" YALE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY %%t Qjtnterican v£ §kttm CONSISTING OF A SERIES OF . DENOMINATIONAL HISTORIES PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CHURCH HISTORY aft?r ascertaining the needs of the NATCHEZ AND LITTLE ROCK. 403 diocese, visited the. Northern States to solicit aid for the district committed to his care. Bishop Chanche returned encouraged by the liberality he had met ; so much, indeed, that in February, 1848, he laid the foundation-stone of a Gothic cathedral sixty feet wide and one hundred and thirty feet long. The organization of the diocese of Natchez was a slow and difficult task. Although some points, like Biloxi and Natchez, were comparatively ancient settlements where churches once existed, the Catholic population had disappeared, leaving scarcely a vestige of religion. Being a slave State, Mississippi offered small inducements to immigrants, and the few who did come scattered far and wide. Writing in 1845, Bishop Chanche declared that when he took possession of his see he had not a single church or institution. After providing as well as he could for the little Catholic flock at Natchez, he planned churches at Biloxi, Pass Christian, and Yazoo. Hard as he had labored, yet he could show in 1848 only five priests and six poor churches as the result. A journey to Europe procured for this derelict diocese a half-dozen generous missionaries, who in their apostolic trips through out the State unearthed more Catholics than any one had ever supposed were there. Though an offshoot of the diocese of St. Louis, Little Rock was made a suffragan of New Orleans in 1850. On petition of the Council of Baltimore (1843) the State of Arkansas was detached from St. Louis and erected into a diocese, with the see at Little Rock. The Rev. Andrew Byrne, elected for the new diocese, was consecrated in New York March 10, 1844. Arkansas, like Mississippi, had been the scene of early explorations and missions under the French and Spanish rules. The French fron tiersmen, however, were not models of attachment to the faith or the practice of their religion. A chapel erected 404 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxiv. at Arkansas Post was attended at intervals, but neither under French nor Spanish rule did it ever possess a zealous or growing congregation. After Bishop Du Bourg was appointed to the see of New Orleans, attempts were made to revive the faith among the scattered Catho lics in Arkansas, and the missions were renewed by Bishop Rosati ; but the prevailing ignorance and vice were deplor able and almost insurmountable. Being a slave State, with no inducement to immigration, Arkansas attracted but few Catholics from Europe or the Eastern States. After proceeding to his diocese and searching for Cath olics throughout the length and breadth of the State, Bishop Byrne wrote : " I can assure you that within the whole diocese of Little Rock there exist no means to erect a single altar. The Catholic population does not exceed seven hundred souls, and they are scattered in every county in the State." There were not at any one point Catholics enough to erect a church or maintain a priest. In fact, the diocese had but a single priest and two churches, loaded with heavy debts. Bishop Byrne ap pealed to the missionary societies of Europe and obtained some aid from them. He was also assisted by his friends among the clergy and laity of New York. He was thus enabled to obtain a site in Little Rock to build a church. "You may judge of my position," he wrote, "when I state that since I came to Arkansas I have received only twenty dollars toward my support. I have expended the money from Europe in purchasing lots and building a few small churches." Yet he did not give up, disheartening as the prospect was. He kept on at his work with a zeal worthy of a larger and more conspicuous field. At the beginning of 1852 the diocese had ten clergymen, eight churches, and two chapels ; but the Catholic population was not estimated at more than one. thousand. RELIGIOUS CONDITION OF TEXAS. 405 In the first part of this work we have studied the rise and decline of the missions of Texas. The territory that went by that name had originally been part of the Spanish possessions in America. In 1821 Mexico broke away from Spain and declared its independence; in 1824 it adopted a federal form of government, of which a State composed of the former provinces of Coahuila and Texas became a constituent member. But presently immigration transformed Texas from a Spanish into an American com munity. By the year 1833 the Americans had become so numerous that they made bold to- take matters into their own hands and form a new constitution after their own pattern. In 1836 Texas seceded from Mexico, and eight hundred Texans assured their secession and their independence by the battle and victory of San Jacinto (April 21, 1836), won by General Sam Houston against the Mexican President, Santa Anna. Texas then set up for an independent republic, and was recognized as such by the United States, England, France, and Belgium. It was only a question of time, however, when it should enter into the Union ; it was annexed by Congress March 3, 1845. We may well fancy that the missions of Texas, and consequently religion, had fallen into a sad condition, especially after the secession of Mexico from Spain and the influx of American immigrants. When the wretched state of religion in Texas became known to Pope Gregory XVI., a letter was addressed from Rome to the Bishop of New Orleans requesting him to send a capable priest to examine and report on the actual situation. Bishop Blanc selected Very Rev. John Timon, Visitor of the Congrega tion of the Mission, to undertake the task. When his statement reached Rome, the sovereign pontiff, by the advice of the Congregation de Propaganda Fide, resolved 406 THE ROMAN CA THOLICS. [Chap. xxiv. to establish a distinct jurisdiction in Texas. Documents were forwarded appointing Very Rev. John Timon prefect apostolic and investing him with power to administer con firmation. Father Timon accepted the charge and at once sent to Texas one of his fellow-religious, the Rev. John M. Odin, as vice-prefect. After a journey through the territory, Father Odin estimated the Catholics in Texas at ten thousand. In December the prefect him self, Father Timon, arrived in Austin and presented to President Lamar letters from Cardinal Fransoni, Prefect of the Propaganda, officially recognizing the new republic in the Pope's name. The Congress, by a special act, confirmed to the chief pastor of the Roman Catholic Church in the republic of Texas the churches of Nacogdo ches, San Antonio, Goliad, Victoria, Concepcion, San Jose, San Juan, Espada, Refugio, and the Alamo, with the contiguous grounds, not to exceed fifteen acres. The prefect and vice-prefect then traversed the country to ascertain where the Catholics could be most easily gathered into congregations. Meanwhile Rome, having by this time received fuller information of the condition of the church in Texas, concluded that a prefecture was a less honor than the republic deserved. A bull erecting the republic of Texas into a vicariate apostolic was issued by Pope Gregory XVI. on the 16th of July, 1841, and the Rt. Rev. John M. Odin, CM., was appointed to the newly constituted vicariate, with the title of Bishop of Claudi- opolis, in partibus infidelium. In his mission tours through Texas Bishop Odin found many Catholics who had not seen a priest since they had left their European homes. The field was immense, the laborers few. He went to Europe for aid, and returned in the spring of 1846 with some priests and seminarians. Meanwhile (March 3, 1845) Texas became part of the TEXAS ANNEXED. 407 United States, and war with Mexico followed. Naturally immigration into Texas stopped during the conflict, and the priests and sisters had much work to do in camp and hospital. After the war, ended by the Treaty of Guada lupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848), prosperity returned to Texas. Before proceeding to the Plenary Council of Baltimore (1852), Bishop Odin had in the diocese seven teen priests and twenty churches. CHAPTER XXV. THE PROVINCE OF ST. LOUIS AND THE PACIFIC COAST (1829-52). As early as 1830 Bishop Rosati set about erecting a cathedral worthy of his growing diocese, but, owing to the difficulties which environed him, it was not completed till 1834. It was regarded as a remarkable piece of architec ture at the time. This building still bears the name of cathedral in the city of. St. Louis and does service as such. It is venerable by many a grand ceremonial performed in it since the day of its consecration. In 1838 Bishop Rosati could report nine stone churches, ten of brick, twenty-five of wood, attended by twenty-four Jesuits, twenty Lazarists, one Dominican, and twenty-three secu lar priests. He solicited from the holy see the appoint ment of a coadjutor, and proposed for the office Rev. Peter Richard Kenrick. It was not, however, till he visited Rome in 1840, after attending the Fourth Council of Baltimore, that he obtained the appointment of that learned clergyman as Bishop of Drasis, in partibus infi delium, and Coadjutor of St. Louis. The coadjutor was needed, for the sovereign pontiff laid a new burden on the shoulders of Bishop Rosati by charging him with an important mission to Hayti. On his return from Rome to the United States he consecrated his coadjutor in St. Mary's Church, Philadelphia, and then prepared to sail to Hayti to fulfill the duties imposed upon him. His depart- 408 DIOCESE OF ST. LOUIS. 409 ure from St. Louis (April 25, 1840) was really a last farewell to his diocese. After successfully arranging with President Boyer, of Hayti, the terms of a concordat, and administering confirmation to hundreds, he hastened back to Rome. His report gave great satisfaction, and he was deputed to return to the island and consummate the pro posed arrangements. At Paris his condition became so critical that he was obliged to go back to Rome, where he died, September 25, 1843, honored for his virtues, piety, zeal, learning, and the ability he displayed in the govern ment of his diocese, in the councils of the church, and in delicate negotiations with the civil powers. At the time that the diocese came into the hands of Bishop Kenrick the city of St. Louis had five churches for the accommodation of sixteen thousand Catholics, who were attended by twenty-five priests. The diocese com prised the State of Missouri, with about fifty churches outside the episcopal city, the western part of Illinois, with about thirteen churches, Arkansas, with two, and Indian missions among the Pottowatomies and the Flatheads. The Catholic population of the whole diocese was estimated at one hundred thousand. But its limits — and therefore the number of its clergy and laity — were reduced to the State of Missouri and the territory west of Missouri when the sovereign pontiff, at the petition of the Council of Baltimore, erected (November, 1844) the sees of Chicago and Little Rock. This division left to the diocese of St. Louis a Catholic population of fifty thousand. Bishop Kenrick attended the Baltimore Council of 1846, which solicited the erection of St. Louis to an archbishopric ; and on the 8th of October of the following year Pope Pius IX., by his apostolic brief of that date, raised St. Louis to that dignity. At the petition of the Seventh Provincial Council of Baltimore, which Archbishop Kenrick attended 410 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxv. in 1849, the Bishops of Dubuque, Nashville, Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul were made suffragans of the Archbishop of St. Louis. A diocesan synod held August 25, 1850, showed the number of priests in the diocese of St. Louis to be forty-three. The State of Tennessee had been included in the dio cese of Bardstown since the first division of the diocese of Baltimore. The progress of the faith in that State had been slow ; Catholics were few and widely scattered. Like North Carolina, from which it sprang, Tennessee had a population that had not come in contact with Catholicity and was little disposed to welcome the church. The con viction that a devoted resident bishop, ready to endure trials and hardships, could ultimately build up Catholicity there led to the erection of the diocese of Nashville. The establishment of that see was recommended by the Pro vincial Council of Baltimore in April, 1837, and was decreed by the bull Universi Dominici Gregis, of Gregory XVI., July 28, 1837. The arduous duty of organizing and directing the diocese devolved on Father Richard Pius Miles, of the Order of St. Dominic, a native of Maryland, born in Prince George's County May 17, 1791. He was consecrated in the cathedral of Bardstown September 16, 1838. The city of Nashville contained at that time about one hundred and thirty Catholics; Murfreesborough had but one Catholic family ; in the neighborhood of Athens there were about a hundred Catholics, chiefly men employed in building a railroad, and a few at Fayetteville, Mount Pleasant, and Columbia. After a journey of four hundred and sixty miles on horseback in search of Catholics, the bishop estimated his flock, including a few families at Memphis and other places not yet visited, at not much more than three hundred ; and this little body was widely BISHOP LORAS. 4 II scattered. It was surely a poor diocese, with slight immi gration, a difficult mountain country, and a population filled with strong prejudices against the church. On the 28th of July, 1837, was erected the see of Dubuque, a city four years old. The new diocese con tained within its jurisdiction the territory north of the State of Missouri lying between the Mississippi and Mis souri rivers ; in other words, Iowa, Minnesota, and part of the two Dakotas. The priest selected for the see was Rev. Mathias Loras, a native of France and a missionary for some years in the diocese of Mobile, in which city he was consecrated December 10, 1837. Within his vast diocese there was one priest and a half-finished church. At once he went to France for auxiliaries and means. In October, 1838, Bishop Loras arrived from Havre with two priests and four subdeacons, the nucleus of his clergy. Meanwhile Father Mazzuchelli, the one priest in the dio cese at the time of its erection, had completed a resi dence for the bishop, who reached Dubuque on the 1 8th of April, 1839, and was duly installed on the third Sunday after Easter. He began a visitation of his diocese, and found that Davenport, mainly by the liberality of Mr. Anthony Leclaire, had already a fine brick church with a schoolroom attached to it, and that in Burlington the Catholics were at work on a church. The town of St. Peter, in the northern part of his diocese (now Mendota, Minn.), next claimed his attention ; there he was welcomed by nearly two hundred Catholics. At Prairie du Chien he found seven hundred, and started a church which Father Mazzuchelli undertook to build. Returning to Dubuque, he dedicated his cathedral under the patron age of St. Raphael the Archangel, on the 22d of August, 1839- In 1840 he could report five churches — his cathedral, 412 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. XXV. St. Patrick's in Makoquata, St. Anthony's in Davenport, St. Paul's in Burlington, and one building in St. Peter. After another year there was a brick church in Iowa City, a German church in West Point, and Catholics were busy erecting churches in Bloomington and Fort Madison. As Wisconsin was temporarily placed under his care, he visited that territory, establishing a mission among the Menom- inees, and organizing a congregation in Milwaukee that undertook to erect a church on some lots given by Solo mon Juneau. No contrast could be greater than that between the State of Alabama, where Bishop Loras had lived, with its decayed congregations and its apathy, on the one hand, and the busy, pushing, active Northwest to which he was now come, on the other, with immigration pouring in, largely of Catholics, all active, stirring, ener getic, building houses, factories, schools, and churches. But Bishop Loras showed himself to be eminently a man of work ; he was in his element. As he was himself a man of energy and apostolic zeal, so he expected the priests under him to be. His solicitude extended to the Indians as well as the whites. In 1842 he sent Rev. Remegius Petiot to the Winnebagos, Rev. Mr. Pelamourgues to the Sacs and Foxes, Rev. Augustine Ravoux — who still lives in St. Paul, the model and the glory of that province — to the Sioux above the Falls of St. An thony, the scene of Hennepin's adventures. The erection of the dioceses of Chicago and Milwaukee relieved Bishop Loras of the district east of the Mississippi, though it de prived him of a few priests. The bishop's great struggle was to keep pace with the Catholic immigration, then pouring in a steady stream all over Iowa; and though by December, 1843, he saw twelve new churches erected, yet as many more were needed. New settlements were con stantly springing into existence that required the visits of DIOCESE OF CHICAGO. 413 priest and bishop ; there was no rest for either. But fast as was the pace of Western immigration — and Bishop Loras never ceased to encourage it — the increase of churches and clergy seemed not to lag behind. The bishop was untiring, ubiquitous, and withal shrewd, keen, and far-seeing in securing in all new settlements ground and property for the church. It is on the foundations he thus laid that has risen the greatness of the province of Dubuque. The see of Chicago was erected November 28, 1843. It contained the State of Illinois. This was classic ground in the early mission period for the voyageur and the mis sionary. Chicago then was the point where converged all the lines of Indian and Canadian explorations, travels, and commerce, just as Chicago now is the hub of all our inland routes of trade. In 1804 the United States government established at Chicago Fort Dearborn. Gradually a few whites settled there, Ouilmette and Beaubien being among the pioneers. The Rev. Gabriel Richard, of Detroit, visited Chicago in 1821 and said mass^ in Colonel Beaubien's house. He also preached to the garrison in the fort. In 1833 the Catholics, headed by Thomas J. B. Owen and J. B. Beaubien, sent a petition to Bishop Rosati asking him to give them a resident priest. The Bishop of St. Louis, acting as vicar general of the diocese of Bardstown, under whose jurisdiction Illinois was at the time, appointed Rev. J. M. J. St. Cyr to the charge of Chicago. He reached his post, and said mass in Mark Beaubien's house May 5, 1833. The next year a lot was purchased on Lake and Stale streets, and a little church twenty-five by thirty-five feet was erected. Rev. Mr. St. Cyr was recalled in 1837; after him came Revs. Leander Schaffer, O'Meara, and Maurice de St. Palais, who opened St. Xavier's Academy, and. soon, after began the election of. a. brick church on. 414 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxv. Madison Street and Wabash Avenue which cost four thousand dollars. Such was the condition of the Catholic Church in the city of Chicago when Pope Gregory XVI. made that city an episcopal see, and appointed as its first bishop Rt. Rev. William Quarter, who was consecrated in St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York, on the ioth of March, 1844. The priests who were at the time in Chicago belonged to the diocese of Vincennes and were recalled by the bishop of that see. Bishop Quarter at once exerted himself to obtain priests to fill the vacancies, and to such purpose that by the close of the year he had twenty-three priests in his diocese. The Catholic population of the State was esti mated at more than fifty thousand. Full of that spirit of energetic go-aheadativeness that is said to have characterized the city of Chicago from the very beginning, Bishop Quarter was. ceaseless in stimulat ing congregations to build churches, and seemed to reach out in all directions for the priests needed to keep pace with immigration. But_ the vast and constant labor had overtasked his strength and energies, though neither he nor those around him saw anything to excite alarm. He lectured in his cathedral throughout the Lent of 1848, and after preaching on Passion Sunday seemed to be greatly exhausted. He retired early to rest ; during the night his moans summoned Rev. P. T. McElhearne to his room, and he was found seated on the side of his bed, complaining of excruciating pain in his head. A physician was sum moned and the last sacraments were administered. With the cry " Lord, have mercy on my poor soul ! " he sank into a comatose state and soon expired (April 10, 1848). The successor of Bishop Quarter was a Jesuit father, a native of Belgium, who since his ordination (1827) had been on the mission in Maryland and Missouri, the Rev. BISHOP HENNI. 415 James Oliver van de Velde. He was consecrated in St. Louis February 1 1, 1849. Chicago at that time had four churches — the cathedral, St. Joseph's Church on Chicago Avenue, St. Peter's on Washington Street, and St. Pat rick's on Randolph Street; a theological seminary, with eighteen students ; a university, St. Mary of the Lake ; and a convent of the Sisters of Mercy, with its academy. There were in the diocese forty-eight other churches or public chapels, and forty priests to minister to a constantly increasing body of eighty thousand Catholics. Bishop Van de Velde was zealous and energetic, but a rheumatism, from which he had long suffered, became ex tremely severe in the damp and chilly climate of Chicago. At the earliest moment that he could communicate with the sovereign pontiff he tendered his resignation. Though refused at first, he did finally succeed in getting himself transferred to the see of Natchez. Wisconsin and eastern Minnesota — that is to say, the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi — were classic ground in the history of our early missions. This was the territory included in the diocese of Milwaukee, erected November 28, 1843. Though it was an offshoot of Vin cennes, and therefore of Cincinnati, Bardstown, and Balti more, Milwaukee, for territorial convenience, was made suffragan to St. Louis in 1849. The new bishop was the Rev. John Martin Henni, a native of Switzerland, a mis sionary in the United States since 1828, and at the time of his appointment Vicar General of Cincinnati, where he was consecrated March 19, 1841. Bishop Henni, after being installed in the one little wooden church of Milwau kee, which required three masses to hold the three con gregations, French, English-speaking, and German, found in the diocese twenty congregations, about fourteen churches, and six priests. Under the impulse given by 41 6 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxv. him the faithful were soon busy improving or erecting churches throughout the diocese. Indeed, before the end of the year 1845 no fewer than twenty churches were in progress. The great difficulty was to obtain clergymen for these willing congregations. Conscious that he could not depend on priests from other parts, he projected from the outset a theological seminary, and resolved to establish it on a firm basis. In forming the plan of his seminary and directing it he was greatly aided by Rev. Michael Heiss, who afterward became his successor. Much had been accomplished, but, as more remained to be done, Bishop Henni resolved to visit Europe in order to get men and means. With this view he visited Austria, Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Switzerland, and Rome. He must have been successful in his journey, for soon after his return he purchased, with the means obtained in Europe, a site for his cathedral, seventy-seven by one hundred and seventy- seven feet, erected St. Gall's Church and that of the Holy Trinity in Milwaukee, and prepared plans for a cathedral in the Byzantine style, the corner-stone of which was laid on the 8th of July, 1848, with imposing ceremonial. An other result of his journey to Europe was the arrival in his diocese of brothers and sisters of the Order of St. Francis, and of the school sisters of Notre Dame. In a pastoral to his flock, appealing for aid to carry on his cathedral, he reminded the faithful of what had been already done : " When, six years ago, we took possession of the newly established bishopric of Milwaukee, we found nothing of note here, unless what the most urgent and immediate payments enabled us to retain. All things had to be begun ; all things had to be created. We found but four priests incorporated in our diocese, laboring for this great fold of ten thousand souls. We number now over fifty rjriests,, laboring for more than fifty thousand souls. DIOCESE OF ST. PAUL. 41 7 Churches and chapels have sprung up in unexampled numbers; schools, institutions of piety, and convents exist now not only on the Milwaukee, but on the Wisconsin and Mississippi rivers. Thank God with us that he has thus blessed this diocese beyond expectation." The Territory of Minnesota, extending northward from the Iowa line to the British boundary, westward from the St. Croix River to the Missouri, was contained in the dio cese of St. Paul, erected July 19, 1850. This Territory of Minnesota had been known to the voyageur and the missionary, and their memory is perpetuated in the names now borne by many of Minnesota's lakes, cities, rivers, counties, and towns. The Rt. Rev. Joseph Cretin, chosen for the new see, was a native of Montluel, in the department of Ain, France, had come to the United States with Bishop Loras (April, 1839), and was Vicar General of Dubuque at the time of his promotion. On receiving notification of it he went to France to be consecrated in Belley, the see of his native diocese, January 26, 185 1. He returned with five priests. These, with the veteran, Augustine Ravoux, were the nucleus of Bishop Cretin's clergy. He was warmly welcomed by his flock and escorted to the little log house which was to be his episcopal residence. Outside of St. Paul there was not much to show. There was a small Canadian settlement on the Minnesota River opposite Fort Snelling, which was known then as St. Peter and is known now as Mendota. Seven miles below Fort Snelling, on the eastern bank of the Mississippi, was the city of the bishop's see, which a few years before was only a small Canadian settlement where the Rev. Lucien Galtier had raised a log chapel that he named St. Paul, in fraternal remembrance of the upper settlement, St. Peter. The title of the chapel is preserved in the name of the capital city. There were, moreover, two other small settlements, one 4i 8 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxv. at St. Anthony's Falls, the nucleus of Minneapolis, and the other on the St. Croix River where now stands Still water. The Rev. Augustine Ravoux, residing by turns in St. Peter and St. Paul, was the only priest in the whole Territory when it was erected into a diocese. Before the bishop arrived from France, Father Ravoux made pur chases of real estate in the young city — a village, rather — of St. Paul that have been the source of the material pros perity of the diocese, and still constitute to-day an endow ment of no mean proportions. The new diocese had ten priests and seven churches when the bishop proceeded to the Plenary Council of Baltimore. At the request of the Seventh Provincial Council of Baltimore the territory lying between the western bound ary of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota and the eastern flank of the Rockies was formed into the vicari ate apostolic of the Indian Territory. The Rev. John B. Miege, S.J., named Bishop of Messenia, in partibus infi delium, and consecrated March 25, 185 1, was put in charge of this vicariate. It comprised the present States of North and South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and eastern Montana. The two chief mission posts in that region were St. Mary's Pottowatomie mis sion and St. Francis Hieronymo's Osage mission. In the former the annual baptisms were about one hundred and .seventeen, in the latter five hundred had been baptized since 1847. Not for long, however, was this vast territory to be the exclusive home of the Indians. Already white settlers were invading it at the time of the First Plenary Council of Baltimore. The vicariate was a suffragan of St. Louis. When the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) added New Mexico to the United States, religion there was in a RELIGIOUS CONDITION OF NEW. MEXICO. 419 sad condition. The Mexican Bishop of Durango, Bishop Zubiria, even after the cession visited New Mexico, in October, 1850, for he had received from the holy see no notification that an ecclesiastical change had followed the civil change of that territory. However, now that it was part of the United States, the American hierarchy thought that it should be included in the body of the dioceses of the republic, and requested the holy see to provide it with a bishop. Accordingly New Mexico was erected into a vicariate apostolic, and the Rev. John B. Lamy, a native of France and a priest of the diocese of Cincinnati, was assigned to the task of reorganizing religious affairs in the vicariate. He was consecrated in Cincinnati No vember 24, 1850. The vicar apostolic found crying abuses existing, and by kind and patient advice endeavored to recall the clergy to a true ecclesiastical spirit ; but few would respond to his advices. Having ascertained exactly the condition of his flock, Bishop Lamy set out for the Council of Balti more. The estimated population of New Mexico at this time was sixty thousand Mexicans and eight thousand Indians. There were twenty-five parish churches and forty scattered chapels. The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) likewise brought California into the Union. The religious condi tion of the country was deplorable. Cut off from Mexico as it had been from Spain, no further supply of mission aries could be expected from either. When the discovery of gold was made, men poured in from all countries, who looked with utter contempt on the old inhabitants. Among the immigrants were many Catholics, not a few of them rough men and with little around them to polish their ways. Yet faith was not dead in their hearts ; they soon felt the want of church and priest, of divine service, and 420 THE ROMAN CA THOLICS. [Chap. xxv. of the sacraments at death. Big-hearted and generous men they were, ready to put up churches and support priests. Letters came to Archbishop Eccleston in Balti more and to Bishop Hughes in New York, representing the condition of affairs, written by intelligent Americans, Catholic and Protestant. It was not in the power of these dignitaries to interfere ; they could only appeal to Rome to lose no time in providing for the future of the church in a part of the country which was soon to become popu lous and important. News also reached Rome that an impostor, representing himself to be an apostolic nuncio empowered to arrange all ecclesiastical matters, was roam ing about California. Speedy measures were necessary. When the proceedings of the Seventh Council of Balti more reached Rome, with the names of three clergymen proposed for a successor to Bishop Garcia Diego in the see of Monterey, matters became somewhat clear to the Roman authorities. The sovereign pontiff appointed as Bishop of Monterey Rev. Father Joseph Sadoc Alemany, a Spaniard of the Order of St. Dominic, who had been for some years on the American missions. He was in Rome at the time of his nomination, and was consecrated in the Church of San Carlo, June 13, 1850, by Cardinal Fransoni. Oregon became, in 18 10, the field of the fur-trading operations of John Jacob Astor, who made Astoria his chief post. Iroquois and Canadian Catholics came to Oregon with the expeditions of Lewis and Clark (1805) and of Hunt (1811), some of whom subsequently took service in the Northwest and Hudson Bay companies, and settled in the Willamette Valley. This was the cradle of Oregon Catholicity. The English were virtually in pos session of the country, the United States doing nothing to THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST. 42 1 enforce its claims. The first attempt by Americans to gain a footing in Oregon was due to Protestant missionary societies, under whom a Methodist mission was established in 1834 and a Presbyterian one in 1836.' The Canadians in the Willamette Valley wrote in 1834 and the follow ing year to Rt. Rev. Dr. Provencher, residing at the Red River, as the nearest Catholic authority, asking for a priest. He had no clergyman whom he could send to their relief, and advised them to apply to Canada. When their application reached the Archbishop of Quebec he selected Rev. Francis Norbert Blanchet, a par ish priest in his diocese, and Rev. Modeste Demers to become the spiritual guides of the Canadian settlers on the Pacific, and to establish missions among the native tribes ; he moreover appointed Rev. Mr. Blanchet his vicar general for Oregon, thus assuming that it was Eng lish territory. The directors of the Hudson Bay Company, however, recognized that the Willamette Valley was cer tainly American territory and must ultimately be yielded to the United States. They insisted, therefore, on the establishment of the French mission at Cowlitz Portage, which they regarded as being certainly within the British limits. Very Rev. Mr. Blanchet started from Montreal in a bark canoe of the Hudson Bay Company, May 3, 1838, and was joined at Red River by Rev. Mr. Demers. A long and painful journey of more than four thousand miles brought them at last, on the 24th of November, to Fort Vancouver. ' The total number of the Canadian Catholics in the dif ferent posts and settlements, with their wives and children, was estimated at about nine hundred. Many had not seen a priest, heard mass, or approached the sacraments from twenty to forty years. There was still faith, but there 422 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxv. was great ignorance. The situation required patient in struction to be given to old and young, marriages to be validated, children to be baptized. There was labor enough here for the missionaries, but they endeavored also to instruct the Indians. Meanwhile the fathers of the Society of Jesus undertook missions among the Flathead and other Rocky Mountain tribes. These missions were founded by the famous Belgian Jesuit Father De Smet, and are to-day in a very flourishing condition. The condition of the Oregon missions and the necessity of ecclesiastical organization for that territory were repre sented to the Sacred Congregation de Propaganda Fide both by the Archbishop of Baltimore and his suffragans and by the Archbishop of Quebec. The sovereign pon tiff, accordingly, by his brief of December, 1843, estab lished the vicariate apostolic of Oregon, embracing all the territory between the Mexican province of California in the south and the Russian province of Alaska in the north, and extending from the Pacific Ocean to the Rocky Mountains. The Very Rev. Francis Norbert Blanchet was appointed Bishop of Drasa, in partibus infidelium, and Vicar Apostolic of Oregon, May 7, 1844. Soon after receiving his bulls the bishop elect sailed for Montreal. There he was consecrated in the cathedral by the Rt. Rev. Ignatius Bourget, bishop of that city. After receiv ing the episcopal consecration he sailed for Europe. On reaching Rome he presented a memoir to the Sacred Con gregation de Propaganda «Fide on the condition of his vicariate. The result of his six years of labor was four teen chapels and as many missions, one thousand Catholic Canadians, six thousand Indian converts, and two educa tional establishments. As he insisted on the necessity of dividing his vast vicariate, the sovereign pontiff (July 24, 1846) erected the archiepiscopal see of Oregon City, and FIRST PLENARY COUNCIL OF BALTIMORE. 4_>3 the dioceses of Nesqually, Walla Walla, Fort Hall, Colville, Vancouver, Princess Charlotte's Island, and New Cale donia. But of these projected sees only Vancouver and Nesqually became realities ; the others remained on paper. Archbishop Blanchet sailed from Brest February 22, 1847, with a retinue of eleven priests and seven sisters of the Congregation of Notre Dame de Namur. After a voyage of nearly six months, their bark, " L'fitoile du Matin," anchored in the Columbia River August 13, 1847. Archbishop Blanchet set up his archiepiscopal throne in the Church of St. Paul, on the Willamette, which became his cathedral. The diocese of Nesqually was erected May 31, 1850; but it had existed under the name of the diocese of Walla Walla since September 2J, 1846, when its incumbent, the Rev. Augustine Magloire Alexander Blanchet, brother to the Archbishop of Oregon, was consecrated in Montreal. As Bishop of Nesqually he resided in Vancouver. Previ ous to the change of title and of territory he had resided at Fort Walla Walla, and had under his jurisdiction the districts of Colville and Fort Hall and the country between the forty-second and fiftieth degrees of latitude. After his transfer from Walla Walla to Nesqually his diocese was the present State of Washington. We may now sum up the evolution of the hierarchy from 1829, date of the First Provincial Council of Balti more, to 1852, date of the First Plenary Council of Balti more. At the first council presided over by the Metro politan of Baltimore there were present in person or by proxy his suffragans, the Bishops of Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Charleston, Bardstown, and Cincinnati. Besides these, and outside the ecclesiastical province of Baltimore, there were in the United States the Bishops of 424 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. XXV. New Orleans, St. Louis, and the Vicar Apostolic of Ala bama, who did not form an ecclesiastical province, since no one of them was archbishop. Therefore the hierarchy of the United States in 1829 was made up of one arch bishop and nine bishops. Since that time Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Bardstown, Cincinnati, New Orleans, and St. Louis branched out into other sees and dioceses. The evolution was rapid and marvelous in the North and the West, so that in 1852 the schedule stands thus : archbishoprics : Baltimore, New York, Cincinnati, St. Louis, New Orleans; suffragan bishoprics: for Balti more : Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Richmond, Charleston, Wheeling, and Savannah ; for New York : Albany, Buffalo, Boston, and Hartford ; for Cincinnati : Louisville (formerly Bardstown), Vincennes, Detroit, and Cleveland; for New Orleans : Mobile, Natchez, Little Rock, and Galveston ; for St. Louis : Dubuque, Nashville, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul, and the vicariate of the Indian Territory ; prov inces, five ; suffragans, twenty-four. But this is not all. In 1846 the status and boundary of Oregon were settled by treaty with England ; moreover, by the treaty of Guadalupe (1848), New Mexico and California came into the Union. Now in 1850 New Mexico was erected into a vicariate apostolic, and in Cali fornia there was the diocese of Monterey. While the status of Oregon was unsettled and its boundary was in dispute, a vicariate, then a bishopric, then an archbishopric having as suffragans one American diocese, Nesqually, and one British diocese, Vancouver Island, sprang into exist ence apart from and independently of the hierarchy of the Eastern States. We have, then, to add to the foregoing archbishoprics the hybrid province of Oregon with its one American suffragan, and we have to add to the bishoprics those of New Mexico and California, which were not yet A NEW PERIOD. 42$ assigned to any province ; and thus we get for the territory of the United States at the time of the First Plenary Council of Baltimore a total of six provinces and twenty - seven suffragan dioceses. When, on Sunday, May 9, 1852, the American hie rarchy, with an abbot of La Trappe, the superiors of the Augustinians, Dominicans, Benedictines, Franciscans, Jesuits, Redemptorists, Lazarists, and Sulpitians, the officials of the synod, and the theologians of the bishops, filed in solemn procession into the cathedral of Baltimore for the opening of the council, the country and the world beheld the objective lesson of a growth and extension within half a century for the like of which we must go back to the earliest days of Christianity, when in the freshness of youth and the vigor of apostolic zeal the church laid hold of the Roman empire. And when that august assembly closed its sessions it had added to the number of American bishops, for it solicited and obtained from the holy see the erection of new sees at Portland, Me., Burlington, Vt, Brooklyn, N. Y., Newark, N. J., Erie, Pa., Covington, Ky., Quincy, 111., Santa Fe, N. Mex., Natchitoches, La., a vicariate apostolic in Upper Michigan, and an archiepiscopal see in San Francisco. The period that now opens is the period of the Civil War that split the country in two sections, the South and the North. The hierarchy of the United States was not split ; its unity stood the shock, unbroken. If, then, I head the two following. chapters " The Church in the South," " The Church in the North," it is for the reason that before and during and after the great conflict the growth of the church in the South was almost null, whereas in the North it was gigantic. Growth, being the main idea that underlies this history, naturally suggests the headings which, without this explanation, might look sectional, partisan, and inju- 426 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [ChaP. XXV. rious to our religious unity. If I include in the North certain dioceses in border States more attached to the Confederacy than the Union, it is because those dioceses were suffragans of provinces that were mainly Northern. The division, while convenient for my purpose, is not absolutely perfect. Part III. The Growth of the Church from the First Plenary to the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore (1852-66). CHAPTER XXVI. THE CHURCH IN THE SOUTH (1852-66). BEFORE proceeding with my narrative of the develop ment of the hierarchy I must insert here the strange Bedini episode. For several years the United States had been represented in Rome by a resident minister. Pius IX. had therefore the right to be represented, if he deemed it necessary or expedient, by a nuncio in Washington. No step, however, in this direction had as yet been taken. The Most Rev. Cajetan Bedini, Archbishop of Thebes, appointed as nuncio to the court of Brazil in 1853, was commissioned by the holy see to remain in the United States, on the way to his post, long enough to look into certain complaints made by the German trustees of churches in Philadelphia and Buffalo. He was also intrusted with a friendly letter from the Pope to the President of the United States. Arrived in Washington, Bedini had an interview with President Pierce. But when it became a question of recognizing him as a member of the diplomatic corps, the State De partment raised difficulties on the ground that he was not 427 428 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxvi. a layman. Moreover, Gavazzi, an apostate Italian priest who was in the country at the time, aided by Italian and German revolutionists, refugees from Europe, circulated the vilest calumnies against the personal character of the nuncio. The press helped to spread them. Anti- Catho lic public opinion was worked up to so high a pitch of fanaticism that his assassination was secretly plotted. Nothing daunted, Mgr. Bedini went on with the work of his mission, the examination and settlement of the com plaints of the Germans of Buffalo and Philadelphia. He was not successful in this direction; but the work gave him the opportunity of visiting most of the episcopal sees of the country from Canada to New Orleans and from New York to Milwaukee. Everywhere his reception was respectful and enthusiastic from the Catholics, sullen and turbulent from the Protestants. Had not the authorities acted with energy in Cincinnati, to give but one instance, an organized attempt to hang him and burn the cathedral might have been effected. Rome had been ill advised — Know-nothingism was still rampant; the times were not propitious to a Roman envoy. The report made by Bedini to the holy see is of the highest importance. I summarize it: Catholicity in the United States was an organized, united, increasing body, with dioceses, churches, and in stitutions of every kind. Catholics were well represented in the different conditions of life ; in civil, military, and naval positions. The German immigrants, largely made up of infidels and revolutionists, were active, turbulent, and by their newspapers and societies exerted a detri mental influence on their Catholic fellow-countrymen. Of the larger, and mostly Catholic, Irish immigration he noted the strong faith and attachment to the church, the result of perpetual persecution at home; but they were BEDINI'S REPORT. 429 exposed to great losses from being led into vice, neglect ing their religious duties, and in many cases from the fact that no priest or church was near to recall them. Want of Catholic schools for the education of their children was another source of possible losses. Referring to the episcopate, Archbishop Bedini declared that an episcopal body so respected and so worthy of respect as that of the United States was a real blessing. They were all loved and venerated in the highest degree by their people and even by Protestants. Everywhere he found bishops building or encouraging the clergy to build churches and institutions, though their means were scanty. They were no longer hampered by the fatal trustee system, now confined within very narrow limits. The clergy as a body were edifying and laborious in the discharge of the complicated duties imposed upon them : compelled to col lect money to build churches and schools, besides attend ing to the discharge of their sacred ministry. He urged, where possible,' the appointment of bishops of American birth. " I myself had occasion to see that not only more deference was paid to the advice and direction of an American-born bishop, but that the bishop himself is more courageous, fearless, and steadfast in the struggles which not infrequently arise." He spoke strongly against divid ing the Catholics into German and English speaking. " It is enough to reflect that no English, American, or Irish citizen learns German, ,and that every German seeks earnestly to acquire the English language. The rising German generation speaks and understands English so well that mothers complain they cannot understand their children when they converse together." Of the regular orders, especially of the Jesuits, Redemptorists, and Bene dictines, as well as of the religious communities of women, he spoke in terms of highest praise. 43° THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxvi. The South was mainly comprised in the two provinces of Baltimore and New Orleans. The province of Baltimore contained the following dio ceses : Baltimore, Philadelphia, Pittsburg, Erie, Richmond, Wheeling, Charleston, Savannah. Taking them up in the order named, I shall review them briefly, noting the in crease within them of clergy and laity, of parishes and churches, and the injuries inflicted on them by the Civil War. In the narrative of the first period I have been somewhat minute in detailing the names of priests and parishes, for the reason that the beginnings of things great, because of their smallness and remoteness, are more fasci nating than is their later development. But as the field extends, as the dioceses multiply, as the clergy increase and parishes grow more numerous, the necessity of taking broader views, no less than the want of space, warns me to condense the narrative to more general considerations. Shortly after the closing of the First Plenary Council a diocesan synod was held in Baltimore (February 22, 1853), at which were present thirty-five diocesan and seventeen religious priests. Maryland was not one of the States into which immigration flowed abundantly. Its lands were too high-priced for the agricultural newcomers ; and, as it was a slave State, the immigrants who sought a livelihood by labor naturally avoided it. Consequently the growth of population was slow, and so was the multiplication of par ishes and churches. In 1857 tne number of Catholics in Baltimore was estimated at 80,814, f°r whose use there were thirteen churches. But if the younger dioceses were destined to outgrow the older in numbers, one privilege and glory was to remain to the mother see. The Pope, at the request of the Ninth Provincial Council (May 2, 1858), granted to the Archbishop of Baltimore the prerogative of place in all ecclesiastical meetings in the United States, CHURCH AND CIVIL WAR. 43 1 and the right of placing his throne above even those of archbishops older by date of consecration. The great Civil War, that assured by an appalling sacri fice of wealth and lives the faltering unity of this nation, and shattered for a time the seeming unity of many relig ious denominations, did but bring into clearer evidence the hierarchical unity of the Catholic Church. Its members, it is true, divided off on political grounds; it was their right and, as they supposed, their duty ; but there was not any division in organization, discipline, and faith. To both sides of the conflict the church sent her heroes of charity, and oftentimes, indeed, the same heroes to both sides ; detailed her priests from the parish and the college, her nuns from the orphan asylum and the schoolroom, to the camp, the hospital, the prison, and the bloody battle field. Meanwhile her sacred edifices resounded with ear nest petitions to Heaven for peace, with solemn requiems for the fallen on the field ; and not infrequently they were turned into hospitals for the wounded and dying brought in from the battle raging near by. Archbishop Kenrick survived by ten years the council over which he had presided ; he was found by his household dead in his room on the morning of July 7, 1863, though the day before he had been as well as usual. His learning was of the highest order, and has not been surpassed, if equaled, by that of any other of our American prelates. Thoroughly versed in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, he spoke French, Spanish, Italian, and German fluently. He gave to the church excellent dogmatic and moral theologies, a new Eng lish version of the Bible, with critical notes, a "Vindication of the Catholic Church," a noble book on the Primacy of the apostolic see, treatises on Baptism and Justification. His controversial works were marked with deep erudition, calmness, and charity. 43 2 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxvi. Cardinal Newman, in his " Historical Sketch of St. Basil," remarks that the instruments used by God in the accomplishment of his purposes are of two kinds. The first are men of acute and ready mind, with accurate knowledge of human nature, large plans, sociable and popular, endued with boldness, instinctive tact, and zeal. Such were the intrepid Hildebrand, the majestic Am brose, the never-wearied Athanasius; and such was, in our own history, John Hughes of New York. But there are instruments of less elaborate and splendid workman ship, less rich in political endowments, yet not less beauti ful in texture nor less precious in material. Such is the retired and thoughtful student who for years has chastened his soul in secret, raising it to high thought and single- minded purpose, and then is called into active life, where he conducts himself with firmness, guilelessness, and all the sweetness of purity and integrity. Unskilled in the weaknesses of human nature, unfurnished in the resources of ready wit, negligent of men's applause, he does his work seemingly unsuccessfully, and so leaves it ; but in the generation after him it lives again. Such were Basil, Peter Damien, and Anselm, and such was Archbishop Kenrick. Each class serves God according to the peculiar gifts given ; and in the long run it is difficult to say which of the two classes of men served the cause of truth more effectually. We have seen, in regard to the appointment of the Rev. John Carroll as prefect apostolic, that the federal govern ment had refused, when consulted, to take any action in the matter. " The precedent thus established," writes the Rt. Rev. J. L. Spalding, in " The Life of the Most Rev. M. J. Spalding," " of non-interference in matters apper taining to the jurisdiction of the church has been, almost without exception, adhered to by the government of this ARCHBISHOP SPALDING. 433 country. But when, during the excitement of the Civil War, which seemed to threaten our national existence, the two most important sees — those of Baltimore and New York — became vacant, there seemed for a while to be a disposition to meddle with the liberty of action of the church in the choice of bishops. The urgency of the times had given to the authorities in Washington a power which they had never before exercised ; and, as power often gains increase of appetite from what it feeds upon, they were inclined to stretch their jurisdiction as far as possible, without having any very nice regard for the limits assigned to it by the organic law of the land." The Rt. Rev. M. J. Spalding, at the time Bishop of Louisville, under date of February 7, 1864, makes the following entry in his journal : " There appears to be no doubt that the government has interfered at Rome in regard to the appointments to the sees of Baltimore and New York." But, at any rate, if action was taken by the government, it does not seem to have had any result, so far as we know. The appointment of Bishop Spalding to fill the see of Baltimore, made vacant by the death of Archbishop Kenrick, met with the almost universal ap proval of the Catholics of the country. Many of the bishops and priests expressed their great satisfaction with the choice made by the Holy Father in terms the most complimentary. " Probably no one could have been chosen who would have been more acceptable either to the clergy or the laity of the archdiocese of Baltimore. His record as Bishop of Louisville gave assurance of his admin istrative ability ; whilst the honorable name which he had made for himself by his writings and other labors in the cause of the church inspired the confident belief that he would be a not unworthy successor of Carroll and Kenrick. He came not among the Catholics as a stranger. They 434 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxvi. but welcomed home a not degenerate son of the pilgrims of Lord Baltimore." The two events of public importance preceding the holding of the Second Plenary Council were the publica tion of the Syllabus and the assassination of President Lincoln. Both events drew from the Archbishop of Bal timore expressions that may stand for the opinions and feelings of the Catholics in the United States. The Sylla bus — by no means an act of infallibility — because it was generally misunderstood, raised in this country a great outcry. " The outcry," writes the Rt. Rev. J. L. Spald ing, " was that the Pope had condemned all the most sa cred principles of our government." To this Archbishop Spalding replied that " to stretch the words of the pontiff, evidently intended for the standpoint of European radicals and infidels, so as to make them include the state of things established in this country by our Constitution in regard to liberty of conscience, of worship, and of the press, was manifestly unfair and unjust. Divided as we were in religious sentiment from the very origin of our govern ment, our fathers acted most prudently and wisely in adopting, as an amendment to the Constitution, the organic article that ' Congress shall make no law respect ing the establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.' In adopting this amendment they cer tainly did not intend, like the European radical disciples of Tom Paine and the French Revolution, to pronounce all religions, whether true or false, equal before God, but only to declare them equal before the law ; or rather sim ply to lay down the sound and equitable principle that the civil government, adhering strictly to its own appropriate sphere of political duty, pledged itself not to interfere with religious matters, which it rightly viewed as entirely with out the bounds of its competency. SYLLABUS— DEATH OF LINCOLN. 435 " The founders of our government were, thank God, neither latitudinarians nor infidels; they were earnest, honest men ; and however much some of them may have been personally lukewarm in the matter of religion, or may have differed in religious opinions, they still professed to believe in Christ and his revelation, and they exhib ited a commendable respect for religious observances. All other matters contained in the Encyclical that accompa nied the Syllabus, as well as the long catalogue of eighty propositions condemned in its Appendix or Syllabus, are to be judged by the same standard. These propositions are condemned in the sense of those who uttered and maintained them, and in no other. To be fair in our inter pretation, we must never lose sight of the lofty standpoint of the pontiff, who steps forth as the champion of law and order against anarchy and revolution, and of revealed religion against more or less openly avowed infidelity. Nor should we forget the standpoint of those whose errors he condemns, who openly or covertly assail all revealed religion, and seek to sap the very foundations of all well- ordered society ; who threaten to bring back the untold horrors of the French Revolution, and to make the streets and the highways run with the blood of the best and noblest citizens." Nor should we forget that the Syllabus is as technical and legal in its language as a syllabus of our courts, and therefore needs to be interpreted to the lay reader by the ecclesiastical lawyer. The assassination of Lincoln, a man who is the more admired the better time makes him known, filled the land with dismay and indignation. An attempt was made to lay the deed to the charge of Catholics. There had undoubtedly been, some time previous to and quite unconnected with the murder, a conspiracy, which failed, however, and in which John Surratt, a Catholic, misled by 436 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxvi. his Southern sympathies, was implicated. The fact that meetings of the conspirators were held in the house of John Surratt's mother, without her knowledge of their purpose, was the insufficient ground on which that unfor tunate and innocent woman was tried, condemned, and executed by a military tribunal. She was sacrificed by an alarmed administration to the country's cry for venge ance. The murderer was not a Catholic. None in the land were more shocked, none more outspoken against the dark deed, than the Catholic community. The following circular from Archbishop Spalding is but one of many that were issued in all our dioceses : " FELLOW-CITIZENS : A deed of blood has been perpe trated which causes every heart to shudder, and which calls for the execration of every citizen. On Good Friday, the hallowed anniversary of our blessed Lord's crucifixion, when all Christendom was bowed down in penitence and sorrow at his tomb, the President of these United States was foully assassinated, and a wicked attempt was made upon the life of the Secretary of State. Words fail us in expressing detestation for a deed so atrocious, hitherto happily unparalleled in our history. Silence is perhaps the best and most appropriate expression of a sorrow too great for utterance. We are quite sure that we need not remind our brethren in this archdiocese of the duty, which we are confident they will willingly perform, of uniting with their fellow-citizens in whatever may be deemed most suitable for indicating their horror of the crime and their feelings of sympathy with the bereaved. We also invite them to join in humble supplication to God for our bereaved and afflicted country; and we enjoin that the bells of all our churches be solemnly tolled on the occasion of the late President's funeral." BISHOP NEUMANN. 437 In 1866 Archbishop Spalding received from Rome let ters appointing him delegate apostolic to preside over the Second Plenary Council of Baltimore. To succeed Bishop Kenrick in the see of Philadelphia Rome selected Father John Nepomucene Neumann, of the Order of Redemptorists, a native of Bohemia. He was consecrated March 28, 1852. Under his apostolic admin istration — for he was a saintly man — the spirit of religious devotion increased in the city that had suffered so much from schism; new parishes were formed and new churches arose throughout the diocese, not less than twenty being built in the first year of his episcopate. Conscious of his shortcomings as a financier, Bishop Neumann sought to have two more dioceses established within the territory under his jurisdiction, Pottsville and Wilmington, with the intent, it appears, to get himself transferred to one of them, leaving the more important diocese of Philadelphia to abler hands. The holy see, instead of acceding to his re quest for a division, named the Rev. James Frederic Wood, a native of Philadelphia, a bank clerk in his youth and a convert to the church, as coadjutor to Bishop Neu mann. His consecration took place in Cincinnati April 25> 1857. In the hands of the coadjutor Bishop Neu mann left entirely the onerous task of carrying on the building of the magnificent cathedral begun by his prede cessor, Bishop Kenrick. The saintly Neumann did not live to see the work completed ; he fell and died suddenly in Vine Street, January 5, i860. The holy, mortified life of Bishop Neumann, his complete detachment from all earthly things, his purity and devotedness, had impressed all with a belief in his great sanctity. His intercession was sought by the afflicted in body and soul, and, it appears, not without relief in many cases. So general was the confidence and so marked the favors received that 438 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. Xxvi. the preliminary steps for his canonization were begun. The cause was duly introduced in the Congregation of Rites in December, 1888. The episcopal process was conducted under the authority and guidance of Arch bishop Ryan, and having been concluded in two years was transmitted to Rome, where it was examined and ap proved. This, however, is only the first step in the very long investigation that must take place before the cause is brought to completion. On assuming charge, Bishop Wood found in the diocese one hundred and fifty churches, one hundred and forty- two priests, a flourishing theological seminary, and a Catholic population estimated at two hundred thousand. Under Bishop Wood's able financial management many churches were built throughout the diocese, and the magnificent cathedral was brought to completion and dedicated to the service of God November 20, 1864. There was another work with which his name shall be for ever associated. At Overbrook, in a valuable piece of ground, he laid (December 5, 1865) the corner-stone of a new diocesan seminary which is to-day one of the grand est establishments of the kind in the land. The diocese of Pittsburg under Bishop O'Connor had been divided, as we have seen in a former chapter, to make room for the new see of Erie. After the division it contained a Catholic population of forty thousand, seventy- five churches erected or in progress, and fifty-seven priests. Bishop O'Connor, feeling a call to the religious life, had from the very beginning refused the office of bishop, but had been compelled by positive orders from the Pope to accept it; however, he always yearned for the mode of life to which he had given his first love. In 1857, while in Rome, he tried to escape from the episcopate, but did not succeed. Again, in i860, he laid his resignation at the BISHOP O'CONNOR. 439 feet of the Holy Father, who this time yielded to his desire. Once freed he entered a Jesuit novitiate in Europe, re turned to this country a humble religious, and occupied various positions in the society until his death (October, 1872). His successor in the see of Pittsburg was the Rev. Michael Domenec, born in Spain, but an emigrant to this country in his youth, and ordained in Missouri, where he labored many years on the missions in the West. He was consecrated in Pittsburg December 9, i860. The statistics of the diocese at the beginning of 1862 show eighty-four churches, eighty-two priests, and an estimated Catholic population of fifty thousand. The diocese of Erie was erected July 29, 1853. It in cluded the counties of Mercer, Venango, Clarion, Jefferson, Clearfield, Elk, McKeon, and Potter, and as much of Pennsylvania as lay north and west of them. Here, in the last days of France's struggle to maintain her hold in North America, had been a line of military posts, and Catholic chaplains offered the holy sacrifice from Presqu Isle (Erie) to Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburg). At the time of its erection Erie had twenty-eight churches, with fourteen priests, and twelve thousand Catholics. For a short time Bishop O'Connor left Pittsburg and occupied the see of Erie ; but as the candidate elected to replace him in Pittsburg refused to accept that charge, Bishop O'Connor was transferred back to his original see, and the candidate elected for Pittsburg, the Rev. J. M. Young, was sent to Erie. He was consecrated in Cincinnati April 23, 1864. Josue M. Young was a native of Shapleigh, Me., born October 29, 1808, brought up without the slightest ray of Catholic truth, and trained to the art of printing, appar ently not the path to lead to a miter in the Catholic Church. A Catholic fellow-printer working by his side 440 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxvi. was often the butt of jokes, in which Young joined. But the Catholic was able to explain and defend his belief and turn the laugh. So impressed was Young that he began to read and examine, and gradually his mind cleared. In 1827, while working in Portland, he heard of the coming of Bishop Fenwick, and through his old fellow-typographer sought an interview. Bishop Fenwick at once understood his case. Young was soon convinced that the Catholic was the one true faith, and sought admission within its fold. He resolved to become a priest, and, proceeding to Cincinnati, went through the necessary studies and was ordained in 1837. Twenty-seven years afterward he became Bishop of Erie. In 1861 the diocese contained twenty-one priests, thirty-eight churches, and during the years of the war seven more were built. Bishop Young died suddenly September 18, 1866. The diocese of Richmond under Bishop McGill had in the year 1855 ten priests; between that year and i860 about nine churches were built. For reasons already alluded to there was no immigration to the South and consequently no great increase of Catholicity. Moreover, during the Civil War Virginia became the theater of the greatest and bloodiest battles of that memorable conflict, the tramping-ground for the armies of the South and the North. As a very large number of the soldiers on both sides were Catholics, Catholic army chaplains were fre quently within the limits of the diocese, and Sisters of Charity were in attendance on the sick and wounded in camp and hospital. Wherever there were woe and misery and disease the Catholic priest and the religious woman were ready to do the works of mercy. It was only after the surrender of Lee at Appomattox that the bishop was able to visit his diocese. The condition of the church no less than of the State was heartrending. War is essen- PIUS IX. AND THE CONFEDERACY. 44 1 tially cruel, and amid its wild ravages churches and schools had been injured and ruined; but with peace came a new era of prosperity to desolate Virginia, and the church slowly repaired her losses. The diocese of Wheeling, when Bishop Whelan took possession, contained four churches, two priests, a few students, a convent, a boys' and girls' school, and five or six thousand Catholics. A few years later, when the Civil War broke out, there were in the diocese nine priests, and about nine more churches, mostly small chapels, had been built. Like the rest of Virginia, this western portion that formed the diocese of Wheeling was the theater of military operations, and suffered immensely. All church advance came to a standstill during the terrible conflict. But after the cessation of hostilities a new period began for the diocese. West Virginia was detached from eastern Vir ginia to form a new State ; slavery ceased, mining and industry prospered. In 1866 the diocese, comprising the State of West Virginia, numbered twenty-three churches, sixteen priests, eight ecclesiastical students, a college, three female academies, an orphan asylum, and a Catholic pop ulation of about fifteen thousand. After the death of Bishop Reynolds the diocese of Charleston was intrusted to the Rev. Patrick N. Lynch, a native of Ireland, but educated and ordained and laboring as a priest for many years in South Carolina. He was consecrated in Charleston March 14, 1858. No diocese suffered so much from the Civil War as that of Charleston. The cathedral, with the adjoining priests' residence, the convent, and the orphan asylum were burned ; the churches throughout the State were occupied for military purposes. It was through the agency of Bishop Lynch while he was in Rome (1864) that Pius IX. addressed to Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States, a letter which 442 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxvi. certain persons of late have sought to interpret as an offi cial recognition of the Confederacy. The New York " Independent'' (April 4, 1895), to cite no other author ity, effectually disposed of that interpretation. The document was a personal letter and carried with it no political significance. While he was in Rome Bishop Lynch made to the Propaganda the official report on the condition of his diocese : the Catholics in Charleston were 1 1,000, in Columbia, 2000, in Sumter, 600, in Wilmington, N. C, 1200, and smaller numbers in other places — a total of 20,000 in the two Carolinas, served by fifteen priests. After the end of the war he returned home, to find that he must begin anew, so to speak, the work of his predecessors in the building up of churches and schools, and he set about doing it with a brave heart. In 1857 the holy see detached Florida from the see of Savannah and erected it into a vicariate apostolic. At the time Savannah was vacant by the death of Bishop Rey nolds, whose successor, the Rev. John Barry, was conse crated in Baltimore August 2, 1857. He was sixty-seven years old, for thirty-two years he had been a missionary in the Southern States, and his health was seriously under mined. He died in Paris, whither he went to recuperate his shattered forces, November 21, 1859. The vicariate of Florida, comprising the country east of the Appalachicola River, was intrusted to the Rev. Augustine Verot, a Sulpitian professor in the theological seminary of Baltimore. The number of Catholics in Flor ida was small and the hope of increase limited. There were only seven churches and two priests in the vicariate. From a visit to Europe in 1859 Bishop Verot brought back six more, some Christian Brothers, and sisters for the schools. After the death of the Bishop of Savannah, the Rt. Rev. John Barry, he was transferred to that see (1861), The southwest. 443 retaining, meanwhile, charge of the vicariate of Florida. Both States under his jurisdiction suffered much during the Civil War in damage done to churches and other insti tutions, and in the decimating by death on the battle field and in the hospital of the Catholic Georgians and Floridians who fought for the " cause that was lost." To resume, in one word : the Condition of the province of Baltimore during this period was one of standstill in religious growth and of no small material loss from the terrible ordeal through which it passed during the memo rable conflict. The condition of the diocese of New Orleans is described as follows by Archbishop Blanc in a report made by him while in Rome (1853) to the Propaganda. It contained forty-four quasi-parishes, each with a church and one or two priests. The city had eighteen churches. The diocese had a seminary, under the priests of the mission, with an average of nine students. The Catholic population, made up of Americans, French, Irish, Germans, Spaniards, and Italians, was estimated at sixty- five thousand. Two Pro vincial Councils, in 1856 and 1859, were held by him, attended by his suffragans, the Bishops of Mobile, Gal veston, Little Rock, and Natchitoches. Old age and its infirmities could not prevent the apostolic zeal of Arch bishop Blanc from undertaking the onerous task of admin istering and visiting his diocese in the midst of physical weakness and pain. He succumbed to his constant labors June 20, i860. Bishop Odin, of Galveston, became his successor. The Civil War, from which New Orleans suffered more than any other city in the Union, checked all progress in church affairs ; when the time for the Second Plenary Council had come, the statistics of 1866 did not show much advance on those of 1853. The diocese of Natchitoches was formed in 1853, taking 444 rHE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxvi. from New Orleans the part of the State of Louisiana be tween the thirty-first and the thirty-second degrees of lati tude. Within that district there were twenty-five thousand Catholics, five priests, and seven churches. The bishop elected was Augustus Mary Martin. New life came with Bishop Martin ; churches were built, priests from France answered his call, and the future looked bright, when the war came to stop all progress for a while. The diocese of Little Rock, far away from the routes of immigration, progressed more slowly than any other in the Union. Add to this the woes of the war, which filled Arkansas with confusion and battles. In 1861 there were in the diocese but nine priests and eleven churches. After Bishop Byrne's death (June 10, 1862) the Rev. Edward Fitzgerald was consecrated his successor (February 3, 1867). Bishop Van de Velde, transferred from Chicago to Natchez in July, 1853, did not long survive the transfer; he died in Natchez November 13, 1855. His successor was the Rev. William Henry Elder, consecrated in Balti more, his native city, January 9, 1857. He found in his diocese but nine priests. The war desolated the diocese. Though the sisters and priests gave their untiring services, and not a few their lives, to the nursing of the sick and wounded from both sides in the conflict, yet insults, which we refrain from detailing, were not spared to the repre sentatives of the church. The war over, churches, mis sions, and schools had to be rebuilt, repaired, and set on foot anew. Bishop Portier's long episcopate came to an end in Mobile May 14, 1859. His successor was the Rev. John Quinlan. This was one of the oldest dioceses in the country, yet in 1 86 1 it had but sixteen priests — slow prog ress compared to the giant strides made in the Northwest SCHOOL LA W IN TEXAS. 445 States. Want of immigrants and the evils of the war account for this state of things. The diocese of Galveston, comprising the State of Texas, was the only Southern diocese that was receiving a share of the immigration of the period. Moreover, in 1858 the legislature passed a school law that was an hon orable exception in the whole country, and that had much to do in attracting Catholics. According to this law all schools giving gratuitous tuition were entitled to share in the school fund. Teachers were to be examined and were to obtain certificates of competency, and the schools were to be visited and examined by a board, to determine the proficiency of the scholars and the number to be credited to each school. As an evidence of the growth of the church under such favorable circumstances, and of the vast labors of Bishop Odin, let it be recorded that in 1858 he made a five-months' visitation of the State, traveling eighteen hundred miles and confirming 3415 persons. In 1 86 1 he was transferred to the archiepiscopal see of New Orleans, vacated by the death of Archbishop Blanc. His successor in Galveston, the Rev. Claude Marie Dubuis, was consecrated November 23, 1862. The following year he confirmed more than five thousand persons. In 1866 there were in the diocese forty-four priests, fifty-five churches, and about fifty-five thousand Catholics. CHAPTER XXVII. THE CHURCH IN THE NORTH (1852-66). The North contained the provinces of New York, Cin cinnati, St. Louis, and Oregon. Province of New York. In 1853 the dioceses of Brooklyn and Newark were set off from that of New York, leaving to the parent see the city of New York and the counties of Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, Rockland, Orange, Ulster, Sullivan, and Richmond. Within that district there were about fifty churches and more than a hundred priests. The Catholics of the diocese were estimated at about two hun dred and eighty thousand, more than half the churches and people being in the city of New York. As the great port of the United States, the city received nearly two thirds of all the immigrants reaching the country, and though many intended to proceed to Western homes, a considerable number lingered there for a time. They re quired church accommodations, priestly aid, and very often relief. With such a man at the head of the diocese as Arch bishop Hughes it is no wonder that churches and priests were multiplied with amazing rapidity. To go into details would be to carry us beyond all bounds. Between the years 1854 and 1861 he held three Provincial Councils with suffragans, the Bishops of Albany, Boston, Buffalo, 446 POLITICAL MISSION OF ARCHBISHOP HUGHES. 447 Hartford, Brooklyn, Newark, and Burlington, at which much wise legislation, needed by the conditions of time and place, was enacted. On August 15, 1858, he laid the corner-stone of St. Patrick's Cathedral, that grandest ecclesiastical monument in our country, choosing a site far beyond the inhabited quarters of the city, to the astonishment and even the merriment of men less far- sighted than himself. In 1863 he undertook the establish ment of another institution, which has grown to be one of high importance and vast influence in the diocese, the Protectory of Westchester, a home and school for destitute children. And yet another institution must be put to his credit, the purchase of a former Methodist university at Troy, which was converted into the theological seminary of the province. His administration had shown him to be a great church man. The Civil War showed him to be a great patriot. This is proved not only by his encouragement to the Irish military organizations of New York to march to the front, by his correspondence and writings on the war and its causes, but also by his semi-official diplomatic mission to secure the neutrality of Europe during the conflict. "There arose a danger," says John Gilmary Shea, " of the recognition of the Confederate States by the governments of Europe, and after the Trent affair there came the fear that England might go even further. The United States government, which had faltered about receiving an arch bishop as envoy from the Pope, now earnestly desired Archbishop Hughes to go to Europe as envoy of the United States. He absolutely declined to accept any official position, but expressed his willingness to use all his efforts to prevent the prolongation of the war and the greater effusion of human blood. "He sailed for Europe in November, 1861, and pro- 448 THE ROMAN CA THOLICS. [Chap, xxvii. ceeded to Paris. There he had interviews with the mem bers of the ministry, and was honorably received by the archbishop. After some delay he obtained an interview with the emperor, Napoleon IIL, and placed before him in a clear light the real position of affairs in America, and showed that it was for the interest of France to adhere to her long course of amity with the government of the United States. The impression he produced was such that he went further, and urged the emperor to act, if necessary, as arbitrator between the United States and England in the difficulty which had arisen. The influence that Archbishop Hughes produced on the councils of France at this juncture is undeniable, and was fully recog nized at Washington. On reaching Paris he wrote to Cardinal Barnabo to explain the nature of his mission, and after concluding his work in Paris proceeded to Rome. Though many had censured the archbishop, he found that Cardinals Antonelli and Barnabo and the Pope himself approved of his conduct." One of his last public acts was to address his flock of New York in favor of the government at the time of the draft riots, though the forces of his life were well-nigh spent. He died January 3, 1864. Thus ended the most remarkable, the most vigorous, the most patriotic prelate the country had known since John Carroll. His figure in history will gain in grandeur as it recedes with time; it is not at this day in that perspective necessary to reveal its true proportions. The diocese of Albany under the administration of Bishop McCloskey was constantly growing with the in coming immigration; its churches and institutions were increasing so rapidly that in 1861 it contained ninety priests, one hundred and seventeen churches, twenty-seven parochial schools, and six orphan asylums. When Bishop DIOCESE OF BROOKLYN. 449 McCloskey was transferred (1864) to New York to become the successor of Archbishop Hughes, the Rev. J. J. Conroy was named to the see of Albany and consecrated October 15, 1865. The diocese of Buffalo was tormented by the last rem nants of trusteeism in the land. The trustees of the St. Louis Church (German) in Buffalo had stood out against Archbishop Hughes before the erection of the see of Buf falo, and were in open rebellion against the first bishop of the see, the Rt. Rev. John Timon. The papal nuncio, Archbishop Bedini, had among other affairs the mission of settling this question. He failed to bring about a set tlement; the trustees were excommunicated June 22, 1854. This was the last effective blow that ended trusteeism among us. Bishop Timon was untiring in the work of administering and building up his diocese ; churches and institutions sprang up as if by magic. He passed away with a noble record, April 16, 1867. The diocese of Brooklyn, erected by bull of July 29, 1853, comprised Long Island. At the time there were six churches in Brooklyn and two in Williamsburg ; Astoria, Flatbush, Flushing, Jamaica, and Westburg had each its church. The growth of Catholicity in this new diocese since that day until the death of the first bishop, in 1891, is unparalleled in the United States. He was the Rt. Rev. John Loughlin, Vicar General of the diocese of New York. The troubles of Know-nothingism and the Civil War had no effect in checking the constant advance of the diocese of Brooklyn. Churches, schools and convents sprang into existence year by year. When the Second Plenary Council was opened (1866), thirteen years after the estab lishment of the diocese, there were twenty-three churches in the city of Brooklyn and twenty on the rest of the island. Evidently this phenomenal increase means that 450 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap, xxvii. large numbers of immigrants landing in New York found homes on the island across the East River. The see of Newark, comprising the State of New Jersey, erected in 1853, found its first bishop in a convert to the church, a scion of an old and wealthy American family, James Roosevelt Bayley. At that time Newark had three churches, the rest of the State had thirty, and in 1856 there were thirty-six priests. A few spasmodic attacks of Know-nothingism caused but little trouble to the church in New Jersey. Here the growth of Catholicity, aided by immigration, kept pace with that of the neighboring dio ceses of New York and Brooklyn. In 1866 it contained about seventy-seven churches and seventy priests, more than a doubling in fourteen years. The First Plenary Council had detached from Boston Vermont and Maine, the former forming the diocese of. Burlington, the latter that of Portland. This division left to the see of Boston only Massachusetts, with sixty-three churches and sixty-one priests. No State at the time was more deeply imbued with the anti-Catholic spirit that marked the times preceding the war. Many facts might be advanced to prove this statement; let this one, as nar rated by John Gilmary Shea, suffice :' " In the election of 1854 the Know-nothings elected the governor, the Senate, and every member of the House except three or four. In January, 1855, the two houses named and authorized a committee ' to visit and examine theological seminaries, boarding-schools, academies, nun neries, convents, and other institutions of a like character.' The committee visited Holy Cross College ; then, adding several others to their number, they drove to the Convent of the Sisters of Notre Dame at Roxbury, and ransacked the house from top to bottom, treating the sisters with the greatest indignity, insolence, and even indecency ; the DIOCESE OF BOSTON. 45 1 rooms of the sick pupils were not respected. A convent at Lowell was next subjected to this illegal invasion of its privacy. These men pretended to go as representatives of the highest morality; yet one of them took a woman around with him, representing her falsely as his wife. The Boston ' Daily Advertiser ' denounced in a scathing article the iniquity of the whole affair; and Charles Hale, one of the editors, issued ' A Review of the Proceedings of the Nunnery Committee of the Massachusetts Legisla ture,' which circulated widely. Caricatures of the infa mous committee helped also to rouse the honest people of the State to a just indignation." When the Civil War began, Massachusetts sent to the front two Catholic regiments, the Ninth and the Twenty- eighth, with Catholic chaplains. No sterner rebuke could be given to the anti- Catholic spirit of the day, no better proof of the loyalty of Catholics to the United States and the cause of the republic. Boston no less than the other great dioceses of the Northern States kept up a steady growth of Catholic life, urged on by the flood-tide of an immense immigration. On the eve of the Second Plenary Council Bishop Fitzpatrick, whose administration had been strong and fruitful, was carried away (February 13, 1866) by a disease that had been undermining his vigorous con stitution for many years. The Rt. Rev. Bernard O'Reilly, Bishop of Hartford, was lost at sea in the steamer " Pacific " three years after the First Plenary Council (1856). At the time of his death the diocese numbered fifty-five thousand Catholics, thirty-seven churches, and thirty-nine priests. He was succeeded (March 14, 1858) by the Rt. Rev. Francis P. McFarland. In Connecticut we meet with the anti-Cath olic movement of the time, and also with a pointed rebuke given to it by the devotedness and bravery of Catholic 452 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap, xxvii. soldiers when the call to battle came. Wherever they stood before the foe these Catholic soldiers proved that they were the worthiest of the worthy soldiers of their State. In 1866, at the opening of the Second Plenary Council, the diocese of Hartford contained fifty-six churches and forty priests for Connecticut, eighteen churches and twenty-four priests for Rhode Island. Vermont was erected into a diocese in 1853, with the see at Burlington; and the bishop chosen was Louis de Goesbriand, a descendant from a noble family of Brittany, France, who since 1840, the date of his ordination, had labored in the diocese of Cincinnati. At the time of its erection the diocese had churches at Montpelier, St. Al bans, Fairfield, Swanton, Castleton, and Burlington, with five priests. Immediately after his consecration the bishop went to France for more recruits. On his return evidences of energy and progress appeared on all sides. In Decem ber, 1867, the beautiful cathedral of Burlington was com pleted, and many churches arose throughout the State. In 1866 the diocese had nineteen priests, twenty-seven churches, and a Catholic population of twenty-eight thousand. Portland was also an erection of 1853; it comprised Maine and New Hampshire ; its first bishop was the Rev. David W. Bacon. Maine was classic ground for the church, having been a field of early Jesuit missions. Two Abenaki tribes, the Penobscots and the Passamaquoddies, the fruits of their labors, were still Christian. New Hampshire was the one State in the Union that still ostracized Catholics from the legislature and all high offices, and continued the ostracism down to our own days. Both States at this time were filled with Know- nothingism. Many acts of violence against Catholics were perpetrated ; the most disgraceful of all was the railing, tar- KNOW-NO THING ISM IN KENTUCKY. 453 ring, and feathering at Ellsworth, Me., of Father Bapst, S.J., the missionary among the Indians, in 1854. Yet the anti-Catholic opposition could not check the onward prog ress of the church. In 1866 there were in the diocese forty-five churches, twenty-nine priests, and forty-five thousand Catholics. Province of Cincinnati. The province of Cincinnati had as suffragans, as evi denced by its First Provincial Council, held May 13, 1855, Rt. Rev. Peter Lefevre, Administrator of Detroit, Rt. Rev. Amadeus Rappe, Bishop of Cleveland, Rt. Rev. Martin John Spalding, Bishop of Louisville, Rt. Rev. George Aloysius Carrell, Bishop of Covington, Rt. Rev. Frederic Baraga, Bishop of Amyzonium in partibus infidelium, and Vicar Apostolic of Upper Michigan, and Bishop St. Palais, of Vincennes, who was unable to attend. Here, as throughout the whole West, the progress of the church was only little less than in the great dioceses of the Atlantic coast. In 1857 the Catholic population of the diocese of Cincinnati was computed at 277,680. The Civil War, though the southern border of the State of Ohio was on the verge of its theater, did not materially retard the advance of Catholicity. In 1862 Archbishop Purcell, on whom his thirty-two years of arduous epis copate were beginning to tell, solicited and obtained as coadjutor the Rev. Sylvester H. Rosecrans, a convert to the church and brother of the well-known general of that name. In 1866 the diocese had one hundred and fifty priests and one hundred and eighty-one churches. The diocese of Cleveland under the able administration of Bishop Rappe, and with the constant inflow of immi grants, had its share of the general religious prosperity of the period. When the diocese was formed there were in 454 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap, xxvii. it only seventeen priests and twenty-five churches. At the end of nine years it had fifty priests and eighty churches, and in the next ten years fifty-six churches were added. The see of Bardstown had been transferred to Louis ville. A cathedral was needed there. Begun in 1849, it was completed and consecrated in October, 1852. Out of the diocese of Louisville, at the request of the Plenary Council, was formed the diocese of Covington. This division left the diocese of Louisville with that part of the State of Kentucky lying west of the Kentucky River. Here the anti- Catholic lodges of Know-nothingism were active, and resorted to acts of violence that have left a stain on the State. " We have just passed through a reign of terror," writes Bishop Spalding, " surpassed only by the Philadelphia riots. Nearly a hundred poor Irish and Germans have been butchered or burned, and some twenty houses have been fired and burned to the ground. The city authori ties, all Know-nothings, looked calmly on, and they are now endeavoring to lay the blame on the Catholics." " It may be said," writes Bishop Spalding in " The Life of Archbishop Spalding," " of the whole anti-Catholic crusade of that day that the result was favorable to the church. A few narrow-minded bigots, whose ignorance was probably invincible, were really alarmed for the safety of the Bible and the country, and were terribly in earnest in seeking to stamp out from the American soil every trace of Catholicism. They were joined by the mob of European infidels and radicals, and by the rabble formed by the sloughing of our social sores, and this horrid mass of mental obliquity and moral turpitude called itself the American party. The American people rose up and trod it underfoot. THE CHURCH IN KENTUCKY. ' 455 " They felt that Catholics had been wantonly insulted, grossly outraged ; and that sympathy which the brave and the manly always have for the wronged took the place of what had been aversion, or, at least, indifference. We have been making rapid strides ever since, with renewed confidence in our fellow-countrymen, increased reverence for the institutions which God has given us, and the abid ing conviction that no evil, not self-caused, will ever befall us in this free land." Kentucky, being a border State, suffered much during the Civil War. Yet there was a compensation for all this suffering : a splendid opportunity was offered to our priests and sisters to exhibit to the country on the field of battle and in the hospital and the military prison the noble dis interestedness of charity. If material progression in church affairs was simply impossible during this period, a. spirit ual progression through Christian and patriotic devoted ness, the very best answer to anti- Catholic prejudices, was inaugurated and still continues in its effects. God drew good out of evil. In July, 1864, after the death of Arch bishop Kenrick, Bishop Spalding was transferred to the primatial see of Baltimore. He was succeeded (Septem ber, 1865) by the Rev. Peter John Lavialle, who did not long survive his consecration. He died in October, 1866, after having attended the Second Plenary Council. The diocese of Covington, erected July, 1853, contained that portion of Kentucky lying east of the Kentucky River. - The Catholic population within this district did not exceed seven thousand. George Aloysius Carrell, a member of the Society of Jesus, a native of Philadelphia, was chosen for the see and consecrated in Cincinnati November 1, 1853. The part of Kentucky in the diocese of Covington was affected by the Civil War no less than that part in the diocese of Louisville. However, the 456 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap, xxvit. statistics at the time of Bishop Carrell's death (September 25, 1868), soon after the Second Plenary Council, show a progress remarkable for the adverse circumstances of the period : forty-two churches, thirty priests, and a Catholic population of about thirty thousand. The diocese of Detroit had been narrowed in territory by the erection (1853) of the vicariate of Upper Michigan, placed in care of Bishop Baraga. Michigan did not attract at this time as much immigration as the other Western States, yet there was some growth of Catholic population. In 1866 there were in the diocese sixty-two priests, sixty- four churches, and a Catholic population of ninety thou sand. Bishop Baraga, the Vicar Apostolic of Upper Michigan, a descendant of a noble Carniola family, had labored as a missionary since 1830 among the Indians of that, territory with wonderful success. Meanwhile the mines of the Lake Superior country had attracted many whites, so that at the time of its erection the vicariate contained six churches and five priests. In 1857 the vicariate was formed into a diocese, with the see at Sault Ste. Marie. By this time the territory under Bishop Bara ga's care contained twenty-three churches, sixteen priests, and sixty-five hundred Catholics. While giving to the whites the attention that their numbers demanded, the saintly bishop did not neglect his Indian children. The Honorable Commissioner for Indian Affairs, in his reports (1853-66), recognized more than once the services of this eminent missionary in Christianizing and elevating the tribes of Michigan. Bishop Baraga had from the outset of his missionary career labored to acquire a thorough and complete knowledge of the Chippeway and Ottawa lan guages. He published an Otchipwe grammar in 1850, a dictionary in 1853 (both reprinted in Canada in 1878), and Prayer-books in Ottawa and Chippeway in 1832, 1837, THE CHURCH IN THE WEST. 457 1842, and 1846; a "Life of Christ" in Chippeway in 1837 ; " Bible Extracts," " Catholic Christian Meditations," and " Eternal Truths " in Chippeway in 1850; and even issued pastoral letters in Chippeway. Pilling, in his " Indian Bibliography," gives him due credit for all these works. The diocese of Vincennes under Bishop de St. Palais was enriched with many useful institutions and gained steadily in churches and population, unhampered, most fortunately, by any violent outbreaks of the anti- Catholic movement that afflicted so deeply other sections of the country. In 1866 it had a Catholic population of seventy thousand, one hundred and ten churches, and seventy-two priests, and this after having given part of the State of Indiana to a new see. This new see was Fort Wayne, erected in 1857, com prising the counties north of the fortieth degree of latitude. It contained, when established, twenty thousand Catholics, fourteen priests, twenty churches, and the magnificent educational establishments of the Fathers and the Sisters of the Holy Cross at Notre Dame. The Rev. John Henry Luers, a native of Westphalia, engaged in missionary work in Ohio since 1849, was consecrated for this new see January 10, 1858. The statistics of 1866 show that ihere had been in a few years an increase of more than one hundred percent., viz., forty thousand members, fifty- seven churches, and fifty-three priests. Province of St. Louis. In 1853 no city in the Union was so well provided with charitable institutions as St. Louis. It might not be amiss to make the same assertion as to its condition to-day. Between the year 1853 and the year 1866 two Provincial Councils were held by Archbishop Kenrick, at which were 458 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap, xxvii. present his suffragans, the Bishops of Dubuque, Nashville, Milwaukee, Chicago, Santa Fe, St. Paul, and the Vicar Apostolic of the Indian Territory, which afterward was divided to form another vicariate, that of Nebraska. In 1857 the Rev. James Duggan was consecrated coadjutor to the archbishop, as a division of the diocese of St. Louis was not deemed advisable. During the Civil War Mis souri was one of the theaters of the conflict. The political passions, or rather the fancied necessities, of war interfered in this State more than in any other with the religious liberty guaranteed by the Constitution. Bishop Van de Velde at his own request was transferred by the holy see to the vacant see of Natchez in 1853. As successor to him in the see of Chicago the Rev. An thony O'Regan was consecrated July 25, 1854.- A syste matic administrator and strong disciplinarian, Bishop O'Regan excited much dissatisfaction among his clergy, which was allayed only by the transfer of some of his priests, very estimable men, to other fields. These troubles and his unfitness for a work for which his early life had not trained him — for on receiving his appointment he had declined at first, declaring that he was only a bookworm — caused him to solicit relief from the episcopal charge. His resignation was accepted by the holy see, and there after he lived in retirement in England and Ireland. His successor (1858) was the Rt. Rev. James Duggan, the coadjutor of the Archbishop of St. Louis. In the first years of his administration the church kept pace with the phenomenal growth of Chicago; but he soon began to show signs of mental derangement in his wayward and unjust treatment of some of his best priests, so that the sad necessity imposed itself of confining him in an asylum. In 1853 the diocese of Quincy was erected, comprising DIOCESE OF NASHVILLE. 459 southern Illinois. But this diocese was never fully organ ized; it remained annexed to Chicago until the year 1857, when the see was transferred from Quincy to Alton, and the Rev. Henry Damian Juncker was appointed its first bishop. The war made the diocese active with military movements, Cairo being a center of operations. Where so many soldiers were congregated sickness prevailed, and the wounded from battle-fields were numerous. These called for the charitable ministrations of priests and religious women ; and the call was nobly answered. In 1866 the diocese had one hundred churches, seventy-five priests, and about seventy- five thousand Catholics. Two years later (October 2, 1868) Bishop Juncker died. The Rt. Rev. Richard Pius Miles, the Bishop of Nash ville, received as coadjutor (1859) the Rev. James Whelan, of the Order of St. Dominic, and died a year later (Feb ruary 17, i860). The State of Tennessee, which grew but little at that time by immigration, was, moreover, weighed down by the Civil War, some of the most deci sive and bloody battles of which were fought on its soil. Here, as everywhere else, Catholic priests and religious women devoted themselves to the spiritual and temporal good of Catholics in the army, and in the hospitals the sisters showed no distinction, ministering to the sick and wounded of all creeds. Very early in his episcopate Bishop Whelan resigned and retired to one of the houses of his order. The Rev. Patrick Augustine Feehan was consecrated his successor November 1, 1865. Nashville was in a deplorable condition, morally and financially. Every mission in the diocese had the same sad story of crushing debt and scattered flocks. Bishop Feehan threw himself into the^work of restoration, obtained some zealous priests, and by financial skill put many churches and in stitutions once more on the way to prosperity. 460 THE ROMAN CA THOLICS. [Chap, xxvii. No Western diocese had the great and rapid growth during this period that fell to the share of Milwaukee. Its beautiful cathedral was consecrated in 1853 by the papal nuncio, Archbishop Bedini, who was impressed by the scene, and by the fact of such a cathedral in a city and State of comparatively recent origin. He understood what at Rome and Vienna had been a puzzle to him, the anxiety of our bishops to have suitable cathedrals. They were required not only to enable the episcopal functions to be becomingly performed, but they gave life and activity to the Catholic body, who looked on them with pride ; and besides this they impressed those outside the fold with the permanence, solidity, and dignity of the ancient church and its services. The most notable work of Bishop Henni's administration was the building up of the magnificent ecclesiastical Seminary, of St. Francis de Sales, opened in 1856. Remote from the scene of war, Wisconsin received a large immigration, German and Catholic. In 1866 it had two hundred and ninety- three churches, one hundred and fifty priests, and two hundred and fifty thousand Catholics. Bishop Loras, of Dubuque, whose health, fast failing, caused alarm, received as coadjutor the Rev. Timothy Smyth, of the Order of La Trappe, who succeeded him in the government of the diocese after his death (February 20, 1858). A diocesan synod held in i860 showed the progress of the diocese since Bishop Loras had taken in hand its formation ; the synod was composed of forty priests, and the Catholic population was 59,156. Bishop Smyth was seized with a fatal disease and died, September 23, 1863. Under his rule of five years the diocese had so grown that at his death it had eighty churches, forty- eight priests, and ninety thousand Catholics. Those fig ures reveal better than anything else a vast Western THE CHURCH IN THE NORTHWEST. 46 1 immigration. His successor was the Rev. John Hennes sey, the present Archbishop of Dubuque. The wave of immigration had reached Minnesota. In 1856 the diocese of St. Paul had almost fifty thousand Catholics, with a number quite inadequate of churches and priests, so rapid had been the arrival of the newcomers. The active, energetic life of Bishop Cretin was brought to a close February 22, 1857. His successor was not conse crated until July 24, 1859. The candidate chosen was the Rev. Thomas L. Grace, of the Order of St. Dominic, still living, with the title of Archbishop of Siunia, in partibus infidelium, and spending his declining days in the classic shade of St. Thomas's College, St. Paul, since he resigned the diocese into the hands of his coadjutor, now Archbishop Ireland. The Civil War did not directly affect Minnesota, but an Indian uprising in 1 862 desolated the frontier settlements and for a time checked the growth of the State and the diocese. Notwithstanding, in 1866 it had seventy-two churches, forty-three priests, and about seventy thousand Catholics. The vicariate apostolic of Nebraska was erected in 1859, and comprised the Territories of Nebraska, Dakota, and Idaho. When the vicariate of the Indian Territory had been formed it was supposed to be for the Indian missions only, and that it would suffice for all religious needs as far east as the Rockies for many a year. The great immi gration had not been foreseen and reckoned with. As the tide overflowed Iowa and rolled across the Missouri a new diocese loomed up as a necessity. A Trappist from the monastery near Dubuque, James Michael O'Gorman, was chosen for this new field, and consecrated May 8, 1859. He fixed his residence in Omaha. Up to 1866 the prog ress was slow and feeble. At that date Bishop O'Gor man had only eight priests and as many churches. '462 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap, xxvii. The vicariate apostolic of the Indian Territory — so called not because it was in our present Indian Territory, which was not yet formed, but because Indian missions were supposed to be, as they were at the start, the main field of the vicar apostolic — comprised, after the erection of the vicariate of Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado. The Vicar Apostolic of the Indian Territory, Bishop Miege, resided at Leavenworth, and in consequence the vicariate came to be called the vicariate of Kansas. Jesuit fathers had charge of the Indian missions in this district. But soon after the war immigration began to pour into Kansas and Colorado, and before it the Indians were driven farther West. At the close of i860 the vicariate of Kansas had fifteen priests and sixteen churches. Even during the war, which did not spare Kansas in its ravages, Catholicity gained. By 1864 the vicariate had twenty-five churches, and a hospital and orphan asylum at Leavenworth, directed by the Sisters of Charity. The next year calced Carmel ites were laboring there with Jesuit, Benedictine, and sec ular priests. In 1853 the holy see erected the vicariate of New Mex ico into the diocese of Santa Fe. By the Gadsden purchase of 1854 Arizona was annexed to the United States. It was added to the territory under the jurisdic tion of the Bishop of Santa Fe; and in i860 Colorado was detached from the vicariate of the Indian Territory and placed also in his care. Within this vast diocese the church made rapid progress in spite of the Civil War, which, however, affected but little this southern district lying outside the main theater of the conflict. In 1865 Bishop Lamy could report to the Propaganda that on reaching New Mexico he found twenty priests, neglectful and extortionate, and churches in ruins. He had now thirty-seven priests, and six ecclesiastics in minor orders THE CHURCH ON THE PACIFIC COAST. 463 soon to be ordained, had built forty-five churches and chapels, holding from three hundred to a thousand per sons, and had repaired eighteen or twenty. He estimated the Catholics in New Mexico at one hundred thousand (nine thousand being Pueblo Indians) ; in Colorado, three thousand ; in Arizona, five thousand. Province of Oregon. For years this diocese did not increase in white popula tion; only a half-dozen priests were engaged in work among them, while the Jesuit fathers were busy with the missions of the Indians. In i860 the western part of Idaho Territory was added to the jurisdiction of Arch bishop Blanchet. Here whites were beginning to settle, and the chief efforts of the ordinary were directed to pro vide them with priests and churches. He could report in 1866 seventeen churches and fourteen priests. In 1864 the residence of the archbishop and the title of the see were transferred to the city of Portland. In 1853 the diocese of Nesqually, under Bishop Blanchet, brother to the Archbishop of Portland, had a Catholic population of sixteen hundred whites and four thousand Indians, the former in charge of a few diocesan, the latter of Jesuit priests. The diocese was confined to Washington Territory after its formation in 1853. The Territory of Montana — at least the western half of it, where the Jesuits had flourishing missions — was also under the jurisdiction, for a time, of the Bishop of Nesqually. His diocese in 1866 had its cathedral at Vancouver, St. Francis Xavier's at Cowlitz, Immaculate Conception at Steilacoom, St. Patrick's at Walla Walla, a priest at Port Townsend, with Indian missions at Snohomish, Lamy, Colville, and among the Cceur d'Alenes and Pend d'Oreilles. 464 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxvn. Province of San Francisco. The First Plenary Council of Baltimore (1852) solicited the erection of San Francisco into an archbishopric, leav ing to the see of Monterey the southern portion of the State. The immense and rapid influx of immigrants, brought into northern California by the discovery of gold a few years before, and the phenomenal rise and growth of the city at the Golden Gate indicated that the hopes of the church lay there, and not in the Spanish part far ther south. The Bishop of Monterey, the Rt. Rev. S. J. Alemany, became Archbishop of San Francisco July, 1853. No diocese in the country was more cosmopolitan at the time ; even Chinese Catholics had their Chinese priest, the Rev. Mr. Cian. In 1866 there were not less than fifty priests in the diocese, which number justifies us in setting down the Catholic population at not less than fifty thou sand. The see of Monterey, made vacant by the promotion of Archbishop Alemany, was filled by the Rev. Thaddeus Amat (1854). As Los Angeles was looming up as the more important city, the title of the see and the residence of the bishop were transferred to it in i860. By 1866 the diocese of Monterey and Los Angeles had twenty-two priests, twenty-one churches, a seminary of Our Lady of Guadalupe at Santa Inez, St. Vincent's College under the Lazarists, the Franciscan College at the mission of Santa Barbara, and houses of Sisters of Charity at Los Angeles, Cieneguita, San Juan Bautista, and Santa Cruz. The vicariate apostolic of Marysville, comprising that part of California which lies between the thirty-ninth and forty-second degrees of latitude, was formed in 186 1 and put in charge of the Rt. Rev. Eugene O'Connell. Within the district he found only four priests, Five years later THE SECOND PLENARY COUNCIL. 465 (1866) he could report seventeen priests and thirty-five churches. The Second Plenary Council. The motives for holding a Plenary Council soon after the close of the Civil War (1866) are thus stated by Bishop Spalding in " The Life of Archbishop Spalding " : " The principal motives for holding a council, to which reference is here made, were, first, that at the close of the national crisis, which had acted as a dissolvent upon all sectarian ecclesiastical organizations, the Catholic Church might present to the country and the world a striking proof of the strong bond of unity with which her members are knit together. Secondly, that the collective wisdom of the church in this country might determine what meas ures should be adopted in order to meet the new phase of national life which the result of the war had just inaugu rated ; for, though the church is essentially the same in all times and places, her accidental relations to the world and the state are necessarily variable. Thirdly, that an earnest effort might be made to render ecclesiastical discipline, as far as possible, uniform throughout the entire extent of the United States. The fourth motive I shall give in the words of Archbishop Spalding : " ' I think,' he wrote, ' that it is our most urgent duty to discuss the future status of the negro. Four millions of these unfortunate beings are thrown on our charity, and they silently but eloquently appeal to us for help. We have a golden opportunity to reap a harvest of souls, which, neglected, may not return.' " On the 7th of October, 1866, seven archbishops, thirty- eight bishops, three mitered abbots, and over one hundred and twenty theologians met in Baltimore to take part in the deliberations of the Second Plenary Council of the 466 THE ROMAN CA THOLICS. [Chap, xxvii. church in the United States. This was, at the time, the largest conciliary assembly since the Council of Trent, with the exception of two or three meetings of the bishops in Rome, which, however, were not councils in any proper sense of the word. Numerous as was the American hierarchy at the time, the council deemed it necessary to enlarge it in order to answer the growing needs of the church in t_Xu ° y. It recommended the erection of sees at Wilmington, XI., Scranton and Harrisburg, Pa., Green Bay and La Crosse-, Wis., St. Joseph, Mo., Omaha, Neb., Columbus, O., Grass Valley, Cal., and Rochester, N. Y. ; and vicariates apos tolic in North Carolina, Montana, Colorado, and Arizona. They also solicited the erection of Philadelphia and Mil waukee into archiepiscopal sees. The method of selecting candidates for the episcopate had varied since the organization of the church here, as we have seen in the foregoing pages. The system adopted by the Second Plenary Council and approved by Rome is substantially the following : Every three years each bishop sends to his metropolitan and to the Congregation of Prop aganda a list of the priests whom he thinks worthy of the episcopal office, accompanied by a detailed account of the qualities which distinguish them. When a see becomes vacant the bishops meet in synod, or in some other way, and discuss the merits of the candidates to be presented to fill it. Three names are then chosen by secret suffrage and are sent to Rome, together with a proces verbal of the proceedings. From this list the sovereign pontiff selects the person whom he thinks best suited to the office. However, in case the person to be chosen is to be an archbishop or the coadjutor of an archbishop, all the met ropolitans of the United States must be consulted. This method lasted until the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore APPOINTMENT OF BISHOPS. 467 •(1884). It was then amended, and the following enact ments now form the law in this country : " 1. When a diocese falls vacant, whether by the death, resignation, transfer, or removal of the bishop, and when, in consequence, three candidates are to be chosen whose names shall be proposed or recommended to the holy see for the vacant bishopric, the consulters and the irremov able rectors of the vacant diocese shall be called together, v.g., thirty days after the vacancy occurs. It will be the right and duty of these consulters and rectors, thus prop erly assembled, to select three candidates for the vacant see. The candidates thus chosen shall be submitted to the bishops of the province, whose right it will be to ap prove or disapprove of them. " 2. The meeting of the consulters and irremovable rectors is called and presided over by the metropolitan of the province to which the vacant diocese belongs; or, if the metropolitan is lawfully hindered, by one of the suf fragan bishops of the same province, to be deputed for this purpose by the metropolitan. Where there is ques tion of choosing three candidates for a metropolitan see which is vacant, the meeting of the consulters and irremovable rectors of the vacant metropolitan see is called and presided over by the senior suffragan bishop, or, if he is hindered, by another bishop to be deputed by him. " 3. Before they cast their votes the aforesaid consulters and rectors shall swear that they are not induced to cast their votes for a candidate because of unworthy motives, such as that of expecting favors or rewards. They shall vote by secret ballot. This vote is merely consultive ; i.e., it is simply equivalent to a recommendation that one of the candidates be appointed to the vacant see. "4. The president of the meeting shall cause two authentic copies of the minutes of the meeting, containing 468 THE ROMAN CA THOLICS. [Chap, xxvii. an accurate list of the candidates chosen, to be drawn up and signed by the secretary. He shall forward one copy directly to the S. C. de Propaganda Fide, the second to the other bishops of the province. A third copy may also be drawn up and kept in the diocesan archives, as is done in England. (For the manner in which these minutes are written, see the extract from the statutes of' the cathedral chapters in England, given by us below, in Appendix VII.) " 5. Thereupon, on a day fixed beforehand — v.g., ten days after the above meeting of consulters and rectors — the bishops of the province shall meet and openly discuss among themselves the merits of the candidates selected by the consulters and rectors, or of others to be selected by themselves. Afterward they make up their list of three candidates to be sent to Rome. From this it will be seen that the bishops have a right to approve or disapprove of them ; they are bound to give the reasons upon which they base their disapproval to the S. C. de Propaganda Fide." It should be observed that the above presentation of candidates to the holy see, both as made, on the one hand, by the consulters and irremovable rectors, and on the other by the bishops of the province, is to be considered not as electio,postulatio, or nominatio, but merely as commendatio, which imposes upon the holy see no obligation to appoint any of the persons recommended. As a matter of fact, however, the holy see nearly always appoints one of the candidates — usually the one who is first on the list — recommended or presented in the manner above stated, and rarely goes outside of the list of the candidates pre sented or recommended to it for appointment. It might have seemed a bold thing to make such a dis play as was exhibited by this grand Catholic assembly, STRENGTH OF THE CHURCH. 469 the Second Plenary Council of 1866, before the eyes of a land which but a decade ago had been in the throes of a fierce anti- Catholic agitation. But our bishops were wise in their boldness. Says Bishop Spalding, with remarkable insight and vigor : " The country had just come forth from a most terrible crisis, in which many ancient landmarks had been effaced and the very ship of state had been wrenched from its moorings. House had been divided against house, and brother's hand had been raised against brother. The sects had been torn asunder, and still lay in disorder and con fusion, helping to widen the abyss which had threatened to ingulf the nation's life. Half the country was waste and desolate ; the people crushed, bowed beneath the double weight of the memory of the past, which could no more return, and of the thought of a future which seemed hopeless. On the other side there were the weariness and exhaustion which follow a supreme effort, and the longing for peace and happiness after so much bloodshed and misery. " All were ready to applaud any power that had been able to live through that frightful struggle unhurt and unharmed; and when the Catholic Church walked forth before the eyes of the nation, clothed in the panoply of undiminished strength and of unbroken unity, thousands who but a while ago would have witnessed this manifesta tion of her power with jealous concern now hailed it with delight as a harbinger of good omen. Then it must be confessed, too, that during the war men had seen more of the church, and having learned to know her better, had come to love her more. There was not a village through out the land where some brave soldier, not a Catholic, was not found to speak the praises of her heroic daughters, who, while men fought, stood by to stanch the blood." Part IV. From the Second Plenary Council to the Establishment of the Apostolic Delegation (1866-93). CHAPTER XXVIII. the present hierarchy. It behooves us to be brief in this period. Events of the highest importance crowd it — the Vatican Council, the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, the centenary of Baltimore as an episcopal see, the inauguration of the Catholic University of America in Washington, the national or so-called Cahensly movement, the school controversy, the establishment of the apostolic delegation. The actors in these events are still alive. The events themselves are too near for history, which demands perspective and there fore a certain distance ; some of them have been so burn ing but the other day that the embers might be fanned once more to flame by the slightest breath. I shall there fore chronicle, without appreciating, the events of this period. In fact, this chapter shall be barely statistical. To-day (1895) we And in the United States fourteen archiepiscopal sees and provinces. At the Second Plenary Council of 1866 they were just half that number — seven, viz., Baltimore, St. Louis, Oregon,. Cincinnati, San Fran cisco, New Orleans, New York. Boston, Milwaukee, Philadelphia, and Santa Fe were raised to the archiepisco- 470 THE APOSTOLIC DELEGATION. 47 I pal dignity February, 1875 ; Chicago, September, 1880 ; St. Paul, May, 1888 ; Dubuque, September, 1893. This multi plication of archbishoprics either presupposed or entailed an increase of bishoprics. In 1866, at the Second Plenary Council, the dioceses were thirty-eight; in 1895 they are seventy-three, almost twice as many; so that this latter period of twenty-nine years (1866-95) nas seen the hie rarchy double its development of the three former periods of seventy-six years (1 790-1866). The bare statement expresses a marvelous increase, a phenomenal progress. Add to this that the cardinalitial dignity has come to crown our splendid line of church prelates, first in one of New York's archbishops, and again in Baltimore's present archbishop ; and, moreover, that an apostolic delegation, residing in Washington,- raises the hierarchy of the United States to equality with that of any country in the world. The sending of apostolic delegates to national churches is a prerogative that inheres in the papacy and results logically from the constitution of the Catholic Church. The church is a perfect society ; that is to say, the church has from Christ, within herself, of her own right, all the elements, prerogatives, and duties that constitute a society. The Bishop of Rome, as successor of St. Peter, who was appointed by Christ his vicar and the visible head of his church, has supreme authority over the church of Christ. This authority is plenary, episcopal, ordinary, and imme diate, affecting directly each and every member, without any need of reaching one class through another; so that each one, no less than the collective body, is subject to that authority. In each diocese there are two episcopal authorities, that of the universal bishop and that of the local bishop. The first is supreme, but does not absorb the other ; the second, though subordinate, is nevertheless efficacious and has its proper field of action. 472 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. Xxviii. The Pope, therefore, has the right to be present in the church of each country through a representative, if he deem it expedient. Legates represent the person of the sovereign pontiff. They are sent to exercise his authority so far as it is communicated to them. They are not sent to seize or lessen or absorb the authority of the local bishops, no more than the papacy itself seizes or lessens or destroys the local episcopate. They are not aliens, like ambassadors to a foreign country; they are, wherever they may be, within the household of the supreme father who sent them, for they are within the church directly sub ject to him, they are in the ecclesiastical territory of their sovereign. To the Catholic, wherever he may be, considered from the religious point of view as a Catholic, the Pope is not a foreigner and his representative is not a foreigner. Not only is the right to send delegates to the churches of the world inherent in the papacy, but it has been exer cised by the holy see from the earliest times of Christian ity, as might be abundantly proved if that question were the specific subject-matter of these pages. It is well to know that the establishment of the apostolic delegation in the United States is not due, as many suppose, to accidental and transitory causes, though such may have furnished the occasion ; but that it is the natural conse quence of the first principles of our church constitution, and is in perfect accord with the traditional practice of past ages. It is hardly necessary to add that the delega tion to the United States is strictly ecclesiastical and not at all diplomatic. The American delegate is accredited to the church, not to the government, of the United States. Courtesy on the part of the public may recognize the rank the delegate holds within our church, as, indeed, our bishops, archbishops, and cardinal are respected and hon- VATICAN COUNCIL. 47^ J ored because of their high ecclesiastical place. Such recognition and treatment is officious, not official, and does not entail a diplomatic recognition. I now go on to describe succinctly the present status of the American hierarchy. Province of Baltimore. Archbishop Spalding's life came to an end February 7, 1872. Between this latter date and the holding of the Second Plenary Council had taken place a world-wide event in which the hierarchy of the United States, and Arch bishop Spalding as its leader, had no unimportant share ; I mean the Vatican Council. In the beginning of that memorable assembly the question whether or not it would be opportune to define the infallibility of the Pope found Archbishop Spalding and most of his American colleagues inclined to the opinion that a formal definition would be unnecessary and possibly inexpedient. They did not deny the doctrine; they and their flocks believed it. But for that very reason there could be no necessity, they argued, for a formal definition. The better way would be, instead of proclaiming the dogma of infallibility directly, to condemn all errors opposed to it; this would be an indirect, an implicit, and not the less vigorous mode of expressing the right doctrine. Accordingly there appeared over the signature of Archbishop Spalding a postitlatum, or schema, or, as we should say, a draft, " for the clear and logical definition of the infallibility of the Roman pontiff in accordance with the principles already received by the church." This able paper became at once one of the most remarked among the many that the great debate produced, and was the target for praise and blame. It is well known what the outcome has been, and how all 474 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap, xxviii. Catholicity, no part of it more loyally and enthusiastic ally than the United States, has accepted the defined dogma. Bishop Bayley, of Newark, N. J., was promoted to the primatial see of Baltimore as the successor of the great Spalding, July 30, 1872. His episcopate there was a short one; he died October 3, 1877. He is known espe cially for his contributions to the church history of the United States — " Life of Bishop Brute " and " History of the Catholic Church on the Island of New York." The successor of Archbishop Bayley was the Rt. Rev. James Gibbons, transferred to Baltimore from the see of Rich mond October 3, 1877. Many important events mark the episcopate of the present incumbent of the primatial see — the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore (1884), his promo tion to the cardinalitial dignity (June 7, 1886), the cele bration of the centenary of the appointment of Baltimore's first bishop, and the inauguration of the Catholic Univer sity of America in Washington (1889), without speaking of the many civil events — centenaries, Columbian Exposition, and others of lesser note — in which he has been a promi nent, if not the chief, figure. It does not befit the histo rian to turn panegyrist to the living. Cardinal Gibbons is amrng us still — and long may he remain — the pride of the church, the beloved of the nation. B:shop Lynch, of Charleston, labored many years with a brav. heart and a wonderful perseverance to restore the material condition of his diocese, ruined by the war, and died amid his labors, February 26, 1882. He was suc ceeded by the Rt. Rev. H. P. Northrop, transferred from the vicariate apostolic of North Carolina to the see of Charleston January 27, 1883. Richmond lost its war bishop, the Rt. Rev. John McGill, January 14, 1872, possessed for five years the Rt. Rev. James Gibbons, then CARDINAL MCCLOSKEY. 475 passed for ten years (1878-88) under the rule of the Rt. Rev. J. J. Keane, whom it gave as first rector, indeed as founder and organizer, to the Catholic University, Wash ington. Of his wonderful success in this great work under adverse circumstances the future historian shall have much to say ; the annalist of to-day can but record his work as phenomenal in the history of universities. Since October 20, 1889, Bishop A. van de Vyver rules the historic see of Richmond. St. Augustine lost its first incumbent, Bishop Verot, June 10, 1876, and received its present ruler, Bishop Moore, May 13, 1877. Savannah, after giv ing Bishop Verot to St. Augustine in 1870, obtained a successor to him (April 23, 1873) in the Rt. Rev. William H. Gross, whom it saw depart for the distant archbishopric of Portland, Ore., in 1885, to be replaced (March, 1886) by the Rt. Rev. Thomas A. Becker, transferred from the see of Wilmington. Wheeling lost its first bishop, R. V. Whelan, July, 1874. He was succeeded by J. J. Kain in May, 1875. A brilliant episcopate of eighteen years followed, to be crowned (July 6, 1893) by promotion to the archiepiscopal see of St. Louis. The incumbent of Wheeling since April 8, 1894, is the Rt. Rev. P. J. Donahoe. Province of New York. At the close of the Second Plenary Council the great see of New York was occupied by Archbishop McCloskey. Four important events marked his episcopate after that date : his attendance on the Vatican Council, where he occupied a prominent position on one of the committees ; his promo tion to the cardinalate, the first time the honor was con ferred on the United States (April 7, 1875) ; his attendance — too late, however, to take part in the election — on the 476 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap, xxviii. conclave of 1878 that gave to the church the present gloriously reigning Pope, Leo XIII. ; and the dedication (May 25, 1879) of the magnificent cathedral of New York. The brilliant career of America's first cardinal closed October 10, 1885. Five years before he had received as coadjutor the Rt. Rev. M. A. Corrigan, transferred from the see of Newark, who succeeded him in the see of New York. When Bishop McCloskey, on the death of Arch bishop Hughes, was transferred to New York from Albany, he was succeeded in that see (October, 1865) by the Rt. Rev. John J. Conroy, who resigned the position October 16, 1877, to be replaced by his coadjutor, the Rt. Rev. Francis McNeirny, who died January 2, 1894. The pres ent incumbent of Albany is the Rt. Rev. Thomas A. Burke. Brooklyn's first bishop, the Rt. Rev. John Lough- lin, died December, 1891 ; Bishop Charles E. McDonnell succeeded him April, 1892. On the death of Bishop Timon, of Buffalo (April, 1867), the present incumbent, the Rt. Rev. S. D. Ryan, was appointed. The transfer of Bishop Bayley from Newark to Baltimore (July, 1872) gave occasion for the appointment to the see of Newark of Rt. Rev. M. A. Corrigan (May, 1873). His transfer as coadjutor to the archiepiscopal see of New York (October, 1880) caused a new appointment for Newark — that of Bishop W. M. Wigger, who is still living. Ogdensburg was erected in 1872; its first bishop was E. P. Wadhams, who died December, 1891 ; its present bishop is the Rt. Rev. H. Gabriels. Rochester was established in 1868; its first bishop is the present incumbent, the Rt. Rev. B. J. McQuaid. Syracuse was established in 1886, and still possesses its first bishop, P. A. Ludden. Trenton was established in 1881, and has had two bishops — M. J. O'Farrell, who died April, 1894, and James A. McFaul, who was consecrated in October last (1894). ARCHBISHOP PURCELL. All Province of Cincinnati. The long and glorious career of Archbishop Purcell went down (July, 1883) in a dark cloud and a terrible sorrow — bankruptcy running into the millions. To suc ceed him the present incumbent, Archbishop Elder, was transferred from the see of Natchez. Bishop Rappe, of Cleveland, under the stress of calumnious accusations which were proved before his death to be false, resigned the see of Cleveland August 22, 1870. His successor, Bishop Gilmour, lived until April 13, 1891. The present incumbent is the Rt. Rev. Ignatius F. Horstmann. Co lumbus was established in 1868; its first bishop, S. H. Rosecrans, died October 21, 1878; since August 8, 1880, it is ruled by Bishop J. A. Watterson. The first Bishop of Covington, G. A. Carrell, died September 25, 1868; his successor, A. M. Toebbe, lived until May 2, 1884; the present occupant of the see, since January 25, 1885, is Bishop C. P. Maes. C. H. Borgess was consecrated Bishop of Detroit April 24, 1870 ; he resigned April 6, 1887 ; the present incumbent, since November 4, 1888, is Bishop John S. Foley. Fort Wayne lost its first bishop, J. H. Luers, June 29, 187 1, lost its second bishop, Joseph Dwenger, January 22, 1893, and is now under the rule of Bishop Rademacher. Grand Rapids, an erection of 1882, is still under its first bishop, H. J. Richter. The present Bishop of Louisville, W. J. McCloskey, was appointed soon after the Second Plenary Council and consecrated May 24, 1868. Nashville lost to Chicago Bishop Feehan in 1880, and to Fort Wayne Bishop Rademacher in 1893 ; its present incumbent, is Rt. Rev. Thomas S. Byrne. Bishop De St. Palais, of Vincennes, died June 28, 1877, and was succeeded (May 12, 1878) by the present incum bent, Bishop Chatard. 478 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap, xxviii. Province of St. Louis. The veteran of the West, the venerable Archbishop Kenrick, who has been in the see of St. Louis since 1843, is still living, but the title of the diocese is held by the former coadjutor, Archbishop Kain. The other sees of the province, as now constituted, are of recent erection. Concordia, erected in 1887, gave its first bishop, R. Scan- nell, to Omaha in December, 1890; since then the see is vacant and is administered by the Bishop of Wichita, Rt Rev. J. J. Hennessey. Kansas City, Kan., though erected only in May, 1891, can trace its origin through Leaven worth (May, 1877) to the vicariate apostolic of Kansas, established June, 1871. The Rt. Rev. Louis M. Fink between 1871 and 1895 has been successively Vicar Apostolic of Kansas, Bishop of Leavenworth, and Bishop of Kansas City, Kan. Kansas City, Mo., was established September, 1880, in which year the incumbent of St. Joseph, Mo, Bishop J. J. Hogan, was transferred to Kan sas City, remaining, nevertheless, Administrator of St. Joseph. This latter diocese, erected in 1868, had, there fore, for its first bishop until 1880 the Rt. Rev. J. J. Hogan, who continued to administer it until 1893, when it received as its second bishop the Rt. Rev. M. J. Burke, transferred from the see of Cheyenne. Wichita was erected in 1887, and is ruled by its first bishop, J. J. Hennessey. Province of New Orleans. Archbishop Odin died May 25, 1870. His successor, N. J. Perche, died December, 1883. F. X. Leray, trans ferred from Natchitoches to New Orleans, died Septem ber, 1887. He was succeeded by the present incumbent, F. Janssens, transferred to New Orleans from Natchez in PROVINCE OF NEW ORLEANS. 479 August, 1888. Dallas was an erection of 1890; its first incumbent, T. F. Brennan, resigned in 1892; Bishop E. J. Dunne is the incumbent since November 30, 1893. Bishop C. M. Dubuis resigned the see of Galveston in 1881, his coadjutor, P. Dufal, resigned it likewise, and the present bishop, N. A. Gallagher, was appointed April 30, 1892. Little Rock has had but the one bishop since February, 1867, the Rt. Rev. E. Fitzgerald. Mobile lost Bishop Quinlan by death in 1883 and Bishop Manucy by resigna tion in 1884; the present incumbent, since September, 1885, is Bishop J. O'Sullivan. From Natchez Bishop Elder was transferred to Cincinnati in 1880, and Bishop Janssens to New Orleans in 1888; the present incumbent is Bishop Thomas Heslin. Bishop Martin, of Natchitoches, died September, 1875 ; his successor, F. X. Leray, was transferred to New Orleans in 1883; and his successor, Bishop Durier, consecrated November, 1885, still holds the see. San Antonio was erected in 1874 ; its first bishop, A. D. Pellicer, died April, 1880; the second bishop, John C. Neraz, died November, 1894; just now the see is with out an incumbent. Brownsville is a vicariate apostolic, established in 1874; the first occupant was Bishop Manucy until 1884; the present occupant, since November, 1890, is Rt. Rev. Peter Verdaguer. Another vicariate apostolic, established 1891, is the Indian Territory, under the Rt. Rev. Theophile Meerschaert. Province of Oregon. This province has not grown and extended as its sisters, though we think that- there is before this northwestern section of the Union an era of wonderful prosperity. The archdiocese of Oregon or Portland lost its pioneer arch bishop, the Most Rev. F. N. Blanchet, in June, 1883. 480 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap, xxviii. Bishop Seghers, transferred from Vancouver Island, had been since 1878 coadjutor to Archbishop Blanchet, and succeeded him only to resign in 1884 and go find a saintly but tragic death on the banks of the Yukon River in the heart of Alaska. The present incumbent is the Most Rev. W. H. Gross, transferred from- Savannah in Feb ruary, 1885. Boise City, Ida., established as a vicariate in 1868, was erected into a diocese in 1893; its first occupant, Bishop Lootens, resigned in 1876; since 1885 Bishop A. J. Glorien occupies the see. Nesqually lost its pioneer bishop, M. A. Blanchet, in 1879; he was succeeded by Bishop A. Junger, who still holds the see. Alaska was made a prefecture apostolic in 1894, under Very Rev. P. Tosi, S.J. Province of San Francisco. The first Archbishop of San Francisco, the saintly Alemany, resigned in 1884 to go die in his native Spain; a year before his resignation he had received as coadjutor the Most Rev. P. W. Riordan, who still occupies the see. The first Bishop of Monterey, Thaddeus Amat, died in 1878; he had received in 1873 a coadjutor, Bishop Mora, who succeeded him; he in turn received, in 1894, a coad jutor, the Rt. Rev. George Montgomery. The diocese of Sacramento, established in 1886, was put in charge of Bishop Manogue, who died in 1895. Salt Lake City, from a vicariate apostolic established in 1886, was erected into a diocese in 1891 ; its first and present incumbent is the Rt. Rev. L. Scanlon. Province of Boston. Bishop Fitzpatrick died February 13, 1866. Previous to his death he received as coadjutor John Joseph Williams, PROVINCE OF MILWAUKEE. 48 1 who became his successor. In February, 1875, Boston was made an archbishopric, and Bishop Williams became its first archbishop. He still lives in vigorous health, having celebrated the golden jubilee of his priesthood in May, 1895. He was given an auxiliary, the Rt. Rev. John Brady, in August, 1891. The first incumbent of Burling ton, Bishop De Goesbriand, still holds that see ; since June, 1892, he has for coadjutor the Rt. Rev. John Michaud. Hartford lost Bishop McFarland in October, 1874. He was succeeded (March, 1876) by Thomas Galberry, who died in October, 1878. To him succeeded L. S. McMahon, who died in August, 1893. The present incumbent is the Rt. Rev. Michael Tierney. Manchester was erected in 1884 and is ruled by the Rt. Rev. Denis M. Bradley. Portland was deprived of Bishop Bacon by death, Novem ber, 1874. His successor is the Rt. Rev. James A. Healy. Providence was erected in 1872; its first bishop, Thomas F. Hendricken, died in June, 1886, and was succeeded by the present incumbent, the Rt. Rev. M. Harkins. Spring field was erected in June, 1870; its first bishop, P. T. O'Reilly, died in May, 1892; it is now ruled by the Rt. Rev. Thomas D. Beaven. Province of Milwaukee. Milwaukee became an archbishopric in 1875; its first archbishop, the Most Rev. John Martin Henni, died in September, 1881. One year before his death he received as coadjutor Bishop M. Heiss, transferred from La Crosse. Archbishop Heiss died in March, 1890. The present archbishop is the Most Rev. F. X. Katzer. Green Bay was erected in 1868 ; it had for first bishop Rt. Rev. Joseph Melcher, who died in December, 1873, and was succeeded by F. X. Krautbauer, who died in December, 1885. 482 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxvm. Bishop Katzer succeeded him until January, 1891, when he was transferred to the see of Milwaukee. The present incumbent of Green Bay is the Rt. Rev. S. G. Messmer. La Crosse was made a diocese in 1868, and was ruled by Bishop Heiss until his transfer to Milwaukee in 1880. His successor was the Rt. Rev. K. C. Flasch, who died in August, 1 89 1. The present bishop is the Rt. Rev. James Schwebach. The diocese of Marquette lost Bishop Baraga in 1868. He was succeeded by Ignatius Mrak, who re signed in 1878. The present incumbent is the Rt. Rev. John Vertin. Province of Philadelphia. The diocese of Philadelphia was made an archbishopric in June, 1875. Archbishop Wood died in June, 1883, and was succeeded by Bishop P. J. Ryan, transferred from the coadjutorship of St. Louis. Erie is ruled since 1868 by the Rt. Rev. Tobias Mullen. Harrisburg was erected in 1868; its first bishop, J. F. Shanahan, died in Septem ber, 1868; he was succeeded by the Rt. Rev. Thomas McGovern, who still holds the see. Bishop Domenec, of Pittsburg, was removed to the see of Alleghany City in 1876, and was succeeded in the see of Pittsburg by Bishop J. Twigg, who died in December, 1889. The present in cumbent of the reunited sees, Pittsburg and Alleghany City, is Bishop R. Phelan. Scranton was made a diocese in 1868, and is still ruled by its first bishop, the Rt. Rev. William O'Hara. Province of Santa Fe. The first Bishop of Santa Fe, J. B. Lamy, died in Feb ruary, 1888. His coadjutor, J. B. Salpointe, transferred in 1869 from the vicariate apostolic of Arizona, became WESTERN PROVINCES. 483 his successor and was made archbishop in July, 1884; three years after the appointm'ent of his own coadjutor he resigned (August, 1894), and thus the see passed into the hands of its present archbishop, the Most Rev. P. L. Chapelle. Colorado was made a vicariate apostolic in 1868, a diocese with Denver as see in 1887; the first bishop, J. P. Macheboeuf, died in 1889, and was succeeded by the present incumbent, N. C. Matz, who was coadjutor since 1887. Arizona was made a vicariate apostolic in 1869; the first vicar, J. B. Salpointe, was transferred to Santa Fe in 1884. The present incumbent is the Rt. Rev. P. Bourgade, who became Bishop of Tucson in 1894 on the changing of the vicariate into a diocese. Province of Chicago. The Rt. Rev. Thomas Foley became Coadjutor and Administrator of the diocese of Chicago in F,ebruary, 1870. During his short rule — for he died in February, 1879 — he restored peace to the distracted diocese and set it on the way to that wonderful progress it has attained since. In 1880 Chicago was made an archbishopric, and Bishop Feehan, of Nashville, was transferred to the promoted see. Alton lost its first bishop, H. D. Juncker, in October, 1868. In 1870 he was succeeded by P. J. Baltes, who died in February, 1886. The present incumbent, since 1888, is Bishop James Ryan. Belleville was made a dio cese in 1887, and J. J. Jansen, its present bishop, was consecrated in April, 1888. Peoria was erected in 1887 and given in charge of the Rt. Rev. J. L. Spalding, who still rules it. Province of St. Paul. Rt. Rev. T. L. Grace, after receiving for coadjutor in 1875 John Ireland, resigned the see of St. Paul July, 1884, 484 THE ROMAN CA THOLICS. [Chap, xxviii. and is now spending his declining years in the classic shades of St. Thomas's College near that city. St. Paul was made an archbishopric in May, 1888, and is famous throughout the world with the fame of its archbishop. St. Cloud, erected into a bishopric in 1889, was at first the vicariate apostolic of northern Minnesota. Bishop Seiden- busch, its first incumbent, resigned in 1889, and was suc ceeded by Otto Zardetti, who in 1894 was transferred to the archiepiscopal see of Bucharest, Roumania. In the beginning of 1895 Bishop Marty was transferred from Sioux Falls, S. Dak., to the vacant see of St. Cloud. The diocese of Duluth was established in 1889; its first bishop is the Rt. Rev. James McGolrick. Jamestown also was erected in 1889; its bishop is the Rt. Rev. John Shanley. Winona likewise was erected in 1889, and is ruled by the Rt. Rev. J. B. Cotter. In 1880 was established the vica riate apostolic of Dakota, erected into a diocese in 1889; its first bishop, the Rt. Rev. M. Marty, was transferred in 1895 to St. Cloud. Province of Dubuque. Dubuque was made an archbishopric in 1893, and its bishop since 1866, the Rt. Rev. John Hennessey, became archbishop. Omaha, established as the vicariate of Ne braska in 1857, was made a bishopric in 1885. Bishop O'Gorman died in July, 1874, and was succeeded in 1876 by Bishop O'Connor, who died May, 1890. The present incumbent is the Rt. Rev. R. Scannell, transferred from Concordia in 1890. The diocese of Cheyenne was erected in 1887, and remained under the rule of Bishop Burke until he was transferred to St. Joseph in 1893. Davenport was made a diocese in 1881 ; its first bishop was John Mullen, who died in July, 1883, and was succeeded by the RESULT OF- A CENTURY. 485 present incumbent, the Rt. Rev. Henry Cosgrove. Lin coln was erected in 1887; its first incumbent, the Rt. Rev. Thomas Bonacum, still rules it. Such is the condition of the hierarchy in the year 1895. The annexed tabular statement, taken from Hoffman's Directory, shows the number of archbishops, bishops, priests, churches, missions, seminaries and students, schools and children, orphan asylums and inmates, charitable in stitutions, and Catholic population. We put in a caution as to the last item, for the reason that another directory, Sadlier's, equally authorized, finds a Catholic population of over 10,000,000 — a different total from Hoffman's, which is 9,077,865. In other respects we believe Hoffman's is mainly correct. Behold here the work and progress of a century ! No one can deny that it is simply wonderful. It were presumptuous to indulge in foreseeings andforetellings. Yet he would be a rash man who should say that we have come to a standstill ; that the church which has reached such an extension under adverse circumstances, amid the difficul ties of infancy and youth, shall have no vigor to grow with still more gigantic strides in the more propitious times that are already at hand, and in the full vigor of an assured manhood. GENERAL SUMMARY. 00 Archdioceses, Dioceses, Vicariates Apostolic BALTIMORE Charleston Richmond St. Augustine Savannah Wheeling Wilmington North Carolina BOSTON Burlington Hartford Manchester Portland Providence Springfield CHICAGO Alton Belleville Peoria CINCINNATI Cleveland Columbus Covington Detroit Fort Wayne Grand Rapids Louisville Nashville Vincennes DUBUQUE Cheyenne Davenport Lincoln Omaha MILWAUKEE .... Green Bay La Crosse Marquette NEW ORLEANS - Clergy. H9 3° 16 18 3* 2310 337 57 *95 72 68 152 197 295 105 78 122156194 73 6_ 130 89 65 101 22 123 233 6 94 Si78 226 116 93 52 129 76 379 15 362529 35 2922 421 59 214 80 84 164 211 3S9134 83 152224=34 8965 170141 77 142 34 169 240 8 101 54 102 267 129116 60 205 25 1517 2521 8 13S 46 102 48 5° 75 102 64 no 141 165 6545 104 no 200 7 86 49 73 179 in 86 53 105 130 13 60 14 95 =5 2115 ¦79 48 Regular. no 6 28 54 2 1 50 3 1 35 2 1 X 1 45 6 5 1514 99 6 100 16 4864173829 141 62 5758 94 138 3664 75 4463 H 95 109 1 37 '4 35 142 71 63 '9 103 740 401 120 : 103 458 : OOO 397 410 300 203040410000979 975644472 500 6050444136S7 5G6 800328 452 600000276 „9° 800040 729553 639 026 640 S50 125150 24 142125 ¦ 202 7 767 107 400 348 156 600346699 87 43 57 682 850276 H5 500 270 180 343 j 80 200 102 108 427 200 160 70 1 439 30I 26 000 s| 1 039 51 3 741 il 2 18 8; 2 245 5! 2 100 3I 2 300 1 1 608 20! 35 88g 3' 5 141 5] 25 000 I5\ 9 97° 9 7 3°° 8[ 18 750 7, l6 625 51 752 8 449 631- 8 5-0 25 636 33 335 8 983 7 866 16 766 " 375 10 508 11 875 2 595 17 3-. H 538290 5 600 2 340 4 38' 27 68 n 890 9 33' 5 710 16 597 23 ' n 5 1619 18 ¦> 13 9:8 'ii 235 OOO 8 000 22 000 7 000 20 000 20 000 20 000 3 100 590 000 S3 000 250 000 85 coo 83 000 200 000 200 000 550 000 75 000 50 000 no 000 192 500 250 000 55 000 46 000 146 915 66 000 90 000 no 000 23 000 95 000 150 000 3 000 56 000 22 150 58 000 200 000 125 coo 75 000 70 000 325 000 I Is*. Si0 S •v,?A n Dallas Galveston Little Rock Mobile Natcbez Natchitoches San Antonio Brownsville^ Indian Territory NEW YORK Albany Brooklyn Buffalo Newark Ogdensburg Rochester Syracuse Trenton OREGON Boise City Helena Nesqually Alaska Territory PHILADELPHIA .... Erie Harrisburg Pittsburg Scranton ST. LOUIS Concordia Kansas City, Kansas . . . Kansas City, Missouri . . St. Joseph Wichita ST. PAUL Duluth Jamestown St. Cloud Sioux Falls Winona SAN FRANCISCO... Monterey-Los Angeles . Sacramento Salt Lake. ._ SANTA FE Denver Arizona 4°5 152 251 135163 8080 77 824= 9 15 38 1 282 64 58 176 1.1 9 211 167435 2517 165 253537 4S 5° 117 48 37 9 45 39 17 13 195 5529 7S 60 15 5 n 16 19 24 9 81 19 3 123124 7 53 29 32 41384426 6323 600207280213223 u 61 1935 62 10 3^3 8361 299 119 335 23 127 6445 19 196 334064 62 55 212 7240 16 557517 Total 17 73 7 546 2 507 10 053 5 659:3650 9309 5 194 9 28 2 129 77 1 474 29272124 19 42 1017 177 95 107113104 67 59 596732 37 4 149 6245 160 76 159 17 71 5°26 16 129 2635 5°46 49 74 43 33 6 36 4i 74 383Z5851 3297 242 95 "3 131 27 16 9325 10 556560S2 84 199 6 116 47 3376 337815348434 n 40419038 no 18 45 3= 64 2397 154 7 124 3480 130 32 11 40 15 Ib2 l6 II 45 24 54 138 40 no 7486 17 4 98 36 32 no 39 128 12 47 3= 15 9 7° 1 740 3 000 I 550 I 706 I 822 735 3 708502 1 081 41 057 13 OOO 29 412 20 307 28 391 3 800 12 127 5 473 7 249 2 OOO 100 850 2 586 155 32 579 6 417 5 55o 30 495 11 466 22 543 1 477 4 000 3 9°° 2 OOO 715 12 500 I I71260 5 100 1 500 3 °95 15 OOO I 566 555 1 045 3 417 I OOO 100145 2 689 I I38 4 004 587887 63 502675 61 112 300 360 2 332 164 625 130 55o 150 92 100 86 50 20 1 400 1 000 270 3665 2l6 182 609 3 731 775 070 239 30 867 821 918 20.7 9 077 865 * 775 3 240 1 600 2 086 2 877805 5 OOO 726 1 377 61 972 15 233 36 7M 24 042 31 790 4 263 13 227 6 770 7 676 2 398525 2 742 3 746 39 780 7 OOO 5 730 32 170 12 200 25 625 1 600 4 800 5 3°o 2 659735 r3 675 1 200 75o 5 640 10 OOO 3 3^7 22 360 3 476 1 810891 2 542 4 484 1 100 20 OOO 34 000 10 OOO 17 OOO 16 coo 30 OOO 66 000 54 000 12 385 800 OOO 130 OOO 280 OOO 160 OOO 220 000 72 OOO 80 OOO 75 000 60 OOO 30 OOO 9 600 30 OOO 42 OOO 415 OOO 65 OOO 4° 500 206 OOO 120 OOO 200 OOO 12 OOO 50 OOO 42 OOO 20 coo 6 500 2IO OOO 23 OOO 21 OOO 40 OOO 30 OOO 38 OOO 220 OOO 80 OOO 25 OOO 8 000 128 OOO 52 215 38 OOO Chapter xxix. CONCLUDING REMARKS. Religious Orders. — Literature. — Losses. — Councils. "There is no phase of human misery and affliction," writes Cardinal Gibbons, " for which the Catholic Church does not provide some antidote, some alleviation. She has foundling asylums to receive and shelter helpless in fants that are either abandoned by unnatural mothers or bereft of their parents before they knew a mother's love. As the church provides for those yet on the threshold of life, so too does she secure retreats for those on the thresh old of death." Between the cradle and the grave there is not a suffering, a privation, a degradation, there is not a shattered body or heart or reputation, for which she has not provided a home wherein the remedies and consola tions of earth are combined with those of heaven to relieve the pains and repair the breakings of fallen humanity. This noble work, the most patent proof of genuine Chris tianity, is done by our religious orders. The bare statistics (name, date of introduction, number of members, institutions carried on) of our religious orders of men and women fill forty-three closely printed pages in small type of Hoffman's Directory for the year 1895. Evidently space does not allow me to give even the slight est notion of their origin, introduction into this country, and their expansion. Many monographs on the subject have been written, some of which are named in the Bibliog- LOSSES EXAGGERATED. 489 raphy that precedes this volume. A complete history of our religious orders would demand a special volume and would be of the highest value, for their history is the his tory of Catholic education and charities. Our parochial schools, colleges, academies, and charitable institutions are in their hands. The General Summary on pages 486, 487 will give the reader some notion of the great work they are doing, and of the large part they occupy in the Catholic life of the land. Catholic literature past and present is another large field which I must pass over with the mere mention. I add the remark that the pioneer work of founding and building being now past, with our colleges, and especially our uni versity in Washington, raising the standard and improving the methods of study, there is every hope that in the future our clergymen and educated laymen shall find more leisure and more profit in literary and scientific work than their predecessors and fathers found in the first century of our history, when the Catholics, like the rest of the community, were absorbed in the building up and the securing of the infant nation. There has been much wild writing about the losses of the church in this country. Bishop England, whiling away his time on board ship at guessing the Catholic losses in his day, without statistics or references at hand, set down the losses in his diocese, comprising the two Caro linas and Georgia, at thirty-eight thousand. We have no statistics of that time to set against him, but history will not bear him out, for the reason that previously to his time but few Catholics settled south of the Potomac, and for the additional reason that the number of Catholics in the South Atlantic States was not the cause of the erection of the diocese of Charleston any more than it was of the 490 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxix. dioceses of Mobile or Natchez or Little Rock or Savannah. But Bishop England was led by a further error into gen eralizing from his own district to the country at large. "We ought," he writes, "if there had been no loss, to have five millions of Catholics; and as we have less than one million and a quarter, there must have been a loss of three millions and a quarter within the last fifty years (i 786-1836)." Pie assumed that in fifty years there had come into the United States eight millions of immigrants. This assumption, which is the basis of his calculation and argument, is absolutely without foundation. According to Bromwell's " History of Immigration to the United States," compiled from the best data, the total immigration into the United States from 1789 to 1835 was 514,159. Bishop England's opinion as to our losses in his time may be set aside. A Rev. Mr. Mullen, delegate to this country from the Catholic University of Ireland in 1852, made the charge that there were two millions of apostates, mainly Irish, from the Catholic Church in 1850. To show how rash is the assertion, suffice it to say that according to the census of 1850 the foreign-born population — all nationalities — in the United States was 2,244,602. The famous Lucerne Memorial of 1891 — the same that drew from Senator Davis his no less famous anti-Cahensly speech in the senate's winter session of 1892 — a memorial addressed to the holy see by Mr. Cahensly and others, states : " Calculations based on the most trustworthy statistics establish that Catholic immigrants and their descendants in the United States should number twenty-six millions; the actual number of Catholics there is hardly ten millions ; therefore there has been a loss of sixteen millions." An anonymous pamphlet, " The Question of- National ity," published in 1889, states: "In the same proportion TESTIMONY OF HISTORY. 49 1 [we pass over the computation to get at the conclusion] we would have at present about twenty million Irish- born [he means Irish and their descendants] and sixteen million German-born; Now there ought to be about eighteen million Irish Catholics and about five million German Catholics; Americans, Poles, Italians, etc., would make two millions more; total, twenty-five millions of Catholics. But according to Hoffman's Directory for the year 1889 the Catholic population was 8,157,676. There fore there has been a loss to the church of two thirds of the Catholic body." The author of " The Question of Nation ality " is an echo of the Lucerne Memorial ; he deserves special honor and we owe him a special gratitude for giv ing us the " most trustworthy statistics " on which the memorial based its assertion of a loss of sixteen millions. How trustworthy they are — the statistics and the inferences — suffice it to say that the total foreign-born population of all nationalities and creeds according to the census of 1880 was 6,679,943. Finally, Mr. John O'Kane Murray, in Appendix G to his " Popular History of the Catholic Church," makes out that in 1870 the total Celtic element in the population of the United States was twenty-four millions, and adds that " almost the entire Celtic element might be safely regarded as the descendants of men who were Catholics on settling in America." If that is so, and if to this Celtic element is added the Catholic contingent of the Germanic and Slavonic elements, we should have an immense Cath olic population, and our losses are truly appalling. Now the question ma)' be solved, as far as it can be solved, partly by history and partly by statistics. What does history say in the matter? History tells us that the loss of European Catholics — for I leave aside the Indians, having touched on their losses elsewhere — during 492 THE 'ROMAN CA THOlTCS. [Chap. Xxix. the mission period was inconsiderable, for the reason, mainly, that there were not many to lose. The Catholics of New Mexico have been retained, and the same may be said of the smaller bodies in Texas and Florida. A few may have been lost to us in Louisiana, and for the loss there is an explanation. Louisiana was settled at a time of religious decadence in France, and by a class of French in whom the faith was not deep and firm. Moreover, the suppression of the Society of Jesus and the consequent breaking up of their mission work, the changes of govern ment from French to Spanish, from Spanish to French, from French to American, and, above all, the long schism created by the rebellious trustees of New Orleans, were events not at all favorable to the preservation of Catholi city. And yet it may be said that the majority of Loui- sianian Catholics persevered, and that their descendants to-day are not the least numerous, respectable, and wealthy portion of the present Catholic population in the dioceses of Mobile and New Orleans. We have retained the majority of the Catholics in the Illinois and Ottawa missions. Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Chicago, Prairie du Chien, Davenport, Dubuque, St. Paul, Milwau kee, Green Bay, Mackinaw, Detroit, Sandusky, Vincennes, Terre Haute, and many other places have their origins in •this Canadian Catholicity of the mission period. After the cession of Canada to England there may have been some losses, for the reason, mainly, that for many years the Canadians of the West were without a sufficient num ber of priests ; but the losses were as nothing compared with what remained. At any rate, the Canadian population of the West was inconsiderable at the time. There remain, then, to be considered the English mis sions on the Atlantic coast. There are no statistics to show the exact number of Catholics who settled in Maryland. It TESTLMONY OF STATISTICS. 493 cannot have been very great, since in a few years after the settlement the Puritans from Virginia, and some years later the Anglicans, became the majority. The statistics we have given in the history of the colonial Catholicity of Maryland show no large defections from the church, though no doubt the penal legislation of the pre-Revolu- tionary times and the apostasy of the House of Baltimore must have had some influence. However, we dare to say that the influence was slight and our losses inconsiderable. The Episcopalians were watchful and jealous ; if they could have boasted of gaining over Catholics we should find some traces of the boasting; but it is quite the con trary : the records show constant complaints from them of the growth of the church, necessitating legislation more and more penal. Outside of Maryland in colonial times there were no Catholics to speak of, and there could not be, for the legislation of the colonies, with the exception of Pennsylvania, amounted to a strict embargo against them. A few in New York, a little more in Pennsylvania — that is all ; and there is no foundation for the statement that the majority of them fell away. As to the South, neither in colonial times nor in the first quarter of this century could such a number of Catholics have settled there as to justify Bishop England in putting down the loss in his diocese at thirty- eight thousand. History furnishes no basis for the statement. So much for the mission period. History must again be our guide for the first quarter of the century; after that we may trust ourselves to statistics. It is a fact of history that there was almost no immigration from Europe, and much less Catholic immigration, from 1800 to 1820. During that period, then, having made no great gains, we could have no great losses. In fact, I make bold to say that we had none whatever, but held our own and more. 494 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxix. In 1820 Archbishop Marechal calculated the Catholic population of the United States, exclusive of Louisiana and the diocese of Cincinnati, to be 169,500; add to this the Catholics of Louisiana and the West, and we get for the year 1820, 244,500. Remember that in 1 790, the date of Carroll's consecration, there were, according to him, about 30,000 in his diocese. After the year 1820 we have the official statistics of immigration to serve as a basis for our calculations of the Catholic population. A history of immigration would be one of the most interesting of books. We may say that a double immigration has been and is going on in this country — an internal and an external. Mr. John Bach McMasters, in his masterly " History of the People of the United States," has some highly attractive pages on both. A few words here about immigration from Europe. The distress that followed on the ending of the Napoleonic wars in Europe sent thousands from England and Germany to the United States, to such an extent that the British press began to take alarm and demand parliamentary action to stop " the ruinous drain of the most useful part of the population of the United Kingdom." Six thousand emigrants were said to have left Ireland before the middle of 18 16. A New York newspaper, the " Shamrock," con tained a list of four hundred Irishmen who landed at New York from five ships between the 10th and the 17th of August. This is only one instance. Many of those emigrants were poor and totally unconscious of their future bearings. The Society of United Irishmen of Philadelphia and the Shamrock Friendly Association of New York took them in hand, procuring them work or forwarding them inland. Other societies for the same pur pose sprang into existence, such as the Hibernian Society SHEA'S COMPUTATION. 495 of Baltimore, the Irish Emigration Association of New York, and like societies in Philadelphia and Pittsburg. Even Congress was petitioned by these associations to give aid to and encourage emigration by a scheme — which was not enacted, however — of cheap lands and long credit. Until the year 1842 the total number of immigrants in any one year never reached 100,000; in 1844 it fell to 78,000, in 1845 it exceeded 114,000, in 1846 it was 154,000, and in 1847 234,968. The famine in Ireland sent hundreds of thousands of that unhappy people to our shores, and in the emigration thus caused we have the source of the Catholic development and the occasion of the anti- Catholic propaganda that mark this period. In 1849 the number of immigrants had risen to 297,024; nor did the huge stream cease to flow until checked by the Civil War; and in this immigration are to be found the reasons for the issue of that conflict — the triumph and preservation of the Union. The newcomers swelled the national, not the sectional, forces of our country. They avoided the South ; they crowded into the North and the Northwest, creating the population and the resources which were the decisive elements in the struggle between the free and the slave States. Immigration was the salva tion of the Union ; Know-nothingism, if successful, might have been its ruin, for without the emigrant and his prog eny in the North the South might have triumphed. The best Catholic authority on our church's history that we have ever had, the late Gilmary Shea, working from the official statistics of immigration since 1820, calculating as best he could the percentage of Catholic immigrants,1 and 1 The following study, taken from a. late number of the New York " Tribune," will be of some help to any one who should seek to get at the Catholic contingent in the total immigration from Europe : . . , . " About a third of the entire population of the United States is ot foreign parentage. Thus baldly stated, the fact may strike some persons as danger- 496 THE ROMAN CA THOLICS. [Chap. xxix. allowing for each decade a natural increase of one third over the total figures with which the decade starts, makes out the*following table: Catholic Population. In 1820 (according to Archbishop Marechal's calculation) 244,500 " 1830 361,000 " 1840 1,000,000 " 1850 1,726,470 " i860 3,000,000 " 1870 4,685,000 " 1880 7,067,000 " 1890 10,627,000 The percentage of Catholic immigration and the ratio of natural increase adopted by Gilmary Shea would make the figures in 1895 12,500,000. Such, then, according to Gilmary Shea, should be our present Catholic population. The question arises, Have we in reality twelve millions of members to-day in the Catholic Church? Again, the question may be put to us in another form : Have you no official statistics of an un- ous. But the proportion has increased very little within the last twenty years. It was 28.25 percent, in 1870, and although the actual immigration during these twenty years has numbered 8,058,798, the proportion has only advanced to 33.02 percent. Moreover, this includes not only the immigrants themselves, whether young or old, but all their children born in this country, and these alone number over 11,500,000; so that the persons of foreign birth number only 14.4 percent, of the entire population, or about one seventh. It is rather noteworthy that the whole number of foreign-born persons living in this country is only a million greater than the number which arrived within the twenty years preceding the census of 1890. Of the foreign-born inhabit ants, too, a considerable percentage must be of children born abroad, who came hither with the enormous immigration of the last decade. " Nevertheless, the fairest test of the proportion of foreign blood is the per centage of persons of foreign parentage to the total population, which has increased 4.75 in the two decades of largest immigration. But the figures become somewhat less impressive when it is considered how this addition from abroad is divided. The persons of foreign parentage who are of Eng lish speech, and have either come hither from portions of Great Britain or are the children of persons from Great Britain, constitute nearly a seventh of the whole population — 13. 63 per cent. , including the English Canadian contingent. LOSS AND GAIN. 497 doubted authority to go by ? ' We are forced to answer, No. We have, it is true, two Catholic directories, equally authorized by our bishops, Sadlier's of New York and Hoffman's of Milwaukee. But, leaving aside the consid eration that they do not agree, Sadlier's giving a popu lation of 10,964,000, Hoffman's giving a population of 9,077,865 ; leaving aside this other consideration, that for many years the same dioceses have been returning the same numbers without diminution or increase — a very unlikely result — the directories have not and cannot have the character of an exact census, because their statistics are based not on an actual count of members, but on a compu tation made by the diocesan chancellors from the recorded baptisms for each year as returned from each parish. Now such a computation is worth but little if the re turns of baptisms from the parishes are not correct, and if the figure used as a multiplier is not correct and uniform in all the chanceries. Neither of these conditions is ascer tained and realized. The directories' statistics, therefore, are but conjecture, mere guesswork more or less approxi- The Irish and their children are 7.85 percent, of the entire population ; from England proper came 3.07 percent., from Scotland .96 percent., and from Wales .35 percent, while "1.5 percent, came from Canada. Thus 41.6 out of every 100 persons of foreign birth or parentage are from Great Britain, and in kinship of blood and in speech are of the same great family by which the land was first occupied and then made independent. But there is also a fraction of mixed foreign parentage, not credited to either foreign country, which constitutes 1.47 percent, of the whole population, and a fair share of this must also be British on one side or the other. Thus something more than 14 percent, of the population must be credited to parentage or immigra tion from Great Britain, against less than 19 percent, from all other parts of the world. " Next in importance, the German blood closely approaches one ninth of the population, the percentage being 10.94, about a third of the whole foreign contingent. The fact will not be overlooked that in a broad sense the Eng lish and German races are nearly allied, as in this country they have been ever since the Revolution. The Teutonic and the Anglo-Saxon, including the Irish, thus form 24.57 percent, of the entire population— almost a quar ter— leaving 8.2 percent, for all other white immigrants and their children. Just here the relative insignificance of certain strains of immigration wlucii 498 THE ROMAN CA THOLICS. [Chap. xxix. mative. The same must be said of the religious census of 1890. The church statistics of that census were not gathered by the census-takers directly from the individual inhabitants of the land, but from the diocesan chanceries. Coming, therefore, from the same sources as the statistics of the directories, the census church statistics rest on the same basis and possess the same trustworthiness. No living man knows exactly, or with any scientific nearness to the truth, what is the Catholic population of the land. Whether it could not be got at if only the bishops should adopt and impose a uniform method of census-taking is a question we do not stop to consider. The fact is as I have stated ; and the fact being such, any student of our history and of our general present conditions has a right to give his guess at our population. I venture to say that we have to-day twelve millions of Catholics. We have no doubt had some losses; not, however, so extensive as claimed by the writers named in the preced ing pages. The losses are owing mainly to the following have been largely discussed of late comes into view. In a few great centers are found crowds of Italians, Hungarians, Russians, Bohemians, or Chinese ; but men are apt to forget that all of these together make up only an insignifi cant part of the population even when their children are included. ' ' Next in importance to the German is what may be termed the Scandinavian contingent, including from Sweden 1. 16 percent, of the total population, from Norway .95 percent., and from Denmark .34 percent. ; in all 2.45 per cent, of the whole. It will surprise many to find that this element is rela tively as large as that drawn from all other parts of Europe, except Germany and Great Britain. The French contingent may, indeed, be swelled by the addition of all the French Canadians and their children, but even then only reaches 1.23 percent, of the population. The Russian contingent, .41 per cent., the Bohemian, .34 percent., and the Hungarian, .12 percent., cover what maybe called the Slavonic element; in all only .87 percent., or less than one in a hundred of the population. The Italian, .4 percent., if reck oned with the French and the French Canadians, gives a total of only 1.63 for the Latin races. Of all other nations there are 1.78 percent, of the total population, part being from Latin and a small part from Asiatic races ; but in the aggregate these elements are insignificant compared with the 67 percent. of native Americans by birth and parentage, and the 24.5 percent, of immi grants from Great Britain or Germany with their children." LOSS AND GAIN. 499 causes : the persecution of the penal period ; the settlement of Catholics, even before the organization of the hierarchy, in remote places where there were no means of Catholic life and training, such as Virginia, the Carolinas, and New England; the want of church organization prior to the winning of our independence; the scandals and schisms of trusteeism ; the inadequate supply of priests and churches for the demands of an overwhelming immigration; the large number of orphans cast adrift and fallen into non- Catholic hands upon the death of the father or of both parents amid the hardships of a new climate, of canal- building and other public works, and amid the calamities of war; intemperance; the want of Catholic education; the social persecution of contempt for illiterate Catholics and their creed, under which weak ones apostatized or allowed their children to grow up without any or with a non- Catholic religion. Here are causes enough, and more .than enough, to account for a tremendous leakage. Happily, within the last thirty years the leaks have been repaired, and the hope is warranted that future losses will be small, especially since the church has assumed a broad attitude on the great question that concerns the masses, the relation of capital to labor. Indeed, the tide has set the other way and the church is gaining. To quote but two instances: Archbishop Spalding confirmed in five years 22,209 persons ; twelve and a half percent, of them were converts. Hardly a bishop in the country to-day but could tell the same story. Hoffman's Directory for 1895 gives for some dioceses the baptisms of adults. I say some dioceses, because the statistics of each diocese are compiled at the pleasure of the bishop and his offi cials, there being no regulation compelling a uniformity of items or of tabular statement. Now the adult baptisms are baptisms of converts. They are reported at four 5oo THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxix. thousand in twenty of the least populous and most unim portant dioceses of the country. In fact, it is only such dioceses that seem willing to give information on the score of baptisms, and yet it is from the basis of the baptisms that the Catholic population is computed. Yes, we have had our losses. But what church in the United States has not had losses ? Does the Episcopalian, does the Lutheran, hold all those who by birth or ancestry should be within these two denominations, to name no others? Many a Catholic has come to us with no faith left, with nothing but the name of a Catholic and, of course, the baptism received in infancy ; and after touch ing our shores has ceased to consort with the church of his native country and his fathers. He went out from us not into any Protestant denomination, but into the vast crowd of no-churchmen, the largest body in the land. And as with us, so has it happened with other churches, especially the two above named. The losses do not prove. that we, any more than they, are incompatible with the republican form and spirit of this government. They prove merely that man is free, may use or abuse his free dom in religion as in other matters ; they prove, too, that if a man wishes to preserve his faith for himself and his children he must choose such environments of places and persons as shall be to him aids instead of hindrances. Councils are ecumenical, plenary or national, and pro vincial. An assembly of all the Catholic bishops of the world, convoked by the authority of the Pope, or at least with his consent, and presided over by him or his legates, is an ecumenical council. An assembly of all the bishops of a country — say the United States — convoked by the primate or other dignitary commissioned thereto by the Pope, is a national or plenary council. An assembly of COUNCILS. 501 all the bishops within the territory known as a province, convoked and presided over by the metropolitan or arch bishop, is a provincial council. An assembly of all the priests of a diocese, convoked and presided over by the bishop, is a diocesan synod. The acts of an ecumenical council, to be binding, must be confirmed or approved by the Pope. The acts of plenary and provincial councils must be submitted to the holy see before being promul gated ; not that they must be confirmed by the holy see, for they are rarely confirmed in a formal manner, but that whatever may be too strict or inaccurate may be corrected. The acts of diocesan synods need not be submitted to revision by the holy see. Ecumenical councils define doctrine and deal with mat ters of discipline concerning the church in the whole world. Plenary and provincial councils do not define, but at most only repeat the doctrine defined by the ecumenical coun cils ; their chief purpose is to apply by explicit statutes to each country or province the universal discipline determined by the ecumenical councils and the holy see, or to initiate such discipline as the peculiar circumstances of the nation or province demand. Diocesan synods promulgate and apply more intimately to each diocese the disciplinary enactments of the holy see, the ecumenical, plenary, and provincial councils, emphasizing those enactments which the specific conditions or abuses in each diocese render most necessary. Numerous diocesan synods have been held in the United States, and not a few provincial councils, at least in the older provinces; and three plenary councils have been held within the first century of the organized hierarchy. The collection of the acts of those various assemblies is an important source of our church history. Since provincial councils are, generally speaking, promulgations, and there- 502 THE ROMAN CA THOLICS. [Chap. xxix. fore repetitions, with such modifications as special cir cumstances of the province require, of the enactments of plenary councils, and since the same may be said of diocesan synods with respect to provincial councils, it follows that a fair idea of American canon law may be gained from the exclusive study of the three plenary councils. It is to be remarked, however, that the First Plenary Council has its genesis in the provincial councils of Baltimore that preceded it, and these, again, have their genesis in the First Diocesan Synod of Baltimore, held at the time when there was in the country but. that one dio cese. Hence the First Synod, the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Provincial Councils, and the First, Second, and Third Plenary Councils of Baltimore form the absolutely necessary and the comparatively sufficient body of documents for a complete study of the ecclesiastical legislation under which live the Catholics of the United States. The procedure and working of the American councils are not unlike those of an ordinary legislative body. Let me briefly describe the method of a plenary council. A petition is laid by the hierarchy before the holy see, or an order comes to it from Rome, for the holding of an assembly of all the bishops of the country. Papal letters appoint and commission a president with the title and powers of an apostolic delegate; he may be one sent by the Pope from abroad ; so far he has been the Archbishop of Baltimore. The president delegate apostolic of the First Plenary Council was Archbishop Kenrick, of the Second Archbishop Spalding, of the Third Archbishop (only after the council Cardinal) Gibbons. Generally instructions on certain points which the holy see wants particularly to be considered and legislated on by the assembly are sent to the appointed president; or, as was procedure of councils. 503 the case just before the Third Plenary Council, the arch bishops and other representative men are called to Rome to discuss such points with the Roman authorities. Thus commissioned and instructed, the president issues to all who are duly entitled to sit as members of the assembly letters of convocation commanding their presence at a fixed date. Meanwhile the best theologians and canonists of the country are at work, by order and under the presidency of the delegate, outlining and drafting in preliminary form the bills, so to speak, that are to be sub mitted to the consideration and discussion of the bishops. These are called schemata, and are afterward delivered, printed, to each member in the first public session of the council. This first solemn session is usually taken up with a procession into the cathedral, pontifical high mass, the naming of the officials, the taking of the required oaths, and a sermon. Sermons are delivered throughout the holding of the council on Sundays and certain other festi val days by prominent members, and, of course, may be attended by the public. The officials of a council, corre sponding to the sergeants, clerks, and other minor officers of our legislative bodies, are promoter, judges of excuses and complaints, notary, secretary, chancellor, master of ceremonies, and chanter. Before proceeding to the real business of the council, standing rules are adopted, as to the hours of meeting, the order of debate, etc., and various committees are ap pointed, between whom are divided the questions to be legislated on, that is to say, the already drafted bills. We may say that the council sits (i) in private committees, (2) in committee of the whole, and (3) in public conciliar sessions, when the enactments decided on by the committee of the whole and the private committees are finally and solemnly passed on. When the whole work is done and 5 04 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxix. the council has closed, the minutes of the debates, called the acta, and the bills passed, called the decreta, are sent to Rome. There they are minutely considered by com missions of cardinals and theologians, who may make amendments, usually very slight and in the wording rather than in the matter. Their report is submitted to the Pope ; his approval is not, however, meant to be such an act as entails papal infallibility. The decrees, after having been thus scrutinized and confirmed by the holy see, are sent back to the president of the council, are by him promul gated and communicated to all the bishops, and thence forth become law. Provincial councils and diocesan synods make further promulgation and application of these decrees to each province and diocese ; and thus priests and laymen come to the knowledge of the legisla tion that rules their church life. The legislation of our councils has been universally praised, and is held up by Rome as a model to the churches of Australia and South America, which, like our own, are seeking to adapt the unchanging doctrine and the essential discipline of Christianity to the needs and aspirations of modern times, to the new environments of virgin lands and young nations. This legislation — I am speaking only of the first seven provincial and the three plenary councils of Baltimore, for the many other provincial councils and diocesan synods would make a vaster bulk — fills three octavo volumes containing twelve hundred and sixty pages, an extensive code for our first century. I cannot be expected to enter into details. One remark only. A comparison of the enactments of the Third Plenary Coun cil with the earliest laws laid down in the provincial council that preceded it reveals that the former are a gradual devel opment of the latter along the same lines. There has been no withdrawal from original positions, except in a very few CHARACTER OF THE LEGISLATION. 505 instances and when altered circumstances in the country and the church's relations to the country demanded a re vision. All the important matters so thoroughly legislated on in our last council will be found pointedly or impliedly mentioned in the first a hundred years ago. It is a most interesting study to take up and follow, council by council, such questions as the canonical status of priests, their relations to bishops, the evolution of the metropolitan and his rights, the tenure of church property, relations between the hierarchy and the religious orders of men and women, education, seminaries, the university. Temperance, for instance, was brought under conciliar legislation, and total abstinence societies were recom mended for the first time, in the Fourth Provincial Council of 1840; the whole country knows what minute and strin gent legislation has been passed on this point by the Third Plenary Council, and how strictly that legislation was interpreted but the other day by the apostolic delegate, the Most Rev. Mgr. Satolli, in the famous Columbus case. Parochial schools were made matter of legislation for the first time in the First Provincial Council of 1829 ; since then they have been a standing subject in every council; and in these latter years further development and interpreta tion have been given to former legislation by the well- known decisions of the holy see in the late school contro versy, and by the apostolic delegate, whose practical rulings in specific cases relating to Catholic education have been even more explicit and emphatic, if that were possible, than his famous Fourteen Propositions. In a word, if there has been, during the first century of our existence, growth in membership, clergy, and hierarchy, and if that growth has been marvelous, so also there has been no less marvelous growth in disciplinary legislation, which is to outward extension what the soul is to the body. 506 THE ROMAN CATHOLICS. [Chap. xxix. The preceding pages have described mostly the bodily growth of the church. Now the study of man's body and its manifestations in speech and features is the ordinary index to a knowledge of the soul, its thoughts and habits. But he will know a man best who can pierce through the outward vesture and, like the psychologist, seize in the grip of mental abstraction the spiritual principle of life. A thorough and scientific and psychological knowledge of the church in the United States would demand more than I have given — more than the consideration of its hierarch ical extension; would require a minute study of its legis lation and interior discipline, to which should be added an examination of those defined doctrines which are received by us here in the United States, no less than by Catholics the world over. The result of such a study, I feel confi dent, would be to prove that the Catholic Church is in accord with Christ's revelation, with American liberty, and is the strongest moral power for the preservation of the republic from the new social dangers that threaten the United States as well as the whole civilized world. She has not grown, she cannot grow, so weak and old that she may not maintain what she has produced — Christian civilization. INDEX Abenakis, 131, 133, 135, 137, 139,141 ; war with Massachusetts, 142, 146. Abstinence, 132. Acadia, 125, 129, 130, 137, 240. Acoma, 46. ' ' Act to prevent the growth of pop ery," 236. Agretti, Claudius, 229. Alabama, I. Albanel, Father, 187. Alemany, Joseph Sadoc, 420, 464. Alexander VI., 4, 11, 58. Algonquins, 131, 150, 160, 164. Allefonse, Jean, 116. Alloues, Claude, 170, 171, 174, 195. Altham, Father, 220, 222. Amat, Thaddeus, 480. Americanism, 42, 274, 278, 298. Andastes, 164. Andre, 170. Andros, Governor, 230. Antilia, 50. Antonelli, Cardinal, 262. Apaches, 62, 65, 68, 80, 84. Apostolic Delegation, 274, 472. Appalachee^, 211. Argall, Samuel, 128. Arizona, 1, 16, 52, 68, 76, 81. " Ark," 220. Arkansas, 207. Arnold, 256. Arundel, Lord, 264. Ashton, Father, 241. Ashton, John, 271. Aubrey, Nicholas, 125. Augustinians, 280. Aveneau, 189. Aviles, Menendez de, 29, 35. Ayllon, Vasquez de, 19; his cedula, 20. Aztecs, 60. Bacon, David W., 452. Badin, Stephen, 285, 393. Bailloquet, Father, 187. Baltimore, building of the city of, 241. Baltimore, division of the see of, 291. Baltimore, Lord, 218; grant, 219, 221, 225. Bapst, Father, 453. Baraga, Frederic, 453, 456. Barbastro, Luis Cancer de, 26. Bardstown, see of, 291, 324. Barry, John, 442. Baxter, Jervis, 230. Baxter, Joseph, 140. Bayley, Bishop, 376, 474. Becker, Thomas A., 475. Bedini, Cajetan, 427 ; report, 428, 460. Behring, Vitus, 91. Bellomont, Earl of, 243. Beltran, Father, 55. Benavides, Alonso, 58. Benedict XIV., 247. Benedictus Deus, 342. Bennett, 228. Bergier, 208. Biard, Peter, 125, 128, 131. Biencour, Jean de, Sieur de Pourtrin court, 118, 125, 127, 130. Bimini, 1 7- Binneteau, Julian, 197. Blanc, Anthony, 399, 443- Blanchet, Francis Norbert, 421, 422, 4°3- Blanchet, M. A., 480. 507 508 INDEX. Bond, Dr., 372. Bonito, 63. Boone, John, 259. Boston, diocese of, 309. Boston, see of, 291. Bouteville, 208. Breda, Treaty of, 163. Brennan. T. P'., 479. Brent, Robert, 239. Bressani, Father, 151. Brion-Chabot, Philippe de, 1 16. Brock, Father John, 222. Brockholls, Anthony, 230. Brouwers, Theodore, 283. Brownson, Orestes A., 376. Bru._, 169. Bruyas, Father, 160. Bruyn, John de, 393. Buffalo, see of, 378. Burke, Edmund, 250. Burke, Thomas A., 476. Byrne, Andrew, 403. Cabot, 114, 129. Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez, 90. Cadillac, La Motte, 188. Cadwalader, General, 358. Caffrey, Mr., 290. California, 1, 16, 80 ; name, 89 ; explo ration, 91; missions, 92; four pre sidios, three pueblos, 95 ; teaching, 96 ; policy, 97 ; official report, 99 ; architecture, 100 ; statistics, 104, III, 419; revolution, 106. Calvert, Governor Leonard^ 220, 224, 225, 237. Calvert, Sir John, 217. Cantino map, 17. Capuchins, 130, 134, 210, 211. Cardenas, Bishop Louis Penalver y, 214. Carles, Anthony, 288. Carmelites, 93, 210, 338. Carmenon, Rodriguez, 90, 93. Carrell, George Aloysius, 455. Carroll, Charles, 238, 239, 253, 257, 263. Carroll, Daniel, 257, 294. Carroll, John, 232, 239, 245, 252, 259, 261; life, 263; prefect apostolic, 266 ; " Relation on the State of Re ligion in the United States," 268; trusteeism, 269; nationalism, 270; consecration, 272; episcopate, 275 ; visit to Boston, 277; eulogy of Washington, 289; death, 297. Cartier, Jacques, 116, 168. Castelli, Cardinal, 249. Catholic signers of the Declaration of Independence, 257. Catholicoz Fidei, 281. Cayugas, 155, 161. Chabrat, Guy Ignatius, 389. Challoner, Bishop, 246, 247, 259, 302.' Champlain, Samuel de, 117, 118, 119, 122, 148, 168. Chanche, John Joseph, 402. Chardou, Father, 189, 200. Charleston, see of, 300, 306; Consti- . tution, 308. Charlestown convent, 382. Charlevoix, 190, 196; " Histoire de la Nouvelle France," 200, 206. Chase, Samuel, 253. Chatard, Bishop, 477. Chaumonot, Father, 156. Cheverus, Bishop, 146. Cheverus, John, 281, 291, 309. Chicago, see of, 414. Chickasaws, 206, 211. Chilomacon, 222. Chippeways, 169, 456. Choctaws, 206, 211. Chouteau, Auguste, 203. Cibola, 51, 53. Cincinnati, see of, 327. Ciquard, Francis, 277. Civil War, 431, 465. Civilization, barbarism, savagery, 48. Claiborne, William, 219, 224, 228. Cleary, Patrick, 288. Clement XIV., 102, 254, 264, 302. Cleveland, see of, 388. Clinton, De Witt, 314. Commercial Company of the West, 209. Common Prayer, Book of, 235. Concanen, Richard Luke, 291, 294. " Congress Own," 252, 255. Connolly, 295, 300, 314. Conroy, J. J., 449. " Constitution of the Roman Catholic Churches . . comprised in the dio cese of Charleston," 308. Continental Congress, 252, 254, 261. INDEX. 509 " Conversion of St. Paul," 58. Converts in New York, 376. Conwell, Henry, 297, 318, 322. Coode, 233. Cooper, Father, 224. Copley, Father, 224. Copley, Sir Lionel, 234. Coronado, 52, 57, 76, 79. Corrigan, M. A., 476. Cousin, 115. Couture, Guillaume, 150. Creeks, 206. " Crepusculo," 74. Crespi, Juan, 92. Crespo, Bishop Benedict, 69. Cretin, Joseph, 417, 461. Cubero, 68. Custis, Mr., 289. Cyril of Barcelona, 213. D'Aillebout, Governor, 158. Dablon, Father, 156, 170. Dagobert, Father, 213. Dale, Thomas, 128. David, Bishop, 389. David, John B., 295, 317, 326. Davion, 208. Davis, Governor, 383. De abolenda Societate Jesu, 302. De Beaubois, 200, 210. De Bois-Briant, 200, 201. De Carheil, 161, 165, 187. De Kereben, 200. De Montigny, 208. De Vargas, 66. Delhalle, Father, 188, 189. Demers, Modeste, 421. Denonville, Governor, 165. . Des Groseillers, 120. Detroit, see of, 341. Didier, Dom, 297. Diego, Don Francisco Garcia, m. Digger Indians, 105. Dilhet, John, 287. Diocesan synod, 277. Diocese of Baltimore, 276. Domenec, Michael, 439. Dominicans, 21, 25, 27, 94, 280. Dominus ac Redemptor, 254. Dongan, Governor, 164, 231. Doria, Prince Pamphilio, 261. Douay, 183, 207. Douglas, William, 230. " Dove," 220. Drake, Francis, 90, 93. Drontheim, 6. Druillettes, Father, 131, 132, 133, 134, 146, 170. Drunkenness among the Indians, 162. Du Bourg, William, 293, 304, 322, 329; resignation, 331. Du Quentin, Father, 127. Du Rhu, 208. Du Thet, Gilbert, 127, 128. Dubois, John, 287, 305, 363 ; lectures on trusteeism, 369; school ques tion, 370. Dubuque, see of, 343, 392. Duchesne, Mme., 330. Dudley, Governor, 136. Duggan, James, 458. Duluth, 120, 185. Dupoisson, 211. Durango, see of, 59. 69. Eccleston, Samuel, 343, 347. Echeverria, Bishop James Joseph de, 213. Egan, Dr., 292, 294. Elder, William Henry, 444. Emory, Mr., 292, 294. England, John, 297, 300,306; press, 307 ; Constitution, 308, 349 ; works, 351- English elements in the Roman Catholic Church in America, 2 ; policy, 224 ; act of toleration, 225 ; oath of office, 227; rej.eal, 228; persecution, 236. Enjalran, Father, 187. Ericsson, Leif, 4. Erie, diocese of, 439. Eries, 154, 164. Escalona, Father John de, 57. Estufa, 63. Ex debiio Pastoralis Officii, 309. Fages, 98. Farmer, Father, 256. Feehan, Patrick Augustine, 459, 477. Fenwick, Father, 285, 305, 311, 379, 387- Ferrelo, 90. Fifth Provincial Council, 344. First PlenaryCouncil of Baltimore, 274. First Provincial Council of Baltimore, 274; letter to. Pius VI.IL, 336.. 5i° INDEX. Fisher, Father, 222. Fitzpatrick, John V., 384, 451. Fitzsimmons, Thomas, 257, 273. Five Nations, 137, 150, 157. Flaget, Benedict Joseph, 286, 292, 324. 389. 39T- Florida, i, 15; name, 17, 19, 20; poli tical and commercial importance, 24, 27 ; Huguenots, 29 ; permanent" Spanish settlement, 34 ; the school, 35 ; St. Augustine, 40 ; bishops, 41, 42. Foley, John S., 477. Fotteral, Edward, 241. Foucault, Nicholas, 209. " Fountain of youth," 17, 5°- Fournier, Michael, 285. Fourth Provincial Council, 343 ; pas toral letter, 344. Foxes, 190. Franciscans, 33, 35, 38, 42, 45, 55, 59, 61, 78, 94, 106. Franklin, Benjamin, 253, 257, 266. Franquelin, 174. Fremin, Father, 160, 165. French element in the Roman Catho lic Church in America, 1, 114; ex plorations, 116; first colony, 117; the two routes, 119; alliance with the Hurons, 122. Fromm, Francis, 283. Frontenac, Governor, 183, 189. Gabriels, H., 476. Gage, Father, 231. Gage, Thomas, 204. Gali, Francisco, 90. Gallagher, Mr., 288. Gallagher, N. A., 479. Gallitzin, Prince, 281. Galloway, Joseph, 255. Galtier, Lucien, 417. Galves, Jose de, 91. Garakontie, 159. Garces, Padre, 80. Gardar, 4, 6, II. Garnier, Father Julian, 161, 165. Gartland, F. X., 351. Gavazzi, 428. Georgia, 43. German diocese for Germans, 280. Gibault, Peter, 205, 251, 286. Gibbons, Edward, 132, 135. Gibbons, James, 474, 486, 501. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 217. "Gilded Man, The," 51. Glorien, A. J., 480. Goetz, Father, 279. Gomez, Francisco, 92. Goupil, R_n_, 150. Grace, Thomas L., 461. Graessel, Lawrence, 278. Gravier, Father, 197. Greaton, Father, 244. Greenland, 3; first bishop, 4; last bishop, 11. Gregory XIV., III. Gregory XVI., 390, 392, 402. Grenolle, 169. Gross, W. H., 480. Guadalajara, see of, 58. Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 75, 418. Guast, Pierre du, Sieur de Monts, 124. Guignas, Father Louis, 191. Guy Fawkes's day, 252. Guymonneau, Father, 200. Hailandiere, Guynemer de la, 396. Hale, Charles, 451. Harper Brothers, 365. Harrison, Father, 231. Hart, Governor, 238. Hartwell, Father, 224. Harvey, Thomas, 230. Heath, James, 239. Helbron, Father, 279. Hennepin, 175, 179, 181, 183; life and works, 186. Hennessey, John, 461, 478. Henni, John Martin, 415. Heslin, Thomas, 479. Heyden, Thomas, 402. Hogan, J. J., 478. Hogan, William, 318, 322. Horstmann, Ignatius F., 477. Hotel Dieu, 366. Hoyt, William K., 366. Hughes, Bishop, 374, 375, 420 ; char acter, 432, 446 ; in Paris, 448. Huguenots, 126. Hunter, Father, 235. Hurons, 122, 147, 154, 157, 169. Iberville, 207, 208. Illinois, 164, 182, 194. INDEX. 5" Immigration, 340, 412, 494. Inglesi, A., 322. Innocent VIII., 10, 11. Inter Multiplices, 327. Irish Cahenslyism, 295. Iroquois, 120, 121; location, 122, 131. 1-ZZ, 135. 148, 152, 154. 157, 161, 164, 166, 182. Jackson, Andrew, 340. Jansenists, 300. Janssens, F., 478. Jay, John, 251. Jay's treaty, 286. Jemez, 63. Jesuits, 34, 77, 101, 119, 125, 131, 136, 138, 161, 162, 165, 166, 171, 189, 201, 210, 211, 222, 224, 230, 238, 254, 280, 302, 328. Jogues, Isaac, 149, 150, 152, 153. John XXL, 6. John of Padilla, 53. Joliet, 120, 175. Juchereau, Sieur, 199. Juncker, Henry Damien, 459. Kavanagh, Mr., 282. Keane, J. J., 475. Keating, Mr., 288. Kelly, P., 297, 300. Kenrick, Francis Patrick, 347, 352; proclamations, 358, 359; visit to Rome, 360 ; transferred to Balti more, 361, 431 ; character, 432. Kenrick, Peter Richard, 408. Ketchum, Mr., 372. Kickapoos, 190, 192, 199. Kino, Father, 77. Know-nothingism, 341, 365, 428, 450, 454- Kohlman, Father Anthony, 313 ; de cisions concerning the confessional, 314- L'Enfant, 290. La Fleche, 126. La Perouse, 105. La Salle, 82, 120, 121, 175 ; life, 178 ; voyages, 180; death, 184, 196. La Saussaye, 127. La Trappe, Order of, 460, 461. Ladies of the Sacred Heart, 330, 338. Lalande, 155. Lamberville, John de, 165. Lamy, John B., 419, 462. Land and property, 97. " Land of War " (Vera Paz), 25, 26. Laperriere, 191. Las Casas, 14, 25. Launay, Peter du, 191. Lauverjat, Father, 139, 143, 144. Laval, Bishop, 200. Lazarists, 331. Le Boulanger, 200. Le Caron, 147. Le Franc, 191. Le Mercier, 288. Le Moine, Abb<§, 288. Le Moyne, Father Simon, 155, 159. Le Sueur, 191. Lee, Thomas Sim, 257. Lefevre, Peter Paul, 393. Legends and fables in discovery, 50. Leisler, 233. Leo X., 58. Leo XII., 334. Leon, Ponce de, 17. Leopoldine Society, 378, 387. Leray, F. X., 479. " Lettres fidifiantes et Curieuses," 196, 198. Levadoux, 286. Levins, Thomas C, 364. Lewis, Mr., 260. Leyburn, Dr. John, 232. " Liber Censuum," 7. Liguest, Pierre Laclede, 203. Line, the French, 120, 121. Logan, 244. London, company of, 129. Loras, Mathias, 411, 460. Loretto, 338. Loughlin, John, 476. Louisiana, 186, 203, 206, 293. Lovelace, Governor, 162. Ludden, P. A., 476. Luers, John Henry, 457. Luna, Tristan de, 28. Lynch, Dominick, 273. Lynch, Patrick N., 441, 474. Maes, C. P., 477. Majollo map, 116. Manogue, Bishop, 480. Marbois, Barbe de, 266, 295. Marechal, Ambrose, 295, 300. Marest, Father, 187, 198. Margil, Father Anthony, 83. 512 INDEX. Mark of Nizza, Father, 51, 53, 76. Marquette, Father, 170, 173, 175; " Voyage," 176; grave, 178, 195. Martin IV., 6. Martinez, Father, 56, 76. Mascoutins, 190, 192, 199. Masse, Enemond, 126, 128. Massey, Father, 229. Mathew, Father, 398. Mathews, Mr., 290. Matignon, Francis A., 281. Mauvila, battle of the, 23. Mazanet, Damian, 83. Mazzuchelli, Father, 411. McCloskey, John, 364, 374, 376, 448, 476. McDonnell, Charles E., 476. McFarland, Francis P., 451. McFaul, James, 476. McGawley, Elizabeth, 244. McGerry, J., 364. McGill, Bishop, 440, 474. McGill, John, 349. McQuaid, B. J., 476. Medicine of the Black Robes, 153. Medicine-men, 63, 65, 161. Membr£, Zenobius, 179, 181. Menard, Father, 170. Mendoza, 50. Mermet, Father, 198. Method of selecting candidates for the episcopate, 466. Meurin, Father, 205. Miamis, 164, 190, 194. Micmacs, 127, 136. Miles, Richard Pius, 410, 459. Milet, Father, 161. Minister resident in Rome, 427. " Mission of Our Lady of Ganentaa," 157- . " Mission of the Martyrs," 152. Mississippi, 18, 23. Mobilian family, 206. Mohawks, 151, 153, 155, 160. Molyneux, Robert, 271. Monk, Maria, 365. Monterey, 90, 93. Montesinos, Antonio, 21. Montgomery, George, 480. Montmagny, Governor, 152. Montreal (Mount Royal), 117. Monts, Sieur de, 1 18. Moore, Bishop, 475. Moore, Governor, 40. Moqui, 68, 70, 71, 78. Morfi, Padre, 72. Mornay, Duplessis de, 210. Moulton, Colonel, 143. Moultrie, Governor, 335. Narvaez, Pamfilo de, 22, 82. Nashville, see of, 343. Natchez, 206. Natchez, see of, 344. Nationalism, 270, 278. Native Americanism, 341, 352, 356; «ot, 357, 375. Navajo Indians, 45. Neale, Bishop, 239, 299. Neale, Leonard, 278, 287, 290. Neckere, Raymond de, 399. Nerinok, Charles, 285. Neumann, Bishop, 437. Neutrals, 147. New England Company, 218. New Mexico, 1, 16, 22, 45 ; first ex pedition, 52; name, 55; mission statistics, 59 ; insurrection, 64 ; sub jection, 68; statistics, 71, 73, 418, 463- New York, see of, 291, 312. Nicholas V., 9. Nicollet, 120. Nicolls, Colonel, 163. Norsemen in America, 3 ; their influ ence, 4. North, Lord, 250. North, the church of the, 425, 446. Northrop, H. P., 474. Norumbega, 116, 217. Nouvel, Father, 187. Nuncio, 427. O'Connell, Eugene, 464. O'Connor, Michael, 360, 361, 438. O'Farrell, M. J., 476. O'Gorman, James Michael, 461. O'Meally, J., 322. O'Meara, 413. O'Reilly, Bishop, 386, 451. O'Reilly, Governor, 212. Odin, John M., 333, 344, 406. Oglethorpe, James, 43. Ohio, diocese of, 327. Olivier, Donatien, 286. 01ivi.er, John, 290. INDEX. 513 Onate,' Don Juan de, 56, 76. Oneidas, 155, 295. Onondagas, 155, 159. Onontio, 152, 1S2. Orono, 255. Otchipwe grammar, 456. Otermin, 64. Ottawas, 171, 203, 328, 456. Palou, 92. Pareja, Father Francis, 36. Paris, Treaty of, 204, 250. Parron, Hernando, 92. Parsons, Father, 217. Paternalism, 96, 112. Patuxents, 222. Paul V., 59. Peinado, Alonso, 57. Pelamourgues, Mr., 412. Penalver, Louis, 286. Penet, Pierre, 295. Penn, 231, 244. Penobscots, 255. Peorias, 200. Perche, N. J., 478. Periods of trusteeism, native Ameri canism, Civil War, and centennials, 274. Perrot, Mr., 296. Petiot, Remegius, 412. Petition by the clergy of Maryland, 271. Petre, Bishop, 247. Philadelphia, see of, 291, 294, 316. Philadelphia Convention, 258. Pierce, President, 427. Piernas, Don Pedro, 203. Pierron, Father, 160, 165. Pile, Henry, 259. Pineda, Alvarez de, 18. Pinet, Francis, 197. Pious Fund, 101, 108. Piscataways, 222, 228. Pittsburg, see of, 343. Pius VI., 214, 262. Pius^VIL, 213, 281, 291, 293, 303, 312. 322. Pius VIII., 306. Pius IX., 346, 377, 398, 427, 441. Plowden, Sir Edmund, 230. Plymouth, company of, 129. Polygamy, 197. Poncet, Father, 154. Pons, Antoinette de, Marquise de Guercheville, 126. Pontiac, 203. Pope, the medicine-man, 65. Pope's day, 252. Portier, Michael, 334, 336, 401, 444 Portola, 93. Pott, Governor, 219. Pottowatomies, 190, 328. Primum Marylandio? sacellum, 220. Protestants, 214, 221, 225, 227, 236, 282, 283, 344 ; version of the Bible, 356, 366. Provencher, Dr., 421. Pueblo Indians, 45 ; description of the pueblo, 47 ; their standpoint of de velopment, 49 ; the double tradition, 50, 60, 62 ; cryptopaganism, 64 ; insurrection, 64; end, 66. Purcell, John, 387. Puritans, 134, 137, 138, 218, 224, 277. Quakers, 232. Quapaws, 212. Quarter, William,. 414. Quebec Act, 250, 253. Queretaro, 80, 83. Quincy, diocese of, 458. Quinlan, John, 444. Quivira, Gran, 52, 82, 116. Quo Longius, 334. Rademacher, Bishop, 477. Radisson, 120. Rale, Sebastian, 138, 140; price on his head, 141 ; death, 143 ; " Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, " 196. Rappe, Amadeus, 398, 453. Ravoux, Rev. Augustine, 412, 418. Raymbault, Charles, 149. Recollects, 119, 130, 136, 168, I79> i»3- Reese, Mr., 372. Regulars, 61, 107. " Relations of the Jesuits," 163. Remur, Gabriel Brute de, 394. Res£, Bishop, 344. Reynolds, Ignatius Aloysius, 351. Ribault, John, 29, -30. Ribourde, Gabriel de la, 179, 181. Richard, Gabriel, 286, 326. Richardie, Armand de la, 327. Richelieu, Cardinal, 130. 5H INDEX. Richmond, see of, 300. Richter, J. H., 477. Rigbee, Father, 224. Riordan, P. W., 480. Roberval, Sieur de, 117. Rodriguez, Augustine, 54. Rogel, Father, 34. Rohan, Father William de, 284. Rosati, Mr., 331, 399, 408. Rosecrans, Sylvester H.,453. Roxbury convent, 383, 392. Ryan, Mr., 288. Ryan, S. D., 476. Sagard, Father, 147; "Histoire du Canada," 168. Salmeron, Father, 58. Salmon, Anthony, 285. San Bartolomeo, 54. San Bias, 100. San Carlos, 94. San Domingo, see of, 15. San Gabriel, 57. Santa Fe, 58, 66. Santiago de Cuba, see of, 15, 36, 37. Scanlon, L., 480. Schaffer, Leander, 413. Schism, 279. Schneider, Father, 246. Scioto Company, 296. Scott, Mayor, 358. Second Plenary Council of Baltimore, 274, 434- Second Provincial Council, 341 ; pas toral letter, 342, 367. Secret societies, 63. Seculars, 107, 109. Sedella, Antonio, 291. Sedeno, Father, 34. Seminary, first, 276. Senecas, 155, 165. Serra, Father Juniperro, 92, 93 ; let ter, 97, 101, 104. Seven Cities and Seven Caves, 50, 51, 116. Seventh Provincial Council, 347, Severn, battle on the, 229. Seville, see of, 15. Seymour, Governor, 236. Sioux, 184, 187. Sister Mary John, 380. Sisters of Charity, 327, 338, 376. Sisters of Mercy, 376. Sitimachas, 209. Sixth Provincial Council, 345. Slavery, 21, 41. Slocum, J. J., 366. Smith, Father, 281. Smyth, Timothy, 460. Sorin, Edward, 397. Soto, Hernando de, 23, 82. Souel, 211. Soug£, John Ambrose, 282. South, the church of the, 425, 427. Spalding, J. L., 432, 434, 454. Spalding, Martin J., 391 ; life of, 432> 433; circular, 436; death, 473- Spanish element in the Roman Cath olic Church in America, i, 13; southeastern and southwestern mis sions, 16; character of policy, 61. " Sportsman's Hall," 283. Spring Hill College, 401. St. Ange, 203. St. Benedict Labre, 276. St. Castin, Baron de, 141. St. Cosme, 208, 209. St. Cyr, 413. St. Francis Xavier del Bac, 77, 79. St. Louis, see of, 346, 457. St. Palais, Maurice de, 397, 413, 477. St. Miguel de Guevavi, 77, 79. St. Patrick's Cathedral, 447. St. Pierre, Paul de, 284. Ste. Croix, 123. Stone, William, 225, 229. Success or ruin, 112. Sulpitians, 276, 277, 280, 285, 293, 402. Surratt, John, 436. Susquehannas, 222. Sweat-house, 63. Syresne, Father James de, 145. Taensas, 208. Talbot, James, 260. Talon, 172. Tamaron, Bishop, 71, 72. Taylor, William, 310. Texas, 1,81; name, 82 ; missions, 83 ; small success, 85 ; statistics, 86, 405. Thayer, John, 276, 282, 285. Third Provincial Council, 343. Thomas, Sir, 217, INDEX. 5'5 Timon, Bishop, 379, 405. Tonnelier, John Louis Victor le, 296. Tonty, Henri de, 179, 196. Tosi, P., 480. Trent, Council of, 321, 368. Troy, Archbishop, 296. Trusteeism, 269, 279, 299, 320, 321, 333. 353. 367. 399- Tucson, 79. Tyler, "William, 384, 385, 449. Union of church and state, 61, 99. " United States Catholic Miscellany," 3°7- Upsi, first Bishop of Greenland, 6. Ursulines, 210, 311, 338. Vaca, Cabeza de, 50. Van de Velde, James Oliver, 415, 444, 458- Van de Vyver, A., 475. Var, Ambrose, 255. Vatican Council, 470. Vaughan, Sir William, 218. Verdaguer, Peter, 479. Vergennes, 261. Verot, Bishop, 442, 475. Verrazano, Giovanni da, 115, 129. Vespucius, Americus, 17. Viel, Father, 147. Vimont, Father, 149. Vincennes, 199. Vincennes, see of, 394. Vinland, 4, 5, II. Virginia, 38; Company, 218, 219. Visitandines, 338. Vivier, Father, 202. Vizcaino, 90, 92. Wadhams, E. P., 476. Walmesley, Charles, 272. Warner, Father, 231. Washington, 252, 254, 273, 289. Washington, the plan to the city of, 289. Watteau, Melithon, 180. Watterson, J. A., 477. Weld, Thomas, 272. Whelan, Charles, 285. Whelan, James, 459. Whelan, Richard Vincent, 344, 348, 441. White, Father, 220, 222; Indian catechism, 225. Whitfield, James, 305, 343. Wigger, \Y. M., 476. Willcox, Thomas, 245. Winnebagos, 412. Winslow, 132. Wood, Bishop, 437. Wriothesley, Henry, Earl of South ampton, 217. Wyandots, 328. Yazoo, 208, 211. York, Cardinal, 248. Young, J. M., 439, 440. Zuni, 47, 51, 69. 3 9002 02440 64 1(