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THE NATIONAL FLAG

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

THE
r^ OF T HE A^_^,-
(C; ofthe ^)

""""'^nUYLER HA^^^^'^'

CanihvBrvt. U.iS.^-

PHILADEIPHIA,
L.II P' P' II Ni a: Oj T' T', G) Ri A\ Ml B' Ol & G; Ql.
1853.

HISTORY

THE NATIONAL FLAG

UNITED STATES OE AMERICA

SCHUYLER HAMILTON,
CAPTAIN ET BREVET U. S. a.

PHILADELPHIA:
LIPPINCOTT, GEAMBO, AND CO.
1852.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1852, by
LIPPINCOTT, GEAMBO, AND CO.,
in the Office of the Clerk of the District Com-t of the United States
in and for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

:5b<^.^<?o

ti"

\^W

niiLADELrniA:
T. K. AND p. G. COLLINS, PEINTEES.

THIS RESEAKCH
AS TO
THE ORIGIN AXD MEANING OF THE DEVICES COMBINED
IN
€\}i SiitinEal /lag nf tljE ILiiitrii Itafes nf SlniEririT,
IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED TO
MAJOR-GENERAL WINFIELD SCOTT,
AS A
SLIGHT TRIBUTE OF EESPECT FOE HIS DISTINGUISHED SERVICES,
AND
AS -A MARK OF PERSONAL GRATITUDE,
BT
HIS PRIENB AND AIDE-DE-CAMP,
SCHUYLER HAMILTON,
Captain hy Brevet, XI. S. A.

niEEACE.

As nearly as we can learn, the only origin which
has been suggested for the devices combined in the
national colors of our country is, that they were
adopted from the coat of arms of General Washing
ton. This imputed origin is not such as would be
consonant Avith the known modesty of Washington,
or the spirit of the times in which the flag was
adopted. We have, therefore, been at some pains
to collect authentic statements in reference to our
national colors, and with these, have introduced
letters exhibiting the temper of those times, step by
step, with the changes made in the flag, so com
bining them as to form a chain of proof, which, we
think, must be conclusive.
Should, however, the perusal of the following
account of the origin and meaning of the devices in
the national flag of our country, serve no other pur
pose than that of impressing more strongly upon the
mind of the reader the importance and the promi-

YIU PREFACE.
nence those who achieved our liberties and founded
our government attached to the idea of Union, its
preparation will not have been a futile labor.
Emblems and devices, adopted under high excite
ment of the public mind, are chosen as epitomes of
the sentiments prevailing at the time of their adop
tion. Those of the days of our Revolution afford
proofs far more striking than the most elaborate argu
ments, that, in the estimation of our forefathers.
Union, and existence as a nation, were inseparable.
The prosecution of our subject has made it neces
sary for us to dwell upon those devices, and to de
velop those proofs.

INTRODUCTION.

As a not uninteresting introduction to our re
search, we will glance at the history of standards,
from their inception to the present time. We shall
find that man's faculty of imitation has here, as else
where, found employment, modified in its operation
by some cause peculiar to the nation whose standard
chances to be under consideration.
Fosbroke, in his Dictionary of Antiquities, has fur
nished us with most of the information on this sub
ject which is pertinent to our design. We shall add
such comments as will tend to illustrate our conclu
sions. Under the head of standards, he writes : —
" The invention began among the Egyptians, who
bore an animal at the end of a spear ; but among the
Grseco-Egyptians, the standards either resemble, at
top, a round-headed knife, or an expanded semicir
cular fan. Among the earlier Greeks, it was a piece
of armor at the end of a spear ; though Agamemnon,
2

14 INTRODUCTION.
in Homer, uses a purple veil to rally his men, &c.
Afterwards, the Athenians bore the olive and owl ;
the other nations the efSgles of their tutelary gods,
or their particular symbols, at the end of a spear.
The Corinthians carried a pegasus, the Messenians
their initial C9, and the Lacedaemonians, A j the Per
sians, a golden eagle at the end of a spear, fixed upon
a carriage; the ancient Gauls, an animal, chiefly a
bull, lion, and bear. Sir S. R. Meyrick gives the
following account of the Roman standards. 'Each
century, or at least each maniple of troops, had its
proper standard, and standard-bearer. This was ori
ginally merely a bundle of hay on the top of a pole;
afterwards, a spear with a crosspiece of wood on the
top ; sometimes the figure of a hand above, proba
bly in allusion to the word manipulus; and bolow, a
small round or oval shield, generally of silver or of
gold. On this metal plate were anciently represented
the warlike deities Mars or Minerva; but after the
extinction of the commonwealth, the effigies of the
emperors or their favorites. It was on this account
that the standards were called numina legionum,
and held in religious veneration. The standards of
diff'erent divisions had certain letters inscribed on
them, to distinguish the one from the other. The
standard of a legion, according to Dio, was a silver
eagle, with expanded wings, on the top of a spear,

INTRODUCTION. 15
sometimes holding a thunderbolt in its claws ; hence
the word aquila was used to signify a legion. The
place for this standard was near the general, almost
in the centre. Before the time of Marius, figures of
other animals were used, and it was then carried in
front of the first maniple of the triarii. The vexil
lum, or flag of the cavalry (that of the infantry being
called signum; an eagle on a thunderbolt, within a
wreath, in Meyrick, pi. 6, fig. 15), was, according to
Livy, a square piece of cloth, fixed to a crossbar on
the end of a spear. The labarum, borrowed by the
Greek emperors from the Celtic tribes, by whom it
was called llah, was similar to this, but with the
monogram of Christ worked upon it. Thus Sir S. R.
Meyrick. The dragon, whieh served for an ensign
to barbarous nations, was adopted by the Romans,
probably from the mixture of auxiliaries with the
legions. At first, the dragon, as the general ensign
of the barbarians, was used as a trophy by the
Romans, after Trajan's conquest of the Dacians.
The dragons were embroidered in cotton, or silk and
purple. The head was of metal, and they were fast
ened on the tops of spears, gilt and tasselled, open
ing the mouth wide, which made their long tails,
painted with diff'erent colors, float in the wind. They
are seen on the Trajan column and the arch of Titus,
and are engraved. The draconarii, or ensigns, who

16 INTRODUCTION.
carried them, were distinguished by a gold collar.
From the Romans, says Du Cange, it came to the
Western Empire, and was long, in England, the chief
standard of our kings, and of the dukes of Normandy.
Matthew Paris notes its being borne in wars which
portended destruction to the enemy. It was pitched
near the royal tent, on the right of the other stand
ards, where the guard was kept. Stowe adds, that
the dragon- standard was never used but when it was
an absolute intention to fight ; and a golden dragon
was fixed, that the weary and wounded might repair
thither, as to a castle, or place of the greatest secu
rity. Thus far for the dragon-standard. To return,
Vigetius mentions pinnae, perhaps aigrettes of feath
ers, of different colors, intended for signals, rallying-
points, &c. Animals, fixed upon plinths, with holes
through them, are often found. They were ensigns
intended to be placed upon the ends of spears.
" Count Caylus has published several ; among
others two leopards, male and female. Ensigns upon
colonial coins, if accompanied with the name of the
legion, but not otherwise, show that the colony was
founded by the veterans of that legion. There were
also standards calleipila, or tufa, consisting of buck
lers heaped one above the other.
" The ancient Franks bore the tiger, wolf, &c.,
but soon adopted the eagle from the Romans. In

INTRODUCTION. 17
the second race, they used the cross, images of saints,
&c. The fleur-de-lis was the distinctive attribute of
the king.
" Ossian mentions the standard of the kings and
chiefs of clans, and says that it (the king's) was blue
studded with gold. This is not improbable, for the
Anglo-Saxon ensign was very grand. It had on it
the white horse, as the Danish was distinguished by
the raven. They were, however, differently formed
from the modern, being parallelograms, fringed, and
borne, sometimes at least, upon a stand with four
wheelsr A standard upon a car was, we have already
seen, usual with the ancient Persians. Sir S. R.
Meyrick admits that it was of Asiatic origin, first
adopted by the Italians, and introduced here in the
reign of Stephen. That of Stephen is fixed by the
middle upon a staffs, topped by a cross pattee (wider
at the ends than in the middle), has a cross pattie
itself on one wing, and three small branches shooting
out from each flag. It appears from Drayton, that
the main standard of Henry V. at the battle of Agin
court was borne upon a car ; and the reason which
he assigns is, that it was too heavy to be carried
otherwise. Sir S. R. Meyrick adds, that it preceded
the royal presence. Edward I. had the arms of
England, St. George, St. Edmond, and St. Edward,
on his standards. The flag or banner in the hands
9*

18 INTRODUCTION.
of princes, upon seals, denotes sovereign power, and
was assumed by many lords in the twelfth and thir
teenth centuries."
We observe that the invention of standards is
ascribed to the Egyptians. Layard, in "Nineveh,
and its Remains," says of the standards of the Assy
rians : —
" Standards were carried by the charioteers. In
the sculptures, they have only two devices: one, a
figure (probably that of the divinity) standing on a
bull, and drawing a bow ; the other, two bulls running
in opposite directions," probably, as is stated in a
note, the symbols of war and peace.
" These figures are inclosed in a circle, and fixed
to the end of a long staff" ornamented with streamers
and tassels." Here we see the early use of pendants
as emblems of supreme authority. In our own day,
we frequently hear. Commodore  's broad pendant
was hoisted on the ship  . In Queen Anne's
time, on the union of England and Scotland, we find
the use of pendants by the ships of her subjects, ex
pressly prohibited in the following words : "iVbr any
Mnd of pendants whatsoever, or any other ensign
than the ensign described in the side or margent
hereof, which shall be worn instead of the ensign
before this time [170T] usually worn in merchant
vessels." In reference to the flags of the national

INTRODUCTION. 19
vessels, the following language is used : " Our flags,
jacks, and pendants, which, according to ancient
usage, have been appointed to a distinction for our
ships." Every one will observe the distinction made
in the case of the pendants, which were absolutely
prohibited to the subjects. We return now to the
consideration of the standards of the Assyrians.
"The standards seem to have been partly supported
by a rest in front of the chariot, and a long rod or
rope connected them with the extremity of the pole.
In a bas-relief of Khorsabad, this rod is attached to
the top of the standard."*
The reader will have observed what Fosbroke says
of the introduction into England of a standard borne
on a car, that it was in imitation of the eastern na
tions. In the case of the Romans, the force of this
habit was even more strikingly illustrated. They at
first used a bundle of hay or straw; as they extended
their conquests over the neighboring colonists from
Greece, and doubtless from Egypt, they assumed
the wolf and other animals. The wolf, perhaps, re
ferred to the foster-mother of Romulus. As they
extended their conquests further, they borrowed the
custom of the Greeks, of placing a shield with the
* " Standards, somewhat similar to those represented on the
Assyrian bas-reliefs, were in use in Egypt. Some sacred animal
or emblem was also generally placed upon them."

20 INTRODUCTION.
image of a warlike deity upon it on a spear, still,
however, retaining the reference to the manipulus
in the hand, above it.
In the time of Marius, they adopted the eagle
with the thunderbolt in its claws, the emblem of
Jove. We are also told that diff'erent divisions had
certain letters, frequently the name of the com
mander, inscribed on their standards. This practice
was also introduced among the Romans from Greece.
It was introduced among the Grecians by Alexander
the Great, who observed it among the Persians and
other eastern nations. Intoxicated with his triumphs,
when he began to claim for himself a divine origin,
he caused a standard to be prepared, inscribed with
the title of "Son of Ammon," and planted it near
the image of Hercules, which, as that of his tutelary
deity, was the ensign of the Grecian host. In the
same way, the Franks borrowed the eagle from the
Romans. The same holds good of the dragon-standard,
which, borrowed from the Dacians and other bar
barians, was for a long time the standard of the
Western Empire, of England, and of Normandy.
After the Crusades, however, the cross seems to
have taken a prominent place on the standards and
banners of European nations.
The double-headed eagle of Russia and Austria

INTRODUCTION. 21
originated among the Romans, to indicate the sove
reignty of the world. When the empire of the
Caesars was divided into the Western and Eastern
Empires, this standard continued to be used in both
those divisions. From the Eastern Empire it passed
into the standard of Russia, on the marriage of Ivan
I. with a Grecian princess. From the Western, with
the title of Roman Emperor, it passed to Austria.
From the above, we cannot fail to perceive, in the
past as well as in the present, the tendency, through
out the world, to imitation, in the adoption of national
ensigns; also, that the adoption of a particular en
sign marked some epoch in the history of the par
ticular nation which adopted it.
Thus the various changes in the Roman standard
marked the epochs of their conquest, first of the
Greeks, then of the Barbarians. The adoption of the
eagle by the Franks, their conquest of the Romans.
The cross, the era of the Crusades. The double-
headed eagle of Russia, the marriage of the Czar to
the heiress of the Eastern Empire. That of Austria,
the investiture of the emperors of Germany with the
title of Roman Emperor. The present union of the
crosses of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick,
in the British ensign, reverting to the Crusades, in
the members composing it, more directly refers to
the union, first, of England and Scotland into the

22 INTRODUCTION.
united kingdom of Great Britain, and more recently,
to the union of the kingdoms of Great Britain and
Ireland, and hence is called The G-reat Union.
The eagle of France, marked her republican era.
Having thus observed, in the adoption of ensigns
by the principal nations of the world, the prevalence
of certain general rules, viz.: A reference to their
deity; the habit of imitating the ensigns of nations
from which they sprung, or which they conquered;
the custom of marking, by their standards, some
epoch in their history; or these customs in combina
tion, may we not expect to find, in the adoption of
our National Ensign, that it is not wholly an excep
tion to these general rules ?

THE NATIONAL FLAG

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

Adopting these general principles, we find our
selves, in attempting to give a satisfactory account
of the origin, adoption, and meaning of the devices
embodied in the National Flag of the United States,
obliged to describe the principal flags displayed dur
ing the Revolution, which resulted in the independ
ence of those States ; to give some account of the
flags used by the colonists prior to that Revolution ;
and to notice, though in a cursory manner, the na
tional flag of the mother country.
To facilitate the consideration of our subject, we
shall arrange the flags, mention of which we have
met with, as displayed during our Revolution, in a
table, chronologically; and shall number them, ac
cording to the date of the notice of them, 1, 2, 3, 4,
&c., beginning in 1774.
In this Table, we shall give their distinguishing

24 THE national flag
devices; noticing them, when necessary, more at
length as we proceed.
TABLE OF THE ABOVE FLAGS.
1. " Union Flags."* — These flags are very fre
quently mentioned in the newspapers, in 1774, but
no account is given of the devices upon them. To
establish these devices, will be one of the principal
objects of this inquiry.
2. The standard of the Connecticut troops. — A
letter, dated Wethersfield, Connecticut, April 23,
1775, says : " We fix upon our standards and drums
the colony arms, with the motto, ' Qui transtulit sus
tinet,' round it, in letters of gold, which we construe
thus: ' God, who transplanted us hither, will support
us.' "t The standards of the diff'erent regiments were
distinguished by their color. Act of Provincial Con
gress of Connecticut, July 1, 1775 : " One standard
for each regiment to be distinguished by their color, as
follows, viz. : for the seventh, blue; for the eighth,
orange."X 8. The flag unfurled by General Israel Putnam,
on Prospect Hill, July 18, 1775, which is thus de
scribed in a letter, dated
* Siege of Boston, Frothingham, p. 104, note.
j- American Archives, 4th series, vol. ii. p. 363.
% Ibid. p. 1582.

PI. 1.

OF THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 25
" Cambridge, July 21, 1775.
"Last Saturday, July 15, the several regiments
quartered in this town being assembled upon the
parade, the Rev. Dr. Langdon, President of the Col
lege, read to them ' A Declaration, by the Repre
sentatives of the United Colonies of North America
now met in General Congress at Philadelphia, set
ting forth the causes and necessity of taking up
arms.' It was received with great applause; and the
approbation of the army, with that of a great num
ber of other people, was immediately announced by
three huzzas. His Excellency, the General, with
several other general officers, &c., were present on
the occasion."
" Last Tuesday morning, July 18, according to
orders issued the day before by Major-General Put
nam, all the continental troops under his immediate
command assembled at Prospect Hill, when the De
claration of the Continental Congress was read ;
after which, an animated and pathetic address to the
army was made by the Rev. Mr. Leonard, chaplain
to General Putnam's regiment, and succeeded by a
pertinent prayer, when General Putnam gave the
signal, and the whole army shouted their loud amen
by three cheers ; immediately upon which a cannon
was fired from the fort, and the standard lately sent
to General Putnam was exhibited, flourishing in the
3

26 THE NATIONAL FLAG
air, bearing this motto ; on one side, * An Appeal to
Heaven,' and, on the other side, ' Qui transtulit
sustinet.' " The whole was conducted with the utmost de
cency, good order, and regularity, and the universal
acceptance of all present; and the Philistines, on
Bunker's Hill, heard the shout of the Israelites,*
and, being very fearful, paraded themselves in battle
array, "t
This flag bore on it the motto of Connecticut,
" Qui transtulit sustinet," and the motto, "An Ap
peal to Heaven;" the latter of which is evidently
adopted from the closing paragraph of the " Address
of the Provincial Congress of Massachusetts, to their
brethren in Great Britain," written shortly after the
battle of Lexington, which ended thus : ' Appealing
to Heaven for the justice of our cause, we determine
to die or be free ;' and which motto, under the form
' Appeal to Heaven,' combined with a pine-tree,
constituted the motto and device on the colors of the
Massachusetts colonial cruisers. In this combination
of the mottoes of Connecticut and Massachusetts, one
can scarcely fail to perceive the germ of the emblem
of union which was introduced into the flag, which,
* General Putnam was named Israel.
f American Archives, 4th scries, vol. ii. p. 1087.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 27
January 2, 1776, replaced the flag we have described
above, on Prospect Hill.
From the following notice of the flag displayed by
General Putnam, July 18, 1775, we learn that it was
a red flag. Before, however, giving the notice, wo
will state that, as early as the time of the Romans, a
red flag was the signal of defiance or battle ; thus,
we are told : " When a general, after having con
sulted the auspices, had determined to lead forth his
troops against the enemy, a red flag was displayed
on a spear from the top of the Praetorium,* which
was the signal to prepare for battle. "f This accords
with the account given of the display of the above
flag, and corroborates the fact mentioned in the
following extract from a letter of a captain of an
English transport to his owners in London : —
" Boston, Jan. 17, 1776.
" I can see the rebels' camp very plain, whose
colors, a little while ago, were entirely red ; but, on
the receipt of the king's speech (which they burnt),
they have hoisted the Union Flag, which is here sup
posed to intimate the union of the provinces."! He
* The General's tent.
I Adams's Roman Antiquities, p. 322.
% American Archives, 4th series, vol. iv. p. 711.

28 THE NATIONAL FLAG
probably could not perceive the mottoes referred to
in the preceding letter, owing to the distance.
4. The flag used at the taking of Fort Johnston,
on James's Island, S'eptember 13, 1775. — " Colonel
Moultrie, September 13 [1775], received an order
from the Council of Safety for taking Fort Johnston,
on James's Island." [S. C] " A flag being thought
necessary for the purpose of signals, Colonel Moul
trie, who was requested by the Council of Safety to
procure one, had a large blue flag made, with a
crescent in one corner, to be in uniform with the
troops. This was the first American flag displayed
in South Carolina."*
Of the crescent, we have the following interesting
account : —
"As is well known, the crescent, or, as it is usually
designated, the crescent montant, has become the
symbol of the Turkish Empire, which has thence been
frequently styled the Empire of the Crescent. This
symbol, however, did not originate with the Turks.
Long before their conquest of Constantinople, the
crescent had been used as emblematic of sovereignty,
as may be seen from the still-existing medals struck
in honor of Augustus, Trajan, and others ; and it
formed from all antiquity the symbol of Byzantium.
* Holmes's Annals, vol. ii. p. 227.

OF THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 29
On the overthrow of this empire by Mohammed IL,
the Turks, regarding the crescent, which everywhere
met their eye, as a good omen, adopted it as their
chief bearing."* It was, doubtless, "as the emblem
of sovereignty," that it was adopted by Colonel
Moultrie. 5. The flag of the floating batteries. — Colonel
Joseph Reed to Colonel Glover and Stephen Moylan,
says : " Head-quarters, October 20, 1775 : Please
to fix upon some particular color for a flag, and a
signal by which our vessels may know one another.
What do you think of a flag with a white ground, a
tree in the middle, the motto, 'Appeal to Heaven?'
This is the flag of our floating batteries."t
6. The flag called The Cheat Union Flag, hoisted
January 2, 1776, the day which gave being to the
new army. — General Washington's letter of Janu
ary 4, 1776, to Joseph Reed.f This flag, which we
shall designate in this way, was the basis of our
National Flag of the present day.
7. The flag presented by Colonel Gadsden, a
member of the Naval Committee of the Continental
Congress, to the Provincial Congress of South
Carolina, February 9, 1776, as the standard to be
* Brande's Dictionary of Literature, &o. Crescent.
f American Archives, 4th series, vol. iii. p. 1126.
% Ibid. vol. iv. p. 570. 8*

80 THE NATIONAL FLAG
used by the Commander-in-chief of the American
Navy, " being a yellow field, with a lively represent
ation of a rattlesnake in the middle, in the attitude
of going to strike ; and the words underneath,
"Don't tread on me."*
8. The flag of the cruisers of the colony of Mas
sachusetts. — "And the colors to be a white flag with
a green pine-tree, and an inscription, ' Appeal to
Heaven.' " — Resolution of Massachusetts Provincial
Congress, April 29, 1776.t
9. The National Flag of the United States, " The
Stars and Stripes," adopted as such by a Resolution
of Congress, passed June 14, 1777. — ^'¦Resolved,
That the flag of the Thirteen United States be thir
teen stripes, alternate red and white ; that the Union
be thirteen stars, white, in a blue field, representing
a new constellation."!
This Resolution, though passed June 14, 1777,
was not made public until September 3, 1777.11
With this Table before us, we shall proceed to con
sider certain badges intimately connected with the
devices on the national flag of England, afterwards
embodied in the national flag of Great Britain, a
* American Archives, 4th series, vol. v. p. 568.
f Ibid. vol. V. p. 1299.
J Journal of Congress, vol. ii. p. 165.
II Boston Gazette and Country Journal, Sept. 15, 1777.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 31
modification of which we shall show was, for a time,
the flag of the United States, and the basis of the
"Stars and Stripes."
" In the first crusade, the Scots, according to
Sir George Mackenzie, were distinguished by the
Cross of St. Andrew; the French, by a white cross;
and the Italians, by a blue one. The Spaniards,
according to Columbiere, bore a red cross, which, in
the third crusade (a. d. 1189), was appropriated by
the French, the Flemings using a green cross, and
the English a white one. The adherents of Simon
Montfort, the rebellious earl of Leicester, assumed
the latter as their distinguishing mark, thus making
the national cognizance the badge of a faction.
" The cross of St. George has been the badge,
both of our kings and the nation, at least from the
time of Edward III. Its use was for a while nearly
superseded by the roses, but revived upon the termi
nation of the wars between the rival houses. It still
continues to adorn the banner of England."*
Of the arms and banner of St. George, we have
the following account : " Saynte George, whyche had
whyte arms with a red cross." (Fig. 1, Plate I.)
" This blessed and holy martyr Saynte George is
* Parker. Terms used in British Heraldry, p. 40.

32 THE NATIONAL FLAG
patrone of the realme of England ; and ye crye of
men of warre."*
"With reference to the cross of St. George, Sir
N. H. Nicholas observes : ' That in the fourteenth and
subsequent centuries, even if the custom did not pre
vail at a much earlier period, every English soldier
was distinguished by wearing that simple and ele
gant badge over his armor.'
"The following extract," he adds, "from the
ordinances made for the government of the army
with which Richard II. invaded Scotland in 1386,
and which were also adopted by Henry V., will best
show the regulations on the subject.
" Also, that everi man of what estate, condition, or
nation thei be of, so that he be of oure partie, bere a
signe of the armes of Saint George, large, both
before and behynde, upon parell that yf he be
slayne or wounded to deth, he that hath so done to
him shall not be put to deth, for default of the cross
that he lacketh. And that non enemy do bere the
same token or cross of St. George, notwithstanding
if he be prisoner, upon payne of deth."
" The banner of St. George is white, charged with
the red cross."t
* Parker. Terms used in British Ileraldi-y, p. 148.
t Ibid. p. 149.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 33
" Banner. A banner is a square flag painted or
embroidered with arms, and of a size proportioned to
the rank of the bearer."* — See the Banner of St.
George, Fig. 2. Plate I.
We now come to the description of the arms and
banner of Saint Andrew. The cross of St. Andrew
is called a saltire, and is thus described : —
" Saltire, or saltier. This honorable ordinary pro
bably represents the cross whereon St. Andrew was
crucified. "t
" Andrew, S., the Apostle : the patron saint of
Scotland. " The arms attributed to him, and emblazoned on
the banner bearing his name, are azure, a saltire
argent."! — See Fig. 8, Plate I., Arms of Saint
Andrew ; and for the banner of Saint Andrew, Fig.
4, Plate I.
" Union Jack : the national flag of Great Britain
and Ireland.
" The ancient national flag of England was the
banner of St. George (argent, a cross gules), to
which the banner of St. Andrew (azure, a saltire
argent), was united (instead of being quartered,
according to ancient custom), in pursuance of a royal
* Parker. Terms used in British Heraldry, p. 42.
t Ibid. p. 273.
X Ibid. p. 9.

34 THE NATIONAL FLAG
proclamation, dated April 12, 1606. An extract
from this proclamation follows : —
" Whereas, some diff'erence hath arisen between
our subjects of South and North Britain, travelling
by seas, about the bearing of their flags : for the
avoiding of all such contentions hereafter, we have,
with the advice of our council, ordered, that hence
forth all our subjects of this Isle and kingdom of
Great Britain, and the members thereof, shall bear
in their maintop the red cross, commonly called St.
George's Cross, and the white cross, commonly called
St. Andrew's Cross, joined together, according to a
form made by our heralds, and sent by us to our
admiral, to be published to our said subjects ; and in
their foretop our subjects of South Britain shall
wear the red cross only, as they were wont ; and the
subjects of North Britain, in their foretop, the white
cross only, as they were accustomed."*
The union of the crosses described above may
naturally be called the king's colors, though in fact,
as James was king both of Scotland and England,
the national flags of either of those kingdoms would
also be the king's colors, in an extended sense ; but
would be likely to be designated as the red or white
crosses, or the crosses of St. George or St. Andrew,
* Parker. Terms used in British Heraldry, p. 315.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 85
while this form prepared by the heralds, and only
prescribed for " subjects travelling by seas," would
be by those subjects called, par excellence, the king's
colors. " There is," says Sir N. H. Nicholas, " every
reason to believe that the flag arranged by the her
alds on this occasion was the same as, on the union
with Scotland [1707], became the national banner."
It may be emblazoned azure, a saltire argent sur
mounted by a cross gules, edged of the second. (See
Fig. 5, Plate I.) The white edging was no doubt
intended to prevent one color from being placed upon
another ; but this precaution was, to say the least,
unnecessary ; for surely no heraldic rule would have
been broken, if the red cross had been placed upon
the white saltire. The contact of the red cross and
blue field would have been authorized by numerous
precedents. This combination was constituted the
national flag of Great Britain by a royal proclama
tion, issued July 28, 1707."*
" No further change was made until the union
* Note by Author. — This white edging would, however, show
the union of the two flags, which otherwise might not have beeu
apparent. We are told, in De Foe's History of the Union, that great
jealousy for the ancient banners of their respective kingdoms, was
shown both by Scots and English.

36 THE NATIONAL FLAG
with Ireland, January 1, 1801, previous to which
instructions were given to combine the banner of St.
Patrick (argent, a saltire gules) with the crosses of
St. George and St. Andrew. In obedience to these
instructions, the present National Flag of Great
Britain and Ireland was produced."* — See Fig. 6,
Plate I.
We would observe that, as this last form of the
union was only adopted in 1801, which was the first
time that a change was made in the flags proscribed
in 1707, it is only of interest as completing the ac
count of the Union Jack.
" The word Jack is most probably derived from
the surcoat, charged with a red cross, anciently used
by the English soldiery. This appears to have been
called a jacque, whence the word jacket, anciently
written jacquit."*
We desire to impress this last remark upon the
mind of the reader, as, in the course of our inquiry,
we shall meet more than once with allusions to the
"Jack," the " St. George's Jack," &c., and to invite
special attention to the fact that the badge on the
clothes of the soldiery furnished a badge to the flag
of their country. Thus the cross of St. Andrew, worn
by the Scots, was emblazoned on the banner of Scot-
* Parker. Terms used iu British Heraldry, pp. 815-16.

OF THB UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 37
land, and the cross of St. George, worn by the Eng
lish soldiery, was emblazoned on the banner of
England. This last, the national flag of England, the Red
Cross flag, has now, for us, especial interest.
A singular circumstance furnishes us with proof
that this Red Cross flag was in use in the colonies.
We find in the " Journal of John Winthrop, Esq., the
first governor of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay,''
the following memoranda in reference to it : —
"Anno 1634, November 5.] At the Court of As
sistants, complaint was made by one of the country
(viz., Richard Brown, of Watertown, in the name of
the rest), that the ensign at Salem was defaced, viz. ;
one part of the red cross taken out. Upon this, an
attachment was issued against Richard Davenport,
ensign-bearer, to appear at the next court to answer.
Much matter was made of this, as fearing it would
be taken as an act of rebellion, or of like high nature,
in defacing the king's colors;" [i. e. the Banner of
St. George;] "though the truth were, it was done
upon this opinion, that the red cross was given to
the King of England, by the pope, as an ensign of
victory, and so a superstitious thing, and a relic
of antichrist. What proceeding was hereupon, will
appear after, at next court in the first month ; for
4

38 THE NATIONAL FLAG
by reason of the great snows and frosts, we used not
to keep courts in the three winter months."*
"Anno 1635, mo. 1, 4.] A General .Court at
Newtown." " Mr. Endecott was called to answer for defacing
the cross in the ensign ; but, because the court could
not agree about the thing, whether the ensigns should
be laid by, in regard that many refused to follow
them, the whole case was deferred till the next gene
ral court ; and the commissioners for military aff'airs
gave order, in the mean time, that all ensigns should
be laid aside," &c.t
" Anno 1635, mo. 3, 6.] A General Court was
held at Newtown, where John Haynes, Esq., was
chosen governor ; Richard Bellingham, Esq., deputy
governor ; and Mr. Hough, and Mr. Dummer, chosen
assistants to the former ; and Mr. Ludlow, the late
deputy, left out of the magistracy. The reason was,
partly, because the people would exercise their abso
lute power, &c., and partly by some speeches of the
deputy, who protested against the election of the
governor as void, for that the deputies of the several
towns had agreed upon the election before they came,
&c. But this was generally discussed, and the elec
tion adjudged good."!
* Winthrop's New England, vol. i. p. 146.
f Ibid. vol. i. pp. 155-6. | Ibid. vol. i. pp. 158.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 89
" Mr. Endecott was also left out, and called into
question about the defacing the cross in the ensign ;
and a committee was chosen, viz. : every town chose
one (which yet were voted for by all the people), and
the magistrates chose four, who, taking the charge
to consider the off"ence, and the censure due to it,
and to certify the court, after one or two hours time,
made report to the court, that they found the ofl'ence
to be great, viz. : rash and without discretion, taking
upon him more authority than he had, and not seek
ing advice of the court, &c. ; uncharitable, in that he,
judging the cross, &c., to be a sin, did content himself
to have reformed it at Salem, not taking care that
others might be brought out of it also ; laying a blemish,
also, upon the rest of the magistrates, as if they would
suff'er idolatry, &c., and giving occasion to the state
of England to think ill of us. For which they ad
judged him worthy admonition, and to be disabled
for one year from bearing any public office ; declining
any heavier sentence because they were persuaded he
did it out of tenderness of conscience, and not of evil
intent."* " The matter of altering the cross in the ensign
was referred to the next meeting (the court having
adjourned for three weeks), it being propounded to
turn it to the red and white rose, &c."
* Winthrop's New England, vol. i. p. 158.

40 THE NATIONAL FLAG
[We have seen, under our first notice of the Cross
of St. George, that " its use was, for a while, nearly
superseded (in England) by the roses, but revived
upon the termination of the wars between the rival
houses."] " And every man was to deal with his
neighbors to still their minds, who stood so stiff" for
the cross, until we should fully agree about it, which
was expected, because the ministers had promised to
take pains about it, and to write into England to have
the judgment of the most wise and godly there."*
" Anno 1635, mo. 12, 1.] At the last General
Court it was referred to the military commissioners to
appoint colors for every company ; who did accord
ingly, and left out the cross in all of them, appoint
ing the king's arms to be put into that of Castle
Island, and Boston to be the first company."!
" Anno 1636, mo. 3, 15.] Here arrived a ship
called the St. Patrick, belonging to Sir Thomas
Wentworth [afterwards the great Earl of Strafford],
deputy of Ireland [i. e. viceroy], one Palmer, master.
When she came near Castle Island, the lieutenant
of the fort went aboard her and made her strike her
flag, which the master took as a great injury, and
complained of it to the magistrates, who, calling the
* Winthrop's New England, vol. i. p. 158.
f Ibid. vol. i. p. 180.

OP THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 41
lieutenant before them, heard the cause and declared
to the master that he had no commission so to do.
And because he had made them strike to the fort
(which had then no color abroad), they tendered the
master such satisfaction as he desired, which was
only this, that the lieutenant, aboard their ship,
should acknowledge his error, that so all the ship's
company might receive satisfaction, lest the lord
deputy should have been informed that we had off'ered
that discourtesy to his ship which we had never
off'ered to any before."
"Mo. 3, 31.] One Miller, master's mate in the
Hector, spake to some of our people aboard his ship,
that, because we had not the king's colors at our
fort, we were all traitors and rebels, &c. The
governor sent for the master, Mr. Feme, and ac
quainted him with it, who promised to deliver him
to us. Whereupon, we sent the marshal and four
sergeants to the ship for him, but the master not
being aboard they would not deliver him; where
upon, the master went himself and brought him to
the court ; and, the words being proved against him
by two witnesses, he was committed. The next day
the master, to pacify his men, who were in a great
tumult, requested he might be delivered to him, and
did undertake to bring him before us again the
day after, which was granted him, and he brought
4*

42 THE NATIONAL FLAG
him to us at the time appointed. Then, in the pre
sence of all the rest of the masters, he acknowledged
his off'ence, and set his hand to a submission, and
was discharged."
We will break the thread of this extract to intro
duce this curious paper, which, taken from the
Colonial Mecord, i. 179, we find given at length in
a note to Winthrop's New England.
"Whoreas I, Thomas Millerd, have given out
most false and reproachful speeches against his
majesty's loyal and faithful subjects, dwelling in the
Massachusetts Bay in America, saying that they
were all traitors and rebels, and that I would affirm
so much before the governor himself, which expres
sions I do confess (and so desire may be conceived)
did proceed from the rashness and distemper of my
own brain, without any just ground or cause so to
think or speak, for which my unworthy and sinful
carriage being called in question, I do justly stand
committed. My humble request, therefore, is that,
upon this my full and ingenuous recantation of this
my gross failing, it would please the governor and
the rest of the assistants to accept of this my hum
ble submission, to pass by my fault, and to dismiss
me from further trouble; and this, my free and vol
untary confession, I subscribe with my hand, this
9th June, 1636."

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 43
We now resume our extract from Winthrop.
" Then the governor desired the masters that they
would deal freely, and tell us, if they did take any
off'ence, and what they required of us. They an
swered, that in regard they should be examined upon
their return, what colors they saw here ; they did
desire that the king's colors might be spread at our
fort. It was answered, we had not the king's colors.
Thereupon, two of them did off'er them freely to us."
This was about June, 1636, and we have seen that
it was only in the year 1635, that the commissioners
for military aff'airs had ordered the red cross ensigns
to be laid aside ; hence, it is altogether improbable
that they could not have procured one of these, but,
what we have styled the king's colors ^aj* excellence,
being prescribed only for ships, was not likely to be
owned by the colonial authorities. Its device, a modi
fication of the cross, about which the question had
arisen, might possibly have served as a device to re
lieve the tenderness of the consciences of the autho
rities, and would also enable the masters to say, on
their return, that they had seen the king's colors
spread at the castle at Boston.
As we see above, "it was answered we had not the
king's colors. Thereupon, two of them did off'er
them freely to us. We replied, that for our part,
we were fully persuaded that the cross in the ensign

44 THE NATIONAL FLAG
was idolatrous, and, therefore, might not set it up in
our ensign; but, because the fort was the king's, and
maintained in his name, we thought his own colors
might be spread there. So the governor accepted
the colors of Captain Palmer, and promised they
should be set up at Castle Island. We had con
ferred over night with Mr. Cotton, &c., about the
point. The governor, and Mr. Dudley, and Mr.
Cotton, were of opinion that they might be set up at
the fort upon this distinction, that it was maintained
in the king's name. Others, not being so persuaded,
answered that the governor and Mr. Dudley, being
two of the council, and being persuaded of the law
fulness, &c., might use their power to set them up.
Some others being not so persuaded, could not join
in the act, yet would not oppose, as being doubtful,
&c."* " Anno 1636, mo. 4, 16.] The governor, with con
sent of Mr, Dudley, gave warrant to Lieutenant
Morris, to spread the king's colors at Castle Island,
when the ships passed by. It was done at the re
quest of the masters of the ten ships which were then
here ; yet with this protestation, that we held the cross
in the ensign idolatrous, and, therefore, might not
set it up in our own ensigns; but this being kept as
* Winthrop's New England, vol. i. p. 187.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 45
the king's fort, the governor and some others were
of opinion that his own colors might be spread upon
it. The colors were given us by Captain Palmer,
and the governor, in requital, sent him three beaver-
skins."* The following order of the Court of Massachusetts,
leads us to conclude that these colors, or those con
taining the king's arms, were continued in use until
they were likely to bring the colony under the dis
pleasure of the Parliament of England, which, in
arms against the king, used the Red Cross flag, or
St. George's banner. We then find the colony of
Massachusetts giving orders on this matter as fol
lows : — "MASSACHUSETTS RECORDS, 1651. f
"Forasmuch as the court conceives the old English
colors now used by the Parliament of England to be
a necessary badge of distinction betwixt the English
and other nations in all places of the world, till the
state of England shall alter the same, which we
much desire, we being of the same nation, have,
therefore, ordered that the captain of the castle
shall presently advance the aforesaid colors of Eng
land upon the castle upon all necessary occasions."
* Winthrop's New England, vol. ii. p. 344.
¦j- Hazard, vol. i. p. 554.

46 • THE NATIONAL FLAG
These extracts show the importance attached to
colors in those times.
This question, and indeed all questions, as to the
flags to be used both at sea and land by the subjects
of Great Britain, and the dominions thereunto
belonging, were, however, set at rest, by the 1st
article of the treaty of union between Scotland and
England, from which fact the flags then prescribed
were called Union flags.
" Act of Parliament ratifying and approving the
treaty of the two kingdoms of Scotland and England,
Jan. 16, 1707."
" I. Article. That the two kingdoms of Scotland
and England shall, upon the first day of May next,
ensuing the date hereof, and forever after, be united
into one kingdom by the name of Great Britain ; and
that the ensigns armorial of the said united kingdom
be such as her majesty shall appoint ; and the crosses
of St. Andrew and St. George be conjoined in such
manner as her majesty shall think fit, and used in
all fiags, banners, standards, and ensigns, both at
sea and land."*
Under the head of Union Jack, we have shown how
these crosses were conjoined. We now give a por-
* History of the Union of Sootiand and England, by Dani. Do
Foe, p. 528.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 47
tion of the proclamation of July 28, 1707, referred
to in that account of the Union Jack.
"by THE QUEEN: PROCLAMATION.
"Declaring what ensigns and colors shall be borne
at sea in merchant ships, and vessels belonging to
any of her majesty's subjects of Great Britain, and
the dominions thereunto belonging.
"Anne R.
" Whereas, by the first article of the treaty of union,
as the same hath been ratified and approved by several
acts of Parliament, the one made in our Parliament,
of England, and the other in our Parliament of Scot
land, it was provided and agreed that the ensigns
armorial of our kingdom of Great Britain be such as
we should appoint, and the crosses of St. George and
St. Andrew conjoined in such manner as we should
think fit, and used in all flags, banners, standards,
and ensigns, both at sea and land, we have therefore
thought fit, by, and with the advice of our privy
council, to order and appoint the ensign described on
the side or margent hereof [see Fig. 7, Plate I.], to
be worn on board of all ships or vessels belonging to
any of our subjects whatsoever; and to issue this,
our royal proclamation, to notify the same to all our
loving subjects, hereby strictly charging and com
manding the masters of all merchant ships and ves-

48 THE NATIONAL FLAG
sels belonging to any of our subjects, whether em
ployed in our service or otherwise, and all other
persons whom it may concern, to wear the said
ensign on board their ships and vessels. And where
as, divers of our subjects have presumed, on board
their ships, to wear our flags, jacks, and pendants,
which, according to ancient usage, have been
appointed to a distinction for our ships, and many
times thinking to avoid the punishment due for the
same, have worn flags, jacks, and pendants in shape
and mixture of colors, so little diff'erent from ours, as
not without difficulty to be distinguished therefrom,
which practice has been found attended with mani
fold inconveniences : for prevention of the same for
the future, we do, therefore, with the advice of our
privy council, hereby strictly charge and command
all our subjects whatsoever, that they do not presume
to wear on any of their ships or vessels, our jack,
commonly called the Union Jack, nor any pendants,
nor any such colors as are usually borne by our ships
without particular warrant for their so doing from us,
or our high admiral of Great Britain, or the commis
sioners for executing the office of high admiral for
the time being ; and do hereby further command all
our loving subjects, that, without such warrant as
aforesaid, they presume not to wear on board their
ships or vessels, any flags, jacks, pendants, or colors,

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 49
made in imitation of ours, or any kind of pendant,
whatsoever, or any other ensign, than the ensign
described in the side or margent hereof, which shall
be worn instead of the ensign before this time usually
worn in merchant vessels. Saving that, for the better
distinction of such ships as shall have commissions of
letters of mart or reprisals against the enemy, and
any other ships or vessels which may be employed
by principal officers and commissioners of our navy,
the principal officers of our ordnance, the commis
sioners for victualling our navy, the commissioners
for our customs, and the commissioners for transpor
tation for our service — relating particularly to those
offices our royal will and pleasure is, That all such
ships as have commissions of letters of mart and re
prisals, shall, besides the colors or ensign hereby
appointed to be worn by merchant ships, wear a red
jack, with a Union Jack described in a canton at the
upper corner thereof, next the staff' [see Fig. 1,
Plate IL], and that such ships and vessels as shall be
employed for our service by the principal officers and
commissioners of our navy, &c. [same enumeration
as before], shall wear a red jack with a Union Jack
in a canton at the upper corner thereof, next the
staffj as aforesaid; and in the other part of the said
jack, shall be described the seal used in such of the
respective offices aforesaid, by which the said ships
5

50 THE NATIONAL FLAG
and vessels shall be employed. [This flag was the
same as Fig. 1, Plate IL, except the seal of the office
by which employed.] And we do strictly charge and
command, &c., (and the residue orders, seizure of ves
sels not obeying this proclamation, by wearing other
ensigns, &c., and to return the names of such ships
and vessels, and orders strict inquiry into any viola
tion of the proclamation, and then directs it to take
eff'ect in the Channel or British seas and in the North
Sea, after twelve days from the date of the procla
mation, and from the mouth of the Channel unto
Cape St. Yincent after six weeks from the date, and
beyond the cape, and on this side the equinoctial
line, as well in the ocean and Mediterranean as else
where, after ten weeks from the date, and beyond
the line, after the space of eight months from the
date of these presents.)
" Given at our court at Windsor, the 28th day of
July, in the sixth year of our reign.*
"GOD SAVE THE QUEEN."
In a description of Boston Harbor, in 1720, thir
teen years after the date of this proclamation, we learn
that, " to prevent any possible surprise from an enemy,
* The Boston News Letter, No. 197, from Monday, Jan. 19, to
Monday, Jan. 26, 1707.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 51
there is a light-house built on a rock appearing above
water, about three long leagues from the town, which,
in time of war, makes a signal to the castle, and the
castle to the town, by hoisting and lowering the
Union flag so many times as there are ships
approaching.''* After having given the first article of the treaty,
and the above proclamation, this description is only
useful as proving that the term "Union Flag" was
the familiar one applied to describe the flags esta
blished under the union, as well in the colonies as the
mother country, and explains the following note in
Frothlngham's Siege of Boston.
Frothingham says: "In 1774, there are frequent
notices of Union flags in the newspapers, but I
have not met with any description of the devices on
them."f After the history of Union flags already
given, this will not appear surprising; for who,
in our day, speaking of the "Stars and Stripes,"
would pause to describe its devices. We, however,
are inclined to the opinion that the flags spoken of
in the newspapers, referred to by Mr. Frothingham,
were the ensigns described in the proclamation of
Queen Anne, as being the common ensign of the
* Neal's History of New England, p. 585.
•j- Siege of Boston, p. 104, note.

52 THE NATIONAL FLAG
commercial marine of " Great Britain, and the
dominions thereof." For, as such, they must have
been more easily procurable than the Union Jacks,
and more familiar to the people, and therefore would
appeal with most force to the popular sentiment.
That this was the case in the colony of New York,
we learn from the following : " In March, 1775, ' a
Union flag with a red field' was hoisted at New York
upon the liberty-pole, bearing the inscription ' George
Rex, and the Liberties of America,' and, upon the
reverse, ' No Popery.' "* With the exception of
the mottoes, this was the same flag as is represented.
Fig. 7, Plate I.
Frothingham gives us to understand that they
were displayed on liberty-poles and on the famous
" Liberty Tree" on Boston Common. In this con
nection, we will quote a few lines from a letter, dated
Philadelphia, December 27, 1775, to show the tem
per of the public mind at that time, and to indicate
the name given to the colonies, whose flag we arc
now about to consider.
* T. Westcott, Notes and Queries. Literary World, Oct. 2, 1852.

OF TIIE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

" TO THB PEOPLE OF NORTH AMERICA :
" Philadelphia, December 27, 1775.
" Those who have the general welfare of the
United English Colonies in North America sincerely
at heart, who wish to see peace restored, and her
liberties established on a solid foundation, may, a\
present, be divided into two classes, viz. : those who
' look forward to an independency as the only state in
which they can perceive any security for our liber
ties and privileges, and those who ' think it not
impossible that Britain and America may yet be
united.' " If the present struggle should end in.the total
independence of America, which is not impossible,
every one will acknowledge the necessity of framing
what may be called the ' Constitution of the United
English Colonies.' If, on tho other hand, it should
terminate in a reunion with Great Britain, there yet
appears so evident a necessity of such a constitution
that every good man must desire it."*
This letter shows the importance the Union of the
Colonies, lately entered into, held in the mind of the
public. Prior to its being entered into, its necessity
was thus forcibly indicated to the public mind. The
* American Archives, 4th series, vol. iv. p. 407.

54 THE NATIONAL FLAG
newspapers commonly bore the device of a disjointed
snake, represented as divided into thirteen portions.
Each portion bearing the initials of one of the colo
nies, and under it the motto, "Join, or die." Thus
impressed, we can readily perceive how naturally
they seized upon the flag in use in the mother coun
try and its dominions, as an emblem of union among
the members of that mother country, to indicate the
necessity of it among the colonies, and, by displaying
it from liberty-poles, &c., indicated the object for
which union was necessary, viz. : to secure the liberty
of British subjects.
The first authentic account of the display of the
Union flag, as the flag of the united colonies, is from
the pen of General Washington, in a letter addressed
to Colonel Joseph Reed, his military secretary.
" Cambridge, January 4, 1776.
"Dear sir: We are at length favored with a
sight of his majesty's most gracious speech, breathing
sentiments of tenderness and compassion for his de
luded American subjects. The echo is not yet come
to hand, but we know what it must be ; and, as Lord
North said (and we ought to have believed and acted
accordingly), we now know the ultimatum of British
justice. The speech I send you. A volume of them
was sent out by the Boston gentry; and, farcical

OF THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 55
enough, we gave great joy to them, without knowing
or intending it ; for, on that day, the day which
gave being to the new army, but before the procla
mation came to hand, we had hoisted the Union flag
in compliment to the united colonies. But, behold !
it was received in Boston as a token of the deep im
pression the speech had made upon us, and as a sig
nal of submission. So we hear, by a person out of
Boston, last night. By this time, I presume, they
begin to think it strange that we have not made a
formal surrender of our lives."
[From Philadelphia Crazette], note to the above, in
American Archives. "Philadelphia, January 15, 1776.
" Our advices conclude with the following anec
dote : That, upon the king's speech arriving at Bos
ton, a great number of them were reprinted and sent
out to our lines on the 2d of January, which, being
also the day of forming the new army, The Great
Union Flag was hoisted on Prospect Hill, in compli
ment to the United Colonies. This happening soon
after the speeches were delivered at Roxbury, but
before they were received at Cambridge, the Boston
gentry supposed it to be a token of the deep impres
sion the speech had made, and a signal of submission.
That they were much disappointed at finding several

56 THE NATIONAL FLAG
days elapse without some formal measure leading to
a surrender, with which they had begun to flatter
themselves." We observe, in General Washington's letter, that
the Americans, "farcical enough," "without knowing
or intending it," led the Boston gentry to imagine
them about to surrender, because a Union flag was
displayed, which was only displayed in compliment to
the United Colonies on the day the army, organized
under the orders of Congress, subsequent to the union
of the thirteen colonies, came into being. And, in
the extract from the newspaper account of this, that
the flag was displayed on Prospect Hill, and that it
must have been a peculiarly marked Union flag, to be
called The Great Union Flag. As this was the
name given to the national banner of Great Britain,
this indicates this flag as the national banner of the
United Colonies. Lieutenant Carter, a British officer,
very naturally explains both these circumstances.
He was on Charlestown Heights, and says : January
26, 1776 : " The king's speech was sent by a flag to
them on the 1st inst. In a short time after they re
ceived it, they hoisted an Union flag (above the con
tinental with thirteen stripes) at Mount Pisgah ;
their citadel fired thirteen guns, and gave the like
number of cheers."* * Siege of Boston, p. 283.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 57
This account of the flag, from Lieut. Carter, is cor
roborated by the following from the captain of an
English transport, to his owners in London, when
taken in connection with the extract subjoined to it,
taken from the British Annual Register for 1776.
The captain writes : — " Boston, Jan. 17, 1776.
" I can see the rebels' camp very plain, whose co
lors, a little while ago, were entirely red; but, on
the receipt of the king's speech (which they burnt),
they have hoisted the Union Flag, which is here sup
posed to intimate the union of the provinces."*
The Annual Register says : " The arrival of a
copy of the king's speech, with an account of the
fate of the petition from the Continental Congress,
is said to have excited the greatest degree of rage
and indignation among them ; as a proof of which,
the former was publicly burnt in the camp ; and they
are said, on this occasion, to have changed their co
lors from a plain red ground, which they had hitherto
used, to a flag with thirteen stripes, as a symbol of
the number and union of the colonies. "f
We have already shown that the first flag spoken
of in both the above accounts (Flag No. 3) in our
* American Archives, 4th series, vol. iv. p. 711.
f British Annual Register, 1776, p. 147.

58 THE NATIONAL FLAG
Table, bore certain mottoes ; and not being precise
in the description of the flag, which for months had
been displayed before their eyes, we may expect in
accuracies in the description of a flag newly presented
to them, and which, even to an officer on Charles
town Heights, who, as appears, was at some pains to
describe it, appeared to be two flags ; and remember
ing that this flag was supposed to be displayed on
the receipt of the king's speech, the following ac
count of the colors of British regiments explains why
it was especially regarded by the British as a token
of submission.
" The king's, ov first color of every regiment, is to
be the Great Union throughout.
" The second color is to be the color of the facing
of the regiment, with the Union in the upper canton,
except those regiments which are faced with red,
white, or black.
" The first standard. Guidon, or color of regiments
of the line, is not to be carried by any guard but
that of the King, Queen, Prince of Wales, Com
mander-in-chief, or Admiral of the Fleet, being of
the royal family ; and, except in those cases, it is
always to remain with the regiment."*
From the above we see that, to the mind of a
* King's Regulations for the British Army, Colors, &o.

OP THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 59
British officer, the Union flag, supposed to have
been displayed in connection with the receipt of the
king's speech, above a flag with thirteen stripes,
would indicate an acknowledgment of the supremacy
of the king over the United Colonies, supposed to be
represented in the thirteen stripes.
Without further proof, therefore, we may conclude
that the "Union" flag, displayed by General Wash
ington, was the union of the crosses of St. George
and St. Andrew, with thirteen stripes through the
field of the flag. (See Fig. 2, Plate II.)
On the evacuation of Boston by the British, this
standard was, on the entrance of the American
army into Boston, carried by Ensign Richards.*
While we may fairly infer from General Washing
ton's letter, that this emblem of union had presented
itself to his mind as such, we may also infer from his
not describing its accompanying devices, to mark the
compliment to the United Colonies, that he supposed
Colonel Joseph Reed, his military secretary, fully
acquainted with them ; and from this we may con
clude Colonel Reed had something to-do with its
preparation. This conclusion is strengthened by the
fact, that Colonel Joseph Reed was Secretary to the
Committee of Conference sent by Congress to ar-
* American Archives, 4th series, vol. v. p. 423.

60 THE NATIONAL FLAG
range with General Washington the details of the
organization of the army, which went into being
January 2, 1776. And, at the very time that Com
mittee was in session at the camp at Cambridge, we
find Colonel Reed having the subject of flags under
consideration. To the reply to a letter written by
him at that time, we may possibly trace the origin
of the use of a modification of the British ensign,
a drawing of which is given under Queen Anne's
proclamation before quoted, as the flag of the United
Colonies. And we shall give good reasons to con
clude that this modification consisted in applying to
its red field a sufficient number of white stripes, to
divide the whole into thirteen stripes, alternate red
and white, as above shown ; and we will show the
propriety of this by establishing the fact that a
stripe was the badge of rank in the ununiformed
army that assembled about Boston in defence of
liberty. Colonel Joseph Reed, Secretary to the Committee
of Conference from Congress, and Military Secretary
of General Washington, the Committee being then
in session, wrote, October 20, 1776 : " Please fix
upon some particular color for a flag and a signal by
which our vessels may know one another.* What
* From this, we may justly conclude that the Committee of Con
ference, composed of Dr. Franklin, Mr. Lynch, and Mr. Harrison,

Pl.IL

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71 ^

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DONTTKEADONME

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OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 61
do you think of a flag with a white ground, a tree in
the middle, the motto, ' Appeal to Heaven ?' This
is the flag of our floating batteries," To which
Colonels Glover and Moylan replied, October 21,
1775 : " That as Broughton and Selman, who sailed
that morning, had none but their old colors, they
had appointed the signal by which they could be
known by their friends to be ' the ensign up to the
maintopping lift,"*
This ensign, which is called their " old colors,"
must have been the ensign spoken of and described
in Queen Anne's proclamation, (See Fig. 7, Plate
I.) Since we have seen one ensign prescribed 1707,
for the merchant ships and vessels of Great Britain,
and the dominions thereunto belonging, and that no
change was made until 1801, This being the case,
the ensign of the colonial cruisers, inasmuch as they
were armed merchant vessels, must have been the
British ensign displayed at the maintopping lift.
There were several reasons for this ; the most forci
ble of which were, that it being usual to have no special
place for the display of the national ensign at sea, but
had the subject of the flag under consideration, and that the flag
prepared under their supervision was the one displayed as the flag
of the United Colonies, on the day the army organized by them,
General Washington, &c., went into being.
* Siege of Boston, p. 261.
6

62 THE NATIONAL FLAG
the custom being to exhibit it in such J)art of the ves
sel from which it could be most conveniently observed
by the strange sail (on which occasion only it was worn
at sea), to adopt a particular place for its display would
be to give it a new character ; one peculiarly happy
for the then state of aff'airs, as it would betray the
English transports to the colonial cruisers, and would
not betray the Colonial cruisers to the British ships
of war, as "the maintopping lift" must have been
such a position as would not attract the attention of
those not in the secret. This reply of the gentlemen
charged with the continental or colonial cruisers,
would readily have suggested a modification of the
British ensign for the ensign of the United Colonies
of North America ; for the transition, in the adoption
of a flag, from a particular place for the display of a
particular flag, to some modification of the same flag,
was both natural and easy ; especially, as a slight
modification of this flag would enable them to indi
cate the number of colonies, while the emblem of
union would happily indicate the union of those colo
nies, and at the same time would have justified them
in saying, in their address of December 6, 1775,
"Allegiance to our king. Our words have ever
avowed it, our conduct has ever been in keeping with
it," as having acknowledged their dependence on the

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 63
mother country, even in the flag with which they
were to struggle against her.
Before we proceed to consider the origin of the
stripes, we shall give an account of the same flag
as displayed on the fleet fitted out at Philadelphia
about this time, so as to fix, beyond a doubt, this
emblem of union. A.s a preliminary, we will give a
short extract of the sailing orders given to Benedict
Arnold's fleet,* when he set out on his expedition to
Canada. They may, be found at length in Major
Meigs's journal of that expedition,
" 1st Signal." " For speaking with the whole
fleet, ensign at maintopmast head."
" 2d Signal." "For chasing a sail, ensign at fore
topmast head."
" 6th Signal." " For boarding any vessel. Jack at
maintopmast head, and the whole fleet to draw up in
a line as near as possible."
The Jack, or Union, or Union Jack, as it was and
is called, was and is, to this day, in the navy of
Great Britain, the flag of the admiral of the fleet;
and was probably, as such, worn by the vessel of the
commander-in-chief of this expedition, and its use
probably suggested the adoption of a standard for
the commander-in-chief of the first American fleet.
Flag No. 7, in our table. The date of sailing of the
* Mass. Historical Collections, 2d series, vol. ii. p. 228.

64 THE NATIONAL FLAG
above fleet was Sept. 19, 1775, before the letter of
Colonels Glover and Moylan, speaking of the " old
colors," was written (the date of the latter was Oct.
21, 1775), and the use of the terms jack and ensign
strengthens the conclusion that the term "old colors"
meant British colors, for we shall find, in the orders
of the first American fieet, that the ensign and jack
are called the striped ensign and Jack.
In this connection, we give a few extracts from the
sailing orders of the first American fleet, " given the
several captains in the fleet, at sailing from the Capes
of Delaware, Peb. 17, 1776."*
" Sir : You are hereby ordered to keep company
with me, if possible, and truly observe the signals
given by the ship I am in."
" In case you are in any very great danger of
being taken, you are to destroy these orders and
your signals."
SIGNALS FOR THE AMERICAN FLEET BY DAT.
" For chasing : For the whole fleet to chase, a red
pennant at the foretopmast head." We have already
said that, since the time of the Romans, a red flag
¦has been the signal to prepare for battle.
" For seeing a strange vessel : Hoist the ensign,
and lower and hoist it as many times as you see ves
sels, allowing two minutes between each time."
* American Archives, 4th series, vol. iv. p. 1179.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 65
Supposing this ensign to be a Union flag, observe
the similarity between this signal and that for the
lighthouse and castle in Boston Harbor in 1720 ; " the
lighthouse," as we have already stated, "in time of
war makes a signal to the castle, and the castle to
the town, by hoisting and lowering the Union flag so
many times as there are ships approaching."
" For the Providence to chase : A St. George's
ensign with stripes at the mizzen peak."
" For a general attack, or the whole fleet to en
gage, the standard at the maintopmast head, with
ihe striped Jack and ensign at their proper places."
Now let us look at some of the descriptions of the
colors of this fleet, both by American and British
writers. SAILING OF THE FIRST AMERICAN FLEET.
"Neweern, North Carolina, February 9, 1776.
" By a gentleman from Philadelphia, we have re
ceived the pleasing account of the actual sailing from
that place of the first American fleet that ever swelled
their sails on the Western Ocean, &c.
" This fleet consists of five sail, fitted out from
Philadelphia, which are to be joined at the capes of
Virginia by two more ships from Maryland, and is
commanded by Admiral Hopkins, a most experienced
and venerable sea captain." 6*

66 THE NATIONAL FLAG
" They sailed from Philadelphia amidst the accla
mations of thousands assembled on the joyful occa
sion, under the display of a Union flag, with thirteen
stripes in the field, emblematical of the thirteen
United Colonies."*
And the following extract from a letter, dated
New Providence, West Indies, of which Island Ad
miral Hopkins took prisoner the governor, kc.f
This letter was kindly furnished by Colonel Peter
Force, editor of the American Archives, and may be
found in the London Ladies' Magazine, vol. vii.
July 1776, p. 390. " New Providence, May 13, 1776.
" The colors of the American fleet were striped
under the Union, with thirteen strokes, called the
United Colonies, and their standard, a rattlesnake ;
motto — ' Don't tread on me.' "
The following extract was furnished by the same
gentleman, to whom I cannot too warmly return my
thanks for the facilities and assistance he has afford
ed me. "Williamsburg, Va., April 10, 1776.
" The Roebuck [a British cruiser] has taken two
prizes in Delaware Bay, which she decoyed within
* American Archives, 4tli scries, vol. iv. p. 965.
t Ibid. vol. V. p. 823.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 67
her reach, by hoisting a Continental Union Flag."
Reference to this letter not obtained, but in support
of its correctness, see affidavit of Mr. Barry, master's
mate, ship Grace, captured by the Roebuck, to be
found in the Pennsylvania Evening Post, June 20,
1776, vol. ii. No. 221.
It is unnecessary to multiply proof on this subject.
The term union, in these accounts, both by American
and British writers, at sea and land, by the interpre
tation we give it, explains and harmonizes all of
them. We therefore proceed to consider the other
and what may be called the distinctive devices — we
mean the stripes on this Continental Union Flag.
Under the head of Ensign {Brande's Dictionary),
we are told: "Men of war carry a red, white, or blue
ensign, according to the color of the flag of the ad
miral." By the 1st Article of the union between
England and Scotland, we have seen that the ensigns,
both " at sea and land," were to embody the union of
the crosses of St. George and St. Andrew conjoined;
hence the colors, red, white, &c., only apply to the
field of the ensign.
In the extract from the King's Regulations for the
British Army, we have shown that the ensign of the
diff'erent regiments differed in color according as the
facings of the uniforms of the particular regiments
to which they belonged diifered. We have seen, in

68

THE NATIONAL FLAG

the Crusades, the diff'erent nations were distinguished
by diff'erent colored crosses on their surcoats, from
which the particular colored cross was transferred to
the national banners of at least Scotland and Eng
land. Here the striking distinction was color. The
same practice prevailed at the time of the Revolution
in the colonies. — See the Proceedings of the Provin
cial Congress of Connecticut, " July 1, 1775; One
standard for each regiment, distinguished by their
color, as follows, viz. : For the seventh, blue ; for
the eighth, orange."*
With this practice of nations, then, before them,
and evidently applied by them, viz. : that of apply
ing some badge of distinction in use in their armies
to their national banner, combined with that of indi
cating diff'erent portions of their armies by diff'erent
colors for their flags ; and of two nations, when unit
ing, adopting as a common ensign something to in
dicate their union, and still preserve the original
banners (both as to devices and color), under which
they had respectively achieved signal triumphs, espe
cially as this last example was that of the mother
country, we may expect to see the colonies carrying
out this practice in their Union flag.
They were British colonies : and, as we have
* American Archives, 4th series, vol. ii. p. 1582.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 69
shown, they used the British Union, but now, they
were to distinguish their flag by its color from other
British ensigns, preserve a trace of the colors under
which they had previously fought with success, and,
at the same time, represent this combination in some
form peculiar to themselves.
The mode of distinction by color could not well
be applied by the United Colonies in a single color,
as the simpler and most striking were exhausted in
application to British ensigns ; but, if applied, must
have been used in a complex form or combination of
colors. This being the case, stripes of color would
naturally be suggested as being striking, as enabling
them to show the number and union of the colonies,
as preserving the colors of the flags previously used
by them; and also the badge of distinction, which,
at the time of the adoption of this flag, marked the
diff'erent grades in the ununiformed army before
Boston. Hence, probably, the name. The Crreat
Union Flag, given to it by the writer in the Phila
delphia Crazette, before quoted, doubtless Colonel
Joseph Reed, inasmuch as this flag indicated, as re-
pected the Colonies, precisely what the Great Union
Flag of Great Britain indicated respecting the mother
country. The only point that now remains for us to esta
blish is, that a stripe or ribbon was the badge in

70 THE NATIONAL FLAG
common use in the army of the colonists before
Boston. In proof of this, we quote the following
extracts from the orders of General Washington,
"Head-Quarters, Cambridge, July 14, 1775.
(" Countersign, Inverness. Parole, Halifax.)
" There being something awkward as well as im
proper in the general officers being stopped at the
outposts, asked for passes by the sentries, and
obliged, often, to send for the officer of the guard
(who, it frequently happens, is as much unacquainted
with the persons of the generals as the private men),
before they can pass in or out, it is recommended to
both officers and men, to make themselves acquainted
with the persons of all officers in general command,
and, in the mean time, to prevent mistakes, the gene
ral officers and their aides-de-camp will be distin
guished in the following manner : The commander-
in-chief, by a light blue ribbon worn across his
breast, between his coat and waistcoat; the majors
and brigadiers general by a pink ribbon worn in
like manner; the aides-de-camp, by a green ribbon."*
"Head-Quarters, Cambridge, July 23, 1775.
("Parole, Brunswick. Countersign, Princeton.)
"As the continental army have unfortunately no.
uniforms, and consequently many inconveniences
* American Archives, 4th series, vol. ii. p. 1662.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 71
must arise from not being able always to distinguish
the commissioned officers from the non-commissioned,
and the non-commissioned from the privates, it is
desired that some badges of distinction may be im
mediately provided ; for instance, the field officers
may have red or pink colored cockades in their hats,
the captains yellow or bufi^, and the subalterns green.
They are to furnish themselves accordingly. The ser
geants may be distinguished by an epaulette or stripe
of red cloth sewed upon the right shoulder, the cor
porals by one of green."*
"Head-Quarters, Cambridge, July 24, 1775.
("Parole, Salisbury, Countersign, Cumberland.)
"It being thought proper to distinguish the majors
from brigadiers general, by some particular mark for
the future, the majors general will wear a broad
purple ribbon." ^
Having thus established the use of the stripe as a
badge of distinction, we have completed our proofs
in reference to the Union flag displayed by General
Washington before Boston, January 2, 1776. And
to perceive how simple and natural is the deduction
of the ensign of the army and fleet of the United
English Colonies of North America, from the national
* American Archives, 4th series, vol. ii. p. 1738.

72 THE NATIONAL FLAG
ensign of Great Britain, it is only necessary to com
pare Fig. 7, Plate L and Fig. 2, Plate II.
Having made some observations in reference to
the mottoes on several of the flags given in our
table, we would now invite attention to the religious
character of those on the colonial flags, viz. : Qui
transtulit sustinet, and an " Appeal to Heaven,'' In
the famous effort of colonial vigor, which, result
ing in the capture of Louisburg, surprised the world
in 1745, we learn, from Belknap's History of New
Hampshire, vol ii. p. 157, that the flag used bore
the motto. Nil desperandum Christo Duce. A motto
furnished by the celebrated George Whitfield. This
last flag, under the treaty of union, must have been
an Union flag, probably, similar to the British ensign
above given, or perhaps with a white field, to which
color the New England people were partial (see the
colors of the Massachusetts cruisers. Flag No. 8, in our
table), with the motto above given inscribed on the field.
May we not conclude that, when the flags em
bodying such mottoes were dispensed with, some re
ference to them would still be preserved, as would
be the case by preserving in the flag which replaced
them the colors of the flags laid aside ?
THE RATTLESNAKE UNION FLAG.
The letter previously quoted, dated New Provi-

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 78
dence. May 18, 1776, says : "And their standard, a
rattlesnake ;" motto — "Don't tread on me." This
standard is thus described, viz. : —
" In Congress, February 9, 1776.
"Colonel Gadsden presented to the Congress an
elegant standard, such as is to be used by the Com
mander-in-chief of the American Navy, being a
yellow field, with a lively representation of a rattle
snake in the middle, in the attitude of going to strike,
and the words underneath, 'Don't tread on me.'*
" Ordered, That the said standard be carefully
preserved and suspended in the Congress room."
Before I proceed, I shall off'er one or two remarks
on this device of the rattlesnake, to show that it
also, as well as the British crosses, was an emblem
of union, and that it was seized upon as one then
(December, 1775) in use, and familiar.
In 1754, in the Philadelphia Crazette, when Ben
jamin Franklin was editor of that paper, an article
appeared, urging union among the colonies as a
means of insuring safety from attacks of the French.
This article closed with a wood-cut of a snake di
vided into parts, with the initials of one colony on
* American Archives, 4th series, vol. v. p. 568. South CaroUna
Provincial Congress.

V4 THE NATIONAL FLAG
each division, and the motto, "Join, or die," under
neath, in capital letters.* (See Fig. 3, Plate II.)
When union among the colonies was urged, in
1774-6, as a mode of securing their liberties, this
device, a disjointed snake, divided into tMrteen parts,
with the initials of a colony on each division, and the
motto, "Join, or die," was adopted as the head-piece
of many of the newspapers. When the union of
the colonies took place, this was changed, for the
head-pieces of the newspapers, into the device
adopted on the standard, viz. : a rattlesnake in the
attitude of going to strike, and into an united snake.
(Under both forms of this device, was the motto,
"Don't tread on me.")
The seal of the War Department is the only public
instrument in use, exhibiting evidence of the rattle
snake's having played an important part as a device
in the American Revolution. The old seal of 1778,
and the more modern seal now in use, both bear the
rattlesnake (with its rattles as the emblem of union),
and a liberty cap in contiguity with it ; the liberty
cap enveloped by the body, so that the opened mouth
may defend the rattles, and liberty cap, or union
and liberty, with the motto, "This we'll defend."
(See Fig. 4, Plate II.)
* Franklin's Works, vol. iii. p. 25.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 75
The following account of this device, supposed to
be from the pen of Benjamin Franklin, indicates
fully why it was adopted, and will be found in the
American Archives, vol. iv. p. 468.
" Philadelphia, December 27, 1775.
" I observe on one of the drums belonging to the
marines now raising, there was painted a rattlesnake,
with this motto under it, ' Don't tread on me,' As I
know it is the custom to have some device on the
arms of every country, I suppose this may have
been intended for the arms of America; and, as I
have nothing to do with public aff'airs, and as my
time is perfectly my own, in order to divert an idle
hour, I sat down to guess what could have been in
tended by this uncommon device, I took care,
however, to consult, on this occasion, a person who is
acquainted with heraldry, from whom I learned that
it is a rule, among the learned in that science, 'that
the worthy properties of the animal, in the crest-
born, shall be considered;' he likewise informed me
that the ancients considered the serpent as an emblem
of wisdom ; and, in a certain attitude, of endless dura
tion — both which circumstances, I suppose, may have
been had in view. Having gained this intelligence,
and recollecting that countries ' are sometimes repre
sented by animals peculiar to them,' it occurred to

76

THE NATIONAL FLAG

me that the rattlesnake is found in no other quarter
of the world beside America, and may, therefore,
have been chosen on that account to represent her.
"But then, 'the worthy properties' of a snake,
I judged, would be hard to point out. This rather
raised than suppressed my curiosity, and having
frequently seen the rattlesnake, I ran over in my
mind every property by which she was distinguished,
not only from other animals, but from those of the
same genus or class of animals, endeavoring to fix
some meaning to each, not wholly inconsistent with
common sense.
" I recollected that her eye excelled in brightness
that of any other animal, and that she has no eye
lids. She may, therefore, be esteemed an emblem
of vigilance. She never begins an attack, nor, when
once engaged, ever surrenders. She is, therefore,
an emblem of magnanimity and true courage. As
if anxious to prevent all pretensions of quarrelling
with her, the weapons with which nature has fur
nished her she conceals in the roof of her mouth ; so
that, to those who are unacquainted with her, she
appears to be a defenceless animal; and even when
those weapons are shown and extended for defence,
they appear weak and contemptible ; but their
wounds, however small, are decisive and fatal.
Conscious of this, she never wounds till she has

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 77
generously given notice, even to her enemy, and
cautioned him against the danger of treading on her.
Was I wrong sir, in thinking this a strong picture of
the temper and conduct of America?
" The poison of her teeth is the necessary means
of digesting her food, and at the same time is cer
tain destruction to her enemies. This may be under
stood to intimate that those things which are destruc
tive to our enemies, may be to us not only harmless,
but absolutely necessary to our existence. I confess
I was wholly at a loss what to make of the rattles,
till I went back and counted them ; and found them
just thirteen, exactly the number of the colonies
united in America ; and I recollected, too, that this
was the only part of the snake which increased in
number, " Perhaps it might be only fancy, but I conceited
the painter had shown a half-formed additional
rattle ; which, I suppose, may have been intended to
represent the province of Canada, 'Tis curious and
amazing to observe how distinct and independent of
each other the rattles of this animal are, and yet
how firmly they are united together, so as never to
be separated but by breaking them to pieces. One
of these rattles singly is incapable of producing
sound ; but the ringing of thirteen together is suffi
cient to alarm the boldest man living. The rattle-
7*

78 THE NATIONAL FLAG
snake is solitary, and associates with her kind only,
when it is necessary for their preservation. In
winter, the warmth of a number together will pre
serve their lives : while, singly, they would probably
perish. The power of fascination attributed to her,
by a generous constraction, may be understood to
mean, that those who consider the liberty and bless
ings which America aff'ords, and once come over to
her, never afterwards leave her, but spend their lives
with her. She strongly resembles America in this,
that she is beautiful in her youth, and her beauty
increaseth with her age, 'her tongue also is blue, and
forked as the lightning, and her abode is among
impenetrable rocks.'
"Having pleased myself with reflections of this
kind, I communicated my sentiments to a neighbor
of mine, who has a surprising readiness at guessing
at everything which relates to public aff'airs ; and
indeed, I should be jealous of his reputation in that
way, was it not that the event constantly shows that
he has guessed wrong. He instantly declared it as
his sentiments, that the Congress meant to allude to
Lord North's declaration in the House of Commons,
that he never would relax his measures until he had
brought America to his feet ; and to intimate to his
lordship, that if she was brought to his feet, it
would be dangerous treading on her. But, I am

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 79
positive he has guessed wrong, for I am sure that
Congress would not condescend, at this time of day,
to take the least notice of his lordship, in that or
any other way. In which opinion, I am determined
to remain, your humble servant."
The yellow flag, with the rattlesnake in the middle,
and the words underneath, "Don't tread on me,"
(see Fig. 5, Plate II.,) the standard for the Com
mander-in-chief of the American Navy, was probably
the flag referred to by Paul Jones, in his journal.
Paul Jones was commissioned first of the first
lieutenants in the continental navy. " This commis
sion, under the United Colonies, is dated the 7th of
December, 1775, as first lieutenant of the Alfred.
On board that ship, before Philadelphia, Mr. Jones
hoisted the flag of America, with his own hands, the
first time it was ever displayed, as the commander-
in-chief embarked on board the Alfred." (Page 34,
Life and Correspondence of Paul Jones.)
From the foregoing account, it will be perceived
that the first flag adopted by the army of the colo
nists before Boston, was a red flag, with the mot
toes. Qui transtulit sustinet, and " An Appeal to
Heaven." By the combination of these mottoes, the
union of Massachusetts and Connecticut, in defence
of their outraged liberties, was doubtless intimated ;

80 THE NATIONAL FLAG
and, taken in connection with those mottoes, the color
of the flag indicated that, trusting in the God of
battles, they defied the power of the mother country.
About this time, too, the fioating batteries, the germ
of the navy subsequently organized, bore a white
fiag, with a green pine-tree, and the motto, "Appeal
to Heaven," These flags were adopted before the
union of the thirteen colonies was' eff'ected.
After that union, and upon the organization of the
army and fleet, these fiags were supplanted by one
calculated to show to the world the union of the
North American colonies among themselves, and as
an integral part of the British Empire, and as such
demanding the rights and liberties of British sub
jects. And a flag combining the crosses of St,
George and St. Andrew united (the distinctive
emblem of the United Kingdom of Great Britain),
with a field composed of thirteen stripes, alternate
red and white, the combination of the flags pre
viously used in the camp, on the cruisers, and the
floating batteries of the colonies, was adopted for this
purpose, and called The Great Union Flag.
The union implied both the union of the colonies
represented in the striped field, which was dependent
upon it, and the nationality of those colonies. The
thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, constituting
the field of the flag, represented the body of that

OF THB UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 81
union, the number of the members which composed
it, as well as the union of the flags, which had pre
ceded this Great Union Flag.
We assume that the colors of those stripes were
alternate red and white, inasmuch as those were the
colors in the first flag of the United States, and we
presume no change, not absolutely necessary, was
made, in altering the flag of the United Colonies to
that of the United States. There is no evidence of
their being of that color, except the universally re
ceived tradition that such was the case.
The colors of those stripes, alternate red and
white, indicated on the part of the colonies, thus re
presented as united, the defiance to oppression, sym
bolized by the red color of the flag of the army, and
red field of the flag of the continental cruisers
together, with the purity implied by the white flag of
the floating batteries, of which the motto was, "Ap
peal to Heaven."
Lest these conclusions should seem far fetched, we
would again advert to the fact, that in the present
Union, or national flag of the United Kingdom of
Great Britain and Ireland, not only are the crosses
of St. George, St. Andrew, and St. Patrick united,
but the colors of the flelds of the banners of St.
George, of England, St. Andrew, of Scotland, and
St. Patrick, of Ireland, are preserved.

82 THE NATIONAL FLAG
In the case of the colonies, everything that tended
to call to mind previous triumphs would have been
studiously preserved, and the red and white flags
were identified with the successes of Bunker Hill,
(for tradition says the flag on that occasion was red,
and that a Whig told General Gage that the motto
was, " Come, if you dare,")* and the various successes
of the siege of Boston, prior to Jan. 2, 1776.
The use of the stripes, besides indicating the
union of the above flags, for the purpose before in
dicated, would, as a badge of distinction for the
Great Union Flag of the colonies, have carried
the minds of those who were marshalled under it
back to the moment when the tocsin of war sounded
at Lexington — called them, "generals" as well as
"private men," — in the garbs inwhich they were
pursuing their peaceful avocations, to arms in defence
of liberty. And we of the present day should regard
them as hallowed, by having been employed by
General Washington as the first s'tep towards intro
ducing subordination into the army, which achieved
our independence. In those stripes we may per
ceive the necessity indicated of the subordination of
each State to the Union, while their equality under
the Union is also intimated, by there being nothing
* Frothlngham's Siege of Boston.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 83
to indicate that any particular State was represented
by any particular stripe. There being seven red
stripes, doubtless arose from that being the color of
the principal flags represented in the combination of
colors, for certainly the flags of the army and crui
sers must have had pre-eminence over that of the
floating batteries.
The striped Union flag was the colonial colors,
both at sea and land, but there was also, as we have
seen, a standard such as was used by the commander-
in-chief of the American navy, being a yellow field,
with a lively representation of a rattlesnake in the
middle, in the attitude of going to strike, and the
words underneath, "Don't tread on me." The color
of the snake, as represented, was dark. This cir
cumstance goes strongly to prove the correctness of
our conclusion, that the example of the mother
country was followed in the preparation of the flags
of this period — for the quarantine flag of the mother
country was a yellow flag with a dark spot, a repre
sentation of the plague-spot in the middle — those
colors were, doubtless, chosen for the rattlesnake
flag, to indicate the deadly character of the venom
of the rattlesnake, and the danger of treading
on it.
But we have before stated that the rattlesnake
first appeared as- a snake divided into thirteen parts,

84 THE NATIONAL FLAG
each part marked with the initials of the colony to
which it corresponded, and beneath them the motto,
" Join, or die," indicating the necessity of union.
And that, the union being eff'ected, the initials on
the parts were dropped (thus indicating the equality
of the colonies under the Union), and the parts were
united in the form indicated in this standard, and
beneath it the words, " Don't tread on me," imply
ing the consciousness of strength derived from that
union, of which, we have seen, the rattlesnake was
an emblem indigenous to America, while at the
same time the serpent . implies eternal duration.
This, then, may properly be called the Rattlesnake
Union Standard, and the other, the Great Union, or
Striped Union Flag; and together they indicated
that existence as a people was inseparable from
union — the strength resulting from that union — the
necessary subordination of each colony to the whole
Union, the intimate connection of the colonies com
posing the Union, their equality and perpetuity under
it, and the power of fascination in the Union and har
mony in the colonies, which would draw everybody
to America, and cause those who had once tasted
the liberty and blessings she enjoys, never to leave
her, but to " spend their lives with her."
Having thus described the flags of the United
Colonies, and shown that they were emblematic of

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 85
union, and hence called Union flags, in imitation of
the prevailing custom of the mother country, we now
proceed to consider the Flag of the United States,
described in the following Resolution of Congress,
passed June 14, 1777 : —
''Resolved, That the Flag of the Thirteen United
States be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white :
That the union be thirteen stars, white in a blue
field, representing a new constellation."
This resolution was made public September 3,
1777 ; and Colonel Trumbull represents the flag
made in pursuance of it as used at Burgoyne's sur
render, October 17, 1777.
From the above resolution and what has preceded,
it is apparent that the object of that resolution was
simply to give the authorization of Congress to a
color existing, so far as the stripes and part of the
flag called the union were concerned; but it is worthy
of remark that the character of the new emblem for
that union is specially described as representing " a
new constellation."
The use of some emblem of union diff'erent from
the British crosses, the United States having declared
themselves free and independent States, was emi
nently natural, but the description of the emblem
substituted for them as "representing a new con
stellation," involves the idea that some constellation,
8

ob THE NATIONAL FLAG
in some way emblematic of union, had been presented
to the minds of those adopting this resolution. It
may be said that the adoption of a star, as the repre
sentative of a State, would naturally lead to the idea
of a constellation ; but, as the emblem to be altered
was one of union, we are inclined to think that the
first idea suggested was that of some constellation,
which of itself implied union, and that the represent
ation of a State by a star was involved in it.
The question that now arises is, was there any
constellation which implied union ? The answer is,
there was the constellation Lyra. The next point is,
to ascertain if the first flag displayed under this
resolution bore that constellation. If not, in what
form the stars were presented on that flag, and
whether any connection can be traced between it
and the constellation Lyra.
Let us first consider the fitness of the constellation
Lyra to indicate union. In Charles Anthon's Dic
tionary of GfreeJc and Roman Antiquities, we find
the following account of the Lyra. He says : —
"Lyra. The Latin name fides, which was used for
a lyre as well as a cithara, is probably the same as
the Greek a^lSss, which, according to Hesychius, signi
fies gut-strings ; but Festus takes it to be the same as
fides (faith), because the lyre was the symbol of har
mony and unity among men." The quotation from

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 87
the Astronomicon of Manilius, presented in the fol
lowing letter from Mr. Charles Francis Adams,
grandson of Mr. John Adams, confirms the attri
butes above ascribed to the lyre, and its correspond
ing constellation "Lyra." QuiNOT, May 18, 1852.
Dear Sir : Your letter of the fourth came upon
me unprepared to answer it without investigations,
which I have ever since been hoping to pursue, but
thus far in vain. Not a moment has been at my com
mand since I received it, and as I am now expecting
every moment to depart for Washington, I fear that
I must give up all idea of doing more hereafter, at
least in season for any object of yours.
With the exception of a few letters to and from
Generals Green, Sullivan, Parsons, and Ward, there
are no memorials remaining in my hands of my grand
father's services while chairman of the Board of War.
He had no time to copy or record papers, so that
very few are left. I am not aware of the existence
of any journal or other record of the action of the
body, nor of any. further history of it than is given
in his lately published diary. I am, therefore, wholly
unable to give you any light upon the question of the
origin of the American colors.
With regard to the other design, of the eagle, with
the lyre on its breast, and the stars of the constella-

»» THE NATIONAL FLAO
tion Lyra, I can only say that I possess the seal
which was the original form in which the device was
presented. There it has the motto, Nunc sidera
ducit, taken from the Astronomicon of Manilius,
describing the efl'ect of the Lyre of Orpheus,
"At Lyra diductis per ccelum cornibus inter
Sidera conspicitur, qua quondam ceperat Orpheus
Omue quod attigerat cantu, manesque per ipsos
Fecit iter, domuit que infernas carmine leges.
Hinc coelestis honos, simiUsque potentia causse :
Time silvas et saxa trahens, nunc sidera ducit,
Et rapit immensum mundi revolubilis orbem.'' 11. 331-337.
It is my opinion that, although this last line does
not appear, my father had it in his mind when
applying the device to the American passport, but
I have not had the leisure to look for any explana
tion he may have himself left of it. His papers are
voluminous, and I have barely as yet glanced at any
part of their contents. This must be my apology
for sending you so unsatisfactory a reply.
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
(Signed,) CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS.
The following is a translation of the above quota
tion : —
Conspicuous among the stars, its horns wide spread
over the heavens, is the Lyre, with which Orpheus

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 89
was wont to captivate everything to which he ad
dressed his song, and even made a journey through
Hades itself, and put to sleep the infernal laws.
Hence, its celestial honor; and, by the same power
with which it then drew rocks and trees along, it now
leads the stars, and whirls along the immense orb of
the revolving world.
This last line shows that the constellation Lyra,
as an emblem of union for the United States, would
have been an amplification of the attribute of " fasci
nation" ascribed to the Rattlesnake, as an emblem of
union for the United States, in the account we have
already given of the Rattlesnake as such, in describ
ing the standard of the commander-in-chief of the
American navy ; for the constellation Lyra would not
only imply " that those who consider the liberty and
blessings which America aff'ords, and once come over
to her, never afterwards leave her, but spend their
lives with her," but that by their union and harmony
the United States would " whirl along the immense
orb of the revolving world," to follow their example
in their forms of government.
Having thus shown how appropriate the constella
tion Lyra would have been as an emblem of the
union of the United States, we proceed to ascertain
if the first flag displayed under the resolution of

90 THE NATIONAL FLAG
June 14, 1777, bore that constellation. In Trum
bull's picture of the surrender of Burgoyne, and
Peale's picture of Washington, the thirteen stars are
represented as arranged in a circle ; it now remains
to show the existence of some record exhibiting a
connection between the constellation Lyra and the
circle of thirteen stars.
We find this record on a form for a passport of
the United States, prepared under Mr. John Quincy
Adams, when Secretary of State, in 1820, which
form is now in use. In adopting the form in ques
tion, the arms of the United States, previously used
on U. S. passports, were replaced by a circle of thir
teen stars surrounding an eagle, holding in his beak
the constellation Lyra, and the motto. Nunc sidera
ducit. Mr. J. W. Stone, of Washington City, gives the
following account of the preparation of the device
above described, and presented in the vignette to the
title-page. In it, the constellation Lyra is repre
sented as radiating into a circle of thirteen stars.
Mount Pleasant, Washington City, May 3, 1852.
My Dear Sir : I find, on examination, that on
the 25th of August, 1820, I engraved for the De
partment of State, by order of J. Q. Adams, Secre
tary of State, a plate for a passport, at the head of

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 91
which was a spread eagle, drawn to encompass the
constellation Lyra.
The drawing was made by me, according to particu
lar verbal directions given by Mr. Adams. I have a
distinct recollection of having submitted the drawing
to Mr. Adams, for approval, previous to engraving.
Very respectfully, your obedt. servt.
(Signed,) W. J, STONE.
Had not this device been substituted, on the form
for a United States passport, for the arms of the
United States, by Mr. John Quincy Adams, we should
not consider the constellation Lyra, radiating into a
circle of thirteen stars, as having any special meaning ;
but as, at the time the circle of thirteen stars was
introduced into the flag of the United States as an
emblem of union, his father, Mr. John Adams, was
chairman of the Board of War, we think it has.
On page 6, vol. iii. of the Life and Writings of
John Adams, we find the following entry in his
journal : —
" The duties of this Board kept me in continual
employment, not to say drudgery, from the 12th of
June 1776, till the 11th of November 1777." Again:
" Other gentlemen attended as they pleased, but, as
I was chairman, or as they were pleased to call it,
president, I must never be absent."

92 THE NATIONAL FLAG
A change being contemplated in the emblem of
union in the flag, the Board of War would, doubtless,
have had charge of the preparation of the substitute ;
and from the above, we perceive the chairman must
have been particularly connected with its preparation.
We have thus presented the data upon which is
based the conclusion that the constellation Lyra was
originally proposed for the union of our Flag, in
1777, at the time the circle of thirteen stars was
adopted. The reasons for that conclusion are the
following : —
It was a Union flag that was to be altered. The
United States having become independent of Great
Britain, the British emblem of union was no longer
appropriate; some other emblem of union was to be
substituted. The constellation Lyra was a time-honored emblem
of union. The language of the resolution of June
14, 1777, evidently has reference to such an emblem,
representing a constellation. The Lyra was not
adopted. A circle of thirteen stars was. At this
time, Mr. John Adams was chairman of the Board of
War. Mr. John Adams's son became Secretary of State
in 1820. Striking out the arms of the United States,
he presented on the passport a device, representing
the constellation Lyr^, radiating into a circle of stars

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 93
— the stars thirteen in number. At this time there
were twenty-one States in the Union — hence this
circle of thirteen stars referred to an ea.rlier day.
The first instance of a circle of thirteen stars being
used as a national device, was in the U. S. Flag, and
its being presented on the passport must have refer
red to that use of it, as constituting it a well-known
emblem of the United States, indicative of their
union, while the constellation Lyra, occupying the
centre of this circle, indicates the origin of the circle
of stars, as an emblem of union " representing a new
constellation," in that time-honored emblem of union.
The other circumstances we have adduced point to
Mr. John Adams as the source from which his son
derived his information. We suppose the circle of
stars was preferred to the Lyra because it indicated
the perpetuity of the Union, which was distinctly in
timated by the Rattlesnake Standard, laid aside when
the flag of the United States, commonly called the
Stars and Stripes, was adopted. It may not be im
proper to observe that these deductions are in keep
ing with the general rules, presented in our Introduc
tion, as deduced from the practices of nations relative
to national emblems.
Compare Fig. 6, Plate IL, the Flag of the United
States, as first presented under the resolution of
June 14, 1777, with Fig. 1, Plate IIL, the flag as

94 THE NATIONAL FLAG
we suppose it to have been proposed when Mr. John
Adams was chairman of the Board of War, and both
of the above with the vignette to the title-page, the
device introduced into the passport in lieu of the
arms of the United States, by Mr. John Q. Adams,
when Secretary of State,
In making these comparisons, the eagle, only
adopted for the arms of the United States in 1782,
must be kept out of view, or rather considered as
having no part in the question about the stars.
In the preceding pages, we have established the
origin of the part of the flag called "the union,"
also that of the circle of stars as an emblem for that
union, together with that of the stripes, as clearly as
analogy will enable us so to do. As corroborating
the views we have advanced, we now present to the
reader the reports on the adoption of the arms of the
United States, copied by permission from unpublished
records of the State Department, from which it ap
pears that certain of those who prepared the devices
for the Flag of the United States, were also engaged
in the preparation of the device for a Great Seal,
"JOURNALS OF CONGRESS,"
" 1776— ^a^e 248,
" July 4. Dr, Franklin, Mr. J. Adams, and Mr.
Jeff'erson, be a committee to prepare a device for a
Great Seal for the United States of America.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 95
" 1776— pa^e 821.
"¦Aug. 10. The Committee appointed to prepare
the Device for a Great Seal for the United States
brought in the same, with an explanation thereof;
ordered to lie on the table.
"No. 1. Copy of a Report made Aug. 10, 1776.
" The Great Seal should on one side have the arms
of the United States of America, which arms should
be as follows : —
" The shield has six quarters, parts one, coupe two.
The 1st or, a rose, enamelled gules and argent for
England ; the 2d argent, a thistle proper, for Scot
land ; the 8d verd, a harp or, for Ireland ; the 4th
azure a flower-de-luce or, for France ; the 5th or,
the imperial eagle, sable, for Germany ; and the 6th
or, the Belgic lion, gules for Holland, pointing out
the countries from which the States have been peo
pled. The shield within a border gules entwined
of thirteen scutcheons argent, linked together by a
chain or, each charged with initial letters sable as
follows : 1st, N. H. ; 2d, M. B. ; 8d, R. I. ; 4th, C. ;
Sth, N. Y. ; 6th, N. J. ; 7th, P. ; 8th, D. E. ; 9th,
M.; 10th, v.; 11th, N. C. ; 12th, S. C. ; 13th, G.,
for each of the thirteen independent States of
America. " Supporters dexter the Goddess Liberty, in a corse
let of armor, alluding to the present times ; holding

96 THE NATIONAL FLAG
in her right hand the spear and cap, and with her
left supporting the shield of the States, sinister, the
Goddess Justice, bearing a sword in her right hand,
and in her left a balance.
" Crest. The eye of Providence in a radiant tri
angle, whose glory extends over the shield and be
yond the figures. Motto : E. Pluribus Unum.
"Legend round the whole achievement. Seal of
the United States of America, MDCCLXXVI.
" On the other side of the said Great Seal should
be the following device : —
"Pharaoh sitting in an open chariot, a crown on
his head and a sword in his hand, passing through
the divided waters of the Red Sea in pursuit of the
Israelites. Rays, from a pillar of fire in the cloud,
expressive of the Divine presence and command,
beaming on Moses, who stands on the shore, and,
extending his hand over the sea, causes it to over
throw Pharaoh. Motto : Rebellion to tyrants is obe
dience to Cfod."
In regard to this Report, we observe Mr. John
Adams was one of those engaged in preparing it.
The emblems to represent countries were the rose
for England, the thistle for Scotland, the harp for
Ireland, &c. May not this train of ideas have
suggested to his mind the lyre and its corresponding

PJ. iTb

OF THB UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 97
constellation to mark the Union of the United States
of America in the flag of those States ?
We observe the reference to the Sacred Volume in
the device for the reverse of the proposed Seal. May
not the idea of stars, as the representatives of de
pendent States, have been borrowed from the same
source, and applied in the case of the flag as States
dependent upon union, and thus constituting a con
stellation ?
''March 25, 1779— pa^e 101.
" Ordered, that the Report of the Committee on
the Device of a Great Seal for the United States, in
Congress assembled, be referred to a committee of
three — Lovell, Scott, Houston."
This Committee made a Report, May 10. Vide
No. 2.
"Original Report of May 10, 1779. No. 2."
" The seal to be four inches in diameter.
" On one side, the arms of the United States,
as follows : The shield charged on the field, with
thirteen diagonal stripes, alternate red and white.
Supporters dexter, a warrior holding a sword ; sinis
ter, a figure representing Peace, bearing an olive-
branch. The crest, a radiant constellation of thir
teen stars. The motto : Bello vel pace. The legend
round the achievement, Seal of the United States.
9

98 THE NATIONAL FLAG
"On the reverse : The figure of Liberty, seated in
a chair, holding the staff' and cap. The motto : Semper.
Underneath, MDCCLXXVI."
"May 17, llTd—page 149.
"The Report of the Committee on the Device of
a Great Seal was taken into consideration, and, after
debate, "Ordered that it be recommitted."
" Report No. 2, on the Great Seal, as altered after
recommitment. "The Committee to whom was referred, on the 25th
of March last, the report of a former committee on
the Device of a Great Seal of the United States, in
Congress assembled, beg leave to report the following
description : —
" The Seal to be three inches in diameter.
"On one side, the arms of the United States, as
follows : The shield charged in the field azure, with
thirteen diagonal stripes, alternate rouge and argent,
supporters ; dexter, a warrior holding a sword ; sinis
ter, a figure representing Peace, bearing the olive-
branch. The crest, a radiant constellation of thirteen
stars. The motto: Bello vel pace. The legend round
the achievement. The Crreat Seal of the United States.
" On the reverse : The figure of Liberty, seated in
a chair, holding the staff" andreap. The motto: Vir
tute per ennis. Underneath, MDCCLXXVI.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 99
" A drawing of the Seal is annexed. No. 3, May
10, 1780.
" A miniature of the face of the Great Seal to be
prepared, of half the diameter, to be affixed as the
less Seal of the United States."
We have not thought it worth while to present the
drawing above referred to.
" Device for an Armorial Atchievement for the United
States of North America, blazoned agreeably to the
laws of Heraldry, proposed by Mr. Barton, A. M.
" Arms. — Paleways of *thirteen pieces, argent and
gules ; a chief azure : the escutcheon placed on the
breast of an American (the bald-headed) eagle, dis
played proper; holding in his beak a scroll, inscribed
with the motto, viz. : —
'E Pluribus TInum' —
and in his dexter talon a palm or an olive-branch ;
in the other a bundle of thirteen arrows ; all proper.
" For THE Crest. — Over the head of the eagle,
which appears above the escutcheon, a glory, or,
breaking through a cloud, proper, and surrounding
* "As the pales or pallets consist of an uneven number, they
ought in strictness to be blazoned — Argt. 6 pallets gules ; but as
the thirteen pieces aUude to the thirteen States, they are blazoned
according to the number of pieces paleways.''

100 THE NATIONAL FLAG
thirteen stars forming a constellation, argent on an
azure field.
"In the exergue of the Great Seal —
"Juh IV. MDCCLXXVL"
" In the margin of the same —
" Sigil. Mag. Reipub. Oonfoed. Americ."
" Remarks. — The escutcheon is composed of the
chief and pale, the two most honorable ordinaries ; the
latter represent the several States, all joined in one
solid compact entire, supporting a chief, which unites
the whole and represents Congress. The motto alludes
to the Union. The colors or tinctures of the pales are
those used in the Flag of the United States. White,
signifies purity, innocence; red, hardiness and valor.
The chief denotes Congress. Blue is the ground of
the American uniform, and this color signifies vigi
lance, perseverance, aud justice.
"The meaning of the crest is obvious, as is likewise
that of the olive-branch and arrows.
" The escutcheon being placed on the breast of the
eagle is a very ancient mode of bearing, and is truly
imperial. The eagle displayed, is another heraldric
figure ; and, being borne in the manner here described,
supplies the place of supporters and crest. The
American States need no supporters but their own
virtue, and the preservation of their Union through

OF THE UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 101
Congress. The pales in the arms are kept closely
united by the chief, which last likewise depends on
that Union, and strength resulting from it, for its
own support — the inference is plain.
W. B."
" June 13, 1782."
Mr. Barton also presented the following: —
" A device for an armorial atchievement for the
Great Seal of the United States of America, in Con
gress assembled, agreeably to the rules of heraldry,
proposed by William Barton, A. M.
"Arms. — Barry of thirteen pieces, argent and
gules, on a canton azure, and many stars disposed
in a circle of the first ; a pale or, surmounted of
another, of the third ; charged in chief, with an eye
surrounded with a glory proper ; and in the fess-
point, an eagle displayed on the summit of a Doric
column, which rests on the base of the escutcheon,
both as the stars.
"Crest. — Or, an helmet of burnished gold da
masked, grated with six bars, and surmounted of a
cap of dignity, gules, turned up ermine, a cock
armed with gaff's proper,
" Supporters. — On the dexter side ; the genius of
America (represented by a maiden with loose auburn
tresses, having on her head a radiated crown of gold
9*

102 THE NATIONAL FLAG
encircled with a sky-blue fillet, spangled with silver
stars; and clothed in a long loose white garment,
bordered with green. From her right shoulder to
her left side a scarf, seme of stars, the tinctures
thereof the same as in the canton ; and round her
waist a purple girdle, fringed or embroidered argent,
with the word 'Virtue' — resting her interior hand
on the escutcheon, and holding in the other the
proper Standard of the United States, having a dove
argent perched on the top of it.
" On the sinister side : a man in complete armor,
his sword-belt azure, fringed with gold, his helmet
encircled with a wreath of laurel, and crested with
one white and two blue plumes; supporting with his
dexter hand the escutcheon, and holding in the
interior a lance, with the point sanguinated, and
upon it a banner displayed, Vert., in the fess-point
an harp stringed with silver, between a star in chief,
two fleurs-de-lis in fess, and a pair of swords, in
saltier, in basses, all argent. The tenants of the
escutcheon stand on a scroll, on which is the follow
ing motto : — 'Deo Favenie,'
which alludes to the eye in the arms, meant for the
eye of Providence.
" Over the crest, in a scroll, this motto : —
' Virtus sola invicta,'
which requires no comment.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 103
" The thirteen pieces, barways, which fill up the
field of the arms, may represent the several States ;
and the same number of stars, upon a blue canton,
disposed in a circle, represent a new constellation,
which alludes'to the new empire formed in the world
by the confederation of those States. Their dispo
sition in the form of a circle, denotes the perpetuity
of its continuance, the ring being the symbol of
eternity. The eagle displayed, is the symbol of
supreme power and authority, and signifies the Con
gress ; the pillar upon which it rests is used as the
hieroglyphic of fortitude and constancy, and its
being of the Doric order (which is the best propor
tioned and most agreeable to nature), and composed
of several members, or parts, all taken together,
forming a beautiful composition of strength, con-
gruity, and usefulness, it may, with great propriety,
signify a well-planned government. The eagle being
placed on the summit of the column is emblematical
of the sovereignty of the government of the United
States; and as further expressive of that idea, those
two charges, or five and six azure, are borne in a
pale which extends across the thirteen pieces into
which the escutcheon is divided. The signification
of the eye has been already explained. The helmet
is such as appertains to sovereignty, and the cap is
used as the token of freedom and excellency. It

104 THE NATIONAL FLAG
was formerly worn by dukes; says Guillien, they had
a more worthy government than other subjects. The
cock is distinguished for two most excellent qualities,
viz., vigilance &nA fortitude.
" The genius of the American confederated Re
public is denoted by the blue scarf and fillet glitter
ing with stars, and by the flag of Congress which she
displays. Her dress is white edged with green,
colors emblematical of innocence and truth. Her
purple girdle and radiated crown indicate her sove
reignty; the word "Virtue," on the former, is to
show that that should be her principal ornament ;
and the radiated crown, that no earthly crown shall
rule her. The dove, on the top of the American
standard, denotes the mildness and purity of her
government, " The knight in armor, with his bloody lance, re
presents the military genius of the American empire,
armed in defence of its just rights. His blue belt
and blue feathers, indicate his country, and the white
plume is in compliment to our gallant ally. The
wreath of laurel round his helmet is expressive of
his success,
" The green field of the banner denotes youth and
vigor ; the harp* [with thirteen strings], emble-
* The pen is run through the words, "with thirteen strings," in
the original.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 105
matical of the several States acting in harmony and
concert ; the star in chief has reference to America,
as principal in the contest ; the two fleurs-de-lis are
borne as a grateful* testimony of the support given
to her by France, and the two swords, crossing each
other, signify the state of war. This tenant and his
flag relate totally to America at the time of her
Revolution. (Signed,) " WM. BARTON."
Mr. Middleton, Mr. Boudinot, and Mr. Rutledge,
reported a modification of this, June 13, 1782, which
was referred to the Secretary of the United States,
in Congress assembled, to take order.
Device for a Great Seal, as adopted June 20, 1782,
" The Secretary of the United States in Congress
assembled, to whom was referred the several reports
of committees on the device of a Great Seal to take
order, reports : —
" That the device for an armorial atchievement,
and reverse of a Great Seal for the United States
in Congress assembled, is as follows : —
* "In the arms of Scotland, as manifested in the royal atchieve
ment, the double fressure which surrounds the lion is borne flory
and counter-flory (with fleurs-de-lis), which is in consequence of a
treaty that was entered into between Charlemagne, then Emperor
and King of France, and Achius, King of Scotland ; to denote that
the French lilies should guard and defend the Scottish lion."

106 THE NATIONAL FLAG
"Arms. — Paleways, of thirteen pieces, argent and
gules, a chief azure. The escutcheon on the breast
of the American bald eagle, displayed proper, hold
ing in his dexter talon an olive-branch, and in his
sinister a bundle of thirteen arrows, all proper, and
in his beak a scroll, inscribed with this motto :
E Pluribus Unum.
" For the Crest. — Over the head of the eagle,
which appears above the escutcheon, a glory, or,
breaking through a cloud proper, and surrounding
thirteen stars forming a constellation, argent on an
azure field.
"Reverse. — A pyramid unfinished. In the zenith,
an eye in a triangle, surrounded with a glory proper.
Over the eye these words, Annuit Qoeptis. On
the base of the pyramid, the numerical letters,
MDCCLXXVI., and underneath the following motto:
' Novus ordo Seclorum.'
"Remarks and Explanations. — The escutcheon is
composed of the chief and pale, the two most honor
able ordinaries. The pieces paly, represent the
several States all joined in one solid compact entire,
supporting a chief, which unites the whole and
represents Congress. The motto, alluding to this
Union. The pales in the arms are kept closely
united by the chief, and the chief depends on that
union, and the strength resulting from it, for its sup-

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 107
port, to denote the confederacy of the United States
of America, and the preservation of their Union
through Congress.
" The colors of the pales are those used in the
flag of the United States of America ; white, signifles
purity and innocence ; red, hardiness and valor ; and
blue, the color of the chief, signifies vigilance, perse
verance, and justice. The olive-branch and arrows
denote the power of peace and war, which is exclu
sively vested in Congress. The constellation denotes
a new State taking its place and rank among the
sovereign powers. The escutcheon is borne on the
breast of the American eagle, without any other
supporters, to denote that the United States of
America ought to rely on their own virtue.
"Reverse. — The pyramid signifies strength and
duration. The eye over it, and the motto, allude to
the' many and signal interpositions of Providence in
favor of the American cause. The date underneath
is that of the Declaration of Independence; and the
words under it signify the beginning of the new
American era, which commences from that date."
In most of the above reports, a reference will be
perceived to the devices and colors of the flag of the
U. States, and many of the ideas presented in them
are drawn from it, viz., the chief azure corresponding
to the union of the flag, the pales corresponding to the

108 THE NATIONAL FLAG
stripes, which together constitute a whole ; the con
stellation of stars also taken from the flag, and
indicating a new State (composed of thirteen States)
dependent upon their union. As these are the prin
cipal ideas presented in the arms of the United
States, may we not reasonably conclude that, being
borrowed from the flag, they are the views that pre
vailed at the time of its adoption, presented under
another guise ? The reference to eternity, in the
arms, was indicated bythe circle of stars in the flag;
the reference to Providence, in the eye, was in the
flag presented in the field of thirteen stripes, a com
bination of the red and white fiags, which bore the
mottoes : "Qui transtulit sustinet," and an "Appeal
to Heaven."
It is intimated, in some of these reports, that the
colors for the flag were adopted apart from other
reasons, as implying certain virtues ; of the fact of
their implying them there can be no doubt, but that
they were not immediately adopted into the flag for
that reason, but rather because they were already in
use, with these meanings attached to them, at least
so far as the red and white colors were concerned, .
we think we have conclusively shown. We shall
presently off"er some suggestions relative to the blue
color, which will indicate a more direct reason for its
adoption than the virtues implied by it.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 109
But to return to the account of the flag. Wo
remarked, under the head of the Great Union Flaji
of the Colonies, that the stripes in the field of the
flag were not only designed to show the union of the
thirteen colonies, but also the number of members
which composed it, and their dependence as a whole
upon the Union, The first change in the flag of the
United States, shows that this conclusion was a cor
rect one. It was directed in the following resolu
tion : —
" Be it enacted, &c., That from and after the flrst
day of May, Anno Domini one thousand seven hun
dred and ninety-five, the flag of the United States
be fifteen stripes, alternate red and white. That the
union be fifteen stars, white in a blue field." Ap
proved January 13, 1794. (See Fig. 2, Plate IIL)
This was the flag of the United States during the
war of 1812-14.
In 1818, the fla;g of the United States was again
altered, and, as we are informed, on the suggestion of
the Hon, Mr. Wendover, of New York, a return was
made to the thirteen stripes ; as it was anticipated
the flag would become unwieldy if a stripe was added
on the admission «f each State ; and, moreover, by the
plan proposed, the union of the old thirteen States,
as well as the number of members composing the ex
isting Union, would be presented by the flag of the
10

110 THE NATIONAL FLAG
United States. Mr. W. also proposed the arrange
ment of the stars in the union into the form of a
single star. In this, there was a departure from the
original design, as the perpetuity of the Union
ceased to be indicated by the flag, as it had pre
viously been in the circle of stars, except so far as.
indicated by the several stars forming one large
star. The Resolution of 1818 was as follows : —
" Be it enacted, &c., That from and after the
fourth day of July next, the flag of the United
States be thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red
and white ; that the union be twenty stars, white, in
a blue field.
" And, that, on the admission of a new State into
the Union, one star be added to the union of the
flag ; and that such addition shall take eff"eet on the
fourth day^of July next succeeding such admission."
Approved April 4, 1818.
The flag planted on the National Palace of the
city of Mexico had thirty stars in the union.
The following compliment was paid to this flag.
June 3, 1848, " Mr. Drayton submitted the fol
lowing resolution; which was considered, by unani
mous consent, and agreed to : —
" Resolved, That the Vice-President be requested
to have the flag of the United States first erected by

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Ill
the American army upon the palace in the capital
of Mexico, and now here presented, deposited for
safe-keeping in the Department of State of the
United States."— rPage 370, Journal of the Senate
1847-48. The union of the United States flag at present
contains thirty-one stars. (See Fig. 3, Plate III.)
We have, in the preceding pages, offered many
reasons for concluding that the devices in the flag,
its colors, and the manner in which they were com
bined, originated in some circumstance directly con
nected with the history of the colonies, or in some
practice which prevailed in the mother country.
Particularly was this the case in the adoption of
the emblem of union from the mother country.
This leads us to make a few remarks as to the promi
nence given to the color blue in the reports on the
adoption of the device for a Great Seal of the United
States, and in its being the ground of the uniform of
the United States. We have previously stated that
its adoption was due to other circumstances directly,
than its being typical of the virtues of perseverance,
vigilance, and justice, though indirectly this meaning
was involved in its adoption. First, blue was a
favorite color in the colonies, as is proved by the fact
of its being the uniform of the South Carolina troops
in 1775. For we have seen that Colonel Moultrie

112 THE NATIONAL FLAG
caused a large blue flag to be made, with a crescent
in one corner, to be uniform with the troops ; and by
the fact that the pine-tree flag of New England was
a blue field, containing in the upper canton, next the
staff, a St. George's cross on a white ground, and a
pine-tree represented in the upper square formed by
the cross. A reason for this color being a favorite
in New England, may perhaps be found in the cir
cumstance, that, in 1679, when the banner of the
league and covenant was raised in Scotland, it was a
red flag, the borders of which were edged with blue.*
Borders of different color from the body of the flag,
or from the shield of the coat of arms, are in her
aldry, a common distinction, and as such was doubt
less applied by the Covenanters (blue being the color
of the field of the banner of Scotland, as we have
seen), to indicate by whom this red flag was raised,
and thus the blue color became identified with the
league and covenant. After the defeat of Bothwell's
Bridge, many of those people fled to the colonies,
particularly to New England and New Jersey.
That feelings kindred to those excited among the
Covenanters were aroused among the colonists, is
shown by the mottoes on " the Union flag with a red
field," already spoken of as displayed on a liberty-
pole in New York city in 1775. Those mottoes were,
* Walter Scott's Old Mortality, vol. ii. p. 116.

OF THE UNITED STATE.S OF AMERICA. 11"
' ' No Popery," and " George Rex and the liberties of
America." It was probably in reference to his being
commander of the armies of the colonies, united in a
solemn league and covenant in defence of civil and
religious liberty, that General Washington adopted
as his badge a light blue riband, which had already
been identified with a similar league and covenant in
Scotland. At a later day, on the adoption of an
Union flag as the flag of the United Colonies, the
color of the field of the union (derived, as was the
blue border of the red flag of the Covenanters, from
the banner of Scotland) being blue, this color became
identified with that which gave nationality to the
colonies, viz., their union, and on this account was
adopted as the ground of the national uniform, and
as the color for the chief or union, both in the arms
of the United States and in their flag.
That the prevailing colors of the uniforms of the
army at that time corresponded to the colors of the
flag, is a well-known fact. Thus the facings of the
blue coats were red, the color of the plumes white,
tipped with red, &c. The buff and blue, commonly
regarded as the continental uniform, was that of the
general officers, and not of the body of the troops.
In the navy, the same was the case. The prevailing
colors of the uniform of the officers of the navy
were blue and red ; those of the uniform of the

114 THE NATIONAL FLAG
marine officers, green and white; the colors of the flag
of the United States, and of the flag of the floating
batteries, before given, viz., white, with a green tree
in the middle, &c. &c.
That such considerations operate in the selection
of colors for uniforms, is proved by the fact that the
uniform of the United States corps of cadets, a
corps instituted and kept up with a view to foster
and preserve military knowledge in our country,
instead of being of the national color, blue, is gray
trimmed with black. This color for the uniform of
that corps was chosen in 1815, out of compliment to
thc services of the brigade commanded by General
Scott at Chippewa, &c., in the war of 1812-14,
The embargo and the war having cut off the sup
ply of blue cloths, the commissary-general of pur
chases was forced temporarily to supply that brigade
with a substitute of gray, trimmed with black.
As this, then, was the origin of the color of the
uniform of the corps of cadets, may we not conclude
that, for the reasons assigned, blue was adopted as
our national color, out of compliment to the Union,
with which, as we have shown, it was intimately con
nected. Having given the preceding account of our Na
tional Flag, we now add the names of those con
nected with its different phases.

OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 115
1st. General Washington.
2d. Benjamin Franklin, Mr. Lynch, and Mr. Har
rison; the Committee of Conference, with General
Washington, on the organization of the army, of
which Colonel Joseph Reed was Secretary.
8d. The Marine Committee; Mr. Bartlett, Mr.
Hancock, Mr. Hopkins, Mr. Deane, Mr. Lewis, Mr.
Crane, Mr. R. Morris, Mr, Read, Mr. Chase, Mr.
R. H. Lee, Mr. Hewes, Mr. Gadsden, and Mr.
Houston. 4th. The Board of War; Mr. J. Adams, Mr.
Sherman, Mr. Harrison, Mr. Wilson, and Mr. E,
Rutledge. With this array of names before us, of those
who, with others, established our liberty and Union,
and the idea we have developed, that the devices
adopted by them for the National Ensign of our
country were intended to intimate the perpetuity of
that country's union, may we not truly say of
Washington and his compeers, now resting in their
graves, as connected with those devices, There is
neither speech nor language, but their voices are
heard among them. Their sound has gone out into
all lands, and their words into the ends of the
world, proclaiming their trust in Providence, that
that Union should only perish, when the sun and
moon shall be darkened, and the stars shall withdraw
their light.

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