time for the execution was fixed, as is usual, for a distant day. In the meantime Hudson made his escape from the guard one dark night, and hid himself in a hollow log in the woods, where he was found and arrested. MADISON COUNTT HISTOEICAL. 447 Time rolled on, the fatal day for execution arrived, multitudes of people were there. Among them were seen several Senecas, relatives of the murdered Indians. The gallows was erected just above the falls, on the north side. The people covered the surrounding hills, and at the appointed hour, Hudson, by the forfeitm-e of his life, made the last earthly atonement for his crimes. Such was the result of the flrst case on record in America where a white man was hung for killing an Indian. The other cases were con tinued until the next term of the court, and will be the subject of a distinct sketch. TEIAL OF SAWTEE. Monday moming came. Court met. Judge Eggleston, in flne health, on the bench in tbe center ; Adam Winchell on his left, and Samuel Holliday on his right, Moses Cox at the clerk's desk, Samuel Cory on the sheriff's platform, and Colonel John Berry, captain of the guard, leaning against the logs. . The grand jury were called, sworn and charged, and court adjourned for dinner. In the afternoon, the evidence of the main witness was heard. I had prepared the indictments in my office and had them with me. The foreman signed the bills on his knee, and they were all returned into court before the adjournment. That night, Colonel John Johnston, the Indian agent, called at my room and offered me one hundred dollars on behalf of the United States. I informed him that I was a State offlcer and could not accept the money, however tempting it might be under other circumstances. The court met in the morning. We agreed to try Sawyer flrst for shoot ing one of the squaws. The prisoner was brought into court by the sher iff. He appeared so haggard and changed by his long confinement, that I scarcely knew him. The court-room was crowded. General James Noble, Philips Sweetzer and myself for the State ; James Eariden, Lot Bloom field, William E. Morris and Charles H. Test, for the prisoner. Judge Eggleston—" Sheriff, call the petit jury." Judge Winchell — " Sheriff, call Squire Makepeace on the jury, he will be a good juror ; he will not let one of these murderers get away." Judge Eggleston, turning to Judge Winchell ; " This will never do. "What ! the court pack a jury to try a capital case ? " The jury was soon impanneled. The evidence was con clusive that the prisoner had shot one of the squaws at the camp with his rifle after the killing of Ludlow and Mingo by Harper and Hudson in the woods. The jury were a hardy, heavy-bearded set of men, with side knives in their belts, and not a pair of shoes among the whole of them ; all wore moccasins. Mr. Sweetzer opened for the State with a strong matter-of-fact speech ; that was his forte. He was followed in able speeches by Mr.'Morris, Mr. Test and Mr. Eariden, for the prisoner. General Noble closed for the prosecution, with a powerful speech. The general was one of the strong est and most effective speakers before a jury, or a promiscuous assembly, 448 HISTOET OF INDIANA. I have ever heard. The case went to the jury under an able charge from Judge Eggleston, and court adjourned for dinner. At the meeting of the court in the afternoon, the jury returned a verdict of " guilty of manslaughter," two years hard labor in the penitentiary. Mr. Eariden sprang to his feet, " If the court please, we let judgment go on the verdict, and are ready for the case of Sawyer, for killing the Indian boy at the camp." " Eeady for the State." The same jury were accepted by both sides — being in the box. They were immediately sworn. The evidence was heard again conclusive against the prisoner. General Noble opened for the prosecution, and w as followed by Charles H. Test, William E. Morris and James Eariden, with powerful speeches. The jury were referred to their verdict in the previous case, and their judgment warmly eulogized. This was, by arrangement, my case to close. I saw my posi tion, and that the only point I had to meet, was to draw the distinction between the two cases, so as to justify the jury in flnding a verdict for manslaughter in the one case, and of murder in the case before them. In law fiiere was no difference whatever. They were both cold-blooded mur ders. The calico shirt of the murdered boy, stained with blood, lay upon the table. I was closing a speech of an hour. Stepping forward, I took up the bloody shirt, and holding it up to the jury : " Yes, gentlemen of the jury, the cases are very different. You might flnd the prisoner guilty of only manslaughter, in using his rifle on a grown squaw; that was the act of a man, but this was the act of a demon. Look at this shirt, gentle men, with the bloody stains upon it ; this was a poor, helpless boy, who was taken by the heels by this flend in human shape, and his brains knocked out against a log I If the other case was manslaughter, is not this murder?" The eyes of the jury were filled with tears. Judge Eg gleston gave a clear and able charge upon the law. The jury, after an absence of only a few minutes, returned a verdict of '' murder in the first degree." The prisoner was remanded, and court adjourned. TEIAL OF BEIDG-E SCENES AT THE EXECUTION. The next morning the case of Bridge, Sen., for shooting a little Indian girl at the camp, was called. The prisoner entered with the sheriff. He was more firm in his step and looked better than Sawyer, though a much older man. A jury was impannelled. The proof was positive. The case was argued by Mr. Morris and Mr. Eariden for the prisoner, and Sweet zer and myself for the State. The charge was given by Judge Eggleston, and after a few minutes' absence the jury returned a verdict of " murder in the flrst degree." The only remaining case — of the strippling. Bridge, Jr., for the other Indian boy at the camp — came on next. The trial was more brief, but the result was the same — verdict of murder in the first degree, witfi a recommendation, however, to the governor for a pardon, in consequence of his youth, in which the court and bar joined. The trials closed. Pro for'ma, motions for new trials were overruled, the prisoners remanded, to be brought up for sentence next morning, and the court adjourned. MADISON COUNTT DESOEIITTVE. -449 Morning came and with it a crowded court house. As I walked from the tavern I saw the guards approaching with Sawyer, Bridge, Sen., and Bridge, Jr., with downcast eyes and tottering steps, in their midst. The prisoners entered the court room and were seated. The sherift' commanded •silence. The prisoners rose, the tears streaming down their faces, and their groans and sighs filling the court room. I flxed my eyes upon Judge Eggleston. I had heard him pronounce sentence of death on Puller, for the murder of Warren, and upon Fields, for the murder of Murphy. But here was a still more solemn scene. An aged father, his favorite son and his wife's brother — all standing before him to receive sentence of death. The face of the judge was pale, his lips quivered, his tongue faltered, as he addressed the prisoners. The sentence of death by hanging was pro nounced, but the usual conclusion, " And may God have mercy on your souls," was left struggling for utterance. The time for the execution was fixed at a distant day ; but it soon rolled around. The gallows was erected on the north bank of Fall creek, just above the falls, at the foot of the rising grounds you may see from the cars. The hour for the execution had come. Thousands surrounded the gallows. A Seneca chief, with his warriors, was posted near the brow of the hill. Sawyer and Bridge, Sen., ascended the scaffold together, were executed in quick succession, and died without a struggle. The vast audi ence were in tears. The exclamation of the Senecas was interpreted — "We are satisfled." An hour expired. The bodies were taken down and laid in their cofllns, when there was seen ascending the scaffold Bridge, Jr., the last of the convicts. His step was feeble, requiring the aid of the sheriff. The rope was adjusted. He thi'ew his eyes around upon the audience and then down upon the coffins, where lay exposed the bodies of his father and uncle. From that moment his wild gaze too clearly showed that the scene had been too much for his youthful mind. Eeason had partially left her throne and he stood wildly looking at the crowd, appa rently unconscious of his position. The last minute had come, when James Brown Eay, the Governor of the State, announced to the immense assemblage that the convict was pardoned. Never before did an audience more heartily respond, while there was a universal regret that the exec utive mercy had been deferred to the last moment. Thus ended the only trials where convictions of murder were ever had, followed by the execu tion of white men, for killing Indians, in the United States. Anderson, the county seat of Madison county, is located on the south bank of White river. It is named in remembrance of a Delaware chief of that name, and is the site of an old Indian viUage. This Indian viUage, or what remained of it, was consumed by fire, by order of General Harrison, in 1813. Not far distant were the small villages of Bucktown, Nanticoke and Greento"wn. Among the first settlers of Anderson, were . William Allen, John Berry, Alford Makepeace, Samuel Carry, 29 450 HISTOET OF INDIANA. N. Berry, and William Curtis. A few years later, this Uttle community was increased by Joseph Howard, G. T. Hoover, Dr. Wyman, E. N. WiUiams, J. M. Zeke, C. D. Henderson, and Andrew Jackson. About the year 1828-30, they wers joined by W. G. Atherton, W. B. Allen, Oren Toddhunter, John Davis, William Beard, and Dr. T. Eyan. But we have no space to follow the growth of Anderson. Step by step, in all its measures of growth, it has become one of the most enter prising cities in the State, and has a population of nearly five thousand. It is thrifty in business, enterprising in manu factures, and prominent in education. Anderson does, however, need one thing — indeed, the whole county needs it — a better court house. Probably this will be erected soon. The schools and school buildings, both in the city and county, are in a fair condition. The following are among the leading business and profes sional men of Anderson at the present time: Col. N. Berry, Col. M. S. Eobinson, Ex-Judge Lake, Ex-Judge West, William Crim, John E. Corwin, J. M. Dickson, T. Eyan, W. E. Pearse, J. W. McAllister, Hon. James Sansbery, N. C. McCoUough, banker; H. N. McCoraber, dentist; James H. McConnell. The principal banks are, the Exchange Bank (W. Crim, president, and Jos. Fulton, cashier); the Citizens' Bank (N. C. McCoUough, cashier) ; and the Madison County Bank (J. E. Corwin, president, cashier.) These, banks are aU in a sound condition, and are enjoying the well-merited confidence of the public. Among the leading commercial houses in Anderson, there may be raentioned: John P. Barns, hardware; J. M. Warner, •clothing merchant; J. T. EUiott, boots and shoes; Klein & Sharp, groceries ; J. H. Crider, hatter ; D. H. Patterson, grocer; BeU Bros., dry goods; D. C. East & Bro., dry goods; W. W. Williams, dry goods; Bosworth & Bro., doors, sash, blinds, etc. ; Lee M. Trees, dry goods. The court house, such as it is, is located in the public square, around which the principal business houses of the city have been located. Many of the buildings are of a modern style of architecture, and, in every particular, Anderson presents a thrifty appearance. CHAPTEE LIX. SULLTVAN, OLAT, OWENS, GEEENE, LAWEENCE, AND JACKSON COUNTIES — HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. SULLIVAN county was organized in 1817, and embraced, at the date of its formation, all the territory north of Knox county to the lakes. The present limits include about four hundred and twenty square miles. The county received its name in honor of General Sullivan, of revolutionary fame, who was the intimate friend of General Knox, after whom Knox county was named. The first settlement in Sullivan county was made by the family of James Ledgewood, who located near the present site of Carlisle, in 1803. Colonel Samuel Ledgewood, a son of James, Uved "within a mile of where his father settled, for many years after, and was a leading aiid respected citizen of the county. The Ledgewood family were the first settlers north of Knox county, and should have a prominent place in the history of Sullivan county. Those who followed James Ledgewood, and were early set tlers in the county, were Benjamin Price, Major Watson, Thomas Holden, Edward Parcell, Col. John Benefiel, and others. Colonel Benefiel was a member of the first constitu tional convention, held in 1816. He represented Knox county, which, at that time, included Sullivan. In 1808, Carlisle was laid ofi^, and quite a settlement sprang up in that vicinity during the sarae year. It was at this place that the early county courts were held. Judge Prince, presid ing; George E. C. Sullivan, prosecuting attorney; and E. Buntin, sheriff. The courts were often held under a large beech tree in the north part of the town. At an early day, (451) 452 HISTOET OF INDIANA. the county seat was removed to Merom, where it remained until 1843, when, after a good deal of difficulty, it was per manently located at Sullivan. Carlisle being the oldest town in the county, though not the largest, has several historical phases. In the first place, it is one of the oldest Ameridan settlements in the State. During the war of 1812, it figured prominently, furnishing many brave soldiers for the field. It was near Carlisle that the "Dudley Mack" massacre took place during the war. The county is watered by Busseron and Turman's creeks. The latter was named after Benjamin Turman, the first settler on the west side of the county in 1806. The lands lying in Sullivan county are equal to those of the best agricultural counties in the State, and for mineral wealth the county has but few rivals. The Wabash bottoms, which are extensive in this county, are excellent lands for corn. There are large tracts of beach and sugar lands, which are well adapted to the production of clover and timothy, as also oak lands to that of wheat and other grains. The to"wnships of Curry, Jackson, Cass, and Jefferson, have an abundant supply of the very best bituminous coal in the State. These extensive coal fields are being mined, without interfering in any degree "with the agri cultural interests of the surface of the country. Numerous coal shafts are already in working order, from which immense quantities of coal are shipped to Chicago and other cities. The to"wn of Sullivan, located nearly in the center of the county, is the county seat, and has a population of over two thousand. It is incorporated as a town, having a board of trustees and a town clerk and a marshall. Until within a few years, the town government has not been very enterprising, but recently a new spirit of enterprise has taken hold of both people and government. The public schools, for so many years neglected, are now both an honor and an ornament to the town. The public school building, an engra"ving of which we present herewith, is one of the finest in the State. It is a magnificent three story brick structure, ha"ving been erected at a cost of over twenty thousand dollars, and capable of seating about six hundred pupils, exclusive of the spacious hall for SULLIVAN COUNTY. 453 general exercises, which is capable of seating about five hundred people. There is a well conducted school kept open in this building the whole year. When the town school year is closed, the school is continued as a private enterprise. It is known as the " Ascension Seminary," and is caUed one of the most successful graded schools in the State. Governor Hendricks, at a visit to this school, two years ago, expressed himself happily surprised at finding it so efficient, and the pupils so well advanced in aU branches of study. z !' :- ~ -',1 r PUBLIC SCHOOL BUILDING, SULLIVAN. Sullivan is situated on the Evansville, Terre Haute and Chicago railroad, and wiU soon have the benefits of an east and west road, which is now in contemplation, to run through Greene county. With an extensive and abundantly rich agri cultural region around it, with inexhaustable coal fields on either side, and with sterling business men, may we not expect Sullivan soon to reach a position of eminence among the cities of the State. The court house, located here, is a fine building, having cost over sixty thousand dollars. It is located in a pleasant square of over "two acres, and will, during the present season, be enclosed by a substantial iron fence. 454 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Merom is also a lively town in this county. It has the Union Christian College, one of the best institutions of the kind in the State, under the patronage of the denomination of Christians (New Lights,) and destined to become a leading college. This institution has a most delightful site, being built upon the highest point on the Wabash, and commanding an extended view of the Illinois prairies. This to"wn is also interesting to the scientist and antiquarian on account of the recent discovery at that place of the remains of a once petri fied town, located on one of the highest points of the Wabash. Investigation in this mound, has revealed stone vaults, human skeletons, implements of war, and many other rare curiosities. The county was settled principally by KentucMans, but embraces persons from nearly every State. The citizens are an exceedingly industrious and very intelligent class of people. Sullivan county will keep pace with the rest of thej State, in its grand march to progress and wealth. The schools and churches all over the county are in a fair condition, and, what is still better, there is a disposition man ifesting itself to improve these. The county has fully entered upon a new era of progress in all branches of industry, and in all the professions. The population of the county is about twenty-five thousand. CLAY COUNTY. This county is well watered by Eel river, a branch of the west fork of the White river, of which Birch creek and Croy's creek are tributaries. Numerous other small streams flow through the county. We should hasten to say that the general health of the county is good, for the reason that at an early day it gained a bad reputation in this respect. It will be remembered that the Wabash and Erie canal passed through this county, but this canal is now entirely abandoned south of Terre Haute. The supply of water for this section of the canal was obtained from the great reservoirs fed by Eel river and Birch creek, etc. Splurge creek reservoir embraced over four thousand acres, and the Birch creek reservoir about four- OLAT COUNTT. 456 teen hundred. When these reservoirs were created, the exten sive tracts of land overflowed were covered with a dense forest, but the stagnant water kiUed the trees and caused the vegeta tion to decay. This process charged the atmosphere with miasmatic poison. to such an extent that a general sickness was engendered among the people for several miles in every direction. These facts were scattered abroad, and did much to turn the tide of immigration in other directions. Being sorely grieved and unable to obtain redress from the courts, the citizens of Clay county, who resided near these " stinking pools," resolved to false the law in their own hands. They assembled in force, cut the embankment, and let the water free. This of course created a great sensation. Those inter ested in canal navigation were injured, and the laws were outraged. Ti'oops were sent out by the governor of the State to bring the guilty parties to justice, but the people doubled their resistance. They had taken a decided stand against having these miasmatic pools dn the county and were not wanting in courage when the militia appeared. The governor finding that an armed force was not calculated to enforce the law, and being convinced of the impracticability of keeping up the canal, concluded to withdraw the troops and leave the matter with the citizens. It is hardly necessary to add that the canal reservoirs have not been seen since that day. Not a vestige of them can now be found, and the health of the county could not be better. There is considerable bog-iron ore in this county, large quantities of which were successfully made into pig-iron in the days of the canal, but when that system of inland com munication was abandoned, the smelting works were discon tinued. With the establishment of railroads, these will be re-established and the valuable mineral resources of the State developed. There are also some valuable mineral waters in this county, which wiU be the means, when brought to notice, of attracting considerable attention. The agricultural advantages of Clay county cannot be com pared "with those of other counties, but farming is conducted with moderately good results. Stock raising is also profitable. 456 HISTOET OF INDIANA. There is an abundance of good timber, consisting chiefiy of white, red and black oak. The county seat of the county is Bowling Green. This place has now a population of over one thousand, and is grow ing rapidly. It has first-class school faciUties. The inhab itants are quite enterprising, and keep pace with the age in their public improvements of all kinds. The schools of the county are, for the most part, very acceptable, yet there is much roora for improvement — an improvement that will soon be inaugurated. Brazil, -with a population of over three thousand, is the largest town in the county. The county is very generally settled, and mostly its inhab itants are in a sound condition financially. The farmers are all increasing their comforts, and adding to their means. In every part of the county may be seen evidences of thrift and good feeling. OWEN COUNTY. Owen county was settled ' in 1816-17. The first settlers were David Thompson, Philip Hart, Captain Bigger, John Dunn and Eobert Blair. The county was named for Colonel Abraham Owen, who was in the battle of Tippecanoe, on the eighth of November, 1811. He was a volunteer aid-de-camp to General Harrison. The first court held in the county took place at the residence of John Dunn, in March, 1819, located about one mile east of Spencer, Judge Blackford presiding, when Philip Hart, the second settler, was fined twenty-one dollars and costs for com mitting an assault on Dr. David Thompson, the first white settler of the county. Here is a case where the second settler whipped the first settler. The respect shown to " first set tlers " in those days, however, is evinced by the fine. The first white child born in the county was John E. K. Dunn, whose father established the first ferry on the west fork of the White river. In the year 1818, William Baker built a mill on Eaccoon creek, and soon after a few of the early settlers " rig ged up a corn-cracker " on a small stream near the present to"wn of Gosport. John Dunn was the third settler of the county. He came GEEENE OOUNTT. 457 in the winter, when the ground was covered with eight inches of snow, and arriving on the banks of the White river in Feb ruary, 1817, with his family, without a house of any kind to protect them from the cold, he commenced life in a rude camp, and at once set about building a log house, which he accom plished after great difficulty and suffering. Spencer, the county seat, was located in 1820. The site was donated by Eichard Beem, Isaiah Cooper, John Bartholo mew and Philip Hart. It was laid out by James Galletly and others. ' Spencer is very pleasantly situated in the valley of the west fork of the White river, on the Indiana and Vin cennes railroad. It has a population of about fifteen hundred, and is in a fiourishing condition. The town is naraed for Cap tain Spier Spencer, who fell at Tippecanoe. There is some of the finest landscape scenery in this county to be found in the State. The county has also its curiosities, in the "Boone Cave," and the various Indian mounds. We have been unable to procure as full statistics from this county as we desired, but have ascertained that the schools in the rural districts are in a fair condition, while those in the to"wns are equal to any in the State. GEEENE COUNTY. This county, which was named in honor of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, was organized in 1821. The county seat was first located at Burlington, but was afterwards removed to Bloom field. The county has a population of about 26,000, and there is every reason to suppose that it will be nearly, if not quite, doubled in the next decade. The resources of the county are excellent. The soil is good, and there is an abundance of coal, iron ore, and limestone. The coal and iron are easily mined, and exist in great quanti ties. Extensive business interests will, undoubtedly, spring up out of the mineral resources of this county, which will be fully developed in the course of the next five or ten years. The extensive coal fields only await increased facilities for transportation. 468 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Bloomfield is the county seat, and is in a flourishing condi tion. The public buildings are in good order. Good schools and school buildings exist in every quarter, with a few excep tions, and the religious societies represented have all substan tial houses of worship. The first settlers of the county were John Van Vorst and Daniel Cariin, who came in the spring of 1818. In Novem ber of the same year, Peter C. Vanslyker, Sen., and his son, Cornelius P., came with their families. In the spring of 1819, James Warwick, E. HiU, Thomas Bradford, W. Eobinson, and Wm. Scott settled near the others. In 1819, the Indians who resided in the county, departed for their western homes. They bid an affectionate adieu to the graves of their forefathers, and to their favorite hunting grounds. The scene was an impressive one, and was long remembered by the settlers of that year. Worthington, in this county, is also a very^ lively town. The White Rimefr Valley Ti/mes is pubUshed at this place. The town has unusual commercial advantages, and is destined to become a prominent business centre. LAWEENCE COUNTY. In 1810, a few heroic pioneers, fearless of danger, accustomed to Indian life and usage, and lovers of border pastimes, settled in Lawrence county. They came originally from Virginia, and had remained one year in Kentucky, intending to settle per manently there, but changed their minds. At this early day, especially in this section of the State, the hardy settler was not permitted to erect his log cabin in peace. Tecumseh and the Prophet had been at work, and the Indians were, at that time, pretty well aroused. But these pioneers resolved to settle in La-wrence. county, and were not disposed to fear the Indians. Their first business was to erect a fort, which was located about one mile and a half north of Lees"ville, near where the old resi dence of " Granny White " stood for so many years afterwards. This little fort was put up as a necessary defense of the pro posed settlement, and, although not of heavy proportions, withstood many assaults from the Indians. The settlement LAWEENCE COUNTT. 459 was made by Daniel Gunthrie, a hero of Braddock's defeat, his sons, and Jacob and William Flinn. These have all, long ago, gone to their rest and their rewards. The little settlement had scarcely been formed, when the Delawares began to make raids upon it, stealing everything not secured within the fort. Horses were their favorite spoils, and it was difficult for the settlers to keep their animals, with out the strictest watch. These Indians scarcely ever made open war on the settlement, but, professing friendship in day, they would come in bands by night, and steal anything they could obtain. At one time, a party of these Indians was pursued by Major Tipton, at the head of fifty miUtia. On this occasion the stolen property was recovered, and the In dians severely punished. On the tenth of March, 1815, the settleraent, which by this time had been largely increased, was attacked by a body of Pottawatomies. This was a desperate day for the few early settlers of Lawrence county. John Gunthrie was shot, and Josiah Flinn scalped and tomahawked. Gunthrie was saved from death by the heroism of his wife, who lifted him up and carried him to the fort, where he recovered. Jacob Flinn was captured at the same time, and carried off, but, after several months, he managed to escape from his persecutors; but, be fore he reached the settlement, or obtained food of any kind, except roots, he was reduced with hunger until his weight was less than fifty pounds. His adventure was only one among the thousands of thrilling incidents of pioneer life in the north west that will never be fully recorded. In the winter of 1813-14, Eoderick Eawlins made a settle ment in the bottoms, near the site of the present town of Scottville. He was accompanied by two other parties. They built a rude cabin in the winter, and felled a large number of trees for a clearing, and, in the spring, visited Jeffersonville, during which time their hut was robbed. In 1815, Edward Johnston made a settlement opposite Scottville, on the farm afterwards owned by Harry Bright. Other settlements were also made, but nothing of importance transpired in the way of improvements in the county until 1816, at the date of the 460 HISTOET OF INDIANA. erection of the State, when a new spirit of enterprise seized the settlers, and the great tide of immigration commenced. In 1816-17 and 18, numerous settlements were made in the county, but during these years, and for several thereafter, there was great suffering among the settlers. They were nearly all very poor, and there was not available market for the scanty produce which their industry yielded. But after many years of toil, and constant hardship, these pioneers have emerged from poverty to wealth, from toil to comfort. From 1816 the little fort fell into diguse, and finaUy into ruins, but the spot upon which it stood "will always be sacred to the people of Lawrence county, as that around which all the exciting scenes and incidents of pioneer life centered. Lawrence county was named after Captain La"wrence, of the navy, andwas organized in 1818. The county seat was at first located at Palestine. As an object for locating the capital of the county at this point, Messrs. B. and E. Blackwell and H. M. Massie donated the authorities two hundred acres of land. The first court house was erected at Palestine, and was of hewed logs that would "face a foot." It was two stories, twenty by twenty -four feet. The old settlers inform us that there was as much political wrangling over the erection of this log court house, as over the one recently erected at Bed ford, the present county seat. The first court held in the county, convened at the house of James Gregory, in June, 1818. Hon. Thomas H. Blake was the presiding judge, and John Milroy and William Er"win were the associate judges. In 1825, o"wing to the unhealthy condition of Palestine, the county seat was removed to Bedford. This was a happy change; one that marked the commencement of the real prosperity of the county. Bedford is now a town of over two thousand inhabitants, in which is one of the finest court houses in Indiana, having cost over one hundred thousand doUars. The school building, in which the graded schools are located, is an honor to the town and county. It has been erected at a cost of over thirty thousand dollars, and is capable of seating as many pupils as can be properly attended to in one school. This house is elegantly appointed and fully sup- JACKSON COUNTT. 461 plied with all the necessary agencies for imparting instruction in all branches of education. There are in the county over one hundred and twenty good school buildings. The children of the county, between the ages of six and twenty-one, number five thousand seven hun dred and seventeen. The population of the county is about nineteen thousand. The town of Mitchell has also a fine graded school, of which the people of that place are justly proud. The resources of Lawrence county compare favorably with the other counties of the State, while its educational facilities are considerably ahead of most counties of equal population and wealth. JACKSON COUNTY. Jackson county has a good soil, well adapted to the produc tion of all kinds of grain. Some parts of the county, how ever, have a clay soil, which is very poor. The county was first settled in 1809, by parties from the falls of the Ohio and from Kentucky. When they first came to the county they met vrith a few French traders, who complained that the trade "with the Indians had been ruined by the war. These French men left the county, and went, probably, to Vincennes. Among the first Americans who settled in the county, were H. and A. Eogers, Abram MiUer, J. B. Durham, James Hutchinson, Thomas Ewing, John Ketcham, William Gra ham, Abram Huff, Thomas Carr, and Alexander Craig. In 1812, the Indians became troublesome, and sorae of the settlers removed to escape their wrath ; others sent their fam ilies, but remained themselves. They built a Uttle fort for their defense, which alone saved them from the "Pigeon Eoost" massacre, where, in 1812, twenty families perished beneath the tomahawk. This little fort was frequently besieged, but always held out. The Indians, however, drove off all the horses and cattle, and otherwise impoverished the settlers. John Ketcham lived near the site of the present town of Bro"wn8town, where he had a block house for his own protec- 462 HISTOET OF INDIANA. tion. In the fall of 1813, Mr. Ketcham and a hired man named Buskirk, were hauling pumpkins from a field to the house,* Mr. Ketcham dri"ving and the other man foUowing the team, when they were fired upon by Indians. Buskirk was instantly killed, and Ketcham was wounded and would have been tomahawked, only that his team became exceedingly frightened and ran away, taking him along on the cart. The news of this disaster was at once sent to the fort already mentioned, which was at Vallonia, where a company of miUtia had been organized. The troops started out the follo"wing day, and finding the body of Buskirk, buried it, but so bold were the Indians, in their assaults upon the militia, that one of the men lost his life, being fired on by the enemy from some hiding place. During the war of 1812-13, several persons were shot and MUed or wounded in this county. The Indians were very hostile, and kept a close watch for an opportunity to pick off the settlers. However, the only battle fought in the county during the war, was at Tipton Island, in 1814. There were about fifty Indians opposed to thirty whites, but they were quickly dispersed, lea"ving one or two killed upon the field. This encounter was conducted by General Tipton, the commander. Jackson county was organized in 1816, by an act of the Territorial legislature. In the following spring, the county seat was located at Brownstown, which received its name in honor of General Jacob Brown, who distinguished himself in the war of 1812. Bro"wnsto"wn was laid out in the woods, and, in consequence, the county seat -was. temporarily located at Vallonia. Very soon after the organization of the county, the population began to increase, and general improvement was pushed forward. The surplus produce of the early set tlers was generally shipped down the Driftwood river in flat- boats, but since the completion of the Ohio and Mississippi railroad, the trade of the county has been carried to Cincin nati. In 1830, a number of Germans settled in the eastern part of the county. They were a very enterprising class of people, and since their first residence in the county their numbers WELLS COUNTT HISTOEIOAL. 463 have been largely increased. They have done much to pro mote the material and moral growth of the county, and are mostly all wealthy. Brownstown, one of the principal towns in the county, is located on the Ohio and Mississippi railroad, and is in a fiour- i,shing condition. It has a fair court house and good school facilities; population about one thousand. The largest place in the county is Seymour, a town of over three thousand inhabitants. It has every appearance of thrift, and is press ing forward in all valuable industries and improvements. CHAPTEE LX. WELLS OOUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. THE first smoke of civilization, said the Hon. Newton Bur well, "within the limits of WeUs county, curled above the log cabin of Dr. Joseph Knox. That cabin was reared in the year 1829, on the western bank of the Wabash, about five miles below Bluffton, and on the farm now occupied and owned by Mr. Henry Miller. There was made the first foothold on the Indian's hunting ground, on the Wabash river, between Fort Eecovery and the town of Huntington. It was there, about forty years ago, in the solitude of that awful "wilderness, when the first sound of the white man's axe disturbed the wolf and panther in their jungle, and echoed throughout the wilderness the knell of the red man's destiny. Messrs. Vantrees and Warner, sons-in-law of Dr. Knox, soon afterwards settled near him, and made the first openings on the farms kno"wn, respectively, as the James and Eobert Harvey farms. These three families lived there about three years, when, becoming tired of pioneer life, they sold their interests in the lands on which they had settled and left the 464 msTOET OF Indiana. country. Mr. Miller succeeded Dr. Knox in November, 1832, and " fell to work "with strong heart and arms," and by dint of his industry, the little field and truck-patch that sur rounded the cabin of his predecessor, and afforded him a scanty supply of coarse bread and vegetables, have been trans formed into extended meadows, a fine large orchard, and fields that were last autumn waving with golden grain. His brother, Jacob Miller, settled a short distance below him about the same time. Following the address of the gentleman referred to in the opening sentence of this chapter, we learn that Mr. AUen Nor- cross had settled on the opposite bank of the Wabash about a year before Dr. Knox and his friends left, and was there when Henry Miller moved into the settlement. The Black Hawk war, which in the year 1832 raged so fear fully in Illinois, and which spread such consternation through out the western settlement, began to alarm these new comers, and Mr. Norcross "pulled up stakes," and "with his family returned to his native State, where he remained until there was no longer any danger to be apprehended. This was a trying time with the two brothers and their families, who were thus left alone in the "wilderness. When we take into consideration that Black Hawk, himself so heart less and blood-thirsty, was daily increasing his force by acces sions from the restless and disaffected of the western tribes, and that he had received encouragement from the British in Canada, it is no wonder that these families, so destitute of means of defense, and so far from material aid, should be terror-stricken at the rumors that occasionaUy reached their ears. The facilities for getting war news were not so good as they are now. Then the western lightning had not been taught to carry messages, nor had that animal, so pecuUarly domestic, the Iron Horse, heen introduced into the wilderness. There was not even, at that time, a government mail carried on horseback through the western settlement to give informa tion from the seat of war. Weeks, or even months, might intervene "without knowing how many white famiUes had been made victims of the savage butchers, and then they would WELLS COUNTT — DESOEIPTIVE. 466 only get the news from some wanderer, on his return from a western trapping or fur-buying excursion, as he might chance to come that way. Thus, these pioneers were liable to be in constant fear, for they knew not but that the next news would be brought by the dusky warriors themselves, who would deal out death to them before they could have an opportunity of escape. In the years 1834-35-t36, immigration set in rapidly. Among the first settlers were Adam Miller, Charles Bennett, Thomas W. Van Horn, David Bennett, Solomon Johnson, Solomon Sparks, Mason Powell, E. C. Bennett, Sen., Isaac Covert, Wm. Covert, Adnah HaU, Thomas T. Smith, Bowen Hale, James Scott, Wm. H. Parmalee, Wm. McDole, Abram McDole, Wm. Priliaman, Solomon Kerap, John A. Deam, Chads Chalfant, James Guthrey, Gabriel Markley, John Markley, Daniel Mil ler, Michael Miller, Joseph Logan, Elim Hooker, and a few others. The foUowing sketch of pioneer life in Wells county, from the pen of Mr. Burwell, we quote entire. It is interesting and truthful. Concerning the early settlers, he says: "They settled in different parts of the county, or, rather, within the limits of the county, for the county was not yet organized. That was, indeed, a time that tried men's souls. If we will but reflect on the condition of affairs then, and consider the privations these early settlers had to suffer, we will readily see how unjust, and almost criminal it is for us to complain of our condition now, surrounded as we are by the bounties of a kind Providence. Then they had to go fifty or sixty miles to mill, carry their grists on horses through the trackless wilderness, and would be from five to, eight days in making the trip, of course camped out at night, and very often awakened from their dreams by the approach of wolves and other wild animals in pursuit of prey. During their trips for pro"visions, their wives were left at home to superintend affairs ; hoed the corn and potatoes, and attended to other no less arduous work by day, and passed sleepless nights in watching and protecting their little ones from the jaws of hungry wolves and panthers whose howls and screams they nightly heard around their 30 466 HISTOET OF INDIANA. cabins. A few of those brave women are present to-day, sur rounded by stout, middle-aged sons and daughters, who were then the objects of their solicitude. " It is hard for the present generation of people, surrounded as they now are by all the improvements, comforts and luxu ries of our civilization, to realize that the old settlers suffered and endured the many hardships that they can tell about. When they would run out of bread-stuffs, and their neighbors had none to lend them, they would pound up their corn in a wooden mortar which was improvized for the purpose, and some of them will now tell you of ha"ving lived for months on bread made from meal prepared in that way. The fine part was made into bread and the coarser into hominy. They could not go off to mill at any time. It must be remembered that there were no roads in those days, and the streams were not bridged; so that it was sometimes not only inconvenient, but extremely dangerous, to go fifty miles to mill. James Guthrey had a son and horse dro"wned crossing the Limberlost, on his way to Greenville to mill." The history of Wells county politically, dates back to the first of May, 1837, a little more than thirty-seven years. At this date, the legislature of the State provided for the incor poration of the county, with a regular jurisdiction. The first circuit court met at the house of E. C. Bennett, on the nine teenth day of October, 1837, Hon. C. W. Ewing, presiding. The county seat was permanently located at Bluffton, in 1838. For many years it was a small hamlet, but, after a long and severe struggle, it has become a prominent business center, with ample railroad communication with the surrounding country. Bluffton has the appearance to-day of a substantial, well built town. The streets are regularly laid out, and are for the most part graded and graveled, and provided with substantial sidewalks. The court house is located in the busi ness center of the to"wn, and although a little out of style, is still useful and durable. The schools and school buildings are the pride of the town. The county is new, and only par tially developed, but a majority of the farmers are already wealthy. The people are beginning to cultivate a spirit MONEOE OOUNTT. 467 friendly to all kinds of public improvements. The soil is rich in agricultural resources, and there is every prospect of a con tinuous rapid growth in all the industries and professions rep resented in the county. CHAPTEE LXI. MONEOE COUNTT THE INDIANA STATE UNTVEESITT. OUE sketch of Monroe county is made shorter than was at first designed, on account of the importance of the State university, which is located at Bloomington, m that county. The soil of the county is well adapted to all kinds of grain indigenous to the State. There is an abundance of valuable timber in many parts of the county, for which there is a ready market. The surface of the county is well watered with num erous beautiful springs and small streams. The western portion of the county abounds in coal and iron ore of a superior quality. These inexhaustible mineral deposits are now comparatively dormant, awaiting only increased railroad facilities to awaken a commercial activity over them. There is arf abundance of excellent building stone in the county, and several quarries are now working a large number of hands profitably in supplying the adjacent towns and cities with stone for building purposes. There are already ample railroad facilities for nearly all parts of the county. The farmers find a ready and profitable market for their produce. Most of them have become wealthy, and nearly all of them are in good circumstances. The educational facilities of the county, in reference to the public schools, as also the higher branches of education, are without a parallel in the State, which is due, no doubt, to the beneficent infiuences of the State university. Every school district in the county has six good, substantial and well- arranged school houses, conveniently located; and it is ac- 468 HISTOET OF INDIANA. knowledged that, in point of healthfulness, Monroe county is not surpassed by any other portion of the State. Bloomington, the county seat of Monroe county, is a pros perous city, of over 3,000 inhabitants. It is located on the line of the Louisville, New Albany, and Chicago railroad, and is the commercial centre of a large and prosperous district of country. Naturally a pretty site, it is rendered artistic and beautiful by well directed good taste and enterprise. The principal streets are handsomely graded and macadamized; the side walks are weU improved, and highly ornamented with shade trees; the private residences and business houses are attractive and elegant; the public buildings are handsome, commodious, and of the best style of architecture. Such is the beautiful little city in which the INDIANA STATE UNIVEESITT is located. This institution has not reached as high a place in the State and nation as its friends desire it to reach, but it has done, and is still doing, a grand work, and is destined, as we shall see, to fill a higher station, as the educational growth of the State advances. We give, following, a somewhat lengthy history of the origin and growth of the Indiana State University, which has been compiled from sketches furnished by Eev. Dr. Cyrus Nutt, president of the institution, and others: As early as 1803, Congress made a grant of a township of land in Gibson county, and, in the year 1816, another in Monroe county, for the support of a seminary of learning. In 1807, an act incorporating the Vincennes University passed the legislature, and the township of land in Gibson county was placed in the market by the trustees of this institution. The sale of land being slow, and proceeds small, and the board failing to meet, the institution was supposed to be dead, and treated as such. The trustees of the Indiana Seminary were appointed by an act of the legislature, passed in 1830, and the board met in June following, at Bloom ington, and selected the site for the institution. This was the same as that upon which the university now stands. In March, 1833, the contract was made for the erection of the seminary building, but it was two years from this time before the building was ready to be occupied, and then it was only in an unflnished condition. The firat session was commenced with about twenty students, in the spring of 1825, INDIANA STATE UNIVEESITT. 469 with but a single teacher, Eev. Baynard R. Hall, and he at a salary of one hundred and fifty dollars per year. The academic year was divided into two sessions of five months each. In this way the school continued for two years, when, in May, 1837, John H. Harney was elected professor of mathematics, natural philosophy and astronomy, at a salary of one hun dred and fifty dollars per session, that of the principal having been raised to four hundred dollars per year. The success of the institution thus far caused the legislature to designate it with the name, " Indiana College," in the year 1838. At this time, Dr. D. H. Maxwell was the president of the board of trustees, and the flrst faculty of the college was organized as fol lows ; Eev. Andrew Wylie, D. D., president of Washington College, Pa., was chosen president and professor of mental and moral philosophy and belles letters : Eev. John H. Harney, A.M., professor of mathematics and natural philosophy ; and Eev. Baynard E. Hall, A.M., professor of ancient languages. In the year 1838, the trustees adopted measures for the sale of the college lands in Gibson county, and for the erection of a new college building. This building, which was completed in a few years, was a brick structure, eighty feet long, thirty wide, and three stories high, and was burned in 1854. The career of the institution, under the leadership of Dr. Wylie and his efficient assistants, was very successful until some time duringthe years 1831-3, a personal difficulty grew up between the president and members of the faculty, which, to a great extent, jeopardized the interests of the college. The trustees flrst attempted a reconciliation, but, failing in that, they declared the chairs of Harney and Hall both vacant. Beaumont Parks, A.M., was elected in the place of Hall, and Eev. E. N. Elliott, A.M., in that of Harney. In 1836, Prof. Elliott resigned to accept the presidency of a college in Mississippi, and his place was filled, temporarily, until the next meeting of the board, when two professorships of mathematics were estab lished; one of pure mathematics, and the other of natural philosophy. The first of these was filled by James F. Dodds, the latter by Eev. T. A. Wylie. At the same time the board divided the chair of ancient languages, and to Prof. Parks was assigned Latin language and literature ; and A. W. Eut^ ter was elected to the chair of Greek and modern languages. The Indiana College was re-organized by an act of the legislature in 1839, the name was changed to Indiana University. It was endowed with uni versity powers and a new board of trustees, with authority to establish such departments as the funds of the institution would justify, were appointed. This new board re-elected the old faculty, but soon after the chairs of ' Profs. Dodds, Parks and Eutter were declared vacant, and were afterwards filled by the election of Jacob Ammen, from the West Point military ac ademy, to the chair of mathematics ; and John 1. Morrison to the chair of ancient languages; and also M.M.Campbell as adjunct professor of lan guages and principal of the preparatory department. Professor Ammen retained this position until the thirtieth of June, 1843, when he resigned. Prof. Morrison resigned during the same year, but Prof Campbell continued in charge of his department for thirteen years. 470 mSTOET OF INDIANA. He was succeeded by James Woodburn, who served in that position until his death in 1865. The chair of ancient languages was, at the next meeting of the board, filled by Daniel Eead, of the Ohio University, and that of mathematics by the Eev. Alfred Eyors, of the same university, and thus the faculty remained for four years, when Prof. Eyors resigned, and Charles Marshall, of Vir ginia, was elected in his stead. President Wylie, after having discharged the duties of that offlce for twenty-three years, died on the eleventh of November, 1851. The presi dency was filled by Prof T. A. Wylie, until January, 1853, when the Eev. Alfred Eyors, who had previously been elected, entered upon -the duties of the office. Af the close of this year the faculty was again re-organized. The Eev. Wm. M. Daily, D.D., was elected president ; and Eev. Alfred Eyors, D.D., was elected to the chair of mathematics, but resigned, and Eev. Eobert Milligan, A.M., was chosen to fill his place. The administration of Dr. Daily was marred by much discord. Charges were at times preferred against him, and, pending one of these trials, he resigned. His term of office was five years and six months. Prof. Milli- gan filled the chair of mathematics irova. 1853 to 1855, and was transferred to that of natural science, left vacant by the resignation of T. A. Wylie, and the chair was filled by the election of Eev. Elisha Ballentine, A.M., of Eichmond, Virginia. In 1856, Daniel Eead resigned the chair of ancient languages. It was filled by Prof. Ballentine ; and Prof. Daniel Kirkwood, who was then president of the Delaware College, was appointed to the chair of mathematics and civil engineering. Prof. Milligan resigned the professorship of natural science in 1855, and Prof. T. A. Wylie was elected, and after a two years' absence in the Miami University, returned to his for mer position. Dr. Daily resigned the presidency in 1859, and was suc ceeded hy Dr. J. H. Lathrop. Soon after this another professorship was established, "the chair of English literature," and Eev. H. B. Hibben was elected to fill it. Dr. Lathrop resigned in July, 1860, and the Eev. Cyrus Nutt, D.D., then acting president of Asbuiy University, was elected presi dent, and he has contmued to fill that office ever since. In 1868, Prof. Ballentine resigned the professorship of ancient languages, and Prof Wylie was transferred to that chair, his place being filled by Col. Eichard Owen, M.D., LL.D. Prof. Kirkwood resigned his place, accepting the chair of mathematics of the Washington and Jefferson College, Pa., where he remained two years, after which he returned to his old position. Prof. Kirkwood's place was filled during his absence by C. M. Dodd, A.M. In 1867, three new chairs were established. The department of ancient languages was divided, the chair of Latin language and literature, and the chair of Greek language and literature established. Prof. Dodd was transferred to the chair of Latin, and Prof. Ballentine was re-elected to the chair of Greek. The department of natural science was also divided, and two chairs established, one of natural philosophy, and another of natural science and chemistry. To the former T. A. Wylie was assigned, and Eichard Owen to the latter. The professorship of English literature and INDIANA STATE UNlVEllSITY. 471 the theory and practice of teaching was established, to which G. W. Hoss, LL.D., was appointed in 1868. The chair of modern language was estab lished in 1867, but was not' filled for two years, when John A. Eenbelt, D.D., was chosen for it, but, holding it one year, he resigned, and was suc ceeded by H. B. Boisen. The military department was organized in 1868, and Eli Long, Major-Gen. in the United States Army, was given the pro fessorship. Long resigned in 1869. Civil engineermg was added to the department, and Col. James Thompson, a graduate of West Point, was elected to the chair, and continues to hold it to this time. James Woodburn died in 1865, and Eev. A. Atwater was appointed tutor, but the regular preparatory department was soon after abolished, and Atwater was elected professor of the Latin language and literature, a posi tion which he has held since, with the exception of a year or two. The preparatory department being abolished, it was found necessary to employ tutors to bring forward such students as were ready for the freshman class with most of their studies, but behind in Greek and Latin. Scott Butler, A. M., served in this department from 1868 to 1871, and was succeeded by Alexander Kirkpatrick, A. B., and Samuel Tilly, A. B., and they by T. H. Mallow, A. B. Mallow died in 1871, and was succeeded by W. E. Hough ton, A. B., who still continues to hold the position. Prof Hoss resigned his professorship in 1871, and his place was filled by Eev. John L. Gay, A. M., but he resigned in 1873, and was succeeded by Eev. George W. Parrott. Parrott resigned in 1873, and Prof Hoss hav ing been re-elected, resumed the duties of the office on the first of Jan- uary, 1874. But, aside from the changes in the faculty of the university, which have been frequent, we must refer to its various relations to the legislature and people of Indiana. The donation of a township of land in Gibson county for the Univer sity of Vincennes, the organization of a board of trustees, the attempt to sell the laud, and the supposed death of that corporation, have already been mentioned. After the board of trustees of the Vincennes University had thus failed to perform the functions of the corporation, the legislature passed an act authorizing the sale of the land and an appropriation of the proceeds to the Indiana State University. After this land had all been sold, and the board of trustees of the Vincennes University had slept for forty years, they began to awake and make an attempt to reinvest them selves with the property which formerly belonged to them. Eeorganizing the board and filling its vacancies, they proceeded to bring suits against the purchasers of the college lands, for their recovery. But the State had sold the lands to these defendants, and would be liable to them on her warranty in case they were thrown out of possession, so the legislature passed, an act authorizing the board of trustees to sue the State directly, and thus settle the matter without putting the holders of the lands to the eyiense and annoyance of defending their titles. Suit was accordingly b' mght in the circuit court of Marion county by the trustees of the Vin- f mes University, and was lost. They appealed from this decision to the 472 HISTOET OF INDIANA. supreme court of the Qnited States, and the decision of the court below was reversed. Judgment was accordingly given against the State for sixty thousand dollars. To have paid this would have almost exhausted the endowment fund of the State University, but Congress happily came to her aid with a donation of twenty-three thousand and forty acres of land, and the State also assumed the judgment in favor of the Vincennes Uni versity, thus preserving the endowment fund of the State University intact. The State University having thus passed the ordeal of this suit, it was for a few years thought her final success was insured. But soon another misfortune overtook her. In April, 1854, the college building which had been erected about twenty-flve years before, with all its apparatus and libraries, was desti-oyed by fire. That this fire, occurring at a season of the year when there was no flre kept about the building, it was supposed to be the work of an incendiary. The libraries then in the building were the college library and the libraries of the two literary societies, contain ing, in all, about nine thousand volumes, many of the books being rare and valuable. These were dark days for the friends of the university, and it was even thought, by many, that the instil ution was lost. The faculty and trustees, however, decided to continue recitations, and measures were taken for the erection of a new building. The citizens of Bloomingtcin and Monroe county rallied to the rescue, generously donating ten thousand dollars to aid the cause. The remainder of the money necessary for the completion of the building was borrowed from the sinking fund of the State, and thus the work went on until the confldence of success again lighted the countenances so recently marked with despair, and a magnifi cent new building arose, " Phoenix-like," from the ashes of the old, the finest and best university building at that time in the West. A tuition fee of eighteen dollars per year in the preparatory department, and of thirty dollars per year in the collegiate, was required until 1838, when the legislature provided for the admission of two students from each county free. In 1860 the doors of the institution were thrown open to all alike, and since that time no tuition fee is required of any student in any of the departments of the university, thus complying with the spirit of that constitutional provision, which says, " It shall be the duty of the general assembly to establish a public school system, embracing a regular gradation from the primary school to a State university, in which tuition shall be fkeS; and equally open to all." Another step onward was taken in 1867. Though a long time coming, it is, perhaps, of as much importance as any. This was a step that the growing sentiment of the people demanded for the equal education of women, and was no less than the complete breaking down of the barrier that kept the female sex entirely out of the college from its beginning to that time. "By one fell swoop the old prejudice against the co-education of the sexes was swept away, and the doors of the institution opened to the daughters of the State, as it had been to the sons before, and they are now invited to come and drink of the crystal fountains of knowledge and INDIANA STATE UNIVEESITT. i'l'd to enjoy all the rights and privileges that are enjoyed by the 'lords of cre ation.' And come they do, and right well do they cope with the young men in the ascent of the hills of science. Several young ladies have already graduated from this institution, and experience proves that the co-education of the sexes is a real beneflt to all."* In this connection it is, perhaps, proper to notice, briefly, some of the causes that have operated against the success of the university* as well as against the advancement of the high educational facilities of the State. The flrst board of trustees of the Indiana State University, unfortunately for the interests of the institution, was a close corporation, the vacancies in the board being filled by themselves, instead of being filled by the legis lature, or, as they now are, by the State board of education ; hence the religious denomination, or sect, which had the supremacy at first, would perpetuate the supremacy through all time; and thus the institution be made substantially sectarian. Such was practically the result during the fibrst ten years of its history. This was the source of many complaints from the Methodists, Baptists, and other denominations, not represented in the faculty, who were members of the Presbyterian church exclusively. The murmurs against this exclusiveness were long and loud, as it was per sistently continued. This dissatisfaction with the management of the State University finally culminated in the withdrawal of the support of the denominations who could not obtain representation in the faculty, and the establishment of several sectarian colleges in dift'erent parts of the State. In 1836, Franklin College was established at Franklin, by the Bap tists, the Northwestern Christian University, at Indianapolis, by the reform ers, was established at a later period ; as also the Christian Union College, at Merom, by the New Lights. The Indiana Asbury University was estab lished at Greencastle, by the Methodist in 1839. The Indiana Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church, several years before they resolved to establish a university of their own, by con ference action, tendered the support and patronage of the denomination to the Indiana College, provided the general assembly would so modify the organization thereof as to make the trustees elective by the legisla ture ; or, if the trustees would place a Methodist in the faculty of the uni versity. These requests were steadily denied until 1836, after the confer ence had selected Greencastle as the location of the university, for which the legislature had just granted a charter. Then the authorities of the State college elected Augustus W. Eutter, A. M., a Methodist, who was professor of languages in Alleghany College, Pennsylvania, to the chair of political economy and modern languages. But this liberality came too late, for the denomination had a college of its own. For the same reason the legislature withheld all flnancial support for thirty years, and the State university made no progress. Had a more liberal course been pursued from the beginning, all the denominations would have rallied to the State university, and instead of having sixteen colleges, Indiana, to-day, would * Indiana Patriot. 474 HISTOET OF INDIANA, have but one grand university, fully equaling, if not excelling, that of Michigan. It should be observed, notwithstanding, that the Presbyterians were not more to blame in this case than any other church would have been in like circumstances. " Anxiety for their own creed makes any church an unsafe guide in qpiestions involving conflicting interests. The highest prosperity of the common school system, as well as all other American institutions, will be found when fartherest removed from all religious intermeddling." LAW DEPAETMENT. A law professorship was created in 1835, and Judge Blackford was elected to the chair, but he declined to accept, and no one was found to take the place until 1840, at which time it was accepted by Hon. David McDonald, LL. D. Judge McDonald remained in this position for twelve years. In 1847 the law faculty was increased by the election of Hon. William T. Otto, LL. D. This department was marked with great success under the charge of these able jurists until 1853, when they both resigned. Hon. James Hughes succeeded to the chair of law, and held the position from 1853 to 1855, when, being elected to Congress, he was succeeded by Hon. James E. M. Bryant, who filled the professorship for six years. Bry ant was succeeded by Hon. George A. Bickwell, LL. D., who filled the chair from 1861 to 1870, when he resigned. This department was re-organized in 1869, by establishing another chair, and by making tuition free. The law professors had, previous to this time, depended upon tuition for their compensation, and this was so small that the term only lasted for three months, but now the law professors are paid salaries, and the term lengthened to six months ; Hon. John W. Pettit, LL. D., was employed in connection with Judge BickneU. Both these resigned in 1870, and were succeeded by Hon. Samuel E. Perkins, LL. D., and Hon. B. E. Bhoads. Two years later, Judge Perkins resigned, and was succeeded by Hon. Deland E. Dekles, who served one year and was succeeded by Hon. D. W. Lafollette. He also served one year, and was succeeded by Hon. Cyrus F. McNutt. PEESENT CONDITION OF THE STATE UNIVEESITT. The departments of instruction are as follows : First — ^The school of Mental, Moral and Political Philoso phy, Cyrus Nutt, D. D., LL. D., Professor. In this depart ment are taught mental philosophy, embracing the human intellect, sensibilities, and "will; moral science, including the theory of morals, and practical morals; the former embracing the moral sense, the grounds of right and wrong, the nature of virtue, the authoritj' of conscience, the rules of moral 476 HISTOET OF INDIANA. conduct, and the sources from which they are derived, and the nature of moral obligations; the latter, or practical morals, embraces the duties which we owe to ourselves, viz.: self-sup port, self-protection, self-control, and self-culture; the duties we owe to man, justice, veracity, and benevolence; justice in regard to life, liberty, property, character, and reputation; veracity, ,in respect to the past, present and future; embracing lying, promises, contracts, and oaths ; duties arising from the constitution of the sexes, the law of chastity, the law of marriage, the rights and duties of parents; the rights and duties of children.; benevolence, its nature and obUgation; benevolence to the unhappy, to the wicked, to the injurious; and lastly, the duties which we owe to God, obedience, love, and worship. Political philosophy, embraces ci"vil polity, constitution of the United States, political economy, interna tional laws. The evidences of Christianity are also taught in this department. Text-books are used, accompanied by lec tures by the president, who has charge of this department. Second — The school of Natural Philosophy, Theophilus A. Wylie, D. D., professor. In this department are taught descriptive geometry, mechanics, the nature and laws of light, heat, and electricity, the laws of motion, statics, dynamics, hydrostatics, hydro-dynamics, pneumatics, acoustics, optics,* and astronomy. While text-books are used, the larger part of the instruction is given by lectures. The great laws of matter are clearly 'and beautifuUy illustrated by experiments, for which an extensive apparatus furnishes the requisite facilities, thus rendering their comprehension easy, and their acquisition attractive to the student. Third — The school of Natural Science, Eichard Owen, M. D., LL. D., professor. Thos. S. Van Nuys, M. D., professor of analytical and practical chemistry. In this department are taught botany, physical geography, anatomy, physiology, hygiene, zoology, mineralogy, geology, and chemistry. In struction is given by lectures, accompanied by the use' of text books. Facilities for illustration are furnished by one of the largest and best museums in the United States; containing specimens of almost every genus and species of the vegetable INDIANA STATE UNIVEESITT. 477 and animal kingdoms, together with a very extensive collection of specimens in mineralogy and geology. In 1867, the cele brated cabinet of Dr. David Dale Owen, of New Harmony, which was reputed by scientific men as fully equal, in the number, variety and volume of its specimens, to any in the country, was purchased by the trustees and transferred ' to Bloomington. This cabinet is now scientifically and tastefully displayed in the new college building. Another large addi tion to the museum has recently been made by the purchase of the Ward specimens in palaeontology, which are exceed ingly rich and varied. The chemical apparatus is extensive, and admirably adapted to experlraental illustrations, and all kinds of cheraical anal ysis. A full course of experiraents is given to the classes in this department. No institution in the country is better pro vided with facilities for an extensive and thorough course of instruction in the natural sciences than the Indiana State University. Fou/rth — The school of Mathematics, Daniel Kirkwood, LL. D., professor. In this school are taught algebra, geometry, (plane, solid, and spherical,) plane trigonometry, spherical trigonometry, surveying, navigation, analytical geometry, dif ferential and integral calculus. In addition to the full course of- recitations, lectures are delivered from time to time on these various branches and their applications taught in con nection with their theories. Fifth — The department of the Greek Languages and Lit erature, Elisha Ballantine, A. M., professor. In this school are taught Greek grammar, Greek reader, Greek compositions, Xenophon's anabasis and cyropedia, Herodotus, Homer, Thu cydides, Demosthenes, Xenophon's raemorabilea, Sophocles, Eurepides, Greek prosody, antiquities and mythology. Thor ough instruction is given in the structure of this language, "with constant attention to the accents and grammar. Sixth — The school of Civil Engineering and Military Sci ence, Colonel James Thompson, U. S. A., professor. In this school are taught practical surveying, with operations in the field, and instructions in regard to the use of the theodolite 478 HISTOET OF INDIANA. and the other instruments used in civil engineering. The students in this department are also taught mechanical draw ing, and the theories of the construction of bridges, railroads. turnpikes, etc., and the various styles, and kinds of archi tecture. Practical instruction in " miUtary drill in the school of the soldier, and that of the company, is also furnished in this department. Those in this military school driU twice a week, which, in addition to gi"ving them a knowledge of the manual of arms and military tactics, tends greatly to promote their physical development, gi"ving them a graceful bearing, as well as firmness of muscle and general good health. Seventh — The school of the Latin Language and Literature, Amzi Atwater, A. M., professor. In this school are taught Latin composition, and the elements and structure of the Latin language, and the following classical authors are read, viz.: Cicero, Horace, and Tacitus ; Eoman antiquities and mythology are also studied. Before entering this department, the student must have mastered the preparatory course in Latin, consisting of Latin grammar, the elementary exercises of rendering Latin into English, and English into Latin; Latin reader, Latin prose composition, Ciesar, and Virgil. Direct reference is had con stantly to intellectual discipline which the study of the classics furnishes the student, and to perfect him in his command of the powers and resources of his vernacular tongue. Eighth — The department of English Literature and Elocu tion, Geo. W. Hoss, LL. D., professor, and Sarah A. Morrison, A. M., assistant professor of English Literature. In this school are taught English composition, rhetoric, philosophy of rhetoric,' logic, criticism, sentential analysis, English litera ture, art of discourse and elocution. In logic, rhetoric and art of discourse, practice, as well as theory is required. Especial attention is given throughout the course in this department to criticisms in English ; and in the daily, recita tions and exercises, every effort is made to render these studies of practical utility to the student, in gi"ving him perfect com mand of the English language. Classes are formed in elocu- INDIANA STATE UNIVEESITT. 479 tion, and daily lessons are given in vocal culture and delivery. Ninth — The school of Modern Languages and History. In this department are taught German grammar, German com position, the translation of German into English, and of Eng lish into German; French grammar and composition, and the translation of French into English, and of English into French. The students daily practice conversation in these languages in connection with the professor. The most distinguished Ger man, authors are read ; and selections from the best French "writers are read and translated. General history, ancient and modern, is studied, with daily recitations throughout the fresh man year. Tenth — The preparatory school, Walter B. Houghton, A. M., and Miss S. May, professors. In this department are taught English grammar, arithmetic, geography, orthography, sentential analysis, English compesition, history of the United States, book-keeping, algebra, (elementary and higher), geom etry, Latin gramraar, Latin reader, Latin prose coraposition, Csesar, Virgil, and Cicero's orations. A change has recently been made in the studies requisite fbr admission to the freshman class in the university. One year more of mathematics, and one year less of Greeks are now required in the preparatory course. This modification adapts the collegiate course of the university to the course of study in the best class of high schools in the State. The student who completes the high school course and passes satisfactory examinations, is entitled to enter the freshman class in the university "without further examinations ; and he is not com pelled, as heretofore, to spend two years in some private acad emy or preparatory department of some college, in order to bring up his studies in Greek. Thus the public system of education of Indiana is consolidated and harmonized; and a complete gradation of schools is established, in accordance with the pro"visions of the State constitution, from the pri mary, intermediate, and high school, to the university, in all of which, tu/ition is free. Eleventh — State geological, mineralogical and agricultural reconnoissance, Edward T. Cox, A. M., State geologist. By 480 HISTOBT OF INDIANA. an act of the general assembly, passed in 1861, the State geol ogist is made, ex offi,cio, a member of the faculty of the Indiana State University, and one of the stated lecturers. He is also required to present to the cabinet of the university a duplicate of all the specimens in geology and mineralogy collected in the State of Indiana. Twelfth^The Law School. Faculty: Cyrus Nutt, D. D. LL. D., president; Hon. B. E. Ehodes, A. M., and Hon. Cyrus F. McNutt, law professors. This department now occupies the commodious and beauti ful room prepared for it in the new edifice, just completed. The course of instruction begins on the seventeenth of Sep tember, and closes on the last Thursday before the fourth of July in each year. The year is divided into three sessions corresponding to the sessions of the collegiate department. Moot courts are held every Wednesday and Saturday, in which all the students are exercised in the preparation of papers and pleadings, the rules of practice, forms of record and in the discussion of legal questions. Tu/ition is free for all. The contingent fee is three dollars per session. Students of the law department are allowed to attend lectures and recitations in the university, under the direction of the faculty of arts. Students receive the degree of bachelor of laws after an attendance of not less than two years, provided they pass the requisite examinations. Connected with this department, there is a large and valuable law library, containing the works of the best writers upon jurisprudence, together with EngUsh reports, and the reports of the supreme court of the United States, and the reports of the supreme courts of most of the States. To this Ubrary the students have free access. If we have made a longer chapter on the Indiana State University than its importance, compared "with other interests of the State, demands, we have done so in the hope that it may awaken a more general interest in its welfare. This is much needed. The medical department of the university is located in Indianapolis, and will receive due notice in our sketch of Marion county, in a succeeding chapter. CHAPTEE LXII. HENET COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. HENET county was first settled in 1818-19. In the latter year Asahel Woodard, Andrew Shannon, AUen Shep herd, a Mr. Whittinger, David Cray, George Hobson, and Wm. Shannon, settled in what is now Henry township. Mr. Woodard erected his log cabin just north of the site of the present town of New Castle, within a few yards of his residence. The Whittingers and Mr. Cray built a " log residence " not many yards from the site where Joshua Holland's house was afterwards erected. Allen Shepherd settled nearly two miles north by east of New Castle, on what was afterwards kno"wn as the Huddleson farm, and his "elegant residence,* erected fifty-five years ago is still standing." Andrew Shannon located just north of Shepherd, and near the present site of the Hem- ley mills. George Hobson settled on the farm afterwards owned by Judge Elliott, about a mile and a half southwest of New Castle. William Shannon settled on what was afterwards known as the Holloway farm, four miles southwest of New Castle. Following these came Joseph Hobson, who settled near the Elliott farm, two miles southwest of New Castle. It was at his house that the first county courts were held. " George Hobson, Andrew Shannon, Mr. Whittinger, and D. Cray," says Mr. Pleas, "brought their families "with them, and made their cages afterwards. Mrs. Ashel Woodard and Mrs. William Shannon arrived on the thirty-first of July following, and Mr. Woodard planted about two acres of corn, the first crop, he thinks, ever raised by a white man in this county. He planted an old Indian field or clearing, and although culti- * From Mr. Pleas' narrative. 31 481 482 HISTOET OF INDIANA. vated with the hoe alone, he thinks he never saw such corn before or since." Thus was commenced the settlement of Henry county. The record is a simple one, yet full of mean ing, and the same plain story can be told of the first settlement of nearly every county in the State. These were the pioneers of pioneers — those who felled the first trees of the forest, and tilled the first patch of ground, and built the first rude log cabins ; and then there were the other pioneers who foUowed and increased the settlement, bringing with them new hopes, new ideas, new energies, new resolutions that braced up the weary original settla-s. Then there were the long, cold, cheer less winters, with a scarcity of clothing and provisions; "with sick infant children, that were often laid away, after death, in the snow-covered earth, with only the little mound to mark their graves among the tall trees; with absent husbands and fathers, and lonesome nights, when the beating hearts of fore boding wives and mothers longed for the return of paternal footsteps, or chilled as the dismal howl of the hungry wolf fioated on the midnight winds. And then there were toiling men, brave men, and indeed great men, the greatest men this State has overbad — pioneer men — who through the " dark days " of want, privation, hardship and peril, worked on, and opened the way for the glorious civilization that followed them so closely. Such was pioneer life in Indiana, and it is scarcely necessary to repeat the same story in these short county sketches. Henry county was organized by an act of the legislature, adopted in February, 1821. Lawrence Brannon, and John Bell, of Wayne county, John Sample, of La Fayette, Eichard Biem, of Jackson, and J. W. Scott, of Union, were appointed as commissioners, to meet at the house of Joseph Hobson on the first Monday in July, 1821, for the purpose of locating the county seat. The first county election was held in 1822, and resulted in the election of the foUowiijg officers: Jesse H. Healy, sheriff; Eeme Julian, clerk and recorder; Thos. E. Stanford, and Elisha Long, associate judges; Allen Shepherd, Wm. Shannon, and Samuel Goble, commissioners. New Castle was chosen the county seat of Henry county, HENET COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESCEimTVB. 488 and in February, 1823, the county commissioners ordered that " the agent of Henry county shall offer for sale, to the lowest bidder, in the town of New Castle, the building of the court house of Henry county of the following dimensions, to wit< being logs twenty-two by eighteen feet, each log to face not less than twelve inches at the little end, being seven inches thick, twelve rounds high, with a cabin roof to consist of eleven joists, to be four inches by nine, the joists to be eight feet nine inches from the floor," etc. In the following May, however, the commissioners ordered that the plans for the court house should be changed so as to make the building larger- New Castle, the county seat of Henry county, is pleasantly located in the center of the county. It was first laid off in 1822. After the usual pioneer struggles, the town grew in population and importance, and in 1833 it contained about three hundred inhabitants. It has now a population of about two thousand five hundred, and is a fiourishing business center. It has excellent educational facilities, and contains within it the elements for an extensive future development. Knightstown, a thrifty viUage, is pleasantly situated on Blue river. It was first platted in 1827, and is now one of the most enterprising villages in the county. In educational matters it has excelled. The Knightstown academy building is a com- modeous structure, capable of accommodating nearly four hundred pupils. The graded school at this town is also a flourishing and efficiently managed* institution. The popula tion of Knightstown is over two thousand. There are several enterprising and prosperous villages in the county. In the rural districts the scene is fully as refreshing as in the villages. The farmers have all put aside their pioneer habits and have taken on the modern regime. They are nearly all either wealthy or in comfortable circumstances. The county has good railroad facilities, and with a productive soil, its future material progress is guaranteed. The area of the county is about three hundred and ninety square miles. The surface is well watered, and the soil adapted to all kinds of grain indi genous to the State. CHAPTEE LXIII. OAEEOLL COUNTT— HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. HENEY EOBINSON and his son, Abner Eobinson, were the first settlers of Carroll county. Others followed close in their footsteps. The Eobinsons built their cabins in the winter of 1824^5, and, in the faU of 1825-6, the settle ment had reached quite a neighborhood. There is a long train of interesting pioneer reminiscences connected with the early experiences of the Eobinsons, and those who settled in the county about the same time. These would afford a narrative full of romance and interest, and full of evidences of the great energy and perseverance of those early settlers. But we have no space for this narrative. Carroll county was organized by an act of the general assembly, in 1828. The commissioners appointed for the purpose selected the site of the present city of Delphi fbr the county seat. It was first given the name of CarroUton, but was soon after changed to Delphi. The sale of lots took place on the eleventh day of August, 1828, but land was not very valuable then, and the lots went off at a low price. So little enthusiasm was manifested at the sale, that it was decided to dispose of only part of the to"wn lots, and await a more profitable season for the sale of the others. Not long after the sale a Presbyterian church was organized at Delphi, and the residence of Henry Eobinson was used as a place of worship. In the fall of 1828, a large number of new settlers arrived, and the little town began to show evidences of growtli and prosperity. The fall and -winter of 1828-9, were unusually dry. " The merchants shipped their goods from Cincinnati for the Wabash on steamboats, which could proceed no further than the rapids 484 486 HISTOET OF INDIANA. below Vincennes, at Mount Carmel." From that point they were conveyed to Delphi on "wagons, " very much to, the injury of the merchants, and the disappointment of the people." Early in the year 1830, Mr. Henry Eobinson's mill was put in operation. During that year the summer was exceedingly dry and sickly."* The county improved rapidly, but, unfortu nately for Delphi, as it first came into notice that season, the unusual amount of sickness gave it a bad name, from which it did not recover for many years. This idea, however, has long since been lost in the general and well-founded reputation of the present Delphi for healthfulness. At the first meeting of the Old Settlers' Society of Carroll county, held in 1855, the following list of the names of the early settlers of the county was obtained. It gives their names, their native States, age at that time, and the date of their settlement in the county : Name. Where Born Abner Eobinson Ky Williara McCord Va James Odell Ind Thoraas Gillam, Sen Penn. . . . John M. Gillam Penn. . . . Thos. Sterlin Penn. . . . John Little N. C. John M. Ewing Penn. . . . Dauiel McCain Ohio .... William Hughes Va Adam Porter Va Aaron Gregg Ohio .... WiUiam McCain Ohio John W. GUlam Ind 44 Isaac Bobbins Ohio . . William B. Givins Va Henry M. Graham Ind .... John B. Milroy Ind John Archer Ohio . . . * James Harvey Stewart's compilation. Age. Date of SetOement. 64 . ...Dec. 31,1824. 59 . ...Feb. 6,1827. 44 . ...Feb. 1825. 68 . ...April 4,1829. 69 . . . . Mar. 4, 1829. 54 . ...Mar. 3,1825. 66 . ...Nov. 6, 1826. 58 . ...April, 1827. 65 . ...April, 1826. 68 . ...Feb. 1829. 50 . ...Nov. 1829. 63 . . . Oct. 1830. 52 . ...Dec. 10,1828. 44 .. . .April 1, 1827. 39 .. . . . Oct. 1828. 37 .. ...April, 1829. 38 .. ..Jan. 6, 1829. 35 .. ..Dec. 1826. 40 .. ..April, 1831. OAEEOLL COUNTT EAELT HISTOET. 487 Joseph Cox Ky 37 April, 1829. John Barr Ohio 47 Sept. 1831. Isaac Jackson Va 40 Oct. 1827. Jas. F. Givins Ind 28 April, 1827. George Eoyster Ind 29 .... Jan. 1830. James H. Stewart Ky 46 Apr. 10,1830. Andrew Bumtrager Va 55 ....Sept. 1829. Enoch Stancel Ohio 49 Nov. 1830. David Baum Penn 60 April, 1825. Noble Conklin Ohio 48 Oct. 1830. Jas. McDoweU N. C 69 Aug. 14,1826. Sam. D. Gresham Va 49 Apr. 30,1830. These are by no means all the early settlers, or even a com plete list of those who settled previous to 1829. But it embraces nearly all who located in the county in 1828, and previous to that date. The first circuit court of Carroll county was held at the house of Daniel Baum, on the eighth of May, 1828, Judge B. F. Morris, presiding. This was a pioneer court scene, but CarroU county has beautifully outgrown those early days. Delphi has, to-day, an elegant court house, and the Carroll Circuit Cou/rt is one of its boasted evidences of a high intel ligence. Tho surface of Carroll county is undulating along the Wabash, Tippecanoe and Wild Cat, which are the principal . streams ; in other places it is level. About one-fifth of the county was originally dry prairie, the balance forest, consist ing mostly of oak, walnut, poplar, beech and sugar tree. The soil is mostly a rich loam, well adapted to com, wheat, etc., and these, "with cattle, hogs, etc., are the principal surplus articles produced for exportation. The rural districts of the county present one general scene of prosperity. The farmers are nearly aU wealthy. They have good residences, thrifty farms, excellent schools, commodious and substantial churches. Education is encouraged, and the youths promise much for the future welfare of a prosperity already flourishing. The towns and viUages of the county are all enjoying superior 488 HISTOET OF INDIANA. graded schools. Delphi has a population of over two thous and, and is the largest to"wn in the county. Its school facili ties are excelled nowhere in the State. CHAPTEE LXIV. SWITZEELAND COUNTT HISTOEIOAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. THE first settlement -within the limits of Switzerland, of which any definite account can be obtained, was made by Heathcoat Picket, who settled above Plum creek, about three miles . above Vevay, in 1795, where he built a cabin and re mained for several years. There being an abundance of game, his family were always supplied with meat. The bread was made from corn ground in a hand mill. The family consisted of the father, mother, two sons, an^ one daughter. They all endured severe privations, and often narrowly escaped the dreaded tomahawk of the treacherous savages. In 1798 the Cotton and Deckason families settled on Indian creek, about three miles from the Ohio river, some distance from Vevay. In 1799 Eobert Gullion settled in the Ohio river bottom, above the mouth of L^glick creek. In 1796 John James Dufour, a native of Switzerland, Europe, explored the country along the Ohio river between Cincinnati and Louisville, seeking a suitable location for the future homes of himself, his son, four brothers, three sisters, and a few of their associates who were desirous of coming to America to introduce the cultivation of the vine. He finally located between Indian and Plum creeks, and entered, under a special act of congress, about three thousand acres of land, at two dollars per acre, with interest, on a credit of twelve years — the extended credit being given for the purpose of encour aging the cultivation of the vine and making domestic wine. SWITZEELAND OOUNTT "EAELT HIBTOET. 489 "The colonists, numbering seventeen souls, embarked for the United States in January, 1801, and landed at Norfolk, Vir ginia, in May of the same year. They began arriving at their destination. New Switzerland — the name given to their new settlement — -in 1803, and by 1809 they had built comfortable log houses, cleared considerable land, planted orchards and vineyards, and commenced making considerable quantities of wine, which in the market was always known as 'Vevay wine '." In November, 1813, John Francis Dufour and Daniel Dufour laid out the town of Vevay — the lots being sold at public sale. This sale was quite successful, many persons frora neighboring settlements being present and purchasing liberally. In the spring of 1814 persons from Ohio, Pennsylvania and New Tork commenced settling in the new town. The site of the town, for the most part, was lying in a very heavy timbered tract of land, and it required rauch hard work to clear off the timber and build houses. The county was organized in 1814, and the county seat was located at Vevay. The hardships of the early settlers of Switzerland county may be imagined, from the fact that frora 1803 to 1813 the settlers within the limits of the county were in continual dread of being attacked and massacred by bands of hostile Indians. As a means for better protection against surprise by the Indians, several famiUes would meet at night at the house of one of the nuraber, and while the woraen and children and part of the men retired to rest, part of the men k^pt watch with loaded guns. Through these precautions, but few, if any, persons ever met their death at the hands of hostile Indians in that county. Imraediately after the organization of the county it began to increase in population, and from 1816 to 1822 towns were laid out in different parts of the county, and the general scene was that of activity, industry and thrift. In 1815 James Mclntire laid out the town of Erin, opposite CarroUton, Ky., but was unsuccessful in his attempts to attract population at that point. In 1816 Peter Demaree laid out the town of A-Uensville, which for some time promised to become an im portant point. It is now a pleasant village. Thus we might 490 HISTOET OF INDIANA. name several towns that were laid out in that county in 1816- 17-18, etc. In short, its progress was fuUy up to the best counties in the State. The farmers of the county are a very industrious, moral, hard-working people; most of them have gained an independ ence, and are now enjoying the fruits of their labors, having excellent residences, while their children enjoy the best of schools. Hay is the great staple of the county, and has been exported with great profit. The county is well timbered with the very best quality of wood, and the farmer has aU the opportunities and advantages for success. Switzerland county has not increased in population as rapidly as in wealth. Its viUages are aU estabUshed on a firm footing, and its commerce and agriculture are exceedingly prosperous. CHAPTEE LXV. OHIO COUNTT HISTOEIOAL ASB DESOEIPTIVE. OHIO county contains eighty-seven square miles, or 55,680 acres of territory. Of this, 54,750 acres are tillable. The general character of the land is rolling, and in some parts broken by ranges of hills; these, however, are not so high or so steep as to prevent cultivation. Many of these hill farms rival the bottom lands in fertility; "while the bottom farms, lying along the courses of the Ohio river, Laughery or Arnold's creeks, are fully equal to the far-famed Miami bottoms in rich ness." Sorae time previous to its settlement by Americans, the soil of Ohio county was the scene of a terrible massacre — that of Colonel Laughery and his party, which occurred in 1781. Colonel Laughery, with a party of about one hundred men, was descending the Ohio, endeavoring to overtake and and re-enforce the celebrated General G. E. Clark, who was OHIO COUNTT HISTOEIOAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. 491 then on an expedition against the western Indians. He was waylaid and surprised near Laughery creek, where he, with most of his men, were overpowered and massacred. In the spring of 1798, Benjarain Chambers, a government ofiicer, first planted his compass and carried his chain over the land on which now stands Eising Sun — the county seat of Ohio county. " This, together with several tracts which he sur veyed, was granted to him and Lewis Davis by government, the patent bearing date of October twenty -first, 1807, and the signatures of Thomas Jefferson, president, and James Madison, secretary of state of the United States. In 1803 he had built a double log house, and moved his family out here the same year. In the same year, John Fulton and his son, with their families, emigrated here from Lancaster county. Pa. They bought land the following year from Benj. Chambers, and Sarauel Fulton built a cabin on the river bank, near where the woolen factory now stands, in Eising Sun. The beautiful scenery of green and lofty hills, opening fields, giant forests, and winding river, presented an enchanted picture to his fam ily. He was a pioneer of many excellent qualities, and noted for his daring skill as a hunter, simplicity of manners and integrity of character. He opened his house for the use of the Eev. James Kemper and Eev. David Eiske to preach the gos pel, from 1804 to 1808." * In 1799, Benj. Avery located on a tract of land bordering on the river, a half a mile above Eising Sun. In 1802, Thomas Fulton settled on the bank of Arnold's creek, on what is now known as the Nelson farm. The Indians encamped there often and held their councils, but they were seldom troublesome. In 1803, the Brown family began to settle in the county. First came Ethan Allen Brown. He and David Brown established the " old Brown homestead." Eoger Brown, Jr., came in 1810, and the rest of the family in 1814. Ethan Allen Brown rose to honorable distinction in the civil service of his country. He became judge of the supreme court, governor of the State of Ohio, commissioner of the land ofiice, senator of the United States, and minister to Brazil. ? From a sketch in State Atlas. 492 HISTOET OF INDIANA. He died at IndianapoUs, February twenty -fourth, 1852, aged seventy-six years. The early settlement of Ohio county is — as also that of all other counties in the State — full of romance. In the winter of 1805, Samuel Fulton made a large party for his neighbors; Benj. Chambers, an invited guest, put his oxen to a large pirogue (a water craft, or dug-out), and, "with aU of his family and a few of his neighbors in it, gave them a merry sleigh-ride to the party. This was a common conveyance during the sea son of sleighing, in those early days of our history. In 1817, an attempt was made to organize Ohio county, but the measure was not carried into effect until 1843. In Decem ber, 1844, the first court was held in Eising Sun — the latter place having been selected as the seat of justice for the county. Eising Sun is situated upon the Ohio river, thirty-five miles from Cincinnati, Ohio, upon a high rolling table land; so high there is no possibility of an overfiow from any rise in the river. A complete natural drainage is afforded. The city was first laid out in the spring of 1814, in a dense forest, which then covered its present site, by John James. Eising Sun was incorporated as a city by a special charter, in January, 1848, and has long been celebrated for its beautiful location, health, wide and pleasant streets, numerous shade frees, cozy and elegant residences, and congenial and intelligent inhabitants. The land in Ohio county is very fertile, and well watered by numerous small streams. There are throughout the county numerous mounds, near which interesting relics of the " stone age " have been found. CHAPTEE LXVI. BAETHOLOMEW COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. BAETHOLOMEW county was organized in 1821, under an act of the general assembly, approved January ninth of that year, and was taken from what was then known as Delaware county."* It was named in honor of General Joseph Bartholomew, of Clark county. He was a distinguished soldier of the Indian wars, and commanded a battaUon of Indiana militia in the battle of Tippecanoe, where he was severely wounded. In 1819, when the treaty by which the lands in Bartholomew county were ceded to the United States by the natives, there were no white settlers in the county, yet such was the inviting character of the country that it was rapidly settled by an intelligent and enterprising population. At the first election after the organization of the county, there were three hundred and fifty-five votes cast, indicating nearly two thousand inhabitants. The central and eastern portion of the county is generally level and the soil productive; the western portion is broken and less fertile, although there is but little really poor land in the county. The country known as the " Haw Patch," which is twelve miles in length and six in width, would compare favorably with any portion of the famous "Blue Grass" region of Kentucky. "Between Flatrock and Driftwood," says the author of the " Indiana Gazetteer," " there were originally forests for miles, without any undergrowth, and where the tall and thinly scattered walnut, blue ash and sugar * Our sketch of Bartholomew county is compiled principally from MS. furnished by Dr. J. C. Beck, of Cincinnati, an old and respected resident of the county. 494 msTOET OF Indiana. trees no more interfered "with travelers on horseback or in car riages, than would open parks, where trees had been planted and trimmed for the purpose." The principal water courses are the Driftwood or East Fork of White river, Flatrock, Big Sand creek. Little Sand creek. Cliffy, Blue river, Eock creek. Haw creek. Duck creek. Tough creek, White creek, Bear creek, Denio's creek, Nineveh creek. Cook's creek and Pleasant run; Driftwood fork was, by an act of the legislature in 1824, declared a public highway; nearly all these streams afford mill facilities during a greater part of the year, and a never-failing supply of water for stock. Fish were formerly found in abundance, but of late years the supply has notably diminished, and artificial means have been resorted to, to restore it, with a fair prospect of success. Prominent among the early settlers were, John Lindsay, Luke Bousteel, John Prathea, David Deitz, John E. Eobinson, Williamson Terrell, Francis J. Cramp, Joseph Cox, Tunis Quick, William S. Jones, Da-vid Kellar, Eansom Davis, Arch ibald McEwan, Solomon Stout, Samuel Nelson, Jacob Cook, James Haraner, Joseph McFall, Samuel Beek, and Jessie and William Euddick. They had mostly emigrated from Ken tucky, and were all men of character and force, and contrib uted largely to the subsequent prosperity of the county. Many of their descendants reside there, and are numbered among the most prominent and influential citizens. Columbus is the county seat of Bartholomew. It has been incorporated as a city. Hartsville, Hope, Taylors vUle, Azalia, Elizabethto-wn, Jonesville, Walesboro, Waynes ville, Newburn, Mount Healthy, Waymansville, CUfford, Bethany, Kansas, Burnsville, and St. Louis Crossing are incorporated to-wns, all of them prosperous and thri-ving. The county seat was selected by William P. Thomasson, of Harrison county, Ebenezer E. Morgan, of Crawford county, John E. Clark, of Washington county, and Jaraes Hamilton, of Jackson county, commissioners appointed by the general assembly for that purpose. They met at the house of John Parker, on Haw creek, February twelfth, 1821, and after care ful consideration, agreed upon the site. They decided to call 496 HISTOET OF INDLANA. it Tiptona, in honor of General Tipton, who owned lands in the vicinity, but the county commissioners, at their second raeeting, in March, 1821, changed the name to Columbus. The first settlers of Columbus were John Lindsay and Luke Bonesteel, who had purchased by entry from the general gov ernment in 1820, the ground upon which a considerable por tion of the town was located, and which was donated by them for the purpose of securing the location. David Deitz, the oldest settler in Columbus, now li-ving, came there in the spring of 1821. The next in seniority, still residing there, is Francis J. Crump, president of the First National bank, who came early the foUOwing year. Williamson Terrell came to the place, from Kentucky, in 1821. There were but three houses in it, and so unpromising was its prospects that he left. He returned, however, in 1828, and remained till his death in 1873 Bartholomew county has all the elements of greatness, and it naturally invites capital and remunerates abundantly the husbandman. In consequence of the donation of a large amount of land, by the Indians, at a treaty fbr the specified purpose of build ing a road from the Ohio river to Lake Michigan, the building of this road, and especially as no point on the Ohio river had been designated in the treaty, every place from the mouth of the Miami to the Wabash intrigued for it. For several sesr sions this was the prize coveted and contended for.* Jefferson county was ably represented in the house by Mil ton Stapp, and in the senate by Joseph G. Marshall, who, by th«ir energy and talents, secured Madison as the starting point frora the Ohio river, and as they suspected Philip Sweetser, who represented Bartholomew county, of having senatorial aspirations, which would naturally lead him to prefer Jeffer- son"viUe as a starting point, they had the road laid off by the way of Greensburg and Shelbyville, instead of through Ver non, Columbus and FrankUn, as it ought, if it was to become a great thoroughfare. * From Dr. J. C. Beck's MS. BAETHOLOMEW COUNTT. 497 This caused the defeat of Sweetser and the election of Wil liam Herod the following year, who became our next repre sentative. Colonel T. G. Lee, who represented the county in 1835-6, secured charters for railroads from Madison and Jeffersonville through Columbus to Indianapolis, and the people, on learning the fact, assembled and had a time of great rejoicing, bonfires, etc., little suspecting that the very next day, the charter for the Jeffersonville branch railroad had been repealed by the efforts of Marshall and Stapp. Some years after the same charter was again granted, and made only a few years later than the Madison railroad, and is now the more important of the two roads. The first train on the latter road reached Columbus on the fourth day of July, 1844, greeted with great joy by th-e people of the county. Now they are accommodated by two railroads crossing at Columbus and traversing the county in the form of an X; the Jeffersonville road having trains direct without change of cars to the eastern .cities. The Madison and Jeffer sonville roads unite here and go direct to Indianapolis. What is called the Cambridge City Branch railroad, is the direct route to the Eastern cities. A.nother projected line from Citfcinnati, passing through the middle of the county, from east to west, to the famous coal and iron fields in the western portion of the State, will per haps be built in a few years. The county is well improved by turnpikes and other works for the convenience and comfort of the people. During the year 1821, and until July, 1822, the courts occupied the house located on lot No. 119 of the original plat of Columbus, and known as the " Luke Bonesteel House. ' John Pence and Ephriara Arnold, associate judges, held the first court March twelfth, and the second court June eleventh, 1821. At the third term, held in October of the same year, Davis Floyd, judge of the second judicial district of the State, presided, with the same two associates previously named. The next court was held in a log house on lot No. 148, north-east corner of Lindsay and Walnut streets, owned by Wm. V. Snyder, and 32 498 HISTOET OF INDIANA. the youthful Wm. W. Wick, presiding judge, with Pense and Arnold as " side judges." In 1824, court moved into a house provided by Philip Sweetser. In 1825, court was held in Newton C. Jones' house, on the north-east corner of Jackson and Walnut streets. We have been thus minute in the history of the courts, to show tbe con trast between then and now, as Bartholomew county now has the most elegant temple of justice in the State, outside of Indianapolis. The brick court house, built by Giles Mitchel, was occupied by the courts and received by the county commissioners November, 1825. This court house was regarded by the pioneers as " extravagantly costly," but the rapid progress of the county in wealth and population, and the early decay of the building, caused, in 1838, the board of justices to order " that the old court house be sold, and a hew court house built." Columbus has now a population of over five thousand. Its schools are conducted on the most efficient plan, in commodi ous buildings. The new court, house is an ornament to the city, and a credit to the county. The city is quite prosperous in commerce, education and public improvements. The rural districts of the county are nearly all wealthy. The farmers are enjoying the richest fruits of the husband man's toil, and are mostly independent in this world's goods. They had early provided excellent schools for the young, and in every quarter there are noticeable e"vidences of industry and thrift. CHAPTEE LXVII. FL0"rD COUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. FLOYD county was named in honor of Colonel John Floyd, of Virginia. The surface of the county contains some of the distinguishing physical features of the State. A range of hills called the "knobs," about two and a half miles in breadth, runs through the county from north to south, reach ing the Ohio a short distance below New Albany, the county seat. They present a very rugged surface, and are composed of slate, clay, soft sandstone and iron ore. Above the clay and ore is a layer of freestone, valuable for building purposes. East of the knobs, and in a portion of the country west, the land is gently roUing, but the general character of the county is billy and the soil poor, with the exception of some tracts of good land. The county was formerly quite well timbered. Much of the county is weU adapted to the cultivation of corn and grass, and to raising cattle, hogs, horses and sheep. Any sketch of Floyd county must be principally of Now Albany. Within the Umits of that city we find concentrated most of the industry, wealth, and materials for future great ness in the county. New Albany was laid out in 1813, by Joel, Abner and Nathaniel Scribner. The original plat of the town did not embrace more than one- third of its present area, the purchase of the Scribners amounting to but eight hundred and twenty- six and one-half acres. The land was purchased by the Scrib ner brothers of John Paul, who entered it at the government land office at Vincennes. The lots were disposed of by pubUc auction on the first Tuesday and Wednesday of November, 1813, and there was a stipulation in the advertisement of the (499) 500 HISTOET OF INDIANA. sale that " one-fourth part of each payment upon the lots sold shall be paid into the hands of trustees, to be chosen by the purchasers, until such payments shall amount to five thousand dollars, the interest of which to be applied to the use of schools in the town for the use of its inhabitants forever." This was the manner in which the Scribner high school of New Albany was founded, which, through the lapse of fifty- nine years, has flourished, and is now one among the most efficiently managed and prosperous high schools in Indiana. It is connected with the public schools of the city as the male high school. Provision was also made by the Scribners for lots upon which to erect churches, county buildings, and fbr a public park, all which generous designs of the founders of the city have been fully carried out. In 1814 a large number of families removed to New Albany, and from that time forward, notwithstanding the nearness of Louisville, and the start that to"wn had gained in population and business, the contiguity of Jeffersonville and shipping post, and the laying off and settle ment of Portland, on the opposite side of the Ohio, with the active competition these towns offered. New Albany had a steady and substantial, but not a rapid, growth. There are no thrilling incidents in the early history of New Albany. It has had a quiet growth, and has " ever been more celebrated for its moral, religious and educational advan tages, fine climate and good health, than as a ' fast town,' where vice is predominant, and the temptations to youth numerous and alluring. In its religion, benevolent and educa tional enterprises, it has always held the rank of the first city in the State." The location and scenery are admirable. " It is laid out," says Mr. Cotton, " upon a beautiful plateau, above high water mark in the Ohio, upon two benches or plains that sweep northward by a gentle rise from the river, with -wide streets crossing each other at right angles. To the west and north west is a range of hiUs from three to five hundred feet in height, known to the Indians as the ' Silver HUls,' from the peculiarly bright, smoky halo that ever hangs around and over them. These hills, now called the 'knobs,' are crowned FL0"n3 OOUNTT HISTOEIOAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. 501 with grand old forest trees, or dotted here and there with neat and often elegant farm houses. They add greatly to the beauty of the city, giving it a most charming and romantic appearance. From these hills a magnificent view of New Albany, Louisville, Jeffersonville, the Falls of the Ohio, the great Ohio river bridge at the Falls, the far-away hills that loom up in grandeur along Salt river, in Kentucky, -the famous Muldraugh hill of that State, the entire range of knobs in Indiana for many miles, and a long stretch of river. A more grand and beautiful natural panorama is nowhere else unrolled in Indiana. This range of hills protects the city from storms, and such a thing as a hurricane is unknown at New Albany, while the violence of such storms not unfrequently falls with destructive force upon the neighboring cities of Louisville and Jeffersonville. These 'knobs' afford splendid building sites for suburban residences, and are especially celebrated for the superior quality and abundance of the peaches, pears, plums, apples, grapes, raspberries, strawberries, and other fruits grown upon them. For the purposes of fruit culture the lands on these ' knobs ' are in great demand. Nevertheless, they sell at remarkably low prices per acre. The city, to the west, along the line of the Ohio river, overlooks miles of rich and highly cultivated garden lands, while to the east and northeast large and valuable farms meet the view." New Albany's river navigation facilities give her natural avenues of commerce and trade "with fifteen States, having a population of over nine million. The cash value of the farms of this population in 1870 was over $901,000,000; of farm products, $519,876,412; of live stock, $189,301,721. This is but a portion of the wealth of the sections penetrated by the navigable rivers to which New Albany is directly accessible. The railroad advantages of the city are extensive, and there is a fair prospect of their enlargement in the near future. The city is now the terminus of the Louisville, New Albany and Chicago, the Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis, and the Louisville and New Albany railroads. Concerning the railroads and their future, we have the following from the pen of Mr. Cotton : " The track of the Louisville and Cincinnati 502 HISTOET OF INDIANA. branch of the Ohio and Mississippi railroad "will soon be extended here, (the right of way into the city ha"ving been granted by the city council,) making New Albany the terminus of this road. The LouisviUe, New Albany and St. Louis rail way, now being rapidly constructed, and which wiU be speedily finished, also terminates here, though it connects with Louis viUe by the LouisvUle and New Albany road. The Terre Haute and New Albany road is projected, and the New Albany and Cincinnati road has a hona fide subscription to its stock of over eight hundred thousand dollars. The Lake Erie, Louis ville and New Albany railroad, (to Toledo, Ohio,) "will be com pleted early in the summer of 1873. These roads connect New Albany with all sections of the Union, north, south, east and west, giving her railroad advantages possessed by few cities in the west. The Louisville, New Albany and Chicago road runs from the Ohio river, at this city, to Lake Michigan, at Michi gan City, a distance of nearly three hundred miles, . connect ing with the Ohio and Mississippi, the Toledo, Wabash and Western, the Pittsburg, Cincinnati and Chicago, the Michigan Southern, the Michigan Central, and a number of other roads. The JeffersonviUe, Madison and Indianapolis road is the southerraost link of the great Panhandle route east via Cam bridge City, Columbus, Pittsburg, and ti^e Pennsylvania Cen tral to Harrisburg, Philadelphia, New Tork and Baltimore; and at Indianapolis it connects with aU the roads leading from that city east, northwest, and north. The Louisville and New Albany road connects at Louisville with the LouisviUe and Nashville, and the Loui8"viUe and New Orleans roads to all points south; with the Chesapeake and Ohio to New Tork City and Norfolk, Virginia; with the short line to Cincinnati and the Baltimore and Ohio road east; and with all the roads in Kentucky centering at Louisville. The Ohio and Missis sippi road wiU connect New Albany directly -with the Balti more and Ohio and all the lines leading east from Cincinnati. The Louisville, New Albany, and St. Louis Air Line railway is, as its narae indicates, an air line road to St. Louis, connect ing the two great commercial cities of Louisville and St. Louis, passing for nearly forty miles through the coal fields FLO"rD COUNTT HISTOEIOAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. 503 of Indiana, and the shortest route from Louisville to St. Louis by forty-six miles. This is one of the most important rail roads in Indiana. The Lake Erie, Louisville and New Albany road will, when completed, give to New Albany an almost air line road to the great pineries and faraous iron mines of Michigan. The New Albany and Cincinnati road is projected along the north bank of the Ohio river, via Madison to Cincin nati. The New Albany and Terre Haute road is projected by way of the coal fields and iron mines of Owen, Clay, Greene and Vigo counties to Terre Haute, on the Wabash river, at the western limit of the State. Thus it will be seen that the railroad interests of New Albany are of vast magnitude, and promise to make her one of the first cities of Indiana." The manufacturing interests of New Albany are foremost. The most extensive glass works in the United States are located there. These works are organized under the name and style of the Star Glass Company. They cover an area of fifteen acres "with the buildings and necessary ground's, and manufacture the very best quality of plate glass, in all respects equal to the best French and English plate, and also window glass, fruit jars, and bottles. The manufacture of plate glass in America is as yet an experiment so far as relates to profitable returns upon the very large investment of capital it requires to operate such works. There can, however, be little cause to doubt that the experiment now making at New Albany in the manufacture of a first quality of plate glass will prove successful, inasmuch as the capital employed, the extent of the buildings, and the amount and superiority of the machinery used, wiU compare favorably with the Uke condi tions in the extensive plate glass works of Europe. The commercial interests of the city are very extensive and con stantly expanding. The people of New Albany boast, and perhaps justly, that they have the most efficient system of free schools, in the State. "Their claim in this regard," says Mr. Cotton, "is well founded, as the carefuUy collated official statistics of the schools will show. There are in the city ten elegant and very large brick school buildings, and one frame school building. 604 HISTOET OF INDIANA. The value of these buildings is about one hundred and fifty thousand dollars, and they furnish accommodations for fully three thousand pupils. Eight of the buildings are used for the primary, intermediate, and grammar schools, and one as a male high school, and one as a female high school. The system of grading is a most perfect one, and works admirably and efficiently. Tuition is absolutely free in all departments; and the pupils who pass all the grades and graduate through the high school receive a thorough English and scientific educa tion, and are competent for any department of business, or for any of the professions. The city has erected a first-class brick edifice as a school house for the colored inhabitants of the city,* who have the same rights to admission into their own schools as the whites have into theirs — the same law governing both. Forty-five white and two colored teachers are employed in these public schools, while the average attendance of pupils is about two thousand three hundred. The annual cost of the schools is not far from thirty thousand dollars, and the total nuraber of school children in the city entitled to the privi leges of the schools is seven thousand one hundred and thirty. The schools are raanaged by a board of three school trustees, elected by the city council, which secures to them permanency, and the best educators in the way of teachers. These public schools afford the poor man, the mechanic, laborer, and smaU dealer or trader, superior facilities for giving his children an excellent education free of all expense; so that no man who lives in New Albany can have the least excuse for permitting his sons or daughters to grow up in ignorance. It is doubtful if a better system of public free schools can be found in any section of the Union than the one now in operation, with the most eminent success, at New Albany. The Depauw college for young ladies is one of the best and most popular female colleges in Indiana. The institution is the property of th.e Indiana Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. For the last six years, or since its reorgan ization in 1866, it has been under the direction of Eev. Erastus Eowley, D.D., as president, who has been recently re-elected to the same position for the next three years. This college 506 HISTOET OF INDIANA. occupies one of the most pleasant and commanding situations in the most beautiful portion of the city of New Albany. This city has long enjoyed a high reputation for its educa tional advantages, as well as for the high moral aud religious tone of its inhabitants. It is noted for its healthfulness, and is accessible in all directions by various railroads and by the Ohio river. The college building, originally erected for a ladies' boarding school, has been enlarged and improved "within the past six years, at an expense of near twenty thousand dollars, and now other improvements, embracing the entire renovation of the interior of the building, are just completed. The rooms for the boarding pupils and teachers are all carpeted and well furnished. The capacity of the building is sufficient to accommodate seventy-five boarding and an equal number of day pupils. This college affords very superior facilities to those desiring t-o educate and accomplish their daughters The faculty embraces six experienced and successful educators besides the president. The college year opens September eleventh and closes June fourteenth. The institution confers upon its graduates the degrees of Mistress of English Litera ture and Mistress of Liberal Arts. Every valuable improve ment in method of instruction will be adopted, and the great aini will be to develop the mental and moral powers of the pupil, and to educate thd mind to habits of thought and investigation. The college is furnished with globes, maps, charts, and apparatus to illustrate natural philosophy, chem istry, electricity, and astronomj'. The music department embraces instruction on the piano, organ, guitar, and in vocal-' ization, while the French and German languages are taught' by competent teachers. The graduating class in 1872 numbered nine young ladies. The St. Mary's female academy is a first-class one, under the care of the Sisters of St. Francis (Catholic,) and with Sister Veronica as Lady Superior. The building is one among the largest and best adapted educational edifices in the State, having accomraodations for eight hundred pupils. All the branches of a thorough and accoraplished education are taught, including music, the modern languages, painting, needle-work. OLAEKB COUNTT HISTOEIOAL AND DES0EIPTI"VE. 507 flowers, etc. There is probably no better Catholic academy in the west than St. Mary's, and it is the pride of the Catholics of southern Indiana. The Morse academy is a high school of the best grade, under the supervision of Prof F. L. Morse, in which the education of the two sexes together is a leading feature. This academy possesses all the advantages of a coUege in apparatus, and the high character of its board of instruction. The marked suc cess that has attended it, and enabled Prof. Morse to erect the most commodious and convenient buildings, indicates its high character. Besides those schools already named, there are five Catholic parochial schools; German Protestant parochial school; Ger man Methodist parochial school; and seven private schools. Add these private and parochial schools, colleges, and acad emies to the grand system of public free schools, and it will readily be seen that the educational advantages of New Albany are unrivaled. The churches and benevolent institutions of the city are equal to the educational facilities in every respect. The New Albany Society of Natural History is well organized, and evinces the high culture of the citizens CHAPTER LXVIII. OLAEKE OOUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. IN 1784, the legislature of the State of Virginia, in consid eration of the important and valuable services rendered to that commonwealth by General George Eogers Clarke, donated to him large tracts of land in that part of the Indian territory which he had nominally placed under its government. Among these lands was a tract comprising a portion of the site of the 608 HISTOET OF INDIANA. present city of Jeffersonville, and including also the lands upon which the struggling village of Clarkesville is located. At the latter point old "Fort Clarke" was located, and around it many of the most thrilling scenes and incidents in the early history of Indiana were enacted. Many of the deeds of the brave Clarke, center to this old landmark of his remarkable career. He, with his br^ve Virginians, fought his way along the ever-bending banks of the Ohio, not only contending "with Indians, but Englishmen, and through repeated triumphs, which shed an enchanting lustre upon the annals of border warfare, he unfurled the flag of a free people and a republican government over the soil now included within the limits of the State of Indiana. But as we have given an account of most of General Clarke's services in behalf of Indiana, in the first part of this work, we shall have to pass over his opera tions around Fort Clarke, at this time, and deal with more recent events. It should be remarked, however, that the early settlement, or attempted, at Clarkesville, was not successful. However, in the year 1802, Jeffersonville was located, near this point, by John Gwathmey. This new seat of civilization was named in honor of the illustrious author of the declara tion of independence, Thoraas Jefferson. The to"wn was incor porated in 1816, and the city was incorporated in 1839. These two events mark its progress, which has been steady, but not rapid. i Omitting, for want of space, the hundreds of incidents in the early history of Clarke county, we "wiU observe only some of its most noticeable present features. The surface of the county along the Ohio river, and from three to five miles in the interior, is rolling, and the remain der mostly level, except a chain of "knobs," which form a semicircle along the northwestern boundary of the county, and strike the Ohio river just below New Albany, in Floyd county. Only about half of these " knobs " are cultivated, but they are covered with a good quality of timber, chestnut, oak and pine being the distinguishing classes. Aside from the "knobs," tlie lands in the county are susceptible of cultivation. The strip along the river, about thirty -five miles in length, and OLAEKE CODNTT HISTOEIOAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. 509 from five to ten in width, has a limestone soil, and, though mostly rolling, is, when well tilled, as productive as any of the celebrated bottom lands. There are no prairies in the county. The farms are generally well improved, and are graced with good buildings. Iron ore, marble, excellent building rock, and hydraulic cement are found in abundance. Most of the lands within the present limits of the county are erabraced in what was known as the " Illinois grant." This was raade, as before intiraated, by the legislature of Vir ginia in 1796, and conveyed to certain commissioners one hundred and forty-nine thousand acres of land, in trust, to be apportioned, according to their rank, to General Clarke, | and the officers and men of the regiment which he commanded i in the expedition to Vincennes and Kaskaskia. It was divided into five hundred acre tracts and apportioned according to the terms of the grant. One thousand acres more, lying along the faUs of the Ohio, were also granted at the same time for the location of a town to be called Clarkesville. This was intended as a monument to the meraory of General Clarke, and it wa^ hoped that the town would develop into a great commercial centre, but these hopes were futile. It flourished for a short time, but soon sunk into decay. It is now only a small vil-"^ lage, with no prospects of reaching metropolitan pre-emi nence. The flrst settlements in the place were made from 1790 along up to 1800. The early settlers located along the banks of the Ohio river, so as to be able to escape into Ken tucky at the approach of the hostile natives. Jeffersonville, the principal town, has grown to be a handsome and important city, with a population of over eight thousand, and excellent free school faciUties. The city is handsomely laid out. The streets are broad, crossing each other at right angles. The buildings are nearly all substantial and present something worthy of notice in the way of architecture. Many neat cottages beautify the streets and give the town a pictur esque and rural appearance, " The chief manufactures of Jeffersonville are railway cars, steamboats, and machinery of various kinds.* The Jefferson- * From a sketch of Jeflfersonville in the Pittsburgh United Presbyterian 510 HlffrOET OF INDIANA. viUe, Madison and Indianapolis Eailroad Company's machine shops and car works give employment to a considerable num ber of mechanics, and besides these there are two ship-yards which afford, in active business times, regular employment to about two hundred skilled artisans. It is claimed that there are more steamboats built here annually than at any other point between Pittsburgh and New Orleans, and that they rank among the best steamers that navigate the western waters. Just beyond the city limits, 'the Ohio Falls Car Company ' conduct a large establishment, with a capacity for the employment of eight hundred workmen, and near by is its competitor, 'the Southwestern Car Company,' the princi pal work for which is done by the convicts (three hundred and fifty in number), of the Indiana State Prison South, whose white front is in sad contrast with the gloom that dwells within. Beside these, there are two iron-foundries, an oil stone factory, an extensive coopering establishment, and just at this time more noticeable than any of them, in consequence of the horrid screams of its steam-whistle every morning, the large pork-house on the river bank, where two hundred men are employed in killing twelve hundred hogs daily. The loco motive whistle, too, is heard nearly every hour of the day and night in Jeffersonville, whose heart is pierced by the iron bands of the Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis, and the Ohio and Mississippi, besides those of other minor local roads. " The local government is presided over by Mayor Pile, a venerable gentleman of three score years and ten, who, being to ' the manor bom,' has grown up with the gro"wth of Jeffer sonville, and is a fair specimen of the plain, frank, honest, hardy western pioneers who lived in this section of country when it was an unbroken wilderness, and have been spared to see it blossom Uke the rose. But the crowning glory of Jef fersonviUe, and that which imparts to it much of its business life and vitaUty, is the extensive depot of the Quartermaster's Department. Some idea of the magnitude of this structure may be formed when it is stated that the series of fire-proof warehouses, built in fhe shape of a hollow square, contain one CLAEKE COUNTT HISTOEIOAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. 611 hundred and fifty thousand square feet, or three and one-half acres of flooring, with a storage capacity of two million seven hundred thousand cubic feet. The ground upon whicli the depot is located, covering about flfteen acres, was donated for the purpose by the city of Jeffersonville. The building has a frontage of over three thousand two hundred feet, and the principal offices are above the main entrance. In the centre of the court yard is a tower one hundred feet high, in which, at an elevation of seventy feet, is a watchman's room, from which every one of the numerous warehouse doors are visible. On the summit of this tower there is also a large tank, of the capacity of six thousand gallons, from which copious streams of water can be thrown to any part of the building. In the court-yard there are also two reservoirs, of the capacity of three hundred thousand gallons each. This immense structure was erected at the cost limited by the appropriation of con gress, viz.: one hundred and fifty thousand dollars — a rare fact in the financial history of public buildings. "* " The public property now stored in this depot is estimated to be worth about twenty-two million dollars. From it are now supplied with clothing, camp and garrison equipage, and aU kinds of Quartermaster's stores, the military posts in the South and West, and most of the troops operating in those sections. The depot is so capacious and so well arranged, fiiat if aU the old material now stored in it were disposed of, and new and serviceable material stored in its place, enough could be kept on hand to supply the entire army of the United States. There are now nearly one hundred male employes on the roUs of the depot, exclusive of about seven hundred women, who are engaged in making shirts, drawers, stable frocks, and bed-quilts to meet the demands of the service. This work is a god-send to the poor sewing-women of Jeffer- fion"ville. ' Ladies' pay-day,' at the depot, is always an event ful and memorable occasion. It is full of sunshine and joy, and the source of a general diffusion of comfort and happiness throughout the community. ' Hundreds of poor women, "with •* From a sketch in the United Presbi/terian. 512 HISTOET OF INDIANA. smiling faces, light hearts, and lighter^ steps, may be seen on that day returning from the depot, the cheerful possessors of their monthly earnings, which are destined to make so many homes look brighter and more happy. Seven thousand dollars distributed every month among the poorer classes in a com munity of eight thousand, carry with them many comforts and delights, and the baker and the butcher, the grocer and the dry-goods dealer — indeed all classes of the populace — " feel the happy infiuences of the welcome pay-day. " The JeffersonviUe Depot is the conception and design of Major-General M. C. Meigs, Quartermaster-General, and may justly be ranked among the proudest monuments of his enlightened and efficient administration of the Quartermaster's Department." Charlestown, situated near the center of the county, and twelve miles north of Jeffersonville, on the Ohio and Missis sippi railroad, is the county seat. It is a smart, thriving town, of about three thousand inhabitants, and is, in every way, an honor to the county. CHAPTEE LXIX. SIIELBT CODNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. SHELBT county was named in honor of Isaac Shelby, an officer of considerable distinction in the Eevolutionary war, as also the war of 1812. He was also governor of Ken tucky. The county was originally level forest land, with fertile bottoms along the streams, from half a mile to two miles m width. The uplands are elevated about forty feet above these bottoms. The soil in the bottoms is a rich dark loam, with a slight mixture of sand ; on the upland thefe is much clay, cov ered with a dark muck, which required drainage before it could be successfully cultivated. The timber in the bottoms was principally walnut, ash, etc. ; on the uplands, beach, oak SHELBT COUNTT HISTOEIOAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. 513 and hickory were the distinguishing features of the forest. It is a first-rate farming county, in almost every respect. '' Shelbyville, the county seat, was laid out on tho fourth of Jdly, 1822,* on a donation of land made by John Hendricks, James Davison, and John C. Walker. The commissioners apJ)ointed for that purpose, were Ebenezer Ward, of Bartholo mew county ; Benjamin J. Blythe, of Dearborn county ; Amos Boardman, of Eipley county; George Bentley, of Harrison county, and Joshua Cobb, of Delaware county. They met at the house of David Fisher, July first, and after four days deliberation decided upon the location of the county seat, where it at pres ent stands, giving it the name of Shelbyville, a double honor to the venerable and patriotic ex-governor of Kentucky, Isaac Shelby. Jacob Wetzel, of the noted Indian fighting family of that name, on learning of the treaty of October, 1818, had blazed a trace from Jehu Perkins', on the old boundary line, to the bluffs of White river, about eighteen mUes below the present site of Indianapolis. Eichard Thornburg settled the same fall on Flat Eock, and James Wilson the same fall also on Blue river, the Wetzel trace crossing at both places. B. F. Morris was the first surveyor; Capt. McLaughlin, one of his issistants, camped on Wilson's place in November, 1818. He put his field notes and some other papers and valuables in a keg and concealed it, together with a hatchet, on the creek near his camp, when he left the neighborhood for the "winter, and on returning in the spring found them safe and uninjured. James Wilson may be regarded as the first settler. He came from Jefferson county, Ind., in 1819, and he induced Bennett Michael, a shoemaker, to settle near him ; also John Forman, Benjamin Castor and John Smith, who came afterwards. Isaac H. Wilson, a son of James, who was born in Jefferson county in 1807, and came to Shelby county with his father, is still li"ving in ShelbyviUe. He informed me that Indians were occasionally met with when he first came to the county. He frequently saw Joseph White-eyes, a Delaware chief, who had a eon called Charles and a grandson named James, who was •From a sketch by J. 0. Beck, M. D. 38 514 HISTOET OF INDIANA. r«Z headed. Two Indians, known as Cuman and Pishaw, lived on Blue river, a few miles from his father. They had veiy handsome half-breed wives. On one occasion Mrs. Wilson invited them to visit her, which they did, riding upon ponies in gaily decorated side-saddles. They were very tastefnUy dressed, and wore silver brooches on their arms, and neat slippers fastened to the feet with silver bands, and exhibited a good breeding and politeness that might have excited the en"vy of their more civilized white sisters. "Marion is the oldest to"wn in the county. It was laid off in 1820, on the south-west quarter of section, twenty, to"wnship thirteen north, of range seven east. John Sleeth was one of the original proprietors. His daughter Nancy was the first person married in the county; she was mar ried to Abel Summers, May fifteenth, 1822, by Eev. Henry Logan, then living near the Bartholomew county Une." After 1828, Shelby county increased rapidly in population and wealth, and it still continues to thrive. To-day, the rail road facilities of Shelbyville, and also of Shelby county, are second to no county in the State of equal population. Shelby ville has grown to be a city of over 3,500 inhabitants, among whom are some of the ablest and most enterprising business and professional men in the State. The schools of the county are well organized and efficiently conducted. The incorporated schools of ShelbyviUe are the just pride of her citizens. CLINTON COUNTT. Clinton county was named in honor of DeWitt Clinton. The surface of the county is level, excepting along the Wild cat, in the southwest corner. There is no barren or waste lands in the county. In the south-western portion is the "twelve mile prairie." There are one or two other smaU prairies in the county, but, with the exception of these, and the one first named, aU the balance of the surface was originaUy covered with a dense and heavy forest, containing an abund ance of timber of a fine quality. The soil of the county may be termed aUuvial, with a clay bottom. All the grains and 616 mSTOET OF INDIANA. grasses indigenous to the West can be produced in this county with profit. It is, perhaps, especially adapted to the cultivation of hay and for pasturage. Generally speaking it is one of the best farming counties in Indiana. As a proof of this, it may be mentioned that it is quite thickly settled with an intelli gent, wealthy class of farmers, who have grown up to inde pendence with the growth of the county. t'rankfort is the county seat. The section of country from which this young city derives its trade, is one of the best agri cultural sections in the West. It already has a population of over three thousand, and is steadily progressing in all its industries. Its schools are excellent, supported by first-class talent, and provided with commodious buildings. The city has very good railroad faciUties, and has all the elements of future prosperity, which are being rapidly developed. BOONE COUNTT. Boone county contains two hundred sixty-seven thousand five hundred and twenty acres of good land. The county was organized'in 1830, with a population of six hundred and thirty. It was named in honor of Daniel Boone, the hero of border Ufe. The southeastern, western and northwestern portions of the county are gently undulating. The other portions are level. The soil, in most parts of the county, is a dark loam, deep and very rich. It is remarkably well adapted to the pro duction of all kinds of grain, grasses and. vegetables indigen ous to the Northwest. Timber is plenty and of the finest quaUty. Boone county is composed of the summit lands dividing the waters of the Wabash and White rivers. This accounts, probably, for the level, wet lands so common on almost all dividing ridges. They are generally termed " sum mit levels," and are frequently composed of many ponds and small lakes, with only occasional ridges of high land. The county is watered by Eagle creek. White Lick and Walnut Fork of Eel river, which empty into the former, and Big Eac coon and Sugar creek, which empty into the latter. Owing to the level surface of the county where these streams have their source, they are sluggish and comparatively of no value in the BOONS OOUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DES0EIPTI"VE. 517 way of propelling machinery. "The dense forests of heavy timber and low wet lands of Boone county, were not suffi ciently attractive to bring within its borders a class of men of peculiar refinement and means, consequently it was first set tled by men of stout constitutions, iron wills, and but little financial resources. It required a vast amount of labor and untiring effort to clear away the heavy forests preparatory fo raising crops. Many of the early settlers cleared out a little ' truck patch,' sufficient to raise some ' roasting ears,' beans and other garden vegetables, after which they applied theraselves to hunting, fishing, etc. The settler who could command a good rifle, two or three dogs, a cow, and one old horse, with the means to buy powder and lead, was considered supremely happy. In these early days there was abundance of wild game — deer, bear, wolves, turkeys, pheasants and .juails. The currency of the country was the skins of deer, raccoons, mink and wild honey." The county was once the home and hunting-grounds of a tribe of the Miamis; upon the banks of the streams were the graves of their fathers. In these little mounds lie the remains of many a native warrior and hunter. The site of the present town of Thorntown was once the habitation of nearly five hun dred Indian and French traders. About the year 1833 most of the tribe were removed from the reservation at this place, which was purchased by the governraent in 1828. Thorntown, located in the northwestern part of the county, was once a lively Indian trading post; since that tirae it has become a Uvely place, with a civilized home trade. Only a few years ago the county of Boone was a wilderness, so densely covered with heavy timber and underbrush that the rays of the sun were almost entirely cut off from the earth in the summer season. Lonely and desolate must have been the feelings of those who first traversed these woods, when naught but nature's uncultured sounds greeted the ear — when the eye could see no heavens for the intervening foliage — when ser pents and lizards, frogs and hornets, and wild beasts were possessors of the land. Forty years have wrought a mighty change in the county. Then no cleared fields were visible 518 HISTOET OF INDIANA. from one neighbor's to another; great lakes of water, backed up by huge trunks of faUen trees, were visible on every hand; but now the lake has become a fertile field ; great farms have been opened ; the eye can see for miles over green or golden fields of corn. The cabin superseded the wigwam, and the neat cottage has superseded the cabin in almost every locality Lebanon, the county seat, is located near the centre of the county, in a rich and productive section. It is a small town, but is thrifty and rapidly improving. ¦ It has a population of about three thousand, including a fine class of citizens, enter prising, intelligent and prosperous. The town and county have good schools and school advantages.* CHAPTEE LXX. HBNDBICKS OOUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESCEIFITVE. "TTTENDEICKS county is located, near the centre of the -L-L State of Indiana. It contains about one hundred and thirty-five thousand acres of land. The coimty was organized in 1824, and was naraed in honor of Governor William Heu- dricks. The surface of the county is gently rolling, and the soil, is generally very good. The county is well timbered, especially in the northern portion. It is well watered by Eel river. Mill creek. Mud creek. White Lick creek, and their numerous tributary streams. The first settlers of the county emigrated from North Car olina to this county about the year 1818, and settled on gov ernment lands prior to entry. The first lands were entered in the county in 1821, about three years before the organization of the county. The first settlements were made in the south east portion of the county, in what is now Liberty and Gil- * From a published sketch of the county. MOEGAN COUNTT — HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. 519 ford townships. Among the first settlers were David Do"wn8, Eoss Nicholas, Eichard Christie, George and David Matock, William Ballard, Jonathan Eodgers, James Thompson, Thomas Hadley, Josiah Tomlinson, John Bryant and Thomas Loekhart The county was organized in 1824, and Danville was chosen as the seat of justice. The first settlements were raade in the county in 1818, when the first trees were felled and the first rude cabins erected. This population increased so rapidly that in 1824 there were more than one thousand inhabitants in the county. In 1870, the population of the county was twenty thousand two hundred and seventy-seven. The growth of wealth and public improvements in the county have been commensurate with this growth in population. The old court house has long since perished, and a new and substantial building has taken its place. The new jail and county asylum are substantial and well conducted institutions. The pioneer log school houses of the county have gone, and now over one hundred fine brick and frame school buildings attest the edu cational advantages of Hendricks county. Excellent turnpike roads bisect each other in all parts of the county, and ample railroad facilities are presented. The county has now over one hundred and thirty thousand acres of improved land, valued at twelve miUion dollars. The products of the farms . have always been largely remunerative. The taxable property in the county is worth over twenty million dollars. In every sense, the people of Hendricks county are intelligent, pro gressive, and enterprising citizens. The Indiana House of Eefuge is located on the State farm adjoining Plainfield, in Hendricks county. This is one of the State's most worthy and benevolent institutions, aud it is doing a good work for the benefit of the boys who have been sent there. MOEGAN COUNTT. MoEGAN county is located near the geographical centre of the State, and contains about 291,800 acres of land, and is watered by White river, White Lick creek. Mud creek. Big Indian creek, Stott's creek, Clear creek, Burnett's creek, 520 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Ehodes' creek. Mill creek, and other smaller streams. There is a considerable portion of this county rough and broken, especially along the White river, where the land is not very profitable for grain growing, but is well adapted for the pro duction of fruit, such as apples, peaches, pears. About one- third of the county is bottom land. The soil in this section is a sandy loam, very rich and productive. The county is splen didly timbered. The principal kinds are poplar, walnut, white oak, hickory, beech, sugar tree, etc. Morgan county was organized in 1823, and named in honor of General Daniel Morgan. The first county election was held in a log house, owned by Mr. Stotts. The house was built in the year 1819, about one and a half miles west of Waveriey. It was, probably, the first house built in the county. The first settlers came to the county, probably, in 1818. Mr. Phil lip Hodge purchased land and settled in the county in 1818. Mrs. Eebecca Douglas settled among the Indians, in Morgan county, in 1817, but the first general settlement may be sot do-wn in 1819, when, among others, Eobert C. Stotts, Hiram T. Craig, James A. Laughlen, James Stotts, Nathan Laughlen, and W. M. Offield, settled in what is now called Harrison township. Among the settlers who immediately foUowed these, and who have endured all the privations of pioneer life, were the families of the Hodges, Samuel Moore, Judge Hiram Matthews, Benjarain Hoffman, Jonathan WilUams, Larken Eeynolds, George H. Buler, G. A. Phelps, Mr. McCrakens, Benjamin Cutberth, Eeuben Claypool, Alex, and Thomas J. Worth, Daniel Thornberg, Jack Eecord, John Bray, Madison Hadley, Eichard Hadley, Benjamin Stafford, and Eebecca Blank. The latter is now a citizen of Clay township. She was one of the first settlers, and is the oldest person in the county, and one of the oldest ladies in the State. She was born in Eichmond, Va., in the year 1768, and is now nearly one hundred and seven years old. She remembers Daniel Boone* and has participated in some of his deeds of daring on the borders of Kentucky. MartinsviUe, located near the centre of the county, is the county seat. It has now a population of nearly two thousand, 800TT GOUNTT HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. 521 and is the largest town in the county. Mooresville is the next largest town, and has a population of nearly sixteen hundred. The founder of this place, who is well known to the people of the State, is still an active citizen. The county is well supplied with good schools and churches. There have been great Improvements made in this direction during the last five years. The public improvements of the county are in advance of some other counties. This is a good agricultural county. It has 133,616 acres of improved land, producing annually 330,000 bushels of wheat, 6,500 bushels of rye, 1,190,000 bushels of Indian corn, 66,000 bushels of oats, from 200 to 1,500 bushels of barley, 50,000 bushels of potatoes, 229,355 pounds of butter, about 10,000 .tons of hay, and over 60,000 pounds of wool, besides thousands of dollars' worth of vegetables. The value of improved land in the county is over $9,000,000. The raising of live stock is a profitable pursuit in this county. The farmers are a thrifty class of people, distinguishing themselves by their industry and their love for public improvements. SCOTT COUNTT ScoTi' county is situated in the southeastern part of the State, near the Ohio river. It is of irregular shape, and con tains about one hundred and eightj' square miles. The county, generally, is level and rolling, except a small area known as the "knobs," which is quite broken. The soil is fair; the county is well watered by streams, aud many springs abound. The timber is of the very best, and in abundance. The county was organized in 1820, while the State capital was at Corydon, Harrison county. It was named in honor of General Charles Scott, an officer of the revolutionary period, and, at a later period, governor of Kentucky. The county was formed from portions of Jefferson, Jennings, Clark, and Washington counties. The first county commissioners were Joseph Switzer, Eeuben Johnson, and John Herod. Wm. K. Eichey was the first sheriff, by appoint ment from the govemor. The first sheriff elect was Jesse 622 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Jackson, who afterward' served in the legislature, and also as register of the land office at La Porte. Other original county officers were : James Ward, clerk; John Prime, recorder ; James Locbrane, treasurer, and Eobert Wardell, an old revo lutionary soldier — as coroner. The county was first settled in 1805, by John Kimberlin, who removed to this section of the State from Kentucky, and who built, in the same year, the first house erected in the county. Among the early settlers were: Wm. E. Collins, Dr. John Eichey, Eliab CoUins, Samuel P. Devore, Eobert Wardle, John Morris, ' Jeremiah Paine, Dr. Jonathan Carter, John Finley, Dr. James Hicks, David and Charles, Eastin, Eli and Joseph Harlan, Kindred Ferguson, Wm. Nichols, John Win- gate, Zebulon Foster, James Lemaster, Wm. Norton, John Dickey, Jacob Cutler, Asahel Passwater, Daniel Hough, John Stucker, Eobert Brenton, Wm. Fleming, Peter Storms, Daniel Serls, and many other brave and hardy pioneers, whose names are in the past. Kindred Ferguson is stiU a resident of Scott county, where he has lived for sixty-five years, and has reached the extra ordinary age of one hundred and four years. In 1820, the county seat was located at Lexington, by Wm. Fleming, Dennis Pennington, Hardin H. Moore, Abel C. Pepper, and two others. The town was originally laid out by Jesse Henley, General Wm. McFarlane, Adam Steele, Eichard Steele, and Nehemiah Hunt, in 1811, on grounds owned by thefie gentlemen. The first house in Lexington was erected by John and Jacob Stucker. Gen. McFarlane built the first brick house. The first public improvements were made by private enterprise. Wm. Fleming and Moses Gray were the pioneer merchants. The first marriage solemnized in the county was between Daniel Kimberlin and Ursula Brenton. A child bom to them is claimed to be the first white person born in the county. Among the early citizens o: Lexington and Scott county, and who have since become prominent in the State, may be mentioned: Henry P. Thornton, the first prosecuting attorney of the county; the Carpenter Brothers; Ma,jor EUsha G. English, many years in State legislature; his son, Hon. 624 HISTORT OF INDIANA. Wm. H. English, who for many years »o|»^3ented tlie district in Congress, was born in Lexington, as was also his grandson, Win. E. English, now a promising lawyer of Indianapolis. The seat of justice was continued in this place for over fifty years, but was removed in 1874 to a more central point, a place formerly called CenterviUe, but now known as Scotts- burgh. This town was laid off in 1873, by Lloyd S. Keith, being surveyed by Thos. K. Wardle and Wm. Estel. It is located on the Jefierson ville, Madison and Indianapolis railroad, eighty miles south of Indianapolis, and now contains a population of about four hundred souls. Among the other towns of Scott county, are Austin, Vienna, New Frankfort, Wooster, and Holman. Iron ore and salt abounds in the county. A good article of salt is manufactured, and numerous wells are sunk for salt water near Lexington, one of which is seven hundred feet deep. Good building stone is had in the same vicinity, and also a kind used for making a very fine quality of water cement. As these quarries are located near the railroad, and of easy access, it is believed that a factory for the manufacture of this cement will be erected at no distent day. This county is the scene of the celebrated Pigeon roost mas sacre, a full account of which will be found elsewhere in this volume. It is also a witness of the depredations committed by the rebel General John Morgan, in his raid through southern Indiana during the civil war. The depot at Vienna was burned by him, and many are the farmers through this county who have bewailed the day whefl they " swapped " their fine fat, sleek horses, for the worn out, sore-backed jades of the rebels. Scott county possesses' good railroad faciUties. The Jeffersonville, Madison and Indianapolis road north and south, and the Ohio and Mississippi road traversing the county in the same direction. CHAPTEE LXXI. WATNE COUNTT PIONEEE mSTOET. IN THE Spring of 1805, George Holman, and Eichard Eue, and Thomas McCoy, and a Mr. Blunt, with their families, came from Kentucky and settled about two miles south of the present site of Eichmond. Holman and Eue had served in General Clark's expedition against the French set tlements in Indiana, and having been held as prisoners about three years and a half araong the Indians, they had become acquainted with the country, and had selected the most favor able site for their future homes, while returning home from a western trip, in the fall of 1804. Early in the winter they returned to erect their log cabins, bringing with them, on their horses, such tools as were necessary for the work, and a few household utensils. Holman was accompanied by his two eldest sons, William and Joseph, then about sixteen and eighteen years of age, respectively. They were were not long in erecting the log dwellings, and in the course of two weeks, leaving the boys in charge, the pioneers departed for Ken tucky to bring their wives and families. On reaching home they were joined by two other families — those of Thomas McCoy and Mr. Blunt — and the four fam ilies, with all their household goods and effects, consisting of clothing, provisions, tools, cooking utensils, guns and ammu nition, started for their new homes on pack horses. They traveled through the forest day after day, through the cold storms, and at length, weary and alone, arrived at the cabins, where they found the Holman boys enjoying themselves in true forest life. McCoy and Blunt located near the site of the two cabins already mentioned; and thus was commenced the (525) 526 HISTOKT OF INDIANA. settlement of Wayne county, now one of the most wealthy and prosperous counties in the State of Indiana. Not many mUes distant, on the Elkhorn creek, the Endsleys and Coxes, with their families, settled in the latter part of the same year. These pioneers were soon followed by the Eev. Lazarus Whitehead, a Baptist minister, Aaron Martin, Charles Hunt, and their famiUes. Eev. Hugh Call, a Methodist min ister, also came in 1806, and settled near Elkhorn creek, where he Uved until his death, in 1862, at the age of one hundred and five years. Shadrack Henderson, with his family, settled, in 1806, on the west side of the Whitewater, and in same year a Mr. Lamb built a cabin not far from that of Call's on the Elkhart, in which he lived for several years. It was in the latter part of this year that the settlement of Eichmond was commenced, or, at least, most of the land in that -vicinity was taken up in this year, although much of it was not occupied until the spring and summer of 1807. " About the first of March, 1806," says Mr. Toung, in his valuable history of Wayne county, " David Hoover, then a young man residing with his father, in the Miami country, in Ohio, with four others, in search of a place for ihaking a set tlement, took a section line some eight or ten miles north of Dayton, and traced it a distance of more than thirty miles, through an unbroken forest, to this place, where he afterwards settled. He fancied he had found the Canaan his father had been seeking. His parents were of German descent, and members of the society of Friends. They had emmigrated from. Pennsylvania to North Carolina, and thence to Miami, where they had temporarily located until a permanent home could be selected. Young Hoover and his companions were supposed to be the first white men who explored the territory north of Eichmond. They discovered many natural advan tages, among which were the pure spring water issuing from the banks of the stream, with its prospective mill-sites, inex haustable quarries of limestone, and a rich soil. FoUo-wing the stream south a short distance, they found traps set, and near the west bank of the Whitewater, nearly opposite Eich mond, they saw some Indians. From these Indians, who WATNE OOUNTT PIONEEE HISTOET. 527 could speak broken English, they learned the white men had settled below, on the east side of the stream. They made their way thither, and found the Holman, Eue, and McCoy families. After a brief rest, they started back for the Miami, by a different route, and reported the finding of the ' promised land."' In the following June the first lands were entered as the result of this prospecting tour. " Andrew Hoover, father of David, entered several quarter sections, including that which the latter had selected for himself on his first trip. John Smith entered on what is now the south side of Main street, cleared a smaU patch of ground, and built a cabin near the bluff. Jeremiah Cox purchased his quarter section late in the summer, north of Main street, of Joseph Woodkirk, who had bought it of John Meek. Woodkirk, having made a smaU clear ing and planted it with corn. Cox paid him for his improve ments and corn. Andrew Hoover had a number of sons and daughters, who settled around him as they got married. David had taken a wife in Ohio before coming to the territory ; but he did not occupy his log cabin until March in the following year (1807.) Here, on the west bank of Middle Fork, he resided until his death in 1866. The land in and about Eich mond was settled chiefiy by Friends from North Carolina, some of them from that State direct, others after a brief resi dence in Ohio. As the Hoover family were the pioneers of these people, but for the discovery made here by young Hoover and his fellow adventurers, the Society of Friends would probably not have had the honor of being the first proprietors of the land on which Eichmond stands, and of naming the city." Among the first famiUes who settled were those of Jerry Cox, John Smith, Elijah Wright, Frederick Hoover, Andrew Hoover, Sen., David Hoover, WilUam Bulla, and John Harvey. Soon after " the spirit of emigration prevailed strongly in the Southern States, especially in North Carolina. The Friends had settled in that State before the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, which allowed the en slavement of the African race in this country. They were generaUy unfriendly to slavery, hence, probably, their desire, 528 HISTOET OF INDIANA. in great part, to find homes on better soil and in more con genial society. Soon after the families above mentioned, others of the Carolina Friends began to arrive. Among those who settled in the vicinity of Eichmond were Jacob Meek, in 1806 ; Elijah Wright, in 1806 or 1807; Jesse Bond, in 1807, on the farm where Earlham coUege now is; John Burgess, in 1808; Valentine Pegg, 1809, ten miles west from Eichmond; John To-wnsend, about the same time ; Cornelius Eutliff, 1810; John McLain, 18 10 ; and about the same year came families of the names of Stewart, Evans, Gilbert, Thomas, Eoberts, and others." A settlement was soon commenced on East Fork, at an early day. In 1806, Joseph Wright, a revolutionary sol dier, settled there, and was followed, in 1807, by Peter Fleming, both having entered their lands as early as 1805. Besides those above mentioned, there were many others settled on East Fork at an early day. " Among them were David Wasson, a son-in-law of Peter Fleming, afterward known as Judge Fleming, who had entered several hundred acres, on which he settled his children, reserving for himself a homestead, since known as the ' Barnes farm,' or the 'Woods' place,' and now owned by John Brown, adjoining the State line. The farm early owned by his son, Samuel Fleming, and now by James Smelser, was a part of the Judge's purchase. Charles Moffat, an early settler, lived on the south side of East Fork, near Eichmond, where he built a mill. He remained there until his decease, many years ago. Hugh Moffat, a son, still resides near the homestead. A little above Amos and John Hawkins settled early with their families; and a Uttle further on, William Ireland, long since deceased. Next, Benjamin Hill, who remained there until his death, about forty years ago. His wife survived him until 1867. Adjoining on the east was Joseph Wasson, before mentioned. Nathaniel McCoy Wasson built a cabin in 1809, on the homestead near the banks of East Fork, married and Uved there until his death, in 1864. Near by was John Gay, an elderly settler, known as Major Gay, who early sold his land to Jacob Crist, stiU living on the premises. John Drake, with numerous grown np sons, settled early on WAYNE OOUNTT — PIONEEE HISTOET. 529 their farms adjoining the Ohio line. The Drakes were of the Baptist denomination. .During the prevalence of a malignant fever, at an early period of the settlement on East Fork, a number of robust, middle-aged men fell victiras to it. Of this number were David and John Wasson. * •» * On Middle Fork, near its mouth, was William Bulla, an early settler, and son-in-law of Andrew Hoover, Sen. He early built a saw mill on his farra near the site of Burson' s oil mill. He lived there until his decease, some years ago, at an advanced age. Near the lands of the Hoover families,' Jesse Clark, Ealph Wright, Alexander Moore, and Amos and Abner Clawson settled. A little further up were the Staffords, Bonds, Bunkers, Swallows, Ashbys, Andrewses, and others, all of whom, we believe were from North Carolina, and chiefiy Friends. They had a sraall log meeting house in the vicinity, and were subordinate to the White Water monthly meeting. William Bond had erected a saw mill, and Joshua Bond a cheap oil mill. Edward Bond, Sen., died a few years after he came. A little further up, Jeremiah Cox, Jr., settled, and early built a grist mill, to the great gratification of the settlers. Above Cox's mill were a few inhabitants. Among these were Isaac Commons, Eobert Morrison, Barnabas Boswell, Isaac, John and William Hiatt, and John Nicholson, the farms of some of whom are now within the limits of Franklin township. Balden Ashley settled near Cox's niiU, and owned the land from which has long been obtained the lime furnished the builders of Eich mond. On the West Fork, above the lands of the Eatliff ana Hoover farailies, already mentioned, was Joshua Pickett, an early settlei'. Next above was the Addlngton settlement, on both sides of the stream. Further up, the first settlers were the Starbucks, Swains, Harrises, Turners, and others, who were useful, enterprising citizens. Paul Swain, and William Star- buck wagoned produce of various kinds to Fort Wayne. Edward Starbuck, Sen., was an early justice of the peace. William died in middle life. Hester Starbuck, his widow, died within the last three or four years, having lived to an old age. An early settlement was also made in 1806, about four or five miles southeast of Eichmond, by Jesse Davenport, 34 530 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Jacob Fouts, and his sons William and Jacob, and his son-in- law, Thomas Bulla, natives of North Carolina, but immedi ately from Ohio. By the formation of Boston, the land of Davenport was taken into that to-wnship. Other families came in soon after."* The toils and hardships of the pioneers of Wayne county were about the same as those of other sec tions of the State. They came at an early day, and perhaps knew more of border, life, in its reality, than those who settled at a later day, in close proximity to mills, etc. Their log cabins were all of the old pioneer style, and their clothing, diet and customs were those of border life. They had their troubles with the Indians, their battles with poverty, their struggles with the forest, their scarcity of fiour ; in short, they suffered and endured all the perils and dangers and privations of the first pioneers. But they overcarae, and prospered. They hewed away the forests, and cultivated great fields of corn; they dispensed with the rude, unshapely cabin, and erected coramodious dwellings. They accoraplished a work for civilization. CHAPTEE LXXII. WATNE COUNTT — HISTOEICAL AND DESOEIPTIVE. WAYNE county was organized in 1810. It was then composed of " that part of Dearborn county lying east of the twelve mile purchase, and between the north and south lines of the new county, together with that portion of the purchase lying between those lines." The lands west of the purchase were not acquired until 1820. On the 25th of Feb ruary, 1811, the first circuit court was held at the house of Eichard Eue, three miles south of Eichmond. The only busi- * From Mr. Young's work. WATNE OOUNTT mSTOEIOAL AND DESCEIPTIVB. 531 ness transacted at this session, however, was that of di-viding the county into civil divisions. The next session of the court was held at the same place the following month, when a grand jury was for the first time empaneled in the county. The court consisted of Jesse D. Holman, presiding judge, and Peter Flemming and Aaron Martin, associate judges. Immediately -with the organization the wrangle of the loca tion of the seat of justice of the county began, and, we regret to say, has scarcely terminated to this day. The first commis sion appointed to make the location reported a site near the present town of CenterviUe, but owing to the lands upon which the location was made being unsold, the action of the commissioners was decided illegal. A second commission appointed to locate the capital of the county decided to accept the donation of Samuel Woods, in range three, and further decided that the name of the county seat should be Salisbury. A log court-house, for temporary use, and a jail of hewed square logs, were built, and were soon followed by a brick court-house. " Salisbury having now become an incorporated town," says Mr. Toung, "the earliest in the county, and its citizens having secured — permanently, as they supposed — the public buildings, they anticipated a long and prosperous career. In this, however, they were disappointed. Efforts were soon made for the removal of the county seat to Center viUe. In the midst of the bitter strife between the Salisbury and CenterviUe parties, * * * an act was passed in 1816 authorizing the removal of the county seat to CenterviUe, pro- -vided, however, that the citizens furnish, without expense to the county, public buildings as good and of the same dimen sions as those at Salisbury. After the removal of the county seat, Salisbury was rapidly deserted. The few frame and brick buildings were taken down, and some of them removed to Eichmond. The bricks in the building on the southeast corner of Main and Pearl streets, kno-wn as Harris' corner, were for merly in the court-house at Salisbury. There remains nothing on the site indicating that a to-wn was ever there. The ground on which it stood is now a part of the farm of Enoch Eails- bach. Within a recent date the county seat has been removed 532 HISl'OET OF INDLANA. from CenterviUe to Eichmond. In all probabiUty it wiU remain there permanently." We will now turn to the present condition of Wayne county and observe what a growth of sixty years has wrought. It would be well first to glance at its natural resources. The surface of the territory is mostly rolling, with some slight hills in the southeastern portion. The two forks of White water, fed by numerous branches, pass through the whole county^ from north to south, and supply abundant water power to every part of it. Between these streams — usually from one to four miles apart — the land swells gradually, so that from the summits, in each direction, the most delightful pros pects are everywhere presented. The forests have disappeared, except such as have been reserved for timber, and more than three-fifths of the county is under profitable cultivation. The soil is principally a rich loam, bedded on clay, with a light mixture of sand and limestone. The soil is well adapted to wheat and corn and grass. In short, in agricultural produc tions, in agricultural importance, it is the " banner county of Indiana." These natural advantages have been so highly im proved and developed by skill, capital and industry, that to-day it is one of the most wealthy portions of the State. Nearly all the farmers are wealthy. Their schools are the best. Cities and towns flourish in many parts of the county, while Eich mond, its largest city, is among the leading commercial centres of the State. Eichmond is one of Indiana's finest cities. Tt is substantially built, is surrounded by one of the richest agricultural sections in the Northwest, has ample rail road facilities, and is enjoying a large and healthy comraerce. Since the county seat has been removed there it has taken a new start. Its educational advantages are its pride and boast. Within one mile of the city, on the National road, stands Earlham college. This institution, owned by the Friends, has one hundred and sixty acres of land in connection vrith its attractive buildings; this under the management of a board of trustees appointed by Indiana yearly meeting. Its first president was Barnabus C. Hobbs, who was also superintendent of public instruction for the State of Indiana at a later day. WATNE COUNTT — HISTOEICAL AND DESCEIFITVE. 533 There are both preparatory and collegiate departments, with two courses of study for each — a classical and a scientific. There are six professorships. The college has a well-furnished reading-room and a library of over three thousand volumes. Both sexes are admitted, and have equal privileges and oppor tunities. CHAPTEE LXXIII. JAT OOUNTT PIONEEE HISTOET. PEEHAPS the ladies of Indiana of the present day will find a valuable lesson of duty in the history of the early settlement of Jay county. It is not likely they will ever be called upon to endure similar hardships, but by reading and remembering the dangers to which the pioneer women of this State were exposed, they wiU be able to find peace and com fort in some of their present imaginary iUs. It was only about fifty years ago that the first settlers came to Jay county, then a wilderness inhabited only by Indians. Wolves, bears and other wild animals were prowling through the woods and over the prairies, and the lonely settlers had much of danger on every hand to contend with. But even in the face of these obstacles its first settlers were a bride and bridegroom. She was a true heroine, who, nothing daunted by the thrilling tales of border life then rife in the Eastern settlements, volunteered to unite her fortune with that hardy pioneer in his resolve to find a home on the distant Wabash. Nor was her praise worthy heroism the only example of true womanhood in those early days of Indiana. Hundreds of noble, true hearted women, fired by the indomitable energy and perseverance of their husbands, voluntarily shared the hardships and exposures of pioneer life. They came not after the log cabins had been erected, not after homes had been established, but when the only shelter was the forest and the only bed the broad bosom of the prairie. Such were some of the pioneer women of Jay county. On the fifteenth of June, 1821, Peter Studabaker and Miss Mary Simison were joined in the bonds of wedlock at the f534) JAT COUNTT -:— PIONEEE HISTOET. 535 home of the bride's father, at Fort Eecovery, Ohio, at that time one of the Western outposts of American civihzation. The marriage ceremony was not celebrated in a large and elegantly finished church, in the presence of a fashionable audience. Fort Eecovery was not blessed with such marriages in those days. No, the wedding was a matter of fact occur rence, becoming ajike to the customs of pioneer life and to the circumstances which followed. The newly married couple at once set out for the West. Gathering their earthly effects together, they started in company with a few friends on the "Quaker Trace" towards Fort Wayne. Journeying along through the forest, resting and refreshing .occasionally by the wayside, they at length reached the waters of the Wabash. Here they halted and the bridegroom, assisted by the parties who were -with him, and in the presence of his bride, com menced to build a cabin. Night was drawing near and the nuptial bed was yet to be prepared. Cutting four forked poles he drove one end of each into the ground, laid poles and branches across the top, covered the whole with boughs, built a fire, and then, while " Mary " was getting the supper, he pre pared a table. The young bride at once adapted herself to the situation and in a few moments the weary travelers sat do-wn to a comfortable me'al in the little camp, fifteen miles from any other settlers and fifty from the settlements of ci-vilization. Night came ouy and, making beds of robes and blankets, the pioneer^ retired to rest. No sooner had sleep overtaken them than they were awakened by the howling of distant wolves. They approached nearer and nearer. Their cries were answered by other packs which hastened to join them. Hour after hour the dismal barking and howling was con tinued, until, at length, the foremost were snapping their teeth at the open door of the camp. It raust, indeed, have been a moment of fear for the young -wife when one of the men took a rifle and discharged its contents among the barking wolves without leaving his bed. But we have no record of her want of courage. It is recorded, however, to her honor, that she braved the dangers of camp life until a log cabin was erected. 536 HISTOET OF INDIANA. and entered it with a i^solution that never departed from her during her toils and hardships. " Thus camped and slept the first white family that ever trod the wilderness which fifteen years afterward became Jay county." This was on the farm afterwards o-wned by Samuel Hall, on the south bank of the Wabash, at New Corydon. Mr. Studabaker's cabin was the first built in the territory, and was rude in* every respect — a hut twelve by sixteen, of small, round logs, with a clapboard roof, held on by "weight-poles." Unbroken forests sur rounded this cabin for miles in every direction, and there was no mill or store within thirty miles, and no other dwelling within fifteen. "Their only companions were Indians, their only foes wolves." Mr. M. W. Montgomery, who has written a very good history of Jay county, relates this: "Mr. Studa baker moved to the Wabash with the intention of making that his permanent home, but the frequent overfiows of the river at that time discouraged him, and finaUy led him to move away. One evening, in the spring of 1822, several travelers stopped to stay all night. The Wabash was quite high, but not unusually so. Mrs. S. made a bed on the fioor, in which the travelers retired to rest. In the night one of them thought he felt rather 'moist,' and on turning over found the puncheons were fioating. They got up; one went up in the loft, and the other concluded to nap the rest of the night away on the logs of wood by the fire. But the family, being more fortunate, were on a bedstead, and slept there until morning, when they found all the puncheons except the two on which the bed-posts rested, fioating about the room. Mr. Studabaker waded out and brought his canoe into the house, and took his family to dry land in the woods, where they camped till the water went down, which was in four or five days. In this way the Wabash overfiowed the land about his cabin, and he moved back to Fort Eecovery, after living in Jay county about two years." The same writer pays this tribute to Mrs. Studabaker: "After moving back to Fort Eecovery, Peter Studabaker was engaged chiefiy in farming for about twelve years, when he moved to Adams county, where he died in 1840. * * Mary, (Mrs. Studabaker,) now .lAT COUNTT HISTOEIOAL AND DESCEIPTFVE. 537 lives with her son, Abram, in Adams county, Indiana, in a log house, with one of those great old-fashioned cabin fire-places which so abundantly dispense warmth and cheerfulness to the inmates. It is about sixty feet from the river, upon the banks of which she has lived since her childhood days, nearly half a century. By the side of its quiet waters she was woed and won, and has devotedly braved many dangers, reared a large family, and followed her husband and several children to the tomb. She is now (1864) seventy-four years of age, and though in feeble health, her mind still retains its original ¦vigor. Strong common sense, quick perception, and good judgment are her characteristics." But we cannot follow aU the interesting incidents of pioneer life in Jay county in detail. The experiences of some of these first families that located there would fill a volume. Jay county was organized in 1836, and named in honor of John Jay, the first Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court. The county seat was located by a commission appointed for the purpose, and called Portland. The first election of county officers took place in August, 1836, when the following persons were elected: Commissioners, John Pingry, Abrahara Lotz, and Benjamin Goldsmith ; associate judges, James Graves, and Enoch Bowden; clerk, Christopher Hanna; sheriff, Henderson Graves. James Graves did not accept the office of judge, and Obadiah Winters was subsequently chosen. The first term of the circuit court in Jay county was held on the seventeenth day of April, 1837, at the house of Henry H. Cuppy; Hon. Charles W. Ewing, of Fort Wayne, presiding. With the proper government, and with aU the elements of success, the energetic pioneers of Jay County were not slow in the battle of general improvements. Their progress has been steady, and as rapid as could be desired. The surface of the county has no very distinguishing features. It is, perhaps, as level as any portion of the State, though in places it is beauti fully roUing. No portion of the county has a poor soil, yet in many places the land had to be drained before it was pro ductive. Originally the forests of the county contained an abundance of excellent lumber, including oak, ash, walnut, 538 mSTOET OF INDIAIiA. hickory and beech, the two latter greatly predominating. In most parts of the county the farmers are prosperous, having already accumulated an independence, consisting of a well improved farm, a good residence, commodious homes, fine stock, and general thrift. The rural districts have, for the most part, good schools. Great advancement has been made in this direction during the last five years, and still greater progress will be made in the next five. Portland, the county seat, is a thriving town, having excel lent school advantages, an energetic population, good public improvements, and the elements of future prosperity. It is surrounded by a rich agricultural district, and cannot fail to increase in wealth and population. CHAPTEE LXXIV PUTNAM COUNTT INDIANA A8BUET UNI"VEESITT. PUTNAM county was named in honor of General Israel _Putnam, of revolutionary fame. The surface in the northern and eastern parts of the county, is, in some places, level, and in others gently undulating, and before being im proved was quite wet. In the centre and southwest it is roll ing, and in the vicinity of the streams is, in places, quite hiUy, yet but few of the hills are too steep to be cultivated. The prevailing timber is beech, sugar tree, walnut, ash, oak and poplar. The soil is, in general, a black loam, but in some parts clayey. It is a good agricultural county, and has had good prosperity, both in wealth and population. Greencastle is the county seat, and is a thri"ring to"wn of about four thousand five hundred inhabitants, with good pub lic improvements and educational facilities. The chief attrac tion of the place is the Indiana Asbury University. The to"wn has excellent railroad facilities. PUTNAM COUNTT — ASBUET UNIVEESITT. 539 The Indianapolis, Vandalia and St. Louis Eailroad inter sects its southern, and the Indianapolis and St. Louis Eailroad its northern limits. The Louisville, New Albany and Chicago Eailroad crosses the former a mile and a half to the southwest, and passing through the western border of the city, it crosses the latter a half mile north of the public square. These three railroads, by means of their numerous connections, afford almost hourly coramunication with all portions of the coun try, and render the site particularly eligible for an institution of learning. The city extends over a high plateau, bounded by the several railroads, a Uttle more than a mile square. The founders of the university were fortunate in selecting for ite situation a place so admirably fitted by nature to all the pur poses of educational demand. The citizens, through the lapse of the years, have added to its natural advantages whatever industry and taste could effect With salubrity of atmosphere, purity of water, and the uniformly large grounds connected with the homes of the people, the city has been reputable for its healthfulness, and rendered desirable as a place of residence. The attractions of the place have been such as to allure a class of inhabitants very superior in their intelligence, morals and rank in social life. While the university is freely open to all persons of what ever religious education and preference, it is yet under the more particular patronage, and in the interest of the Meth odist Episcopal Church. By the conditions of its organic law, it is under the supervision, in very important regards, of the several annual conferences of Indiana. These conferences have representation in its joint board of trustees and visitors, of equal numbers of ministers and laymen. The trustees are twenty-one in number, and have full authority over all the interests of the institution. There are nine visitors, clerical representatives of the conferences, who are associated with the trustees with full advisory powers, but voting only on ques tions concerning the election and dismissal of the faculty. As early as in 1830, a resolution was adopted by the Indiana Annual Conference to establish within its territory an institu tion of learning of liberal character. For reasons of ecdnomy, 540 HISTOET OF INDIANA. efforts were repeatedly made to arrange for the joint manage ment of the State university on terms that would adequately meet the increasing demand of the church, which was spread ing rapidly, under the vigorous energy of an itinerant minis try, over every portion of the country. Failing, however, in the consumraation of this plan, an appeal was made to the legislature, and a charter was granted by the session of 1836-7. The first meeting of the board of trustees was held in March, 1837, at which the organization of a preparatory department was authorized, in which instruction should be given in all the branches usually pursued in that grade of schools. This work was effected in June, 1837, by Cyrus Nutt, D. D., LL.D., at this date president of Indiana State University. An edi fice suitable for collegiate purposes being necessary for the prosecution of the enterprise, the foundations were com menced about the time of organizing the preparatory classes, and the corner-stone was formally laid June twenty-first, 1837, Bishop Henry Boseau officiating. In 1839, the regular col legiate classes were formed and placed under the direction of an able faculty of instruction. This university sent out from these classes its first graduates, three in number, in June, 1840; since which period, there have been annual additions to the lists of its alumni, who, in gradual yet constantly increased numbers, have swelled to an aggregate in 1876 of five hundred and eighty-one. In 1866, by a formal act of the board of trustees, ladies were admitted to the privileges of the institution. They were invited to all the departments of instruction, and with no discriminations, subject to the same requirements and dis ciplines, and eligible to the same distinctions and lessons that at other periods were offered only for the advantage of gentle men. Already large numbers have availed themselves of these liberal privileges in both the preparatory and collegiate depart ments, and nineteen have passed, by excellence in scholarly attainment, to their graduation. Two of these graduates have won distinction in their respective classes. By the terms of the charter, the institution is invested with full university powers, so that the board have authority to ASBUET UNIVEESITT. 541 establish the complete circle of schools comprehended in the representative university. On November first,1848, a medical college was organized, with a large corps of learned and experienced practitioners retained as its faculty. This department of the university was con tinued with energy and success during three years, ha"ving its seat of operation at Indianapolis, under the conviction that facilities for medical learning could be had more advan tageously in the midst of a large population. During this period, about fifty persons, having completed satisfactorily the prescribed course of lectures and examinations, were grad uated into the medical profession. A department of law was established in July, 1846, with Hon. E. W. Thompson, professor elect, at its head, and has been continued, "with occasional interruptions and varying encouragement, until the present year (1875). An aggregate of fifty-six have completed the entire course usually required for practice in the legal profession. Many of them have proved their ability by the eminent positions an intelligent people have awarded them as a popular recognition of their merit. Because of limited funds, the university has, how ever, been devoting its strength chiefiy to intellectual culture. This, with Biblical literature, embracing under the terra the Hebrew language and Old Testament criticism and exegesis — also the Greek Testament with criticism and exegesis — has rec^ved greatest attention, and hereafter to this class of instruction will the resources of the university be particularly devoted. In this field of endeavor has it achieved its enviable reputation among the- institutions of the continent. Such, doubtless, will be the policy of the future, exclusively. Since the State has undertaken to supply the demand for medical and legal knowledge, and from its treasury for this purpose appropriates liberal sums annually, it is deeraed to be the dic tation of "wisdom that this institution of the church should have a more exclusive consecration to that which is disciplin ary and non-professional. It is proposed, however, in any event, that the work of Biblical instruction shall receive increased attention. This comes legitimately within the pur- 642 HISTOET OF INDIANA. pose and intent of the founders, and accords strictly witli the requirement of the church under whose patronage it comes. To this extent and in this way may its work be deemed pro fessional. Two departments of instruction are provided for, the pre paratory and collegiate. The forraer extends through a period of two years. The course of study consists of the elements of the classic languages, and the mathematics, including algebra, complete. This part of the course is fully equal to the requi sites for admission into first-class New England colleges. To these are added Latin, prose composition, rhetorical lessons, Araerican history, and American antiquities. The condition of public education is such, that to discontinue the department of preparatory study, would be disastrous to the interests of higher education. It is a singular fact that the high schools of the country furnish very few students to collegiate classes; once graduated from the comparatively limited courses there pursued, they at once enter their respective avocations of life. The Indiana high schools usually make no provision for instruction in the Greek language, for the reason, probably, that the masses of the people have not and do not require it. Every aspirant for a thorough higher education, however, wishing to have an acquaintance with that branch of learning, the university has not sympathized in the least with the sug gestions of some of the leaders of public school education of the State, to dispense with this language frora the requireraents of collegiate preparation. It has been believed, rather, that to act under this suggestion would be to reduce disastrously the standard of mental culture, and discriminate far too greatly against the dignity and real worth of classic learning. It is believed also that to abate such preparatory classic require ments, would be to deter effectually many from an extended course of study, especially in the classics, who otherwise would be infiueneed to pursue it. Certain it is, that the proposed plan does discriminate, in the popular interpretation, to a very great extent, against a liberal classical education. The decision and sufficient proof is, as it seems to the greater number of collegiate educators, the facts connected with those seats of ASBUET UNIVEESITT. 543 collegiate learning where the suggestions alluded to have been adopted, and have been carried into practical effect. It has been thought advisable, therefore, as a wise economy of resources, that the faculty retain under their own exclusive management a preparatory school, adapting its course precisely to that required for the advanced classes. The collegiate department embraces a full four years curri culum, and consists of nine professorships: the mental and moral, natural science, Greek language and literature, Latin language and literature, belles-lettres aud history, modern lan guage and Hebrew, mathematics, ci"ril law, and Biblical litera ture. Provision is made for instruction in the Anglo Saxon, in connection "with the chair of belles-lettres and history. In connection with the chairs of Greek, Latin, and modern lan guages, instruction is afforded in the Sanskrit, Spanish and Italian languages. Physics is taught in connection with the natural sciences. It is understood that a donation of $25,000, by Eobert StockweU, Esq., in the latter part of 1874, is expressly for the support of a professor of systematic and prac tical divinity. This fact, together with the large demand exist ing for instruction in these branches of study, will, no doubt, result in the creation of the proposed chair at the earliest meet ing of the board of trustees, which will occur in June, 1875. The course of study in all the professorships, respectively, is remarkable for the fact that nearly everything has been excluded that is not of a strictly educating character. It is the aim to supply facilities whose use shall result in substan tial discipline. The faculty and board of trustees agree fully in the policy which should be pursued in executing the educa tional trust committed to them. They are of the conviction that he who is disciplined into ability to control the attention, and to think closely, can himself gain knowledge to any extent the exigencies of life may require. They have, therefore, con structed the work of the departments with the view of pro moting sound discipline, leaving the accumulation of knowl edge to the discretion and industry of the student, after he shaU haye taken his graduation. The result is that the meta physical philosophy, the classic languages, and mathematics. 544 HISTOET OF INDIANA. constitute a veiy large part of the undergraduate requisites The prescribed sciences are, for this reason, taught with the use of such authors, or texts, as treat their respective subjects under profound and exhaustive methods. They are encour aged to continue this plan of instruction by the success which has uniformly attended its practical operation in every period of the institution's history. Many scores of eminent men are numbered among the alumni, who have gone from its halls at the several commence ments. These are represented in the public trusts, both civil and political, and equally in the responsible and successful industries of the country. The university has become distin guished as the educator of many of the most eloquent of ora tors; also raany of the most efficie*nt and reliable workers in both the cl lurch and state. In all these regards the institution has cause of congratulation, and can confidently point to the men educated under its direction — their learning — .their character — their power — their work, as the unquestioned proof of the excellence of its educational processes. No insti tution of learning in the entire country has made for itself a more brilliant record. In the respect of its educated men, strong and efficient in their respective spheres, Asbury Uni versity holds a high position among the colleges of the con tinent — the peer of the best — superior to most. Such is the meed of distinction the impartial discriminator yields, as justly due to the wise adjustments and thorough application of a well selected means of scholastic discipline. The endowment of the university is $212,000, the greater portion of which is profitably invested. Of this amount, $75,000 are the gift of Eobert StockweU, Esq., of La Fayette, and consisted of first mortgage bonds of the IndianapoUs, La Fayette, and Chicago railroad, with two thousand doUars accrued interest in addition. Fifty thousand dollars, and the two thousand doUars interest, by the direction of the donor, go into the general fund for endowment purposes ; twenty -five thousand dollars, was a special direction, and is intended to be the nucleus of a foundation for a theological departm.ent; the balance of the fund, one hundred and thirty-five thousand ASBUBT TINIVBK8ITT. 545 dollars, was procured, with possibly very smaU contributions excepted, by the sale of scholarships. Early in the history of the institution, an attempt was made to make sale of scholar ships at the rate of five hundred dollars each, with the hope that, by such sales, the necessary amount could be quickly secured. This proved a failure, the cost of the certificates being greater than the friends of the university could, at that day of comparative poverty in the development of the country, afford. In 1844, a plan was devised, adapted better to the ability of the people. Under this plan, certificates of tuition in perpetuity were issued for oue hundred dollars. At a later period still, certificates running through twelve years were issued for fifty dollars; six years, or one full course, prepara tory and collegiate, for twenty-five dollars. At these rates of cost, severaUy, scholarships were taken, amounting in the aggregate, in 1858, in cash and productive notes, to seventy- five thousand dollars. In the year 1866, marking the centenary period of the Methodist Episcopal Church as an organized body in the United States, a vigorous effort was again made to increase the funds of the institution. Appeals were made directly to the people for their contributions, by agents of the Indiana conferences, who, in prosecuting their work, canvassed the entire State. Scholarships were issued, meanwhile, to any contributors who desired to use them, and whose contributions were sufficiently large to meet the conditions of their sale. The sum realized through this plan of operation amounts, in cash and notes, to sixty thousand doUars. Small portions of the fund are- not yet productive, and the productive portions are reaUzing for the purposes intended at different rates. The whole, however, is sufficient to yield an income equal to the essential demand of instruction. Having confidence in their ability to maintain their endowment and increase it in propor tion to any enlarged requirement that in any probability will arise, the board of trustees, at their annual meeting in June, 1874, declared that tuition shall be feee to all. This provision of free tuition appUes not alone to students in the regular classes of the university, but equaUy to all who are candidates for those classes in its preparatory school. To date 35 546 HlSrOET OF INDIANA. (collegiate year, 1874-6), four hundred and twenty-four are avaiUng themselves of these liberal allowances, and the num ber is very rapidly increasing. On December fiLfth, 1837, Eev, Joseph A. Tomlinson was elected to the chair of mathematics, and at the same meeting of the trustees, Eev. Cyrus Nutt was made professor of ancient languages, and principal of the preparatory department. Eev. Mr. Tomlinson declining to accept the chair of mathematics, it was tendered to Eev. Mathew Simpson, who also declined the position. The presidency was tendered to Mr. Tomlinson in 1838, but, decUning to accept which, it was offered, in 1839, to Mathew Simpson, who accepted the position, and served nine years in that capacity. During these nine years the institution was permanently endowed by the sale of scholar ships, and by donations to the araount of $50,000. In 1840, the faculty consisted of the president and the pro fessors of mathematics and natural science, the Latin and Greek languages, and two tutors. The course of study was raade equal to the older institutions, and was quickly brought up nearly to its present status, but little having been added since, except to the departments of EngUsh literature and natural science. Mathew Simpson, D.D., came to the presidency of the uni versity in 1839, was elected editor of the Western Christian Advocate in 1848, and bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 1852. In his administration he was positive and strict, yet kind and gentle, his most severely disciplined students generally loving him best, because btought to re pentance and reformation by his kind and firm exercise of authority. No man has been more popular, both among the students and citizens. Lucian W. Berry, D.D., succeeded to the administration in 1849. He came directly from the active itinerant ministry. He was strong in the pulpit and in extemporaneous discourse on the rostrum. He was known particularly for his wonderful power in exhortation. He was exact in the tone of the dis cipline he executed in the university, and precise in his own moral and Christian conduct. In the later years he became ASBUET UNrVEESriT. 547 sensitive to a fault by reason of protracted physical suffering. He went to the presidency of the Iowa Wesleyan University in 1864, and presently died in an attempt to establish an in stitution of learning of high grade in Missouri. Daniel Curry, D.D., succeeded Dr. Berry as president of the lyiiversity, in 1854. He was strict, fearless, almost rash, infiexible, estimating expediency as nothing in the alternative of right. He would compromise with no shadow of wrong, and his will was unconquerable. He was the man to quell a rebellion, at the same time that he was the very man under whom a rebellion would be most likely to occur. Dr. Curry resigned his position in the University in 1857, having held it for only three years, and, "within a brief period, was elected editor-in-chief of the Christian Advocate, in ]Sew Tork. Thomas Bowman, D.D., was president in 1858. A man of ta,c,t, affable, versatile, of unusual ability to utilize resources, exerting infiuence kindly, yet powerfully, he presided with great success over the work of the institution for fourteen years. In 1872, the general conference of the Methodist Epis copal Church gave him an election to the episcopacy, where he executed duty as properly as in the narrower sphere of the presidency. Take him, all in all, though not the most learned nor eloquent, yet, in the judgment of a discriminating public sentiment. Bishop Bowman overranks any of his predecessors in the elements of popular character and of efficiency in work. Many men of note have had part in the work of the univer sity, either as trustees, agents, or in other positions of respon sibility. Isaac Owen deserves very honorable mention. A man of energy and steady faith, he successfuUy sold scholar ships, at one hundred dollars each, for the endo"wment of the institution. He was without a liberal education, but self- educated in theology, and a ready and constant reader of the scriptures in Greek, eccentric and unpoUshed, yet commanding great respect. In terms not greatly dissimilar should allusion be made to Samuel C. Cooper, Daniel DeMotte, and Aaron Wood, who, in the agency of the institution, did excellent service. In the list of men who have honored the university by liieir attentions and counsel, the names of Calvin Fletcher, 648 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Joseph A. Wright, Tilman A. Howard, Austin W. Morris, Alfred Harrison, F. C. Holliday, John L. Smith, Henry S. Lane, Williamson Terrell, John Ingle, W. C. DePauw, Asa Iglehart, David McDonald, John A. Matson, T. J. Sample, S. W. Parker, G. M. Beswick, E. G. Wood, AUan Wiley, Bishop Ames, John Wilkins, Isaac C. EUston, Bishop Eoberts, A. C. Downey, W. H. Goode, Calvin Eutter, D. L. Southard^ WiU. Cumback, and many mo];e ranking among the nobiUty of the State. Among the alumni should be named: James H^arlan, dis tinguished for his career in public life ; Newton Booth, govemor of California and United States senator; Thomas Goodwin, W. H. Larrabee, Joseph Glenn, James P. Luse, W. H. Barnes, Henry Benson, George B. Jocelyn, Oliver S. Munsell, George W. Hoss, Samuel Lattimore, Philip GiUette, and many others in literatui'e, authorship, and the practical professions. Many represent the university in the learned professions and in political life ; many are in military life. During the period of the great rebellion, the classes of the university were nearly deserted, by students volunteering. The same was substan tially true in the Mexican war. Among the distinguished spepialists, it is but just to mention Elkanoh Williams, of Cincinnati, who stands quite at the head of the celebrated oculists. Not invidiously, but as justly indicating the notable legal record of very many of the alumni, may be mentioned tiie names of Albert G. Porter, James Mcintosh, Daniel W. Voor hees, John W. Eoy, John Hanna, John S. Torkington, Wm. P. Hargrave, H. C. Gooding. A very large proportion of the alumni have entered the work of the Christian ministry, chiefly as it is prosecuted under the methods of the itinerancy in the Methodist Epis copal Church. CHAPTEE LXXV. CONCLUSION OF COUNTT SKETCHES. IT was our original intention to make the sketches of the counties merely descriptive, except those in which are located the oldest landmarks of pioneer life, as with Allen, Tippecanoe, Vigo, Knox, Clarke, and other counties. The foUowing are descriptive sketches of the counties not men tioned in the preceding chapters: ADAMS COUNTY. This county was named in honor of President Adams. The surface is level, being beautifully undulating in some quarters'. There are no barren lands, and but little wet prairie. There is a considerable portion of bottom lands, but the greater por tion of the county is upland, heavily timbered. In some of the wet prairies of this county we find the water-shed from which the waters mn both toward the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi. In these swampy sections are definable traces of beaver dams. The soil is mixed clay and marl, and is said to improve with continued cultivation. Timber was originally in abundance, consisting of oak, hickory, buckeye, ash, beech, elm, lynn, walnut, sycamore, poplar, and cottonwood. The principal water courses are tbe Wabash and St. Mary's rivers. In this county they are about equal in size, their average breadth being about one hundred and fifty feet. The St. Mary's was formerly navigated by fiat boats, but is now obstructed with mill dams. This county has made good progress in agriculture, com merce and education. Decatur is the county seat, and is but (549) 550 HISTOET OF INDIANA. twenty-one miles from Fort Wayne. It is a flourishing city, •with exceUent incorporated schools, substantial buildings, weh kept streets, and thri"ving commercial interests, with good railroad facilities. BLACKFOED COUNTT. Blackfoed county was named in honor of Judge Blackford, one of the pioneer judges of Indiana. The surface of this county differs but slightly from that of Adams. It is quite level, and in some places gently undulating. The soil is good and well adapted to the cultivation of wheat, rye, corn, oats. potatoes, etc. The exports consist of wheat, cattle, horses, and hogs. The soil is well watered by the Salamonie and Lick creeks, the former a splendid manufacturing stream. With the exception of the wet prairies, the surface was principally all upland, heavily timbered with oak, ash, beech, poplar, sugar tree, walnut, hickory, cherry, etc. The first settlement in the county was made in 1835, by Mr. John Blount. In 1837, a colony of emigrants from Vermont settled in the founty, and laid off the town of Montpelier, named in honor of the capital of their native State. Hartford City is the county seat of Blackford county, and is one of the most enterprising towns of northeastern Indiana. It has ample railroad facilities, bringing it in direct com munication with Indianapolis, Chicago, Cincinnati, ToleJio, and all the great commercial centers of the northwest. This place affords a splendid opportunity for the investment of capital and skilled labor. Generally speaking, tbe county has made good progress in agricultural pursuits, in commerce, and. education. The schools are exceUent. Land is cheap ani productive, and there are many inducements for new settlers to locate in Blackford county. Montpelier, another incorporated town in this county, is, if possible, still more enterprising than Hartford City. While second to the latter in population, it is fully up in commercial industry, and is destined to be the leading commercial and manufacturing mart of the county. BKNTON OOUNTT. 551 BENTON COUNTT. This county was named in honor of Thomas H. Benton, a Missouri senator. The surface of the county may be described by saying, that it is one grand continuous prairie, being an extention of the grand lUinois prairie. The soil is exceedingly fertile. Many parts were originally very wet, but a system of drainage has been adopted which will ultimately result in bringing nearly all the surface into cultivation. Pine creek is the only stream worthy of mention. It runs southerly, and empties its waters into the Wabash river. The northern por tion of the county is watered by tributaries of the Iroquois river. Stock raising is one of the principal industries of the county. The county is excellently adapted to grazing, and some of the finest droves of cattle produced in the west are annually shipped from this county to the eastern markets. Oxford, formerly the county seat, is situated, in the south- ' eastern part of the county, and on a high prominence over looking the surrounding country. Although not a very large to"wn, it is rapidly developing, and "will soon become an irapor tant commercial centre. Its schools are well provided with suitable buildings and efficient teachers, and are in a state of prosperity. The schools of the county, for the most part, are equal to the average. Oxford has good railroad outlets, being situated on the LaFayette, Muncie and Bloomington railroad, and is within two miles of the junction of this road "with the C. L. & C. railroad, for Chicago and Cincinnati. Fowler, the present county seat, was first laid out in Feb ruary, 1872, by Moses Fowler and Adams Earl, Esqrs., of LaFayette. Originally covering a plat one-half mile square, it has since been increased to one mile square. It is situated exactly in the centre of the county, and on the Cincinnati, LaFayette and Chicago railroad, or what is popularly called the " Kankakee Eoute." The county seat was removed from Oxford and located here in 1874, after a bitter legal litigation with the former place. The first court was held in December, 1874, in the new and elegant court house, mainly built by private means ahd enter- 552 msTOET OF Indiana. prise. The town is improving rapidly, and already possesses a number of prominent business firms, a bank doing a thriv ing business, a fine hotel, a newspaper office, a large and com modious graded school building, and two church edifices. Earl Park, located northwest of Fowler, on the same road, is another fast growing town. This town was laid out by Adams Earl and A. D. Eaub, Esqrs., and bids fair to take rank with the foremost to"wns of this section of the State. The streets are beautifully laid out and graded; they are eighty feet "wide, and have a row of fine shade trees bordering on each side and through the centre, a feature rarely met with in the west, and which will ultimately render these streets beautiful and pleasant beyond description. BEOWN COUNTT. Beown county was named in honor of General Jacob Brown, one of the heroes of the war of 1812. The surface is generally hilly, but the hills are interspersed with many bottoms, consti tuting about one-third of the whole surface. Originally the hills were covered with an abundance of exceUent timber, con sisting of white ash, chestnut, oak, and hickory. In the bottoms it was walnut, poplar, sugar tree, hackberry, cherry, buckeye, elm, etc. Corn is the staple production in the bot toms, while wheat, oats, grass, etc., grow well on the hills. Nashville, the county seat, is a small town, but contains in and around it the elements of prosperity. Within the last few years its schools have been placed on a sound footing, and are now a credit to the place. Its commercial interests are grow ing rapidly. The county is, in one sense, a wealthy one. The farmers are rapidly gaining an independence, improving their farms, houses, etc. The county schools are rapidly improving. CEAWFOED COUNTT. This county was named in memory of the unfortunate Colonel William Crawford, the land agent of General Wash ing-ton in the West, who was captured by the hostile Indians aii(.l burnt at Sandusky, in 1782. The surface of this county is DAVIESS OOUNTT. 563 very uneven and broken. Blue river is the only stream of importance. Along this river the soil is exceUent, but in the interior it is not so good. Oak and poplar timber is found in great abundance. The principal agricultural productions are the same as those of the other counties. Coal and iron ore abound in the western part of the county. Blue river affords many fine mill sites, most of which are improved; but the chief object of attraction in the county is the celebrated Wyandotte cave. It has been explored for over nineteen miles. Its greatest height is two hundred and forty-five feet, and greatest "width three hundred feet. It is located on the border of Harrison and Crawford counties, or near the border of the former, in Jennings township, in the latter county. Leavenworth, the county seat, is on the Ohio river. Its growth has been substantial rather than rapid. It has good schools, and its pubUc improvements are increasing in value and usefulness. DAVIESS COUNTT. This county bears the name of Colonel Daviess, who fell in the battle of Tippecanoe. The soil of the county is varied, but rich, and' weU adapted to the growth of articles usually cultivated in the West. The White river bottoms have a rich, black loam, in some places slightly sandy, which produces magnificent crops of corn and other grain. These bottoms were originally heavily timbered, and along the west fork, are from one to two miles wide; on the east fork, about half that width. The northeastern portion of the county is rolling, and heavily timbered; the northwestern portion is level and inter spersed with prairies and skirts of timber; the centre is level barrens; the south and east, rolling, with formefly heavy tim ber. Formerly, this county presented some magnificent forests of walnut and beach, and other timber. Washington is the county seat of Da-riess county. It is a small town, but full of life and thrift, surrounded by a rich and fertile district, with good railroad facilities; in the near future it cannot fail to grow and prosper. It has good incor- 554 HISTOET OF INDIANA. porated schools. The district schools of the county are fuUy up to the average. DEAEBOEN COUNTT. Deabboen county was named in honor of General Henry Dearborn, at that time secretary of war. The bottom lands on the Ohio, Miami and Whitewater rivers, about fifteen thou sand acres in all, and the west and northwest portions of the county, are level and slightly undulating; the other portion of the surface is broken and hilly. The land in the vicinity of the rivers and creeks, both in the bottoms and on the hills, is rich and fertile, being unsurpassed in value for agricultural purposes in the State. The interior is well adapted to hay, wheat, etc. Lawrenceburgh, the county seat, is located on the Ohio river, and on the Ohio & Mississippi and Cincinnati, IndianapoUs & Chicago railroads. It is quite an important railroad station, and a growing commercial centre. Its educational facilities are good. Dearborn county has made considerable progress iu agriculture and commerce. DECATUE COUNTT. This county bears the name of the gallant Commodore Stephen Decatur. The surface is level and slightly rolling. There are no prairie lands. The bottoms are not extensive, but very fertile. On sorae of the streams the land is hilly. The soil of the ilpland is a rich, black lop.m, and the timber consists mostly of ash, poplar, walnut, sugar tree, oak and beech. Along the east and south borders of the county there are some wet lands, well adapted to grass, but not good for growing grain. The stone quarries of Decatur county afford substantial profit. The building stone of the county is inex haustible, and is being raised with good commercial results. The citizens of the county are a thrifty, intelligent set of men, awake to their own interests, and constantly developing the great resources of their county. Greensburgh is the county seat. It is located on the Indi- DKLAWAEE COUNTT. 555 anapolis, Cincinnati & La Fayette railroad, and, enjoying the productions of a rich agricultural region, blessed with ener getic citizens, it is growing rapidly. Already it is a flourish ing place, having excellent schools and good public improve ments. DE KALB COUNTT. This county was named in honor of General DeKalb, a Eevolutionary officer of German descent, who was killed in the battle of Camden. The surface of the county is gently undu lating, and, with the exception of some low, wet lands, was originally covered with timber. The St. Joseph runs about twelve miles through the southeast corner of the county, while the other portions are well watered by Cedar creek and its tributary streams. The timber is of an excellent quality, and the soil cannot be excelled by any land in the State. It is being extensively cultivated, -with good results fbr the husband man. The county is divided into nine townships. Union being the centre, in which is located Auburn, the county seat, a small but thrifty to-wn. It is located on the Fort Wayne, Jackson & Saginaw railroad. The county is young, but in a very flour ishing condition. DELAWAEE COUNTT. This county was given its present name on account of its being the home of a large tribe of the Delawares. The surface is quite level', with but slight undulations. Small, wet prairies abound in the county to one-twelfth of the extent of the surface; but these, besides affording good pasturage, are tillable with the slight expense of drainage. Timber was formerly very plenty in this county, and of the best quality. Almost every foot of land in the county is adapted to farming. White river in the centre, Mississinewa in the north. Buck creek, and their numerous tributaries, supply the county abundantly with water power. It was in this county where the Prophet, brother of Tecum- 656 HISTOET OF INDIANA. seh, resided; and there, until it fell by decay, emoc iuc pool at which he caused his enemies, whiles and InOlans, to oe tor tured. David Conner, an Indian trader, was the flrsC white raan to settle in the county; others soon followed, ana all have become independent and wealthy. Muncie is the county seat. It is a city of aliout four thou sand five hundred inhabitants, an enterprising commercial and manufacturing centre. It is located on the C, C, C. & I. and Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati railroads. Having all the advantages of a rich agricultural section around it, and being in direct communication with all the great cities of the north west by railroad, it will undoubtedly continue to prosper, and will ultimately attain to considerable importance. It has excellent schools. Indeed, the schools in the whole county are well conducted. DUBOIS COUNTT. This county was named in honor of Tonssant Dubois, who had charge of the guides and spies in the Tippecanoe cam paign. The northwestern portion of the county is undulating; the other portions' level, and about one- fifth of the whole is in the bottoms of White river, Patoka and other streams. A greater portion of the county has an excellent soil. Consid erable portions of the surface are subject to inundation with the spring and fall freshets. There are no prairies in the county. Timber was originally abundant, consisting of wal nut, sugar, beech, hickory, poplar, and white and black oaks. The staple productions of the county are hogs, cattle, horses, com, etc. Among the material resources of the county, coal is abundant, and is already being mined with success. Coal mining is destined to become one of the great industries of the county, and will be conducted without injury to agricul ture. Jasper, the county seat, is a small but enterprising town. The county is making considerable progress in agriculture, mining and education. FA-TETTB OOTTNTT 557 FAYETTE COUNTT. This county was appropriately named in honor of the dis tinguished General La Fayette. The surface of the county is divided nearly in the centre by the west fork of White water, which is a very serviceable stream for manufacturing purposes. The surface of the county is roUing in the east and south, and level in the north and west, with a large pro portion of bottoms, and every part of the county is susceptible of profitable cultivation. The forests were originally dense and valuable, consisting principally of walnut, poplar, sugar, beech, hickory, oak, etc. The soil is very productive, and the labors of the husbandman are attended with substan tial rewards. The farmers of Fayette county are nearly aU wealthy. They have good residences, their farms are well improved, good school buildings grace every district, and a general thrift pervades the whole county. Conners-riUe, the county seat, is one of the finest towns in Indiana. It has a population of about four thousand, excel lent schools, good churches and fine public improvements. The city has ample railroad improvements, bringing it into direct communication with aU points of importance. The commercial and manufacturing interests of the city are in a flourishing condition. The citizens are a very intelligent class of people, full of the right sort of public spirit. FOUNTAIN COUNTT. , This county was so called in respect to Major Fountain, of Kentucky, who was killed at the head of the mounted militia, in the battle on the Maumee, near Fort Wayne, in 1790. The surface of the county is mostly level, though the central and southern parts are occasionally undulating; and it is beauti fuUy variegated -with heavy forests and rich prairies, which latter constitute about one-fourth of the county. The soil is generally a black loam, with a slight mixture of sand, and is very fertUe, producing exceUent crops of wheat and corn. In the southem part of the county there is a preponderance of day, and the soil there is consequently better adapted to wheat 558 HISTOET OF INDIANA. and grass. There was originally an abundance of timber, con sisting of poplar, sugar, beech, oak, walnut and hickory. Co-vington, the county seat, is a thriving to-wn on the Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western Eailway. Attica is another smart town in this county. It is located on the Toledo, Wabash and Western Eailway. The county has made great improvement during the last decade, both in the growth of its towns and the general developments of the farming districts. The schools are efficient and prosperous. FEANKLIN COUNTY. This county was named in honor of the distinguished Benjamin Franklin. The northeast portion is level, the cen tral and western portions rolling, and in many places quite hilly. The timber, which was originaUy plenty, consists of oak, sugar, beech, hickory and black walnut. The soil is gen erally good. A considerable portion of the county is bottom land, lying along White river and it branches. These bottoms are, as usual, a very rich soil, well adapted to the growth of corn. The uplands are better adapted to the growth of wheat and grass. The farming interests of the county are fuUy up to those of other counties in the State. This county has some interesting antiquarian features. There are numerous mounds of earth and structures of stone, imbedded in the earth, and prepared with apparent skill, so that the deposits of some very distant period are found in a remarkable state of preservation. Franklin county has all the natural elements for success, and is rapidly increasing in population and wealth. BrookviUe, the county seat, is located on the Whitewater division of the Indianapolis, Cincinnati and La Fayetrte Eail way. It is an enterprising, educational town, rapidly increas ing in population, wealth and importance. FULTON COUNTY. This county was named in honor of Eobert Fulton, the inventor of the steamboat. The surface of the county is level, with the exception of a range of hiUs along the north GlBeON COUNTY. 559 bank of the Tippecanoe river. The north and east portions of the county were originally covered with a dense and valua ble forest. The soil is generally very rich and fertile, and weU adapted to the growth of wheat and corn, and other grains. The county is weU watered by the Tippecanoe river, and by MiU, Mud, Owl and Chipwamunc creeks. Eochester, the county seat, is located near the centre of the county, in direct railroad communication with Indianapolis and Chicago. It is a thriving town of about two thousand five hundred inhabitants. It possesses fair publie improve ments, good schools and churches, and shows the effects of a liberal spirit and enterprise on the part of its citizens. About two miles east of Eochester is located the famed " Lake Man- itou," or " Devil's Lake." It covers an area of about thirteen hundred acres, and is about two and one half miles long. Many tales are told by some of the most substantial and reliable citizens, of an immense fish, or " devil-like " monster being seen at various times, in the night, and at a spot in the lake where bottom has never been found, although many efforts to reach it have been made. A legend has been handed down through several generations, by the Indians, to the effect that a party of their people, encamping on the east side of the lake, were surprised during the night by this monster, and after a desperate encounter, were all destroyed and dragged into the lake. Ever after this event, no Indian could be per suaded to go onto the lake. A fine mill stream flows from this lake — being fed by springs — which affords power for several large fiouring mills in the town of Eochester. The county has made considerable advance in the several indus tries. GIBSON COUNTY. This county was named in honor of General John Gibson, secretary of the territory from 1801 to 1816, and repeatedly acting governor in the absence of Governor Harrison. The surface of the county is pleasantly undulating. A consider able portion of the soil is river bottoms on the Wabash, Patoka and White rivers. The balance was originally heavily 660 msiosT OF indlana. timbered with walnut, beech, hickory, ash, oak, etc. The soil is generaUy loam and sand, and very productive in corn, wheat and oats. Princeton is the county seat. It is a thriving town, contain ing between two and three thousand inhabitants, located on the Crawfordsville and EvansviUe railroad, affording commu nication to the northem cities, and southern ports, via Ohio and Mississippi railroad. It has exceUent school facilities, fine churches, and good public improvements. The citizens are enterprising, and take a just pride in the growth of their city. GEANT COUNTY. This county was named in honor of Captain Samuel Grant and Moses Grant, who were killed in 1789, in a battle with the Indians, near the creek since called by their name, in the northeast part of Switzerland county. The surface of the county is quite level, except a strip along the Mississinewa river, where it is decidely rolling. It was originaUy heavily timbered. The soil, without exception, is rich, and well adapted to the cultivation of grain, grass, fruit, etc. The farmers of the county are all blessed with abundant harvests; they are growing wealthy and independent. Marion, a town of two thousand five hundred inhabitants, is the county seat, and a thrifty place. It has excellent rail road facilities, good schools, and, being surrounded -with a fertile region of country, is destined to have a continuous growth. Jonesboro is another thriving town in 'this county. HAMILTON COUNTY. This county bears the name of Alexander Hamilton, the first secretary of the United States treasury, under Washing ton. The surface of the county is level in some parts, and gently undulating in others, and the soil, without any excep tion, is excellent, being well adapted to either corn, grain, or grass. There are, along White river, some dry, rich prairies, and, at the heads of Cicero and Stoney creeks, some wet ones, but they are quite small. The balance of the county was HANCOCK OOUNTT. ' 561 originaUy heavily timbered, with a good proportion of oak, poplar, walnut, sugar, hickory, and beech. This is one of the finest farming counties in Indiana, and most of the farmers have become wealthy. Noblesville is the county seat. It is located in the centre of the county, and is a thriving town, with a population of about two thousand. It has good railroad faciUties, good schools, and its public improvements will compare favol-ably with other towns of equal population. There are quite a large nuraber of Friends in Hamilton county. They have done rauch to develop the resources of that section. HANCOCK COUNTT. Hancock county bears the name of John Hancock, the signer of the Declaration of Independence. The surface of the county is level, except in the vicinity of the water courses, where it is undulating. The county was originally heavily timbered. The soil is rich, and the only impediment to agri culture, was the wetness of some sections. This difficulty is being obviated by a system of drainage. Corn and wheat growing are the staple industries of the county, as also is the raising of horses, hogs, and cattle. Greenfield is the county seat, and is a prosperous town, of nearly two thousand inhabitants. It is located on the Pitts burgh, Cincinnati, and St. Louis railroad, twenty-one miles east of the capital. The town has good schools, is rapidly in- . creasing in wealth and population, and is cultivating a spirit of pubUc improvements. The county, generaUy speaking, has made good progress. HAEEISON COUNTT. This county was named for our own General William Henry Harrison. The surface of the county and character of the soil are diversified. " The chain of knobs on the east, the river hiUs, and many places along Indian creek and Blue river, present as fine scenery as can- be found in any part of the State. The bottoms, valleys, and a portion of the upland are 36 562' HISTOEY OF INDIANA. fertile, and were originally well timbered, but some of the barrens have many ¦ sink-holes,' in which are frequently en trances to immense caverns, and in many places the soil is very thin. Six miles west of Corydon is Wilson's spring, sixty feet in diameter, and, though it has been sounded over four hundred feet, no bottom has been found. It rises from a solid rock, id a level spot of land, and it affords a sufficient amount of water to turn a valuable fiour mill. Pitman's cave, in the. same neighborhood, has been explored about two and a half miles, and is frequently visited. The descent to this cave is about twenty feet perpendicular; it then extends off horizon tally." Harrison county is one of the oldest in the State, and Corydon, the county seat, is one of the oldest towns in Indiana. It was the capital of the State for several years, or until the capital was permanently located at Indianapolis. Around it centre some of the earliest territorial legislation. It was at Corydon where the constitution convention of 1816 was held, when the first State constitution was framed. Corydon, the county seat, is a town of over one thousand. It has grown but little during the last twenty years. How ever, its growth has been substantial, and its improvements permanent. JASPEE COUNTT. This county bears the narae of Sergeant Jasper, of Carolina, who died in defense of his country in the war of the revolution. The surface of the county is generally level, consisting mostly. of dry and wet prairies, interspersed with small groves of timber, usually known as oak openings. A large portion of the soil is very fertile, and well adapted to the production of wheat, oats, corn, grass, etc. It is a very fine grazing county, and horses, cattle, and sheep are raised with considerable profit. Eensselaer, the county seat, is a living town, with good public improvements. Eeraington is another enterprising town in Jasper county. JEFFEESON COUNTT. This county was named in honor of Thomas Jefferson, the JENNINGS COUNTT. 563 third president of the United States. It presents a great variety of soil and surface. " The bottoras on the Ohio, and along the principal creeks, are a rich loam, mixed with sand, and the lofty and steep hills near thera have also a rich soil. On the table lands, back of the hills, there is more clay ; and still further in the interior a considerable portion of the land is nearly level, covered mostly with beech timber — unfit for corn or grain, and suitable only for grass. About one-half of the county is of this character." Madison, the county seat of Jefi'erson county, is located on the Ohio, and at the terminus of the Madison division of the Jeffersonville, Madison, and IndianapoUs railroad. It ranks among the most iraportant river cities, having a population of over thirteen thousand, and immense manufacturing and commercial interests. The public improvements are good, its educational facilities excellent. The growth of Madison has not been rapid, but it has been substantial. JENNINGS COUNTT. This county bears the name of Jonathan Jennings, the first govemor of the State of Indiana. Near the streams the surface of the county is hilly and broken, and moderately fertile, except in the beech flats, at the head of the streams, where it is only flt for grass. There is an abundance of excel lent timber in the county, of which large quantities are ' exported. There are also good quarries of lime stone, from which the interior of the State is largely supplied. Vernon, a thriving town in the center of the county, is the seat of justice of Jennings county, but North Vernon, in Center township, is the largest town, having a population of over two thousand, good public improvements, excellent school facilities, and increasing commercial interests. The county is a good one, farming is profitable, and the farmers are prosperous. It is traversed by three railroads. KOSCIUSKO COUNTT. This county bears the name of the PoUsh soldier and patriov who served in the American army in the war of the revolu- 564 HISTOET OF INDIANA. tion. The surface of the county is level and gently undu lating. About two-thirds of the surface was originally covered with good timber, and it has generally a very rich soil; one- half of the balance is oak openings. The remaining portion is dry and wet prairies, of which the Turkey creek prairie, comprising an area of ten sections, is among the most fertile and beautiful land in the State — now all in a high state of cultivation. The soil is best adapted to wheat, oats, and corn. Near the head of Tippecanoe, Turkey creek, and other streams, there are quite a number of beautiful lakes, covering in all, probably twenty-five thousand acres. They are abundantly filled with fish. Warsaw, the county seat, is beautifully situated between Pike and Eagle lakes, in the southern part of the county, on the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad, and is the terminus of a road running north to Goshen and Elkhart. It has a population of nearly four thousand, and is rapidly increasing in wealth and population. LA GEANGE COUNTT. This county was named in respect to the residence of General La Fayette, in France. About' two-thirds of the county is what was usually known to pioneers as "barrens," or oak openings, one-tenth is prairie, and the balance thick timber. The face of the county is mostly level, though in some places it is broken and gently undulating. The soil in the openings is a sandy loam; in the openings there is a heavy mixture of clay. The former is well adapted to wheat; the latter to wheat, corn, grass and oats; and the prairies to wheat and corn.* La Grange, the county seat, is situated in the center of the county, on the Grand Eapids and Indiana railroad. It is a thrifty town of about two thousand inhabitants. Further north, on the same road, is Lima, a smart town of nearly one * We have been directed, somewhat, in our observations touching the soil and surface of the several counties, by the " Indiana State Atlas," published by Asher, Adams & Higgins, New York. LA POETE COUNTY. 565 thousand inhabitants. La Grange county has made good progress. LAKE COUNTY. This county derives its narae from its close proximity to Lake Michigan. The northern portion of the county adjoining the lake for several miles inland, appears to be merely sand thrown up from the bed of the lake. It is mostly covered with dwarf pine and cedar, and the soil is of but little value. South of Turkey creek the soil is rich and alluvial; but the central part of the county is better adapted to grazing than grain, the soil being a mixture of clay, raarl, and black muck. Further to the south there is more sand, with a mixture of black loam, easy of cultivation ; and the various kinds of grain raised in the west are produced in abundance, and still further to the south, along the Kankakee, are extensive marshes. Crown Point, in Center township, is the county seat. It is a small but thriving town, with fair public improvements, and good educational facilities. LA POETE COUNTY. This is one of the finest counties in the State, and cental '^ one of the most prosperous towns in Indiana. The name given to the county is the French name of the beautiful lake included in it. The range of country east and west, from eight to twelve miles south-east of Lake Michigan, was origi nally timbered land, and parts of it are somewhat hilly, and the soil is mostly thin. The timber was mostly oak and hick ory. The level part was originally covered with beech, poplar, sugar, etc., and in the vicinity of the lake and Michigan City, are sand hills, originally covered with pine. The county south of the above, for six or eight railes in width, is gently undu lating prairie, interspersed with groves of timber and small lakes, which has a very rich soil. Still further south are the bur-oak openings,' a few dry prairies, and the Kankakee marshes, of which large portions are better for grazing than for grain. It is estimated that one hundred and eighty-eight 666 HISTOET OF INDIANA. sections of land lie in the different prairies in the county, the principal of which are Eolling, Door, La Porte, Stillwell, Domain, and Hog prairies, which,' with the exception of a few wet places, are well adapted to wheat, oats, corn, barleyj hemp, and vines, and garden vegetables of every description. Fruit succeeds well, and the wet. prairies, when drained, are excellent for grass. The oak openings are not inferior to the prairies ip respect to soil. La Porte, a fiourishing and prosperous city of over eight thousand inhabitants, is the county seat. It is located in Center township, and has excellent railroad facilities. Sur rounded by a rich agricultural district, with an abundance of good timber on every hand, it has all the elements of com mercial prosperity. In a Uterary and educational point, the city has made great progress. Its schools stand high, and are a credit to the great system of education of Indiana. Its public improveraents are exceUent, and, in every point La Porte is a prosperous and fiourishing city. The La Porte reading-room and natural history association attests the literary culture of its citizens. This institution was organized ajid incorporated in 1863; it started with seven hundred volumes, all standard works, and is, at the present tirae, in a high state of efficiency. Michigan City, in the northern part of the county, on the margin of Lake Michigan, is a very prosperous city of over five thousand inhabitants. All that can be said of the public improvements, educational facilities, and prosperity of La Porte, may, with propriety, be said of Michigan City. It is the gate to Lake Michigan commerce from Indiana, and, as such, must soon become a great com mercial city. MAEION COUNTT. Tms county was named in honor of General Francis Marion. It is the seat of the capital of the State,* and contains the great and prosperous city of Indianapolis. In the northern part of the county, near White river. Fall creek, and Eagle ¦* See Future Great Cities of Indiana, to find sketch of Indianapolis. MAESHALL COUNTT. 667 creek, is a rolling country, beautifully diversified with hills — and a smaU portion of the southwest of the county is of the sarae description; but the residue, with few exceptions, appears to be almost level, with slight ascents from the creeks. As farms are improved, they become dry, in most seasons, with very little draining. " One-third of the county, at least, is a kind of second bottom ; it was originally covered with large sugar trees, walnut, ash, white and burr oak, beech, and a few poplar." The soil in this section is a black loara, clay and sand, interraixed, and based on Umestone gravel four or five feet beneath the surface. This kind of land lies next to the streams, is easily farmed, and is very productive in corn, wheat, oats, potatoes, vines and fruits, and in fact all the articles usuaUy raised in the climate. Further back from the streams the timber is not so good ; the soil is a black rauck, based on clay, which, though at first not well adapted to corn, yet becomes so in most seasons. It improves with continued cultivation. Indianapolis is the county seat, of which we make further mention in the latter part of this work. MAESHALL COUNTT. This county was named in honor of Chief Justice Marshall. The surface of the county is generally level, though there are places in which it may be called rolling. About one-half of the county is timbered land ; the other half is oak openings or barrens, interspersed with wet and dry prairies, which are mostly of a small size, and in their vicinity are several small, beautiful lakes. The soil, where the land was originally tim bered, is very rich and fertile, as also in the prairies. In the barrens it is thinner, though yet a greater portion of them is well adapted to wheat, oats, and vines. This portion of the soil improves with continued cultivation. There are in this county rich beds of iron ore. Marshall county has already become one of the leading agricultural counties in Indiana. Plymouth, located in Centre township, is the county seat. It is one of the most enterprising towns in the State, has a population of over three thousand five hundred, and is rapidly 568 HISTOET OF INDIANA. increasing in wealth and importance. It has excellent railroad facilities, being located on the Pittsburgh, Fcrt Wayne & Chicago and the Chicago, Cincinnati & Louisville railroads. Bourbon is another smart town in this county. It is located on the railroad first raentioned. Tyner City and Argos are also sraart towns on the latter road. MAETIN COUNTT. This county was given its name in honor of Major Martin, of Newport, Ky. The face of the county is quite uneven. There are a number of hills, and the soil is of various qualities, but mostly clay. Nine-tenths of the county was originally timbered upland, the balance about equally divided between river bottoms and oak openings. Shoals, the county seat, is a thriving town, located on the Ohio & Mississippi railroad. It has good public improve ments, good schools, and is increasing in agricultural and com mercial importance, as is the whole county. NOBLE COUNTT. This county was named in honor of Noah Noble, Governor of the State of Indiana from 1831 to 1837. The face of the county is quite diversified, portions of it being nearly level, and other parts somewhat rolling or hiUy. About one-half is heavily timbered; the balance, with the exception of one prairie of four thousand acres, and several small ones, is oak openings. The soil is mostly a black loam mixed with sand; there is very little clay. In places, small, wet prairies are intermixed with small lakes and rolling, gravelly barrens, and the soil is poor; but generally the soil is rich, and well adapted to "w^heat, oats, and, in the timbered land, to grass. As a whole, the county is well adapted to agriculture, and the labors of the husbandman are fully rewarded. Albion, the county seat, is located in the centre of the county. It is a lively town, with good public improvements, excellent school advantages, and considerable commercial im portance. OEANGE COUNTY. 569 OEANGE COUNTY. This county was named after a county of North Carolina, in which many of the early settlers had previously resided. The south part of the county is hilly, and abounds with fine springs of water; the north is undulating.. About one-fifth of the county is bottom land, with a rich, fertile soil, and an equal araount of openings; the balance is uplands, and was origin ally heavily timbered with oak, hickory, poplar, ash, walnut, cherry, sugar and beech, and the soil well adapted to wheat, corn, oats, etc. There are many " sinks " in the county. " These, for the most part, have limestone for a base, where many of the streams and springs fall into the earth, and there find subterraneous passages, until they unite with larger streams or reappear with larger and stronger currents." Paoli, the county seat, is located in the centre of the county. It is a small town and is impro-ving in population and wealth rapidlv, with the country around it. The schools are iranrov- ing. PEEEY COUNTY. This county was named in honor of the gallant Comraodore Oliver H. Perry. With the exception of about twenty thou sand acres of bottom land, along the Ohio and Anderson rivers, and some tracts of wet beech lands at the heads of the streams, the balance of the county is very hilly. On the bottoras and a portion of the hill-sides and tops, the soil is rich, but much of the largest part of the county is what is usually denomi nated poor land, though there is but a sraall part of it which may not, with careful farming, be made productive. The timber is of an excellent quality; the best of oak and poplar are found on the hills, and in the bottoms sugar, beech,, ash and walnut. The surplus articles exported are corn, hay, pork, etc. The trade in wood and coal for the Ohio river steamboats is large and profitable. Cannelton, the county seat, is located in the southern part of the county, on the Ohio river. It is quite a large and flourishing town, with creditable public improvements. 570 HISTOET OF INDIANA. POETEE COUNTY. t This county bears the name of Commodore David Porter, of the United States navy. The surface of the county is gently undulating. About one-fourth of the county was originally timbered -with oak, walnut, poplar, pine, maple, butternut and beech; one-third is oak openings, and the rem nants prairie and bottom land. Except near Lake Michigan and the marshes of Kankakee, the general character of the soil is good, and best adapted to wheat, oats, com, and grazing. Valparaiso, the county seat, is located in the centre of the county. It has good raiboad facilities, a growing commerce, fiourishing educational institutions, and a general prosperity. POSET COUNTT. This county was named in honor of General Thomas Posey, who was appointed governor of the Indian territory to suc ceed General Harrison. The surface of the county on the Ohio and Wabash, with the exception of the bluffs, com mencing at Mount Vernon and extending four miles below, is flat bottom land, and was formerly subject to yearly overflows, varying from a half to two miles in width. But by the use of dams this land has been improved. The interior of the county is undulating or rolling, and some parts are compara tively hilly, but, upon the whole, lie remarkably well for agri cultural purposes. The only prairie in the county is about three miles in length and one in width; and there are, prop erly speaking, no barrens, though the soil is thin in places; and near the junction of the rivers there are so raany ponds and so rauch low ground that it cannot be iraproved with much profit. The bottom lands comprise about a sixth, and the forest lands three-fifths of the whole. The soil in the bot tom is a rich, sandy loam, formed from the deposit of the rivers ; that in the interior is mostly a dark, rich loam, resting upon a yellow-clay formation. It is best adapted to corn and grass, though fine crops of wheat and oats are raised annually -with very good profit in various portions of the county. EANDOLPH COUNTT. 571 Mount Vernon is the county seat, located on the Ohio river. It is a city of nearly five thousand inhabitants, with excellent public improvements, fine literary and educational institutions and increasing commercial interests. New Harmony is also a fiourishing town of Posey county. It is noted for the literary taste of its citizens, and for its education and refinement. PULASKI COUNTT. This county bears the name of the celebrated Polish soldier. Count Pulaski, who, failing to sustain the Independence of his own country, came to this during the revolutionary war, was appointed a brigadier-general, and fell, mortally wounded, in the attack on Savannah, in 1779. The surface of the county is mostly level, though in several parts there are ridges of low sandy hills. About one-half of the coimty is prairie; the other half oak openings, though portions of it have a very heavy growth of the various species of oak timber. A few of the bottoms of the Tippecanoe and other streams have small groves of walnut, sugar tree and white maple, and the soil is weU adapted to the growth of fruit trees. An arm of the Grand Prairie extends several miles into the southwest corner of the county. The other principal prairies are Fox- grape, Dry, Northwestern, Oliver's, and Pearson's. The west prairies are favorable for grazing, and, through a process of drainage, they are being rapidly improved, so as to be culti vated with profit. The dry prairies and openings are mostly a black loam mixed with sand, and occasionally a good deal of mud, and are well adapted to wheat, corn, oats, etc. Winnemac, the county seat, is located a little to the east of the center of the county. It is a flourishing town, with good railroad facilities, educational advantages, and commercial thrift. The county is well settled and in a very prosperous condition. EANDOLPH COUNTT. This county was named, at the request of the early settlers, after the county in North Carolina, from which they emigrated. 572 ' HISTOET OF INDIANA. The surface of the county is nearly level, and portions of it are, at times, wet and marshy, so that it would seem to be low, though, in reality, it is about as high as any land in the State, for " in or near Eandolph county the head waters of the Big Miami, Whitewater, Blue river, White river, the Mississinewa, the Solamonie, Wabash, and St. Mary's, all running in different directions, take their rise." There are no " barrens," and but few prairies (all of which are wet), in the county. The timber is of an average quality, the soil well adapted to wheat and corn, oats, etc. Winchester, the county seat, is located in the centre of the county. It is the largest town, and is quite prosperous, hav ing fair public improvements, good schools, churches, etc. Union city is located on the extreme western border of the county, and is bisected by the State line dividing Indiana and Ohio. Both of these towns have good railroad facilities, and increasing commercial interests. EIPLET COUNTT. This county bears the name of General E. W. Eipley, a dis tinguished officer of the war of 1812. The general surface of the county may be called level, except in the vicinity of the water courses, where the hills are abrupt and high. The bot- tora lands along Laughery, and other streams, are rich and fertile, but they are, for the most part, quite small; the up lands, when dry, usually produce well, and much of them is based on beds of blue limestone; but large tracts incline to be wet, and will be adapted to grass only, until drained. Versailles is the county seat, and is located nearly in the centre of the county. Eipley county has made very good suc cess in agriculture and education. EUSH COUNfT. This county bears the name of Dr. Benjamin Eush. The surface is mostly level, or gently rolling, though there are hills along the principal streams which, in general, are neither high nor abrupt. There are no prairies or barrens, or, in fact, SPENCEE COUNTT. 573 any poor land in the county; about one-twentieth is river and creek bottoms. The soil is principally loam, bedded on clay, with a mixture of sand, and it produces abundantly all the kinds of grain, grass, and vegetables common to the climate. Eushville is the county seat, and is a growing, prosperous toVn. It has good railroad facilities, excellent school accom modations, and good public improvements. The county has made good progress. SPENCEE COUNTY. This county bears the name of the patriotic Captain Spier Spencer, of Harrison county, who fell in the battle of Tippe canoe. The south part of the county is level, the middle un dulating, and the northeast hilly. The soil, for the most part, is a rich, black loam, with an under soil of yellow clay, mixed with sand. Though in places steep hills or extensive flats do not encourage agricultural improvements, the prevailing timber was oak, hickory, ash, poplar, black-gum, walnut, sugar, beech, etc. Large crops of corn are raised on the extensive river bottoms; and, in the interior, corn, wheat, grass, and other grain. Eockport is the county seat^ — a lively town on the Ohio river. The county has made general improvements. STEUBEN COUNTT. This county was named in honor of Baron Steuben, a Prus sian officer of distinction, who joined the American army during the revolutionary war, and rendered the cause of in dependence valuable aid. About one-half of the county was originaUy timbered land, one-third oak openings, and one- sixth prairie. The timbered and prairie land is very good, having a productive soil. The openings have a poor soil. Steuben county was first settled in 1833, by emigrants from Ohio, who located on Jackson prairie. The population has steadily increased since that time. The natural scenery in the county is very beautiful. -Ajigola is the county seat, is located in the centre of the 574 HISTOET OF INDIANA. county, has good educational advantages, railroad faciUties, and is rapidly increasing. TIPTON COUNTT. This county was named in honor of General John Tipton^ a distinguished citizen of the State. The surface of the county is level, the soil excellent, and the timber of a superior quality. Tipton is the county seat. It has good railroad advantages, and its public iraprovements are in a good state of progress. The county is in a good condition. UNION COUNTT. The eastern part of the county is level, the west undulating or hilly. About one-eighth is bottom land, the other seven- eights is timbered upland, originally covered with valuable timber. The soil is uniformly good, and well adapted to corn, wheat, oats, grass, etc. Hogs, sheep, and cattle are raised with profit. Liberty is the county seat, and is in a fiourishing condition. The county is increasing rapidly in wealth and population. VEEMILLION COUNTT. The surface of the county is high and generally level, except near the streams. The soil is generally excellent ; some of the best farms in the State are to be found here. The " block coal " of Vermillion county is among its mOst substantial resources. The county has made wonderful progress in agriculture, min ing, and commerce. Newport is the county seat, and is a thriving to-wn. WAEEEN COUNTT. This county bears the name of General Joseph Warren, of revolutionary fame, who fell in the battle of Bunker Hill. On the river there is an average width of bottom for half a mile; then come the bluffs, from sixty to two hundred feet in height, broken and preoipitious ; then follows a gently ascending, un- WASHINGTON COUNTT 675 dulating surface to the Illinois State line. At least half the county is prairie, consisting of arms of the Grand prairie, which have uniformly a rich, loamy soil. About half the timbered land is either so hilly or so poor as not to be profitable for farming; the balance of the timbered land has a good soil. Williamsport is the county seat, is located on the Toledo, Wabash, and Western railroad, and has already built up a profitable trade. The county is making good progress in agri culture and education. WAEEICK COUNTT. This county bears the name of Captain Jacob Warrick, a brave soldier and much esteemed citizen, who fell at the head of his company, in the battle of Tippecanoe. The surface of the county is mostly rolling or undulating, though there is a range of hills back of the river bottoms, and there are large tracts of fiat, wet land at the heads of Pigeon and other creeks, with which the county is watered. The soil of the bottoms, many of which are large, is very rich, and immense crops of corn are produced there. Much of the upland is of a good quality, and the soil of the county, generally speaking, is pro ductive. Booneville is the county seat, and is a thrifty place, having attained a growth equal to the development of the sec tion of country around it. WASHINGTON COUNTT. The soil is fully diversified. The range of hills called the "knobs," described in the sketch of the adjoining counties, passes along the east line of Washington, separating it frora Clark and Scott counties. In the south are extensive barrens, parts of which are thickly matted alraost with brush and grubs; other parts have wild grass only, and other parts are curiously diversified with sink-holes, varying in shape and size, but all showing the cavernous nature of the earth under neath. In other parts of the county are swelling ridges, ever changing their features as you advance along them, presenting beautiful groves of walnut, sugar tree, or chestnut. Salem is 576 HISTOET OF INDIANA. the county seat, located near the centre of the county. It is a small but flourishing town. WHITE COUNTT. This county bears the name of Colonel Isaac White, who fell by the side of Colonel Daviess, in the battle of Tippecanoe. About two-thirds of the county is prairie, mostly arms of the Grand prairie. All of it has a rich soil, and at least one- half is dry and gently undulating, easily farmed, and not in ferior to any land in the same latitude for producing good crops of wheat, corn, rye, oats, roots, and fruit; and grass grows well in the flat prairies, where there is less sand mixed with the soil. Nearly one-half of them are of this character, and no part of the Stateis better adapted to raising stock than this kind of prairie. Taking it as a whole, this is a good agricul tural county, and the farms have already been wonderfuUy iraproved. The Tippecanoe river enters the county six miles west of the north-east corner of the county, and flows in a southerly course, forming the east boundary of the county for a distance of about six miles, in the southeastern portion. This streara affords several very fine water powers, two of which, at Monticello, are considered very superior. Numer ous streams fiowing into the Tippecanoe, from the east and west, render the county a well watered district. MonticeUo, the county seat, is situated near the center of the county, on the Tippecanoe river, and the Toledo, Peoria and Warsaw rail road. It has a population of about eighteen hundred, and contains good public improvements. There is located here one of the handsomest graded school buildings to bO found in the State. . Numerous church edifices attest the religious status of the place. The county possesses fair railroad faciU ties; the Toledo, Peoria and Warsaw and the LouisviUe,. Nevv Albany and Chicago passing through and crossing near the center of the county, at Eeynolds. Among the towns of the county not already named, may be mentioned Bradford, Brookston, Chalmers, Norway, Walcott, Ida-ville, and Bur netts.. Much of the lands of this county are held by specti- WHITLET COUNTT. 677 lators, which, to a certain degree, has hindered a rapid settle ment; this, however, is being changed very fast, and we may soon witness White county among the foremost of the State, on the road to prominence and success. WHITLET COUNTY^ This county was named in honor of Colonel William Whit ley, of Lincoln county, Kentucky, one of the bravest and most hospitable pioneers of that State, who fell at the battle of the Thames. The south part of the county is level, the raiddle and north undulating. One-ninth of the county is bottora land, one-seventh openings ; the reraalnder was originally timbered, interspersed with small, wet prairies. The soil of the county is generally a sandy loam, well adapted to agricul ture. Columbia City, the county seat, is a flourishing town, with good schools. Its commercial interests are enhanced by good railroad facilities. HOWAED COUNTT. This county was first named Eichardsville, after the cele brated Miami chief, but, on the death of General T. A. How ard, a distinguished citizen of Indiana, the name was changed. The surface of the county is either nearly level or slightly undulating; the soil is uniformly rich, though in places it had to be drained to render its cultivation profitable. There are a few prairies, slightly inclined to be wet. The soil was raostly covered with valuable timber, and is well adapted to corn, wheat, grass, etc. The county lies entirely within the Miami reserve. Kokomo, a city of over four thousand inhabitants, is the county seat. It has excellent railroad facilities, good public improvements, unsurpassed school accomraodations, and fiour ishing commercial interests. STAEK COUNTY. This county is bounded on the northwest by the Kankakee 578 ' HISTOET OF INDIANA. river, and partakes largely of the character of the lands lying along that river. There are numerous swamps in the county hardly susceptible of cultivation, and there are some low lands that are suitable only for grazing. Other portions of the sur face are well adapted to agriculture, the soil being suited to the production of corn and wheat. The county is young, but thriving in its industries. Knox is the county seat, and, al though a small town, is growing rapidly. The northern and southem portions of the county have good railroad facilities. MIAMI COUNTY. This county is situated in the center of the northem half of the State. About one-fourth of the county is bottom lands, one-sixth "openings'^ and prairie, and the balance was origi nally very heavily timbered uplands. The timber is of the very best varieties and quality, consisting principaUy of walnut, poplar, white and burr oak, beech, sugar, hickory and cherry. The soil throughout the whole county, is of the very best quality, and well adapted to the production of all the articles common to the climate. The rich bottom lands on the Wabash, Mississinewa and Eel rivers, are not surpassed by any other locality in the State. The fine and wonderfully productive farms in these bottoras are known and sought after far and near. In the vicinity of the above named streams there is some hilly country, but not so broken as to preclude cultivation; the balance of the county may be called level. The county contains 384 "square miles, or 245,760 aci'es The" Wabash, Mississinewa, and Eel rivers, with their tribu-, taries, namely, Big and Little Pipe creeks. Deer creek, Wesau, and Paw Paw, render this county a well watered district. The county was organized in 1832, and bears the name of the well-known confederacy of Indians which inhabited this portion of the State in an early day. In 1860 it possessed a population of 16,851 ; in 1870, 21,052, and in 1876 it contains not far from 26,000. Peru, the county seat, with a population of 7,600, situated on the right bank of the Wabash river, near the center of the 580 . HISTOET OF INDIANA. county, is one of the handsomest, most thriving, and wide-a wake towns in the State. Its location is superior, being on a strip of land about three-quarters of a mile in width, lying parallel with the river, with a gently and very uniform slope to its bank, thus giving the whole to-wn a magnificent drain age. The town is handsomely laid out, the streets being wide, and lots large and roomy. Broadway, the principal business street, is 100 feet -wide, and is probably one of the best graded' streets in the country. Nearly all of the streets are bordered with large full-grown locusts, elms, and maples, adding much beauty and comfort, and enhancing values of property. The county possesses a commodious and handsome court house, surrounded by a beautifully shaded court square. There are two large and improved graded schools, under efficient man agement, and which afford to the youth of the town and vicinity most excellent educational facilities. The balance of the county is well supplied with excellent schools. Six large church edifices adorn the city, and show to the stranger that the citizens have not forgotten their religious duties. There is a steam fire engine here, and the streets are Ughted by gas. Peru stands eminent as a manufacturing to-wn. Among the establishments located here may be mentioned the "Peru Woolen Mills," H. E. & C. F. Sterne, proprietors. This mill manufactures the highest and best grades of woolen goods, which have justly earned an enviable name throughout the whole country. About 150 people are employed at this mill. This is considered to be the finest woolen mill west of the Alleghanies. The western manufactory of the Howe sewing machine is located here; the works cover an area of 15 acres, and give employment to about 300 skilled mechanics. A spoke factory, doing an extensive business, has been in opera tion here fbr some years. Also a large basket factory, with facilities foi- t;urning out 3,000 baskets weekly. The shops of the I. P. and C. railroad are located here, which furnish employment to a large force. The county is not wanting in transportation facilities; five railroads pass through it, viz. : The Toledo, Wabash and West ern; Indianapolis, Peru and Chicago ; Columbus, Chicago and NEWTON OOUNTT. 581 Indiana Central; Logansport, Eel Eiver and Detroit; and the Chicago, Cincinnati and Louisville railroads; also the Wabash and Erie canal. These roads furnish communication with twelve out of the thirteen townships of the county. Mexico, five miles north of Peru, on Eel river, and the L. E-E. and D. road, and in the midst of the finest farming lands in the State, is a thriving and go-ahead town. Chili, five mileseast of Mexico, on the same river, is another place of importance. BunkerhiU, seven railes south of Peru, and at the junction of the I. P. and C. and C. C. and I. C. roads, is a proud little city of metropolitan pretentions. Xenia, situated in the extreme southeastern corner of the county, on the C. C. and I. C. railroad, is a sraart, wide-a-wake town, which bids fair to assume some proportions in the near future. It has already aspired to the forming of another county out of Miami, Howard, Grant and Wabash counties, with itself as the seat of government. Peoria, located on the Mississinewa river, seven miles southeast of Peru, is a pleasant little town, surrounded by the most picturesque scenery to be found in the county. NEWTON COUNTY. Newton county is situated on the west boundary of the State, its northern line being only thirty miles south of Lake Michigan. It comprehends an area of 390 square miles, or 249,600 acres. It is principaUy prairie land, although there is some good timber in the central portion. The northern third of the county is very wet and swampy. Beaver lake, covering an area of about 13,000 acres, and the Kankakee river, forming the northern boundary, renders this at present a very undesirable tract of country. However it only remains for the people of this section to inaugurate a grand scherae of drainage to render this one of the most fertile spots in the State. The southern half, or two-thirds of the county consists of dry and rolUng prairie land, susceptible of the highest cultivation. Kentland, the county seat, a to-wn of about 1,500 inhabit ants, is situated near the south Une, and on the Toledo, 582 HIStOfiT OF INDIANA. \ Peoria and Warsaw railroad. This is a new but very fast growing town, full of wide-a-wake business men, and will very soon become a place of considerable importance. The county was organized in 1859. PIKE COUNTT. Tms county lies in the southwestern corner of the State. It is an irregular shaped county, and contains 300 square miles, or 192,000 acres. It was organized in 1817, and was named in honor of General Z. M. Pike, who fellat the capture of Tork, April twenty-seventh, 1813. The surface of the county is either level or rolling. In the western part of the county the soil is a rich, dark loara, with a mixture of sand, which renders it very friable. The bottora lands of the White river, which forms the northern boundary of the county, and the Patoka. which flows through the center, and which form about one- sixth {)art of the county, are very rich and productive; proba bly no larger crops of corn are raised in any part of the West. Walnut, hickory, poplar, cottonwood, ash, pecan and elm, are the prevailing timber. The land in the eastern part of the county is raore sandy, and the tiraber consists mainly of oak, hickory, gum, sassafras, and dogwood. Petersburgh, situated in the north part of the county, in Washington township, is the county seat. It is a town of 1,200 people, and possesses all the facilities usual for towns of this size. Pike county possesses no railroad facilities as yet, but the Wabash and Erie canal passes through the north western portion. The numerous statistical tables in another part of this volume will be found to give additional information in regard to the counties, such as population, area, wealth aud taxation, manufactures, agricultural products, value of farms and farm ing implements, schools and value of schoOl property, churches, etc. CHAPTEE LXXVI. PRESENT AND FUTURE GREATNESS OF INDIANAPOLIS. INDIANAPOUS, THE FUTUEE GEEAT OITT OF THE WEST ITS PEESENT IMPOETANCE AND FtlTUEE GEOWTH. THEEE is no other city in the west or northwest that has been blessed with such a wonderful growth, during the past flve years, as Indianapolis. Unlike most other cities that have attracted the attention of the world by their advancement, its growth has been as substantial as it has been rapid. Nor has this amazing development been unexpected by far-seeing business men, for the following reasons: Indianapolis is the centrally located city in the United States ; it is the nucleus of the greatest net-work of railroads in the world; it is near the point of the funnel through which the whole west and southwest .cattle trade must pass on its way east; it is near tlie centre of the corn belt of the United States; through Indian apolis is the shortest route for the transportation to the eastern cities of all the agricultural products of the great Mississippi valley; the numerous competing trunk lines of railroads give superior advantages in freights, making it one of the best wholesale centres in the west; near Indianapolis are inexhaust able deposits of a superior quality of coal, which can be deliv ered in the city for steam purposes at six to eight cents per bushel, and which makes as good iron as charcoal, without coking; there are vast deposits of iron within a few miles of the city, which will largely take the place of Lake Superior ore; it is in the centre of a timbered region which is unsur passed in the world for quality, variety and quantity; the Ohio xiver on the south, and Lake Michigan on the north, give Indi anapolis a peculiar geographical position near the centre of a (583) 584 HISTOET OF INDIANA. narro"w belt through which passes by rail everything moving from the east to the west or from the west to the east; the only complete double-track belt railroad in Araerica is now being built around Indianapolis, thus bringing every manu factory which locates on it, or any of its switches, in direct communication with every part of the vast net-work of rail roads which surrounds it; Indiana has the largest school fund of any State in the Union, and Indianapolis has fully availed herself of this advantage; the city debt is less than 1^ per cent, of the taxables; the entire State, county, township and city tax is only $1.76 on»the $100; it is claimed that statistics show that Indianapolis has the lowest death rate of any city in the United States. These are among the many things constantly contributing to the material and moral development of the city. The first settleraent upon the site of Indianapolis was made early in the year 1819,* before the cession of that portion of the State to the United States by the Indians, in pursuance of the treaty of St. Mary's in 1818. Though there has been some difference as to the person and arrival of the first settle)-, the conclusion of those most familiar with the history of the city is that the honor, such as it is, belongs to George Pogue, a blacksmith, who came frora the Whitewater settlement and built a cabin near the point where Michigan street crosses the creek named after hira. He was killed by the Indians in 1821. The next settlers were the McCormicks, who located near the river where the present National road bridge stands. On the eleventh of January, 1820, the legislature of the State appointed ten coraraissioners to select a site for the future capital — congress having provided in the act of April nineteenth, 1816, adraitting the State into the Union,. that she should have four sections of any unsold public lands that might be selected, as a gift. Five of the commissioners accepted the appointment, and in the spring of 1820 traversed the White river valley in ?Our sketch of Indianapolis is compiled from a pamphlet published under the auspices of the Real Estate Exchange of Indianapolis. We have re-produced the pamphlet, adding to or taking from it to suit the' objects of our -work. INDIANAPOLIS. 585 pursuance of the duty they were charged with. That was the central region of the State, and therefore the proper place of search. Opinions were divided between the bluffs of White river, sixteen miles south, Conner's settleraent, about the sarae distance north, and the present location. Three votes finally fixed the selection here over two for the bluffs. The choice was made on the seventh of June, 1820, and confirraed on the sixth of January, 1821. The town was laid off in the summer of 1821, by Alexander Ealston, who had assisted in the same work at the National capital, and, no doubt, thence derived the idea that gave Indianapolis its four grand " avenues." As the course of the river bending to the east cuts off a part of the southwest section, an equivalent was given in a portion of a fifth section on the west side of the river, the site of Indi anola. A mile square in the centre of the main body of the "donation," on the east side of the river, was "platted"; ten streets ninety feet wide, at distances of four hundred and twenty feet parallel with the meridian, crossing ten streets of the same width, except Washington — one hundred and twenty feet wide — and at the same intervals at right angles to the meridian, with a central space of a circular form, surrounded by a street, for the Governor's residence. From the opposite angles of the four blocks adjacent to the circle four avenues diverged, bisecting the quarters of the plat into eight huge right-angled triangles. The streets and avenues were named after the States of the Union at that time, as far as they would serve; but the principal street was called Washington. Those bounding tbe plat were called, from their locality, East, West, North and South, and the central streets crossing at the circle were called Market and Meridian. The blocks formed by the intersections of the streets were quartered by alleys parallel to the streets, one-half being thirty feet wide — many now conyerted into streets — and the other fifteen feet wide, each quarter containing three lots, and the length of the lots vary ing a few feet, according as they abutted on the broader or narrower alleys. The "outlets" constituting the remainder of the " donation," a half mile wide on each side of the plat, were laid off subsequently, more in small farms than in city 586 HISTOET OF INDIANA. lots. These are aU as densely built up now as the original plat, while as much more has been platted and added by the owners since, conforming generaUy, except in the width of the streets — usuaUy reduced to sixty feet, sometimes less — to the original survey. The name of Indianapolis was suggested by- Jeremiah Sullivan, a member of the legislature from Jefferson county, afterwards one of the State's supreme, judges, and was adopted by acclamation. The first sale of lots was held on the tenth of October, 1821, and after several days three hundred and fourteen had been sold, at an aggregate price of $35,596.25, of which one-fifth was paid down. The highest priced lot was on the northwest corner of Washington and Delaware streets, opposite the court house; it brought $560. The next was west of the state house square, and brought $500. The average was about $200. The current of settlement and sale was east ward from the river, where the first pioneers had, with the backwoods instinct, built their cabins. A -visitation of chills and fever, due to the dense vegetable growth and the malaria produced by decomposition — now and for many years as in frequent a disease as any — had warned their followers to get further away from the river bottom. During this year crops failed, and provisions were mainly brought on horseback, through sixty miles of trackless forest, from Connersville, to which the new village was attached for judicial purposes. On the thirty-first of December, 1821, Marion county was organ ized, with a large attachment for "judicial purposes " of terri tory now constituting five adjacent counties. From the fund derived from the sale of lots was supplied the means to build the court house — used as the state house for ten years; a treasurer's office and residence; a governor's house in the circle — but never occupied except by public offices; a smaU office for the clerk of the supreme court, and the present state house, begun in 1832 and finished in 1835. The court house was begun in 1822, and so far completed as to receive the legislature in 1825 upon the removal of the capital from Corydon, Harrison county. The first jail, of hewed logs, was built in 1822. Indians remained in the vicinity fbr some years after the location of the capital, and the murder of nine 588 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Sha-wnees by six white men, some miles north of Pendleton, in the spring of 1824, created a good deal of apprehension of a bloody retaliation. But the arrest, con-viction, and execution of three of the murderers pacified the savages. These were the first instances of the legal execution of white men for killing Indians in the history of the United States. A census taken in this year (1824) showed one hundred famiUes on the " donation," composed of one hundred and seventy -two voters and forty-five unmarried but marriageable women, indicating a population — aUowing for the unusual proportion of single men in a new settlement— of six to seven hundred. The first regular post office and postal service were established on the seventh of March, 1822, the mails previously having been an aff'air of private enterprise or accommodation. The first stage line for passengers was established on the Madison road in 1828. The capital was ordered to be removed to its new loca tion by an act of January twenty-fifth, 1824, and Samuel Merrill directed to execute it. He did so in the following November, and the legislature met fbr the first time in Indianapolis on the tenth of January, 1826, holding its session, as above inti mated, in the court house, the senate in the second story and the house in the court room below. No governor's residence was occupied as such till 1839, and it, on account of inconven ience, was sold in 1865; and now the governor has no residence but such as he may o-wn or rent, a liberal allowance for the latteV purpose being made by the State. The first private school was opened in 1821. The first church built for that purpose was erected in 1823-4, and belonged to the Presby terians. The celebrated Oriental scholar and eccentric George Bush, was the second pastor, filling the place from 1824 to 1829. The first' Sunday school — composed of all denomina tions, and called the Union school — was opened in April, 1823. Tiie first public school house — rented to private teach ers till the establishment of the free school system — was the old seminary, built in 1633-4. The first newspaper — the Indiana Gazette — was issued in January, 1822. The first market house was a shanty in the circle; but another, and now the only one, though greatly enlarged, was built in 1832 INDIANAPOLIS. 589 directly north of the court house. The first municipal organ ization was effected in the same year, by the election of five trustees. Previously, the only law was the State statutes, and the only officers squires and constables. Five wards were formed, enlarged to six after the reincorporation of 1838. This government continued till a city charter was granted in 1847. The first fire company was formed in 1835. and the first engine, half the cost of which was paid by the State, pro cured in the fall of the same year. The first banking facilities were afforded by the branch of the old State bank, organized in 1834. In 1825 Alexander Ealston made a survey of White river to determine the practicability of making it permanently navigable, but nothing ever came of this or subsequent efforts in that direction. A little steamer, intended to carry stone for the National road bridge across the river, came to the town in the spring of 1831, but was nearly wrecked on a bar going back, and no other ever carae within reach. The first dry goods store was opened in 1821 ; the first saw and grist mills in the same year; the first foundry in 1832, west of the river; the first steam mill — a sad failure — in 1832. " This epitome of the history of the city's origin is deemed a fitting intro duction to an account of its development and an exhibit of its present condition." With the removal of the capital in 1824-5, came a strong impulse to settlement, which was pretty nearly lost after 1827. The population in 1826 was 760. In 1827 it consisted of 529 white and 34 colored males, and 479 white and 24 colored females, a total of 1,066 — an average growth of nearly fifty per cent, in a year. In that year there were three churches — the Presbyterian, with thirty members; the Baptist, with thirty-six; the Methodist, with ninety -three, and the Union Sunday school, with one hundred and fifty pupils. There were twenty -five brick, fifty frame, and eighty log houses — six of the brick houses being two stories high. It was claimed that. $10,000 worth of goods had been sold during the year preceding, including two hundred and thirteen barrels of whisky and one hundred kegs of powder, the latter showing a large reliance upon game for food. The proportion of 590 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. whisky — something like Falstaff's "sack" — was due to the fear of malarious diseases and the — lack of milk. At this time, though the plat had been a good deal cleared of trees, the outlets were all dense forests, and for years after trees were standing on what are now some of the principal streets. The town was confined to a narrow strip along Washington street. The annual meetings of the legislature made some excitement in the village, but beyond that there was little difference between the capital and other county towns, except that its. central location, subsequently so vital to its development, was against it. The population in 1830, so far as can now be ascer tained, did not exceed 1,200. In 1839, at the " corporation " election, 324 votes were cast for president of the board of trustees (who had no opposition), indicating an adult popula tion of some 400 or 500, and a population of 2,000 or 2,500. In 1840 the census raade it about 4,000. In 1850 it was about 8,000; in I860, 19,000; in 1870, 52,000, on a second authorized enumeration — 48,000 by the first — and is now, calculating upon the best attainable data, about 100,000. Its aggregate business has grown from $10,000 in 1827 to $114,000,000 in 1873; its belt of settlement along one street to over two hun dred miles of paved and lighted streets; its little squad of mechanics to 10,000 skilled workmen, supporting a population of 40,000 ; its single stage line per week to 78 railway trains per day; its occasional four-horse wagon, with goods from the Ohio, to nearly 600,000 cars per year; its village insignificance to the place of the largest wholly inland city in the United States. The first indications of the possibility of such a developraent appeared as the first railroad, from the Ohio river at Madison, came within available reach in 1845, and they grew stronger after the completion of the road, on the twenty- fifth of September, 1847. Eailroads, already contemplated or in progi'ess, under the stimulus of the success of the Madison road, were pushed on vigorously. In 1850 the Bellefontaine road was opened fbr business, and finished in 1862; in 1*851 the Peru road was opened, and finished in 1854; in 1852 the Jefi'erson ville road was completed to a connection with the Madison at Edinburgh; in 1852 the Terre Haute road was INDIANAPOLIS. 591 opened; in 1852 the La Fayette road was ready; in October, 1853, the Cincinnati was in operation, followed by the Central in December, 1853. These eight roads speedily converted the backwoods village into a city; and even the promise of thera, with the one already completed, showed decided results in the business of 1850, and the population increased to 8,000, mainly the addition of the two years between the fall of 1847 and January, 1850. The success of one road could not alone have instigated such activity of railway concentration here. There was another and an irresistable influence at work. This was the city's central situation. Indianapolis is the geographical center of the State, and the most central town of the rich, populous and powerful section of the Union west of the Alleghanies and east of the Missis sippi, between the lakes and the Ohio. The most direct- lines of comraunication between the seaboard and the Mississippi would naturaUy pass through it, as would those striking the most available points for exchange of products between the lakes and the South. The generally level surface of the country invited railways, and the conveniences of the city pointed to it as an admirable terminus or " cross-roads." Thus it came that so many started from various directions to raeet there. And with these came facilities for transportation that shame the uncertainties, the perils, and the speed of most river trans portation, and yield nothing in capacity either. The original eight roads have become thirteen — one rapidly approaching completion — and they have put this center in a far more favorable situation for commerce and manufactures than most cities that are favored by rivers, which freeze up or overflow every year, and run dry every other year. But this primary influence could not have produced such a result as Indiana polis exhibits in 1875, unless aided by powerful subordinate influences. It would have made a large and prosperous town, but not such a center of constantly and rapidly accumulating manufactures and trade as Indianapolis is. Every county in the State but seven can be reached by rail, and of the seven, five can be reached by steamboats. First among these auxiliary infiuences may be noticed the 592 HISTOET OF INDIANA. character of the country in and about the city. It is a vast plain, occupying a large portion of the central section of the State, diversified, but not broken by undulations, sometimes rising into moderate hiUs and profusely watered by staall streams, but nowhere so abrupt or swampy as to prevent easy reduction or filling. The inequalities facilitate drainage with out affecting ready and cheap improvement and occupancy. The room for expansion is practically illimitable. A city of ten millions would not, in any direction, be inconveniently divided or crowded by impassable barriers. Every foot, for twenty miles about the present boundaries, can be easily and as cheaply converted into city lots as the portion within them. To this cause is due the facility with which mechanics, rail road hands, men of moderate means of all occupations, have been .able to make themselves owners of their homes. It is the source from which Indianapolis derives the boast it may justly make, that " there is no city in the Union or the world where so large a proportion of the residences are owned by their occupants." There are many tenement houses, certainly, but the ease with which cheap lots may be obtained in the constantly widening suburbs, is a standing inducement to labor to raake itself a proprietor instead of a tenant. A few yards further walk from business to residence, makes all the difference between the cheap lot of this year and the cheap lot of last year. The latter rise steadily in value, but illimitable room adds others as cheap, or cheaper, all the time. This uni form ease of expansion shows its effect, also, in the location or removal of manufactories requiring large space, to the suburbs. The radiation of railways in all directions makes all points of the spreading circumference equally accessible, and uniformity of surface makes locations equally cheap. This tendency to equalize the exterior with the interior will be much assisted by the completion of the belt railway, now in progress, which circles the whole city at a short distance from its boundaries. Its primary object is to facilitate the transfer of railroad freights, but it must operate directly to enhance the value of outlying property, and create small centers of settlement about the remote manufactories, which will spread inward as the INDIANAPOLIS. 593 city spreads outward. The obvious advantages of these exte rior locations for manufactories have caused several to be removed from more central points, and more will go as the interior rises in value and the exterior becomes nearly or quite as convenient for them. In the older portions, where coming business crowds upon existing business, lots are costly, of course, but cheapen as they advance toward the suburbs, which are daily advancing upon the farms and forests abou. thera. Another of these auxiliary influences is the nearness of the city to an inexhaustible coal field. The coal field of Indi ana covers nearly 7,000 square miles of the southwestern sec tion, capable of yielding 70,000,000,000 (seventy billions) tons, and is traversed by five western railways diverging from the city. They strike its eastern limit where the beds rise close to and even above the surface, at an average distance of fifty miles. The coal being of uniforra quality, this abundance of means of transportation is ample security against oppressive freights. All qualities of coal are found in this field, from the "block" — a mineral charcoal, free from sulphur and phosphorus — to the strong steam and gas making bituminous. Within fifteen years it has alraost wholly supplanted wood as fuel for aU purposes, though much of the country is densely timbered, and wood is still cheap, comparatively. The " block " coal is the chief element of the city's success as a manufacturing point. While good for steam purposes, it is especiaUy good for iron-working in all its stages. It requires no coking to sraelt, or puddle, or roll iron. It burns like charcoal or wood, freely, and without running together or agglutinating. Its blocks burn as they lie, like sticks of hickory. It seems made purposely for smelting furnaces, rolling mills, and steel making. And there can be no better place found than Indianapolis for either. Two rolling mills have been in operation for years — one for rails and the other for bar and rod iron— and the quality of product in both is unsurpassed. The best rails in this country are those re-roUed in the rail mill; and Pittsburg often sends to the bar mill for the toughest and best metal used in the finer manufactories. 38 594 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Blast furnaces have been much talked of, but the general depression in the iron market has delayed raore positive effort. The iron industry is now the third in value of products, and second in number of men employed. Until 1848, or after the completion of the first railroad, it was, though sedulously nursed by some few citizens of more ardor than capital, a very feeble and uncertain industry. A foundry was established in 1832 west of the river, and maintained for a few years, but failed finally. Others foUowed, with little more success. But with the advent of railway facilities a change came, and some machine shops and foundries were started then that would not know themselves in their present huge proportions. The coal, though known and used to some extent as early as 1850, or 1851, was not understood as it is now. Its peculiar fitness for iron work was still a secret. And it has come into general use within little more than a decade. But the city was the center of a great and rich agricultural region, and needed engines and mill gearing, and threshing machines, and other impleraents, and came here for them. This was the first impulse. The manufacture of iron followed the manufacture of implements from iron. The development was rapid and is increasing steadily, enlarging old establishments, creating new ones, and bringing her successful ones long established in neighboring cities. Now the city makes all kinds of stoves and hollow-ware, gas-posts, house fronts, railings, rails, jails, bars, rods, engines, mill-work, saws, files, edge tools, malleable iron, and the like, to the amount, in 1873, of $3,800,000, employing $2,200,000 of capital, and 1,500 men, representing a population of six thousand. The city's situation, its con nection with the " block " coal field, its railway facilities, and its success of its iron enterprise, attested by their steady growth in spite of the general .depression, are very sufficient indications that it is the right place for the manufacture of Bessemer steel and the stoelting of ir.on. A fourth auxiliary infiuence in the development of the city, is the advantage it possesses in the hard wood and lumber trade. The " bottoms " of the Wabash, White river, and Blue river, with the intervening uplands, contain the best black INDIANAPOLIS. 595 walnut growths in this country. They also contain the bulk of all that is produced in the country. Indiana is the black walnut State, and Indianapolis lies in the center both of the State and of this productive region. Naturally the trade in this valuable lumber turns to this city. Though the growth of the last ten years, mainly, it is now one of our most important interests, and is to the " hard wood " trade of the whole country what Chicago is to the grain trade, or raore, fbr it does a larger proportion of the whole business of the country. Last year there were fifty millions feet of walnut sold here, at an aggregate cost of $2,500,000. The capital employed amounted to nearly $1,000,000, and twelve or fifteen mills, with five to six hundred hands, -were engaged in its produc tion. In the production and sale of " white wood," or poplar lumber, and of oak, hickory, beech, elm, and other timber used in building and wood manufactures, Indianapolis enjoys, from its favorable situation, unequalled advantages, and con trols the bulk of the whole business. So, too, in coopers' stock, staves and hoop-poles. This is brought here in the rough from all parts of the State, and manufactured by seven establishments, handling thirty millions of staves annually, worth $1,000,000. Some of it is made into barrels here, but more is shipped to otter points when ready for "hooping." Of pine lumber about fifty raillion feet are sold yearly, at an aggregate cost of $1,200,000; of shingles and laths, thirty millions are sold, worth $120,000. There are thirty-four lum ber yards in the city, of which about half deal more or less exclusively in black walnut. The manufactures of wood in various forms, as by planing mills, agricultural implement works, wagon and carriage factories, sewing machines, boxes, furniture, cars, cooperage, and the like, exclusive of luraber, amounted, in 1873, to $5,800,000, eraploying $2,793,000 of capital, and 2,178 hands. The aggregate of lumber and wood manufactures is about $10,500,000, eraploying very nearly $3,000,000 of capital, and 2,700 hands, representing a popula tion of about 11,000. Indianapolis is not less the center of the " pork," than the " hard wood " region of the West. The most productive hog 696 HISTOET OF INDIANA. country is that where the black walnut is most abundant. With adequate facilities for transportation, this would have been the chief pork packing center of the Union. Forty years ago the first attempt to pack pork here was made. The slaughtered hogs were bought of farmers, and only cut and cured by the packers. The product was sent off by fiatboats down the river. The enterprise failed, but was renewed in 1839, or 1840, in much the same fashion, but succeeded better, and for some years carcasses were bought of farmers for "goods" or cash, packed, and shipped by fiatboats on the spring freshet on the river. After the completion of the Madison railroad, slaughtering, as well as packing, was done largely, and from that day the pork interest has grown, and until recently, has been the leading industry of the city in value of product. Now it is second only to lumber and wood manufactures. Three large establishments for slaughtering and packing were erected in 1873, each capable of disposing of flfteen hundred to two thousand hogs per day. There are now five of these huge pork houses here, and one (Kingan's,) is the largest in the world. The aggregate product in 1873, was $6,614,000, or 549,100 hogs, a meagre showing, because three of the five packing houses were barely ready to begin with the season, and this, with the effect of the panic, greatly reduced the business confidently anticipated. Tet it still stood next to that of St. Louis. For 1874, it stood next to that of Cincinnati. There is no reason why it should not be the first in the country. The natural business and produce drainage of Indianapolis extends, (as estimated by the National Crop Reporter, and as the raap shows plainly enough,) to thirty-four counties in Indiana and eighteen in Illinois, pro ducing 2,345,602 hogs, with about 800,000 of surplus. This belongs here, and once directed to its natural reservoir, it will bring with it twice as much, or more, that now goes else where, for " business makes business." The pork business of 1874 will not fall short of 700,000 hogs, and is likely to reach 800,000. Besides the large hog product of the region natur ally tributary to the city, and the great advance in the cen tralization and manufacture of it, two causes co-operate to INDIANAPOLIS. 597 assure both its permanence and expansion. 1st. The climate here, as attested by the most experienced packers, is that medium between extremes of heat and cold which produces the best condition of the carcass for cutting and curing. It is not so cold as to freeze the meat externally, and thus confine the animal heat to the interior and around the bone, tending to decomposition, and apt, in any case, to produce an unpleas ant smell and taste ; and it is not so warm as to retard cooling long enough to allow decomposition to set in. 2d. The com mand, frora home sources, and by means of railroad transpor tation, of an unlimited supply enables packers to prosecute their business all the year round, thus relieving the market of the annual rush during the early part of the winter, and providing farmers with a constant market and a ready means of converting their crops into cash, when the demand for thera, in their natural form, falls off. The considerations that determine the value of Indianapolis as a pork center apply with equal force to cattle. The value of stock in the region of the city's natural produce drainage is almost exactly that of the hog crop, nearly 24,000,000, while a much larger surplus remains after home use, being 319,000 head, worth $12,770,000. Of sheep the number is 800,000, with 267,000 surplus, and 2,800,000 pounds of wool. Of horses, mules, and jacks, 520,000, worth $26,000,000. Here are aU the elements of supply, transportation, central location, abundant food, and a wide market to make one of the largest and most profitable stock yards in the country. And measures have already been taken to establish one equal to any demand. Still another of the influences that have contributed to the extraordinary growth and prosperity of Indianapolis, and are certain to continue their operation, is the advantage of a wide command of one of the richest grain sections of the continent. This has only within a few years been improved with much energy, but the effect of that few years of effort is such as to show that the grain trade may rival any interest here. The region naturally tributary to the city produces 118,000,000 bushels of corn, 15,000,000 bushels of wheat, 18,000,000 bushels of oats, 600,000 bushels of rye, 333,000 bushels of 598 HISTOET OF INDIANA. barley, with an aggregate value of $31,540,510, of which 7,000,000 of bushels of wheat, 70,000,000 of corn, 640,000 of rye, and 300,000 of barley are in excess of home consumption, worth, in the aggregate, $39,575,000. The mill product of grain for 1873 amounted to $2,000,000, with $635,000 of cap ital. The trade in grain itself amounted to $3,000,000. It has grown so rapidly that the private elevators could not manage it, and a large one, west of the river, was erected ih 1873. The extension of means at once showed itself in an expansion of business, and now this large elevator is totally unable to meet the demands upon it, and large amounts of grain are forced to be sold from the cars without adequate inspection. This necessitates. a second and larger elevator, which will be begun at once. It is not unlikely that two will be added, so unprecedented and unexpected has been the growth of the grain trade. It is estimated that of the grain product prop erly belonging to this market, and needing only capital and proper energy to concentrate entirely here, is, at a moderate estimate on the surplus, 50,000,000 bushels of corn and 7,000,000 bushels of wheat; 14,000,000 bushels of corn, and 3,000,000 bushels of wheat were received here, or sent through here by two railroads. This trade is so young yet, and so imperfectly provided with records and statistics, that it is difficult to give more than an estimate of its araount. But its enormous growth is evident. No interest has sprung so suddenly from insignificance to indispensable iraportance as this, amounting, as it did last year, to an aggregate, of grain "handled" and ground, of about $5;000,000. Besides these four main sources of the prosperity and pres ent enviable bulk of business of the city, there are numerous minor ones, amounting in aU to seventy-three, producing an aggregate — including that portion of the four chief inter ests, which may be properly classed as " manufactures " — of $28,000,000 in 1873, to which, but for the monetary panic, a large addition would have been made. As it was, the aggre gate of 1873 exceeded that of 1872 nearly $9,000,000. Capital to the amount of $11,006,000 was employed, and 8,200 hands. This force of hands must be increased by the carpenters, brick INDIANAPOLIS. 599 layers, stone masons, brick makers, house painters, plasterers and other skilled workmen engaged in building, whose labors are represented in the amount of building done during the year — nearly $5,000,000. This addition would raise the num ber of skilled workmen to about ten thousand, representing a population of forty thousand. Among these minor manufac turing interests are starch, amounting to $1,000,000 in 1872, but reduced in 1873 by the removal of the principal manufac tory to a new location, and the consequent arrest of business ; tanning and currying, $260,000; publishing and binding, $1,250,000; oils, (Unseed, lard and lubricating) $550,000; tin ning, $260,000; tombstones, $178,000; paper, $325,000; cot ton, $300,000; woolen, $650,000; glass, $250,000; confection ery, $317,000; clothing, $737,000; cigars, $400,000 in 1872, reduced to $177,000 in 1873; harness, $184,000. The amount of building in 1873, as estimated in the city "permits," was $2,562,000, but the actual cost was nearly $5,000,000. Of this amount a proportion larger than can be found in any other city in the United States, or the world, was expended by workingmen upon their homes, a class of build ings significant of the most thrifty and firmly settled popula tion a city can have. This is one result of the city's capability of expansion, making cheap building lots always accessible and abundant. An evidence of this tendency is seen in the fact that one-half of all the sales of real estate in 1873 was made up of lots at a cost of $1,500 and under, the obvious purchase of men of moderate means, who either buy to build, or buy small houses ready built. The wholesale trade is but little more than ten years old, and obtained its first permanent establishment during the war, though several abortive attempts were made at it at different times in the ten years before. In 1873 the whole amount of this business, in all branches, was $51,830,000, against $49,- 174,000 in 1872. The panic caused a large reduction in this business, which would otherwise have reached $60,000,000. But the catastrophe had the effect to put the trade I'U the best possible condition, and it never promised better than now. What has already been said of the character of the country 600 HISTOET OF INDLANA. in which Indianapolis is situated, the opportunities for exten sion in all directions, and always with railroads handy, the proportional amount of cheap lots sold, and the proportion of proprietary residents, is enough to indicate that the trade in real estate is one of the raost important interests of the city. The"outlQts" of the original "donation," constituting four times the area of the original plat, and making in all an area of four square miles, are built up all over with continuous lines of houses, mainly of business, the residences raoving further off toward the boundaries. To these, "additions" frora adjacent farms and pastures and forests have been raade, to an amount equalling the "donation." The demand of central lots for busiiiess has, as before remarked, forced residences outward, increasing the demand for exterior lots, and the rapid influx of a population of skilled workmen, who aim, almost from the start, to own their homes, has so strengthened this impulse as to create something very like a real estate fever. But what speculation there may be in it — and speculation is, of course, inevitable, where demand is great and growing — is very sol idly based, as is attested by the fact that within a very few weeks after the panic sales rose to nearly the former average, both in number and value, and with the same proportion of cheap lots ($1,500 and under) that is, one-half of all sold. This solidity is further illustrated by the fact that there was almost no decline in prices, even in the midst of the panic, and in a month there was an advance in several directions. Before the close of the year several " additions," or portions of thera, were sold at fifty to seventy-five per cent, raore than would have been taken in the preceding suramer. In the spring of 1874, though sales were less numerous, prices are tending constantly upward, with the effect, of course, to bring in new additions of cheaper ground. This infiuence has spread even west of the the river, which, ever since the town existed, until within two or three years, has been regarded as beyond all reach of city influences or improveraent. Hundreds of acres have been " platted " there, one large iron manufactory — the main building seven hundred feet long — is in full operation there, and several have secured locations to which INDIANAPOLIS. 601 the owners invite them by liberal donations of the necessary ground, or part of it. Streets are being graded and graveled, and bridges built to accommodate the increasing pressure of settlement and business there. Some idea of the effect of the rapid and solid growth of the population and business of the city raay be obtained from a few instances of the advance in real estate. Forty-two years ago a farm near the city and several town lots were sold for one thousand dollars for the whole. That property is worth now t-wice as much as the one thousand dollars would have produced at compound interest at ten per cent. There are plenty of similar instances of the enorraous yield of early real estate investraents. But few samples of a later date will prob ably be nearer to the purpose of exhibiting the rapid devel opment of the city. In 1865 nine acres southeast of the original town plat, but in the " donation," were bought for ten thousand dollars. A short tirae afterward they were divided into seventy -two lots, which has^e been sold, or are now held at two thousand dollars each, or in the aggregate, one hundred and forty -four thousand dollars, more than four teen times as much as they cost. The purchaser in 1865 sold flve acres for twenty-seven thousand doUars, and then sold enough of the lots reraaining to cover his original outlay, within a few years, and now holds lots enough to raake his clear profit nearly one hundred thousand dollars without counting that upon the five acres first sold. In another more recent instance, a lot of ground on the west, or " tabooed " side of the river, was bought three years ago for Seven thou sand one hundred dollars, and platted into fifty-eight lots. Five have been sold -within the year for three thousand nine hundred and seventy dollars, or more than half of the cost of the whole fifty-eight. In December, 1872, a lot east of the city limits was bought for nine thousand dollars on five years' time, with six per cent, on the deferred payments. The owner has refused fifty thousand dollars for it, though the panic has come between the purchaser and the proposition to buy. A tract in the same vicinity was bought at the same time for six thousand dollars, and has since been sold for sixty thousand 602 HISTOET OF INDIANA. dollars. In the fall of 1870 a farm four miles east of the city was sold for one hundred and twenty-thr^e" dollars an acre. Within the past few weeks four thousand five hundred dollars an acre have been refused for it. These are but samples of thousands of cases. The amount of real estate sales in 1873 was $32,579,266, against $19,326,450 in 1872, arid $7,997,503 in 1871. These figures tell their own story. The influences which have made Indianapolis a city of one hundred thousand inhabitants, and a taxable property of $65,000,000, and- the first inland city of the. Union, as set forth in this exposition, must of course continue to operate with equal, if not greater force for a well placed city, with aU advantages for manufactures and commerce, when once it gets fairly started in growth is apt to grow like a snowball, the big ger the further it goes. But besides these main or primary influences, the effect of which has already been imperfectly indicated, there are others of by no means slight importance. 1st. Health. In the first settlement of the town chills and fever, and most raalarious diseases prevailed, as they will in any country where vegetable decomposition is constant and extensive, but with the clearing of the woods the swamps dried up and malaria disappeared. Now, no city in the Union is less affected by endemic or local diseases. The death rate is but one in seventy, a fact that tells the story of health in a word. 2nd. Schools-. A free-school system, supported partly by the State's fund and general taxes, but mainly by a city school tax, has been in successful operation for twenty years, with one brief interruption, caused by an adverse decision of the supreme court, and now has schools in every one of the thirteen wards, with a high school and training school for teachers. There are twenty school houses, of which ten cost frora $35,000 to $46,000 each, and can accommodate seven hundred and fifty pupils each. The advance of ten years may be judged by the following comparison : Number of children entitled to tuition in the pubUc schools in 1864, 6,863; num ber in attendance, 1,050 ; value of school property in that year, $88,500. Number of children in 1874, 19,000; number in attendance, 10,000; value of school property in 1874, $691,256 INDIANAPOLIS. 603 There is also the N. W. C. University, a medical college, a CathoUc theological school, a city library with about 15,000 volumes, supported by a tax of five cents on one hundred dol lars, having over six thousand patrons. 3rd. Church accom modations. There are in the city sixteen Methodist, eleven Presbyterian, eight Baptist, five Episcopalian, four Christian, four Catholic, two Congregational) two Lutheran, one Jewish Synagogue, one Quaker, and churches of other denominations sufficient to make the whole number nearly seventy. 4th. There are three morning papers, three daily evening papers, fourteen weeklies, and twelve monthlies. 5th. Public ira provements. A new court house, costing about $800,000, is nearly completed. - A new state house has been provided for by the legislature. Over two hundred miles of lighted and paved or graveled streets have been made. A competent fire system, consisting of six steam engines, twenty-seven horses for hauling, and paid men to work, has been in operation about fourteen years, with a water supply from over one hun dred cisterns and the Holly Water Works. A sewerage sys tem has been established and several railes of sewer, trunk and tributary, built. The river is crossed by ten bridges, within the lines of the city extended to the river, with two more to be added this year (1874), by the Belt railroad, all of iron but one, the old National road bridge. Several of the railways, on their completion, or before, organized a Union company for common tracks and a passenger depot in this city. These, though extended to the utmost are overcrowded and must be still more enlarged. To escape the destruction of ordinary business created by passing trains, the city has built one tun nel under the tracks, one -viaduct over thera, and has ordered a second viaduct, and plans are now under discussion for one or two more. Several elevated railways for the coal trains have been erected by interested parties. There are thirteen wards in the city with a representation of two councilraen each. There are six parks: Circle, four acres; State House, ten acres; Military park, eighteen acres; University park, four acres; Southern park, recently bought fbr $110,000, eighty-six acres;' Northem park, at northern end of city, one hundred 604 HISTOET OF INDIANA. acres, donated by the owners. The State Asylums for the Insane, Deaf Mutes and Blind, and the Female Eeformatory, are in or near the city; but besides, the city has an orphan asylum for white native children : one for Germans, one for colored children, also a Home for Friendless Women, a Cath olic Female Eeformatory, and a free dispensary. There are four cemeteries: Greenlawn, as old as the city, and in the city limits ; Crown Hill, two miles northwest, laid out and beauti fied in the best style, containing three hundred acres ; a Cath olic cemetery south of the city near the suburbs, and a Hebrew ceraetery. The State taxes amount to fifteen cents; the school tax is sixteen cents; county and township tax forty cents; city taxes, seventy -five cents; city school tax, amount to thirty cents on one hundred dollars. The city debt is less than $1,000,000. The taxable property, as above stated, is $66,000,000. The rapid growth of the city, and the constant increase of its industrial establishments, keep up a severe strain upon all the capital and banking facilities attainable. There is not a dollar unemployed, unless it be in the silly fear or caprice of its owner. Money pays in everything. The law allows ten per cent, interest and thus legalizes what necessity long ago compelled. But with ordinary energy and prudence the legal interest is not half of what money can be made to pay. Put into small lots and neat and cheap tenements, for rent or flnal sale to men of small means, capital will pay thirty per cent., exclusive of the increased value of the real estate adjacent to the improvement. Put into well managed manufactures it "will pay. It wiU pay in banking and accommodating the gen eral want of means. Security is abundant, of the best kind, and the means of profitable employment are abundant and waiting, but the capital does not come as fast as the growth of the city and its interests need it. This makes the strongest possible soUcitation to capital to come here. There are eleven private and six national banks in the city, a sufficient proof of the value of capital and banking facilities here, and yet the hunger for capital to carry industrial and other enterprises to their easy and legitimate ends is the most severe affiiction of the city. PE0GEES8 OF THE GEANGE. 606 Within the last ten years Indianapolis has been rapidly taking on all the characteristics of a metropolis. The social interests of the city have not been neglected. The society of Indianapolis, in taste and culture, and refinement, is doing much to raise the. name of the people of the State to a higher social and intellectual standard in the nation. There is a dis position manifesting itself for literary improveraent, and "within the last few years the people have reached a higher literary standard in all social intercourse. The theatre has been elevated, the reading-room has been filled with works of a higher standard, and the musical circle has been extended. In short, Indianapolis is marching onward equally in all her interests, and preparing herself for that event, not least among the possibilities of the future — the removal of the Natiorml Capital within her borders! CHAPTEE LXXVII. FEOGEESS OF THE GEANGE IN INDIANA. THIS organization, including, as it does, over one hundred thousand of the citizens of Indiana, is fully entitled to notice in a history of the State. The growth of the order in the State, as, indeed, throughout the country, has been unpre cedented in the history of secret organizations. In the spring of 1869, three granges were organized in the State, two in Vigo county, and one at Indianapolis, and these were the only representatives of the order in Indiana till the year 1872. During this year, fifty -four subordinate granges were organ ized by the farmers in four or five counties in the north western part of the State, and, in the fall of that year, a State grange was formed, a State executive committee was appointed, and arrangements were made to extend a knowledge of the 606 HISTORY OF INDIANA. principles and purposes of the organization throughout the State. At the beginning of the next year, arrangements were made with the proprietors of the Indiana Farmer, to devote some portion of space in each number to discussing the in terests of the order. From this time its growth was steady and rapid. Whereiver the paper circulated, granges were formed, and, before the next meeting of the State grange, at Valparaiso, in November, over six hundred dispensations had been issued to as many subordinate organizations. In 1874, the growth of the order was still more rapid, and, at the present time, over two thousand granges are enrolled on the books of the State secretary — a larger number than in any other State in the Union. The officers of the first State grange, 1871-72, were as fol lows: John Weir, Terre Haute, master; A. Lansing, Val paraiso, lecturer; O. Dinwiddle, Orchard Grove, overseer; O. M. Curry, Terre Haute, steward; J. T. Graham, Brook, assistant steward; G. L. Lowe, Beaver City, chaplain; C. L. Templeton, Lowell, treasurer; T. Keene, Valparaiso, secretary; E. M. Eobertson, Lowell, gate-keeper; Mrs. C. D. Poor, Val paraiso, ceres; Mrs. M. B. Scott, Terre Haute, pomona; Mrs. Thirse Weir, Terre Haute, fiora ; Mrs. E. G. Graham, lady assistant steward. Executive committee : John W. Wyatt, Kentland ; David Toeman, Eensselaer; J. T. Graham, Brook; J. G. Culp, Fran- cesville; A. Poor, Valparaiso; W. Thomas, Valparaiso ; master and secretary, members ex officio. • The following named persons were elected as State grange officers, at the session of the State grange in 1873 : Henley James, Marion, Grant county, worthy master; James Com stock, Greenfield, Hancock county, overseer ; C. W. Daris, Kentland, Newton county, lecturer ; Eussell Johnson, Val paraiso, Porter county, steward ; J. C. Phillips, Elizaville, Boone county, assistant steward ; B. F. Ham, Markleville, Madison county, chaplain ; George H. Brown, Eensselaer, Jasper county, treasurer ; Madison M. Moody, Muncie, Dela ware county, secretary ; S. E. Gipe, Dayton, Tippecanoe county, gate-keeper ; Mrs. Sarah E. James cerea ; Mrs. Cath PEOGEESS OF THE GEANGE. 607 arine Comstock, pomona ; Mrs. Hanna Davis, fiora ; Mrs. Miranda Phillips, lady assistant steward. Executive committee : J. F. Hall, Glenhall, Tippecanoe county ; David Toeman, Eensselaer, Jasper county; A. Poor, Valparaiso, Porter county; J. T. Graham, Brook, Newton county; Lindol Smith, Dow, Carroll county; J. Q. A. Newsom, Elizaville, Boone county. The present State grange officers, elected in November, 1874, are the same as above, with these exceptions: John. W. Z^ler, of La Porte, succeeds C. W. Davis as lecturer. There are also several changes on the executive committee. At the meeting of the State grange, in November, 1874, Henley James, worthy master, delivered the following address; Sisters and Brothers : A time-honored custom requires that I should, at this time, report to you the condition of our order in Indiana. The increase of our order, during the past year, has far exceeded the most sanguine expectations of its friends, having increased from about four hundred to two thousand granges. The past year has been the crisis of our life as an order. Opposed, as -we have been, by tliose -who in time past have considered us their lawful prey, backed as they -were by well organ ized monopolies of wealth and power, to which even the government, in all of its departments, were bowing and doing homage. The power of capital, controlled and directed as it was, by comparatively a few persons, had become insolent in its demands, and oppressive in its pm-poses. The industry of the country has been taxed so heavily, and the laws so made as to discriminate against the agricultural interests, until the tax- gatherer has claimed the lion's share of our income. Our order is the child of necessity — the forlorn hope of the farmer. Agriculture being the chief productive source of the wealth of our coun try, all the illegitimate speculation and stock gambling of the day is based upon the products of your toil, and all the failures that result from such reckless schemes have to be accounted for in the depreciated price of your products. The failure of a Jay Cooke cost the agricultui-ists of the country many millions more than Jay Cooke was ever worth. The order of patrons of husbandry seeks to place all business on its proper basis. To inculcate the true principle, that the perpetuity of our free institutions depends on the rights of all classes being sacredly re spected, and every person left free and untrammeled in the race of life, to pursue whatever legitimate business he may choose. The results of our efforts for reform have thus far been cro-wned with very happy results. 608 HISTOET OF INDIANA. We have honored our profession by placing representatives of our class in high positions, in both the State and national governments. Socially, we have accomplished substantial good, by introducing amongst the agricultural classes a system of social communication hitherto un known. Much has been accomplished educationally, by infusing into the minds of agriculturists a desire to become acquainted with the laws of science, and apply the same in the cultivation of the soil. Temperance is a fundamental principle of our order, and the teachings of the grange have already done much good in that direction. Financially, we have accomplished much, by dispensing with the old system of purchasing through middlemen, who were fleecing us of our profits^ and we now find no diflBculty in establishing direct trade with manufacturers and wholesale men, upon terms very favorable to both pro ducer and consumer, though much yet remains to be done in the way of more fully establishing a system of co-operation, both in our purchasing and selling. Since the meeting of the last State grange, some changes have occurred in the State purchasing agency — Brother Kingsbury having resigned the agency, and Brother Alpheus Tyner being appointed to fill the vacancy, at such salary as may be agreed upon, to be paid by the State grange, instead of receiving a per cent, on the purchases made — which system seemed to meet with general disfavor. The present system seems to be working well and will, if properly pursued, result in substantial beneflt to the order. This subject will come before you for your action. Our order, true toils profession, has been swift to relieve suffering where- ever the cry of the needy, based upon the claims of charity, have been heard. At my special request, the worthy secretary forwarded to our suf fering brothers of Louisiana, rendered destitute by the overflow of the Mississippi river, one hundred dollars. I hope that this act may receive the approbation of the grange. Appeals are also made from our brethren in Kansas and Nebraska, ren dered destitute by the ravages of the grasshoppers ; and appeals are also made from different portions of our own State from brothers and sisters made destitute by the ravages of flre. I recommend that the grange take such steps as may be necessary to give such timely relief as may be con sidered proper. The amendments of the constitution of the national grange, adopted at the seventh annual session of the same, will come before you for action. I would suggest the propriety of this grange flxing the compensation of its offlcers, so that all may know the amount of the expenditures, and thereby silence the extravagant rumors that have been circulated by the enemies of our order. I would recommend that such steps be taken as may be necessary to encourage direct trade between the different sections of our country, and through the medium of reciprocal trade in the exchange of commodities, PEOGEESS OF THE GEANGE. 609 cement the different sections of our country together in one common brotherhood by making our interests identical. 1 would call the attention of the grange to the fact, that the American Cheap Transportation Association has cordially invited us to meet with them at Richmond, Va., on the first day of December next, and as it will, perhaps, be impossible for this grange to send an accredited representative to that meeting, we should at least give them an expression of our sympathy for the noble objects of that association. I would call the attention of the grange to the fact that the third amuiid- ment of the constitution of the national grange proposes a change in the time of the meeting of the national grange, from the flrst Wednesday in February to the third Wednesday in November, which will bring the meet ings of the national and our State grange into such close proximity that your representative could not attend both meetings. Therefore a cliange in the time of the meeting of our State grange will be necessary. I recommend that this grange take such steps as may be necessary to provide for the incorporation of the granges, both State and subordinate, and that the legislature be requested to make such changes in the laws governing corporations as may be necessary for that purpose. Since entering upon the duties of the office I now hold, I have delivered more than one hundred lectures, public and private; I have traveled in the interests of the order full five thousand miles, besides -writing three thou sand letters, and attending to the other duties of the office. My labors, though very arduous, have been pleasant, inspired as I have been by the importance of our organization and the justice of our aims. That I have committed errors of judgment is by no means improbable, but I hope that honesty of purpose may be attributed to me; and I desire to tender my tlianks to the offlcers and members of the order for the uniform kindness received from them. To the sisters of our order I would especially tender my thanks, for the valuable aid that the order has received from you. To your infiuence, your labors, your fidelity to the order, is attributed to a very large extent the success the order has already attained ; and I have full confidence, sisters, that your infiuence will never be withheld in the perpetuation of that order which is the first to recognize and respect the full rights of woman; and I congr^itulate you upon the sure prospect, that through the influence of the noble order of patrons of husbandry, your sex, will be pro tected and elevated to the enjoyment of your rights, many of which you have been unjustly deprived of To show our readers the principles and purposes of the organization, and the work it is aceorapUshing, we copy a few of the reports passed upon at the session of the State grange of 1874: We, your committee on the good of the order, respectfully submit the following report, to wit : 39 610 HISTOET OF INDIANA. 1. We find the order throughout the different portions of the State, with very few exceptions, to be in a high and unprecedented state of prosperity. 2. We recommend the acceptance of the offer of the national grange to vest in this grange the right to manufacture the Werner harvester, and that the executive committee be authorized to make such arrangements for the manufacture of the same as the state of the finances will permit; and we urge upon the members of our order the wisdom and necessity of purchas ing implements only of such manufacturers as shall accede to our pro position to purchase without the intervention of agents or middlemen. 3. We also recommend the, repeal of rules Nos. 33, 33 and 34, for the government of subordinate granges, and that they be allowed to receive applications for membership, without regard to the distance of the appli cant from other granges. 4. We further recommend that the executive committee be instructed to take the necessary steps for carrying out the provisions of section two of number two of the constitutional amendments, relative to the establish ment of county and district granges, when such section and number shall have been ratified by the requisite number of granges. 5. Believing that the deeper the mystery in which our meetings are shrouded, the greater will be our power, we urge upon the offlcers and members of subordinate granges the necessity of keeping strictly secret all proceedings of the order not intended for the public ear. Resolved, That we fully recognize the importance of the diffusion of knowledge, and the education of all the children of the State, and pledge our cordial support to all measures adapted to the accomplishment of so worthy a purpose. Resolved, That intemperance is a great evil and a jiroliflc source of misery and crime, and the cause of large and wasteful expenditures of the public money ; therefore, we pledge ourselves to use all proper means to discour age intemperance and promote morality, virtue, and the practice of tem perance by all the people. Be it Resolved, By the delegates to the Indiana State grange in conven tion assembled, That the declaration of purposes as set forth by the com mittee on resolutions at the last annual meeting of the national grange are correct, and ought to receive the hearty approval of every true patron of husbandry in the State of Indiana, and more especially the flfth section of said deoljiration of purposes. Your committee on ta-ansportation and co-operation beg leave to make the following report: That the railroad system of the country has become oppressive to the producer by exacting high rates upon local freights ; therefore, Resolved, That we, g,s producers, ask our legislators, both State and national, to enact such laws as will be just to the railroad interests of the country, for we look upon the railroads as being one of the great levers for opening up the agricultural and mineral resources of the west; but while we are willing to grant them all just rights, we, as producers, ask PEOGEESS OF THE GEANGE. 611 that the laws be such as to make them serve the people instead of ruling them, and compel them to carry passengers and freights at rates in pro portion to the actual cost of the road, and local in proportion to through freights. Resolved, further, That we are not in favor of the government giving guarantees of money or lands to railroad corporations. Resolved, That we recommend to the favorable consideration of congress the improvement of our great natural highways, the rivers, lakes, and canals, through which the commerce of the grain-producing region of the west must pass ; and that the jetty system proposed to deepen the mouth of the Mississippi river meets our hearty approval ; and that we earnestly recommend congress, at its next session, to order a survey for a steaiuship canal from the southern point of Lake Michigan to the Wabash river, at or near LaFayette, Indiana, thus connecting, if found practicable, the waters of the Mississippi valley with the great lakes on the north. The grange also passed the following resolution: To the members of the order we most earnestly recommend to co-operate together a' counties in bulking up the product of the soil, and selling wholesale to the parties who pay the highest price ; and, iu buying, we recognize the State business agency of the patrons as the proper channel through which the business agents of the various counties can best supply the wants of the grangers in all articles needed for the cultivation of the farm, and for the household ; and the time is now at hand when the mem bers of the order must see the necessity of standing by the organization, and the business agent be required to give out, from time to time, such information as may be for the advancement and benefit of the members of the order. In May, 1873, the executive committee appointed J. G. Kingsbury, of Indianapolis, editor and publisher of the North western Farmer, purchasing agent, with instructions to make the best terms in his power with manufacturers of agricultural implements and machinery, and make arrangements for deal ing direct with them. His efforts to secure favorable terms were responded to by only a few manufacturers until the fol lowing spring, when the number of granges became large and the trade of the members seemed too important to be lost. Since that time a large proportion of the manufacturers of all kinds of agricultural implements have consented to deal direct with merabers at their wholesale rates, and a large saving has thus been eflfected by those who were entitled to the benefits of the liberal arrangements secured. In raaking terms with manufacturers and dealers, the cash system has always been agreed upon, and no order has been filled unless accompanied 612 HISTORY OF INDIANA. with the money or payable on delivery of goods. The arrange ment has proved very satisfactory to dealers, who got pay for their goods promptly and without expense, and to ^he con sumer, who by paying cash, saved from twenty to thirty per cent, of the usual cost of the article purchased. In September last, Alpheus Tyner, the present business agent, was appointed to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resignation of Mr. Kings bury. The State grange, through its executive committee, have enlarged the powers and extended the sphere of duties of the State agent, and that officer has recently opened a large ware-room in this city for the exhibition of implements of various kinds for the use of members of the order, and the prospects indicate that a very large trade -will be conducted through the agency in the future. GOOD EESTTLTS. Among the good results of the organization is the spirit of inquiry and investigation it has fostered among the members. It is safe to say that many thousands of farmers in the State now subscribe for and read agricultural papers who never did so before they became members of the grange. As an evi dence of the fact, it may be mentioned that the circulation of the State agricultural paper, the Indiana Fa/rmer, has more than doubled -within the past year. The charitable feature of the grange system has been nobly illustrated within the last two months, in the numerous and liberal donations that have been made by the granges of the State for the reUef of their destitute brethren and sisters in Kansas and Nebraska. Many thousands of dollars have been sent to these afflicted States that would n(jt have gone but for the grange organization and the charitable principles it inculcates. So long as the members feel that they are saving money in making their purchases, and are increasing in a knowledge of their business, adding to their social joys, and promoting an interest and dignity in their profession, there is little reason to expect that the order will be discontinued or lose many of its best adherents. CHAPTEE LXXVIII. THE GEEAT WAGON AND CAEEIAGE WOEKS OF THE STUDEBAKEE BEOTHEES MANUFACTXTEING COMPANT AT SOUTH BEND, ST. .JOSEPH COUNTT, INDIANA. ASTEANGEE, visiting South Bend twenty years ago, raust have admired the beauty of liier location, and the air of thriftiness surrounding the embryo city. If critical in that direction, he would have looked -with pleasure upon the budding industries born of the immense hydraulic power of the beautiful St. Joseph river, and prophesied of the wonder ful results inevitable in the then future. Perhaps the rushing waters, tumbling over their pebbly bed, as they sought for rest in the tideless Michigan, would have suggested possibilities never to be realized. Visions of cotton and woolen factories, with the whirl of spindles, and the click of looms, or the noise and bustle of other industries intimately associated with hydraulic force, might have crept upon his brain. Had he, however, looked into a little wagon shop on Michigan street, he would scarcely have iraagined that there was the nucleus of not only the largest industrial concern in northern Indiana, but of the most extensive establishment of its kind in the world, at the head of which would stand the young man then so lustily working at the forge, and singing his labor-refrain upon the anvil ! Tet this last would have been a fact soon to be developed ; for that work-shop was the starting point of the great Studebaker factories, and that young man to-day the able president of the Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company. It would be both interesting and instructive, doubtless, to trace the history of this institution minutely, thus illustrating (613) 614 HISTOET OF INDIANA. the great possibilities of small beginnings; the results of industry and enterprise, and fortifying the fact that maturity seldom springs from sudden efifbrt, and that growth and per manency have a singular co-relation. Such, however, is not the object of this article. Space, if not time, would fail us ; so we shall present, as briefiy as possible, such dry facts and figures as are at hand. It was on the sixteenth day of February, 1852, that Henry and Clement Studebaker opened their shop in South Bend, by the firm name of H. & C. Studebaker. They meant business; they did business. They had capital enough, but it was chiefly invested in bone, muscle, and indomitable will. They were hopeful, cheerful, and, finally, prosperous. Changes were made in the, firra ©ame and in its personel. Slowly, but surely, the work went on, until finally, in 1864, three of the brothers, Cleraent, John M., and Peter E., became equal partners', and the great house was founded by the name of Studebaker Brothers. Henry had retired and settled upon a farm near the city, where he now resides, a well satisfied and very comfortable country gentleman. The works were en larged, and soon after Peter E. established a branch at St. Joseph, Missouri, then a famous outfitting point, and where he did an enorraous business. Thus the new firm progressed, gradually enlarging its borders and strengthening its stake, until 1869, when its interests were consolidated in a joint stock company, called, as at present, the Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Corapany. But their course was not destined to be an uninterrupted one. In June, 1872, they were visited by a fire which involved a loss of nearly one hundred thousand dollars. Meantime, Jacob F., the youngest brother, had come in, making up the quartette, and William Mack had become a stockholder. A large tract of land had been purchased south of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern depot, and large improvements made. Immediately after the fire another gen tleman joined the company. It was Mr. H. L. Hines, a former partner of John M. Studebaker, in California. Becoming superintendent of construction, Mr. Hines has done yeoman's service ever since. At once the work of enlargement on the ¦^^>'-,', "-/ !:i I'l ^r ij - ***¦ V, 't* K^^'ll I II -- I , -T" L, ' II' '^ ,1. Il I '¦ fl*» <(^* '^ .[.: STUDEBAKER BROS. WAGON WORKS, SOUTH BEND. 616 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. new premises commenced, and was continued until in the spriug of 1874, the noble works of the company, the largest of the kind in the world, were completed, or nearly so. Some thing of their magnitude may be gathered from the following cut, which represents them at the period mentioned. On the twenty-fourth of August, 1874, this noble pile, the beau ideal of its pi;oprietors, the pride of the city, and the wonder of all, was nearly destroyed by fire, with a large por tion of its contents, involving a loss of about three hundi-ed and fifty thousand dollars, not far from one-third of which was covered by insurance. The average width of the main factory was sixty-t"«'o feet, the length aggregating eight hundred and sixty-eight feet. The outside linear measurement was about a half mile, and its fioorage measuring over five acres ! Forty forges, with blasts operated' by machinery, were in the smith shop, and five large elevators brought all the fioors into imme diate connection. The capacity of the works was one com pleted wagon each ten minutes. Of course the loss was a very severe one, and raany men would have succumbed under the pressure of such a disaster. Not so the Studebaker Brothers and their associates. The fire was hardly quenched ere the work of rebuilding began, and before the cold days of winter, larger and more convenient works were corapleted, with au eastern frontage on Lafayette street of five hundred feet, and on the railroad five hundred and seventy -five feet. All are of brick, substantially built, and nearly all erected since the fire. The coach and carriage factory of the company is situated some half mile from the wagon works, on the corner of Michi gan and Jefiferson streets. It embraces tbe old wagon shops with more recent additions. These buildings are of brick, elegantly built, ranging from two t^ i five stories in height, and having a fioorage of about two acres. They contain smith. shops, with thirty-five forges, wood shops, painting, trimming and varnishing rooms, repository, offices, etc. The engraving on page 435 gives a better idea of the size and quality of these great carriage works than can be conveyed in words. The sumraary of the combined estabUshments is as follows: STUDEBAKEE BEOTHEES CAEEIAGE WOEKS." 617 Ground occupied fbr manufacturing purposes . 17 acres. Aggregate length of buildings, about 1,600 feet. Average height of buUdings 3 stories. Ground area of buildings over 2^ acres. Aggregate area of floors, nearly 8 acres. Length of sheds, about 4,000 feet. Width of sheds, average 40 feet. Area covered by timber sheds, nearly 7 acres. The motive power of the factories consists of two engines, one of two hundred and the other forty horse power. Over one hundred and thirty labor-saving machines are in constant use. Thus these immense works are re-built, and have a capacity for extraordinary usefulness. At the present writing, nearly six hundred hands are constantly employed, at remunerative wages; a support being thus given to over two thousand inhabitants. As showing the gradual but sure growth of this industrial concern, the following table of productions is presented, which includes seven years: Tear. No. of vehicles. Value. 1868 -. 3,955 ! $380,000 1869 5,115 412,000 1870 6,505 573,000 1871 6,835 626,000 1872 ^ 6,950 691,000 1873 10,280 896,000 1874 11,050 1,000,000 Total 53,690 $4,577,000 The year 1874, although marked by an extraordinary destruc tion, is the heaviest of all. At first glance it might be considered difficult to find a market for this immense production, and so it would, were business transacted now as it was a quarter of a century ago, or even nearer the present. Then wagons were hauled by 618 • HISTOET OF lOTJIANA. teams to the most accessible points and left on commission, or peddled through the country from farm to farm, or from town to town. Cash sales were infrequent. Cattle, horses, hogs, grain, or other property, usually formed the consideration, or for good notes time was given. No-w' things are different. Wagons are shipped by the car, almost by the train load, and are sold for cash, or first class commercial paper on short time. There is no barter. The west, northwest and southwest, are tributary to the company. On the plains, and prairies, on the highest traversable points of the great rocky chain, on farmSj plantations and ranches, in Mexico, South America, and even Europe, the handiwork of the Studebakers is to be met with, while orders far beyond the capacity of the works are constantly on hand. The trouble is less to sell than to make. It should. be remarked that 'the fires alluded to consumed but a trifie of the seasoned material of the corapany, and that a reserve suffi cient fbr the construction of thirty thousand vehicles is always on hand. The Studebaker Brothers are now in the very zenith of vigor and usefulness, and the concern bids fair to grow to even more extraordinary proportions. THE BASS FOUNDED AND MACHINE WOEKS OF FOET WATNE, INDIANA. The Bass Foundry and Machine Works at Fort Wayne is the largest establishment of the kind in the State, and, as a car wheel foundry, the largest in the United States. It con stitutes a very prominent feature of the great industries of Indiana, and is one of the best evidences existing of the great enterprise which has placed Fort Wayne on the road to success as a manufacturing city. The works consist of eight build ings, (an engraving of which is presented in connection with this sketch.) and cover ten acres of ground, located at the intersection of Hanna street and the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad. They were first established in a small way, in 1853, by Messrs. Cooper, Bass & Co., as a car wheel foundry, who continued the business till 1855, when Mr. Cooper retired, and the firm style was changed to Jones, Bass THE BASS FOUNDRY. 619 & Co. This firm struggled along until 1857, when another change was made. At this date the works were removed to the present location, and a joint stock company was organized under the title of the Fort Wayne Machine Works. Under this arrangement, Messrs. Hanna & Bass were the principal proprietors, and co'ntinued the business until 1858, at which time Mr. J. H. Bass, the present proprietor, assumed charge. He first leased the works for one year, but through a careful and successful management, he soon became proprietor of the whole concern. Mr. Hanna was associated with him until 1869, when he died, leaving Mr. Bass the sole proprietor. This gentleman continued the business alone until 1873, during which time he enlarged the works, erected new build ings, and more than quadrupled the business of the establish ment. In the latter year a stock company was again organ ized, with a paid up capital stock of five hundred thousand doUars, under the title of the " Bass Foundry and Machine Works," which it still holds. Mr. J. H. Bass was elected president of the company, which position he still holds. He has been the chief proprietor and manager of the estab lishment since 1858, and the success of the works during these years has been unparalleled. In 1868, the first year in which he controlled the business, it did not probably exceed fifteen thousand dollars, but it has been steadily and rapidly increas ing. In 1873, the business transacted by this company exceeded one mUlion eight hundred thousand dollars, and, as already raentioned, the works have gro-wn to be the largest of the kind in the United States. This is certainly an evidence of the great business enterprise of Indiana, and not less so of the high business talents of Mr. J. H. Bass. One of the compilers of this work visited the establishment in October last, and found, even in the dull times, every build ing a scene of activity. The car-wheel shop, which is perhaps the very centre of life of the works, is a brick structure sixty- five by four hundred feet, having a capacity of turning out two hundred and fifty wheels a day. This is the largest foundry of the kind in the United States. From it car wheels are sent to Pittsburg, and throughout the whole west and 620 raSTOET OF INDIANA. northwest, every where attesting their superior quality. The general foundry is a brick building, seventy-five by one hundred and fifty feet. This, however, during the. present year, will be converted into a machine shop, and a new building, sixty-five by three hundred feet, -will be erected for the general foundry. Adjoining the present general foundry, is the machine shop, fifty by one hundred and thirty feet. This will be enlarged with the completion of the building referred to, by the addi tion of the present general foundry, seventy-five by one hundred feet. Just west of the machine shop is the wood working shop, fifty by one hundred feet, and west of this is the boiler shop, forty by one hundred and forty feet. North of this is the blacksmith shop and forge room, seventy by one hundred and twenty feet. The offices of the concern are in a two story handsome brick structure, located on Hanna street, close to the railroad crossing, and nearly in the center of the works. This building is thirty by sixty feet, and is elegantly furnished. The offices are furnished with all the modern improvements, and are tastefully appointed, and supplied with many conveniences. In the upper story of this building are the drafting rooms. Mr. Bass has always made a specialty of car wheels, in the production of which his immense foundry has made an envi able reputation throughout the whole nation. The wheels produced at his works are sought after by nearly every road within reach of them, and the demand upon his faciUties for producing them is increasing quite as fast as he is increasing the capacity of the establishment. Besides car wheels, Mr. Bass is producing steam engines of an approved make and quality, boilers, mill, and heavy machinery of all kinds. The melting capacity of his works is equal to one hundred tons of pig iron per day. But Mr. Bass has not devoted his whole attention to this one enterprise, although the results he has produced during the last ten years in connection with it seem to be very large for the work of so short a period. He has also an extensive car wheel foundry in St. Louis, Mo., or rather he is the princi pal owner of it. This is located on Sixteenth street and the •nrr rr> ni s f r " f THE BASS FOUNDRY AND MACHINE WORKS, FORT WAYNE, 622 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Pacific railroad, and consists of two large brick buildings, with a capacity of over twenty -five tons a day. This institu tion has been in operation over five years, and has already proved a success financially, and promises a brilliant future. Mr. Bass has also a car wheel foundry in Chicago, of which he is sole proprietor. It is located on Forty-seventh street, near the Eock Island shops, and consists of two spacious brick buildings. This establishment has the exclusive patronage of the Chicago, Eock Island and Pacific railroad, and is increas ing its business rapidly by receiving the business of other roads in the northwest. The few hints we have given of the successful enterprise of Mr. J. H. Bass, will show that he is reaching out widely in his commercial operations, and as we shall see, is meeting with constant gain. Besides his general foundry and machine works, he has in Fort Wayne, St. Louis, and Chicago, facilities for turning out three hundred and fifty car wheels Der day. PART THIRD. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES INTEODUCTOET. In conclusion, we present brief sketches of a number of the citizens of Indiana who have become prominent in the severa. pursuits and professions of life. The usual alphabetical order is not observed here, but an index of names, arranged alpha betically, "will be found on page 21. In these personal sketches we have endeavored to present the deeds in the lives of the persons represented rather than to praise them. In fact we have avoided the very appearance of laudation. It is generally known that the data from which biographies are written is obtained from the persons themselves ; hence the impropriety of praising the deeds of living men. To be sure, there are a few heroes of Indiana who have gone to their rest and reward, such as Generals Harrison, Tipton, and Evans, and Colonels Daviess, Vigo, and others, as well as those brave men who fell in defense of the Union — those are properly the subjects of our highest admiration ; but there is something incon sistent, something from which a conscientious writer turns away in disgust, in " writing up " the good deeds of men still active among us. Already authors and biographers have manifested too much zeal in this depiartment of literature — a (633) 624 HISTOET OF INDIANA. zeal, we fear, that has too often been actuated by other than the most legitimate of objects ; and a zeal also that has, we are glad to observe, been condemned most thoroughly by those very persons in whose behalf it has been exerted. We are glad to believe that we could not injure the reception of this volume in greater measure than by filling it with encomi ums of prominent men, stiU active in the various pursuits in the State. Such is the disUke for biographical fame among the solid men of Indiana, that the compilers of this -work have found it very difficult to obtain the information necessary for the following very brief sketches. And, if any persons are not represented whose life's work has been such as to entitle them to a place in this department, -we have only to say, in justification of our position in consequence, that such persons positively refused to furnish us with the data required. No other consideration than that of the public estimation has prompted us in the selection and preparation of the foUowing statistics. This assertion is ftiUy borne out by the character of that which follows. CONEAD BAKEE. He was born in Franklin county, where he practiced his profession Pa., February twelfth, 1817. His until after the commencement of father was a farmer, and he re- the rebellion. He was elected to mained on the farm until he was the lo-wer house of the general about flfteen years of age. He went assembly of Indiana in 1845, and to school, (a classical academy,) in served one session. Elected judge Chambersburgh, the county seat of of the courts of common pleas for his native county, some two years, the district composing the counties and then went to Pennsylvania Col- of Vanderburgh and Warrick, in lege, at Gettysburgh, Pa., where he 1852, and served about one year and remained about two years, but did resigned. He was nominated in his not graduate. Studied law at Gtet- absence, and without his knowl- tysburgh, in the oflJce of Messrs. edge, for Lieutenant-Governor on Stevens & Smyser, the flrm being the Republican ticket in 1856, sen- composed of the late Thaddeus ator Morton being the candidate for Stevens and the late Daniel M. Governor on the same ticket. The Smyser; was admitted to the bar at Democratic ticket, headed by Wil- Gettysburgh in 1839, and practiced lard for Governor, and Hammond there two years. Came to Indiana for Lieutenant-Governor, was, how- in 1841, and settled at Evansville, ever, elected. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 625 Appointed by Governor Morton Colonel of 1st Indiana Cavalry, it being 38th Regiment Indiana Vol unteers, in July, 1861 ; organized the regiment, and was mustered into the service in August, 1861; remained in the service until Sep tember, 1864 ; served in the field in the southwest under Generals J. C. Fremont, Frederick Steel, S. R. Cur tis, A. P. Hovey, and others, until April, 1863, when he -was ordered by the War Department to Indiana polis to organize the Provost Mar shal General Bureau for the State of Indiana. Still retaining the place and rank of Colonel of the 1st In diana Cavalry, he performed the duties of acting assistant provost marshal general for Indiana, from April, 1863, to the latter part of August, 1864, and as such, having the supervision of the enrollment and draft. He was at the same time, by virtue of this position, superintendent of volunteer recruit ing, and had charge of all the mus tering officers on duty in this State. In June or July, 1864, the Republi can State Central Committee unani mously tendered him the candidacy for the offlce of Lieutenant-Gov ernor, to fill a vacancy caused by the declension of General Nathan Kimball, who had been nominated for that offlce by the convention. He was elected, senator Morton be ing elected at the same time, on the same ticket. He presided over the Senate during the session commenc ing in January, 1865. In November, 1865, Governor Morton convened the legislature in extra session, and immediately thereafter went to Europe in quest of his health, and was gone flve months. During this absence of the governor Mr. Baker acted as governor. In January, 1867, Governor Morton was elected to the United States Senate, and immediately resigned his offlce, whereupon the duties of the offlce of governor devolved upon the lieutenantgovernor, and, Mr. Baker, as such, performed them during the residue of Governor Morton's term. Mr. Baker was elected governor of Indiana in October, 1868, and served as such until succeeded by Governor Hendricks, in January, 1873. He acted as governor, (including the five months of Governor Morton's absence in Europe,) for about six years and flve months. Since the termination of his offlcial life he has been actively engaged in the practice of his profession at Indi anapolis. CTEUS NUTT, D. D., LL. D. He was born in Trumbull county, Ohio, September fourth, 1814. His educational opportunities were nec essarily limited in so ne-w a country. His parents were well versed in the common branches of education, and he was taught reading, writing, arithmetic, geography and gram- mar at home during such leisure hours as could be redeemed from 40 manual labor. He however at tended the country school in his neighborhood, when in session, which was about three months in the year. Such was young Nutt's desire for a liberal education that he improved every opportunity for the acquisition of learning; and when at the age of eighteen, his father proposed to deed him a piece 626 HISTOET OF INDIANA. of land in consideration of his faithful labors on the farm, he told him he would rather have a good education than any property. His father flrst spoke discouragingly, but finally agreed to give him his time and let him get an education by working his own way. He im mediately went to an academy to prepare himself for college, and in four years from that time he gradu ated at Alleghany College, Mead- ville. Pa., ha-ving supported him self by teaching during the winters, and at the same time keeping up his studies. He graduated in 1836, and was immediately appointed pre ceptor of the preparatory depart ment in the same institution ; -which position he filled for six months, when he was elected to the charge of the preparatory department of Indiana Asbury University, which had just been chartered by the leg islature of Indiana. Mr. Nutt was converted at a campmeeting when in his nineteenth year. He was appointed to the charge of a class of young men as class-leader while in college. He was licensed to exhort, and then to preach ; and he preached his flrst sermon at Green castle soon after his arrival. The flrst meeting of the trustees of Indiana Asbury University .was held in March, 1837, at -which time Dr. Nutt was elected preceptor of the preparatory department, and arrangements were made to have that department opened at an early day. It required seven or eight days at that time to make the trip from Meadville, where Mr. Nutt then resided, to Greencastle, by the most speedy mode of travel, -which was stage and steamboat Dr. Nutt left Meadville about the seventh of May, and traveled by stage to Pitts burg, and thence by steamboat to Cincinnati, and thence by stage to Greencastle, where he arrived on the sixteenth of the same month — having walked, however, from Put- namville to Greencastle, as there was, at that day, no public convey ance from the outside world to Greencastle. Dr. Nutt entered upon his duties at Greencastle on the fifth of June, 1837, commencing the preparatory department in a small, one-story brick building, with only (two rooms; the larger of which was occupied by the town school. The smaller room was then the only place available; and there Dr. Nutt began the literary instruction of this since renowned university of the West. At the meeting of the board of trustees, in September of the same year, he was elected pro fessor of languages. In 1841 he was elected professor of the Greek language and literature, and He brew, which position he held until 1843, when he resigned and took pastoral -work in Indiana Confer ence, and was appointed to Bloom ington station. He had been admit ted into the Conference at its session in RockviUe, in 1838, and ordained deacon by Bishop Soule, at Indian apolis in 1840, and elder by Bishop Morris, at the conference in penter- ville, in 1843. He remained iu charge of Bloomington station two years, and the year following was at Salem. His ministry was emi nently successful in both of these charges. In the fall of 1846, he returned to the university, having been elected to the chair of Greek language and literature, made va cant by the resignation of Prof B. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 627 F. Teflt, who took charge of the Ladies^ Repository, at Cinoinnnati. In 1849, Dr. Nutt was elected Pres ident of Fort Wayne Female Col lege, which he accepted and held for one year, when he resigned and accepted the presidency of White water College, which had been ten dered him by the trustees of that institution, the climate of northern Indiana not agreeing with Mrs. Nutt, who was a native of Kentucky. He entered upon the duties of the presidency of "Whitewater College, at CenterviUe, Indiana, in the fall of 1850. The school flourished under his administration, and the number of students increased from one hundred and forty to more than three hundred. During the whole of this time he held the position either of trustee or Conference vis itor to Indiana Asbury University, and took a lively interest in all the affairs of the church. He remained flve years at the head of Whitewater College, when he resigned to enter again upon the work of the minis try, and at the session of the North Indiana Conference, at Goshen, in 1855, he was appointed presiding elder on the Richmond district, where he remained two years ; du ring which an almost constant revi val was in progress nearly all over the district. In the fall of 1857, he was elected to the chair of Mathematics in Indi ana Asbury University. He was also elected vice-president of the Faculty. Hon. David McDonald, who had been elected to the presi dency of the university, having de clined to accept, the administration of the university devolved upon Dr. Nutt for nearly two years, during one of the most critical and impor tant periods in its history, until Rev. Thos. Bowman, D.D., took charge of the institution in the spring of 1859. The university was conducted with great skill and success by Dr. Nutt and his associates, and fully recov ered from the disaster that had un fortunately overtaken it in 1856-57. In 1839, he received the degree of A. M. from his Aln-ia Mat&r, Alle- gheny College. In 1859 he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity , from the Ohio Wesleyan University , and in 1873, the degree of Doctor of La-ws, from Hanover College, and also from the University of Missouri. In 1860, he was a delegate to the General Conference, held at Buffalo, from Northern Indiana Conference, leading his delegation, and served in that memorable session as mem her of the committee on the Episco pacy, and also on the committees on Education, Judiciary, and Lay Delegation, and proved himself an industrious and useful delegate. He also served as a delegate from Indi ana Conference to the General Con ference, which met at Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1873, and was elected secre tary of the committee on the State of Church, besides being a member and doing service on several other important committees. In 1860, Dr. Nutt was elected president of the Indiana State Uni versity at Bloomington, which posi tion he still holds (1875,) and under his prudent and skillful manage ment the State university has greatly prospered. Five new chairs have been added to its course of instruc tions, a medical department, and a department of civil engineering have been created, the number of the faculty have been increased from six to twenty-six, the number 628 HISTOET OF INDIANA. of Students, from about one hun dred, to three hundred and flfty- eight, the annual income from flve thousand six hundred dollars, to thirty thousand five hundred, the number of the alumni from two hundred and forty-two, to nine hundred and seventy-three, the library from one thousand five hun dred volumes, to near eight thou sand. The 'cabinet is now one of the best in the -west, and a new and beautiful building has been com pleted, and all the facilities for instruction have been greatly en larged. The Indiana university now justly ranks among the very best in the land. The State university has pros pered beyond precedent since Dr. Nutt has been at the head of its affairs. Dr. Nutt was elected presi dent of Iowa State University in 1843, but declined to accept. He was a member of the State Teach ers' Convention in 1854, which or ganized the State Teachers' Associ ation, and established the Indiana School Journal. He was elected and served as president of the State Teachers' Association in 1863, and has been a member of the State Board of Education for nine years. Both as a minister of the gospel and an educator. Dr. Nutt has been emi. nently successful, and will leave upon the generation that comes after him an abiding impression for good. BAENABAS C. HOBBS, LL.D. He was born near Salem, Wash ington county, Indiana, October fourth, 1815. His early years were passed in familiar acquaintance -with the trials, privations, and la bors of pioneer life, and his educa^ tion was such as was to be had in the log school-house of that day. Prompted by aspirations for a better scholarship, he entered, at eighteen years, the county semina ry, under the instruction of John I. Morrison, at that time and for many years a leading educator in the State. He here became acquainted with algebra, geometry, mensuration, and land surveying, and with the first lessons in Latin and Greek, in addition to his common school course. He was kindly offered a home in the family of Benjamin Parke, then United States judge for the district of Indiana, -svhosc influ ence and friendship were of great advantage to him, and never forgot ten. He was his offlce companion at the time of- his death in 1834. He commenced teaching while eighteen years of age, and has made it his principal employment until now. While thus engaged in his native county in 1837, he became acquainted with William H. Mc- Guffey, the author of the Eclectic Readers, who opened the way for him to enter the Cincinnati college, over which he then presided, which opportunity he gladly accepted, teaching a part of the time to meet his expenses. He was here under the mathematical instruction of Prof O. M. Mitchell. During this period of his life he was brought into intimate acquaintance with Prof. E. D. Mansfield, Prof Drury and Drs. Drake, Harrison, Rodgers and McDowell of the medical de partment, in which he took an BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHIS. 629 academic course in comparative anatomy and chemistry. These ad vantages and tlie inspiration he re ceived from such men had much to do in determining his future char acter. He was soon after employed as principal teacher in Mount Pleas ant boarding school, in Jefferson county, Ohio, where he remained near four years, and until his mar riage, when a favorable opening in duced him to establish a school in Richmond, Indiana, to which place he removed in the spring of 1843. After a uniform success of near four years, he accepted the super intendency of Friend's boarding school, now Earlham college, for two years. In 1851, he removed to Parke county to take the presidency of Bloomingdale academy, in which he continuously and successfully labored for near sixteen years. At the extra session of the legis lature of 1865, a law was passed creating a State normal school, an institution for which he had long and earnestly labored. He was ap pointed by Governor Morton one of the trustees, a position which he continues to hold. In 1866, he was delegated by the board of trustees to visit the several normal schools in the United States to obtain the necessary information from their experience, preparatory to the con struction of a building adapted to the best ideal of such institutions. The architect embraced in his plan the recommendations in his report. During the summer of the same year he was chosen the flrst presi dent of Earlham college, and pro fessor of English literature, which places he creditably filled for more than two yearsj and until elected superintendent of public instruc tion in 1868. A vacancy occurring in that office by the resignation of Dr. G. W. Hoss, who had accepted a professorship in the State univer sity, he by appointment of Governor Baker entered at once upon the du ties of that offlce ; the term for which he was elected not commencing un til March fifteenth, 1869. He applied himself earnestly and faithfully to the duties of his offlce, and in his county visits, public ad dresses and official reports, pressed upon the people the necessity pf ad ditional tax for the extension of the school term in rural districts; of the necessity of county superin tendency ; of such modifications in our school laws as would give relief to county officers in mak ing enumerations, distributions of school funds, and reports; for the perfection of our public school sys tem so that the common school would grade properly into the high school, and the high school into the college and State university; and for the rights of colored citizens to the benefits of the school funds. The resignations of members in both branches of the legislature during both sessions during his term of offlce, prevented the real ization of his wishes, but he has the pleasure of seeing their appro val by subsequent legislation. As chairman of a committee of the National Superintendents Asso ciation, at Washington, he advo cated such national legislation as would equalize the school funds of the States, especially with reference to Southern States, where school funds had been lost by war. His report of memorial was approved 630 HISTOET OF INDIANA. by the association, and its presenta tion ordered. He was one of the earnest advo cates of reform schools for both boys and girls, and for prison re form. He has the pleasure of wit nessing the successful inauguration of the first, and of anticipating such legislation as will make our State and city prisons self-supportive, ed- ucational and reformatory. He is one of the trustees and in corporators of the Terre Haute In dustrial School, founded by the mu nificent endowment of Chauncy Rose, Esq., and has had the charge of selecting and sustaining, at the State normal school, about twenty young ladies, by the liberal provis ion of the same gentleman. These have been chosen from about thirty different counties, and the entire number so aided has been above sixty. When his term of service as State superintendent closed, he returned to his pleasant home at Blooming dale, where he resumed the presi dency of Bloomingdale academy. While, in early life, he was una ble, for want of means, to complete his regular college course, his suc cess in his chosen profession secur ed for him an honorary master's degree by Wabash college in 1858, and the degree of Doctor of Laws by the State university in 1870. The latter institution has twice honored him by offering him the professor ship of English literature, which, at the time, he considered would be attended by too much pecuniary sacriflce for him to accept. He was employed by the State geologist, in 1873, by aid of a do- nation for that object, by the com missioners, to make a geological survey of Parke county. His re port may be found in the Geolog ical Reports for that year. "While he maintains a member ship in the Society of Friends, and has been by them approved as a minister for more than twenty years, he is liberal and tolerant towards all. His religious senti ments are of the full evangelic type, recognizing men of every na tion, race and color as brethren. DANIEL KIEKWOOD, LL.D. He was the son of John and Ag nes (Hope) Kirkwood, and was born in Harford county, Maryland, Sep tember twenty-seventh, 1814. His youth was spent in the ordinary routine of farm labor, with very limited opportunities for acquiring even au English education. In 1884 he entered the York County Academy, at York, Pennsylvania, where, first as a student, and after ward as teacher of mathematics, he continued till 1843, when he was elected principal of the Lancaster (Pa.) High School. Col. John "W Forney and Hon. Thaddeus Stevens were then directors of the Lancas ter city schools, and Dr. Kirkwood still speaks with evident satisfaction of his early offlcial relations with the subsequently distinguished jour nalist and statesman. In 1849, while residing in Potts- ville. Pa., Dr. Kirkwood published his Analogy between the Periods of Rotation of the Primary Planets, which was favorably received by the scientific public. In 1851 he 632 HISTOET OF INDIANA. was elected a member of the Amer ican Philosophical Society, at Phil adelphia, and in the same year to the chair of mathematics in Dela ware college. From 1856 to the pres ent time — with the exception of a brief absence in Canpnsburg, Pa. — he has occupied the position which he now holds in the University of Indiana. Dr. Kirkwood has been a frequent contributor to our scientific jour nals, and some of his memoirs have attracted much attention, both in Europe and America. His paper published in the Proceedings of the Royal Astronomical Society of Lon don, Vol. XXIX., was the first to in dicate the physical cause of the gap in Saturn's ring, and of similar chasms in the zone of asteroids. The degree of A. M. was conferred on Dr. Kirkwood, in 1849, by Wash ington college, and that of LL. D. in 1853, by the University of Pennsyl- JOHN P. C. SHANKS. He was born in Martinsburg, Vir ginia, June seventeenth, 1836. His paternal ancestors came from Ire land. His grandfather, Joseph Shanks, entered the CoUtinental army immediately after the battle of Lexington, aad served through the Revolution, participating in the battle of Yorktown. His father, Michael Shanks, was a soldier in the war of 1813, and an elder broth er served through the Mexican war. His father left the State of Vir ginia in 1839, on account of oppo sition to slavery, and settled in the wilderness of Jay county, Indiana. The subject of this sketch had few advantages of schools, either in Vir ginia or in his forest home in the Wesl. His parents being in limited circumstances, struggling to make a home in a new country, their son participated in their labors, hard ships, and privations. From his fifteenth to his seventeenth year he suffered intensely from an attack of rheumatism, much of his time being helpless, and while in this condition studied industriously un der his father, who was a good scholar. Regaining his health, he pursued his studies during all the waking hours which were not occu pied with the severest manual labor. He studied by fire-light at home, and by camp-fires in the woods. He read in the highway while driving his team, and carried his book when he plowed. He worked at the car penter's trade in Michigan to earn money with which to pursue the study of law. In 1847 he com menced the study of law in his own county, working for his board, and devoting every third week of his time to labor for his father on the farm. He was admitted to practice law in 1850, and during that year was acting auditor of his county. In the autumn following he was elect ed prosecuting attorney of the cir cuit court by the unanimous vote ef both political parties. In 1860 he was elected representative from In diana to the thirty-seventh congress, and took his seat July fourth, 1861, when congress was assembled by proclamation of President Lincoln to take measures for the prosecution of the war; he voluntarily fought in the first battle of Bull Run, July BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 633 twenty-first, 1861, and by great ef forts succeeded in rallying a portion of the fugitives from the ill-fated field. For h:'s conduct, on this oc casion, he was promoted, and after wards accepted an appointment on the stkff of Gen. Fremont, and serv ed with him in Missouri, and after wards with Gen. Hunter, until the re-assembling of congress. After the session of congress closed he connected himself with Fremont's staff, in West Virginia. In the summer of 1863, Mr. Shanks raised the seventh Indiana regiment of volunteer cavalry, and on the sixth of December, was ordered with them from Indianapolis to the fleld. In the following February, he was breveted a brigadier-general for mer itorious conduct. Having given ef ficient service until some time after the surrender of Lee and Johnston, he was mustered out in September, 1865, at Hempstead, Texas. In 1866, Mr. Shanks was elected to the fortieth congress, during which he served on the committees on the militia and Indian affairs. In the forty-flrst congress Mr.Shanks was chairman of the committee on the militia, and a member of the committee on Indian affairs and on freedmen's affairs. During his public life Mr. Shanks has been an industrious worker. GEAHAM N. FITCH. He removed from New York, his native State, to Logansport, In diana, in 1843. He has been twice elected to the Indiana legislature, and has been several times elector of president and vice-president of the United States. He held, for sev eral years, a professorship in Rush Medical College, Chicago, 111., and resigned that position to take a seat in congress. He was four years in the national house of representa tives, defeating in the race for his second term the Hon. Schuyler Col fax. He (Ml. F.) was subsequently four years in the United States sen ate. Although always a decided democrat, he has twice dissented from the action of the majority of his party. In the triangular con- test for the presidency between Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Douglas, and Mr. Breckenrldge, he supported the last named gentleman, influenced there to by a belief that his election would prevent the threatened civil war. And again when the major ity of his party supported Mr. Gree ley for the presidency against Gen. Grant, he voted for Charles O'Con nor. He opposed alike the ultra anti-slavery men of the North, and pro-slavery men of the South, aver ring that the former gave the pre text for dissatisfaction in the South, while the latter exaggerated the pre text to unreasonably increase the dissatisfaction. He thought both, though antipodes in profession, men seeking the same end — civil war and dissolution of the Union. He ap pears to have foreseen the war some years before its occurrence, and warned southern members of con gress of its consequences to their section : portraying those conse quences, in one of his speeches in congress, much as they subsequent ly occurred. When the war came, he raised a regiment (forty-sixth In diana volunteers), and at their head entered the federal service. He was 634 HISTOET OF INDIANA. soon placed in command of a brig ade with which he participated in the seige and capture of Fort Thompson, at New Madrid, Mo. His command likewise composed part of General Palmer's division, which, subsequent to the capture of Fort Thompson, blockaded the Mississippi at Ruddle's Point, to prevent reinforcements and sup plies reaching "Island 10" from below. Afterwards he was detach ed with his brigade from General Pope's command to co-operate with Commodores Foote and Davis in the seige of Fort Pillow, and con ducted the seige so vigorously as to materially aid in the forced aban donment of the fort by the confed erate troops. The next day after its capture he descended the river and captured Memphis, holding it for some days, until the arrival of General Shanks, of the forty-seventh Indiana. He then, with his own regiment, embarked for the "White River, Arkansas, where he rendered valuable service. Dr. Fitch is now a well known and prominent resi dent of Logansport, Indiana. HOEACE P. BIDDLE. The father of Horace P. Biddle was one of the early pioneers of the west. Casting his lot in border life, he migrated to Marietta, Ohio, in 1789, where he endured a full share of the hardships of those days. In 1803 he removed to Fairfleld county, in that State, where he erected the log cabin or " Cabin Home," of which we present an engraving on the following page. This cabin was located about one mile below Logan, on the north bank of the Hocking river, in what is now Hocking county. Horace P. Biddle was born in this " Cabin Home," in 1814, and lived here with his pa^ rents until about twenty years of age. His youth was spent working on the farm in the summer and go ing to school in the winter. In the former capacity he laid well the foundation of a sound, physical constitution, such as only agricul tural pursuits can give, and in the latter — the rural school room — his mind was early directed to the beauties of poetry and literature, with which his -writings since have been adorned. In 1836 Mr. Biddle applied to the late Thomas Ewing to study law, and was cordially received by that gentleman, who, being a member of the United States Senate, at that time, recommended him to the office of the late Hocking H. Hunter, of Lancaster. With the last named gentleman Mr. Biddle earnestly commenced his studies for the law profession. In this undertaking he was entirely successful. Through the special kindness of Mr. Hunter, who proved not only his efflcient preceptor, but his sincere friend, he lacked no advantage calculated to facilitate his progress. In April, 1839, he was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Ohio, at Cin cinnati, and in October, of the same year, he settled permanently in Lo gansport, Indiana. During the flrst year of his resi dence in Logansport, he was blessed with a steady and remunerati-ve practice of his profession, which he always maintained until he sought retirement This active and pros perous professional life was not long drawing him into the political BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 635 arena. " On the nomination of Henry Clay for the presidency, he advocated his election, and was placed upon the electoral ticket. In 1845 he became a candidate for the legislature, but was defeated [by an old settler.] He was elected pre siding judge of the eighth judicial circuit court in December, 1846, in which offlce he continued until 1853. He was a member of the In diana constitutional convention, which assembled in 1850. Although the district was against his party, he received a majority of over two hundred votes. In 1853 he was nominated for Congress, but failed to receive the election. He was elected supreme judge in 1857 by a large majority, but the governor, Ashbel P. Willard, refused to com mission him for the reason that no vacancy in the offlce existed."* From 1850 to 1860, he enjoyed a large and very lucrative practice at the bar. At this point we turn from Mr. Biddle's political life, for a while, to notice his works in literature and poetry. It is not a little refreshing to the writer to be able to present, in the history of the State of Indi ana, a brief biographical sketch of one of her citizens who has attained the highest political distinction, and whose -writings are fraught with such a high degree of literary merit, and will it not be a source of gratification to every resident of the State whose eye falls on these pages, to know that this work is enlivened by such poetry as the fol lowing from the pen of one of their own oldest and most respected citi zens. Mr. Biddle has not only written many original poems of great taste and beauty, but has made excellent translations from French and Ger man poets. His version of Lamar- tine's beautiful poem, "The Swal low," stands very high among the real treasures in American litera ture. At an early age Mr. Biddle com- menced -writing rhymes. " One of his pieces," says Mr. Cogshall, in his Poets and Poetry of the West, " printed when he was fifteen years old, contained merit enough to in duce another poet to claim it as his own." In 1843 Mr. Biddle became a contributor to tJie Southem Liter- a/ry Messenger, furnishing some of the richest materials for that maga zine. He also furnished many arti cles, prose as well as poetical, to the Ladies^ Repository, and to other leading literary periodicals. In 1850, a. collection of Mr. Bid- die's poems was published in pam phlet form, entitled "A few Po ems." In little less than two years after a second edition appeared. The latter attracted the attention of Washington Irving, who, in a letter to the author, said: "I have read your poems with great relish ; they are full of sensibility and beauty, and bespeak a talent well worthy of cultivation. Such blossoms should produce flne fruit." In 1858, an enlarged edition was published in neat book form at Cincinnati, with an essay entitled " What is Poetry ?" This volume of poems, and the es say, have received unlimited praise, and an exceedingly wide circula tion. In the essay the author taste fully discusses the definitions that * Poets and Poetry of the West. 636 HISTOET OF INDIANA. haye been given by eminent think ers, and then decides that "poetry is beautiful thoughts, expressed in appropriate language — having no reference to theuseful." The following is a selection from Mr. Biddle's volume of poems: HAPPT HOUES. They say that time, who steals onr hours, Will never bring them back. But bears them off like faded flowers That strew his endless track. Bnt when I think of childhood's dreams. That round my pillow cling. And dream them o'er again, it seems He never stirred his wing. And when I hear my father praise His little urchin boy. It calls to mind those halcyon days, When aU I knew was joy. And yet I feel the fervent kiss My mother gave her son. Again I share my mother's blisa. Forgetting that she's gone. And when I call back friends again. That erst I loved to greet. And hear each voice's well-known strain. Again we seem to meet I Time hallows every happt hour; While fading in the past. E'en grief and anguish lose their poWer, And come to pain at last. Although he thins our locks so dark. And silvers them with grey; HiB crumbling touch can never mark The spirit with decay. He gathers all the fadeless flowers And weaves them in a wreath. And with them twines our well-spent hours, To blunt the dart of death. Ab after music's tones have ceased, We oft recall the strain, So when our happy hours are past. They come to us again. Thougti time may mingle- thorns with flowers, ' And gloomy hours with gay. He brings us back the happy hours, And bears the sad away. Then let us gather only flowers. Along the pasture tread. And only count the happy hours. Forgetting all the sad. And if we yet should feel a woe, Fond hope soon comes to prove, That though 'tis sometimes dark below, 'TIS always bright above ! This is one of Mr. Biddle's first productions — one that has traveled from newspaper to periodical for many years. Like most all other poems, it has been freely used with out any mention as to its author — a practice that should be arrested in the interests of common courtesy. "We give below another gem from the pen of the subject of this sketch : THE ANGEL AND THB FLO"WEE. 1 saw a child — a lonely flower. Spring to the summer's breath, I looked again : 'twas but an hour— And lo, 'twas laid in death. I asked an angel why it was so, Why such to earth were given ! The angel said, " They spring below, But have their bloom in heaven." How often has the eye of the reader fell upon this little poetic star, shining in its beauty and bright ness, without knowing its author! And we give another : BIETH OF CUPID. A tear-drop fell from an angel's eye, And lodged in the cup of a flower; While trembling there, 'twas embraced by a sigh. And Cupid-was born in the bower. Thus sprang from embraces so sweetly impressed. The child of a sigh and a tear, And reared on the sweets of a flower's breast, Why marvel he's wayward, sweet, tender and deart But our limited space will not admit of as many selections from this volume as its merit deserves. BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 637 We must, in this connection, make some mention of " My Scrap Book," a very tasty volume of poems by Mr. Biddle, which has been print.ed and elegantly bound, but not pvi>- lished. This work has been printed for the purpose of preserving numerous scraps of poetry -written at different times by the same author. It con tains some fine specimens of wit and humor, many beautiful senti ments, and some very rich treasures in poetry. We select a few pieces from this unpublished work, with out the permission of its author, at our own risk. First, we give an extract from a poem -written on the " Death of the Presidents," or more particularly on the death of President Adams, the elder, and President Jeff'erson, both of whom died on the fourth of July, 1836, just fifty years after the sign ing of the Declaration of Independ ence: They fell as falls the rock-built tower. That rears its form sublime. And ages prove the conquerer's power; Then, when no longer dangers lower. Bows to the hand of time ! * * * * * Dismissed, as time rolled back that hour In which they laid the wall Of liberty's ezEilted tower : Planted the tree and spread the bower, Which we -trill not let fall. And from a long poem, entitled " The old graveyard," we give three stanzas : In this sequestered spot so dear, The loved ones of the household sleep : Nay, I forget; they are not here; It is their dust o'er which I weep. That dust has slept so long and well, I would not now disturb its rest. While they have gone with God to dwell. And flnd repose upon his breast. On earth uo monument can last Beyond its Httle hour or day ; The summer's heat and wintry blast. Soon sink or crumble it away. "We also select this poem of " The Day of Life," from the unpublished volume : The moming comes like a beantifal bride Adorned in her bright array; But sweeter far is the evening tide. To those who have borne the day. So life begins with its radiant skies, When all is so fair and bright. Oar sun goes down, but the stars arise To show UB a sweeter light. The body is built up oat of the earth. And ronnded in beauty and lova ; The soul that in heaven must have its birth, Comes down to us from above. Thus through this world, 'twixt a smile and a tear. We wander, hope, and despond; Bat when life closes the clouds appear To show us the world beyond. On a preceding page we give an engraving of Mr. Biddle's "Cabin Home," or the home of his youth. The following is a poem on thia old pioneer log dwelling, from the unpublished volume referred to : MT CABIN HOME. The old cabin home, how dearly 't is cher ished! What fond recollections rush back on the mind I Bnt where are my friends ! Can it be they have perished? Not one at the homestead to greet do I flnd. Ah I go to the graveyard; the stones there will teU Where those whom I once loved so fond ly have gone — To a happier world, there forever to dweU, And left me behind them to wander alone I But stUl grows the pear-tree, the apple, the cherry. The sweet twining wild-rose that crept up the wall, The gooseberry bush, and the golden rasp berry, 638 HISTOET OF INDIANA. And the Lombardy poplar that grew up so tall; Though one spreading shade-tree has gone with my friends. Its branches extended and shaded the well. No leaves deck its limbs, and their dead, broken ends Of ties that are broken now mournfully tell I On the banks of HockhocMng— the clear winding river— Beneath the cool shade of a sycamore tree, I reclined me at noon where the glossy leaves quiver, And watched the light swallow that sported so free; Or strayed by its waters to spend my noon- hour In search of some pebble washed bare by its lave, Or sought on its banks to cull a sweet flower. Or bathe my young limbs in its silvery wave! Oh I scenes of my childhood, and home of my birth, I bid you a long and a last sad adieu: The sweet little vale— fairest spot on the earth- And ye hills that surround it, a farewell to you I My home and my friends I shall I cease to regret them? Shall I ever forget the dear scenes of my plays? When death rends these heart-strings, yes, then I '11 forget them — Then cease to forget those halcyon days. 1889. Since 1870, Mr. Biddle has lived a retired life in his delightful " Isl and Home," on " Biddle's Island," in the Wabash river, near Logans port. This home is one of the most de lightful places in the State. It is provided with one of the most com plete and best selected libraries in the country. There are also a good supply of flne musical instruments with which Mr. Biddle often enter tains his numerous guests. Although his life has been retired for the last few years, it has by no means been idle. In 1868, another volume of poems from his pen was published by Hand & Houghton, of New York, and a second edition of the same work was published in 1873. Mr. Biddle's work, entitled, " The Musical Scale," a purely scientific treatise, published by 0. Ditson, of Boston, is regarded as a standard work, and is probably the best work on the subject ever published. His review of Prof Tyndall's work on " Sound," correcting several radical errors, has also received attention and praise. But we have no space even to mention the list of his va rious writings of merit in prose and poetry. It is stated on good author ity, that he has now ready for press one of the best poems he has ever written, entitled, "American Boy hood." This piece covers an inter esting portion of the early history of this country, and will make a la.rge volume. He has also in manuscript, nearly ready for press, a volume entitled, "Elements of Knowledge," which will no doubt take a permanent place among standard works on the subject. , In 1873, a volume appeared, enti tled, " Glances at the "World," which was attributed to Judge Biddle, and perhaps rightfully. It was a run ning satire upon the times, and elic ited considerable comment in polit ical circles. In 1874, against his wishes and expectations, Mr. Biddle was made a candidate for judge of the supreme court of Indiana. He was elected by the largest aggregate vote, and the largest majority ever before BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 639 given to a candidate in the history of the State. Thus, at the ripe age of sixty years. Judge Biddle has been called from his pleasant retire ment by the united voice of the people of his State, to fill one of the highest and most responsible offlces within their gift, a testimo nial that can not fail to make the arduous duties of his position pleas ant "We will close our hurried and incomplete sketch of one of In diana's best men, by a poem from his o-wn pen, taken from his un published " Scrap-Book," entitled: MT ISLAND HOME. Dear home of beauty and repose. Where all untutored blooms the rose, Where sing the birds on every spray From coming morn till parting day; Secure from strife, away from harm. In summer cool, in winter warm ; Nursed, in the river's sweet embrace. Where all is gentleness and peace I Here lives the oak, whose mighty arm Protects the flow 'ret from the storm; And fruits are smiling o'er the land, Planted by nature's plenteous hand. The garden, forest, and the fleld, Their beauty, strength, and richness yield. Unchecked the heart, unchained the mind, Tet all is chastened and reflned! Here friends may seek the grove aloof. 'Or gather 'neath the sheltering roof, "Where still, like Academus' school, They hold sweet converse, soul to soul. When grave thoughts too heavy weigh, Then music breathes her softest lay; Or joy and mirth our spirits move. All mingled with the sweets of love ! Here garnered are the thoughts of time, The noble deeds of every clime. And here still dwell the mighty dead; Here living minds are richly fed With ancient lore and Attac salt, And all that can the soul exalt; Here distant lands and ages meet. And all the world lays at our feet ! Here sciences our minds engage. And here philosophy's rich page Teaches unalterable truth That lives in everlasting youth. And here the arts their treasures show— The good, the beautiful, the true, Wherein tbe things that can not die All join in immortality ! JOHN L. CAMPBELL, LL. D. He was born at Salem, Washing ton county, Indiana. In early life he enjoyed special advantages for instruction, under Hon. John I. Morrison, of Indianapolis, and to this excellent teacher he is largely indebted for his impulses in the di rection of a liberal and scientific education. Mr. Campbell entered Wabash col lege in the year 1844, and graduated with distinction in 1848. A part of the following year was spent as a clerk, and a portion as surveyor in the location of the Louisville, New Albany and Chicago railroad, when he was appointed tutor in Wabash college. In 1851 he assumed the duties of principal of the preparatory depart ment of the college, and continued in this position for two years, in the meanwhile devoting all his leisure hours to the study of law under the direction of Hon. Henry S. Lane and Col. S. C. Wilson, receiving his li cense to practice law in the year 1853. The same year he was appointed associate professor of mathematics in Wabash college, and in June, 1854, received the appointment of professor of mathematics, natural philosophy and astronomy; which responsible and important position he still retains. 640 HISTOET OF INDIANA. In June, 1874, the Indiana State University conferred on Prof Camp bell the honorary degree of LL. D. By special invitation of Professor Henry, Prof. Campbell, in Februa ry, 1864, delivered the address at the Smithsonian Institution, Wash ington, D. C, on the life and teach ings of Galileo, in commemoration of the completion of the third cen tury since the birth of that great philosopher. This address was a very able production and highly spoken of. To the occasion of this address he refers the origin of the thought of holding the international exposition and centennial celebration of 1876, at Philadelphia. In 1866, Prof. Campbell was ap- * pointed by the president of the United States, a member of the board of visitors to West Point, and during the same year or early in 1867, he addressed letters to Hon. Morton McMichael, mayor of Phil adelphia, and Hon. Henry S. Lane, United States senator, from Indiana, suggesting and giving an outline of a plan for the centennial celebration of 1876, at Philadelphia, to which letters they promptly responded with the most cordial endorsement of the proposition and promise of earnest co-operation at the proper time. The act of congress providing for holding the industrial exhibition at Philadelphia, in 1876, requires the appointment, by the president, of a commissioner and alternate commissioner from each State ; and in compliance with this act. Presi dent Grant, on the recommendation of Governor Baker, appointed Prof. Campbell commissioner for In diana. This commission bears date April 39, 1871. At the first meeting of the Unit ed States Centennial Commission, March fourth, 1873, Prof. Campbell was honored with the position of chairman of the committee on per manent organization, and after wards placed at the head of the committee on foreign affairs, a po sition of great responsibility, in an international undertaking of such magnitude. At the session of the commission in May, 1873, he was elected perma nent secretary of the commission, and entered upon the onerous duties of that highly important office iu the following June. Prof. Campbell has been an active contributor to the editorial and oth er columns of a number of our lead. ing newspapers. JOSEPH F. TUTTLE, D.D. He was born at Bloomfield, New Jersey, in 1818. His father was the Rev. Jacob Tuttle, a prominent minister in that State. Dr. Tuttle's early school life was spent at New ark Academy, until 1833, when the family removed to Ohio. Dr. Tuttle entered Marietta Col lege as a Freshman in 1837, and graduated in 1841. He received the first honor as valedictorian at grad uation, and was afterwards more highly complimented by receiving the flrst honorary degree of D. D. conferred by the college upon one of its own Alumni. The subject of 'his oration (poem,) for the second degree, (A.M.,) was " The Aztec Sac- BIOGEAPHICAI SKETCHES. 641 riflce." He entered Lane Theologi cal Seminary in 1841, and was after wards tutor in Marietta College one year. He was licensed to preach April, 1844, and was settled as pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church of Delaware, Ohio, in 1845. In 1847 he was called to the Presbyterian Church of Rockaway, New Jersey, and entered on his long pastorate, ending by his removal to Crawfords ville, Indiana, as president of Wa bash College, in 1863. During this period, he rarely failed to flU all his appointments ; indeed two or three Sabbaths would include all the omissions for twenty yea/rs. The incidents of an earnest and successful ministry, extending over a period of flfteen years, relate more to the inner life than the rough ex periences of the outer world. The commonplace book of the pastor is filled with visits to the bereaved, ministrations to the sick, consola tions to the dying, comforts to the needy, joys to the buoyant, the ser vice at the altar and in the home. This sacred inner life is the reward of the true Christian minister in a higher sense than of any other pur suit or profession. In addition to this delightful work as pastor, Dr. Tuttle has kept a busy pen for the public. His contributions to the religious and secular press have been very nu merous, and have always received great commendation. Among the more important productions of his pen we may mention his several Baccalaureate addresses at Wabash College, a " Life of William Tuttle," two Sabbath School books entitled, " Self-Reliance," and, "The Way Lost and Found," several addresses before the New Jersey Historical Society, the College Society at Wor cester, Mass, and a number of funeral discourses. During the twelve years since 1863, Wabash College has been greatly enlarged in all its facilities, and Dr. Tuttle has achieved very gratifying success as its president. As a public speaker, he has won a reputation of a high order. His Sab bath afternoon lectures, in the col lege chapel, are specially interest ing, and his literary addresses before lyceums and lecture associations in various places are uniformly suc cessful. In the class room he is an earnest teacher, expounding with clearness and precision, and seek ing faithfully to stimulate earnest endeavor to secure honest manhood. MOSES FOWLEE. He was born near Circle-ville, Ohio, in 1815. He removed to Indi ana in 1839, and settled at La Fay ette, where, in company with John Purdue, now of Purdue University, he engaged in mercantile pursuits, conducting a successful business for several years. He was subsequently associated with Robert StockweU and W. F. Reynolds, in the whole sale grocery trade. La Fayette was 41 at that time the terminus of the Wabash and Erie canal, and the head of navigation on the Wabash river. Her trade, within a radius of a hundred miles or more, was immense. The house of Reynolds, Fowler & StockweU, not unfre quently chartered an entire fleet of steamboats at New Orleans in the spring of the year to bring their stock of sugars, coffee and molasses 642 histo,i;t of Indiana. up the Wabash. Six flrst class steamers unloading their goods at the La Fayette landing at one time, was not an unusual spectacle. Mr. Fowler retired from this flrm, and in company with Adams Earl, opened a private banking house. The old State Bank had served its day and generation, and Mr. Fowler, in company with Hon. Hugh Mc CuUough, C. B. Blair, Levi Warren, and other representative men, de vised the new system known as the Bank of the State. ¦ :^e indentifled himself with the La Fayette branch, and, as its president, opened the in stitution in its auspicious begin ning, and made it the strongest branch, (save one,) in Indiana. This well conducted branch, with ample capital and accumulated surplus, was merged into the present Na tional State Bank, which, with its capital and available resources, ag gregates over a million of dollars. Mr. Fowler is in the prime of life, and the active duties of the banker have not interfered with another, and we may say a better aspiration — to become a farmer. Some years since his attention was attracted to the valuable belt of lands lying west of the Wabash, on the Illinois State line — the very cream of the Grand Prairie. He invested in twenty-six thousand acres, and set himself to work in the improve ment of this magniflcent domain. On the completion of the L. M. and B. railroad, due west from La Fay ette to Bloomington, Mr. Fow.'».r, associated with Adams Earl and G. Ricker, from their private means, constructed the railroad known as the 0. L. and C, or the short line to Chicago. This road passes through the heart of Benton county, and traverses the rich body of lands owned by Mr. Fowler. The geo- graphica,l center of Benton county, at Hickory Grove, was selected aa the new county seat. The town of Fowler was laid out, and the re moval of the capital from Oxfor, secured by a donation from Mi Fowler of forty thousand dollars ts. the building of a new court housi A beautiful structure has been com pleted, the records removed, and flourishing town has sprung up, i,,, if by magic. Mr. Fowler has plaotJ every acre of his landed estate in Benton county under cultivation, and while selling liberally to actual settlers, cultivates six thousand acres in corn, and handles from two to three thousand head of cattle annually. Mr. Fowler has in con templation the endo-wment of a fe male college at the new county seat ; a mile square, of choice land on a commanding elevation south of the town has been designated as the location, and if Mr. Fowler shall conclude to administer upon his own estate in the inauguration of this educatibnal benefaction, it will be an enduring monument to his memoiy when he shall go hence. WILL CUMBACK. He was born in Franklin county, Indiana, March twenty-fourth, 1839. His father, a few years before, had moved to the West and occupied a small farm in that county. Schools, in those days, were of a pretty low type, and kept open only a few months in the year, so that an am- 644 HISTOET OF INDIANA. hi tious boy was obliged to look away from home and make a reso lute flght for an education. Cum-- back, working steadily for his fath er, contrived, by renting and work ing some adjoining fields of the neighbors, to raise money enough to enter Miami University and get a good footing there; and as his stock was exhausted, he did as so many thousand other lovers of books have done, replenished it by teaching. Without graduating he kept this up a few years, when, by alternate teaching, reading" and at tending the Cincinnati Law School, he fitted himself for practice, and was admitted and went vigorously to work in the flourishing town of Greensburgh, where he has ever since resided. In 1854 he was nominated in his district — long known as thoroughly democratic — a candidate for con gress, and he was elected over "W. S. Holman. In 1860, he was one of the electors for the State at large. As his name was first on the ticket, he cast the flrst vote for Abraham Lincoln, and the first anti-slavery vote of his native State. "When the call was made for troops he enfisted as a private soldier, but was soon after appointed by the president a paymaster. This place he filled until the war ended. He receixed and paid out nearly sixty millions of dollars. He resumed his practice at Greensburgh; and in 1865 the republicans of Decatur county nominated him for the State senate, to which he was elected. Soon after the session began, Gov ernor Morton was elected to the sen ate of the United States, and there by LieutenantGovernor Baker be came governor. The republicans thereupon elected Cumback presi dent of the senate. In 1868 the republican party made him their candidate for lieutenant governor. He canvassed the State very thoroughly and with his usual energy and success, so that his name led the entire ticket when the votes were counted. "When the following legislature assembled, a large major. ity of the republican members, clear ly reflecting the wishes of the party throughout the State, favored his election to the senate of the United States. At the caucus he received, on the flrst ballot, flfty-two votes out of seventy-six. The devotees of other senatorial candidates, re fusing to be bound by the act of the caucus, withheld their support, and he was not elected to the senate. In 1870 the president sent Cum- back's name to the senate as mini* ter to Portugal, and the nomination was promptly approved. But this appointment he thought it his duty to decline. In 1871 he was made collector of internal revenue for the district in which he lives ; this of fice he accepted and continues to fill. MAJOE AMBEOSE WHITLOCK. He settled in Montgomery county, Indiana, in 1833. He was an enter prising pioneer, and did much to open the way for the successful set tlement of that county. He laid off the town of Cra-wfordsville in 1883, and was appointed receiver of pub lic moneys for the first land offlce in Crawfordsville, by John Q. Ad ams, in 1835. He was an active, BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 645 brave, and efllcient offlcer under General Anthony Wayne, and after a long life of usefulness, he died at Crawfordsville in June, 1864, in the ninety-sixth year of his age, ripe with pioneer experiences. His wid ow remained until 1873, when, in the ninetieth year of her age, she passed on to meet him. JOHN BEAED.* He was one of the pioneers of Montgomery county; was born in North Carolina, January fourth, 1795. In 1833 he moved to Mont gomery county, locating near Craw fordsville, where he still resides (1874). Mr. Beard served the peo ple of his county as a legislator for over fifteen years, with great ability. He is honest, capable and energetic, and retires to old age with the af fections of all who know him. HENET S. LANE. He is one of the most distinguish ed men of Montgomery county ; was born in Kentucky in the year 1811. In 1833 he removed to Crawfords ville, and commenced the practice of law, rising rapidly in his profes sion. He was elected to the State legislature in 1837, and in 1840 to the congress of the United States to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of General Howard. In 1841 he was again elected to the same position. In 1846 Senator Lane raised a company of volunteers for Mexico, of which he was chosen captain, and before marching or ders were received, he was appoint ed colonel of the regiment. In 1860 Colonel Lane was elected governor of the State of Indiana, over Thomas A. Hendricks, and almost immediately following he was elected by the legislature to the office of United States senator, which position he accepted, leav ing the offlce of governor to O. P. Morton, the lieutenantgovernor. Hon. H. S. Lane is still an active resident of Crawfordsville. EEY. JAMES THOMPSON. He is another of the old pioneers of Crawfordsville ; was born in Ham ilton county, Ohio, in the year 1801. He graduated at the Miami Univer sity of Oxford, Ohio, in 1835, and moved to Montgomery county in 1838. He was the first regular Pres byterian preacher in Crawfordsville, and was instrumental in promoting the growth of Wabash College. He removed to "Wabash, where he preached with great success for flve years; after which he returned to Crawfordsville. In 1853 he moved to Mankato, Minn., where he preached for flfteen years. He died in Octo ber, 1873, and his remains were brought back to Crawfordsville and deposited in Mill's cemetery. His name is fresh. and precious in the memory of the people of Montgom ery county, as also among those who have met with him in Minne sota. * A brief sketch of Mr. Beard is included in the history of Montgomery county. 646 . HISTOET OF INDIANA. WILLIAM W. NICHOLSON He was one of the first settlers in Crawfordsville. He left Kentucky in a keel-boat in 1833, passed down the Ohio to the mouth of the Wa bash, thence up the Wabash to the mouth of Sugar creek, and from thence to Crawfordsville, where he settled, one of the flrst in the little hamlet. Soon after he arrived he started a tan-yard, and opened a tav. ern in a log house. He was very industrious, and accumulated con siderable property. He died in 1859, at the age of seventy. ISAAC C. ELSTON. He was one of the leading citizens of Crawfordsville, now deceased; was born in the State of New York in 1795, and emigrated to Montgom ery county, Indiana, with his family in 1834. He was a soldier in the war of 1813. He was engaged in mercantile pursuits in Crawfords viUe for many years, and during the last years of his life was a successful banker. He established the well- known Elston Bank of Crawfords ville. Mr. Elston was a very con sistent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and died in 1867, at the age of seventy-two years. He is remembered by the people of Montgomery county as a useful citizen. WILLIAMSON DUNN. He was born in Kentucky, in 1781; settled in Crawfordsville in 1824. He was appointed register of the land offlce by President Mon roe, and fllled many other offlces of usefulness to the citizens of that town. He died near Hanover, Indi- ana, in 1854. EOBEET BEACKENEIDGE. Robert Brackenridge, (now de ceased,) for many years a prominent resident of Fort Wayne, Indiana, was born at Brockville, Indiana, in September, 1818. In 1830 he moved with his uncle, Capt. Robert Brack enridge, to Fort Wayne, and became a clerk in his uncle's office, who was register of the United States land offlce at that .place. At an early age he commenced the study of law, and at the age of twenty was admitted to the bar. He was a partner with Charles W. Ewing till the death of the latter, in 1843. He early distinguished himself at the bar, and receiving a very liberal patronage, accumulated consider able wealth. He died at Fort Wayne in February, 1873. On this sad oc casion the press of that city re viewed his life as something of great importance to the city. The Sentinel, in a two column eulogy of his character, made the follow ing remarks: "Few men in Fort "Wayne, or in the State, were better known than Robert Brackenridge, and he was a man sure to be known wherever he went, for he carried BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 647 with him a marked individuaUty. For moro than forty-two years he has gone in and out before the peo ple of Fort Wayne, until we may say, almost without exaggeration, everybody knew him, and few there aro who will not miss, with a sense of sadness, his familiar form and voice. Never an offlce holder, we believe, nor, so far as we know, an aspirant for offlce, he was essentially a public man. A man of his strong faculties and bold self-assertion. could not bo hidden. He was a natural loader, and therefore in his chosen profession of a lawyer inevi tably became a leader among his brethren at tho bar. It is no dis paragement to any of tho ablu men of the Fort Wayne bar, or of the bar of the State, to say that Robtrt Brackenridge was among the ablest of them — and in some elements of tho highest order of forensic ability he was their superior." COL. FEANCIS VIGO. Francis "V^igo was born in the kingdom of Sardinia, in 1840, and died in Vincennes, Indiana, in 1836. Until about the year 1778, he was a resident of the then Spanish port ' of St Louis, where he was active in trading with the Indians, in, which pursuit he acquired the title of the " Spanish merchant." He removed to Vincennes a short time previous to the capture of that post by the celebrated George Rogers Clarke. He was instrumental in assisting Clarke to take the post, and was arrested by the British as a spy. ' " In the Illinois campaigus of 1778 and 1779," says a writer for the Vigo Gounty Atlas, " under the com mand of Gen. George Rogers Clarke, Col. Vigo relieved the suffering and destitute army by advancing large sums of money to feed and clothe them, receiving therefor bills of ex change drawn on 0. Pollock, of New Orleans, the flnancial agent of the State of Virginia, under the authority of which Gen. Clarke was conducting the campaign. Some of these bills were paid, and some have never been paid to this day, although Col. Vigo, in sickness and destitute circumstances, applied ff)r the money, and although the com missioners of Revolutionary claims for the State of Virginia adjusted the claim in his favor, amounting, with interest accruing, to $83,654.85, at Richmond, Virginia, on the six teenth of December, 1835. Col. Vigo, although his patriotism aud self-sacrifice had saved the army and given victory to the cause of the colonies in the west, was al lowed to die in a state of almost absolute penury for the want of payment of a just claim of money which he had advanced to the suf fering soldiers, to the great detri ment of his own business. There can be no doubt that the money spent for the army was the cause of Col. Vigo's poverty in the latter years of his life, when he became too old to retrieve his lost fortune. A suit for the above unpaid bill has been brought by the executors of Col. Vigo, and is now pending in the court of claims of the United States againsfthe State of Virginia. Col. Vigo was not married until quite old, when he was united in matrimony to Miss Shannon, a 648 HISTOET OF INDIANA. daughter of one of the earliest set tiers on the Wabash. They never had any children. Col. Vigo was made commandant of the militia of Vincennes in 1790, and in 1810 he was one of Gen. Harrison's cimfl- dential messengers to the Indians, especially those at the Prophet's Town. Col. Vigo's name will ever be associated with the early history of the Wabash valley. THOMAS DOWLING. This distinguished resident of Vigo county was born in Ireland, in 1810, and came to America in 1818. At the age of eight years his parents died, and he was thrown, upon his own resources for a liveli hood. But in this extremity young Dowling was not wanting in cour age and energy. His first move was to enter the printing office of the Kational Intelligencer, at Wash ington, D. C, where he was then living. He remained in this offlce fourteen years, or until he was twenty-two years of age. During this time he had become thoroughly self-educated, and had gained a practical knowledge of the political events of the country. In 1833 he removed to Terre Haute, where he started iheWabash Ootirier. In 1843 he became the editor and proprietor of the Express, which he conducted with energy and ability as a "Whig paper until 1845. Previous to this date he had served eight years as a member of the State legislature, in which he became a prominent and useful legislat or. In 1864 he erected " Dowling Hall," at Terre Haute, at a cost of $60,000. In all the leading enterprises of his adopted city, he has been active, always productive of the general good of the county and city. In June, 1873, he was placed, by the unanimous voice of the people of Vigo county, at the head of the affairs" of the county in the board of county commissioners. Grave difflculties had arisen con cerning certain alleged extravagant schemes, which were calculated to burden the people with useless and enormous taxation for proposed public improvements. The county was carried through this political storm safely, chiefly through his energy and honesty of purpose. He is now an old and respected citizen of Terre Haute. EICHAED W. THOMPSON. This old and respected resident of Terre Haute was born in Vir ginia, in June, 1809. In the fall of 1831, he emigrated to Indiana, where he taught in Bedford, a pri vate school, after which he opened the Lawrence County Seminary. After conducting this about one year, he engaged as clerk in a large dry goods house in that county. While in this capacity he began the study of law, in which he was suc cessful, and was admitted to the bar in 1834. During the same year he was elected to the legislature of In diana. In 1838 he was returned to the House, and in the foUowing year was chosen State Senator. In the legislature of the State, Mr. Thompson not only displayed great BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 649 ability and foresight, but was actu ally instrumental in effecting very important legislation. He was Pres ident of the Senate pro tempore on the occasion of the resignation of Lieutenant-Governor David Wal lace, and held tho offlce of acting Governor during the administration of Hon. Noah Noble, until Hon. David Hillis was elected Lieuten antGovernor. In 1841 he was nom inated for Congress by the Whig convention of the second congres sional district, and was elected over Hon. John W. Davis. In that Con gress, Mr Thompson served on sev eral important committees, and was considered an able member. He declined a renomination to the same position, and in 1843 removed to Terre Haute, where he has since continued the practice of law. In 1847 ho was again elected to Con gress by the "Whig party over Hon. W. A. Wright, afterwards Governor of Indiana. He was prominent in Congress during this term, and at its close retired from public life. In 1849, he was appointed United States Minister to Austria by Gen eral Taylor, but declined to accept the position. He was tendered sev eral other appointments by the gen eral government, all of which he declined. Mr. Thompson held the offlce of judge of the eighteenth ju dicial circuit of Indiana one term, commencing in 1867, but declined to be a candidate at the election in 1869. During the war for the Union, Mr. Thompson was active, and rendered valuable services to his country. He was commandant of " Camp Dick. Thompson," near Terre Haute, and also served as Pro vost Marshal] of the district. Du ring the past four years Mr. Thomp son has Uved a retired life, declin ing all poUtical offlces tendered him. He has also retired from the practice of law, except as the attor ney for the I. H. and I., the St. L. V. and T. H., and several other roads. He has taken a deep interest in literary and educational pursuits, having collected a very extensive library of rare and standard works. He is president of the board of trustees of the Indiana State Normal School, and a member of the board of trustees of the Indiana Asbury University. He is now living qui etly in his elegant residence at Spring Hill, some miles from Terre Haute, one of the pleasantest rural homes in the State. ZENAS SMITH. This very old and much respected citizen of Terre Haute was born in New Jersey, in June, 1796. He has been a very diligent and hard work ing man, through a long and honor able life, and will go down to the grave with the good will of a host of citizens. He was for many years a brick-layer, and has erected many of the brick buildings in Terre Haute. He has been :' magistrate for over fifteen years. DAYID S. DANALDSON. He was born in Kentucky, in 1809. He received his education in a log school house in his native State. He located permanently in Terre Haute in 1835, first engaging in the dry goods business. At this time 650 HISTOET OF INDIANA. the village extended only to Third street. He was burnt out in 1839, and after a time started again in the same business. In 1845 he pur chased from Col. Thomas Dowling tho Wabash Express printing estab lishment, and conducted that paper as editor and proprietor until No vember ninth, 1853, when he sold out. During his newspaper experi ence, he started tho flrst daily paper ever printed in Terre Haute. This experiment was, at that time, unsuc- sessful. After disposing of his newspaper establishment, he re turned to the dry goods business, and at the close of the war sold out to his partner, and commenced the prosecution of pension claims, which he still successfully con- tinues. He has built up a fine rep utation, and enjoys the respect of all who know him. WILLIAM H. ENGLISH."* He was born in Scott county, In diana, and is now in the prime of life. He is the son of the late Major Elisha G. English, one of the pio neers of Scott county, whose por trait and biography appear else where in this volume. Mr. Eng lish's early education was such as could be acquired at the common schools of his neighborhood, and a course of three years' study at the South Hanover University. He studied law, and was admitted to practice in the circuit court at the early age of eighteen years. He was subsequently admitted to the supreme court of his State; and, in the twenty-third year of his age, to the highest judicial tribunal in the country, the supreme court of the United States. At an early age Mr. English turn ed his attention to politics, and al though remarkably successful in political life, in the calmer reflec tion of later years, he laid down the honors of office to seek in the walks of business a more congenial vocation. In 1843, he was chosen principal clerk of the house of representa tives of Indiana, and during the ad ministration of President Polk he fllled, with credit, an important po sition in the treasury department at Washington. He was a clerk of the claims committee, in the United States senate during the memora ble session of the compromise of 1850, and while in Washington was married to Miss Emma M. Jackson, of Virginia. Returning to his native State, he was chosen an offlcer of the mem orable convention which formed the present constitution of Indiana, which instrument, as is well known, bears his name as principal secre tary. The first legislature under the new constitution was the most im- portant, as well as the longest, ever held in the State. Sound judgment and discretion were required to shape the laws and machinery of government to conform to tho new constitution, and many useful, and now popular, reforms can be traced * Our sketch of Mr. English is mainly taken fi:om a work recently published In New Tork, entitled "Eepresentative Men." Cp-''^'^P^^y^^:i^^^^^^^^^^^^^^'^-(::^-^ t^Q^atWis.MtS'^ .VVA\.K, 652 HISTOET OF INDIANA to that session, such, for instance, as the substitution of our present short form for deeds, mortgages, and other legal instruments in place of the old and outrageously long forms of the common law. Mr. English was a member of this legis lature, and had much to do in se curing these reforms. He also had the distinguished honor of being elected speaker of the house at this session, and in his service of over three months discharged the duties in such a satisfactory manner that no appeal was taken from any of his decisions. In October, 1853, Mr. English was elected to the United States house of representatives. He continued in that position, being repeatedly re elected by his constituency for sev- eral terms. He distinguished him self in congress, when the civil wax struggle was pending, by advocating many measures full of loyalty and practical good. Retiring from con gress he returned to Indianapolis, and has since devoted himself to business. He is president of the First National Bank of Indianapo lis, and is interested and active in all important enterprises that are calculated to improve the city. J. D. NUTTMAN. He was born at Elizabeth, New Jersey, November twenty-sixth, 1816. He moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, in May, 1839. In the fall of 1861 he opened a banking house in that city, which he continued until it was merged into the First National Bank of Fort Wayne, of which he is president He is an enterprising, honorable business man. GEN. LEWIS WALLACE. He is the second son of Governor David Wallace, and was born in Franklin county, Indiana, April tenth, 1837. He was a law -student in his father's offlce at the outbreak of tho Mexican war, and under the flrst call for volunteers became sec ond lieutenant of the flrst Indiana regiment After the conclusion of that campaign, he returned to his books and clients, but his military training was not forgotten, and he kept in discipline a company care fully drilled in the tactics of the Zouave, and as member of the State senate vainly urged the adoption of measures for organizing the militia of the State. When Sumter was attacked, he was in CUnton county. attending court A dispatch from Governor Morton summoned him to Indianapolis; he reported next morning, and at once received the appointment of adjutantgeneral. There were no books, no law, no offlce, no preparation of any descrip tion, and but three independent companies in the State. This was Tuesday; the following Friday night Wallace reported to the governor sixty companies foi- six regiments complete, and in Camp Morton, and in addition more than eighty surplus companies organ ized and ready to move. Accom panying the report was his resig nation and a request for permission to go out and organize his own reg- BIOliKAPHICAL SKETCHES. 653 imcnt. It was given, and in twen ty-four hours he reported the eleventh regiment A few weeks later it was armed and ready for marching orders. The three mili tia companies were incorporated in this regiment, and, when dis banded at the end of the flrst term of service, a large number became offlcers in other regiments. As brigadier-general, Wallace serv ed with distinction in the army of the Tennessee, was promoted for gal. lantry at Fort Donelson, and was the flrst to advocate arming the negroes, in a speech made in Wash ington, July, 1863. "When Kirby Smith threatened Cincinnati, he proclaimed martial law in that city, Covington, and Ne-wport. It totally suspended business, and sent every man, with out exemption, to the ranks or the trenches. "Citizens for labor, sol diers for battlo," was the cry by which he reached every able-bodied man in the metropolis, and united the energies of forty thousand peo ple. There were no defences except a few half-finished works and dis mounted guns. In the face of Heath and his victorious hordes from Richmond, (Kentucky), Gen. Wal lace organized a new and formida ble army. There was no sleep in Cincinnati. All day and night the city resounded with the tramp of men, the sudden sound of saws and hammers. A pontoon bridge across the Ohio was begun and completed between sundown and sundown, and groaned day and night with the per petual stream of life, all setting southward. Except at the battle of New Orleans, no equal amount of work has ever been done on this continent, nor as many men got together iu so short a time. In three days there were ten miles of intrenchments lining the hills, mak ing a semicircle from the river above Cincinnati to the banks of the river below. The result -was the enemy came in the night, looked at the works, and stole away, making a hasty and ruinous retreat. For his successful services in this emer gency, Wallace received the thanks of the legislature, then in session at Columbus, Ohio. April, 1864, Wallace was assigned to command of the middle depart ment, headquarters at Baltimore, Md. With 5,800 men he intercepted the army of Early, estimated at 30,000, then marching on Washing ton, and July ninth fought the bat tie of Monocacy, Md. Though de feated, he gained all ho hoped — time for General Grant to reinforce the capital from City Point. Of this action, Grant, in his offlcial report for 1865, says ; " On the sixth July, the enemy, (Early,) occupied Ha- garstown, moving a strong column toward Frederick City. General Wallace, with Rickott's division, and his own command, the latter mostly new and undiscipliued troops, pushed out from Baltimore with great promptness, and met the enemy in force on the Monocacy, near the crossing of the railroad bridge. His force was not sufflcient to insure success, but he fought the enemy nevertheless, and although it resulted in a defeat to our arms, he detained the enemy, and thereby served to enable Wright to reach Washington before him." An ad mission that General Wallace, by his promptitude and flrmness, saved the capital from capture at a most important juncture of the war. 654 HISTOET OF INDIAJS-4.. Wallace was president of the commission appointed to investi gate General BueU's operations in Tennessee and Kentucky, member of the court that tried the assassins of President Lincoln, president of the court that tried Captain Wirz, keeper of the Andersonville prison. At the end of the rebellion he re signed his commission and returned to his profession. After the war, General Wallace turned his attention to literature, in which he has gained considerable reputation. His, The Pair Ood; or, The last of the Tzins — a tale founded on the conquest of Mexico, has gained a world-wide celebrity. He now resides in CrawfordsviUe, Indiana, enjoying a lucrative prac tice at the bar. W. E. NIBLACK. His early life was devoted to agri cultural and mechanical pursuits, among the stirring scenes of pioneer life. The flrst school he attended was kept in a log house, two miles away from his home. He entered the coUege at Bloomington in the fall of 1838, and attended college there at intervals for two years, but owing to the death of his father, was unable to graduate. He after wards studied law, and was admit ted to the practice in 1843. In the spring of 1845, he located at Mt. Pleasant, Indiana, the then county seat of Martin county, and formally commenced the practice of law. In August, 1849, he was elected a rep resentative in the State legislature from that county. In 1850, the year foUo-wing, he was elected to the State senate from the counties of Daviess and Martin for the term of three years, (as the term then was.) In the session of 1850-1, which fol lowed, Knox county was added to his Senatorial district ; he was con sequently a member of the State senate during the long session of 1851-3, which revised the statutes to conform to the new constitution of 1851. He went out of the senate in October, 1853, by the operation of the new constitution. He was re nominated for the position under the new constitution, but declined to be a candidate. In January, 1854, Hon. Alvin P. Hovey, who was judge of the then third judicial cir cuit which embraced eleven of the southwestern counties, resigned the offlce. Governor Wright immedi ately tendered Mr. 'Niblack the ap pointment to flu the vacancy, which, after some hesitation, he accepted, and at once entered upon the duties of the offlce. In October following, he was elected to the offlce for the full term of six yeara. At the October election in 1856, Hon. James Lockharl, of Evans ville, was elected a representative in Congress from the flrst district, which then embraced ten counties of Mr. Niblack's judicial circuit. In the early part of September, 1857, Mr. Loekhart died without having taken his seat in Congress. In the latter part of that month, Mr. Niblack was nominated as a candi date to fill the vacancy. At the Oc tober election following, he was elected without opposition. Near the close of the month of October, he resigned his judgeship to accept the position as a representative in BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES. 655 the thirty-fifth Congress, which be gan its first session on the flrst Monday in December following. In 1858 he was re-nominated and re-elected to the thirty-sixth Con gress. In 1860, he was not a candi date for re-election, and retired from Congress in the spring of 1861. In the fall of 1855, he removed to Vincennes, in Knox county, where he still resides. At the October election, in 1863, he was elected a representative in the State legisla ture from KJiox county. During the ensuing session of the legisla ture, he was appointed a member of what was known as the military auditing committee, which consist ed of two members of the Senate and three members of the House, and was required to meet once in each month to consider and pass upon all claims arising against the State growing out of the war, of every kind whatever. He did his share of the work of that committee until it was dissolved by the meet ing of the legislature again in Jan uary, 1865. In October, 1864, he was again elected to Congress, and re-entered that body as a member of the thirty-ninth Congress, which assembled in December, 1865. He was re-elected consecutively to each Congress until last year, when he was not a candidate. He. will again retire from Congress, therefore, next spring, after a service of fourteen years at two different intervals. During the thirty-ninth, forty- first, and forty-second Congresses, he was a member of the committee on appropriations, and during the fortieth and the present, (forty-third) Congress, he has been a member of the committee of ways and means. These are the two leading commit tees of the House. W. S. LINGLE. He was born in Lawrence county, in 1833. He was the only son of Dr. Joseph F. Lingle, who died at Paoli, in 1834. The widow married again, and the subject of this sketch removed with his step-father, J. W. Hinds, Esq., to Madison, Indiana, where his boyhood and early youth were spent He was educated un der Prof W. W. Hibben, at Law renceburgh Institute, and subse quently took a partial course at As bury. Dependent upon his own resources, he obtained temporary employment in the telegraph offlce at Madison. All his predilections were iu favor of the law, and his leisure hours were devoted to a course of preliminary reading un der the direction of Hon. Joseph H. Marshall, the' distinguished jurist of Jefferson. While thus employed, he accepted a proposition from Col. W. G. Terrell to embark in a journ alistic enterprise at La Fayette. He was then twenty years of age. As sociated with Col. Terrell in the business and editorial management of the La Fayette Journal, he laid the foundation for the remarkable success which has crowned his journalistic career. He retired from the Journal in 1856, and pur chased the La Fayette Daily Oour- ier. He introduced the first steam press in the State, outside of In dianapolis, and made his knowl edge of telegraphing available in the construction of a branch line to his offlce, and for a year or two he 656 HISTOET OF INDIANA. took the C 25x38 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1873 ; Thomas J. Gray, ed. and pub. ; cir. 650. Bbazil, Manufacturer and Miner. — Thurs.: rep.; 8 p., 30x44; sub. $3 ; est. 1867 ; Miner Pub. Co., pub. ; 8. B. Riley, business man. ; cii . 730. 688 HISTOET OP INDIANA. Beookston, Reporter. — Thurs. ; 4 p. 22x32; sub. $2; est. 1873; M. H. Ingrim, ed. and pub. ; largest circu lation in White Co. Beookville, American. — Thurs. ; 4 p. 26x38 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1851 ; C. W. Stivers, ed. and pub. ; cir, 750 ; old est established republican paper in Clinton Co. Brookville, Franklin Democrat. — Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 34x36; sub. $3; est. 1839; C. B. Bentley, ed. and pub. ; cir. 746 ; offlcial paper. Bro"wnstown, Banrwr. — Wed. ; 8 p., 36x40; sub. $1.35; est. 1869; Wm. Frysinger, ed. and pub. ; cir. 600. Btjnkbb Hill, Our Village News. —Sat.; 4 p., 22x33; sub. $1.50; est. 1873 ; Jasper H. Keys, ed. and pub. Butlbb, News.— 'Fri. ; 4 p., 22x33 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1873 ; R. H. Weamer, ed. and pub. Cambbudgb City, Tribune. — Thurs. ; rep. ; 4 p. 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1869 ; Harding, McClean & Tal bot, pub. ; cir. 750. Cannelton, Enquirer. — Sat. ; dem. ; 4 p., 24x32 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1870 ; E. E. Drum & Co., eds. and pubs. ; cir. 425. Cannelton, Reporter. — Sat. ; rep. ; 4 p., 25x37; sub. $2; est. 1853; CH. Mason, ed.; Mrs. Isabella D. La Hunt, pub. and prop. ; cir. 780. Cbnterville, Odd Fellows Chron- icU.—Sa,t.\ 4 p., 23x33; sub. $1.50; est. 1874 ; R. J. Strickland, ed. and pub. Centreville, Wayne Co. Chro-n- jcZ«.— Sat; 4 p., 23x32; sub. $1.50; est. 1871 ; R. J. Strickland, ed. and pub. ; cir. 480. Chaelesto"wn, Cla/rk Co. Record. —Sat. ; 4 p., 28x44 ; sub, $1.50 ; est. 1869; W. 8. Ferrier, ed. and pub.; cir. 6^. Cicero, New Era. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 22x32; sub. $1.50; est. 1871; Daniel Thorp, ed. and pub.; cir. 420. Clinton, Exponent. — Thurs.; in- dependent; 4 p., 26x38; sub, $2; est. 1874 ; Blackledge & Baker, eds. and pubs. Columbia City, Post.— 'Wed.; dem. ; 4 p., 37x43 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1852 ; E. W. Brown, ed. and pub. ; cir. 892 ; offlcial paper. Columbia City, Whitley Commer cial.— Thnis.; 4 p., 36x44; sub. $3; est. 1869 ; J. W. Baker, ed. and pub. ; cir. 650. Columbus, Bartholomew Demoerat. Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 28x42; sub. $1.50; est. 1870 ; Lyle & Finney, eds. and pubs. Columbus, Republican. — Thurs.; 4p., 26x40; sub. $2; est.1873; Isaac M. Brown, ed.; Brown & Bro., pubs. ; cir. 650. Conners'ville, Examiner.- Wed. ; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $2; est. 1867; Jno. M. Higgs, ed. and pub. ; cir. 960. Connersville, Times. — Wed. ; rep. ; 4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1850 ; G. M. Link, ed. and pub. ; cir. 960. Corydon, Democrat. — Mon. ; dem. ; 8 p., 30x44; sub. $1.75; est. 1852; A. W. Brewster, ed. and pub. ; cir. 624 ; offlcial organ. Corydon, Republican. — Thurs. ; rep.; 8 p., 26x40; sub. $1.50; est. 1868; Geo. W. Self, ed. and pub.; cir. 645. Covington, Peoples' Friend. — Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 34x36; sub. $2; est. 1831 ; E. C. "Voris, ed. and pub.; cir., 660. Covington, Republic. — Thurs.; rep.; 4p.,_24x84; sub. $3; est. 1872; P. M. Dice, ed. and pub. ; cir. 480. Crawpords"ville, Jov/mal. — Thur.; rep.; 4 p., 36x40; sub. $2; THE NEWSPAPEE PEESS OF INDIANA. 689 est. 1848; McCain & Talbot, eds. and pub. ; cir. 1,080. Crawfords"Ville, Review. — Sat. ; dem.; 4 p., 38x44; sub. $3; est. 1843; Miller, Collins & "V^oris, eds. and pubs. ; cir. 820. Crawfords"villb, Satu/rday Eve ning Journal. — 8 p., 30x44; sub. $2; est. 1874; McCain & Talbot, ed. and pub. Crawfordsville, Star. — Tues. ; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $1.50; est. 1871; Jere Keeney, ed. and pub. ; cir. 753. Crown Podstt, Herald.— Wed. ; 8 p., 36x40 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1872 ; Row- ins & Wheeler, ed. and pub, ; cir. 438. Cro-wn Point, Register. — Thurs. ; rep.; 4 p., 24x34; sub. $2; est. 1857; Frank S. Bedell, ed. and pub.; cir. 500. Danville, Hendricks Qo. Union. Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 24x86; sub. $3; est. 1864; John N. Scarce, ed. and pub. ; cir. 750. Danville, Indianian. — Thurs. ; dem.; 4 p., 36x40; sub. |3; est. 1870; C. N". Walls, ed. and pub. ; cir. 784. Decatur, Eagle. — Fri.; dem.; 8 p., 30x44; sub. $1.50;' est. 1857; A. J. Hill, ed. and pub. ; cir. 740. Decatur, Herald. — Thurs. ; dem. ; 4 p., 33x32; sub. $1; est. 1873; Chas. A. Black, ed. and pub. Delphi, Journal- — Wed.; 4 p., 36x40; sub. $2; est. 1850; Jas. B. Scott, ed. and pub. ; cir. 720. Bmltsi, Times. — Fri.; dem. ; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $3; est. 1845; M. R. Graham, ed. and pub. ; cir. 635. Edinbxjrgh, Chronicle. — Thurs. ; 4 p., 23x32; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; Jacob Clouse, ed. and pub. Edinburgh, Watchman. — Thurs.; 4 p., 25x37; sub. $1.50; est. 1868; A. M. Ernsberger, ed. and pub. ; cir. 680. 44 Edwabdsport, Age. — Sat; 4 p., 22x80; est 1874; Carl. Brayfleld.ed. and pub. Elkhart, Reoiew. — Daily; rep.; 4 p., 30x36 ; sub. $5 ; est. 1873 ; Chase & Kent, eds. and pubs. Elkhart, Review. — Thurs. ; rep. ; 4 p., 26x39; sub. $1,50; est. 1859; Chase & Kent, eds, and pubs. ; cir. 1,040. Elkhart, Democratic Union. — Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 38x44; sub. $3; est 1865 ; D. W. Sweet, ed. and pub. ; cir. 744. Elkhart, Observer. — Wed.; rep.; 4 p., 38x44; sub. $2; est 1872; Ed ward & Emma Malloy, eds. ; Mal- loy & Brush, pub. ; cir. 800. Ellitts-velle, Republican. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 23x83; sub. $1.50; est 1872; H. S. McCallough, ed. and pub, ; cir. 380. Evansville, Cowier. — Daily and weekly; dem; 4 p., 25x37; daily, sub. $10; weekly, $1.50; est 1864; S. D. Terry & Co,, eds, and pubs. ; cir., weekly, 2,500. EvANS-viLLE, D&mohrat. — Daily and weekly; German; 4 p., 28x42; sub., daily, $8; weekly $2; est 1864; F, Saunstein, ed. and pub.; cir. daily 1,080 ; weekly 3,150. EvANS-viLLE, Herald. — Daily ; 4 p., 31x30; sub. $6: est 1873; Wm. T. King, ed. and pub. Evansville, Journal. — Daily and weekly ; daily 8 p., 38x40 ; weekly 8 p., 38x42; sub., daily, $12; weekly $1.50; est 1831; Evansville Journal Co., eds. and pub. ; cir. daily 2,757 ; weekly 3,034. EvANS"viLLB, Union. — Daily and weekly; German; daily 4 p., 35x38; weekly 8 p., 38x42; sub. daily $8; weekly $2; est 1851; I. Esslinger, ed. and pub. ; cir. daily 865; weekly 1480. 690 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. Ft. Wayne, Gazette. — Daily and weekly ; daily 4 p., 26x38 ; weekly 8 p., 83x45 ; sub. daily $9.60 ; weekly $1.75 ; est. 1863 ; Gazette Print Co., ed, and pub. Ft. Wayne, Sentinel.— Dailj and weekly; dem.; daily 4 p., 36x89; weekly 37x48 ; sub. daily $9 ; weekly $2; est 1833; Dumm & Fleming, ed. and pub. ; cir. daily 950 ; weekly 1,440. Ft. Wa-tne, Indiana Staatz Zei- tung. — German ; tri-weekly and weekly; tri-weekly 4 p., 24x36; weekly 29x43; sub. tri-weekly $4; weekly $3; est 1857; J. G. Sarnig- hausson, ed. and pub. ; cir. 420 and 1,250. Ft. Wayne, Journal.- — Sat, ; rep. ; 4 p., 28x44; sub. $2; est 1869; Tay lor & Fairbank, eds. and pubs. ; cir. 740. Fo"WLBB, Central Clarion.-Thv.iLS. ; 4 p., 26x89; sub. $1.50; est 1878; D. McA. Williams, ed. and pub. Franci8"villb, Pulashi Oua/rd. — Sat; 4 p., 23x31; sub. $1.50; est 1874; J. Albert Winegarden, ed. and pub. Frankfort, Clinton Republican Banner. — Thurs. ; 4 p., 25x38 ; sub. $1.75 ; est. 1863 ; Fletcher Meredith, ed. and pub. ; cir. 656. Frankfort, Crescent. — Wed. ; dem. ; 4 p., 28x42 ; sub. $1.75 ; est. 1851; E. H. Staley, ed.; Crescent Co., pub, ; cir. 933. Franklin, Democratic Herald. — Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 24x84; sub. $1,50; est 1859 ; M. R. Slater, ed. and pub. ; cir. 580. . Franklin, Jeffersonian. — Thurs. ; rep. ; 8 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1850 ; H. C. Allison, ed. and pub.; cir. 900. Galveston, Journal.— Thwrs.; 4 p., 16x23; sub, $1.50; est. 1873; Ed gar A. Johnson, ed. and pub. Gai.-vbston, Times. — ^Thurs^; 8 p., 22x32; sub. $1.50; est 1873; S. E. D'Forest, ed. and pub. GosHBN, Democrat. — Wed. ; dem. ; 4 p., 26x39; sub. $2; est 1887; Murray & Beane, ed. and pub. ; cir. 1,094. Goshen, Times. — ^Thurs, ; rep, ; 4 p,, 27x34; sub. $3; est. 1855; Wm. M. Starr, ed. and pub, ; cir. 960. Gosport, Tribune. — Tues.; 4 p., 33x81; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; J. T. Harner & Co., ed. and pub. Grand-view, Monitor. — Thurs. ; 4 p., 22x30; sub. $1.50; est 1867; J. L. Hatfield, ed. and pub. Green Castle, Banner. — Thurs. rep.; 4 p,, 25x38; sub. $3; est 1852 Geo. J. Langsdale, ed. and pub. cir. 793 ; offlcial city paper. Green Castle, Indiana Press. — Wed.; dem.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $3; est. 1858; Howard Briggs, ed. and prop.; cir. 1,075; offlcial county paper. Greenfield, Hancock Democ/rat. —Thurs.; dem.; 4 p,, 24x36; sub. $1.50; est 1860; Wm. Mitchell, ed. and pub. ; cir. 704. Greenfield, News. — Sat.; 4 p., 24x86; sub. $1.50; est 1874; L. E. RumriU & W. T. Walker, eds.; Walker & Co., pub. Grbbnsbubg, Decatur Press. — Sat. ; rep. ; 4 p., 36x40 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1868 ; M. Zorger, ed. and pub. ; cir. 480. Greensburg, Standard. — Wed. rep.; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $3; est 1835 J. C. MeKee, ed. and pub.; cir 940 offlcial paper of county. Hagebsto-wn, Friendly Visitor —Wed.; neuti-al; 4 p., 22x32; sub $1 ; est. 1873 ; Visitor Pub. Co., ed and pub. ; illustrated. Habtfobd City, Courier.-Th-ars. 4 p., 34x36 ; sub. .$1.50; R. G. Steele, ed.; J. E. Williamson, pub. THE NEWSPAPEE PEESS OF INDIANA. 691 Hartford City, News. — Fri.; rep.; 4 p., 34x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1873 ; Jno. M. Ruckman, ed. and pub.; cir. 577 ; offlcial county paper. Hebron, Sun. — Sat.; 4 p., 20x26 ; sub. $1 ; est. 1878 ; J. B. Peterson, ed. and pub.; cir. 250. HuNTiNGBUEG, Signal.— Thurs.; German ; 4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 1867 ; Signal Co,, ed. and pub.; cir. 600. Huntington, Indiana Herald. — Wed.; rep,; 4 p.. 28x43; sub. $2; est. 1848 ; John P. Moses & Co., eds. and pubs,; cir. 800. Indianapolis, Evening JoumM. Daily ; 4 p., 23x33 ; sub. $5 ; est. 1871 ; Indianapolis Journal Co., ed. and pub.; cir. 8,350. Indianapolis, Journal. — Daily and weekly Fri.; rep.; 8 p., 31x44; sub. daily $13 ; weekly $3 ; est 1834 ; Indianapolis Journal Co., ed. and pub.; cir. daily 7,200 ; weekly 8,000. Indianapolis, News. — Daily and weekly Wed.; independent ; 4 p., daily, 23x31 ; weekly 24x36 ; sub. daily $5 ; weekly $1 ; est. 1869 ; Jno. H. Haliday, ed. and pub.; cir. daily 4,920 ; weekly 288. Indianapolis, Sentinel. — Daily and weekly Tues.; independent; 8 p., 32x43 ; sub. daily $10 ; weekly $1.50 ; est. 1838 ; Indianapolis Sen tinel Co., ed. and pub.; cir. daily 4,600 ; weekly 9,800, estimated. Indianapolis, Telegraph. — ^Daily and weekly Fri.; German; rep.; daily 4 p., 26x39 ; weekly 8 p., 80x43 ; sub. daily $10; weekly $2; est. daily 1865; weekly 1868; Guttenburg Co., ed. and pub.; cir. daily 1,250; weekly 1,000. Indianapolis, Southside. — Fri. ; 4 p., 22x32; sub. $1.50; est 1873; Southside Print. Co., ed and pub. Indianapolis, Union, — Daily; 4 p., 23x30; sub. $5; est 1840; Indi anapolis Typographical Union, ed. and pub. Indianapolis, Indiana Deutsche Zeitung. — Sun.; 8 p., 30x44; sub. $2; est. 1874; Chas. B. Lizeus, ed. and pub. Indianapolis, IndiarM Famrwr. — Sat. ; agricultural ; 8 p., 28x43 ; sub. $3; est. 1865; J. G. Kingsbury & Co., eds. and pubs. ; largest circula tion of its class in IndiaUa. Indianapolis, Indiana Volksblatt. Sat; German; dem.; 4 p., 35x38; sub. $2.50; est 1848; Julius Boet- ticker, ed. and pub.; cir. 1,180. Indianapolis, Manufacturers and Real Estate Gazette. — Sat.; 16 p., 11x16; sub. $2; est 1873; Gazette Co., ed. and pub.; illustrated. Indianapolis, People. — Sun.; in dependent; 8 p., 32x41 ; sub. $3; est. 1870; Reed, Shellman & Schley, eds. and pub. ; cir. 6350. Indianapolis, Sun. — Sat; rep.; 4 p., 30x46 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1873 ; Jno. O. Hardesty, ed. and pub. Indianapolis, Sunday Herald. — Sun.; 8 p., 31x44; sub. $3.50; est 1873 ; Geo. C Harding, ed. and pub.; cir. 3,000. Indianapolis, Spottvogel. — Sun. ; German; humorous; 8 p., 27x39; sub. $2 ; est. 1866 ; Guttenburg Co., pub.; cir, 2,500. Indianapolis, Zukunft. — Thurs. ; German ; independent ; 8 p., 30x48 ; sub. $3; Guttenburg Co. ed. and pub.; cir. 2,880. Indianapolis, Benham's Musical Review. — 28 p,, 9x12; sub. $1; est 1866 ; H. L. Benham, ed. aad prop. ; cir. 6,083. Indianapolis, Indiana Church man. — Monthly; 4 p., 10x23; sub. 50c.; est 1878; D. B. .Avuit, pub. 69?- HISTOET OF INDIANA. Indianapolis, Educationist. — Monthly ; 30 p., 8x11 ; sub. $1 ; est. 1873 ; Shortridge & Brown, eds. and pubs.; cir. 3,200. Indianapolis, Indiana Journal of Medicine. — Monthly; fnedical; 64 p. oc; sub. $3; est 1870; Thad. M. Stevens, M. D., ed. and pub. ; cir. 500. Indianapolis, Indiana School Journal. — Monthly ; 48 p. oc. ; sub. $1.50; est 1856; W. A. BeU, ed. and pub.; cir. 4,166. Indianapolis, Little Sower. — Monthly; 32 p., 7x10; sub. $l;est, 1865 ; W. W. Dowling, ed. and pub. Indianapolis, Masonic Advocate. —Monthly ; 16 p., 25x38 ; sub. $1.35 ; est. 1868; Martin H. Rice, P. G. M., ed. and pub. ; cir. 4,800. Indianapolis, Odd Fellows' Talis- mxm. — Monthly ; 56 p. oc. ; sub. $3 ; est. 1867; B. F. Foster, ed.; Foster & Reynolds, pubs. ; cir. 5,500. Indianapolis, lAttle Ohief.-Q,\iax- terly; 16 p., 7x10; sub. 30c.; est. 1867 ; W. W. Dowling, pub. Jambbto"wn, Commercial.— Wed. ; independent; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $3; est 1878 ; F. B. Rose, ed. and pub. Jasper, Courier. — Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 30x36; sub. $1.50; est 1868; Clement Doane, ed. and pub. ; cir. 380. Jeffersonville, Evening News. — Daily except Thurs. and Sun. ; 4 p., 14x20; sub. $5; est 1872; Reu ben Daily, ed. and pub. ; cir. 496. Jeffersonville, National Demw- erat. — Thurs.; dem.; 6 p., 15x38; sub. $1.50; est 1854; R. Daily, ed. and pub. ; cir. 786. Jonesboro, Herald. — Thurs. ; 4 p., 34x,36; sub. $1.50; est 1873; N. W. Weddington, ed. and pub. ; cir. Kendall"villb, fi'towdflw'ti.- Wed. ; rep.; 4 p., 37x44 ; ^ub. $3 ; est. 1863 ; C. O. Myers, ed. and pub.; cir. 580. Kentland, Gazette. — ^Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 34x86 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1860 ; Jno. B. Connor, ed. and pub.; cir. 580. Knightstown, Banner. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 24x86 ; sub. $1 ; est. 1867 ; John A. Deem, ed. and pub.; cir. 650. Knightsto"wn, City Chronicle. — Tues.; 4 p., 34x84 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 1870; J. C. Riddell, ed. and pub.; cir. 560. KNiGHTB"vtLLE, Clay Co. Enter prise. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 35x38; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; Luther Wolfe, ed. and pub. ; cir. 566. Knox, Stark Go. Ledger. — Thurs. ; dem.; 4 p., 33x35; sub. $3; est, 1866; O. Musselman, ed. and. pub.; cir. 430. Kokomo, Democrat. — Thurs. ; 4 p., 25x38; sub. $1.50; est 1869; J. F. & J. O. Henderson, eds. and pubs. ; cir. 1,250. Kokomo, Tribune. — Tues.; rep.; 4 p., 38x43; sub. $1.75; est 1851; T. C. Philips & Sons, eds. and pubs. ; cir. 1,472. Ladoga, Herald. — Thurs.; 4 p., 33x33; sub. $3; est 1866; W. H. Boswell, ed. and pub. ; cir. 380. La Fayette, Courier. — Daily and weekly Tues.; rep.; 4 p., 38x43; daily $10; weekly $3; est 1845; W. S. Lingle, ed. and pub.; cir, daily 1,500; weekly 1,600. La Faybttb, Jowmal. — Daily and weekly Fri.; rep.; 4 p., 38x42; sub. daily $10 ; weekly $1 ; est. 1829; S. Vater, ed. and pub. La Fayette, Despatch. — Daily and weekly Thurs. ; dem.; 4 p., 28x42; sub. daily $8 ; weekly $§; est. 1869; J. C Dobelbower, ed. and pub. THE NEWSPAPEE PEESS OF INDIANA. 693 La Fayette, Sunday Moming Ledger. — Independent ; 8 p., 30x44 ; sub. $2.50 ; est. 1874 ; Jno. A. Carr, ed. and pub. La Grange, Standard. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 28x44 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1867 ; Jno. H. Rerick, ed.; C. L. Griffin, pub.; cir. 837. La Porte, Arg-ws. — Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 38x45 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1869 ; H. E. Wadsworth, od.; Wadsworth & , Kessler, pub.; cir. 1,350. La Porte, Herald. — Sat.; rep.; 4 p., 30x44 ; sub. $4 ; est. 1868 ; Her- aid Co., ed. and pub.; cir. 3,400. La-wrenceburg, Demooratia Reg ister. — Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 36x40; sub. $3; est. 1843; Ed. F. Sibley, ed. and pub.; cir. 1,200. La-wrencbburgh, Pr«s«.- Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1864 ; J. P. Chew, ed. and pub.; cir. 1,109. Leavenworth, Oramford Oo. Demoorat. — Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 24x86; sub. $1.50 ; est 1871 ; Thos. K. Van- zandt, ed. and pub.; cir. 576. Lba-venworth, Independent. — Wed.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $1.50 ; est 1869 ; Robt. E. Ryan, ed.; Indepen dent Pub. Co., pub.; cir. 800. Lebanon, Patriot. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1858 ; W. C. & D. W. Gerard, ed. and pub.; cir. 750. Lebanon, Pioneer. — Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 24x86 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1852 ; B. A. Smith, ed. and pub.; cir. 620. Liberty, Herald. — ^Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 34x86 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1851 ; C. W. Stivers, ed. and pub.; cir. 768. Ligonier, National Banner. — Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 26x39 ; sub. $2 ; est 1866 ; J. B. StoU.ed. and pub.; cir, 1,212. Logansport, Stan: — Daily and weekly Sat.; 4 p., daily, 23x32; wee"a ly 32x45 ; sub. weekly $2 , est. 1873 ; Smith & Hall, eds. and pubs. Logansport, Jownal. — Sat; rep.; 4 p., 80x47; sub. $2; est 1849; Bryer, Hunt, Daguo & Co., pubs.; cir. 1,536. Logansport, Pharos. — ^Wed.; 8 p., 30x44 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1844 ; Ru fus Magee, ed. and prop.; cir. 1,440. Logansport, Sun. — ^Thurs.; 8 p., 30x44 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1873 ; Dan. H. Bennett, ed, Lowell, Star. — Sat; rep.; 8 p., 36x39 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1872 ; E. R Beebe, ed. and pub.; cir. 476. Madison, Cov/rier. — Daily and weekly Wed.; rep.; daily, 4 p., 24x86 ; weekly 32x48 ; sub. $10 and $2 ; est. daily 1848, weekly 1837 ; M. C.Garber & Co., eds. and pubs.; cir. daily 700, weekly 1,440. Madison, Progress. — Seml-weokly and weekly Thurs.; dem.; semi- weekly, 4 p., 32x30 ; weekly, 8 p., 30x40; sub. $2.50 and $3; est. 1871 ; N. ManvUle, od. and pub.; cir. 300 and 1,000. Marion, Chronicle. — ^Thurs.; rep., 4 p., 38x43 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1867 ; Marshall F. Tingley, ed. and prop.; cir. 800. Marion, Democrat. — ^Thurs.; 8 p., 30x44 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1871 ; L. A. & J. L. Wallace, eds. and pubs.; cir. 800. Marion, Weekly Monitor.-Thura.; independent ; 8 p., 20x44 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1868 ; J. S. Jennings, ed. and pub.; cir. 560. Martinsville, Morgan Co. Ga zette. — Sat; independent; 4 p., 25x38 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1850 ; E. W. Callis, ed. and pub.; cir. 750. Martinsville, Morgan Co. Re publican. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 26x40; sub, $1.50 ; est. 1870 ; Bain & Smock, eds. and pubs.; cir. 780. 694 HISTOBT OF DJDIANA. Michigan City, Enterprise. — Fri.; rep.; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $2; est 1866 ; Thos.Jernegan, ed. and pub.; cir. 580. Mishawaka, Enterprise. — Sat; rep.; 4 p., 28x44; sub. $1.50; est 1854 ; Jernegan & Carpenter, eds. and pubs.; cir. 912. Mitchell, Commercial. — ^Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 24x34 ; sub. $2 ; est 1866 ; E. S. Mclntire, ed. and pub.; cir. 600. Monticello, Constitutionalist. — Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $2; est. 1866 ; J. W. McEwen, ed. and pub,; cir. 250. Monticello, Herald. — Thurs. ; rep.; 4 p., 26x40 ; sub, $3 ; est 1863 ; W. J. Huff, ed. and pub.; cir. 300. MooRBSViLLB, Enterprise. — Thurs.; 4 p., 34x85 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 1873 ; Maey & Burke, eds. and pubs.; cir. 430. Mount Vernon, Demoarat. — Thurs.; 4 p., 35x36 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1867 ; Tom. Collins, ed. and pub.; cir, 650. Mount Vernon, Republican. — Thurs.; 4 p., 35x38 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1871 ; C. L. Prosser, ed. and pub.; cir. 660. Muncie, Democrat. — Thurs.; 4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 1870 ; Col. WiUiams, ed. and pub. Muncie, Indiana Granger. — Thurs.; 8 p., 26x40 ; sub. $1.50; est 1873 ; N. F. Ethell, ed. and pub. Muncie, News. — ^Thurs.; 4 p., 28x45 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 1872 ; N. P. Ethell, ed. and pub.; cir. 560. Muncie, Times. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 80x45 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1861 ; Brady & Mellette, eds. and pubs.; cir. 2,249. Nashville, Jacksonian. — Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 22x28; sub. 1.50; est 1870; G.W.Allison, ed. and pub.; cir. 300. New Albany, Ledger Standard. — Daily and weekly Wed.; dem.; 4 p., daily, 24x36 ; weekly 29x46 ; sub. $10 and $3 ; Ledger Standard Co., ed. and pub.; cir. daily 1,600; weekly 3,850 ; official paper. Newcastle, Courier. — Fri.; rep.; 8 p., 38x43 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1841 ; Pleas & Rogers, eds. and pubs.; cir. 1,933. New Castle, Times. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 38x42 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 1865 ; Hiatt & Parker, eds. and pubs.; cir. 773. New Harmony, Register.— Sat.; dem.; 4 p., 33x33; sub. $1.50; est 1867 ; C. W. Slater, ed. and pub.; cir. 500. New HA"yBN, Palladium. — Fri.; 4 p., 33x85 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 1873 ; T. J. Poster, ed. and pub.; cir. 840. NOBLES-viLLE, Ledger. — Fri.; rtep.; 4 p., 25x38 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1871 ; Wm. Bodenhamer, ed. and pub.; cir. 960. North Manchester, Momchester Repuilican. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 23x33 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1865 ; M. E. Pleas, ed. and pub.; cir. 820. North Vernon, Plaindealer. — Tues.; rep.; 8 p., 26x40; sub. $1.50; est. 1864 ; R. A. Connor, ed.; W. G. Norris, pub.; cir. 1,130. North Vernon, Sun. — Wed.; dem.; 4 p., 24x36; sub. $1.50; est 1872 ; J. N. Marsh, ed. and pub.; cir. 783. Notre Dame, Ave Maria. — Sat, Catholic ; 34 p., 7x10 ; sub. $8 ; est. 1864 ; Notre Dame University, ed. and pub.; cir. 7,000. Notre Dame, Scholastic. — Sat.; 8 p., 21x30 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1866 ; Notre ' Dame University, ed. and pub.; cir. 440. THE NEWSPAPEE PEESS OF INDIANA. 695 Osgood, Ripley- Co. Journal. — Thurs.; 4 p., 23x35 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1866 ; R. N. Papet, ed. and pub. Oxford, Tribune. — Wed.; rep.; 4 p., 33x32 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1865 ; A. Cow giU, ed. and pub.; cir. 587. Paoli, American Eagle. — Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 22x32 ; sub. $1 ; H. & J. W. Comingore, eds. and pubs.; cir. 360. Pendleton, Register. — Thurs.; rep.; 4p., 24x36; sub.$l; est 1872; T. B. Deem, ed. and pub.; cir. 650. Peru, Miami Co. Sentinel. — Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 30x43; sub. $2; est. 1848 ; W. B. Loughridge, ed. and pub.; cir. 1,275. Peru, Republican. — Fri, ; rep. ; 4 p„ 28x43; sub. $2; est 1856; G.I. Reed, ed. ; Reed & Sinks pub. ; cir. 1,280. Petersburgh, Pike Co. Demo- era*.— Sat; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $1.50; est. 1870 ; Demott & Knight pubs. ; cir. 620. Petersbuegh, Press. — Sat. ; rep. ; 4 p., 36x40; sub. $1.50; est 1869; M. Krebs, ed. and pub. ; cir. 576. Plainfield, Citizen. — Sat. ; 4 p., 33x30; sub. $1.50; est. 1873; Jno. N. Vestal ed. and pub. Plymouth, Democfrat. — Thurs. ; 4 p., 36x40; sub. $3; est 1855; Van Valkenburgh & Geddes, eds. and pubs. ; cir. 778. Plymouth, Ma/rshall Co. Republi can.— Thms. ; 8 p.; 30x44; sub. $3; est. 1856; Jno. Millikan, ed. and pub. ; Cir. 600. PoBTLAND, Conwiercial. — Thurs. ; rep.; 4 p., 35x8&; sub. $1.50; est 1865 ; E. J. Marsh, ed. and pub. ; cir. 648. Portland, Jay Co. Granger. — Thurs.; dem.; 8 p., 36x40; sub. $1.50; est 1871; W. W. Timmonds ed. and pub. ; cir. 600. Princeton, Cla^'ion.—Thms.; rep. ; 8 p., 36x40 ; sub, $2 ; est. 1846 ; A. J. Calkins, ed. and pub. ; cir. 875. Princeton, Democrat. — Sat. ; 4 p., 26x40; sub. $2; est 1861; Wm. H. Evans, ed. and pub. ; cir. 924. Remington, Journal. — Sat, ; 4 p., 24x35; sub. $2; est 1873; C. M. Johnson, ed. and pub, ; cir. 400, Rensselaer, Union. — Thurs. ; rep.; 4 p. 34x36; sub. $3; est 1868; James & Healy, eds. and pubs. ; cir. 560. Re-jnolds, White Oo. Banner.— Fri.; indep.; 4 p., 30x36; sub. $1; est 1871; J. E. Dunham ed. and pub. ; cir. 160. Richmond, Independent. — Daily and weekly ; Sat. ; 4 p., daily 33x33, weekly 36x40; sub. $6, and $3.50; est 1873, and 1866; Magg & Cald well, pub. ; cir., weekly, 1,483. Richmond, Hausfreund. — Sat ; 8 p., 38x42; sub. $2: est. 1872; M. Waterman, ed. and pub. ; cir. 580. Richmond, Palladium.— %&t.--, rep.; 4 p., 35x38; sub. $1.50; est 1881 ; B, W. Davis, ed. and pub. ; cir. 680. Richmond, Telegram. — Pri. ; rep. ; 4 p., 80x46; sub. $3; est 1863; Tel egram Printing Co., eds. and pubs. ; cir. 3,000. Rising Sun, Ohio Co. Recorder. — Fri.; indep.; 4 p., 32x32; sub. $2; est. 1865 ; J. F. Waldo, ed. aud pub. ; cir. 532. Roanoke, Register. — Sat; 4 p., 24x86 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1873 ; Hiram D. Carll, ed. and pub.; cir. 350. Rochester, Sentinel.— ^3,t.;derD..-, 8 p., 30x44 ; sub. $3 ; est 1852 ; A. T. Bitters, ed. and pub.; cir. 600. Rochester, Union Spy. — Thurs.; rep.; 8 p., 80x44; sub. $3; est 1868; T. Major Bitters, ed. and pub.; cir. 600. 696 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Rockport, Democrat. — Sat.; 4 p., 35x88 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1855 ; C Jones, ed. and pub.; cir. 583. Rockport, Jowmal. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 25x39; sub. $1.50; est 1861 ; J. Wyttenbach, ed. and pub.; cir. 600. ' Rockport, Republican. — Wed.; 4 p., 38x43 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 1873 ; 8. E Kercheval & Co., eds. and pubs.; cir. 1,393. RocKVTLLE, Indiana Patriot. — Thurs.; dem.; 8 p., 36x40; sub. $2; est 1870; G.W. CoUings, ed. and pub.; cir. 960. RocKViLLB, Republicam,. — Wed.; 4 p., 37x43 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1854; J. B. Choadle, ed. and pub; cir. 1,104. Rushville, Jacksonian. — Thurs. ; 4 p., 34x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1867 ; Geo. H. Puntenney, ed. Rushville, Republican. — Thurs.; 4 p., 34x36 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1839 ; F. T. Drebert, ed. and pub.; cir. 600. Salem, Washington Co. Democrat. -^Wed.; dem.; 4 p., 24x86; sub. $1.50 ; est 1849 ; Stevens & Cravens, eds. and pubs.; cir. 683. ScOTTSBURGH, Scott Co. Demo crat.— Wed.; dem.; 4 p., 22x82; sub. $1 ; est. 1873 ; J. H.J. Sierp, ed. and pub.; cir. 640. Seymour, Democrat. — Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 24x87 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 1868; A. A. Davison, ed. and pub.; cir. 480, Seymour, Tirnes. — Sat.; rep.; 8 p., 23x31 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1855 ; J. R. Mon roe, ed. and pub.; cir. 450. Shelbyville, Shelby Republican. —Thurs.; 8 p., 26x40 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1866 ; J. M. Cumback, ed. and pub.; cir. 680, Shelbyville, Volunteer — Thurs.; dem.; 4 p., 38x44 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1843 ; John Hoop, prop.; cir, 1,600. Shoals, Ma/rtin Go. Herald.— Thurs.; dem.; 4p., 36x40 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1868 ; Henry A. Peed, ed. and pub.; cir. 600. South Bend, Tribune. — Daily and weekly; Sat; 4 p., daily, 19x35, weekly, 30x44 ; sub. $6, and $1.50 ; est. 1873 ; A. B. Miller ed.; Tribune Printing Co., pub.; cir., weekly, 3,720. South Bend, Indiana Cowier. — Fri., German, 4 p., 36x40 ; sub. $2 ; est 1873 ; Fascett Bro. & Bro-wn- fleld, ed. and pub. South Bend, St. Jo. Valley Reg ister. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 30x48; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1845 ; A. Seal, ed. and pub.; cir. 2,116. South Bend, Union. — Wed.; dem.; 4 p., 28x45; sub. $1.50; est 1866 ; J. Brownfield, Jr., ed. and pub.; cir. 1,104. South Bend, Nortliem Indiana Teacher. — Monthly ; 48 p. octavo ; sub. $1.50; est 1873; H.A.Pord,ed. and pub. South Bend, School. — Monthly ; 16 p., octavo ; sub. $1 ; est, 1874 ; Marshall & McAraney. Spbnceb, Owen Oo. Journal. — Thurs.; dem.; 8 p., 36x40 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1858 ; John Wayland, ed. and pub.; cir. 480. Spencer, Owen Co. News. — Sat; 8 p., 26x39; sub. $3; est 1873; Yockey & Connelly, eds. and pubs. Spiceland, Repm'ter. — Wed.; 4 p., 26x41; sub. $1.50; est 1871; F. Rat- cliflf, ed., J. W. Harvey, pub. SvidJTAK JJemoerat. — Wed.; dem.; 4 p., 25x87 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1854 ; Mur ray Briggs, ed. and pub.; cir. 775. Sullivan, Sullivan Co. Union. — Wed.; rep.; 4 p., 35x28 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1866 ; J. A. Hayes ed. and pub.; cir. 780. THE NEWSPAPEE PEESS OF INDIANA. 697 Tell City, Anmiger. — Sat.; Ger man, rep.; 4 p., 28x42 ; sub. $2 ; est 1866 ; G. F. Bott, ed. and pub,; cir, 834. Tell City, Oomme/rcial. — ^Thurs. 4 p., 34x36 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1878 ; H. J. May, ed. and pub. Terre Haute, Express. — Daily and weekly; Thurs.; rep.; d^ily, 4 p., 35x38 ; weekly, 8 p., 80x48 ; sub. $10 and $3 ; est., daily, 1851, weekly, 1840 ; Express Printing Co. pub.; cir., daily, 1,672, weekly, 1,080. Terre Haute, Gazette. — Daily and weekly ; Thurs.; 4 p., daily, 33x 88, weekly, 28x42 ; sub. $6, $1.50 ; est. 1869 ; Ball & Dickerson, eds. and pubs.; cir., daily, 1,150, weekly, 1,450. Terre Haute, Jowmal. — Daily and weekly ; Fri.; dem.; 4 p., daily, 35x38, weekly, 38x42 ; sub. $10 and $2 ; R. N. Hudson, ed. and prop.; cir., daily, 800, weekly, 1,080. Terre Haute, Banner. — Tri weekly ; Tues., Thurs., and Sat.; 4 p., 34x34 ; sub. $5 ; est 1870 ; A. Fab riclus, ed. and pub.; cir. 540. Terre Haute, Saturday Even ing Mail. — Indep.; 8 p., 30x43 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1870 ; P. 8. Westfall, ed. and pub.; cir. 4,333. Thornto"Wn, Independent — ^Wed.; 4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $3.; est 1873 ; N. C. Rayhouser, ed. and pub. Thorntown, Register. — Fri.; rep.; 4 p., 34x34 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1871 ; L. B. Kramer, ed. and pub.; cir. 400. Tipton, Advance. — T!hms.; 4 p., 34x33 ; sub. $1 ; Wm. J. Turpen, ed.; Turpen & Emmons, pubs. Tipton, Enterprise.— Th-aia.; rep.; 4 p., 34x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 1873 ; Joel Reese, ed. and pub.; cir. 530. Tipton, Ti'mes. — Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 34x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 1855 ; C. J. Brady, "d, and pub.; cir. 620. Union City, Eagle.— T-aes.; rep.; 4 p., 26x87 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1863 ; Bentley Masslich, ed. and pub.; cir. 1,000. Union City, Times. — Thurs,; 4 p., 36x40 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1871 ; J. Com mons, ed. and pub.; cir. 600. Valparaiso, Messenger. — Tues. ; indep.; 8 p., 35x48 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1871 ; E. Zimmerman, ed. and pub. Valparaiso, Porter Co. Vidette. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 28x43 ; sub. $2 ; est 1857 ; A. Gurney, ed. and pub.; cir. 650, Vebdbrsburg, Fountain Co. Her ald.— Wed.; 4 p., 26x40 ; sub. 3 ; est 1873 ; J. H. Spence, ed. and pub, Vernon, Banner. — ^Wed.; rep.; 4 p., 36x40 ; sub. $1.50 ; est. 1845 ; W. C. Stineback, ed.; C. E. Wagoner, pub.; cir. 480. Versaillbs, Ripley Index. — Thurs.; 4 p., 33x83 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 1873 ; Thompson & Wayland, eds. and pubs.; cir. 490. YEYAY,,Denwcrat. — Sat.; 4 p., 36x 40 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1868 ; J. H. Wright, ed. and pub.; cir. 500. Vevay, Reveille. — Sat.; rep.; 8 p., 30x44 ; sub. $3 : est. 1817 ; Wm. J. Baird, ed. and pub.; cir. 786. Vincennes, Western Sun. — Semi- weekly; Tues. and Fri.; weekly, Sat; dem.; 4 p., 38x43; sub. $5, and $3 ; est. 1804 ; A. J. Thomas & Co., ed. and pub.; cir., semi-weekly, 610, weekly, 1,302. Vincennes, Times. — Sat; rep.; 4 p., 28x42 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1865 ; Cad- dington & Noble, ed. and pub.; cir. 985. Wabash, Free Trader.— Fii.; 4 p.; 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1871 ; A. L. Bag by, ed. and pub.; cir. 640. Wabash, Plaindealer. — Thur.; rep.; 4 p., 28x43 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1858 ; Ferry & Butler, ed. and pub.; cir. 1,547. 698 HISTOET OF INDLANA. Walton, Enterprise. — Sat.; 8 p., 22x31 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 1874 ; Chap- pelear & Sumption, ed. and pub. Warsaw, National Union. — Fri.; dem.; 4 p., 26x40 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1860 ; F. J. Zimmerman, ed. and pub.; cir. • 800. Warsaw, Northem InMa/nian. — Thurs.; rep.; 4 p., 30x48 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1856 ; R, WUliams, ed. Washington, Davis Oo. Denw- crat. — Sat; dem.; 4 p., 34x36 ; sub. $1 ; est. 1867 ; S. Belding, ed. and pub.; cir. 608. Washington, Enterprise.-Thxxrs.; 4 p., 34x86 ; sub. $1 ; est. 1878 ; John A. Geeting, ed. and pub.; cir. 711. Washington, Gazette. — Sat; rep.; 4 p., 35x39 ; sub. $1.35 ; est. 1866 ; S. F. Harrall & Co., ed. and pub.; cir. 816. Waterloo, Press. — Thui-s.; rep.; 4 p., 25x38 ; sub. $3 ; est. 1858 ; Bax ter & Kennedy, eds. and pubs.; cir. 580. Waveland, News. — Sat.; 4 p., 33x 31; sub. $1.50; est 1873; W. H. Boswell, ed, and pub.; cir. 360. West Lebanon, TFarrera Times. — Wed.; rep.; 4 p., 24x36 ; sub. $1.50 ; est 1873 ; Walker & Fleming, eds. and pubs. Williamsport, Warren Republi- cam.- Thurs.; 4 p., 36x40 ; sub. $2 ; est 1855 ; John Gregory, ed. and pub.; cir. 500. Winnemac, Democrat. — Thurs. ; dem.; 4 p., 26x40 ; sub. $2 ; est. 1857; F. B. Thomas, ed.; cir. 400. Winnemac, Republican. — Fri.; rep.; 4 p., 28x35 ; sub. $2 ; est 1872 ; J. Keiser, ed. and pub.; cir. 400. Winchester, Journal. — Wed.; rep.; 4 p., 36x40; sub. $1.50; est 1861 ; Hadson & Beeson, eds. and pubs. WOLCOTTVILLB, Register.— Th-wcs.; rep.; 4 p., 24x86; sub. $1.50; est 1874 ; J. R. Rhubottom, ed. and pub. Worthington, Tirrms . — Thurs. ; rep.; 4 p., 34x86; sub. $1.50; est 1856 ; Ward & Miller, ed. and pub.; cir. 860. Xenia, Gazette. — Wed.; 4 p., 33x 83 ; sub. $1,50 ; est, 1873 ; R. K. Rob inson, ed. and pub.; cir. 867. ZiONS"viLLE, Times. — Fri.; 4 p., 33x30 ; sub. $1 ; est. 1878 ; M. How- ard, ed. and pub. APPENDIX. POST-OFFICE DIEEOTOEY OF INDIANA. The first name given is the post-offlce, and the second the county. Those printed in italics are county -seats ; those having the * affixed are money- order offices; offices marked " B," are British international money-order offices; "G-," German international money-order offices ; and *'S" Swiss international money-order offices : Aaron Switzerland Aberdeen Ohio Abington Wayne Aboite... Allen Ackton Marion Adam.8 Decatur Adameburg Cass Adeyville Perry Akron Fulton Alamo Montgomery Alaska Morgan Albany Delaware Albion* Noble Alert Decatur Alexander Clay Alexandria Madison Alfonte Madison AlfordBvlUe Daviess Allen Miami AUeutown Knox Alma Wbitley Alpha... Scott Alpine Payette Alqnina Fayette Alto Howard Alton Crawford Alvarado Steuben Amboy Miami America Wabasb Amity Johnson Amo Hendricks Amsterdam Cass An-derBon*'B Madison Andersonville Franklin Angota*^ Steuben Annapolis Parke Anoka Cass Anthony ..Delaware Antioch Huntington Arba ..Randolph Arcadia HamiJton Arcana Grant Areola Allen Argos* Marshall An Noble Armiesburgh Parke Armstrong. . .Yanderburgh. Arney Owen Aroma Hamilton Ascension Sullivan Ashborough Clay Ashby 's Mill 8. Montgomery Ash Grove Tippecanoe Ashland Henry Asherton Parke Atkinsonville Owen Atica* Fountain Atwood Kosciusko Auburn* DeKalb Augusta Station . . .Marion Aurora*, B, G ...Dearborn Austin Scott Aviila Noble Avoca Lawrence Avon Hendricks Aydelott Benton Azialia Bartholomew Bainbridge * — Putnam Balbec Jay Ballstown Kipley Barber's Mills Wells Barberville Jefferson Bargersville Johnson Barren Harrison Bartonia Eandolph Bateham Sullivan Batesville Ripley Battle Ground. Tippecanoe Bean Blossom Brown Bear Branch. Ohio Bear Creek Jay Beaver City .Newton Beaver Dam Koaciasko (699) Beaver Timber Newton Beck's Grove Brown Beck's Mills. .Washington Bedford* Lawrence Beech Grove Rush Beechy Mire Union Bel den Wabash Belle Union Putnam Belleville Hendricks Bellraore Parke Benham's Store Ripley Bennett's Switch. ..Miami Bennettsville Clarke Bennington... Switzerland Benton Elkhart Bentonville Fayette Bennville Jennings Berlin Clinton Berne ...Adams Bethany Parke Bethel Wayne Bethlehem Clarke BickneU Knox Big Indian Cass Biflingsville Union Bingen .Adaras Bird's Eye Dubois Birmin gham Miami Black Oak Ridge.. Daviess Blairsville Posey Bloomfield* Greene Bloomingdale Parke Blooming Grove.. Franklin Bloomingport... Ran dolph Bloomingsburgh ...Fulton Bloomington* a,,G JAoavoQ BlountsviUe Henry Blue Creek Franklin Blue Grass Fulton Blue Lick Clarke Blue Ridge Shelby Blue Eiver Harrison 700 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. Bluff Creek Johnson Bluff Point Jay Bluffton* Wells Bogard's Fork.. .Crawford Boggstown... . Shelby Bono Lawrence Boone Grove Porter Booneville* Warrick Boston Wayne Boston Store.Montgomeiy Boswell Benton Boundary ,— Jay Bourbon* MarshaU Bouser Blackford Bovine Gibson Bowling Oreen* Clay Boxley Hamilton BoydstOn's MiJleKosoiusko Bracken Huntington Bradford Harrison Brazil *B Clay Bremen Marshall Bretzville Dubois Brewersville Jennings Bridgeport Marion Bridgeton Parke Bright Dearborn Brighton. La Grange Brimfield Noble Bringhnrst Carroll Bristol Elkhart Broad Eipple Marion Brook.- -Newton Brookfield Shelby Brooklyn * Morgan Brookston * White Brooksville » B, G .Franklin Browneburg Hendricks Brown's Corners. Hunt'g'n Bro-wnstown * Jackson Brown's Valley Montgom'y Brownsville Union Bruce's Lake Fulton Bruceville Knox Brunswick Lake Brushy Prairie. .La Grange Briant Jay Bryant's Creek Monroe Bryansville Lawrence Buckskin Gibson Buffaloville Spencer Bunker Hill .Miami Bnrdick Porter Bnrget's Corners. .Clinton Burlington Carroll Burnett - Vigo Burnett's Creek White Burnside Clinton Burnsville ...Bartholomew Burrows Carroll Butler* De Kalb Butlerville Jennings Byrneville —Harrison Cadiz Henry Cairo Putnam Calcutta Clay Callao.-- LaPorte Cambridge Clty*BGWayne Camden _ Carroll Campbellsburg.'SV'ashing'nCana Jennings Canaan Jefferson Canal Warrick Gannelton*'B Perry Canoper Adams Canton .Washington Carbon Clay Carlisle* Sullivan Carmel Hamilton Carpentersville ...Putnam Carroll Carroll CarroUton Hancock Cartersbnrgh ...Hendricks Carthage Bush Cassella Lake CassviUe Howard Castle Eandolph Castleton Marion Cataract Owen Catlin Parke Cedar Creek DeKalb Cedar Grove Franklin Cedar Lake Lake Cedarvllle Allen Cedarwood Harrison Celestine Dabois Celina Perry Center Howard Center Point Clay Center Square. Switzerland Centreton Morgan Center Valley ..Hendricks CenterviUe* Wayne Cerro Gordo Eandolph Chalmers White Chamberlain Allen Chambersburg Orange Oharletto^wn* Clarke Charlottsville Hancock Chauncy Tippecanoe Chester Wayne Chesterfield Madison Chesterton* Porter Chestnut Hill.Washlngton Chili Miami Christie's Prairie Clay Churubusco Whitley Cicero .Hamilton Clai'ke Eandolph Clarke Station Lake Clarksburg Decatur Clark's Hill ...Tippecanoe Clark's Prairie Daviess Clarksville Hamilton Claysville Washington Clayton Hendricks Clear Creek Monroe Cleona Brown Clermont Marion Cleveland Hancock Clifford Bartholomew Clifton Union Clifty Decatur Clinton* Vermilion Clouser's Mills. Montgom'y Cloverdale Putnam Cloverland Clay Coatsville Hendricks Coburn's Corners. .DeKalb Coesse Whitley Coffee Clay Colburn Tippecanoe Colfax Clinton CoUamar -.Whitley CoUett Jay Collins Whitley Cologne Delaware Coloma Parke Columbia Fayette Columbia City* B, G, S, Whitley Columbus* B, G.Barthol'w Commiskey . Jennings Cologne '. Jackson Connersville* B, G.Fayette Conn's Creek Shelby Crookerly Vigo Cope Morgan Courtland Jackson Cornnna DeKalb Cory Clay Corydon*B Harrison Corymbo Lal'orte Cottage Grove Union Courter Miami County Line... Tippecanoe Covi^ngton* .Fountain Cowan Delaware Cox's Mills Wayne Craig Switzerland Crawfordevitle*B.MoTitg-'y Cresewell Jefferson Crisman Porter Crisp's Cross Eoads.Har'sn Crittenden. Case Cromwell -Noble Crooked Creek Steuben Cross Plains Eipley Crothersville Jackson Crown Point* G Lake Crowville Warrick Cuba Owen Culver's Station.Tippeca'e Cumberland .Marion Curtisville Tippecanoe Curveton Cass Cutler Carroll Cynthiana Posey Dale Spencer Dalevllle Delaware Dalton Wayne DanviUe* Hendricks Darlington ...Montgomery Darwin Carroll Dayton Tippecanoe Decatur* Adams Decker's Station Knox Deedsville Miami Deem Owen Deep Eiver Lake Deep Creek Carroll Deerfield Eandolph Delaney's Creek. Wash'ton Delaware Eipley Delectable Hill . - Pike Delp!ii*B Carroll Delta Parke Demming Hamilton Denver Miami Deputy Jefferson Derby Perry Dexter Perry Dillsborough Dearborn Dituey Hill. Dubois Donaldson Marshall Don Juan Perry Doolittle's Mills Perry Door Village La Porte Dora Wabash Dover HiU Martin Dow Cass Down Hill Crawford Drewersburgh Franklin Dublin* -Wayne Dudleytown Jackson Duff Dubois Dunkirk Jay Dunlapsville Union Dnnreith Henry Dupont Jefferson Dye- Martin Dyer Lake APPENDIX. 701 Baiglesfleld Clay Eagletown Hamilton Earle Vanderburgh Earl Park Benton East Enterprise Switzerl'd East Germantown. .Wayne Baton Delaware Economy Wayne Eden Hancock Eden Mills La Grange Edinburgh *. Johnson Edna Mills Clinton Edwardsport Knox Edwardsville Floyd Eel Eiver Allen Egypt --Carroll Efberfeld Warrick Elizabeth Harrison Elizabethtown .Barth'mew Elizaville Boone Elkhart* B, G, S... Elkhart Elkinsville .- Brown Ellittsville Monroe Ellsworth Vigo Elmay Grant Blrod -Eipley Blwood Madison Ely Warrick Eminence . - - Morgan Emisou Station Knox English Crawford English Lake Starke Enochsburg Franklin Enterprise --Spencer Epsom Daviess Erie Lawrence Ervin Howard Etna Green Kosciusko Eugene Vermillion Eureka Spencer Evans' Landing.. Harrison Evansville* B, G, S, Vanderburgh Everton Fayette Ewing Jacksor Ewington ..- Deca';;^ J'airfleld Franklin Fairfield Center ...DeKalb Fairland* Shelby Fairmonnt ; Grant Fairplay Vanderburgh Fairview Eandolph Falmouth Eush Farabee'e Station. Wash'tn Farmers' Institute. Tippe'e Farmers' Eetreat.Dearborn ¦''araicrs' Station Owen Farmersville Posey Farmland .Eandolph Fayettville Lawrence Ferdinand Dubois Feuns Shelby Ferguson's Station ..Allen Fidelity ..Pike Fillmore Putnam Fish Creek Steuben Pishersburgh Madison Fisher's Switch.. Hamilton Fish Lake Elkhart Flat Eock Shelby Flint Steuben Florence Switzerland Florida Madison Flowerville White Floyd's Knobs Floyd Folsomville Warrick Forest Hill Decatur Fort Branch* Gibson Fort Eltner Lawrence Fortville -.Hancock Fort -Wayne* B, G, S.Allen Poster's Eidge Perry Fountain Fountain Fountain Station Vigo Fountaintown Shelby Fowler* Benton Fox -.Wells Francisville .- Pulaski Francisco Gibson Frankfort* Clinton Franklin* Johnson Frankton Madison Fredericksburgh. Wash'ton Fredonia Crawtbrd Freedom ^...Owen Freelaudville Knox Freeport Shelby Freetown ^... .Jackson Fremont Steuben French Lick Orange Friendship Eipley Priendswood Hendricks Fulda Spencer Fulton PiUton Furnessville Porter Galen -.Adams Galena.- Floyd Gallaudet Marion Galveston Case Gaynorville Decatur Geetingsville Clinton Geneva Adams Gentryville Spencer Georgetown Floyd Georgia Lawrence Geppville Jay Gibson's Station Lake Gilead Miami Glendale Daviess Glen Hall Tipp6canoe Glenn's Valley Marion Goodland* Newton Goodwin's Comer ..Union Goshen*B Elkhart Gosport* Owen Graham Jefferson Grand Eapids Crossing, Noble Grandview Spencer Grantsburgh Crawford Granville Delaware Graysville Sullivan Green Briar Orange Oreen CasiZe*B... Putnam Green Center. Noble Greene -Jay Oreenfield* - Hancock Green Oak Fulton Greensborough Henry GreeneburglfiB, G.Decatur Green's Fork Wayne Greentown Howard Greenville Floyd Greenwood. Johnson Griswold Knox Qroomsville Tipton Groveland Putnam Grovertown Starke Groves Fayette Guilford Dearborn Guionsville Dearborn Gundrum Pulaski Guthrie Lawrence Hackleman Grant Hagerstown* Wayne Halx Morgan Hall's Corners Allen Hamburgh Franklin Hamilton Steuben Hamlet Starke flamrick's Station.Putnam Hancock Harrison Hanly's Corner Eipley Hanna's Station-, La Porte Hanover* Jefferson Hnrdinsburgh -Washingt'n Harlan Allen Harmony Clay Harrisburg Payette Harrison Delaware Harristown - - .Washington Harrisville Eandolph Harrmann's Station.D'b'rn Han'odsburgh Monroe Hartford Ohio Bartford City* .Blackford Hartsville Bartholomew Harveysburgb Fountain Haskell La Porte Habstadt -Gibson Hausertown Owen Hawkins Jay Haymond Franklin Haysville Dubois Hazleton ..Gibson Hebron* Porter Hecla -Whitley Hector Jay Heffi-en Washmgton Heller's Corners Allen Heltonville Lawrence Hendricks Crawford Heuryville Clarke Hepton --.Kosciusko Hermaan Eipley Hickory Branch Posey Hillham Dubois Hillsborough Fountain Hillsdale Vermillion Hillsend darroll Hitchcock's Station, Washington Hoagland Allen Hobart -.Lake Hobbieville Greene Holland Dubois Holman Dearborn Holman Station -Scott Holmes Boone Holton Eipley Home - Jefferson Homer Eush Honey Creek Henry Hooversburgh Miami Hope* Bartholomew Houston Jackson Howard Parke Howesville Clay Huntertown Allen Huntingburgh Dubois Huntington* . Huntington Huntsville Madison Huron Lawrence Huth Franklin Hyndsdale Morgan IdaviUe...- White Independence Warren INDIANAPOLIS* B, G, S, Marion Indian Village Noble 702 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. Inglefield Vanderburgh Ino Carroll Inwood Marshall Ireland Dubois Isola Martin JacksonbUTgh .. Wayne Jackson Center Porter Jackson Station Tipton Jadden Grant Jalapa Grant James' Switch Marion Jamestown* Boone JasonvUle Greene Jasper* Dubois Jefferson .- Clinton Jeffersonville* B, G.Clarke Jerome Howard Jessup's Station Parke Johnstown Greene Joliettville Hamilton Jonesborough* Grant Jones' Station ...Dearborn Jonesville .. .Bartholomew Jordan..- Jay Jordan Village Owen Jordanville Knox Judson Parke Julietta Marion Kasson Vanderburgh Keek's Church Martin Kellerville Dubois Kelso Dearborn Kendallville* B Noble Kent Jefferson Kentland* Newton Kewanna Pulton Keystone Wells Killmore Clinton Kingsbury La Porte King's Cave Harrison King's Station Gibson Kingston Decatur Kirk's Cross Eoads. Clinton Knightstown Henry Knightsville* Clay Knox Starke Koko^mo*B Howard Kossuth Washington Kout's Station Porter Laconia Harrison La Crosse LaPorte Ladoga* Montgomery La Fayette* B, G, S.Tipp'e La Fontaine Wabash La Orange* La Grange LaGro* Wabash Lake.. Spencer Lake Station Lake Laketon Wabash Lakeville St. Joseph Lancaster Jefferson Landersdale Morgan Lane Montgomery Lanesville Harrison La Porte* B, G, S.La Porte Larwill Whitley Laud Whitley Laurel* Franklin Lawrence Marion Lawrenceburg* B .Dearb'n Lawrenceville ...Dearborn Leamon Corner ..Hancock Leavenworth* ...Crawford Lebanon* Boone Lee Warrick Leesburgh Kosciusko Leesville Lawrence Leipsic Orange Leiter's Ford Fulton Lena Clay Leo Allen Leopold Perry Leoti Pike Le Eoy Lake Lett's Comers Decatur Lettsville Daviess Lewis Vigo Lewis Creek... Sheloy Lewisville Henry Lexington* Scott Liber Jay Liberty* Union Liberty Mills Wabash Liberty ville Vigo Lick's Creek Orange Ligonier* B, G Noble LiUyDale Perry Lima La Grange Lincoln Cass Lincolnville Wabash Linden Montgomery Linn Grove Adams Linton Greene Lisbon Noble Little Giant Howard Little York ...Washington Livonia Washington Locke Elkhart Lockport Carroll Lock Spring Eipley Logan Dearborn Logansport* B, G Cass London Shelby Longwood Fayette Loogootee* Martin Loraine Whitley Lozautvllle Eandolph Lotus Union Lovely Dale Knox Lovett Jennings Lowell Lake Lowell Mills. Bartholomew Ludlow Dubois Luray Henry Lusk's Springs Parke Lynn Eandolph Lyn ville Warrick Lyons Greene Lyon's Station Fayette McCameron Martin McCordsville Hancock McCoy's Station ---Decatur McCutchenville.Vanderb'gMcGrawsville Miami Mace. Montgomery Madison* B, G . . .Jefferson Magnolia Crawford Manalasville Morgan Majenica Huntington Malta ..Putnam Manchester Dearborn Manhattan Putnam Manilla Eush Mansfield Parke Man ville Jefferson Maples Allen Marco Greene Marcy La Grange Marengo Crawford Mariah Hill Spencer Marietta Shelby Ma'rion* Grant Markle Huntington Markleville Madison Marmont Marshall Marshfield Warren Martinsburgh. Washington Martinsville* Morgan Martz Clay MarysTllle Clarke Mauckport Harrison Maxinkuckee Marshall Mechanicsburg Henry Mechanicsville .Vanderb'g Medarysville Pulaski Medora -Jacksou Memphis Clarke Mercury Madison Merom* Sullivan Merriam. Noble Merrillville Lake Metamora Franklin Metea - Cass Metz Steuben Mexico Miami Michigan City* B.La Porte Michigantowu Clinton Middlebury Elkhart Middle Fork Clinton Middletown Henry Midway ...Spencer Mier Grant Mifflin Crawford Milan Eipley Milford Kosciusko Millersburgh Elkhart Miller's Station Lake Mill Grove Blackford Millhousen Decatur Millport Washington Mills' Comers Jay Milltown Crawford Millville Henry Millwood Kosciusko Milner's Comers .Hancock Milroy Eush Milton* Wayne "mosa Hendricks Mishawaka* B..St. Joseph Mitchell* B, G... Lawrence Mixersville Franklin Mongoquinong .La Grange Monitor Tippecanoe Monmouth Adams Monon White Monroe Adams Monroe Mills Monroe Monroeville* -Alien Monrovia* Morgan Monterey Pulaski Montez Cass Montezuma Parke Montgomery's Station, Daviess Monticello* White Montmorency .Tippecanoe Montpelier Blackford Mooney Jackson Moorefield Switzerland Moore's Hill* Dearborn Mooresville* Morgan Moore's Vineyard .Bartn'w Moral Shelby Moran Clinton Morgantown* Morgan Morocco.. ...Newton Morris Eipley Morristown Shelby Morton Putnam Mortonsville Clinton APPENDIX. 703 Moscow Eush Mountain Spring. . .Martin Mount Auburn Shelby Mount Carmel Franklin Mount Comfort,. -Hancock Mount Etna-, -Huntington Mount Healthy . Barthol'w Mount Hope DeKalb Mount Liberty Brown Mount Meridian. ..Putnam Mount Moriah Browu Mount Pisgah ..La Grange Mount Pleasant Perry Mount Prospect.. Crawford Mount Sterling .Switzerl'd Mount Summit Henry Mount Ternon* G,. .Posey Muddy Fork -Clarke Mud Lick Jefferson Mulberry Clinton Muncie* B. G Delaware Murray Wells ITapoleon Eipley Nash Depot.. Vanderburgh Nashville* Brown Nebraska Jennings Needham's Station. John ri Needmore Brown Neff Eandolph Neil's Creek Jefferson Nelson Vigo Nettle Creek Wayne Nevada Tipton New Albany* B, G ..Floyd New Alsace Dearborn New Amsterdam .Harrison Newark Greene New Bellsville Brown Newbern Bartholomew Newberry Greene New Britton Hamilton Newburgh* Warrick New Burlington .Delaware New Carlisle* ..St. Joseph New Castle* Henry New Center Wayne New Corner Delaware New Corydon Jay New Cumberland Grant New Elizabeth -Hendricks New Era DeKalb New Garden .Wayne New Goshen.- Vigo New Harmony* Posey New Harrisburgh .Wabash New Haven* Allen New Holland Wabash New Lancaster Tipton New Lebanon Snllivan New Lisbon Henry New London Howard New Madison Wabash New Marion Eipley New Market . Montgomery New Maysville Putnam New Middletowu-Harrison New Mount Pleasant ..Jay New Paris Elkhart New Philadelphia. Washt'n New Pittsburgh .Eandolph New Point ....Decatur Newport* - Vermillion New Providence Clarke New Eichmond. Montg'm'y New Eoss Montgomery New Salem Eush New Salisbury ...Harrison Newton's Eetreat .Tippe'e Newton Stewart ...Orange Newtonville Spencer Newton town Fountain New Trenton Frankliu Newville DeKalb New Washington.. .Clarke New Waverly Cass New Wiuchester.Hend'cks Neysville Parke Niconza Miami Nine Mile Allen Nineveh Johnson Noah Shelby Noblesville* Hamilton Nora Marion Normanda Tipton Northern Depot Boone Northfield Boone North Grove Miami North Hogan Eipley North Judson Starke North Liberty ..St. Joseph North Madison. ..Jefferson North Manchester*.Wab'h North Salem Hendricks North's Landing. Switz'lnd North Union .Montgomery North Vernon* ..Jennings Notre Dame*. ..St. Joseph Nottingham Wells Null's Mills Fayette Oak Pulaski Oakalla Putnam Oakdale Jennings Oakdam Vanderburgh Oakfarm Brown Oakford Howard Oak Forest Franklin Oakland Spencer Oakland City Gibson Oaklandon Marion Oaktown Knox Oceola.- St. Joseph Octagon Tippecanoe Odell- Tippecanoe Ogden Henry on Creek Perry Oldenburgh Franklin Olean Eipley Olive Hill Wayne Omega Hamilton Ontario La Grange Onward Cass Orange - Fayette Orangeville Orange Orchard Grove Lake Oregon Clarke Organ Spring. Washington Orion Kosciusko Orland* Steuben Orleans* Orange Orth Montgomery Osgood* Eipley Ossian Wells Oswego Kosciusko Otis LaPorte Otisco Clarke Otterbein Benton Otto Clarke Otwell Pike Ovid Madison Owensburgh Greene Owensville Gibson Owl Prairie Daviess Oxford* ....Benton Padoria Crawford Palestine Kosciusko Palmyra Han-ison Paoli* -Orange Paragon Morgan Paris Jennings Parke -.Greene Parker Eandolph Parkersburgh . Montgoui'iy Parker's Settlement. Posey Parkville . . .• Parke Patoka.- Gibson Patricksburgh Owen Patriot* Switzerland Paw Paw Miami Paxton's Sullivan Pecksburgh IHendricks Pekin Washington Pendleton* Madison Pennville -Jay Peoria Franklin Peppertowu Franklin Perkinsville Madison Perrysburgh Miami Perrysville Vermillion Peru*B. G iMiami Petersburgh* Pike Pettit Tippecanoe Philadelphia Hancock Pickard's Mill Clinton Pierceton* Kosciusko Pierceville Eipley Pike's Peak Brown Pikeville Pike Pilot Grove N ewton Pilot Knob Crawford Pimento --Vigo Pine Village Warren Pittsborough ...Hendricks Pittsburgh Carroll Plainfield* Hendricks Plainville Daviess Pleasant Switzerland Pleasant Grove Jasper Pleasant Hill .Montgomery Pleasant Lake Steuben Pleasant Mills Adams PleasantvlUe Sullivan Plymouth* B. G ..Marshall Po .-- Allen Point Isabel Grant Poland Clay Polk Patch ,Warrick Polk Eun Clarke Pond Creek Mills Knox Poalsville Warren Poplar Grove Howard Porter's Cross Eoads. Port 'r ¦Porter Station Porter Portersville Dubois Portland* Jay Portland Mills Parke PoseyvUIe Posey Poston Eipley Potato Creek.Montgomery Powers Jay Prairie Creek Vigo Prairie Edge .Montgomery Prairieton Vigo Pratt Clay Prescott Shelby Priam Blackford Priceville Hnntington Princeton* B Gibson Prince William Carroll Prospect Madison Prosperity Madison Pulaski Pulaski 704 HISTORY OF INDIANA. Pnrcell's Knox Putnamville Putnam Pyrmont Carroll Quaker Hill-Vermillion Qnakertown Union Queensville Jennings Quercus Grove. Switzerl'nd Quincy Owen Baglesville Daviess Eainstown Hendricks Eainsville Warren Ealeigh Eush Eandolph Eandolph Ranger Perry Eaub Benton Eay Steuben Eay's Crossing Shelby Eaysville Henry Eed Brush Warrick Eed House Morgan Eeelsville Putnam Eed Key Jay Eeece's Mill Boone Eego Orange Eei. Eipley Eeiffsburgh Wells Eemington* Jasper Eeno Hendricks Pensselcer* Jasper Eeserve ..Miami Eetreat Jackson Eexville Eipley Eeynolds * White Eichardson St. Joseph Eichland -- Eush Eichmond *B.G Wayne Eich Valley Wabash Richwoods ..Delaware Eidgeville Eandolph Rigdon Madison Eiley Vigo Einggold-- La Grange Bismg Sun* Ohio Riverside Fountain Eiver Vale Lawrence Eoann - Wabash Eoanoke Huntington Rob Eoy Fountain Eochester* Fulton Eockfield Carroll Eockford Jackson Eock Island Perry Bockport * B Spencer BoekmUe*B Parke Eoseburgh Grant EogersvUle Henry Eolling Prairie ...LaPorte Eome Perry Eome City Noble' Romney Tippecanoe Eono Perry Boot--- Allen Eosedale -- Parke Eose Hill Kosciusko Eoseville Parke Eosewood Harrison Ross Lake RosHville Clinton Royal Center Cass Royalton Boone Royerton Delaware Rush Creek Valley, Washington Bushville*G Eush Eussell's Mills Parke Eussellville Putnam Eussiaville Howard Eyner Fountain Sabine Marion Saint Bernice ..Vermillion Saint Henry Dubois Saint John Lake- Saint Joseph.Vanderburgh Saint Joseph's Hill -Clarke Saint Leon Dearborn Saint Louis Crossing Bartholomew Saint Magdalene ...Eipley Saint Mary's Vigo Saint Maurice Decatur Saint Meinrad Spencer Saint Omer Decatur Saint Paul * Decatur Saint Peter's Franklin Saint Philip Posey Saint Wendell's Posey Salamonia Jay Salem * B Washington Salem Center Steuben Salina Gibson Saline City -Clay < Salt Creek --Porter Sal tilloville-- -Washington Saluda Jefferson Samaria Johnson Sanborn Knox Sandford - Vigo San Jacinto Jennings San Pierre Starke Santa Clans Spencer Santa Fe--, Miami Saratoga Eandolph Sardinia Decatur Saturn Whitley Schereville Lake Schnellville Dubois Scipio Jennings Scotland Greene Scott La Grange Scottsville Floyd Seafield White Sedalia Clinton Sedan De Kalb Seelyville Vigo Sellersburgh Clarke Selma Delaware Sevastopol Kosciusko Seymour* Jackson ShadesvUle Grant Shanghai Howard Shannondale .Montgomery Sharon Delaware Sharp's MiUs Harrison Sharpsville Tipton Shawnee Mound.Tippeca'e Shelburn Sullivan ShelbyviUe * G Shelby Sheldon Allen Shell's DeKalb Sheridan Hamilton Shidler Delaware Shields Jackson Shielville Hamilton Shoals* Martin Silver Lake Kosciusko Silverville Lawrence Sitka Martin Six Mile Jennings Slash Grant Slate Jennings Slate Cut Clarke Smithland Shelby Smith's VaUey.. .Johnson Smitiiville -- Monroe Snoddy's Mills. ..Fountain Snow Hill Eandolph Solitude Posey Solsbury Greene Somerset Wabash Somerville Gibson South Bena*B.Q St. Joseph South Bethany.Bartholo'w South Cleveland ..Whitley South Gate Franklin South Martin Martin South Milford ..La Grange Southport -.Marion Southwest Elkhart South Whitley* ...Whitley Spade's Depot Ripley Spaldiiigville Knox Sparksville ...Jackson Sparta Dearborn Spartanburgh ...Randolph Spearsville Brown Spencer* Owen Spencei-ville De Kalb Spiceland Henry Springfield Franklin Springliill Decatur Springport Henry Springville Lawrence Spurgeon .Pike Stamper s Creek -.-Orange Stanford Monroe Star : Eush Star City -- Pulaski State Line* Warren Staunton Clay Steam Corner Fountain Steele's Rush Stewartsville Posey Stilesville Hendricks Stlnesville Monroe Stip's HiU Franklin Stockdale Miami Stockton Owen StockweU * Tippecanoe Stone Bluffs Fountain Stoney Point .Jeff'erson Straughn's Station--Henry Strawtown Hamilton Sturgeon Fulton Sugar Branch. Switzerland Sugar Creek Hancock Sugar Grove... Tippecanoe Sullivan * B Sullivan Sulphur HUl Shelby Sulphur Springs.. .Shelby- Summit DeKalb Summit Grove. Vermillion Summitville Madison Sumner Eush Sumption PrairieSt. Joseph Sunman Eipley Sunny Side Marion Swan Noble Swan-ville Jefferson Sweetser's Grant Svrit's City Greene Sylvania Parke Syracuse Kosciusko Tampico Jackson Tarkeo Decatur Tassinong.... Porter TaylorsvlUe . . Bartholomew Tell's City*B. G. S. .Perry Terre Coupee. ..St. Joseph Te^rre Haute * B. G. S.Vigo Tetersburgh Tipton APPENDIX. 705 Thorntown* Boone Tiosa Fulton Tlppecanoetown .Marshall Tipton* Tipton TitusviUe Riploy Toleston Lake Toronto ..Vermillion Toto .- Starke Trader's Point Marion Trafalgar Johnson Transitville ...Tippecanoe Trask Grant Trenton .Randolph Trinity Springs Martin Troy - Perry Tnnnelton Lawrence Turkey Creek Steuben Turman's Creek.. Sullivan Turner's , Clay Twelve Mile Cass Tyner City —Marshall TTnion _ Pike Union City* B.G.Randolph Union Mills LaPorte Unionville -__Monroe Upland Grant Urbana Wabash Urmeyville Johnson Utica Clarke Valeene Orange Valentine La Grange Valley City Harrison Valley Mills Marion Vallonia Jackson Valparaiso *'B. G... Porter Van Buren Grant Vandalia Owen Veedersburgh Fountain Vera Cruz Wells Vernon* Jennings Versailles* Ripley Vevay* Switzerland Vienna Scott Vincennes *B. G Kjiox Vine's Springs Ripley Vistula .-..Elkhart Volga. Jefferson Wabash*B Wabash Wadesville 1 Posey Wagoner's ^ tation ..Miami Wauesboro- gh.Bartholo'w 45 Wakarusa.- Elkhart Walkerton* St. Joseph Wallace Fountain Wallen Allen Walnut Marshall Walnut Grove Warren Walnut Hills Marshall Walton Cass Waltz -Wabash Wanatah* .LaPorte Warren Huntington Warrington Hancock 'Warsaw*B Kosciusko Washington* Daviess Washington Center, Wbitley Washington Cross's. Wells Waterford Mills. ..Elkhart Waterloo* DeKalb Waterman Parke Watson Clarke Waveland Montgomery Waverly Morgan Wawaka Noble Wapecong Miami Waym ansville .Barthol 'm'w Waynesburgh ..^..Decatur Waynesville . Bartholomew Waynetown .. Montgomery Wea Tippecanoe Webster Wayne Weisburgh Dearborn Wesley _ .Montgomery West Baden Orange W'est Buena Vista.-Gibson Westcbester Jay West Creek Lake Westfield* Hamil ton West Fork .Crawford West Franklin Posey West Kinderhook ..Tipton Westland Hancock West Lebanon* ..-Warren West Liberty Howard WestKewton Marion West Point __ .Tippecanoe Westport Decatur West Shoals Martin Westville* La Porte Wbeatland ..Knox Wbeeler Porter Wheeling Delaware Whitcon^ .--Franklin White Creek Jackson White Hall -.Owen Whiteland Johnson White Lick Boone Whitestdwn.- Boone WhitesviUe .. Montgomery White Water -Wayne Whiting Lake Wickliffe -..Crawford Wildcat Carroll WiUiamsburgh Wayne Williamsport* Warren WUliamstown Decatur Willow Branch ...Hancock Willmington Dearborn Wilmot Noble Winamac* Pulaski Winchester* Randolph Windfall Tipton Windsor Randolph Winfield. Lake Winslow Pike Winterroud Shelby Wintersville Decatur Wirt Jefferson Wodenothe Henry Wolcott White Wolcottville La Grange Wolf Creek Marshall Wolf Lake Noble Woodbank Marion Woodburn Allen Woodbury- Hancock Woodland St. Joseph Wooster Kosciusko Woostertown -.Scott Worthington* Greene Wright Greene Wright's Corners. Dearb'm Wynn Franklin Xenia Miami Tankeetown ...Warrick Tork Center Steuben Yorktown Delaware Torkville Dearborn Young's Creek Orange Youngstown --Vigo Yountsville . . .Montgomery Zanesville Wells Zenas Jennings Zinsburgh Madison Zionsville* Boone 706 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. GEOGEAPHICAL POSITION OF THE COUNTY SEATS OF INC., Am hUjlB DISTANCES AND DISBCTION FROM INDIANAPOLTS, CIKCrNNATI AND CHICAGO. Explanation.— N. B. means north east; S. E. south east; N. W. northwest; S, W, south west; N. of W. north of west; S. of W. south of west; E. of N. east of uorth: W. of N. west of north. Town. COTJNTT. INDIANAPOLIS. Direction Miles CINCINNATI, Direction Miles CHICAGO. Direction Miles Albion Noble Anderson Madison Angola - Steuben Auburn DeKalb Bedford Lawrence Bloomfield Greene Bloomington Monroe __ Blufiton Wells Booneville Warrick - Bo-wling Green.. Clay -.. Brookville Franklin Brcwnsto-wn Jackson Cannelton Perry CenterviUe Wayne Charleston Clarke. - Columbus Bartholomew . Columbia City Whitley Connersville Fayette , . . Corydon Harrison Covington Fountain Crawfordsville. . .Montgomery. . Crown Point Lake Danville Hendricks Decatur .Adams Delphi Carroll Dover Hill Martin Evansville Vanderburgh . Fort Wayne Allen Fowler .Benton Frankfort Clinton Franklin Johnson Goshen Elkhart Greensburgh Decatur Green Castle Putnam Greenfield Hancock Hartford City ...Blackford Huntington Huntington - . . Indianapolis . . .Marion Jasper .Dubois Kentland Newton Knox Starke Kokomo - Howard LaFayette Tippecanoe . . . LaGrange LaGrange LaPorte. LaPorte Lawrenceburgh. .Dearborn Leavenworth Crawford Lebanon Boone Liberty Union Logansport Cass N. E. N. E. N. E. N. E. W. of 8. S.W. S. W. N. E. S.W.S.W. S. E. South, W. of S. East,S.E. S. E. N. E. S. of E. South, N. W. N. W. N. W. West,N. E. N. W. S.W.S.W. N. E. N. W. N. W. E. of S. E. of N. S.E. S. of W. East, N. B. N. E. S.W.""N. W. W. of N. North, N. W. N. E. W. of N. S.E. W. of 8. N. W. 8. of E. W. of N. 125 35 150 130 65 68 45 90 135 5570 62 133 67 9640 107 60 108 75 45 135 20 105 6582 148 110 87 40 30 132 50 40 2168 90 105 103112 53 63 141135 89 110 26 7272 N. W. N. W. W. of N. W. of N. 8. of W. West,West, W. of N. S.W. N. of W. N. W. 8. of W. S.W. N.W. S.W. N. of W. N.W. N.W. S.W.N.W. N. W. N.W.N.W. W. of N. N.W. S. of W. S.W. N.W.N.W.N.W.N.W.N.W. N. of W. N.W.N.W.N.W.N.W.N. W. S.W. N.W.N.W.N.W.N.W. W. of N. N.W. West, S.W. N.W.N.W.N.W. 173 96 184 165 115 140115125 175 145 3890 155 5783 83 157 53 113180153 230 125 325 163138193146 193 143 95 194 60 141 87 108140 105 147 205197187 165188 318 30 123 131 45 158 S.E.S.E. East, S. of E. S.E. E. of 8. S.E.S.E. E. of S. E. of 8. S.E.S.E.S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E.S.E.S.E. E. of 8. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E.S.E. E-. of S. South, S.E. B. of 8. S.E.S.E.8. of E. S.E. 8. E. S.E. S.E.S.E.S.E. S.E. E. of 8. S.E.S.E.S.E.8. of E. 8. of E. S.E.S.E. S.E.S.E.S.E. 125 167 145 147220204200 158 270 180 236 328283 206 264 210 128 210270 123 135 34 163168105 236 375 148 90 138 190100216163178160 137170 250 7967 127110 123 53 250270144318 105 APPENDIX. 707 Town. COUNTT. INDIANAPOLIS. CINCINNATI. Madison Marion Martinsville ,Monti cello 'Mount Vernon . Muncie Nashville New Albany ... New Castle Newport Noblesville Paoli Peru Petersburgh Plymouth Portland Princeton Eensselaer Eising Sun Eochester Eockport Eockville Eushville Salem Scottsburgh Shelbyville-.-. South Bend . . . Spencer Sullivan Terre Haute Tipton Valparaiso Vernon Versailles Vevay Vincennes Wabash Warsaw Washington Williamsport.. Winnemac Winchester -Jefferson -Grant Morgan .White -Posey -Delaware -Brown -Floyd -Henry -Vermillion... .Hamilton .Orange .Miami .Pike -Marshall .Jay .Gibson -Jasper- - -Ohio -Pulton -Spencer -Parke -. -Eush -Washington . -Scott.- -Shelby ..St. Joseph ..!. -Owen- .Sullivan -Vigo ..Tipton -Porter -Jenning -Eipley -Switzerland.. .Knox .Wabash -Kosciusko... .Daviess ..Warren .Pulaski -Eandolph ... S.E. N. E. S.W. N.W. S.W. N. E. South, E. of 8. N. of E. N. of W. N. E. S.W. E. of N. S.W. W. of N. N. E. S.W. N.W. S.E.North,S.W.West, 8. of E. South, S.E.S.E.North, S.W.S.W. 8. of W. E. of N. N.W.S.E.S.E.S.E.S.W. N. E. B. of N. S.W. N.W. W. of N. N. of E. 856327 78 160 5537 105 46 70 22 8672 108 113 83 136 100 95 95 140 614282 78 37 137 47 857437 131 637395 108 78 107 9575 9674 S.W. N.W. N. of W. N.W. S.W.N.W.N. of W. S.W. N.W. N.W.N.W.S.W.N.W. S.W.N.W.N.W. S. W. N.W. S.W. N.W. S.W. N.W.N.W. S.W.S.W. N.W. N.W.N. of W. West, N. of W. N.W.N.W.West,West, S.W.8. of W. N.W.N.W.S. of W. N.W.N.W. N.W. 57 133 114174 310 93 100 9576 175 110 120 147165 190 98 185 200 24 173 170 165 65 988080 2?0130 167 170121 231 65 44 42 176 143173156 180184 S.E.S.E. E. S.E.South, S.E. B. S.E.S.E.E. of 8. S.E.S.E.S.E. E. of 8. S.E S.E.South,S.E.S.E.S.E. E. of 8. E. of 8. S.E.S.E.S.E. S.E.8. of E. E. of 8. South,South,S.E.S.E. S.E.S.E.S.E.South,S.E.S.E. E. of 8. E. of 8. S.E.S.E. 360 143184 92 278 173 203 373 188 143 158343 115 338 80 180 245 70 356 95 360 150303 345 247 195 76 188197170 143 42 232240 364325 125107 227 114 80 190 708 HISTOET OF INDIANA. TABLE OF POPULATION BY COUNTIES FOE 1860 and 1870, AND THB PBK CENT. GAIN. COUNTIBS. 1870. Adams 11,382 Allen 48,494 Bartholomew . .21,183 Benton 5,615 Blackford 6,272 Boone ..-22,593 Brown 8,681 Carroll 16,152 Cass 24,193 Clarke 24,770 Clay 19,084 Clinton 17,380 Crawford 9,851 Daviess 16,747 Dearborn 24,116 Decatur 19,053 DeKalb .17,167 Delaware 19,030 Dubois -12,597 Elkhart 26,026 Payette- 10,476 Floyd 33,300 Fountain 16,389 Franklin 30,233 Fulton 12,736 Gibson 17,371 Grant 18,487 Greene- 19,514 Hamilton 30,883 Hancock 15,138 Harrison 19,913 Hendricks ---20,377 Henry-.- 22,986 Howard -15,847 Huntington ---19,036 Jackson 18,974 Jasper 6,354 Jay 15,000 Jefferson 29,741 Jennings 16,318 Johnson 18,366 Knox -..-21,563 Kosciusko 33,531 LaGrange 14,148 Lake- 12,389 LaPorte 27,063 Lawrence 14,628 t 1860, Gain. 9,352 28.0 29,828 48.8 17,865 12.7 2,800 100.0 4,122 52.1 16,758 34.9 6,507 33.4 13,489 19.7 16,843 48.6 30,502 30.8 12,161 56.9 14,505 19.4 3,236 19.7 13,323 25.7 24,406 Loss 17,294 15.9 13,880 23.7 15,753 20.7 10,394 21.2 20,986 28.7 10,225 2.4 20,183 15.4 15,566 5.4 19,549 3.5 9,422 84.9 14,532 19.5 15,797 18.0 16,041 21.7 17,310 30.6 12,802 18.1 18,521 7.5 16,953 19.6 20,119 14.3 12,524 26.5 14,867 28.0 16,286 16.5 4,391 45.7 11,899 31.6 25,036 18.8 14,749 9.9 14,854 23.7 16,056 34.0 17,418 35.1 11,366 33.3 9,145 34.9 22,919 13.7 13,693 6.8 CoxTNTiBS. 1870. 1860. Gain. . Madison 22,770 16,518 87.8 Marion 71,939 89,855 80.5 Marshall 20,211 12,722 58.9 Martin- 11,103 8,975 23.7 Miami 21,053 16,851 24.9 Monroe ....,.--14,168 12,847 10.3 Montgomery -.23,765 20,888 13.8 Morgan 17,538 16,110 8.8 Newton 5,839 3,360 104.3 Noble-- 20,889 14,915 36.7 Ohio - 5,837 5,462 6.9 Orange 13,497 13,076 ,11.8 Owen ----16,137 14,376 12.2 Parke 18,166 15,538 16.9 Perry--- 14,801 11,847 25.0 Pike 13,779 10,078 36.7 Porter 13,943 10,313 35.2 Posey 19,185 16,167 18.7 Pulaski 7,801 5,711 36.6 Putnam --21,514 30,681 4.0 Eandolph 32,863 18,997 20.8 Eipley 30,977 19,054 10.0 Eush --17,636 16,193 8.3 Scott 7,878 7,308 7.8 Shelby 21,892 19,569 11.9 Spencer - _ 17,998 14,556 23.6 Starke 3,888 2,195 77.1 Steuben 12,854 10,374 23.8 St. Joseph 25,323 18,455 37.2 Sullivan 18,453 15,064 33.5 Switzerland -..12,134 12,698 Loss Tippecanoe 83,515 25,726 30.3 Tipton 11,953 8,170 46.3 Union 6,341 7,106 Loss Vanderburgh -.88,145 20,553 12.6 Vermillion 10,840 9,422 15.0 Vigo- -88,549 22,517 48.5 Wabash 21,305 17,547 21.4 Warren 10,304 10,057 1.4 Warrick --17,653 13,361 38.1 Washington.. -18,495 17,900 8.3 Wayne 34,048 39,958 13.6 Wells 18,585 10,844 25.3 White 10,554 8,258 27.8 Whitley 14,399 10,730 34.3 The State-1,680,637 1,350,428 24.45 APPENDIX. 709 PEE CENT. INCEEASB IN POPULATION OP THE STATES, FROM 1860 TO 1870, AND THBIR ARBA IN SQUARE MILES — COMPARED. State. Gain. 1 Nevada 519.7 2 Nebraska 336.5 3 Kansas 338.5 4 Minnesota 153.3 5 Iowa 76.6 6 Oregon 73.4 7 Michigan 58.1 8 Illinois 48.4 9 California -47.5 10 Missouri 45.1 11 Wisconsin 86.0 13 New Jersey -34.8 18 Florida 33.8 14 Texas 33.0 15 Ehode Island 34.5 16 Indiana - 23.9 17 Pennsylvania 21.0 18 Massachusetts 18.4 19 West Virginia 18.3 20 Connecticut 16.8 21 Kentucky -. 14.4 32 Ohio --13.8 23 Maryland 13.7 24 Georgia 13.6 35 Tennessee.- .13.4 26 New York 12.5 27 Delaware 11.5 28 Arkansas 11.0 29 North Carolina 7.8 30 Mississippi - 5.5 31 Vermont 5.0 32 Alabama... 3.5 33 Louisiana 3.5 34 South Carolina 8.5 35 Virginia 0.48 New Hampshire Loss, 3.4 Maine " .29 State. Sq. Miles 1 Texas 237,504 2 California 155,500 8 Nevada 81,539 4 Minnesota .-.81,259 5 Oregon 80,000 6 Kansas 78,418 7 Nebraska 75,995 8 Missouri .67,380 9 Virginia, includ. W. Va. 61,352 10 Florida _ 59,268 11 Georgia 58,000 13 Michigan. ...56,243 18 Illinois 55,405 14 Wisconsin- 58,924 15 Arkansas .53,198 16 Iowa 50,914 17 Alabama 50,722 18 New York 50,519 19 Mississippi . - - .47,156 20 Pennsylvania 46,000 21 Tennessee 45,600 22 North Carolina 45,000 23 Louisiana ..41,255 24 Ohio 39,964 25 Kentucky 87,680 26 Indiana 33,809 37 Maine 81,766 38 South Carolina 30,313 39 Maryland--.. -11,124 30 New Hampshire 9,280 31 Vermont .9,056 82 NewJersey ...8,320 83 Massachusetts - . 7,800 34 Connecticut 4,730 35 Delaware 3,130 86 Ehode Island 1,046 37 District of Columbia 60 710 HISTOEY OF IiroiANA. POPULATION OF PEINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES, BNUMBRATBD IN THEIR ORDER OF SIZE AND PER CENT. GAIN. PlAOB. 1870. New York ...943,293 Philadelphia .674,033 Brooklyn 396,099 St. Louis 310,864 Chicago 298,977 Baltimore --..267,854 Boston 250,526 Cincinnati 216,239 New Orleans -191,418 SanFraniisco, 149,473 Buffalo 117,714 Washington -.109,199 Newark 105,059 Louisville.... 100,753 Cleveland 92,829 Pittsburgh 86,076 Jersey City... .83,546 Detroit 79,577 Milwaukee 71,440 Albany 69,433 Providence 68,904 Eochester 63,386 Allegany City.. 53,180 Eichmond 51,0.88 New Haven ...50,840 Charleston 48,956 Indianapolis .-48,244 Troy -.46,465 Syracuse 43,051 Worcester 41,105 Lowell 40,928 Memphis. 40,226 Cambridge 39,634 Hartford 37,180 1860. Gain. 805,651 17.0 565,529 19.4 266,661 48.6 160,778 93.4 112,173 166.5 213,418 31.2 303,977 23.4 161,041 33.6 118,670 61.3 56.803 163.1 81,139 45.1 61,133 78.6 71,941 46.0 68,038 48.1 43,417 113.8 49,317 74.9 29,226 183.4 45,619 74.4 45,246 57.8 62,367 11.3 50,666 86.0 48,204 30.0 28,703 85.3 37,907 34.6 89,367 30.0 40,467 30.9 18,611 156.5 39,383 18.4 38,119 53.7 34,960 64.7 86,827 11.1 33,631 80.0 26,060 53.1 17,966 106.9 Plaob. 1870. , Scranton .35,093 Reading 33,930 Patterson 33,579 Kansas City ...32,260 Mobile 32,034 Toledo.- 81,584 Portland 81,413 Columbus 31,274 Wilmington ---30,841 Dayton 30,473 Lawrence 28,932 Charleston 38,323 Lynn- -38,346 Utica 28,804 Savannah -28,235 Fall Eiver 26,768 Springfield. ---26,709 Nashville 35,865 Covington 24,505 Salem- 24,119 Quincy 24,052 Manchester 23,509 Harrisburg 38,104 Trenton 23,874 Peoria 32,849 Evansville 21,830 New Bedford --21,335 Oswego -30,910 Elizabeth 30,833 Lancaster 30,333 Camden 30,045 Davenport 30,088 St. Paul 30,080 I860. Gain. 9,323 280.5 33,162 46.5 19,586 71.4 4,418 630.3 29,258 9.4 18,768 139.4 26,341 19.3 18,554 68.5 31,358 45.1 30,081 51.7 17,639 64.0 35,065 13.0 19,083 48.0 22,529 38.0 22,292 37.1 14,026 90.8 16,199 64.8 15,988 61.1 16,471 49.0 16,471 46.4 13,718 75.3 20,107 16.9 13,405 73.3 17,228 33.8 14,045 62.7 11,484 90.1 22,300 loss 16,816 24.3 11,567 80.1 17,603 14.9 14,358 39.6 11,267 78.0 10,400 92.6 STATISTICS OP POPULATION. The Memo-rial Diplomatique gives the foUo-wing interesting account of the density of population in the great centres of humanity throughout the globe : There are nine cities having a population exceeding one million souls, viz. : Loudon, 3,851,000; Soochou, 2,000,000; Paris, 1,826,000; Pekin, 1,648,080 : Teddo, 1,554,000; Canton, 1,236,000; Constantinople, 1,075,000; Siang-tan, in the province of Hunan, 1,000,000; and Tchan-tchaon-foo, in the province of Tokion, 1,000,000. It will he seen, that, although London holds the flrst place, the Chinese Empire can still hoast of possessing more populous cities than all the civilized States of the West. The number of cities possess ing a population ranging from above half a million up to a million, is twelve, viz. : New York, Vienna, Berlin, Hank-kaow, Philadelphia, St. Petersburg, Bombay, Calcutta, Fow-chow, Tchening, Bangkok, and Kiato. Twenty cities have a population of from 300,000 to 400,000 inhabitants ; thirty-three of from 200,000 to 300,000, and ninety of from 100,000 to 200,000. Europe alone possesses one hundred and seventy-one cities contain ing more than 60,000 inhabitants, at the head of which stand London, Paris, Constanti nople, Vienna, Berlin, and St. Petersburg. APPENDIX. 711 GEOWTH OF EAILEOADS IN THE UNITED STATES.* 1830..1831.. 1832..1833..1834..1835.. 1836..1837..1838..1839..1840.. 1841..1842.. 1843.. 1844.. MILES. INOB'E. 23 96 229380633 1,0981,«?3 1,497 1,913 2,3022,8183,5354,0264,1854,377 72 134161 263 465 176 234416 389516717691159 TBAE.1845... 1846...1847... 1848...1849...1860...1851 10;982 1852 12,908 1863 16,360 1854 16,720 1866 18,374 1866 22,016 1867 24,503 1868 26,968 1869 28,789 MILES. INOR'E. . 4,633 256 . 4,930 297 . 5,590 660 . 5,996 406 . 7,366 1,369 9,021 1,6661,9611,9262,4521,360 1,6643,6422,4873,4651,821 TEAK, MILES. rNOK'B 1860 30,635 1861 31,286 1862.- 33,120 1862 --.. 33,170 1864- --.-33,908 1S66-- 35,085 1866 --. 36,827 1867 39,276 1868 42,255 1869 47.308 1870 53,898 1871 ---- 60,568 1873 66,785 1873 70,651 1,8 661834 1,060 738 1,1771,742 3,449 2,9794,944 6,690 7,670 6,1673,916 Proportioned as follows ; New England States — Maine, 906 miles; New Hampshire, 877; Vermont, 721; Mass achusetts, 1,756; Ehode Island, 169; Connecticut, 897. Total miles, 6,314. Middle States. — New York, 5.165 miles; New Jersey, 1,418; Pennsylvania, 5,560; Deleware, 264; Maryland and District of Columbia, 1,046; West Virginia, 576. Total, 14,019 miles. Western States. — Ohio, 4,268 miles; Michigan, 3,309; Indiana, 3,714; Illinois, 6,689; Wisconsin, 3,203; Minnesota, 1,960; Iowa, 3,728; Kansas, 2,100; Nebraska, 1,076; Mis souri, 2,868; Wyoming, 459; Utah, 373; Dakotah, 375; Colorado, 603; Indian Territory, 279. Total, 33,773 miles. Southern States.— Virginia, 1,578 miles; North Carolina, 1,365; South Carolina, 1,320; Georgia, 3,360; Florida, 466; Alabama, 1,733; Mississippi, 990; Louisiana, 539; Texas, 1,578; Kentucky, 1,330; Tennessee, 1,630; Arkansas, 700. Total, 15,363 miles. Paolpio States.— California, 1,308 miles; Oregon, 251; Nevada, 639; Washington Ter rltory, 105. Total, 2,193 miles. Grand Total, 70,661 miles. *Poor^s Manual of Eailroads, 1874-5. EAILEOADS OF INDIANA. MILES OF MILES OE MAME OP BAILBOAD. MAIN TBAOK. SIDE TRACK. CAP. STK. Chicago, Cincinnati & LouisviUe 86 4 $1,600,000 Cincinnati, La Fayette & Chicago 66 1,939,300 Cincinnati & Martinsville - - 39 1 400,000 Cincinnati, Eichmond & Fort Wayne 91 6 2,000,000 Cincinnati, Wabash & Michigan 81 3 2,260,000 Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central 587 78 13,328,569 EvansviUe & Crawfordsville 132 10 1,144,415 EvansviUe, Terre Haute & Chicago. 6 7 399,673 Fort Wayne, Muncie & Cincinnati 109 1,000,000 Indiana & Illinois Central 86 4 2,000,000 Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western - 334 38 7,000,000 Indianapolis, Cincinnati & La Fayette 168 20 5,687,150 Indianapolis, Peru & Chicago 75 7 5,635,«)0 Indianapolis & Vincennes - 117 18 1,402.000 JeffersonviUe, Madison & Indianapolis 226 37 2,000,000 Logansport, Crawfords-rille & Southwestern 95 5 1,500,000 LouisviUe, New Albany & Chicago - - 288 17 3,000,000 Louisville, New Albany & St. Louis Air Line 28 1 1,635,930 Ohio & Mississippi --- 395 31 1,5.36,930 Indianapolis & Terre Haute 109 3 l,98b,160 Toledo, Wabash & Western - 627 109 16,000.000 White Water VaUey 61 ^ 380,025 Totals - 3,784 395 $73,616,943 TABLE SHOWING DATE OF ADMISSION, OR ORGANIZATION, AREA, AND INCREASE OF POPULATION OF THE STATES, FROM 1790 TO 1870. (sO States and Territories. Alabama Arkansas — California .-- Connecticut .' Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansaa Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota -.. Mississippi -.. Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Ehode Island South Carolina Tennessee... Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin District of Columbia Date. 18191886185017881787184517881818 1816 1846186117931812 1820178817881837186818171821186718641788178717881789180218691787179017881796 1845 17911788186218481790 Area in Sq. Miles. 50,72253,198 165,500 4,730 2,120 58.6633.6o:78.37.41. 31. ii: 7. 56.81. 47: 67.76. 81, 9.8. 50. 45,39,80, 46, 1, 30, 46, 237, 9, 61, 63,924 60 1790. 238,141 59,096 82,548 73,039 98,540 819,728378,717 141,899184,139340,120393,751 434,373 69,110 249,073 86,791 85,416 748,308 Total Population. 1800. 251,002 64,373 163,101 """V,875 220,955 151,719341,648 432,245 211,949586,756 478,103 45,365 602,361 69,122 345,591 106,602 154,465 880,200 1810. 263,042 72,674 252,433 12,28324,520 406,511 76,556 228,705380,546472,040 4,762 40,852 30,845 214,360246,655959,049555,500230,760 810,091 77,081 415,116 261,727 217,713974,622 1830. 137,901 14,373 *r5,202 78,749 340,987 56,211 147,178 664,31168,407298,335407,350523,287 8,896 75,448 66,686 244,161277,575 1,372,812 688,829581,434 1,049,458 83,059 502,741 423,813 336,764 1,086,379 1830. 309,527 297,675 76,748 34,730 516,823157,445 343,0.31 687,917215,739899,465447,040610,408 31,639 136,631 140,455 1,918,608 787,987 937,903 1,S 97,] 681,185 681,904 280,662 1,211,405 39,884 1B40. 590,756 97,674 309,978 78,08664,477 691,392 476,183 685,866 43,112 779,828 353,411501,793 470,019 737,699213,267 376,661383,702 284,574373,308 2,428,291 753,419 1,519,467 1,724,038 108,830 594,398829,210 1,239,797 30,946 43.712 1850. 771,633 209,897 92,697 370.792 91,63387,445 906,185851,470988,416193,314 982,405 617,762 683,169 583,084 994,514 397,654 6,077 606,626682,044 317,976 489,555 3,097,394 869,039 1,980,: 13,294 2,811,786 147,545668,607 1,002,717 312,692 314,120 1.431,661 .306,391 51,687 1880. 984,201 435,450 879,994 480,147 113,216140,436 1,067,3881,711,9511,350,428 674,948107,308 1,165,684 708,002828,279687,049 1,331,086 749,113173,855791,305 1,183,012 28,841 6,857 326,073672,035 3,880,785 992,622 2,339,502 52,465 3,906,116 174,630 703,708 1,109,801 604,315316,098 1,596,818 876,688775,881 75.080 1870. 484,187 560,3225,37,454135,015187,748 1,195,338 3,538,4001,680,6371,191,725 364,379 1,231,911 726,915 628,915 780,894 1,457,8511,184,059 439,706 829,019 1,721,296 123,998 42,491 318,300906,096 4,374,499 1,071,4042,665,002 90,923 3,619,601 217,356705,168 1,268,376 810,218 330,552 1,326,188 442,014 1,065,133 131,706 CDHO«o 1:^ i> TABLE SHOWING DATE OF ADMISSION, ETC. (Continued. Tbrritorieb. Date. Area in Sq. Miles. Total Population. 1790. 1800. 1810. 1830. 1830. 1840. 1860. 1860. 1870. 1887 18811861 186718871860 18501853 1868 CD '-i-oj O QJ g .a<1 9,658 34,OT' 4,837 39,884 14,998 61,54711,380 '9'3,5i8 40,273 11,594 91,874 Utah 86,786 23,925 Wyoming Total 3,939,837 5,805,937 7,339,814 9,638,191 13,886,030 17,069,463 23,191,876 31,821,768 38,989,243 STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES OF THE UNITED STATES. (1870. States and Territories. Steam Engines Water Wheels. Hands Employed. Capital. Wages. Materials. Products. Horse Power. No. Horse Power. No. Total. Males over 16. Fem'lsover 16 Youth. Alabama 2,188 18 1,079 3,981 256 6,128 17 80O 953 659 3,836 7,740 50 6,101 18,493 1,433 26,679 248 4,313 789 8.172 10,828 206 6 366804 49 711 9 164 64 136 406 11,011 10 1,5466,877 792 54,394 76 4,220 1,100 528 27,417 724 1 128 271 81 1,988 6 334 1578 1,729 8,348 84 3,506 25,392 876 89,523 91 9,7104,6852,748 17,871 7,196 84 3,077 24,040 874 61,684 89 7,7054.3332;670 15,078 664 388 $5,714,032 150,700 1,782,913 39,738,202 2,835,606 96,281,278 79,300 10,839,093 5,021.9251,679,930 13,930,125 $2,327,968 45,580 . 873,953 18,136,723 528,221 88,987,187 21,106 3,692,1953,007,600 989,592 4,844,508 $7,592,897 110,090 2,536,998 35,361,193 1,598,380 86,419,679 105,997 10,306,397 4,764,8832,330,873 18,583,7.81 $13,040,644 Arkansas 47 873 2 30,810 ¦¦"1499 316 30 1,498 82 479 "7,629 3 806136 59 1,395 4,629,234 Colorado - 2,852,830 Connecticut' Dakota Delaware - -. District of Columbia.. Florida -. 4,685,408 Georeia STATISTICS OF MANUFACTURES, (Continued,) - y Steam Engines Water Wheels. Hands Employed. Capital. Wages. Materials. Horse Power, No. Horse Power. No. Total. Males over 16. Pem'lsover 15 Youth 101 12,597 11,847 8,566 1,477 5,3902,567 6,650 5,812 13,212 9,4652,2701,731 11,871 201670 330 3,3436,636 182 36,208 3,842 22,773 969 37,300 1,8501,5845,317 3,399 683 3,2706,933 289 3,4447,013 33 811 73,09176,851 25,398 6,860 31,93824,934 9,465 13,96178,502 70,966 7,085 ¦ 10,019 48,418 822 1,8658,0078,787 32,307 252 128,107 6,941 129,677 2,471 321,936 23,546 4,537 18,46711,214 331 6,4358,4101,411 17,136 30,509 310 11 3,3803,881 899354 1,147 887354 531 3,396 2,215 246.384 1,638 3363 120280 984 13 4,684 306 4,586 88 8,230 402 210 732 543 25 186898 38 509938 13 295 12,95323,61814,349 1,789 7,640 142 70,10818,481 105,864 34,89513,064 2,4636,644 795 1,4462,538 68,39125,833 659 208,256 26,311 ,44,746 5,808 141,982 18,48110,39619,514 1,8302,169 44,89741,202 1,412 10,19633,714 34 16 628 1,090 726 62 459 23 2,760 937 3,1571,500 434 235388 48 6734 3,3131,133 42 9,011 1.825 2,157 236 7,603 456 700 1,340 116192 1,9842,239 52 683 1,388 2 266 83,979 58,853 3,683 6,844 30,636 3,071 49,180 44,860 279,380 63,89411,290 5,941 65,364 701 2,6662,859 40,783 75,563 437 351,800 13,623 137,303 3,884 319,487 49,417 8,147 19,413 7,9371,534 18,68626,974 1,026 11,672 43,910 603 364 78,045 54,412 23,396 6,599 27,68723,63734,310 3,461 179,032 68,84710,872 6,500 56,904 697 2,6582,856 26,82958,115 423 267,378 11,339 119,686 3,753 256,543 28.804 7,099 17,683 1.450i;485 16,891 22,175 1,026 10,72840,396 500 "h',¥l7 2,272 961118 1,1694,210 13,448 8,278 86,329 2,941 259191 3,884 2 81 3 13,77611,198 1 63,79B 1,423 11,575 67 43,713 14,763 578 1,089 157 43 1,8733,369 287 2,114 1 3,3172,168 688127 1,7903,3241,4322,621 14,119 2,406 139 ¦250 5,566 2 26 "2,179 6,239 3 20,627 861 5,941 64 19,233 6,861 484 660 330 ,36 513 3,640 ""'657 1,600 1 $ 743,300 94,368,06753,052,43522,430,183 4,319,060 29,277,809 18,318,97439,796,19086,190,729 331,677,862 71,713,38311,993,739 4,501,714 80,367,344 1,794,3003,169,963 5,137,790 36,033,743 79,606,719 1,450,696 366,994,830 8,140,478 141,933,964 4,376,849 406,831,845 66,557,332 5 400,418 16,696,296 5,284,1101,391,898 20,339,68718,455,400 1,893,674 11,084,53061,981,872 889,400 112,373 31,100,34418,366,780 6,893,392 2,377,511 9.444,6344,593,470 14,282,205 12,082,817 118,051,886 31,205,355 4,052,8:371,547,428 31,065,455 870,843 1,439,913 3,498,473 13,833,09133,648,409 167,281 143,466,768 3,195,711 49,068,488 1,130,173 127,976,604 19,354,356 1,643,7155,390,6301,787,836 395,366 8,264,5815,843,099 574,936 4,323,164 13,675,643 347,678 $ 691,785 137,600,077 83,135,49337,663,098 6,112,163 39,497,635 12,412,02349,379.76746,897,033 334,413,083 68,142,61613,843,903 4,364,206 115,533,369 1,316,.331 2,903,074 10,815,984 44,677,967 103,416,245 880,967 462,065,452 12,824,693 157,131,897 3,419,758 421,197,873 73,154,109 5,856,786 19,667,027 6,378,1931,2.38,264 17,007,769 28,832,384 1,435,128 14,603,701 46,861,366 380,166 $ 1,047,624 Illinois 205,630,072 108,617,378 48,534,332 11,775,883 54,625,809 34,161,905 79,497,531 76,593,613 553,913,568 Michigan 118,394,676 8,154,758 Missouri 206,313,439 2,494,511 6,738,512 15,870,539 New Hampshire NewJersey 71,038,249 169,237,732 1,489,868 786,194,651 North CaroUna Ohio 19,021,827 269,713,610 6,877,387 711,894,344 111,418,354 South Carolina. 9,858,981 34,363,636 Texas _ 11,517,302 Utah - 2,343,019 82,184,606 Virginia 38,364,322 Washington West Virginia- Wisconsin Wyoming 2,861,052 24,103,301 77,214,326 765,434 TheUni «d States... 253,148 1,215,711 40.191 1,130,431 51.018 3,053,996 1,615,598 323.770 114.638 $3,118,308769 $776,684,343 $2,488,437342 $4,232,825,442 wHO a ^j,.TB GOVBENMBNTS. Statbb. Alabama Arkansas California Connecticut Delaware Florida.- Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan.:... Minnesota '..;. Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire... New Jersey New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Ehode Island- South Carolina Tennessee Texas Vermont -- Virginia -- West Virginia Wisconsin Capitals. Montgomery . Little Eock... Sacramento . . Hartford Dover Tallahassee .. Atlanta Springfield ... Indianapolis . Des Moines... Topeka Frankfort New Orleans . Augusta Annapolis Boston Lansing St. Pant Jackson Jefferson City Lincoln Carson City... Concord Trenton Albany Ealeigh Columbus Salem Harrisburgh..Providence ... Columbia. Nashville'. Austin Montpelier ... Eichmond Charleston ... Madison Salary of Governors, $ 4,000 3,6007,0002,0001,3333,500 4,0002,6008,0002,6003,0005,0008,0002,5004,6006,000 1,000 3,000 3,0005,0001,000 6,000 1,0003,000 10,000 5,000 4,0001,5005,000 1,0004,0003,000 6,0001,0006,000 2,7006,000 State Elections. Tuesday after 1st Monday, Nov. " 3d 1st Wednesday, Sept. 1st Monday, April. Tuesday after 1st Monday, Nov. 1st Wednesday, Oct. Tuesday after 1st Monday, Nov. 2d Tuesday, Oct. Tuesday after 1st Monday, Nov. 1st Monday, Aug. " " Nov. 2d " Sept. Tuesday after 1st Monday, Nov. 2a Tuesday, Oct. Tuesday after 1st Monday, Nov. 2d Tuesday, March. Tuesday after 1st Monday, Nov. 1st Thursday, Aug. 2d Tuesday, Oct. 1st Monday, June. Tuesday after 1st Monday, Nov. 1st Wednesday, April. Tuesday after 1st Monday, Nov. 1st Tuesday, Nov. " Sept. Tuesday after 1st Monday, Nov. 2d Tuesday, Oct. Tuesday after 1st Monday, Nov. Legislatures Meet. 3d Monday, Nov. 1st Tues. after 3d Mond., Nov. 1st Monday, Dec. 1st Wednesday, May. 1st Tuesday, Jan. Tuesday after let Monday, Jan. 3d Wednesday, Jan. 1st Monday, Jan. 1st Wednesday, Jan. 2d Monday, Jan. 2d Tuesday, Jan. 1st Monday, Dec. 1st Monday, Jan. 1st Wednesday, Jan. Tuesday after 1st Monday, Jan. 1st Monday, Jan. Last Monday, Dec. Thursday after 1st Monday, Jan. 1st Monday, Jan. 1st Monday, June. 2d Tuesday, Jan. 1st " " 3d Monday, Nov. 1st " Jan. 3d " Sept. 1st Tuesday, Jan. May and Jan. 4th Monday, Nov. 1st Monday, Oct. 3.d Tuesday, Jan. 1st Wednesday, Oct. 1st Monday, Deo. 2d Wednesday, Jan. Ist APPOETIONMBNT OP CONGEESSMEN S 6 £ .25 ¦aS is1^ Fractions. 11 7 54,267 8 3 80,448 4 4 21,647 4 3 133,429 4 1 1 1 53,073 1 8 96,709 9 18 105,741 19 12 84,537 13 8 104,892 9 2 96,049 3 9 108.936 10 ^ 5 63,540 6 m 4 88,215 5 ^ 5 107,619 6 ^ 10 110,601 11 O 8 97,469 9 M 3 35,681 3 6 19,872 6 13 105,195 13 1 1 1 1 2 48,950 3 6 98,046 7 32 73,158 38 7 128,636 8 19 106,435 20 1 1 26 20,241 27 1 82,678 2 S 32,231 5 9 46,445 10 6 10,529 8 2 61,301 3 ¦8 13,088 9 3 37,989 3 7 111,945 8 Ol CONSTITUTION OF INDIANA. PREAMBLE. To the end that justice be established, public order maintained, and liberty perpetuated, we, the people of the State of Indiana, grateful to Almighty God for the free exercise of the right to choose our own form of government, do ordain this Constitution. ARTICLE I. BILL OF MGHT8. Section 1. We declare, That all men are created equal ; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that all power is inherent in the people ; and that all free governments are, and of a right ought to be, founded on their authority, and instituted for their peace. safety, and well being. For the advancement of these ends, the peopk have, at all times, an indefeasible right to alter and reform their gov, ernment. Sec. 3. All men shall be secured in the natural right to worship Almighty God, according to the dictates of their own consciences. Sbc. 3. No law shall, in any case whatever, control the free exercise and enjoyment of religious opinions, or interfere with the rights of con science. Sbc. 4. No preference shall be given, by law, to any creed, religious society, or mode of worship ; and no man shall be compelled to attend, erect, or support any place of worship, or to maintain any ministry, against his consent. Sec. 5. No religious test shall be required as a qualiflcation for any office of trust or profit. Sec. 6. No money shall be drawn from the treasury for the benefit of any religious or theological institution. Sbc. 7. No person shall be rendered incompetent as a witness in conse quence of his opinions on matters of religion. Sbc 8. The mode of administering an oath or affirmation, shall be such as may be most consistent with, and binding upon, the conscience of the person, to whom such oath or affirmation may be administered. Sec. 9. No law shall be passed restraining the free interchange of thought and opinion, or restricting the right to speak, write, or print, ("716) APPENDIX. 717 freely, on any subject whatever; but for the abuse of that right, every person shall be responsible. Sec. 10. In all prosecutions for libel, the truth of the matters alleged to be libellous may be given in justiflcation. Sec. H. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable search or seizure, shall not be violated ; and no warrant shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the person or thing to be seized. Sec. 12. All courts shall be open ; and every man, for injury done to him in his person, property, or reputation, shall have remedy by due course of law. Justice shall be administered freely, and without pur chase; completely, and without denial; speedily, and without delay. Sec. 13. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall have the right to a public trial, by ap impartial jury, in the eounty in which the offense shall have been committed; to be heard by himself and counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation against him, and to have a copy thereof; to meet the witnesses face to face, and to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor. Sbc. 14. No person shall be put in jeopardy twice for the same offense. No person in any criminal prosecution shall be compelled to testify against himself. Sec. 15. ' No person arrested, or conflned in jail, shall be treated with unnecessary rigor. Sec. 16. Excessive bail shall not be required. Excessive fines shall Qut be imposed. Cruel and unusual punishments shall not be inflicted. All penalties sliall be proportioned to the nature of the offense. Sec. 17. Offenses, other than murder or treason, shall be bailable by sufficient sureties. Murder or treason shall not be bailable, when the proof is evident, or the presumption strong. Sec. 18. The penal code shall be founded on the principles of reforma tion, and not of vindictive justice. Sbc. 19. In all criminal cases whatever, the jury shall have the right to determine the law and the facts. Sbc. 20. In all civil cases the right of trial by jury shall remain invio late. Sec. 21. No man's particular services shall be demanded without just compensation ; no man's property shall be taken by law without just com- pensation; nor, except in case of the State, without such compensation flrst assessed and tendered. Sbc. 22. The privilege of the debtor to enjoy the necessary comforts of life shall be recognized by wholesome laws, exempting a reasonable amount of property from seizure or sale for the payment of any debt or liability hereafter contracted; and there shall be no imprisonment for debt, except in case of fraud. 8bc. 23. The General Assembly shall not grant to any citizen, or class of citizens, privileges or immunities, which, upon the same terms, shall not equally belong to all citizens. 718 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Sbc. 24. No eocpost facto law, or law impairing the obligation of con tracts, shall ever be passed. Sec. 25. No law shall be passed, the taking effect of which shall be made to depend upon any authority, except as provided in this Constitu tion, Sec. 26. The operation of the laws shall never be suspended, except by the authority of the General Assembly. - Sec. 37. The privilege of the writ of hal)eat corpus shall not be sus pended, except in case of rebellion or invasion; and then only if the public safety demand it. Sec. 38. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying war against it, and giving aid and comfort to its enemies. Sec. 39. No person shall be convicted of treason, except on the testi mony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or upon his confession in open court. • Sec. 30. No conviction shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture of estate. Sec. 31. No law shall restrain any of the inhabitants of the State from assembling together in a peaceable manner, to consult for their common good; nor from instructing their representatives; nor from applying to the General Assembly for redress of grievances. Sec. 33. The people shall have a right to bear arms for the^ defense of themselves and the State. Sec. 33. The military shall be kept in strict subordination to the civil power. Sec. 34. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner ; nor, in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Sbc. 35. The General Assembly shall not grant any title of nobility, nor confer hereditary distinctions. Sec. 36. Emigration from the State shall not be prohibited. Sec. 37. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude within the State, otherwise than for the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted. No indenture of any Negro ot Mulatto, made and executed out of the bounds of the State, shall be valid withia the State. ARTICLE II. 8UEFBAGB AND ELECTION. Section 1. All elections shall be free and equal. Sec 2. In all elections, not otherwise provided for by this Constitu tion, every white male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty- one years and upwards, who shall have resided in the State during the six months immediately preceding such election ; and every white male of foreign birth, of the age of twenty-one years and upwards, who shall have resided in the United States one year, and shall have resided in this State daring six months immediately preceding such election, and shall have APPENDIX. 719 declared his intention to become a citizen of the United States, conform. ably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization, shall be entitled to vote in the township or precinct where he may reside. Sec 3. No soldier, seaman, or marine, in the army or navy of the United States, or of their allies, shall be deemed to have acquired a resi dence in this State in consequence of having been stationed within the same ; nor shall any such soldier, seaman, or marine, have the right to vote. Sec 4. No person shall be deemed to have lost his residence in the State by reason of his absence, either on business of this State or of the United States. Sec 5. No Negro or Mulatto shall have the right of suffrage. Sec 6. Every person shall be disqualifled from holding office during the term for which he may have been elected, who shall have given or offered a bribe, threat, or reward, to procure his election. Sbc 7. Every person who shall give or accept a challenge to fight a duel, or who shall knowingly carry to another person such challenge, or who shall agree to go out of the State to flght a duel, shall be ineligible to any office of trust or proflt. Sec 8. The General Asssembly shall have power to deprive of the right of suffrage, and to render ineligible any person convicted of an infamous crime. Sec. 9. No person holding a lucrative offlce or appointment, under the United States, or under this State, shall be eligible to a seat in the General Assembly ; nor shall any person hold more than one lucrative office at the same time, except as in this Constitution expressly permitted : Provided, that offices in the militia, to which there is attached no annual salary, and the office of deputy Postmaster, where the compensation does not exceed ninety dollars per annum, shall not be deemed lucrative : And pro vided also, that counties containing less than one thousand polls, may confer the office of Clerk, Recorder, and Auditor, or any two of said offlces upon the same person. Sbc. 10. No person who may hereafter be a collector or holder of pub lic moneys, shall be eligible to any offlce of trust or profit, until he shall have accounted for, and paid over, according to law, all sums for which he may be liable. Sec. 11. In all cases in which it is provided tBat an offlce shall not be fllled by the same person more than a certain number of years continu ously, an appointment pro tempore shall not be reckoned a part of that term. Sec. 13. In all cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, electors shall be free from arrest, in going to elections, during their attendance there, and in returning from the same. Sec. 13. All elections by the people shall be by ballot; and all elec tions by the General Assembly, or by either branch thereof, shall be viva voce. Sec. 14. All general elections shall be held on the second Tuesday in October. 720 HISTOKY OF INDIANA. ARTICLE III. DISTRIBUTION OP POW.BIIB. Section 1. The powers of the Government are divided into three sepa- rate departments : the Legislative, the Executive, including the Adminis- trative, and the Judicial ; and no person charged with official duties under one of these departments, shall exercise any of the functions of another, except as in this Constitution expressly provided. ARTICLE IV. LEGISLATIVB. Section 1. The Legislative authority of the State shall be vested in a General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Repre sentatives. The style of every law shall be : " Be it enacted by the Gen eral Assembly of the State of Indiana ;" and no law shall be enacted except by bill. Sbc. 2. The Senate shall not exceed fifty, nor the House of Representa tives one hundred members, and they shall be chosen by the electors of the respective counties or districts, into which the State may, from time to time be divided. Sec. 3. Senators shall be elected for the term of four years, and Repre sentatives for the term of two years, from the day next after their general election : Provided, however, that the Senators elect, at the second meeting of the General Assembly under this Constitution shall be divided by lot iuto two equal classes, as nearly as may be ; and the seats of Senators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of two years, and those of the second class, at the expiration of four years, so that one-half, as nearly as possible, shall be chosen bienially forever thereafter. And in case of increase in the number of Senators, they shall be so annexed, by lot, to one or the other of the two classes, as to keep them as nearly equal as practicable. Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall, at its second session after the adoption of this Constitution, and every sixth year thereafter, cause an enumeration to be made of all the white male inhabitants over the age of twenty-one years. * Sbc. 5. The number of Senators and Representatives shall, at the ses sion next following each period of making such enumeration, be fixed by law, and apportioned among the several counties, according to the number of white male inhabitants, above twenty-one years of age in each : Pro vided, that the flrst and second elections of the members of the General Assembly, under this Constitution, shall be according to the apportion ment last made by the General Assembly, before the adoption of this Con- stitution. Sec. 6. A Senatorial or Representative district, where more than one county shall constitute a district, shall be composed of contiguous coun ties, and no couaty for Seaatorial apportionment shall ever be divided. APPENDIX. 721 Sec. 7. No person shall be a Senator or Representative, who, al the time of his election, is not a citizen of the United States ; nor any one who has not been, for two years next preceding his election, an inhabitant of this State, and for one year next preceding his election an inhabitant of the county or district whence he may be chosen. Senators shall be at least twenty-flve, and Representatives at least twenty-one years of age. Sec. 8. Senators and Representatives, in all cases except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, shall be privileged from arrest, during the session of the General Assembly, and in going to and returning from the same, and shall not be subject to any civil process, during the session of the General Assembly, nor during the fifteen days next before the com mencement thereof. For any speech or debate in either House, a member shall not be questioned in any other place. Sec. 9. The sessions of the General Assembly shall be held biennially at the capital of the State, commencing on the Thursday next after the first Monday of January, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty -three, and on the same day of every second year thereafter, unless a different day or place shall have been appointed by law. But if, in the opinion of the Governor, the public vrelfare shall require it, he may at any time, by proclamation, call a special session. Sec 10. Each House, when assembled, shall choose its own officers, (the President of the Senate excepted,) judge the elections, qualifications and returns of its own members, determine its rules of proceeding, and sit upon its own adjournment. But neither House shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more tlian three days, nor to any place other than that in which it may be sitting. Sec. 11. Two-thirds of eacli House shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may meet, adjourn from day to day, and compel the attendance of absent members. A quorum being in attend ance, if either House fail to effect an organization within the first five days thereafter, the membei's of the House so failing shall be entitled to no compensation from the end of said five days until an organization shall have been effected. Sec 13. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and pub lish the same. The yeas and nays on any question shall, at the request of any two members, be entered, together with the names of the members demanding the same, on the journal: Provided, that on a motion to adjourn, it shall require one-tenth of the members present to order the yeas and nays. Sbc 13. The doors of each House, and of committees of the whole, shall be kept open, except in such cases as in the opinion of either House may require secrecy. Sec 14. Either House may punish its members for disorderly behavior, and may, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member; hut not a second time for the same cause. Sec 15. Either House, during its session, may punish by imprison ment, any person not a member who shall have been guilty of disrespect -J-6 722 HISTOET OF INDIAJSA. to the House, by disorderly or contemptuous behavior in its presence; but such imprisonment shall not at any time exceed twenty-four hours. Sec. 16. Each House shall have all powers necessary for a branch of the Legislative department of a free and independent State. Sec 17. Bills may originate in either House, 'but may be amended or rejected in the other, except that bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives. Sec. 18. Every bill shall be read by sections, on three several days in each House ; unless in case of emergency, two-thirds of the House where such bill may be depending, shall, by a vote of yeas and nays, deem it expedient to dispense with this rule; but the reading of a bill by sections, on its final passage, shall iu no case be dispensed with, and the vote on the passage of every bill or joint resolution shall be taken by yeas aud nays. Sec. 19. Every act shall embrace but one subject, and matters properly connected therewith, which subject shall be expressed in the title. But if any subject shall be embraced in an act which shall not be expressed in the title, such act shall be void only as to so much thereof as shall not be expressed in the title. Sec 30. Every act and joint resolution shall be plainly worded, avoid ing, as far as practicable, the use of technical terms. Sec. 21. No act shall ever be revised or amended by mere reference to its title; but the act revised or section amended, shall be set forth and published at full length. Sec 22, The General Assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say : Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace and of constables ; For the punishment of crimes and misdemeanors; Regulating the practice in courts of justice; Providing for changing the venue in civil and criminal cases ; Granting divorces ; Changing the names of persons ; For laying out, opening and working on highways, and for the election or appointment of supervisors ; Vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys, and public squares; Summoning and empaneling grand and petit jurors, and providing for their compensation ; Regulating county and township business ; Regulating the election of county and township offlcers, and their com pensation ; For the assessment and collection of taxes for State, county, township, or road purposes ; Providing for supporting common schools, and for the preservation of tichool funds; In relation to fees or salaries ; In relation to interest on money; APPENDIX. 723 Providing for opening and conducting elections of State, county, or township offlcers, and designating the places of voting ; Providing for the sale of real estate belonging to minors or other persons laboring under legal disabilities, by executors, administrators, guardians or trustees. Sec 23. In all the cases enumerated in the preceding section, and in all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, all laws shall be general, and of uniform operation throughout the State. Sec 24. Provision may be made by general law, for bringing suit against the State, as to all liabilities originating after the adoption of this Constitution ; but no special act authorizing such suit to be brought, or making compensation to any person claiming damages against the State shall ever be passed. Sec 35. A majority of all the members elected to each House shall be necessary to pass every bill or joint resolution, and all bills and joint res olutions so passed, shall be signed by the presiding officers of the respect ive Houses. Sec. 26. Any member of either House shall have the right to protest, and to have his protest, with his reasons for dissent, entered on the journal. Sec 37. Every statute shall be a public law, unless otherwise declared in tlie statute itself. Sec. 38. No act shall take effect until the same shall have been pub lished and circulated in the several counties of the State by authority, except in case of emergency, which emergency shall be declared in the preamble, or inthe body of the law. Sbc 39. The members of the General Assembly shall receive for their services a compensation to be fixed by law ; but no increase of compensa- tion shall take effect during the session at which such increase may be made. No session of the General Assembly, except the first under this Constitution, shall extend beyond the term of sixty.one days, nor any special session beyond the term of forty days. Sbc. 30. No Senator or Representative shall, during the term for which he may have been elected, be eligible to any office, the election to which is rested in the General Assembly; nor shall he be appointed to any civil offlce of profit which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increased during such term ; but this latter provision shall not be construed to apply to any office elective by the people. / ARTICLE V. EXECUTIVE. Section 1. The executive power of the State shall be vested in a Gov;. ernor. He shall hold his office during four years, and shall not be eligi ble more than four years in any period of eight years. Sec. 2. There shall be a Lieutenant Governor, who shall hold his offlce during four years. Sec. 3. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be elected at the times and places of choosing members of the General Assembly. 724 HISTOKT OF INDIANA. Sbc. 4. In voting for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, the electors shall designate for whom they vote as Governor, and for whom as Lieu tenant Governor. The returns of every election for Governor and Lieuten ant Governor shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of govern- ment, directed to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, who shall open and publish them in the presence of both Houses of the General Assembly. Sec 5. The persons respectively having the highest number of votes for Governor and Lieutenant Governor, shall be elected ; but in case two or more persons shall have an equal and the highest number of votes for either offlce, the General Assembly shall, by joint vote, forthwith proceed to elect one of the said persons Governor, or Lieutenant Governor, as the case may be. Sec. 6. Contested elections for Governor or Lieutenant Governor, shall be determined by the General Assembly in such manner as may be pre scribed by law. Sec. 7. No person shall be eligible to the offlce of Governor or Lieu tenant Governor, who shall not have been flve years a citizen of the United States, and also a resident of the State of Indiana during the five years next preceding his election ; nor shall any person be eligible to either of the said offices who shall not have attained the age of thirty years. Sec 8. No member of Congress, or person holding any offlce under the United States, or of this State, shall fill the office of Governor or Lieu tenant Governor. Sec 9. The official term of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall commence on the second Monday in January, in the year one thou sand eight hundred and fifty-three, and on the same day every fourth year thereafter. Sec. 10. In case of the removal of the Governor from offlce, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the duties of the offlce, the same shall devolve upon the Lieutenant Governor, and the General Assem. bly shall, by law, provide for the case of removal from offlce, death, resig nation, or inability, both of the Governor and Lieutenant Governor, declaring what officer then shall act as Governor ; and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a Governor elected. Sec 11. Whenever the Lieutenant Governor shall act as Governor, or shall be unable to attend as President of the Senate, the Senate shall elect one of its own members as President for the occasion. Sec 12. The Governor shall be commander-in-chief of the militia and naval forces, and may call out such forces to execute the laws, or to sup press insurrection, or to repel invasion. Sec 13. He shall, from time to time, give to the General Assembly information touching the condition of the State, and recommend such measures as he shall judge to be expedient. Sec 14. Every bill which shall have passed the General Assembly, shall be presented to the Governor ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the House in which it shall APPENDIX. 725 have originated ; which House shall enter the objections at large upon its journals, and proceed to reconsider the bill. If, after such reconsidera tion, a majority of all the members elected to that House shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the Governor's objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by a majority of all the members elected to that House, it shall be a law. If any bill shall not be returned by the Governor within three days, Sundays excepted, after it shall have been presented to him, it shall be a law witli. out his signature, unless the general adjournment shall prevent its return, in which case it shall be a law, unless the Governor within five days next after such adjournment shall flle such bill with his objections thereto in the office of the Secretary of State, who shall lay the same before the Gen eral Assembly at its next session, in like manner as if it had been returned by the Governor. But no bill shall be presented to the Governor within two days next previous to the final adjournment of the General Assembly. Sec. 15. The Governor shall transact all necessary business with the offlcers of government, and may require information in writing, from the officers of the administrative department, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offlces. Sbc. 16. He shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. Sbc 17. He shall have the power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons after conviction, for all offenses, except treason and cases of impeachment, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law. Upon conviction for treason, he shall have power to suspend the execution of the sentence until the case shall be reported to the General Assembly, at its next meeting; when the General Assembly shall either grant a pardon, commute the sentence, direct the execution of the sentence, or grant a further reprieve. He shall have power to remit fines and forfeit ures, under such regulations as maybe prescribed by law, and shall report to the General Assembly at its next meeting, each case of reprieve, com mutation, or pardon granted, and also the names of all persons in whose favor remission of fines and forfeitures shall have been made and the sev- eral amounts remitted : Provided, however, that the General Assembly may, by law, constitute a council, to be composed of officers of State, without whose advise and consent the Governor shall not have power to grant pardons in any case, except such as may by law be left to his sole power. Sec 18. When, during a recess of the General Assembly, a vacancy shall happen in any offlce, the appointment to which is vested iu the Gen eral Assembly; or when at any time a vacancy shall have occurred in any other State offlce, or in the office of Judge of any Court; the Governor shall fill such vacancy by appointment, which shall expire when a suc cessor shall have been elected and qualified. Sec 19. He shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies as may have occurred in the General Assembly. Sec 20. Should the seat of government become dangerous from dis ease, or a common enemy, he may convene the General Assembly at any other place. ^ 726 HISTOEY OF INDIANA. Sbc. 31. The Lieutenant Governor shall, by virtue of his office, be Pres ident of the Senate, have a right, when in committee of the whole, to join in debate, and to vote on all subjects; and whenever the Senate shall be equally divided he shall give the casting vote. Sec 33. The Governor shall, at stated times, receive for his services a compensation, which shall neither be increased or diminished during the term for which he shall have been elected. Sec 23. The Lieutenant Governor, while he shall act as President of the Senate, shall receive for his services, the same compensation as the Speaker of the House of Representa,tives, and any person acting as Gover nor, shall receive the compensation attached to the offlce of Governor. Sec 24. Neither the Governor nor Lieutenant Governor shall be eligi ble to any other offlce, during the term for which he shall have been elected. ARTICLE VI. ADMINISTRATIVE. Section 1. There shall be elected, by the voters of the State, a Secre tary, an Auditor, and a Treasurer of State, who shall, severally, hold their offices for two years. They shall perform such duties as may be enjoined by law ; and no person shall be eligible to either of said offlces more than four years in any period of six years. Sec. 2. There shall be elected, in each county, by the voters thereof, at the time of holding the general elections, a Clerk of the Circuit Court, Auditor, Recorder, Treasurer, Sheriff, Coroner, and Surveyor. The Clerk, Auditor, and Recorder, Shall continue in office four years ; and no person shall be eligible to the office of Clerk, Recorder, or Auditor, more than eight years in any period of twelve years. The Treasurer, Sheriff, Coroner and Surveyor, shall continue in office two years ; and no person shall be eligible to the office of Treasurer or Sheriff more than four years in any period of six years. Sec. 3. ' Such other county and township offlcers as may be necessary, shall be elected, or appointed, in such manner as may bo prescribed by law. Sbc. 4. No person shall be elected, or appointed, as a county officer, who shall not be an elector of the county; nor any one who shall not have been an inhabitant thereof during one year next preceding his appoint ment, if the county shall have been so long organized ; but if the county shall not have been so long organized, then within the limits of the county or counties out of which the same shall have been taken. Sec 5. The Governor, and the Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer of State, shall, severally, reside and keep the public records, books, and papers, in any manner relating to their respective offlces, at the seat of government. Sec 6. All county, township and town offlcers, shall reside within their respective counties, townships and towns, and shall keep their respective offices at such places therein, and perform such duties, as may be directed by law. Sec 7. All State officers shall, for crime, incapacity, or negligence, be APPENDIX. 727 liable to be removed from offlce, either by impeachment by the House of Representatives, to be tried by the Senate, or by a joint resolution of the General Assembly; two-thirds of the members elected to each branch voting, in either case, therefor. Sec 8. All State, county, township and town officers, may be impeached, or removed from office, in such manner as maybe prescribed by law. Sec 9. Vacancies in county, township and town offices, shall be filled in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 10, The General Assembly may confer upon the Boards doing county business in the several counties, powers of a local, administrative character. ARTICLE VII. JUDICIAL. Section 1. The Judicial power of the State shall be vested in a Supreme Court, in Circuit Courts, and in such inferior Courts as the Gen eral Assembly may establish. Sec 3. The Supreme Court shall consist of not less than three nor more than five Judges, a majority of whom shall form a quorum. They shall hold their offlces for six years, if they so long behave well. Sec 3. The State shall be divided into as many districts as there are Judges of the Supreme Court ; and such districts shall be formed of con tiguous territory, as nearly equal in population as, without dividing a county, the same can be made. One of said Judges shall be elected from each district, and reside therein ; but said Judges shall be elected by the electors of the State at large. Sbc 4. The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction co-extensive with the limits of the^ State, in appeals and writs of error, under such regulations and restrictions as may be prescribed by law. It shall also have such original jurisdiction as the General Assembly may confer. Sec 5. The Supreme Court shall, upon the decisions of every case, give a statement in writing of each question arising in the record of such case, and the decision of the Court thereon. Sec 6. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, for the speed}' pub lication of the decisions of the Supreme Court, made under this Constitu tion ; but no Judge shall be allowed to report such decision. Sec 7. There shall be elected by the voters of the State, a Clerk of the Supreme Court, who shall hold his offlce four years, and whose duties shall be prescribed by law. Sec 8. The Circuit Courts shall each consist of one Judge, and shall have such civil and criminal prosecution as may be prescribed by law. Sec 9. The State shall, from time to time, be divided into judicial cir cults, and a Judge for each circuit shall be elected by the voters thereof. He shall reside witliin the circuit, and shall hold his office for the term of six years, if he so long behave well. Sbc 10. The General Assembly may provide by law, that the Judge of one circuit may hold the courts of another circuit, in cases of necessity or 728 HISTOET OF INDIANA. convenience ; and, in case of temporary inability of any Judge, from sick ness or other cause, to hold the courts in his circuit, provision may be made, by law, for holding such courts. Sbc. 11. There shall be elected, in each judicial circuit, by the voters thereof, a Prosecuting Attorney, who shall hold his offlce for two years. Sec 13. Any Judge or Prosecuting Attorney, who shall have been con victed of corruption or other high crime, may, on information in the name of the State, be removed from offlce bythe Supreme Court, orin such other manner as may be prescribed by law. Sec 13. The Judges of the Supreme Court and Circuit Courts shall, at stated times, receive a compensation, which shall not be diminished during their continuance in offlce. Sec 14. A competent number of Justices of the Peace shall be elected, by the voters in each township in the several counties. They shall con tinue in offlce four years, and their powers and duties shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 15, All judicial officers shall be conservators of the peace in their respective jurisdictions. Sec. 16. No person elected to any judicial offlce, shall, during the term for which he sliall have been elected, be eligible to any office of trust or profit, under the State, other than a judicial one. Sec. 17. The General Assembly may modify or abolish the Grand Jury - system. Sbc 18. All criminal prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by tlie authorit}' of the State ; and the style of all process shall be "The State of Indiana." Sec 19. Tribunals of conciliation may be established, with such powers and duties as shall be prescribed by law ; or the powers and duties of the same may be conferred upon other courts of justice ; but such tribunals or other courts, when sitting as such, shall have no power to render judgment , to be obligatory on the parlies, unless they voluntarily submit their matters of difference, and agree to abide the judgment of such tribunal or court. Sbc 20. The General Assembly, at its first session after the adoption of this Constitution, shall provide for the appointment of three Commission ers, whose duty it shall be to revise, simplify and abridge, the rules, prac tice, pleadings and forms, of the courts of justice. And they shall provide for abolishing the distinct forms of action at law, now in use ; and that justice shall be administered i,n a uniform mode of pleading, without dis tinction between law and equity. And the General Assembly may, also, make it the duty of said Commissioners to reduce into a systematic code, the general statute law of the State ; and said Commissioners shall report the result of their labors to the General Assembly, with such recommen dations and suggestions, as to abridgement and amendment, as to said Commissioners may seem necessary or proper. Provision shall be made, by law, for filling vacancies, regulating the tenure of office, and the com pensation of said Commissioners. Sec 21. Every person of good moral character, being a voter, shall be entitled to admission to practice law in all courts of iuslice. APPENDIX. 729 ARTICLE VIII. EDUCATION. Section 1. Knowledge and learning, generally diffused throughout a community, being essential to the preservation of a free government, it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to encourage, by all suitable means, moral, intellectual, scientific and agricultural improvement, and to provide, by law, for a general and uniform system of Common Schools, wherein tuition shall be without charge, and equally open to all. Sec 2. The Common School fund shall consist of the Congressional township fund, and the lands belonging thereto ; The Surplus Revenue fund ; The Saline fund and the lands belonging thereto ; The Bank Tax fund, and the fund arising from the one hundred and fourteenth section of the charter of the State Bank of Indiana ; The fund to be derived from the sale of county seminaries, and the moneys and property heretofore held for such seminaries ; from the fines assessed for breaches of the penal laws of the State, and for all forfeitures which may accrue ; All lands and other estate whicli shall escheat to the State for want of heirs or kindred entitled to the inheritance ; All lands that have been, or may hereafter be, granted to the State, where no special purpose is expressed in the grant, and the proceeds of the sales thereof, including the proceeds of the sales of the swamp lands granted to the State of Indiana by the act of Congress of the twenty-eighth of Sep tember, 1850, after deducting the expense of selecting and draining the same ; Taxes on the property of corporations, that may be assessed for Com mon School purposes. Sbc 3. The principal of the Common School fund shall remain a per petual fund, which may be increased, but shall never be diminished ; and the income thereof shall be inviolably appropriated to the support of Com mon Schools, and to no other purpose whatever. Sec 4. The General Assembly shall invest, in some safe and profitable manner, all such portions of the Common School fund as not hereintofore been entrusted to the several counties ; and shall make provision, by law, for the distribution, among the several counties, of the interest thereof Sec 5. If any county shall fail to demand its proportion of such inter est, for Common School purposes, the same shall be re-invested for the benefit of such county. Sec 6. The several counties' shall be held liable for the preservation of so much of the said fund as may be entrusted to them, and for the pay ment of the annual interest thereon. Sec 7. All trust funds, held by the State, shall remain inviolate, and be faithfully and exclusively applied to the purposes for which the trust was created. Sec." 8. The General Assembly shall provide for the election, by the voters of the State, of a State Sui)erintendent of Public Instruction, who 730 HISTOET OF INDIANA. shall hold his offlce for two years, and whose duties and compensation shall be prescribed by law. ARTICLE IX. STATE INSTITUTIONS. Section 1. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide, by law, for the support of Institutions for the education of the Deaf and Dumb, and of the Blind ; and also for the treatment of the Insane. Sec. 2. The General Assembly shall provide Houses of Refuge, for the correction and reformation of juvenile offenders. Sec. 3. The county boards shall have power to provide farms, as an asylum for those persons who, by reason of age, infirmity, or other misfor tune, may have claims upon the sympathies and aid of society. ARTICLE X. riN-ANCB. Section 1. The General Assembly shall provide, by law, for a uniform and equal rate of assessment and taxation, and shall prescribe such regu- latiqns as shall secure a just valuation for taxation of all property, both real and personal, excepting such only for municipal, educational, literary, scientific, religious or charitable purposes, as may be specially exempted by law. Sec 3. All the revenues derived from the sale of any of the public works belonging to the State, and from the net annual income thereof, and any surplus that may, at any time, remain in the treasury, derived from taxa^ tion for general State pm'poBes, after the payment of the ordinary expenses of the government, and of the interest on bonds of the State, other than Bank bonds, shall be annually applied, under the direction of the General Assembly, to the payment of the principal of the public debt. Sec 3. No money shall be drawn from the treasury, but in pursuance of appropriations made by law. Sbc 4. An accurate statement of the receipts and expenditures of the public money, shall be published with the laws of each regular session of the General Assembly. Sec 5. No law shall authorize any debt to be contracted, on behalf of the State, except in the following cases : To meet casual deficits in the rev. euue ; to pay the interest on the State debt ; to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, or, if hostilities be threatened, provide for the public defense. Sec 6. No county shall subscribe for stock in any incorporated com pany, unless the same be paid for at the time of such subscription ; nor shall any county loan its credit to any incorporated company, nor borrow money for the purpose of taking stock in any such company ; nor shall the General Assembly ever, on behalf the State, assume the debts "f any county, city, town or township, nor of any corporation whatever. Sec 7. No law or resolution shall ever be passed by the General Assem bly of tlie State of Indiana that shall recognize any riability of this State to pay or redeem any certificate of stocks issued in pursuance of an act APPENDIX. 731 < *iWtled " An act to provide for the funded debt of the State of Indiana, ond for the completion of the Wabash and Erie Canal to Evansville," passed January 19, 1846, and an act supplemental to said act passed January 29, 1847, which, by the provisions of the said acts, or either of them, shall be payable exclusively from the proceeds of the canal lands, and the tolls and revenues of the canal in said acts mentioned ; and no such certificates or stocks shall ever be paid by this State. Note.— Agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two houses of the General Assembly, Eegnlar Session of 1871, and referred to the General Assembly to be chosen at the next general election. Agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each house of the General Assembly, Special Session of 1873. Submitted to the elec tors of the State by an act approved January 38, 1878. Ratified by a majority of the electors, at an election held on the 18th day of February, 1873. Declared a part of the constitution by proclamation of Thomas A. Hendricks, Governor, dated March 7, 1873 ARTICLE XI. CORPORATIONS. Section 1. The General Assembly shall not have power to establish or incorporate any bank or banking company, or moneyed institution, for the purpose of issuing bills of credit, or bills payable to order or bearer, except under the conditions prescribed in this Constitution. Sec 2. No banks shall be established otherwise than under a general banking law, except as provided in the fourth section of this article. Sec 3. If the General Assembly shall enact a general banking law, such law shall provide for the registry and countersigning, by an officer of the State, of all paper credit designed to be circulated as money ; and ample collateral security, readily convertible into specie, for the redemp tion of the Same in gold or silver, shall be required, which collateral secu rity shall be under the control of the proper offlcer or offlcers of State. Sbc 4. The General Assembly may also charter a bank with branches, without collateral security, as required in the preceding section. Sec. 5. If the General Assembly shall establish a bank with branches, the branches shall be mutually responsible for each other's liabilities, upon all paper credit issued as money. Sec 6. The stockholders in every bank or banking company, shall be individually responsible, to an amount over and above their stock, equal to their respective shares of stock, for all debts or liabilities of said bank or banking company. Sec. 7. All bills or notes issued as money, shall be, at all timesj-redeem- able in gold or silver ; and no law shall be passed sanctioning, directly or indirectly, the suspension by any bank or banking company, of specie payments. Sbc 8. Holders of bank notes shall be entitled, in case of insolvency,, to preference of payment over all other creditors. Sec 9. No bank shall receive directly or indirectly, a greater rate of interest than shall be allowed, by law, to individuals loaning money. Sbc. 10. Every bank, or banking company, shall be required to cease all banking operations within twenty years from the time of its organiza tion, and promptly thereafter to close its business. 732 HISTOET OF INDIANA. Sec 11. The General Assembly is not prohibited from investing the Trust Funds in a bank with branches ; but in case of such investment, the safety of the same shall be guaranteed by unquestionable security. Sec 13. The State shall not be a stockholder in any bank, after the expiration of the present bank charter; nor shall the credit of the State ever be given, or loaned, in aid of any person, association, or corporation ; nor shall the State hereafter become a stockholder in any corporation or association. Sec. 13. Corporations, other than banking, shall not be created hy special act, but may be formed under general laws. Sec 14. Dues from corporations, other than banking, shall be secured by such individual liability of the corporators, or other means, as may be prescribed by law. ARTICLE XII. Section 1. The militia shall consist of all able-bodied white male per sons, between the ages of eighteen and forty-five years, except such as may be exempted by the laws of the United States, or of this State ; and shall be organized, offlcered, armed, equipped and trained, in such manner as may be provided by law. Sec 2. The Governor shall appoint the Adjutant, Quartermaster and Commissary Generals. Sec 3. All militia offlcers shall be commissioned by the Governor, and shall hold their offices not longer than six years. Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall determine the method of dividing the militia into divisions, brigades, regiments, battallions and companies, and fix the rank of all staff officers. Sec 5. The militia may be divided into classes of sedentary and active militia, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Sbc. 6. No person conscientiously opposed to bearing arms, shall be compelled to do militia duty; but such person shall pay an equivalent for exemption, the amount to be prescribed by law. ARTICLE XIII. negroes and mulattobs. Section 1. No negro or mulatto shall come into, or settle in, the State, after the adoption of this Constitution. Sbc 2. All contracts made with any negro or mulatto coming into the State, contrary to the provisions of the foregoing section shall be void ; and any person who shall employ such negro or mulatto, or otherwise encour age him to remain in the State, shall be fined in any sum not less than ten dollars, nor more than five hundred dollars. Sec 3. All fines which may be collected for a violation of the provis ions of this article, or of any law which may hereafter be passed for the purpose of carrying the same into execution, shall be set apart and appro- APPENDIX. 733 priated for the colonization of such negroes and mulattoes, and their descendants, as may be in the State at the adoption of this Constitution, and may be willing to emigrate. Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall pass laws to carry out the provis ions of this article. ARTICLE XIV BOUNDARIES. Section 1. In order that the boundaries of the State may be known and established, it is hereby ordained and declared, that the State of Indiana is bounded on the East by the meridian line which forms the western bound ary of the State of Ohio ; on the South by the Ohio river, from the mouth of the Great Miami river to the mouth of the Wabash river ; on the West by a line drawn along the middle of the Wabash river, from its mouth to a point where a due north line, di-awn from the town of Vincennes, would last touch the northwestern shore of said Wabash river ; and thence by a due north line until the same shall intersect an east and west line, drawn through a point ten miles north of the southern extreme of Lake Michi gan ; on the North by said east and west line, until the same shall intersect the first mentioned meridian line, which forms the western boundary of the State of Ohio. Sec 3. The 8tate of Indiana shall possess jurisdiction and sovereignty co-extensive with the boundaries declared in the preceding section ; and shall have concurrent jurisdiction in civil and criminal cases, with the State of Kentucky on the Ohio river, and with the State of Illinois on the Wabash river, so far as said rivers form the common boundarjf between this State and said States respectively. ARTICLE XV. miscellaneous. Section 1. All officers, whose appointment is not otherwise provided for in this Ccmstitution, shall be chosen in such manner as now is, or here after may be, prescribed by law. Sbc 2. When the duration of any office is not provided for by this Con stitution, it may be declared by law; and, if not so declared, such office shall be held during the pleasure of the authority making, the appointment. But the General Assembly shall not create any office, the tenure of whicli shall be longer than four years. Sbc 3. Whenever it is provided in this Constitution, or in any law which may be hereafter passed, that any officer, other than a member of the Gen. eral Assembly, shall hold his office for any given term, the same shall be construed to mean, that such officer shall hold his office for such term, and until his successor shall have been elected and quailified. Sec 4. Every person elected or appointed to any offlce under this Con stitution, shall, before entering on the duties thereof, take an oath or afflrm- 734- HISTOET OF INDIANA. ation, to support the Constitution of this State, and of the United States, and also an oath of offlce. Sbc. 5. There shall be a Seal of State, kept by the Governor for offlcial purposes, which shall be called the Seal of the State of Indiana. SeC. 6. All commissions shall issue in the name of the State, shall be signed by the Governor, sealed with the State Seal, and attested bythe Sec retary of State. Sec. 7. No county shall be reduced to an area less than four hundred square miles ; nor shall any county, under that area, be further reduced. Sbc 8. No lottery shall be authorized ; nor shall the sale of lottery tickets be allowed. Sec. 9. The following grounds, owned by the State in Indianapolis, namely : the State House Square, the Governor's Circle, and so much of out-lot numbered one hundred and forty-seven, as lies north of the arm of the Central Canal, shall not be sold or leased. Sec. 10. It shall be the duty of the General Assembly to provide for the permanent enclosure and preservation of the Tippecanoe Battle Ground. ARTICLE XVI. AMENDMENTS. Section 1. Any amendment or amendments to this Constitution, may be proposed in either branch of the General Assembly; and if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two Houses, such proposed amendment or amendments shall, with the yeas and nays thereon, be entered on their journals, and referred to the General Assembly to be chosen at the next general election ; and if, in the General Assembly so next chosen, such proposed amendment or amendments shall be agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each House, then it shall he the duty of the General Assembly to submit such amendment or amendments to the electors of the State ; and if a majority of said electors shall ratify the same, such amendment or amendments shall be come a part of this Constitution. Sec. 2. If two or more amendments shall be submitted at the same time they shall be submitted in such manner that the electors shall vote for or against each of such amendments separately ; and while such an amend ment or amendments, which shall have been agreed upon by one General Assembly, shall be awaiting the action of a succeeding General Assembly, or of the electors, no additional amendment or amendments shall be pro posed. SCHEDULE. This Constitution, if adopted, shall take effect on the first day of Novem ber, in the year one thousand eight hundred and flfty-one, and shall super- sede the Constitution adopted in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixteen. That no inconvenience may arise from the change in the govern ment, it is hereby ordained as follows : appendix. ,735 First. All laws now in force, and not inconsistent with this Constitu tion, shall remain in force until they shall expire or be repealed. Second. All indictments, prosecutions, suits, pleas, plaints and other proceedings, pending in any of the courts, shall be prosecuted to final judgment and execution ; and all appeals, writs of error, certiorari and injunctions, shall be carried on in the several courts in the same manner as is now provided by law. Ttbird. All fines, penalties and forfeitures, due or accruing to the State, or to any county therein, shall inure to the State, or to such county, in the manner prescribed by law. All bonds executed to the State, or to any offi cer in his official capacity, shall remain in force, and inure to the use of those concerned. Fourth. All acts of incorporation for municipal purposes shall continue in force under this Constitution until such time as the General Assembly shall, in its discretion, modify or repeal the same. Fifth. The Governor, at the expiration of the present official term, shall continue to act until his successor shall have been sworn into office. Sixth. There shall be a session of the General Assembly commencing on the first Monday in December, in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one. Seventh. Senators now in office and holding over, under the existing Constitution, and such as may be elected at the next general election, and the Representatives then elected, shall continue in office until the flrst general election under this Constitution. Eighth. The first general election under this Constitution shall be held in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two. Ninth. The first election for Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Judges of the Supreme Court and Circuit Courts, Clerk of the Supreme Court, Pros ecuting Attorney, Secretary, Auditor, and Treasurer of State, and State' Superintendent of Public Instruction, under this Constitution, shall be held at the general election in the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two ; and such of said offlcers as may be in office when this Constitu tion shall go into effect, shall continue in their respective offlces until their successors shall have been elected and qualified. Tenth. Every person elected by popular vote, and now in any office which is continued by this Constitution, and every person who shall be so elected to any such offlce before the taking effect of this Constitution, (except as in this Constitution otherwise provided,) shall continue in offlce until the term for which such person has been or may be elected, shall expire : Provided, that no such person shall continue in office after the taking effect of this Constitution, for a longer period than the term of such office in this Constitution prescribed. Eleventh. On the taking effect of this Constitution, all officers thereby continued in office, shall, before proceeding in the further discharge of their duties, take an oath or affirmation to support this Constitution. Twelfth. All vacancies that may occur in existing offlces, prior to the 736 HIPIORT of INDIANA. first general election under this Constitution, shall b.. tilled in the manner now prescribed by law. I Thirteenth. At the time of submitting this Constitution to the elector^ for their approval or disapproval, the article numbered thirteen, in rel^ tion to negroes and mulattoes, shall be submitted as a distinct proposition in the following form: "Exclusion and Colonization of Negroes and Mulattoes," "Aye," or "No." And if a majority of the votes cast shall be in favor of said article, then the same shall form a part of this Cobsti- tution ; otherwise it shall be void, and form no part thereof Fourteenth. No article or section of this Constitution shall be sub mitted as a distinct proposition to a vote, of the electors otherwise than as herein provided. Fifteenth. Whenever a portion of the citizens of the counties of Perry and Spencer shall deem it expedient to form, of the contiguous territory of said counties, a new county, it shall Be the duty of those interested in the organization of such new county, to lay off the same by proper metes and bounds, of equal portions as nearly as practicable, not to exceed one- third of the territory of each of said counties. The proposal to create such new county shall be submitted to the voters of said counties, at a general election, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. And if a majority of all the votes given at said election shall be in favor of the organization of said new county, it shall be the duty of the General Assembly to organize the same out of the territory thus designated. Sixteenth. The General Assembly may alter or amend the charter of Clarksville, and make such regulations as may be necessary for carrying into effect the objects contemplated in granting the same; and the funds belonging to said town shall be applied according to the intention of the grantor. Done in Convention at Indianapolis, the tenth day of February, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hvindred and fifty-one ; and of the Independence of the United States, the seventy-fifth. . GEORGE WHITFIELD CARR, Attest: President. Wm. H. English, Principal Seereta/ry George L. Sites, i Herman G. Barkwell, ^ Assistant Seoreta/ries. Robert M. Evanb, YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 9002 01545 0910 1. ¦-ij: J^h- f ¦* 'yf " -I ) ^ >~ Sli