YALE UNIVERSITY ART LIBRARY ©Hi Pate 4*tt 0 if and -£% of pure metal), should be discontinued. A composition containing less than two-thirds of pure metal ought not to be called by the name of that metal. The following extracts from "A Touch-stone for Gold and Silver Wares ; or, A Manual for Gold smiths," by W. B., of London, Goldsmith, 1677, will here prove interesting : " Our forefathers confidering that Silver in its fineft degree would be too foft for ufe and fervice (for the fineft Silver is almoft as foft as Lead), did confult to reduce or harden the Silver (by allaying it with bafer Metal) to fuch a degree, that it might be both ferviceable in the works, and alfo in the wearing keep its native Whitenefs; And upon Experiment and due conlideration, did agree that there fhould be put Eighteen penny weight of fine Copper into Eleven Ounces and two penny weight Troy of the fineft Silver, both which makes Twelve Ounces or the pound Troy; And fo according to that proportion for more or lefs; (where it is to be obferved, That either Tin, Pewter, or Lead being put into Gold or Silver for the allaying thereof, or being mixt therewith, renders it extream brittle, and altogether unfit for work) ; which degree of allay is concluded upon by the Law-makers of this Kingdome, to be the Standard for all Silver Money, and all Silver Works, and is commonly called the Sterling Allay (from the Efterlings or men that came from the Eaft-CoxxMry , and were the firft Contrivers and makers of that allay;) And this is that which is meant in the Statute of 18 Eltz. Cap. 15. by the Exprefsion, (to wit.) Not lefs in finenefs than that of 11 Ounces two penny weight. And for this purpofe divers Statutes have been made." . . . The derivation of the word " Sterling," used to denote a certain recognized standard of silver, is one which has for a long time engaged the atten- 20 OLD PLATE tion of antiquarians. *Spelman supposeth it to take that denomination from the Easterlings, who as he supposeth, came over and reformed our coin to that allay. Of this opinion was Camden. When this name of sterling came first is uncertain ; only we are sure it was a denomination in use in the time of Henry III., or Edward I., and after ages, but it was not in use at the compiling of Dooms day. Some authors say from Easterlings, a race of German or Dutch traders ; but is it not more likely from " steer," a bull, or ox, viz. : a coin originally stamped with a figure of that animal ? Stow, in his Survey, states " the easterling pence took their name of the Easterlings which did make this money in England, in the reign of Henry II. This have I set down according to my reading in antiquity of money matters, omitting the imaginations of late writers, of whom some have said easterling money to take that name of a star ; other some of a bird called a star or starling; and other (more unlikely) of being coined at Striveling or Starling a town in Scotland." Others derive it from the Anglo-Saxon steore (rule, or law). The currency used by the colonies was chiefly from England, Spain and Portugal, but the supply from these sources was limited, and the mother- country jealous of any infringement of her pre rogative of coinage. Massachusetts in 1652 estab lished a mint ; John Hull and Richard Saunderson were the " mint masters." Joseph Jenks, of Lynn, made the dies ; the standard was to be sterling. f " 1652 And further the sajd master of the mjnt aforesajd isheereby Required to cojne all the sajd mony of good Silver of the Just allay of new sterling English mony. . . . "All persons whatsoeuer have libertje to bring in vnto the mint house * " Notes and Queries." f "Records of the Colony of Mass.'' THE STANDARDS 21 at Boston, all bulljon, plate or Spannish cojne, there to be melted and brought to the allay of starling silver by John Hull, master of the sajd mint, and his sworn officers." *' 1654, It is ordered by this Court & Authoritie thereof that no inhabitant of this jurisdiction or stranger shall from henceforth send, carry, or transport out of this jurisdiction by sea or land directly or indirectly, any of the money that hath been or shalbe coyned within this jurisdiction, except twenty shillings for necessary expences." In 1684 the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company was re voked and the governor recalled; one of the alleged grievances by the crown was a colonial law concerning the Mint. As soon as possible after the establishment of Independence the subject of a National Mint was laid before Congress by Robert Morris in January, 1782. In 1785 Congress took into consideration a report of the committee on the subject of a " money unit " ; from this action was taken (1786), and an "ordinance for the establishment of the Mint of the United States of America and for reg ulating the value and alloy of coins," was passed. During this period several of the States had been considering the projects for coining money, prin cipally copper, but these seem to have fallen through, out of deference to the central govern ment. The United States Mint was authorized by Act of Congress, April 2, 1792. The first silver coined was the standard Dollar — weight, 416 grains; fineness, 892.4; equivalent to 371* grains of fine silver, with 44! grains alloy of pure copper. The Act of January 18, 1837, changed the weight to 412! grains, and the fineness to 900, preserving the same amount of fine silver, 371! grains, with tV alloy. This standard is universally known as Coin silver, to distinguish it from Sterling (925 fine), the English standard. At this time a reform was effected in the method of reporting assays, the millesimal system taking the place of the time- 22 OLD PLATE honored but cumbersome method of carats and grains. The older plan of assaying silver was abandoned, the humid assay being substituted. The oldest method of testing the quality of gold and silver was by the touch. This consisted in making a streak on a black stone, called a touch stone, and comparing it with a streak of either metal of known composition called a touch needle. This mode of trying the fineness was called "touching," and the word obtained for a long time after the adoption of the chemical assay. The word " touch " seems to have been applied indiffer ently to the trial, to the quality of the metal tested, and to the mark impressed upon it. Shakspere, in " King Richard III.," says: K. Rich. " Ah, Buckingham, now do I play the touch, To try if thou be current gold indeed." ACT IV., SCENE II. The assay by the cupel, or " scrape and parting assay," came into use about the year 1300. It is carried out by the addition of a suitable quantity of lead to the alloy, which has been scraped from the article to be assayed, after both have been accurately weighed. They are then placed on a cupel and heated in a current of air; the lead and other metals, with the exception of gold and silver, oxidize, and the fused lead oxide takes up the other oxides as fast as they form and carries them down into the porous cupel until a button of pure gold or pure silver only is left, the weight of which gives the proportion of fine gold or fine silver. These processes are described in detail in the " Touch-stone for Gold and Silver Wares," that of the "Assay office " being still carried on at Gold smiths' Hall, London, in precisely the same manner as then. THE ASSAY 23 " If any Perfon hath bought or received (of any worker or feller of Silver work) any kind of Silver wares fufpected to be deceitful, the fame deceipt may be known without doing prejudice to the work, by rubbing the Plate in fome place leaft in fight, with a File of indifFerent finenefs; and if it be worfe than Starling it will appear Yellowifh, or elfe file it a little, and rub the Place filed on a cleane Touch-ftone, and clofe by it rub the edge of a good Half-Crown-piece, or fuch like thick money, and the difference, if any, will appear. " The reafon that I direct the filing the Work is this (to wit) that the Artificial boiling of courfe Silver work, will fo eat or diflblve the Allay that is on the furface or outfide thereof, that unlefs it be filed as abovefaid it will Touch on the Touch-ftone fix pence or eight pence in the ounce better then it is. " Note further, That to know a good Touch-ftone, you must ob- ferve, That the beft fort are very black, and of a fine grain, polifhed very fmooth, and without any fpungy or grain-holes; And near the hardnefs of a Flint, but yet with fuch a fharp cutting greet that it will cut or wear the Silver or Gold when rubbed thereon. " The way to make a true Touch on the Touch-ftone is thus; When your Touch-ftone is very clean, which if foul or foily, it may be taken off, by wetting it, and then rubbing it dry with a clean Woollen Cloth; or if fill'd with Touches of Gold or Silver; &c. it may be taken off by rubbing the Touch-ftone with a pumice-ftone in water, and it will make it very clean; then (your Silver being filed as above-faid) rub it fteadily and very hard on the ftone, not fpreading your Touch above a quarter of an inch long, and no broader than the thicknefs of a Five-fhilling-piece of Silver; And fo continue rubbing it until the place of the ftone whereon you rub, be like the Metal itfelf: And when every fort is rubbed on, that you intend at that time, wet all the touch' t places with your Tongue, and it will fhew itfelf in its own countenance. " If it appear by thefe wayes to be worfe than Standerd, you may carry or fend it to the Goldfmiths Aff ay-Office ; and upon your defire the Officers there will make an affay of the fame, and give you a true report of the value thereof in writing, and return the Ware (and Silver taken off for the Affay) to you again, no more defaced than what is done by the fcraping of the Silver for the affay. " But if you are minded to keep the matter more concealed, you may artificially cut or fcrape between 1 8 or 24 grains from fome one part, or from all the parts of the work (except the foddered places) (for lefs in weight than between 1 8 and 24 grains is not fufficient for an affay). Then in a piece of paper of about 6 inches long, and 4 inches broad, At the one end write down the Owners name, and the 24 OLD PLATE day of the Month and Year; and at the other end put the cuttings or fcrapings of Silver in a fold, turning in the corners once, to prevent the fhedding the Silver, and fo fold up all the paper to the name fo written, on the top as aforefaid. " Then carry or fend it to the Goldfmiths Affay- Office as aforefaid (which is now on the South part of their Hall in Fofter-Lane, Lon don) on any of the Affay-days before the hour of 9 in the morning, and leave it with the Affay Mafter or his Servant, and at 4 of the Clock in the Afternoon the fame day it will be done; and by calling there for the Affay, by the name in the paper, it will be delivered, upon the payment of 2d, which is the accuftomed Fee for the making of an Affay. ' ' The humid process of assaying silver consists in determining the standard of silver articles by the quantity of a solution of salt, necessary to precipi tate exactly the silver contained in a given weight of alloy. The spectroscope and electricity have also been employed as a means of assaying, although as yet in an experimental state. STANDARD WEIGHTS. * The earliest series of standard weights now known are two sets discovered by Mr. Layard in the ruins of Nineveh. They are now in the British Museum. William the Conqueror decreed the con tinuance, as the legal standard, of the pound in use by the Saxons. This and other standards of weight and measure were removed by the King from the City of Winchester to the Exchequer at West minster, and placed in a consecrated building in charge of his chamberlains. The place of deposit is said to have been the crypt chapel of Edward the Confessor, in Westminster Abbey. In 1866 the office of Exchequer was abolished, and the Standards Department of the Board of Trade was established in London, assuming charge of the standards — an arrangement still in force. * " History of the United States Mint," Evans. STANDARD WEIGHTS 25 The old Saxon pound was the earliest standard of England. It was identical in weight with the old apothecaries' pound of Germany, and equal to 5,400 of our later Troy grains. The pound ster ling was determined from this weight in silver. Henry III., in 1266, decreed the following stand ards : The sterling, or penny, to weigh equal to thirty-two wheat corns, taken from the middle of the ear; twenty pence, one ounce; twelve ounces, one pound; eight pounds, one gallon of wine, which is the eighth part of a quarter. The idea of the grain was borrowed by the English from the French, and the Black Prince brought back with him from France the pound Troye, which was derived from the commercial town of that name. The use of the Troy standard was adopted by the druggists and jewelers on account of its convenient reduc tion into grains. The pound Avoirdupois (Fr. Avoir-du-poids, " to have weight"), weighing 7,000 grains Troy, first appears in use during the reign of Edward III., and it, as well as the Troy pound, has been em ployed without change ever since. In the year 1834 the English standards of weight and measure, consisting of a yard and pound Troy of brass, were destroyed by fire at the burning of the Houses of Parliament. A few years later a commission of scientific men was appointed to determine upon the restoration of the standards. This resulted in a succession of difficult problems resultant upon the oxidation to a greater or less extent of duplicates of the standard still existing, as also of the varia tion of the cubic inch of water, as in use in different lands. A cubic inch of distilled water, weighed in air against brass weights, at a temperature of 62 de grees Fahr., the barometer being at 30 inches, had 26 , OLD PLATE been determined by scientific men to be equal to 252.458 grains, of which the standard Troy pound contained 5,760. As the unit of length was also lost, a series of experiments was made in the vibration of a pen dulum in a vacuum, marking seconds of mean time in the latitude of London at the level of the sea. These deductions, however, failed to be satisfactory, and the commission was compelled to fall back upon the best preserved of the duplicate standards existent. The Imperial Standard Pound is de clared to be the true weight of an Avoirdupois pound in a vacuum. It is a curious fact that the Imperial standards of platinum (which metal is not subject to oxidation), although balancing brass weights in a vacuum, weigh in air more than one half a grain heavier than the latter. This is due to their greater displacement of space. The unit of weight in the United States is a Troy pound weight obtained from England, a du plicate of the original standard fixed by the com mission of 1758, and reasserted by the commission of 1838. It is a bronze weight of 5,760 grains Troy. It is kept in a strong safe at the United States Mint, in Philadelphia. The President ap points an assay commission, whose members meet at Philadelphia annually, upon the second Wed nesday in February, open the safe, and compare the copies, or the working weights, with the orig inal upon the most delicately poised balances. Working standards of weights and measures are supplied by the Secretary of State to the State governments. By an Act passed in England in the year 1878 the standard pound Troy and its ounce were further legalized, but the divisions of the ounce were altered, STANDARD WEIGHTS 27 and a set of legal weights established, in which the ounce Troy is divided decimally — that is to say, into tenths, hundredths and thousandths. The new Act came into operation on the ist January, 1879, but six months were allowed in which to become accustomed to the alterations. It abolishes the use of pennyweights and grains in Troy weight. The ounce Troy remains the same, containing 480 grains, the hundredth part equaling .48 grain, or nearly one-half. For weighing precious stones the carat is abolished, and "decimal grain weights" substituted. TROY WEIGHTS. 24 grains = I dwt. (pennyweight). 480 grains = 20 dwts. = I oz. (ounce). 5,760 grains = 240 dwts. = 12 oz. = 1 lb. (pound). AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHTS. 437J grains = 1 oz. 7,000 grains = 16 oz. = 1 lb. The grain is the same in both cases. 175 oz. Troy = 192 oz. Avoirdupois. 1 oz. Troy = 31. 1 grammes. 1 gramme = 15.4 grains. The following table will show the proportion of fine metal there should be in each standard per pound Troy weight : 22 carat 18 " 15 " 12 " 9 " GOLD. oz. dwts. . 11 0 = 917 millims. . 9 ° = 750 " 7 10 = 625 " 6 o = 500 4 10 = 375 " SILVER. oz. dwts. Britannia Standard . n 10 = 959 millims. Sterling Standard . . 11 2 = 925 " Scotch Standard . . n o = 917 Coin Standard . . 10 16 = 900 The Second Chapter HALL-MARKS— THE MEDIEVAL GUILDS— THE GOLD SMITHS' COMPANY OF LONDON— LEGISLA TION AND MARKS— THE PROVIN CIAL ASSAY TOWNS. TRADEMARKS are of undoubted antiquity, and must be nearly as old as the industry of the race. Ancient Babylon had property symbols, and the Chinese claim to have had trade marks one thousand years before Christ. In the *catalogue of Early Christian Antiquities in the British Museum are noted various vessels of the vi. and vn. centuries, with stamps, fit is clear that the Roman silver was marked with stamps in Byzantine times, very likely as Arneth suggests, in the vn. century. It may be that a church or monastery would inspect its plate periodically and apply its stamp or stamps as a mark of control. The number of stamps on a vessel would suggest that it had been controlled on five or six occasions, or that a variety of stamps were used on one occa sion. But researches, as yet unpublished, by M. Smirnoff, of the Imperial Museum of the Hermitage, St. Petersburg, tend to prove that the stamps are "hall-marks," and that five was the usual number of impressions. The ultimate publication of all the examples in the Russian collections will doubtless throw light on points at present obscure. Most of the countries of Europe stamped their gold and silver wares, and these, from being con trolled by the Guilds or Goldsmiths' Halls, were * O. M. Dalton, M.A. (1901). + "Archseologia," Vol. LVII. (1900). 28 THE GOLDSMITHS' COMPANY 29 called hall-marks. In England — and as the greater quantity of our plate is from there, this of foreign countries will be alone dealt with — it was ordained by Edward I. (1300) "that no goldsmith nor none otherwhere within the King's dominions, shall from henceforth make or cause to be made any manner of vessel, or any other thing of gold or silver, ex cept it be of the true allay, . . . and none work worse silver than money ; and no manner of vessel of silver depart out of the hands of the workers, until it be assayed by the wardens of the craft; and further, that it be marked with the leopard's head ; and that they work no worse gold than of the touch of Paris." These provisions were intended for London only, but subsequent clauses extended them to the provinces; "that all the good towns of England where any goldsmith be dwelling, shall be ordered according to this statute as they of London be." In 1327 the first charter was granted to "the Wardens and Commonalty of the Mystery of Gold smiths of the City of London." The company's ordinances of 1336 enjoin "that none do work gold unless it be as good as the assay of the mystery ; or in silver, unless as good or better than the king's coin or sterling, and that when done, it shall be brought to the hall to be assayed, and such as will bear the touch shall be marked with the owners and sayers marks, and afterwards be touched with the Liberdshede crowned." In 1363 it was required that every master goldsmith shall have a mark by himself, and the same mark "shall be known by them which shall be assigned by the King to survey their work and allay." And the goldsmith is to set it upon his work after it shall have been assayed and marked with the King's mark. 30 OLD PLATE In 1379 it was enacted that whereas gold and silver which is wrought by goldsmiths in England is oftentimes less fine than it ought to be, because the goldsmiths are their own judges, be it ordained "that henceforth every goldsmith puts his own mark upon his work ; and the assay of the Touch belongs to the mayors and governors of the cities and boroughs, with the aid of the master of the Mint, if there be such, putting the mark of the city or borough where the assay is." It is further or dained that every goldsmith "shall have his own mark by himself. . . . And our Lord the King shall appoint such as he thinks proper to make the same assay as well in London as elsewhere, at all such times as shall be necessary, and after the assay made, to mark the said work with another mark, appointed therefore by our Lord the King." In 1414 the price of silver gilt was regulated; it was also enacted that the goldsmiths should gild no silver of worse alloy than English sterling. In 1423 the statute reenacts former provisions, direct ing an allowance to be made for such " Souder " as may be necessary, and appointing " York, New- castle-upon-Tine, Norwich, Bristol, Salisbury, and Coventry to have divers Touches." In 1477, no goldsmith or worker of gold or silver shall work or put to sale any gold under the fine ness of 18 carats, nor silver unless it be as fine as sterling, except such things as requireth solder, be fore it be touched with the leopard's head crowned, such as may bear the said touch, and also with a mark or sign of the worker. In 1675, all manner of silver vessels be assayed at Goldsmiths' Hall and there approved for standardly striking thereon the lion and leopard's head crowned, or one of them, before they be exposed for sale. LEGISLATION AND MARKS 31 From and after the 25th day of March, 1697 (when the standard was raised above that of the sterling coins), no silver plate should be made of less fineness than that of 11 oz. 10 dwts. of fine silver in every pound Troy. That the marks should be that of the worker, to be expressed by the first two letters of his surname ; the marks of the mys tery or craft of the goldsmiths, which, instead of the leopard's head and the lion, should be the figure of a lion's head erased and the figure of a woman, commonly called Britannia ; and a distinct variable mark to denote the year. This standard lasted until 1720, when the old standard was re vived, both, however, being allowed, and a duty of 6d. per ounce imposed on all silver plate imported into and made in Great Britain. In 1739 makers were ordered to destroy existing marks and use the first letters of their Christian and surname. The duty mark of the Sovereign's head was added December ist, 1784, and ceased when the duties were abolished in 1890. The leopard's head is without a crown in 1822 ; from 1876 an Act passed in 1867 was reenacted, that all foreign plate im ported should be marked with the letter F in an oval escutcheon in addition to the usual marks. All plate stamped in London thus has the fol lowing marks : The Leopard,s Head. The Maker's Mark. The Annual Letter. The Lion Passant. From 1697 until 1720: The Lion's Head erased, and Britannia, instead of the leopard's head and lion passant, and in addition the duty mark of the Sovereign's 32 OLD PLATE head, from 1784 to 1890; with the letter F in an oval for foreign plate, from 1876. The provincial offices which still assay, are Chester, Sheffield, and Birmingham ; with Edin burgh, Glasgow, and Dublin. Since the year 1 700-1 the marks on provincial plate have been the same as on London plate, with the addition of the arms of the provincial towns. There are many pieces of plate in this country, evidently of English origin, which are stamped only with a maker's mark ; these were made by provincial silversmiths who, not being bound by the laws governing the metropolis, oftentimes made plate to order, not to be exposed for sale, honestly stamping their wares with their mark. Hall-marks were placed on plate by rule and not by chance ; before the year 1 700 the marks were placed on cups and bowls outside, on the margin, near the mouth ; on early tankards, on the side to the right of the handle (in America to the left). After the time of Queen Anne vessels were generally stamped underneath. In early spoons the leopard's head crowned was placed inside the bowl close to the stem, but on rat-tail spoons at the end of the xvn. century all four marks are found on the back of the stems. The books of the Gold smiths' Company of London having perished in the great fire of 1666, the orders for the application of the stamps in their relative positions on vessels are unknown, but there was evidently a regular system adopted as in France. The sale of antique plate with forged, or trans posed hall-marks, is carried on to a great extent not only in England, but on the Continent, and col lectors should be cautious, as genuine plate is be coming rarer and more costly every day. The Third Chapter MAKERS' MARKS— STATE LAWS— STERLING— COIN. THE marks* of the first makers were emblems or symbols, such as a cross, a rose, a crown or a star, and devices similar to the traders' or merchants' marks so generally employed during the latter part of the xv. century, often to dis tinguish property when the owner was unable to read or write. In many cases these marks f"were adopted instead of armorial bearings by traders to whom arms were not permitted. They were used for stamping goods, were engraved on rings, and often placed on monuments. They had one essen tial feature in common — a cross. A simple form of mark was a cross surmounting a mast or staff, with streamers or other devices apparently taken from parts of a ship ; it had a forked base. When, after a time, initials of names were introduced, they at first formed part of the mark, the letter A being often made by crossing the forked base. The cross, being an emblem of Christianity, was considered to counteract the wiles of Satan." These devices were not confined to any one craft, but were used by potters, pewterers, coopers, masons, blacksmiths, ironmongers, stationers, etc., etc., and controlled by their guilds, or fraternities established to protect the trade or mystery. * " Makers' Marks," Buck, Jewelers' Circular. f" London Signs and Inscriptions," Norman (1893). 3 33 34 OLD PLATE In marking gold and silver wares the maker - sometimes used the initials ,ft n of his name, either with or V. ^r without an emblem or sign ; T Robert Harding, but it was not until the SiIvefVths, Goldsmith, c. 1489. XVII. century that makers mark-i599. were bound by law to use their initials. In 1697, as noted in the previous chapter, the mark was to be the first two letters of the maker's surname. In 1739, owing to the uncertainty as to law, it was made compulsory that makers were to destroy their existing marks and substitute for them the initial letters of their Christian and sur name, and this provision has remained in force in England ever since. At Christ Church, Bruton Parish, Virginia (1686), is the mark of Peeter Harache, of /g§& ffi, London, on a two-handled cup. This l^$«) ]ha| mark in 1697 became the first two let ters of his surname. On a chalice and paten (1702) at Trinity Church, Newport, Rhode Island, are the marks of John Bodington at the " Mitre," in Foster Lane, London. gsijjv p^>. _«_ Francis Garthorne, of Sweethings- (jbo) l^&J (€»J lane, made in 1694 silver vessels ^ ^ for Trinity Church and S. John's Chapel, New York, Christ Church, Cambridge, and S. Paul's Church, Newburyport, Massachusetts, marked with his initials. The large service ot seven pieces given to Trinity Church, New York, in 1709, and that of six pieces to S. Peter's, Albany, 171 1, by Queen Anne, are by the same maker and marked with the first two letters of his surname, the a within the G. The maker's mark should, strictly speaking, rep resent the name of the maker of the article in MAKERS' MARKS 35 question ; but this mark is not always a sure guide, as merchants and wholesale dealers, in some in stances, register their own names at the assay office and then request the real makers to stamp such goods as are ordered, before sending them to be assayed, with their — the merchant's or whole sale dealer's — punch to represent the work as of their own manufacture. In America, during Colonial days, silversmiths marked their wares with their initials, with or without, emblems placed in shields, circles, etc., without any guide as to place of manufacture or date ; after about 1725 it was the custom to use the surname, with or without an initial, and sometimes the full name; Ir^veheI, b-hurdi, £***t are examples. Since the establishment of the United States the name of the town was often added to the name or initials of the maker, with the letters D or C in a circle, probably meaning dollar or coin, showing the standard or coin from which the wares were made. In many instances a lion passant, head, eagle dis played, anchor, star, etc., were added, and marks of the maker and dealer are sometimes found stamped on the same piece. In the xix. century the word COIN was often placed with the maker's mark, to be followed about 1857 by STERLING, which is the universal custom at this time. Before commencing business it was necessary to become a Freeman, sometimes by purchase. The ordinances were similar in all cases, but Boston made Church membership a qualification. * " 1 63 1 . It was likewyse ordered and agreed that for time to come noe man shalbe admitted to the freedome of this body polliticke, but such as are members of some of the Churches within the lymitts of the same." * " Records of the Colony of Massachusetts." 36 OLD PLATE Sumptuary laws were also passed. In 1634, " All gold & silver girdles, hat-bands, belts, ruffs, beaver-hats are prohibited to be bought & worn hereafter." While some of the trades were incorporated as early as 1648, gold and silver smiths do not appear to have been numerous enough in those early days to require any such protection of their industry. In 1779 the City Council fixed the price to be paid for plate. * " Resolved that the following prices be the highest that shalbe demanded or given. . . . Goldsmiths shall not demand of the Pur chaser no more than the weight of the Plate they Manufacture and twenty Times what they had for their Labour in Manufacturing before the year 1775." In New York, 1683-4, at a Common Council, it was enacted : f " That noe Person or Persons whatsoever within this Citty or Libertyes doe keep Shop or Sell any Goodes or Wares by Retaile or Exercise any handicraft Trade or Occupation but such as are Freemen thereof or soe Admitted by the Mayor or Court of Aldermen for the tyme being." ^ The last session of the Common Council under Colonial rule was held on Thursday, May 24, 1776. The civil authority again resumed its functions on Monday, February 9, 1 784. In 1807 we learn : " Freemen are seldom created ; and no prosecutions are brought against those who carry on their business without taking out their freedom." In Albany, 1713, the authorities issued the fol lowing ordinance : J " Whereas complaints are made that severall persons in this city do presume to retaile and use manual occupations without being made * " Records of the Colony of Massachusetts." 1 New York Historical Society collection. " Annals of Albany," Munsell. t STATE LAWS 37 freemen or citizens of ye sd City: Itis therefore published ordained, and declare"1 y1 no person or persons shall hereafter sell or expose to sale by re taile any ware or merchandise by themselves or any other person or persons whatsoever, or use any trade or mystery or manuall occupation in ye sd city or liberties thereof, unless he or they shall have his or their freedom and be actuall dwellers and inhabitants of ye City aforesd." Among the Freedoms purchased in 1781 appear the names of two silversmiths, John Folson and Joseph Hall. In the Colonies no assay marks were necessary or used, but attempts were made to give protection to purchasers of plate similar to that given in Europe. In 1767 the silversmiths of Philadelphia peti tioned for the establishment of an assay office to regulate, assay and stamp gold and silver, in con sequence of the large quantities of the precious metals which came into the Province for manu facture and export. The act was prepared, and on being twice re turned by the governor to the Assembly, it was agreed by a large majority not to further press it. It therefore fell through. No trace is left as to the tenor or wording of the bill, save that an in spector was to have been appointed. In the United States until recently no State protection was afforded to purchasers of plate ; they could only trust to the standing and reputa tion of the maker and dealer. In 18 14 the Legis lature of Maryland passed an act to regulate the quality of plate in the City of Baltimore, fixing the standard at eleven ounces of fine silver to the pound Troy (917). This was the old Scotch standard, established during the reign of King James II., 1457. Extracts from the laws of Mary land are here given : 38 OLD PLATE An Act to fix and regulate the quality of Silver Plate, manufactured and sold, or offered for sale, in the City of Baltimore, and for other purposes. Passed January 28, 1814. 1. BE IT ENACTED, by the General Assembly of Maryland, That from and after the first day of August next, no silversmith, or other person whatsoever, shall sell, exchange, or expose or offer to sell or exchange, in the City of Baltimore, any silver vessel, plate, or manufacture of silver whatsoever, over the weight of five pennyweights, and less in fineness than eleven ounces pure silver to every pound troy, which shall not be stamped or marked in a conspicuous manner, with the stamp or mark of the assay officer, whose appointment is hereinafter provided for, upon pain that every such silversmith, or other person so offending, shall for every such offence forfeit and pay the sum of one hundred dollars, . . . and also upon pain that such silver vessel, plate, or manufacture of silver, which shall be sold, exchanged, or exposed or offered for sale or exchange, without having the stamp or mark thereon as by this act is hereinafter provided for, shall be forfeited, . . . 2. AND BE IT ENACTED, That from and after the first day of August aforesaid, every working silversmith, and other manufacturer of silver whatsoever, who shall at any time or times work or make, or cause to be wrought or made, any silver vessel, plate, or manufacture of silver whatsoever, by this act required to be marked or stamped by the assay officer as aforesaid, shall from time to time send, with every parcel of such silver, to his assay office, a note or memorandum in writing, containing the day of the month and year, the christian and surname of the worker or maker, and place of his or her abode, with the total weight of such parcel; which note or memorandum shall be entered by the assay officer in a book kept by him for such purpose, and shall be afterwards filed and transmitted monthly to the mayor's office of the city aforesaid; ... 3. AND BE IT ENACTED, That there shall be an able and skilful man, experienced in assaying silver, appointed by the mayor and city council aforesaid, as assay officer for the said city who previous to his acting as such, shall take the oath following to wit: " I, A. B. do swear, that I will, so long as I shall continue an assayer, well and faithfully behave myself in the said office, and no undue profit to my self take, to the hurting or hindrance of any person that is owner or bringer in of any silver in plate to be assayed, and that I will touch no silver but what shall be of the goodness of eleven ounces pure silver to every pound troy, and all such silver as shall be brought to me to be STATE LAWS 39 touched, I will truly set down in writing, and the same at all times as I shall be required, will duly and truly deliver again, and will true accounts make thereof when thereupon required by the mayor or city council of the city of Baltimore, and that I will not assays make of things new wrought, before they be marked with the mark of the maker or owners thereof," . . . The assay er is not to be concerned in the manufacturing or sale of silverplate or manufacture of silver. 4. AND BE IT ENACTED, That the stamp or mark used by the assay officer shall be approved of by the mayor and city council afore said, who are hereby directed to give public notice at least once a month, until the first day of August aforesaid, in the newspapers of the city of Baltimore, of the appointment of an assayer, and the adop tion of such stamp or mark; and it shall be the duty of the assayer, whenever required by the mayor and city council aforesaid, to pro duce for their inspection the stamp or mark used by him as provided by this act, and on failure thereof his office to be vacated, . . . 5. AND BE IT ENACTED, That if any person whatsoever from and after the first day of August next, shall cast, forge or counterfeit, or cause or procure to be cast, forged or counterfeited, the stamp or mark directed to be used in pursuance of this act for the stamping of silver plate in the city of Baltimore, or shall mark or stamp, or cause or procure to be marked or stamped, any wrought plate of silver, or any wares of brass, or other base metal, silvered over, or resembling silver, with any mark or stamp which hath been or shall be forged or counterfeited at any time, either before, on or after the said first day of August next, in imitation of, or to resemble any stamp or mark directed to be used in pursuance of this act, or shall transpose or remove, or cause or procure to be transposed or removed, from one piece of wrought plate to another, or to any vessel of such base metal as afore said, any stamp, mark or impression, which may be made by or with any stamp or mark, directed to be used in pursuance of this act, or shall sell, exchange, or expose or offer for sale or exchange, any wrought plate of silver, or any vessel of such base metal as aforesaid, with any such forged or counterfeited stamp, mark or impression thereon, or any stamp, mark or impression which hath been or shall be trans posed or removed from any other piece of plate, knowing such stamp, mark or impression, to be forged, counterfeited, or transposed or re moved as aforesaid, or shall wilfully or knowingly have, or be pos sessed of, any mark or stamp which hath been or shall be forged or counterfeited in imitation of, and to resemble any mark or stamp to be used as aforesaid, every such person offending, in any such or either of the cases aforesaid, being thereof lawfully convicted, shall forfeit and pay the sum of five hundred dollars, . . . 4o OLD PLATE 6. AND BE IT ENACTED, That the assay officer aforesaid shall, previous to the touching, assaying or marking, such silver plate or manufactured silver, ask, demand and receive, for his own use, of and from the person or persons whose property is required to be touched, assayed and marked, six cents for every ounce of silver plate or manu factured silver, and so in proportion for any greater or less quantity which shall be brought to be touched, assayed or marked as aforesaid, and shall give a receipt for the same to the person or persons bringing such plate or manufacture. 7. AND BE IT ENACTED, That if any person or persons shall refuse or neglect to pay such respective prices, sums or rewards, as may by this act be demanded, and are hereby respectively required to be paid on account of or for the purposes herein mentioned, or if the silver plate, or manufactures of silver, brought to be touched, assayed or marked, shall not be respectively stamped with the initials of the name of the worker or maker thereof, that then, or in either case, it shall be lawful for the assay officer to refuse to assay, try or mark, all or any of the plate of such person or persons neglecting to pay or mark as aforesaid, until such prices, sums of money, or rewards as aforesaid, shall be actually paid, or until such silver plate, or manufactures of silver, shall be respectively stamped with the initials aforesaid. 8. AND BE IT ENACTED, That when any parcel of silver plate, or any manufacture of silver, brought to be touched, assayed and marked as aforesaid, be found to be of a coarser allay than the standard aforesaid, it shall be the duty of the assayer to cut, break or deface, such silver work or manufacture so brought to be touched, assayed and marked, and shall return the same so cut, broken or de faced to the worker or maker of the same, and shall make an entry in his books of the species and weight of each parcel so cut and defaced by him, and the name or names of the person or persons to whom such silver plate or manufacture did belong, and there shall nevertheless be paid for the assaying of the same, such rates or prices as are hereinbe fore limited for assaying and marking, as if such parcel of plate had been really marked. . . . Nothing contained in this act shall be construed to affect the sale or disposition of silver plate, or manufactured silver, of the estate of any deceased person or persons, which shall have been used by such de ceased person or persons in his, her or their lifetime. Thomas H. Warner was assayer from 1814 to 1824, and perhaps longer. Atkinson Leroy suc ceeded him. Warner was a silversmith. Leroy's STERLING— COIN 41 occupation is unknown. In 1830 a petition from Samuel Kirk and others, praying for a modification of the law, was presented to the Legislature, and a bill introduced and passed, authorizing the sale of silverware by manufacturers without having it assayed, provided the name of the maker and the quality of the silver was stamped thereon. The sale, by other than manufacturers, of ware not made in the city was authorized, but direct ing an assay on demand and imposing a penalty on the seller if found of less fineness than eleven ounces of pure silver in every pound Troy. The assayer was required to test silverware on demand of the purchaser ; if found to be marked correctly, the purchaser to pay the cost of assay ing ; if fraudulently, the seller to pay a fine and the cost of assaying. The people objecting to paying the assayer's charges, the office eventually died out. State laws regulating the stamping of the words " Sterling," " Sterling Silver," " Coin" or "Coin Sil ver," on wares of silver or metal purporting to be silver were passed in the following States : 1 894-96, Massachusetts, New York, South Carolina, Maine, Missouri, New Hampshire, Arkansas, Michigan, Connecticut, Virginia, Ohio, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Illinois, Maryland and Florida. These laws are similar in their enactments, speci fying that any wares marked " Sterling " or " Ster ling Silver," " Coin " or " Coin Silver," must contain 925 and 900 parts, respectively, of fine silver in every 1,000. Two States, Connecticut and Virginia, further enact that gold must be of the fineness stamped or marked, in carats, on wares of gold or metal purporting to be gold. The Fourth Chapter gmertcatt gtiVommifys BOSTON— ALBANY— NEW YORK— PHILADELPHIA —PROVIDENCE— SALEM— NEWPORT- BALTIMORE, Etc. WHEN Captain Newport set out for Vir ginia (1607) in charge of the First Sup ply he was accompanied by two gold smiths, two refiners and one jeweler. They do not appear to have done anything but vainly search for gold.* Boston was the home of the first goldsmiths. In October, 1652, when Massachusetts undertook to supply the deficiency of specie by a silver coinage, Joseph Jenks, of Lynn, a native of Hammersmith, near London, was employed to make the dies. The money was coined by John Hull, a gold and silver smith, on whose land the Mint House stood, and Robert Sanderson, of Boston.f John Hull was born at Market Harboro, Leicestershire, 1624; ar rived at Boston 1635; died 1683. He was not only a goldsmith, but a successful merchant, and one of the founders of the First Church ; his mark, together with his partner's, is to be found on silver in the possession of this church, the Old South, the First Church, Dorchester, etc. * " Economic History of Virginia," Bruce. t " History of American Manufactures," Bishop. 42 SILVERSMITHS, Boston 43 *"In his business of goldsmith Hull relates that he was able to get his living. This was before his appointment to coin the money of the Colony, which, there is every reason to believe, was very profitable." He writes in his diary : "After a little keeping at school I was taken to help my father plant corn, which I attended to for several years together ; and then, by God's good hand, I fell to learning (by the help of my brother) and to practice the trade of a goldsmith. " In 1652 the General Court ordered a mint to be set up. And they made choice of me for that em ployment; and I chose my friend Robert Sander son to be my partner, to which the Court assented." Robert Sanderson, or Saunderson, was probably Deacon Robert Sanderson, who died in Boston, 1693. Another entry in the diary reads : f"i659. ist of 5th. I received into my house Jeremie Dummer and Samuel Paddy, to serve me as apprentices eight years." Jeremiah Dummer was a goldsmith ; married in 1672 Hannah Atwater. He was the father of Gov ernor William Dummer.J " 1673. I accepted Samuel Clark, son of Jonas Clark, as an apprentice for eight years." § "Without a wish to detract from the well-earned laurels of John Hull, we cannot but think that in justice has been done to the memory of Robert Sanderson by all who have attempted a history of this mint. He was appointed, as Hull states, ?"American Antiquarian Society Records," Vol. III. f " Arcbseologia Americana." i " Heraldic Journal." § " The Early Coins of America," Crosby. 44 OLD PLATE at his especial request, as his equal in office (the records frequently mentioning the Mint Masters). In the agreement of June 3rd, 1675, he is first named, and his signature precedes that of Hull ; and why all the honors of the office should, in later years, have been accorded to Hull we are unable to imagine." " Robert Sanderson and Lydia, his wife, were among the earliest settlers in Hampton in 1638. He soon removed to Watertown, and, about the year 1642, married Mary, widow of John Cross. Here he remained until about 1652, when he re moved to Boston, where he filled the office of deacon in one of the churches and, Savage says, ' was partner in gainful business with John Hull, the mint master.' His death occurred October 7th, 1693." Timothy Dwight (born 1654, died 1692), an other goldsmith, was in business from about 1685, and it is supposed that he was succeeded by Sam uel Burt, his apprentice. He died about 1754. Afterward his son (?), Benjamin Burt, carried on the business. We find the name of John Burt on the Brown loving-cup at Harvard (1731), and on a flagon at King's Chapel, given to the New North Church, 1745; that of W. Burt on a flagon pre sented to the South Church, 1748, while that of Benjamin Burt is on a tankard presented to the First Church, in Dorchester, 1808. John Foster, an apprentice of Benjamin Burt, commenced busi ness about 1795. He was a deacon of the Old South, and made the Communion service in use at the Second Baptist Church, in Baldwin Place. In the "Annals of King's Chapel " mention is made of one Cross " makeing two ps plate," 1695, and William Cornell " for Mr. Wats's plate," 1728. The SILVERSMITHS, Boston 45 latter name is on a tankard, the legacy of Mrs. Mary Ireland to the Old South Church, 1763. Jacob Hurd, goldsmith, of Boston (died 1758), ¦was the father of the celebrated engraver, Nathaniel Hurd (born 1730, died 1777). The elder Hurd's name is on a plate at Christ Church (1732), the First Church, Dorchester (1736 and 1748), and the First and Second Churches, Boston, etc. Among the list of subscribers to " Prince's Chronology," 1728-36, are Mr. Jacob Hurd, gold smith {for six), Mr. Andrew Tyler, goldsmith {for three). None of the goldsmiths of Colonial times seem to have depended on their trade alone ; they were also engravers of book-plates, cards, bill heads, dies and seals. The following advertisement is from the " Boston Gazette," 28th April, 1760: Nathaniel Hurd Informs his Customers he has removd his shop from Maccarty's Corner on the Exchange, to the back Part ¦of the opposite Brick Building, where Mr. Ezekiel Price kept his Office, where he continues to do all Sorts of Goldsmiths' Work, likewise engraves in Gold, Silver, Copper, Brass, and Steel, in ihe neatest Manner, at a reasonable Rale. Hurd probably never married. His brother Ben jamin was a goldsmith, as was also his brother-in- law, Daniel Henchman (son of Rev. Nathaniel Henchman), whose mark is on the two chalices presented to the First Church, Boston, by Mrs. Lydia Hancock, and engraved with a coat-of-arms, evidently the work of Nathaniel Hurd. John Dixwell was the son of Col. John Dixwell, one of the judges of Charles I. The regicide fled to America, and lived at New Haven, where he married (died 1689). In a list of Proprietors of New Haven, 1685, we find the name of John Davids or Dixwell. 46 OLD PLATE The son moved to Boston, where he worked at the trade of a goldsmith. He was one of the founders and officers of the New North Church, and presented a cup to that church, 171 7, no doubt made by him ; the same initials, I D, are to be found on numerous pieces of plate in the possession of King's Chapel, Boston ; the First Churches, Dor chester and Boston ; and the Old South, Boston, etc., etc., made between 1700 and 1722. He died 1725. In a footnote in the " New England Magazine," Vol. III., mention is made of MS. by SI. Davis, of Plymouth, giving the name of a journeyman called Vent, a native of Germany, who excelled in silver- plate engraving. He mentions also Brigdon (C. Brigdens, goldsmith ?), Webb, Edwards, Pierpont, Burt, Bowyer (Boyer?), Parker, Belknap, Emery, Holmes, Tyler, Woodward, Frothingham, Codner and though last, not least, Paul Revere. *Revere's grandfather, a Huguenot, emigrated from France to the island of Guernsey. His son, Apollos Rivoire (born 1702) was, at the age of thirteen, sent to Boston and apprenticed to John Cony, who died 1722. Rivoire did not serve his full apprenticeship, for the administrator of Cony's estate received ^40, " Cash for Paul Rivoire's Time." In 1723, at the age of twenty-one, he re visited Guernsey for a short time. On his return he established himself as a gold and silver smith, changing his name to Paul Revere. After he had been in business a few years he married (1729). His third child and eldest son, Paul, was born Jan uary 1, 1735. Silverware marked P. RE WERE and P. REVERE, made by Revere senior is still in existence. The " Goodwill " tankard has both * " Life of Paul Revere," Goss. SILVERSMITHS, Boston 47 marks, and is dated 1 749. Three beakers belong ing to the Presbyterian Church in Bury Street, dated 1753, are marked REVERE. He was a member of the "New Brick " or "Cockerel Church," and died in Boston, January, 1754. His son, Paul, received his education at the famous Master Tileston's school. He had a nat ural taste for drawing, and it was his peculiar busi ness, after learning the same trade as his father, to design and execute all the engravings on the vari ous kinds of silver plate then manufactured. For many years his skill in design and work manship in silverware was very extensive. Many are the cups, spoons, mugs, pitchers, tankards, and other articles made by him, and still owned by New England families. He learned the art of cop per-plate engraving, producing prints of historical scenes and political caricatures. At the age of twenty-one he joined the expedi tion against the French at Crown Point, holding the position of second lieutenant of artillery. Dur ing the Revolutionary War he was at first major and afterward lieutenant-colonel in the regiment of artillery raised for the defense of the State after the British evacuated Boston. After the close of the war, in 1783, he resumed the business of a gold and silver smith, and subse quently opened a foundry at the north end of Bos ton, on Foster Street, where he cast church bells, brass cannon and ironware, which he continued until 1801, when he and his son, Joseph Warren Revere, established the extensive works on the east branch of the Neponset River, at Canton. They continued this business until the death of Paul, in 1 81 8, when the son founded the Revere Copper Company. 48 OLD PLATE Of the portraits of Revere, that by Copley shows him at the bench, in shirt sleeves, holding a silver cup in one hand, with engravers' tools by his side. Old silver with the mark REVERE is plentiful ; it is a question if it was all made by the patriot. In the first issue of the Boston Directory (1789) appears the name of " Thomas Revere, silver smith," a brother; while in the next issue (1796) are found the names, " Edward Revere, silver smith " (son of Thomas ?), " Revere & Son, gold smiths," and " Paul Revere, Jr., goldsmith." Ed ward Revere, a nephew of Paul, was a silversmith of considerable note. He died 1802-3, and was buried at Copps Hill. On the stone marking his grave mention is made that he was a silversmith. After his death the business must have been con tinued, as his name appears until 1809. *The Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic As sociation was formed 1795, incorporated 1806. Revere acted as President until 1799. ^n tne list of members are the following gold and silver smiths : 1795, Paul Revere, Jr., 1834, Samuel L. Ward, Ebed 1 80 1, Samuel Davis, Plymouth, Whiton, 1 806, Thomas K. Emery, 1835, Metcalf Clark, 1809, Jesse Churchill, 1836, Obadiah Rich, 1822, George Welles, 1837, George W. Skerry, 1828, Lewis Cary, Newell 1850, Samuel T. Crosby. Harding, In the Records of the city are: " 1702, Permit to Edward Winslow, Goldsmith; 1727, Liberty is granted to Peter fort, Goldsmith from New York to Reside in this Town to open A Shop and exercise his calling." ?"Annals of Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association," Buck ingham. SILVERSMITHS, Albany 49 J. Coburn, a silversmith, living in 1765, married a daughter of old Hugh Vans, the first Dutch citi zen of Boston. Churchill & Treadwell were in business at the commencement of the xix. century and had many apprentices, among whom were Hazen and Moses Morse, Lewis Cary, Benjamin Bailey and others. Hazen Morse succeeded the firm, Mr. Treadwell becoming Rumford Professor at Harvard. In 1820 Hazen Morse sold out to Lewis Cary, carrying on his business as an engraver. Cary's apprentices were E. Whiton, John Farrington, E. Pear, S. Bur- rill, Newell Harding and H. Andrews. Moses Morse commenced business about 1816, and had as apprentices Obadiah Rich, H. Had dock, Charles West and J. Millar, retiring in 1830. Newell Harding, apprentice and brother-in-law of Hazen Morse, was in business 1822, and the first to introduce power in the rolling of silver. He sold out to Ward & Rich 1832. In 1835 Ward retired, Obadiah Rich taking on the business. In 1838 the firm Haddock & Andrews was formed. Moulton was the largest retailer at the com mencement of the xix. century ; Welles & Co., Bald win & Jones, Stodder & Frobisher (Mr. Frobisher coming from Philadelphia, from Fletcher & Gardi ner), who employed as silversmith Peter Thomson, a Scotchman, and Davis & Watson were all in business about this time. Obadiah Rich made the Cunard and Webster vases, the latter for Jones, Low & Ball, in 1835, retiring from business 1849. At Albany, in 1784, Balch & Fryer opened a shop near the north gate for the purpose of carry ing on the gold and silver smith's business. 4 5o OLD PLATE At the celebration of the adoption of the Fed eral Constitution, 1788, the gold and silver smiths were preceded by a carriage bearing a gold and silver smith's shop, twelve feet by seven feet, cov ered by a canopy supported by pillars seven feet high. All the implements of the art were in the shop, and three artists and an apprentice indus triously employed. Their flag was of blue silk, with a coat-of-arms. Among the names of the members of the " Al bany Mechanics' Society," 1 793-1826, are the fol lowing silversmiths: Isaac Hutton, treasurer, 1 793-1808; William Boyd, Timothy Brigden, Thomas Carson, John W. Fryer and Green Hall. Isaac Hutton, familiarly known as "old Hutton," died at Stuyvesant Landing in 1855, aged 88. In 1818 the copartnership of Thomas Carson and Green Hall was dissolved, Hall entering into busi ness with John D. Hewson. Hall died in 1863. Hewson, who had been alderman, died 1852. S. D. Brower, an apprentice of Hall & Hewson, re moved to Troy in 1834, erecting a shop; the goods made by him were sold in New York by Brower & Rusher (Brower being a relative). In 1836 S. D. Brower was induced by Hall & Hew son to return to Albany, the firm becoming Hall, Hewson & Co., and still supplying Brower & Rusher, New York. Brower went to a farm in Saratoga about 1840, a former apprentice, Thomas V. Z. Merrifield, joining the firm under the name of Hall, Hewson & Merrifield. At the death of Merrifield, 1845, Brower returned, when the firm became Hall, Hewson & Brower, afterwards Hall & Brower. William Boyd, who had been in business for some time, entered into partnership with Robert SILVERSMITHS, New York 51 Shepherd 18 10, under the name of Shepherd & Boyd. They were succeeded by Boyd & Hoyt, then Boyd & Mulford and Mulford & Wendell. Walter S. Brower, a silversmith still living (re tired in 1898), and son of S. D. Brower, writes : " I have heard my father tell of the orders he used to get: 48 dozen of teaspoons, 24 dozen tablespoons, 20 dozen dessert spoons, 24 dozen table forks, I dozen soup ladles, 5 dozen sugar tongs with salt spoons and mustard spoons — not a very bad order even for these times; and then the best of it was, when such an order came, at the bottom of the letter was: ' When you get it done go right on and make it over again till we tell you to stop.' " Gold and silver smiths were numerous in New York from an early period. The register of Free men of the city commences September, 1683 ; the first entries of the craft appear 1698, when five silversmiths took out their Freedom. Two of the names appear in the entries at Gold smiths' Hall, London : " Dan. Christ. Fueter, Chelsea, next door to the Man in ye Moon, 8 Dec, 1753," and "Geo. Ridout, Lombard St., 17 Oct., 1743." It is evidently the mark of the latter on the alms bason at Trinity Church, " Rev. Henry Barclay Presenter, 1747." In the first Directory, 1786, we find that the " Gold and Silver Smiths' Society meets on Wednesdays, at the house of Walter Heyer. ' ' " Myer Myers, Chairman; Members, — Samuel Johnson, William Gilbert, Efq., Otto De Perrizang (Otho Parisien ?), William Forbes, John Burger, Daniel Chene, Cary Dunn, Benjamin Halfted, and Ephraim Brafher." * Ephraim Brasher, whose name is familiar from his connection with the so-called "Brasher Doubloon," was employed by the United States Mint 1792, to make assays "on sundry coins of gold and silver pursuant to instructions from the Secretary of the Treasury " (Alexander Hamilton). He possibly assisted David Ott, whose assay in November, 1792, is on record. *" Journal of Numismatics." 52 OLD PLATE Among the annals of the city for 1786, compiled from newspapers of the day, we read that "John Burger, goldsmith, will continue for the ensuing year at the same house, No. 207 Queen Street, near Burling Slip. He solicits orders especially for large plate and gives the highest price for old gold." "Mr. Montgomery, watch-maker, 33 Wall Street, near the Coffee House, takes orders for Thomas Reynolds of Phil, from those who want their arms, crests or cyphers engraved in any kind of stone for seals." " Cary Dunn, gold and silver smith, has removed from the corner of Crown Street, to the adjoining corner of Maiden Lane and William Street, No. 31." " Peter Bellodiere has brought with him from Paris a variety of articles in the jewellery line, such as Gold Chains, Bracelets, and Watch Cases, Diamond Rings, Buckles, Buttons, and Pins, Wedding Rings of a new invention, Gold Necklaces, Stock Buckles, Snuff Boxes, and Needle Cases, Spoons, Medaillions, and Sugar Stands, Milk Pots, and Sugar Tongs, Knife-handles, and Salt Cellars, &c. He is at No. 23, the corner of Maiden Lane and William St." "Peter Maverick, at No. 3 Crown Street, carries on the seal- sinking, engraving, and copper plate printing. Ladies may have their tea-plate engraved in the most elegant manner, resembling the flat chasing, as neat as in Europe." Peter R. Maverick (1 755-181 1), called Peter Maverick the ist, was originally a silversmith; his son Peter Maverick (1781-1831) etched and en graved many book-plates. * In 1787 an indenture to coin copper for the States of Vermont, Connecticut and New York, as elsewhere, was given to William Coley, and Daniel Van Voorhis, of the City of New York, goldsmith ; Reuben Harmon and William Coley, coiners ; Daniel Van Voorhis, cashier. Coley was probably Col. William Cooly, a partner of Van Voorhis, who had worked at the goldsmith's trade in the City of New York, afterwards removing to Rupert, Vermont, to make the dies and assist in striking the coins. * Crosby. SILVERSMITHS, New York 53 * General James Clinton writes to his son De Witt Clinton, April 19, 1790: "Mr. Voorhois, Silversmith in Queen Street, promised to make a pair of silver buckles for your sister." f In the eighth division of the Federal proces sion in honor of the Constitution of the United States were the gold and silver smiths, July 23, 1788. A gold Federal eagle on the top of the standard. The goldsmiths' emblematical arms on white silk, emblazoned, the crest representing Jus tice, sitting on a helmet, holding in one hand the balance, in the other the touch-stone ; the arms supported by two savages, the field quarterly, or, two eagles' heads crossed, azure, two cups inverted between two gold buckles; the motto, "Justice is the Queen of Virtues." The supporters resting on a globe, representing the United States. Standard supported by the four senior goldsmiths, followed by twenty-five. X A copper token, issued in the year 1 789 by the Messrs. Mott, of the City of New York, im porters, dealers and manufacturers of gold and silver wares, is generally conceded to have been the first tradesman's token issued in America; it was manufactured in England. Bushnell, in his " Early New York Tokens," * " De Witt Clinton Papers," Columbia University. f " Valentine's Manual," 1856. i. Crosby. 54 OLD PLATE states regarding the firm that issued this token : " The firm of Motts was composed of William and John Mott, and their place of business was at No. 240 Water Street, a location at which they con tinued for a number of years, and which was at the time a most fashionable business part of the city." * The silversmiths serving the State and city governments were : William Adams, Assistant Alderman, 1840-2; Alderman, 1847-8. William V. Brady, Assistant Alderman, 1842; Alderman, 1843-6; Mayor, 1847. (Portrait in City Hall, painted by Wensler. ) William Gale, Alderman, 1844. William Gilbert, Alderman, 1783-8, 1804; Assembly, 1788-93, 1803-8; State Senate, 1809-12; Prison Inspector, 1803; Council of Appointment, 1812. Samuel Johnson, Assistant Alderman, 1783. Bartholomew Le. Roux, Assistant Alderman, 1702-12. Charles Le. Roux, Assistant Alderman, 1735—8. Garrit Onclebag, Assistant Alderman, 1700—3. In the early history of Philadelphia mention, is made of several workers in metal. " Silversmiths received from half-a-crown to three shillings an ounce for working silver, and for gold equivalent." In the accounts of Penn, Caesar Griselm is men tioned as a goldsmith (it is probably his mark on one of the alms basons at Christ Church). D. Vaughn, a watchmaker, and Francis Richardson received £2 for a pair of buckles for Loetitia. Among the tradesmen admitted to the freedom of the city in 1717 and 171 8 were Francis Richard son, William England and Edward Hunt, gold smiths. Philip Syng (born 1676) sailed from the port of Bristol, England, arriving at Philadelphia about 1 71 2, accompanied by his wife and three *" Valentine's Manual." SILVERSMITHS, Philadelphia 55 sons (the elder, Philip, born abroad 1703). He was a gold and silver smith ; died at Annapolis, Maryland, 1 739. The younger Philip evidently suc ceeded to his father's business. The silver ink stand, now in Independence Hall, from which was signed the Declaration of Independence, was made by him. *"He and Franklin were great friends. I remember seeing in an old account book the following amusing entry : * To one pap spoon for B. Franklin.' It was this Philip Syng, who as a member of the American Philosophical Society, experimenting with Franklin, invented and made an electrical machine, as the doctor states (see Parton's ' Life of Franklin')." The second Philip Syng died 1789, and lies buried in Christ Church yard, of which church he was a vestryman. The following advertisements are from " The American Weekly Mercury," May 12, 1720 : GOOD long Tavern Tobacco Pipes sold at 4s per Grofs by a single Grofs, and 2 s for a larger Quantity by Richard Warder Tobacco Pipe Maker living under the fame Roof with Phillip Syng Gold Smith, near the Market Place. BEST Virginia Tobacco, Cutt and fold by James Allen Gold Smith in Market street at which place is made Money Scales and Weights and all forts of Work in Silver and Gold at a very Reasonable Rate. The goldsmiths, silversmiths and jewelers were represented in the Federal procession of 1788 ("Pennsylvania Gazette," July 9, 1788). William Ball, Esq., senior member, with a silver urn. Stand ard bearers, Messrs. Joseph Gee and John Germon, carrying a silk flag, with the goldsmiths' arms on * Letter from Philip Syng Physick Conner to Mrs. K. S. Bissel. 56 OLD PLATE one side — motto : Justitia Virtutum Regina ; and on the reverse the Genius of America, holding in her hand a silver urn, with the following motto : The Purity, Brightness and Solidity of this Metal is emblematical of that Liberty which we expect from the New Constitution, her head surmounted by fourteen stars, ten of them very bright, repre senting the States which have ratified ; two less bright, descriptive of New York and North Caro lina, whose ratifications are shortly expected ; one with three dark points and two light ones, an em blem of Rhode Island, and one with equal luster with the first ten, just emerging from the horizon, near one-half seen, for the rising State of Kentucky. After which followed the rest of the masters, with the journeymen and apprentices, in all thirty-five. * John S. Hutton, born in New York, 1684, was a seafarer for thirty years, and then commenced as a silversmith. He was long esteemed in Phila delphia as one of the best workmen at hollow work, and is stated to have made a tumbler in silver when he was ninety-four years of age. He died in 1792, and was borne to his grave by his fellow- craftsmen — all silversmiths. John David, born in New York of Huguenot parents, moved to Philadelphia about 1750, estab lishing a business as gold and silver smith. His brother-in-law, Daniel Dupuy, became his partner, and their shop was the most prominent in the city until early in the xix. century. After the death of David (1805) Dupuy continued the business, and was followed by his son, Daniel Dupuy, Jr. Much of the old silver held in Philadelphia bears the marks D.D of the Dupuys. * " Watson's Annals." SILVERSMITHS, Providence 57 The manufacture of silverware, which had been commenced in Providence soon after the Revo lution by Messrs. Saunders, Pitman and Cyril Dodge, employed four establishments in that town in 1 795. These belonged to Nehemiah Dodge, Ezekiel Burr, John C. Jenckes and Pitman & Dorrance, who were chiefly engaged in the manu facture, on a limited scale, of silver spoons, gold beads and finger rings. Jabez Gorham, born in Providence in 1792, was descended from John Gorham, who came from Northamptonshire, England, in 1643, and settled at Plymouth. At the age of fifteen he was ap prenticed to Nehemiah Dodge, who began the manufacture of jewelry 1794, and was the engraver of the copper-plate set in the foundation stone of S. John's Church (p. 255). After attaining his majority Jabez Gorham, with Christopher Burr, William Hadwen, George C. Clark and Henry G. Mumford, formed a partnership which lasted five years, after which Gorham continued, at one time with Stanton Beebe, making jewelry until 183 1. In that year the firm of Gorham & Webster was formed. H. L. Webster had served his time with Lewis Cary, of Boston, and was a practical spoon maker. He returned to Boston, 1841, John Gor ham (born 1820) joining his father, the firm becom ing J. Gorham & Son. The elder Gorham retiring from business 1847, John Gorham became the sole proprietor, retain ing the old firm name. He was the founder of the Gorham Manufacturing Company, now the largest producers of silverware on the continent. The factory was until 1890, when the company moved to Elmwood, on the same ground, a portion of which was once occupied by Jabez Gorham as a shop. 58 OLD PLATE The City Directory for 1824 contains the names of numerous jewelers, but of only one goldsmith and five silversmiths. William Hadwen, of Providence, moved to Nan tucket about 1820, working as a jeweler and silver smith ; his apprentice, James Easton (also from Providence), succeeded him 1828, entering into partnership with F. S. Sanford 1830. Other spoon makers were S. Barrett (about 1800), Benjamin Bunker(i8io) and Allen Kelley, who was succeeded by his sons, E. G. & J. H. Kelley. At Newburyport, Jacob Perkins (born 1766) as sumed the management of the goldsmith's busi ness of his deceased master, Davis, at the age of fifteen. He made gold beads and shoe buckles in a superior manner, and invented a new method of plating the latter. At twenty-one he made dies for the Massachusetts Mint. He afterwards re moved to Philadelphia, and subsequently to Lon don. Many of his inventions were rewarded by the medals of the Society of Arts of that city. William Moulton and S. Drowne (spoon maker) were in business at the end of the xviii. century, and later, in the xix. century Bradbury & Bro. and the Fosters. In Lancaster, in 1786, there were five silver smiths; Pittsburg, in 1791, contained thirty-seven manufacturers, and among these in 1808 were five watch and clock makers and silversmiths. *"Abel Buell, an ingenious gold and silver smith, of Killingworth, Connecticut, about 1766, con- *" History of American Manufactures," Bishop. SILVERSMITHS, Salem 59 structed probably the first lapidary machine used in this country." He was also associated with Amos Doolittle, of New Haven (died 1832, aged 78) — an engraver, who served a regular apprentice ship with a silversmith — in issuing a series of his torical prints and maps. " Buell was also employed, with others, in coin ing copper money for the State, for which he con structed all the apparatus capable of making one hundred and twenty per minute. " Joseph Hopkins, another silversmith, of Water- bury, before the Revolution, made plated knee and shoe buckles, silver sleeve and vest buttons and other plated ware, some of which are still preserved." *Loring Bailey, a native of Hull, came to Hing ham about 1780 and located as a silversmith. The silver spoons which he made had his name stamped on them; his apprentices were Caleb Gill, Leavitt Gill, and Samuel Norton ; Bailey died 18 14 at the age of 74. Elijah Lincoln, who had served an ap prenticeship in Boston at the trade of silversmith, returned to Hingham in 18 18, working until 1833. Joseph B. Thaxter was the last person who carried on this pursuit here. Silver spoons made by him are still in use and bear the inscription " Pure Coin," as well as his mark. f " Salem has been for years the center of the silverware trade for southern Essex County, and interesting items of history might be recorded in this connection. At the corner of Essex and * " History of Hingham.'' J " Visitor's Guide to Salem." 60 OLD PLATE North Streets, opposite the Roger Williams house, stood the Deliverance Parkman house, an ancient homestead at the beginning of the xvii. century, of which Hawthorne said that it probably dated from 1640 and had a brick turret in which alchemy had been practiced. It was in the first third of the xvui. century the shop of Dudley Newhall, silver smith. A stone's throw away was another silver smith's shop where President Cleveland's grand father mended watches and made spoons. Robert Brookhouse began his remarkable and useful career, early in the century, in a shop numbered 6 on ' Old Paved Street,' now 244 Essex Street, where he advertised in the ' Essex Register ' ' Gold, Silver,, Hardware and Looking glasses.' John Touzell, a grandson of Philip English, was here as a gold smith and jeweler in 1756, and John Andrew fol lowed the same craft at the sign of the ' Golden Cup' in 1769. Joseph Hiller, Washington's first collector of the customs at this port, came here in 1770 to establish, at a central point, the trade of a watchmaker." Samuel Phillips, son of Rev. Samuel Phillips, was in business as a goldsmith, 1721 ; Abram How ard, silversmith, 18 10. An account of "The Ancient Silversmiths of Newport" was written some years ago by the late * William S. Nichols (born 1785, began busi ness 1808, died 1 871), who was himself a worthy representative of the class of men whom he mem orizes. He was apprentice to one of them, Thomas Arnold, who lived to extreme old age. From 1726 to the commencement of the Revolu- * " Newport Historical Magazine." SILVERSMITHS, Baltimore 61 tionary War, when the town of Newport possessed more capital than the city of New York at the same date, the merchants of Newport were liberal patrons of substantial silverwork. One of the most prominent silversmiths of that day was Samuel Vernon (born 1683, died 1737). He man ufactured silver tankards, pitchers, porringers, cups, spoons, pepper boxes, silver knee and shoe buckles and other articles marked \S\y. In ad dition to Mr. Vernon may be named John Tanner, Jonathan Otis, James Clarke, Daniel Rogers, Wil liam Hookey and Thomas Arnold. These men were of sterling integrity, and their stamps on ar ticles of silver were sufficient evidence of their purity. J. Clarke was the maker of flagons presented to S. John's, Providence, and S. Paul's, Wickford, by Nathaniel Kay, the King's collector of customs (1734). Jonathan Otis made the beaker at Reho both Church, Providence, given by Deacon Glover in 1 75 1. * James Ward (born in Guilford, 1768) came to Hartford early in life, and was apprenticed to Miles Beach before 1789. He joined his master in busi ness, the partnership being dissolved 1 797. Roswell Bartholomew, an apprentice of Beach & Ward, joined Ward in 1804 under the name of Ward & Bartholomew. In 1809 the firm became Ward, Bartholomew & Brainard, Charles Brainard being the junior partner. Ward died in 1856. In the procession to celebrate the ratification of the Federal Constitution at Baltimore, 1788, were * " Annals of Christ Church," Dr. Russell. 62 OLD PLATE the silversmiths and watchmakers, preceded by Messrs. Levely, Clarke and Rice, bearing a flag representing the different articles of their manu facture, with the motto, " No importation and we shall live." Under it a beehive — motto, " If encouraged." In an advertisement in the " Maryland Journal," September, 1 789, George Dowig, of Baltimore, an nounces that he retires from the business of a silver smith, and offers to dispose of his stock and tools by a lottery. In the early part of the next century Samuel Kirk and the Warners commenced the manufacture of silverware, the descendants of the former being still in business as the Samuel Kirk & Son Co. At Trenton, 1788, at the celebration of the Federal Constitution, the silversmiths paraded, " distinguished by the insignia of their trade" ; there were similar processions at Portsmouth, Salem and other places, in which the " Goldsmiths, Jewellers and Silversmiths " joined. Nearly every town at one time had its silver smith, who made spoons and other silverware, made and repaired jewelry and did engraving. About the middle of the last century the small makers had died out, the manufacture gradually having been absorbed by large concerns in the principal cities. The Fifth Chapter ecclesiastical pate CHALICES AND PATENS— COMMUNION CUPS- BEAKERS— FLAGONS— BASONS. THE examples of ecclesiastical and domestic plate noted hereafter will serve as the means of obtaining some knowledge of both foreign and home makers, learning much from the inscrip tions and dates ; that in the possession of religious societies proving most valuable in conjunction with the records and inventories which form part of church history. The vessels used by the early settlers at the celebration of the holy communion were brought from abroad, and were often secular drinking cups presented by members of the different churches. The Colonies being first settled by dissenters from the Mother Church, various denominations, espe cially in New England, flourished long before the establishment of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (1701). It was not until the end of the xvii. century that the National Church made any provision for the care and pastoral charge of the " British Foreign Plantations " by " sending over ministers and hav ing the jurisdiction of them." Most of these min isters withdrew to Halifax at the Revolution. As head of the Established Church, the Sovereign made presents of books, plate, linen or furniture to the churches in their Colonial possessions through the then Governors. 63 64 OLD PLATE Queen Anne presented most of the American churches of that day with silver communion ves sels. These are even now in use at Trinity Church, New York ; S. Peter's Church, Albany ; "to Her Indian Chappel of the Onondawgus"; while those "to Her Indian Chappel of the Mo hawks " have gone with the tribe to Brantford and Deseronto, Canada ; Christ Church, Philadelphia ; Trinity Church, Oxford ; S. Mary's Church, Bur lington ; S. Peter's Church, Westchester ; Christ Church, Rye ; S. Peter's Church, Perth Amboy ; S. George's Church, Hempstead, and at S. Paul's Church, Wickford, R. I. King William and Queen Mary had previously given a service " for ye use of their Maj,ies Chap- pell in N. England," 1694; that is, King's Chapel, Boston. This set was divided equally between Christ Church, Cambridge, and S. Paul's Church, Newburyport, on the arrival of a more valuable service, in 1772. They had presented a service to Trinity Church, New York, the same year (1694). A magnificent service, with the date-letter for 1695, at S. Anne's Church, Annapolis, bears the Royal arms and the initials W. R. The plate at Christ and Trinity Churches, Bos ton, was presented by King George II., while the services at S. John's Church, Portsmouth, N. H.; Christ Church, Newbern, N. C. ; Christ Church, Bruton Parish, Va. ; S. Michael's Church, Charles ton, S. C, and plate at Trinity Church, New York, bear the Royal arms and initials, G. R., of King George II. or King George III. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts gave a chalice and paten to Trinity Church, Newport, 1702, and to Grace Church, Jamaica, in 1704. ECCLESIASTICAL PLATE 65 During troublous times the destruction of plate was not confined to European countries. In a his tory of the Epis copal Church, Bishop Perry writes : "In Virginia, where, prior to the Revolution ary struggle, there were upward of one hundred and sixty churches and chapels, with nearly a hundred clergymen ministering at their altars, the close of the contest found ninety- five parishes extinct, and of the remainder nearly one-half were without ministrations. Less than thirty clergy men remained at their posts when the war had ceased. Many of the churches had been closed, or converted to other uses, or else de stroyed. The sacra mental vessels even had been, in many cases, taken by sacrilegious hands and devoted to unholy purposes. Here, as elsewhere, the Church was well-nigh extinct." Nearly a hundred years after, this state of affairs was repeated, though in a less degree. Many of the vessels then taken have since been restored. A communion service usually consists of flagons or tankards, sometimes in pairs, chalices, with paten or conical covers, patens and alms basons, with occasionally a baptismal bason and spoon. 5 BOOK-PLATE OF SOCIETV. 66 OLD PLATE CHALICES AND PATENS. The oldest chalices known were formed of a vase, or bowl on a foot, with two handles, probably ordinary domestic drinking vessels, made of vari ous materials, but some of these being porous, gold or silver, or a combination of both, were found most practical. At an early period a chalice, without handles, of a special form to distinguish it from a domestic cup, came into use, and was com posed of the bowl or cup, the stem with knob or knop, and the foot ; the cup, a wide bowl sometimes, slightly splayed at the top, supported on an hex agonal stem, divided into two portions by the knop, resting on a spreading foot, lobed, indented or hexagonal ; the necessary adjunt of the chalice, the paten, was a small disc with a depression, round or lobed in the centre, fitting the top of cup of chalice. The chalice and paten at Trinity Church, Wilmington (p. 179), are modifications of this early type, the knop of chalice being much reduced. In the time of Edward VI. orders were issued for the substitution of " decent Communion Cups " in place of " massing chalices," but the reign was too short for the work of transformation to be completely carried out, and it was not until the accession of Queen Elizabeth that the task was completed. * " The chalice still consisted of the same parts — bowl, stem and foot; the stem, although altered in form and character, still swells out in the middle into a small knop, or the rudiments of one, and is occa sionally ornamented with small bands of a lozenge-shaped ornament, or some other such simple pattern, and the foot is invariably round, instead of indented or angular. The form of the cup," however, is altogether changed, and instead of being a shallow, wide bowl, it is elongated * Octavius Morgan. CHALICES AND PATENS 67 into the form of an inverted truncated cone slightly bell-shaped. form of the paten is also much changed; the sunk part of the is often considerably deepened, the brim narrowed, and thereon a rim or edge by which it is made, when inverted, to fit on the cup as a cover, whilst a foot is added to it which serves, also, as a handle to the cover, as though it were intended to place the wine in the chalice and cover it with the paten-cover until the administration of the sacrament, when the cover would be re moved and used as a paten for holding the bread. The ornamentation on all The platter is fixed COMMUNION CUP(l 569), SCROLL- AND- KEY SOCIETY, YALE UNIVERSITY. COMMUNION CUP, XVI. CENTURY. MR. G. S. PALMER. these chalices and paten-covers, as they may be called, is invariably the same; it consists simply of an engraved band round the body of the cup and on the top of the cover, formed by two narrow fillets which 68 OLD PLATE interlace or cross each other, with a particular curvature in every instance the same, the space between them being occupied by a scroll of foliage; and this ornament is marked by a total absence of letters, monograms, emblems or figures of any kind. It is curious how this exact uniformity of shape and ornament was so universally adopted, unless there had been some regulation or standard pattern to go by; but I have not been able to find any such to guide the maker." The chalices at the beginning of the xvii. century were modifications of the Elizabethan Communion Cup ; a good example being that at S. John's Church, Hampton, Virginia (1618); at the end of this century and at the beginning of the xviii. suc ceeded the chalices and cover patens, so many of which were presented by King William and Queen Mary and Queen Anne. The Georgian type next came in (p. 163), with the bell-shaped cup and baluster stem ; sometimes the knop was omitted (p. 272), and a conical cover provided instead of a paten (p. 177), and the type with slight changes prevailed throughout the century. BEAKERS. *Another form of communion cup was the beaker, a plain upright cup without stem or stalk of any kind ; it is found prevalent in Scotland and Holland as a sacramental vessel. The simplest form of beaker was the plain cup hammered out of a flat piece of silver, without ornamentation, to be followed by beakers with a foot, often richly orna mented with foliage, fruit and birds, with the band or fillets interlacing, engraved near the top, invari ably found on Elizabethan cups. Beakers are in use as communion cups at S. Ann's Church, Mid- dletown, Delaware ; the First, Old South, Long * " Old Scottish Communion Plate," Burns. BEAKER (XVII. CENTURY) ; S. MARY'S CHURCH, BURLINGTON, N. J. FLAGONS 69 Lane and Park Street Churches, Boston ; the First Church, Dorchester ; Rehoboth Church, East Providence ; the First Church, Bridgeport, etc. Perhaps the most beautiful of all such vessels is the crowned beaker at S. Mary's Church, Burling ton, New Jersey. This is without marks, but evi dently came from Holland. * " We had nothing happened of any great note to us, till the year 1 7 1 1 ; and some time in April in that year, the Church received the gift of a large silver Beaker, with a cover well engraved, being the present of the Honourable Colonel Robert Quarry for the use of the Communion. " This Beaker, with a cover, is still in use. The letters T. B. R. are wrought in a monogram on them both. The beaker is engraved with vines and fruits, and flowers pendant from ribbons, between which are the heads of cherubim. Other devices upon it are, an eagle on a perch; a peacock; a bird with fruit in its claw; and another bird with a large serpent in its beak. Around on the surface of the cover is graven, very spiritedly, a hunter with a horn at his lips and a spear in his hand, preceded by three hounds in pursuit of a stag. The whole is surmounted with a large and exquisite crown." FLAGONS. Flagons came into use during the reign of Queen Elizabeth, succeeding the cruets for wine and water of mediaeval days, fin 1603 James I. ordained that " the wine is to be brought to the holy table in a pot or stoup of pewter if not of purer metal." King James was a Scotchman, hence, possibly, the reason for adopting the word " stoup." Early flagons were round-bellied or jug-shaped ; later the tankard flagon came into fashion, having a plain barrel almost straight, a broad splayed foot, a lid with thumbpiece and an S-shaped handle. Fine examples of this period are found at Trinity *" History of the Church in Burlington," Hills. •)•" Communion Plate," Freshfield. yo OLD PLATE Church, New York, presented by Queen Anne (1709). Later on the lids were domed with an acorn or knob on the top. At the end of the xvm. and beginning of the last century massive flagons with spouts or ewers came into use, that at King's Chapel, Boston, made by REVERE, being seventeen inches high, while those at Trinity Church, presented by Lieutenant Governor Win throp, are twenty-three inches in height. BASONS. Few of the churches have alms basons which deserve notice, and fewer still baptismal basons ; they were generally perfectly plain, engraved with coats of arms or crests, and inscriptions. In the * list of donations to Harvard College appears the following entry : 1 8 1 7 Judge Wendell, twenty half eagles, for a Christening basin, - - #100.00 This is evidently the bason shown in the illustra tion of Harvard University plate, (8); it is 634 in. high, 9 in. in diameter and marked J. Jones, 37 Market St. The baptismal bason of the First Church, Marblehead, Massachusetts (p. 248), the donation of Dr. Joseph Lemmon, 1775, is stamped REVERE, and engraved with coat of arms, crest and inscription. Spoons are to be found in some instances, often pierced, to be used as strainers. One service for administering to the sick is at S. Peter's Church, Perth Amboy, New Jersey. * " History of Harvard College," Eli >t. The Sixth Chapter Bomesttc Pate SPOONS AND FORKS— STANDING AND LOVING CUPS —TANKARDS— TEA AND COFFEE SERVICES —CANDLESTICKS— MACES. SILVERWARE was scarce among the early settlers, but by the middle of the xvii. cen tury there was a good store of plate in many of the planters' homes. *This had either been in herited from English relations or been purchased in England. The instance of Margaret Cheesman, of Bermondsea, was not exceptional; in 1679 this lady is stated to have bequeathed a great silver beaker and tankard with other plate to the children of Lemuel Mason, who resided in Virginia. Among the items to be found in early wills and inventories, are spoons, beakers, tankards, cups (caudle, dram and sack), mugs, porringers, punch-bowls, saltcellars (large and trencher), sugar dishes, candlesticks and sometimes forks, fjohn Cotton, 1652, gives "to the church of Boston u silver tunn to be vsed amongst the other comvnion plate ; to my grand-child Betty Day my second silver wine boule." Comford Starr, Boston, 1659: "My siluer guilt double salt cellar . . . one siluer bossed wine Cupp. About the same time Thomas Olliver, of Boston, bequeaths " the siluer wine Cup and 4 siluer spoones, a siluer bowle, my siluer salt." *" Economic History of Virginia," Bruce. f " New England Historical and Genealogical Register." 71 72 OLD PLATE Rachel Bigg, of Dorchester, 1646, directs " three pounds to be layed out vpon a siluer Pott marked w'h R. B. and twenty shillings for three siluer spoones." Daniel Gookin, Senior, living at Cambridge, August, 1685, gives and bequeaths "to my dearly beloved wife Hannah . . . forever a piece of plate, Q either a cup, or tankard to be made new for her marked ~ '„ . " This is interesting as showing the custom of putting the initials of the surname (g) and Chris tian names (d & h) of the husband and wife on silver mementos. In a will of 1653 mention is made of " that great siluer beare bowl" Increase Mather in 1719 bequeaths to his eldest son : " ftem, my Silver Tankard." *Colonel William Byrd, of Virginia, writing to his merchant in London in 1684, instructs him to send to him two new-fashioned silver mugs, one to contain half a pint, the other one-quarter of a pint. Fitzhugh purchased plate from time to time upon the principle that it was a form of property which would never lose its value, and therefore the parent was fortunate who could transmit much of it to his children as a part of his estate. In 1687 he directed Hayward to invest certain bills of exchange in a pair of middle-sized silver candlesticks, a pair of snuffers and a snuff dish and half a dozen trencher salts, the remainder to be expended in a handsome silver basin. In a letter to the same correspondent in 1689 he or dered to be sent him two silver dishes weighing 50 ounces apiece, and two 70 ounces, a set of cas- *" Economic History of Virginia," Bruce. SPOONS AND FORKS 73 tors for sugar, pepper and mustard, to weigh about 24 or 26 ounces, a basin between 40 and 45 ounces, a salver and a pair of candlesticks about 30 ounces apiece, a ladle about 10 ounces, and a case con taining a dozen silver-hafted knives and a dozen silver-hafted forks. In 1698 he purchased in Eng land two silver dishes of 80 or 90 ounces apiece, one dozen ordinary and two silver bread plates, one large pair of silver candlesticks and one pair of silver snuffers with a stand. He also directs the plate to be left untouched, as he had in his own service in Virginia a man who was a " singular good engraver." The value attached by the owners to their silver service was illustrated in the case of Colonel Richard Lee, who took the trouble, on the occasion of a visit to England in the time of the Protectorate, to carry over his plate with a view to changing its fashion. SPOONS AND FORKS. The earliest domestic utensil known is the spoon, the use of soup or other liquids requiring some special utensil to convey fluids to the mouth. Forks, although used in mediaeval times for the preparation and cutting up of food in the kitchen, were of comparatively modern date in their em ployment at table. The German divine, indeed, who preached against the custom thought it an insult on Providence not to touch one's meat with one's fingers. In olden times people sat on the ground or on stools and chairs, and having neither knives, forks nor any substitute for them answering to the chop sticks of the Chinese, they ate with their fingers, as the modern Asiatics, and universally with their 74 OLD PLATE right hand, as also the Romans and Jews and most nations of antiquity. Knives were sometimes used at table to facilitate the cutting of a large joint, though they ate with their fingers. Spoons were introduced when soup or other liquids required their use. The learned de Laborde says : " Les cuillers son vielles, je ne dirai pas comme le monde, mais certainement autant que la soupe." In the early illuminated manuscripts of mediaeval days dinner scenes are by no means uncommon, and although spoons were frequently shown, forks were unknown ; and it does not appear that every one at table was furnished with a knife. * The English were in the habit of holding their food in a napkin with their left hand, while with the right they cut it with a knife and carried it to the mouth. A habit now esteemed vulgar was once universal, and, like many a good old Saxon word, has been borne down to the present generation as the undercurrent of the uncultivated and unrefined portion of society. It was the back of the knife, however, which entered the mouth, and the protuberance on the back of old-fashioned knives is a relic of an old custom which lingered after the habit of eating with a knife had disappeared. We accordingly find in the very early inventories large numbers of napkins and an entire absence of forks. The Norman dinner table, as shown in the Bayeux tapestry, differs very little from that of the Anglo-Saxons, f Two cooks are boiling the meat; * "Ancient Landmarks of Plymouth." f "A History of Domestic Manners and Sentiments in England During the Middle Ages," Wright. SPOONS 75 above them on a shelf are fowl and other sorts of small viands spitted ready for roasting. Another cook is engaged at a portable stove preparing small •cakes, pastries, etc., which he takes from the stove with a singularly shaped fork, perhaps a bird's claw, to place them in the dish. Others are carrying to the table the roasted meats, on the spits, and hav ing no " board " with them to form a table, the Norman knights make use of their shields instead. After the middle of the xn. century we began to be better acquainted with the domestic manners ¦of our forefathers. They changed but little until the end of the xiv. century. Before the meal each guest was served with water to wash. It was the business of the ewer to serve the guests with water for this purpose, which he did with a jug and basin, while another attendant stood by with a towel. Having washed, the guests seated themselves at table. Then the attendants spread the cloths over the tables, placed on them the saltcellars and the knives, and next the bread, and the wine in drinking cups. Spoons were also usually placed on the table ; but there were no forks, the guests using the fin gers instead, which was the reason they were so particular in washing before and after meat. The tables being thus arranged, it remained for the -cooks to serve up the various prepared dishes. Knives were not provided for the guests ; and this, no doubt, arose from the common practice at this time of people carrying their own knives with them in a sheath attached to the girdle, and later a full set of implements. In the xv. century the people put their victuals ±o their mouth with their fingers. It was consid- 76 OLD PLATE ered, nevertheless, bad manners to carry the vict uals to the mouth with the knife. Among the directions for table you are told not to leave your spoon in your platter ; not to return back to your plate the food you have put in your mouth : " Dip not thy meate in the salt-cellar, but take it with thy knife " ; from which it appears that salt- spoons had not as yet come into use. In the xvi. century dinner still began with the same ceremonious washing of hands as formerly; and there was considerable ostentation in the ewers and basins used for this purpose. This custom was rendered more necessary by the cir cumstance that at table people of all ranks used their fingers for the purposes to which we now apply a fork. This article was not used in Eng land for the purpose to which it is now applied until the reign of James I. It is true that we have instances of forks even so far back as the pagan Anglo-Saxon period, but they are often found coupled with spoons, and in no instance were they used for feeding, but merely for serving, as we still serve salad and other articles, taking them out of the basin or dish with a fork and spoon. In fact, to those who have not been taught the use of it, a fork must necessarily be a very awkward and inconvenient instrument. There were folding spoons and forks for the better carriage in the pocket. A spoon and fork were sometimes combined, the prongs being inserted in the back of bowl of spoon. During the xvii. century the introduction of the use of forks from Italy rendered the washing of hands no longer so necessary as before, and though it was still continued as a polite form before sitting down to dinner, the practice of washing the hands SPOONS 77 after dinner appears to have been entirely dis continued. When a feast is made ready, we are told, " the table is covered with a carpet and a tablecloth by the waiters, who besides lay the trenchers, spoons, knives, with little forks, table napkins, bread, with a saltcellar." First spoons were all natural ones, principally shells, but required a handle when scooping up hot fluids. This handle was generally a short split stick. Another class of natural spoons was, and still is, derived from the animal kingdom — from horns. Little art was required to cut or carve spoons out of horn. The substance is soft, and by holding it to the fire, or immersing it in warm water, it becomes susceptible to being bent to any position. The old proverb " To make a spoon or spoil a horn " was a mode of expressing the determination to accomplish an object at whatever risk. Another substance of primitive spoons was wood ; this was followed by those made of ivory, pewter, brass, iron, silver and other metals. The long pointed handles of the Roman spoons were de signed to open shell-fish, and doubtless for other purposes ; but as civilization spread through the East spoons were generally made of silver ; and it was a very poor family in which a silver spoon was wanting. Robert Herrick, in the " Hesperides," writes upon Croot : " One silver spoone shines in the house of Croot, Who cannot buie or steale a second to 't." Old spoons had rounder bowls than those now in use, and their stems were short. The wooden 78 OLD PLATE spoons now sold at Russian fairs are of a similar form to those of the most ancient manufacture- Many people carried their spoons with them, as we now carry penknives, some of which were fur nished with a perforation in the handle to admit of a string passing through, and others had folding stems. Rich folks had their silver spoons then, as now. Less fortunate people used copper or pewter ; and in museums may still be seen many examples in brass and copper gilded. The stems became in the course of time a vehicle for ornamentation ;. and the ends of handles were often enriched with representations of personages and animals, the precursor of souvenir spoons. * It is a fact that for ages the very first gift which a boy or a girl received consisted of one or more spoons — these being the established presents- by sponsors at christenings. The spoons given were called Apostles' spoons, because the handle of each was carved with the figure of one of the twelve apostles, with his appropriate emblem. Occasionally a thirteenth was added, called " The Master," being the figure of the Saviour; and this made a full set. The practice was in imitation of the heathen, who introduced figures of their gods upon almost every utensil. The idea, as adopted in the Middle Ages, was excellent ; a child no sooner learned to feed himself — to use his own spoon — than he began to acquire a knowledge of scriptural and ecclesias tical biography. Every spoonful of food he received conveyed, or might convey, a useful lesson to his mind. This * " The Spoon : Primitive, Egyptian, Roman, Mediseval and Modern,'' Westman. APOSTLES' SPOONS (XVII. AND XVIII. CENTURIES) ; METROPOLITAN MUSEUM, NEW YORK. THE GIFT OF MRS. S. P. AVERY. SPOONS 79 shows the influence of religion on the arts in mediaeval times — how ingeniously ecclesiastical matters were interwoven with almost everything; how even a spoon was made to infuse religious truths into the minds of children while it conveyed pap to their mouths. In old writings allusions to Apostle spoons are common. In the play of King Henry VI II. (Act v., Sc. 2) Shakspere makes the King say to Cran- mer that he must stand godfather to the young Princess Elizabeth. The Archbishop expresses his unfitness for so great an honor, upon which Henry, bantering him, says he is afraid of the expense of the usual gift to a godchild : " Come, come, my lord, you'd spare your spoons." Mr. Hone, in his " Every Day Book " (Vol. I., p. 1 76), writes : " St. Paul's day being the first festival of an apostle in the year, it is an opportunity for alluding to the old, ancient English custom, with sponsors, or visitors at christenings, of presenting spoons, called Apostle spoons, because the figures of the twelve apostles were chased or carved upon the tops of the handles. ' ' Persons who could afford it gave the set of twelve ; others a smaller number, and a poor person offered the gift of one, with the figure of the saint after whom the child was named, or to whom the child was dedi cated, or who was the patron saint of the good-natured donor. ' ' In a poem by Shipman, published early in the xvii. century, there is an allusion to the giving of Apostle spoons at christenings, which shows that the custom was at that time on the decline : " Formerly when they used to troul, Gilt bowls of sack, they gave the bowl, Two spoons at least : an use ill-kept, 'Tis well if now our own be left." 80 OLD PLATE Ben Jonson, in his " Bartholomew Fair," has a character saying : " And all this for the hope of a couple of Apostle spoons, And a cup to eat caudle in." These spoons and caudle cups formed almost the only articles of plate which the middling rank of people possessed in the poet's days ; hence they were esteemed handsome bequests, presents at christenings, etc. The allusions to this custom are endless in old dramatists. In the " Chaste Maid of Cheapside," by Middle- ton, " Gossip" inquires, " What has he given her? What is it, Gossip? " Whereto the answer of another " Gossip " is : "A faire high-standing cup and two great 'postle spoons, one ol them gilt." Beaumont and Fletcher, likewise, in the " Noble Gentleman," say : " I'll be a Gossip Bewford, I have an odd Apostle spoon." *Among the traditional stories told of Shaks- pere is one to the effect that he was godfather to one of Ben Jonson's children. After the christen ing Shakspere observed : " Ben, I have considered a great while what should be the fittest gift for me to bestow upon my godchild, and I have resolved at last." " I prithee, what ? " said Ben. "V faith, Ben," answered Shakspere, "I'll give him a dozen good latten spoons, and thou shalt translate them." The word latten — which meant a mixed metal resembling brass — was intended by Shakspere as a * "Anecdotes and Traditions," Camden Society. SPOONS play upon Latin, and is recorded among the merry jests of the Bard of Avon, but the misfortune is that it is regarded by Shaksperean scholars as quite apocryphal. Old Apostles' spoons are still to be found, and they are of considerable value, from their antiquity and comparative rarity. Only one complete set (13) is known, that in the possession of the Gold smiths' Company, London. This set was made in 1626. Its great value is owing to the presence of the rare " Master " spoon, and to the fact of the whole having been made by one maker at the same time. In choosing the apostle, where only one spoon is given, it is usual to take the one whose anniversary comes nearest on the calendar to the christening day. In the time of Elizabeth the great ruff was worn. This prevented a person from eating with any degree of comfort. One royal lady used a spoon with "a handle two feet long when eating her soup." Chaucer, Marlowe and Shakspere each made allusion in their works to "long spoons," in con nection with the ancient proverb : " He must have a long spoon that would eat with the devil." Domestic spoons of the xv. century seem to have had hexagonal stems ending in a plain knob or an acorn, with large round bowls. During the xvi. century the stem was a baluster shape, with a seal-headed top ; the bowl was pear- shaped, pointing towards the stem or handle ; and all English spoons of that date and up to the Restoration were marked with the leopard's head crowned, of London, or the town marks of the local assay office in the inner part of the bowl. 6 SPOONS, XVI., XVII. AND XVIII. CENTURIES. SPOONS 83 In the middle part of the xvii. century the shape was altogether changed. The bowl was elongated into a regular ellipse, and strengthened in its con struction by continuing the handle in a tongue, or "rat-tail," which ran down the back. Sometimes the handle had a flat shank cut straight off at the top, but oftener the stem or handle became flat and broad at the extremity, which was divided by two clefts into three points, slightly turned up ; later in the century the outer points of the top were cut off or " slipped." In the early part of the xviii. century the bowl was more elongated and elliptical, and the extrem ity of the handle was quite round, turned up at the top, having a high, sharp ridge down the middle. Later the bowl became more pointed or egg- shaped, the top of the handle was turned down instead of up, whilst the tongue, or rat-tail, which extended down the back, was shortened into a drop. This is the well-known plain spoon of common use from 1760 or 1765 till 1800, and is called by the trade the " Old English" pattern. The fiddle- headed pattern, in which a sharp, angular shoulder was introduced on either side of the stem, just above the bowl, and also near the end of the handle, came into vogue in the early part of the last century, and still seems popular. Monkey-spoons, " used for liquor, and so called from the figure of a monkey carved on the handle," were much used in Colonial days. They had a cir cular and very shallow bowl. In an account of the funeral of Philip Livingston, 1749, we read: *"As usual, there was the spiced wine, and each of the eight bearers was given a pair of gloves, a monkey- Harper's Magazine," March, 1881. 84 OLD PLATE spoon, and a mourning ring." This custom prob ably originated in Holland. Teaspoons follow the fashion of larger spoons, but are not often found before the middle years of the xviii. century, although small spoons were known in Europe long before tea, or were used in eating honey, sugar and fruits preserved in sugar ; sweetmeats were favorite dainties in former days. Tea caddies were supplied with scoops, and with strainers or mote skimmers ; the latter were small spoons with pierced bowl and long pointed handle used for straining the tea and clearing the spout of the tea pot. Spoons are constantly mentioned by authors. Even the stern sage of" Chelsea writes in " Sartor Re- sartus " : " Lieschen was his right arm, and spoon, and necessary of life." *"The use of the fork is of com paratively recent date. Greek and Roman authors make no allusion to this simple instrument, and it was almost un known in the Middle Ages ; probably it was of Byzantine origin. " Pierre Damien and St. Bonaventure narrate that at the close of the x. century the sister of Romanus Argulus, Emperor of the East, having espoused a son of the Doge Pierre Orseolo, scan dalized all Venice by an odd and unnatural form of luxury, which consisted in using, instead of the fingers, small gold two-pronged forks. TEA STRAINERS, XVIII. CENT. MR. G. S. PALMER. * " Cosmos," Paris, Translation in " The Literary Digest.1 FORKS "A traveler, Jacques Lesaige, speaks thus of it, not without astonishment, in describing a feast given by the Doge : ' These lords, when they de sire to eat, take the food with a silver fork.' A little later Sabba da Castiglione mentions the use of forks a la Vdnitienne to avoid seizing the food with the fingers. " After the xvi. century mention of forks ap pears in some inventories, though not often. "The inventory of Charles V. (1380) proves, among a mass of silver worth more than 1,500,000 francs [$300,000] the existence of twelve forks, some of them ' ornamented with gems.' The inventory of the Duchess of Touraine (1389) enumerates nine dozen silver spoons and only two forks, of silver gilt. This shows that the uses of spoons were varied and frequent, while that of forks remained for a long time special and very limited. They were seldom used except in eating certain fruits. Three forks belonging to Piers Gaveston, favorite of Ed ward II. (of England), are said to have been 'for eating pears.' The Duke of Bourgogne employed his only for eating strawberries, and those of Charles V. were used by him to eat cheese cakes. " It was not until the reign of Louis XIV. that this precious instrument began to be used at all generally, and even in the midst of this reign Anne of Austria used to eat with her fingers, as is stated in the ' Historic Muse of Loret' (April, 165 1): "The lovely fingers of the Queen Full often took the pains, I ween, To carry toward her crimson beak (With due respect I mean to speak) Full many a savory bit of meat, Of pastry, or confection sweet." 86 OLD PLATE The common use of forks was introduced into England from Italy about the beginning of the xvn. century, and the following passage in the "Travels of Thomas Coryate, of Odcombe, near Yeovil, 1611," is frequently quoted as the first mention of them : "I obferved," he fays, "a cuftome in all thofe Italian cities and townes through the which I paffed, that is not ufed in any other coun try that I faw in my travels, neither doe I thinke that any other nation of Chriftendome doth ufe it but only Italy. The Italian and alfo moft ftrangers that are commorant in Italy, doe alwaies at their meales ufe a little forke when they cut their meate. For while with their knife, which they hold in one hande, they cut the meate out of the difh, they faften their forke, which they hold in their other hande, upon the fame difh, fo that whatfoever he be that, fitting in the com pany of any others at meale, should unadvifedly touch the difh of meate with his fingers, from which all at the table doe cut, he will give occafion of offence unto the company as having tranfgreffed the lawes of good manners; infomuch that for his error he shall be at the leaft brow beaten, if not reprehended in wordes. This forme of feeding I underftand is generally ufed in all places in Italy, their forkes being for the moft part made of yron or fteele, and fome of filver; but thefe are ufed only by gentlemen. The reafon of this their curiofity is, becaufe the Italian cannot by any means have his difh touched with fingers, feeing all men's fingers are not alike clean — hereupon I myfelf thought good to imitate the Italian fashion, by this forked cutting of meate, not only while I was in Italy, but alfo in Germany, and oftentimes in England since I came home; being once quipped for that frequent using of my forke, by a certain learried gentleman, a familiar friend of mine, one Mafter Laurence Whitaker, who in his merry humour doubted not to call mefurcifer, only for ufing a forke at feeding." It is curious that Shakspere is silent on the use of silver forks, since they were the subject of such a constant discussion, praise and ridicule at that period. " Report of fashions in proud Italy, Whose manners still our tardy apish nation Limps after, in base awkward imitation." King Richard II., act 11., scene 1. FORKS 87 Their Italian origin is also referred to by Ben Jonson, who, speaking of the manners of Venice, puts into the mouth of Sir Politick Would-be : " . . . Then you must learn the use And handling of your silver fork at meals." Volpone or the Fox, act iv., scene i. This was written in 1607, but a few years later (16 1 6) the same writer speaks of them as known in England : Sledge. " Forks! What be they ? " Mf.er. " The laudable use of forks, Brought into custom here, as they are in Italy, To the sparing of napkins." The Devil is an Ass, act v., scene hi. Massinger, too, about the same time, recognizes the use of the fork in polite society : "I have all that's requisite To the making up of a signior . . . . . . and my silver fork To convey an olive neatly to my mouth." The Great Duke of Florence, act hi. The use of forks is bantered likewise by Beau mont and Fletcher, as the mark of both a traveler and courtier : " It doth express th' enamoured courtier, As full as your fork-carving traveler." Queen of Corinth, act iv., scene i. The following extract is from " The Accom plished Lady's Rich Closet of Rarities," London, 1653: " In carving at your own table distribute the best pieces first, and it will appear very decent and comely to use a forke ; so touch no piece of meat without it." *In the time of Charles II. forks, then very much scarcer than spoons, were not in such pro- * Hartshorne. 88 OLD PLATE fusion as at the present day, for in the early part of the century they were hurriedly washed in the dining-room in the silver cistern or fountain for immediate re-use, and later in the oval mahogany brass-banded vats often met with in old-fashioned houses, and frequently now mistaken for wine coolers. In Virginia, * Richard Hobbs, of Rappahan nock, who died about 1677, owned a single fork. John Foison, of Henrico, was in possession of one of tortoise shell. There are included in the per sonal estate of Robert Dudley, of Middlesex, which was entered 1700, a number of horn forks, and in that of Edmund Berkeley, June, 1 719, " 8 Case of knives, 15 fforks, 9 small Ivory handle knives and fforks, 1 silver Ladle, &c." f In 1668 Governor Eaton (of the New Haven Colony) bequeaths a " sylver meat fork" to Mrs. Abigail Nichols. George Cooke owns one in 1679. Nine silver spoons and six forks cost ^10 in 1690. It is surprising how long it took for them to become popular; there was a strange prejudice against them. In Nicholas Breton's "The Courtier and the Countryman " we read : " For us in the country, when we have washed our hands after no foul work nor handling any unwholesome thing, we need no little forks to make hay with our mouths, to throw our meat into them." In New England % "Forks, or ' tines,' for cook ing purposes, were imported at early dates ; but I think Governor Winthrop had the first table fork ever brought to America. In 1633, when forks were rare in England, he received a letter from * "Economic History of Virginia," Bruce. f " The Furniture of Our Forefathers," Singleton. X " Customs and Fashions in Old New England," Earle. FORKS 89 E. Howes, saying that the latter had sent to him a ' case containing an Irish skeayne or knife, a bodekyn & a forke for the useful applycation of which I leave to your discretion.' I am strongly suspicious that Winthrop's discretion may not have been educated up to usefully applying the fork for feeding purposes at the table. In the inventory of the possessions of Antipas Boyes (made in 1669) a silver spoon, fork and knife are mentioned." "In 1673 Parson Oxenbridge had 'one forked spoon,' and his widow had two silver forks." *In 1675, in the inventory of John Freake, of Boston, " eight forkes " are mentioned among the items of his plate. In 1676 " 1 Silver hafted knife & forke" are valued at ten shillings in the inventory of Freegrace Bendall, of Boston. In 1684 "one knife and forke with silver hafts" are found in the inventory of Thomas Powes, of Boston, and " 8 knives and Forkes " in that of William Harris, also of Boston. In 1692 "2 cases of knives & a dozen forks " are inventoried at four teen shillings in the estate of Jeremiah Fitch, of Boston, and 1693 "9 forkes" are mentioned in the inventory of James Lloyd, of Boston, as having been a part of his silverware. From this time the mention of forks in the probate records occurs more and more frequently until their use became general. The handles of the knives and forks were made of various materials, such as silver, ivory, agate, tortoise shell, glass, japanned work, bone, horn and wood. Six " 4 pronged forks " are found among the items * " The Colonial Furniture of New England," Lyon. 9o OLD PLATE of silverware belonging to the estate of Captain Thomas Gilbert, innholder, of Boston, inventoried in 1 719; and we read in Weeden's "Economic and Social History of New England" of "one dozen silver forks with three prongs, with my arms cut upon them, made very neat and handsome," ordered from London by Peter Faneuil about 1738. A fork found in 1882, thirty feet under ground, near Covent Garden, London, is now owned by Mr. W. Wilkinson. It is j\ inches long, engraved with a coat of arms at the end of the handle (Molesworth), and is stamped with the maker's mark only, twice repeated. This mark — L C (Law rence Colds), crowned, a crescent be tween two pellets below,shaped shield — is on the copper-plate preserved at the hall of the Goldsmiths' Company, Lon don, with the impressions of makers' punches between 1675 and 1697. Many examples of silver with this mark are in English collections. Probably, however, this fork has been fashioned out of a spoon. When people gave up carrying their silver with them, and each household fork(c.i686). na-d to provide itself with plate for its own needs and that of its guests, old silver was constantly being melted to be remade into forks, for which a great demand had thus been created. The first forks had only two prongs, later came the three-pronged variety, while now they are uni versally four-pronged, the handles following the shape and decoration of those of spoons. SALTS 9i SALTS. Besides the general utility of salt, a condiment absolutely indispensable, and apart from the scruples with regard to spilling it, salt was regarded with profoundly superstitious feelings ; it was considered desirable that it should be the first article placed on the table after the cloth was laid. Salt itself was held in high favor by the ancients. In the pages of Homer it is spoken of as " divine," and at the banquets of the Romans and Greeks it held a place of honor. The magnificent golden salt cellar made for Francis I. by Benvenuto Cellini, is now in the Ambros Collection at Vienna, and with a few coins and seals are all the certain remnants of what was made in gold and silver by this well- known artist. To sit at the table above or below the salt was a mark of distinction in opulent families. The salt was contained in a massive utensil, called a saler, now corrupted into cellar, which was placed in the middle of the table ; persons of distinction sat nearest the head of the table, or above the salt, and inferior relations or dependents below it. This was the principal, or" standing," salt. Thus in Ben Jonson it is said of a man who treats his inferiors with scorn, tt He neyer drinb beW the sakj„ that is, he never exchanges civilities with those who sit at the lower end of the table. Smaller salts, called " trencher " salts, were for actual use at the table, and placed within reach of the guests, as distinguished from the standing salt, which was rather an object of decoration. Frequent direc tions as to the use of the salt are given in old writings, and there are many allusions to them in the poets : 92 OLD PLATE * " When thou etys thi mete — of this thou take hede — Touche not the sake beyng in thi salt-saler." •j- " Dip not thy meate in the Saltseller, but take it with thy knyfe." J " We can meet and so conferre, Both by a shining salt-sellar, And have our roofe, Although not archt, yet weather proofe." Among the Russian reproductions at the Met ropolitan Museum, New York, is an English stand ing salt, silver-gilt, of the year 1613. It has " a cylindrical pedestal, with ex panding base resting on three ball- claw feet. The pool to hold the salt is covered with a dome-shaped cover supported by four flower- scroll supports and surmounted by a triangular steeple supported on three caryated scrolls and with a finial of similar work. The deco ration, of which there is little, is plain, consisting of egg and tongue moulding or other small ornament on the collars and borders." The height is about fifteen inches. The Mu seum has also a repro duction of a large square salt of this period. The standing salt at Harvard University (see illustration) is a plain cir cular vessel with spread ing top and base stand ing on three scroll feet; it has only two marks, the lion passant and f " Babees Book." % Herrick. STANDING SALT (1613) ; IMPERIAL TREASURY, MOSCOW. *" Booke of Precedence." THE "WINTHROP" JUG (c I59O). AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, WORCESTER, MASS. STONEWARE JUGS 93 leopard's head crowned of the London Hall, the former mark on each of the feet ; it is engraved with the initials j £ and the inscription : ^oke Q'ift of Spr, MtcijarU partis of (oambxidge 16 44, In a list of *" donations, consisting principally of sums of money, and articles estimated in money, given by individuals to Harvard college," is the following entry : 1644 Mr. Richard Harris, a great silver salt, valued, in 1654, at ^5. I. 3. at 5s per ounce, and a small trencher salt, valued at 1 os 5113 Mr. Thomas Langham, a silver beer bowl, valued at 3 3 10 Mr. Venn, fellow commoner, one fruit dish, one silver sugar spoon, and one silver tipt jug. The Corporation of Portsmouth, England, have a similar salt with the London mark for 1665 ; when in use it is turned with the scrolls above, forming projecting arms to support a napkin over the con tents. Smaller, or trencher, salts varied in shape, at first triangular or round, with the centre of the surface hollowed to contain the salt. STONEWARE JUGS. Germany and Flanders were early famed for the excellence of their stoneware, some of the finest specimens being made in Cologne ; these were in troduced into England in the xvi. century, and mounted in silver or silver-gilt. The " Winthrop " jug, now in- the possession of the American Anti- * " History of Harvard College," Eliot. 94 OLD PLATE quarian Society, Worcester, Massachusetts, is 5^ in. high.of brown mottled stoneware mounted in silver- gilt. It is inclosed by a neck-band, the cover en graved with the " Fall of Adam"; the purchase is of conventional ornament, the foot enriched with an upright band of strawberry leaves. There are no marks, but it has the appearance of having been made about 1590. It was the gift to Adam Win throp, the father of Governor John Winthrop, from his sister, Lady Mildmay, in 1607. It is recorded by William Winthrop as follows : "Be it remembered that the ' Stone pot tipt and covered with a silver lid', descended to me upon the death of my Father in 1779 and that it has, on the twenty ninth day of September 1807, (being the Feast of St. Michael), been Two hundred years in the family, and is now in my possession." These jugs are mentioned in a letter from the Venetian ambassador resident at London in the xvi. century. He says : " The English have a curious habit of mounting common pottery with silver in the most elaborate manner, and these they are very proud of." The fashion for jugs or " covered pots " died out toward the end of the century. DRINKING VESSELS. Drinking vessels of various forms and under many names have been in use from time imme morial. Thus we have grace-cups, knitting-cups, standing-cups, loving-cups, tankards, etc., but perhaps the oldest form was the mazer, or wine bowl. * This was a favorite drinking vessel of the xv. and xvi. centuries. The name "mazer" is sup posed to have been given to it on account of the speckled wood of which it was made, the large * " Old Scottish Communion Plate," Burns. DRINKING VESSELS 95 bowl of the cup being cut from the knotty excres cences of the maple tree, which when polished displayed the beauty of the curious streaks and knotty grain with which it was marked. It was sometimes called a grace-cup, on account of the purpose to which it was devoted. Every convent, college, corporation and family had its mazer. Its use can be traced back, through its mention in inventories, to the xm. century. In pre-Reforma- tion times it was used daily by the monks in the Frater House of Convents. After grace was said the mazer, out of which each one drank, was passed round the table. These mazers were of different sizes. Not only had every monk his own mazer " severally by himself to drink in," but each convent had generally a grand mazer which did duty on great festival days, such as on Maundy Thursday, " when the Prior and the whole convent did meet and keep their Maundy." At college, corporation or family gatherings the mazer was handed round from guest to guest at the table, and each drinking out of the same cup symbolized the family feeling of brotherly love and good will. Many of these mazers, particularly those belonging to corporate bodies and to the wealthier classes, were richly ornamented. The lip of the bowl was mounted with a band of silver or silver gilt, sometimes with gold, the larger bowls having in addition a silver foot. The fashion of ornamenting this band with in scriptions was not uncommon. In these inscriptions the sacred and secular were frequently blended. *The origin of the grace-cup is attributed to Margaret Atheling, the consort of Malcolm Can- * " Notes and Queries." g6 OLD PLATE more, who, observing an irreverent habit among the Scottish nobles of quitting table before grace could be pronounced by her chaplain, promised to reward those who tarried for that ceremony with a draught, ad libitum, of the choicest wine from a gold cup, which was passed from hand to hand around the board, after the thanksgiving for the meal had been duly said. The bait proved successful, and the custom thus instituted in the palace soon spread to the halls of the barons, and thence to the convent refectory. The fashion also obtained in England among all who could afford a custom so much in unison with the natural taste ; and these cups are of frequent mention in the testamentary documents of that and later periods. Another account of the origin of these cups is as follows : * " The story is told of a certain Frisian, Abbot Zardus, who forbade the monks in his convent to drink more than three cups of wine at din ner, one to the honor of each person of the Trinity. " Being naturally annoyed at this restriction, they rose from the table without the customary grace. Boniface VIII. ( 1 295-1 303) was appealed to ; he confirmed the abbot's injunction, but in a moment of weakness, very foreign to his masterful character, he granted an addi tional cup to all the greedy regulars under the rule of Zardus who said their grace. Hence the saying : " ' Een glasie na de gracie Nar de les van Bonifaci.' " ' A glass after grace By the law of Boniface.' " Immediately after the performance of a marriage ceremony cups of wine were handed round to those who assisted at it. "A knitting cup there must be." The Magnetic Lady, Ben Jonson, 1632. * H artshorne. DRINKING VESSELS 97 This is termed by Middleton and others the contracting cup. Brand, in his " Popular Antiqui ties," has a long article on " Drinking Wine in Church at Marriages." The custom of giving bread and wine (or other liquor) which has been blessed, to the new married couple immediately after the spousal mass, is enjoined in the Hereford and Sarum Missals. The beverage used was to be drunk by the bride and bridegroom and the guests. As has been noticed, the earliest form of the drinking vessel was the bowl of wood, or mazer (similar to a deep saucer), surrounded by a band of silver, no doubt to preserve the edges. This must have been an extremely awkward vessel to drink gracefully from, requiring two hands; so it was im proved by mounting the bowl on a stem and foot. This soon developed into a cup entirely of silver with a narrower bowl, on a stem, to be again im proved by the addition of handles. Horns, ostrich eggs, cocoanuts, glass, etc., were also mounted and used as drinking cups; those of horn and glass, being supposed in mediaeval days to have the property of revealing the presence of poison by becoming clouded or bursting, were often called "poison cups." Another precaution was in the mode of drinking, which can still be witnessed at banquets at the Mansion House and at the halls of the different guilds, London. The person receiving the cup stands and turns to his neighbor, who also rises, taking the cover with both hands. The first per son then raises the cup to his lips, and having drank holds the cup while the friend at his side re places the cover, and taking the cup repeats the process with his neighbor. Both hands being occu pied there was no possibility of one stabbing another. Russian cup (Moscow, 1745); GORHAM CO. CUP AND COVER (l6l8) J S. MARY'S, AMBLESIDE. STANDING-CUPS 99 STANDING-CUPS, LOVING-CUPS. We have few examples of standing-cups; that known as the " Winthrop Cup," in the possession of the First Church, Boston (p. 189), unfortunately lacks the cover, but is similar to that with cover at S. Mary's Church, Ambleside, Carlisle, England. This is an exquisitely wrought cup, with steeple cover, used as a chalice.* " The bowl of the characteristic pointed shape of its period is richly repoussed and ornamented from the stem upwards with three acanthus leaves flanked with cockle-shells. Floriation descends from the plain band at rim, to complete the design. The base itself is set upon three flying supports bent in griffin shape ; these in turn spring from the higher of two bulbous ornaments that together form a sort of baluster stem, and are themselves set upon a handsomely repoussed bell- shaped base. For the base's ornament the acanthus leaf and cockle-shells re appear. The cover fits over, not inside, the rim of the bowl, and is ornamented with the acanthus leaf and cockle-shell in repousse. It is surmounted by a fine pinnacle or steeple of open lattice work set off at the base with supports, and at the top with a foliated finial, giving the general appearance of a four-sided crocketed spire." Another standing-cup of quaint shape is the Russian double-cup, with the Moscow mark, dated 1745, 18 in. high. The body of this cup is beaten out into six semicircular lobes, which descend in points, chased with arabesques, alternating with six others reversed, under a plain round lip ; these lobes, which contract in the middle, expand into the smaller reversed series that make the bottom of the cup. The base, or lower cup, and the cover are the reverse of this, the cover finishing in a vase, surmounted by a cluster of flowers of beaten work. The stem represents a tree-trunk, with lopped branches and stalks entwined, having between them * " Old Church Plate in the Diocese of Carlisle," Ferguson. ioo OLD PLATE a woodman with an axe in the act of chopping at them; a slender vine of silver surrounds the whole. These stalk stems were very common in Germany during the xvi. century. Silver loving-cups of more than two handles were unknown until the xix. century ; but the pot ter turned out cups with an indefinite number of handles, varying from two to eight, called " tygs." The following apocryphal account has been given as the origin of these cups : " As King Henry V. of England was riding through the forest one day he chanced to come upon a wayside inn, and being thirsty called for a drink. A serving maid appeared at the door with a cup of wine, which she handed awkwardly to the royal visitor by the single handle, and the King was forced to take it in both hands, thereby soiling his gloves. When he returned home he was determined that such a mis hap should not occur again ; so he ordered a suitable mug to be made with two handles, which he sent to the inn with instructions that it was to be filled for him when he next called. Happening soon after ward to be in the neighborhood, he stopped at the inn and called for a drink. "What was his chagrin when the same maid appeared grasping in her hands the two handles of the mug, and a second time he was compelled to receive it in this awkward fashion. The next year he ordered another mug to be made for him with three handles, which proved a successful solution of the problem. "Thus is said to have originated the loving-cup, and ever since it has been provided with three handles, no longer, however, for the benefit of ambidextrous barmaids, but for the good-fellowship which its use is supposed to promote." The two loving-cups, the property of Harvard University, are good examples of two-handled cups. That (2, see illustration) is evidently the "large silver bowl " referred to in the University records. The base and cover are fluted and gad- rooned, the cup having two richly ornamented cast handles the cover terminating in a melon-shaped finial. It has one mark only, I C, mullet below, LOVING-CUPS 101 lobed shield. It is engraved with a coat of arms and the inscription : <&he §Lfto of tke^ J?on William g>tougl)ton "w/to died ato 3)oxcliedtet~ [July amtwl Broton of &alem The maker, g^, was a Boston goldsmith; his name is to be found on the large flagon presented to the New North Church in 1745, now in the pos session of King's Chapel. In the records of the University are the follow ing entries : " 1699 Hon. William Stoughton erected a building called Stough- ton Hall. . . In 1 700 probably, the same gentleman gave a large sil ver bowl, 48^ oz., and a gobkt, 21 oz. " 173 1 Col. Samuel Brown left by his will ffso to the College for the purchase of a piece of plate." 102 OLD PLATE The two-handled cup and cover with applique" leaves ("cut-card" ornament), round the bottom of bowl and top of cover, which is finished with L H an acorn, was shown at the Loan Exhi bition held during the Wash ington Centennial cel eb ration in NewYork,i889; it is marked G R, possibly George Ridout, but as this form of decoration LOVING-CUP (XVIII. CENTURY);; MR. A. D. RUSSELL. keloncrecl to ^q xvii. century, it would seem as if it was a copy of an older example. The silver-gilt cup of the St. Botolph Club, Bos ton, belonged at one time to the Corporation of the ancient Borough of Boston, England, and was sold with the rest of the Corporation plate and in signia shortly after the passing of the Municipal Corporation Reform Act in 1835* At Leicester, at this time, the new council having resolved that " the true dignity of the mayoralty does not con sist in antiquated pageantry," proceeded at once to abolish many of the offices, and to the lasting shame of the town caused the whole of their valu able and important art objects to be sold by public * "Corporation Plate," Jewitt and Hope. LOVING-CUP (1736-1745); ST. BOTOLPH CLUB, BOSTON. PORRINGERS 103 auction. The sale commenced at Leicester, January 27th, 1836, and continued for six days. This large and valuable collection of plate com prised five maces, a very large punch-bowl and three ladles, a great cup and cover, four tankards, four salvers, two pair of candlesticks and a large number of spoons, forks, saltcellars and other articles of table use. The St. Botolph cup (see illustration) has the London hall-marks for 1736, but the original cover must have been lost, as when the vessel was pre sented to the borough by Richard Bell, Mayor, 1745, it had a cover, with the London marks of that year, but by a different maker. This cup has a shield of the town arms, with crest ; the latter is repeated on the cover. PORRINGERS. Porringers are two-handled cups, with wide- mouthed bowls and covers, or cover stands, a smaller form of loving- cups and must not be confounded with the small circular vessels, with flat open - work handles, used for heat ing liquids over a lamp, misnamed porringers, of which there are many examples of the xvii. century in the South Kensington Museum, London, and of that and of the following century in this country, often mentioned in old wills and inventories. BASIN FOR HEATING LIQUIDS (B. BURT), XVIII. CENTURY. cup (1667). cup (1702). cup (1686). CUP (1775). Cups, Scroll-and-Key Society, Yale University. PORRINGERS 105 Pepys notes in his Diary, 1661, May 29th (King's birthday) : " Rose early and having made myself fine, and put six spoons and a porringer of silver in my pocket to give away to-day." What size could this porringer have been to have gone into an ordinary pocket ? A well-known pattern which came in about the time of the Restoration is shown in the illustration. It is from the collection at the South Kensington Museum, and is thus described in the official Catalogue : " Cup and cover; silver-gilt plain neck, the lower part of the body beaten with leaf work; scroll handles and a cover with flat-top engraved with a coat of arms, English hall-mark, 1660 h. 6yi in. w. 7^ in. "The upper part of neck is plain; the lower portion of the body bulges and is beaten up with tulip flowers and leaves. The handles join the rim or the neck and the bulging surface of the lower part of the body. The handles are light bold scrolls of solid metal, with terminal heads on the upper curves, curves at the upper point or junction, and light double volutes at the lower. The cover bulges and is ham mered up with the same tulip flower as the body. It is topped by a flat handle, which, when reversed, stands as a foot, and this portion is then used as a small salver or waiter. On this flat surface is engraved an heraldic shield." We here illustrate four cups of the years 1667, 1686, 1702 and 1 775, from the collection of the late Mr. C.Wyllys Betts, bequeathed to the Scroll-and- Key Society of Yale University. The cup dated 1667 is very like the South Ken sington specimen of 1660. That of 1686, with the cup and cover stand (1660) ; south kensington museum. io6 OLD PLATE CUP AND COVER (MYERS), XVIII. CENTURY. acanthus decoration of repousse" work round the bowl, is of identically the same character as the covered cup at Saddlers' Hall, London, the gift of Peter Rich, 1681. The two later cups (1702 and 1775) show the develop ment of the fluted por ringers of the reign of Queen Anne. These are often used as beer-cups, with sometimes only one handle. Toward the end of the xvii. century, porringers are often decorated with flat applique" leaves round the bottom of the bowl and the knob of the cover. These thin plates of metal, cut into various shapes and applied to the surface, have been called "cut- card " work, for want of a better name, and it has been somewhat generally adopted. The illustration is of a very good specimen be longing to Christ Church, Bruton Parish, Virginia (p. 268), and used as a chalice. It is of silver-gilt (h. 3^ in., w. 4%: in.), and has the mark of Peeter Harache, an eminent gold smith and plate- worker of Suffolk Street, Charing Cross, London, who emigrated CUP AND COVER (1686) ; CHRIST CHURCH, BRUTON PARISH, VA. TANKARDS 107 from France after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The first time we meet with his mark is on the copper-plate at Goldsmiths' Hall, between 1675 and 1697. TANKARDS. The word " tankard " was originally applied to a large vessel of wood, banded with metal, in which to carry water. Smaller wooden drinking tankards were subsequently made and used throughout Europe, and were occasionally brought here by colonists. A plainly shaped wood tankard, made of staves and hoops, is preserved at Deerfield Me morial Hall. Tankards with a handle, purchase and hinged lid were made of all sizes, and with many varieties of decoration, both in Germany and other north ern beer-drinking countries, as well as in England, and later in America. They retain their popu larity to this day. They were often made to in close gold and silver coins, both on the flat top and bottom, and bent round and set in the sides. These hinged tankards were probably made for the express purpose of holding beer (made with hops), and were introduced into England when beer became a national drink, early in the xvi. century. To Saint Dunstan has been attributed the origin of the placing of pegs in tankards. Finding that quarrels very frequently arose in taverns from dis putes about the proper share of the liquor when they drank out of the same cup, he advised Edgar to order gold or silver pegs to be fastened at reg ulated distances in the pots, that every man should know his just allowance. The space between each peg contained half a pint. 108 OLD PLATE * " We ourselves drink here by the peg at mid-day: but a stranger is welcome to fill his inside at all hours." The first tankards, in imitation of the earlier horns, were made with straight sides, tapering a good deal from the bottom upwards. Next came the taller upright and straight-sided tankards often beautifully chased. Later tankards are plainer, and at the end of the xvii. century are very plain, often of great diameter in proportion to their depth, and have flat lids and very massive handles, the lower part of the latter often being notched to form them into whistles. The whistle was used to call the potboy when the pot was empty and had to be refilled, and it is the origin of the saying : " You may whistle till you get it." At the beginning of the xvni. century a dome- shaped lid, with sometimes a knob, came into fashion. The tankards belonging to Harvard Uni versity are examples of these types ; that with the flat lid (4, see illustration) has one mark, E W, fleur- de-lis below, shaped shield. This mark is on plate belonging to the Second Church, Boston, dated 1 706 and 1 711; the two tankards with domed lids (5 and 6) were made by I. Kneeland, presented by John and William Vassal in 1729, "each weighing about 20 oz.," and are engraved with the Vassal arms and the following inscriptions : zuonum 2)onum [Jokannid ]>.»(¦ ¦4 P ' s TEA AND COFFEE SERVICES 119 The poet Pope makes a humorous reference to coffee in the "Rape of the Lock" (171 2), Canto III.: " For lo! the board with cups and spoons is crown' d, The berries crackle, and the mill turns round; On shining altars of japan they raise The silver lamp; the fiery spirits blaze: From silver spouts the grateful liquors glide, While China' s earth receives the smoking tide : Coffee (which makes the politician wise, And see through all things with his half-shut eyes)." The coffee-pot marked REVERE (see illustra tion), once owned by Gen. Joseph Warren, and engraved with the Warren arms — a lion rampant, a chief chequey — is now in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, as is the tea-set of four pieces by the same maker (see illustration). The tray and cream ewer are engraved with E H in monogram, the tea-pot and sugar bowl with the inscription: TO odtnund c/baztto (oonatzuctoz of tke fzigate BOSTON PRESENTED by a nwmbez of kid fellow citizend ad a STSemozialoftkeizAendeofkidG^bility^ealy (fidelity in tke completion oftkat Oznamento of tke AMERICAN NAVY. 1799 *The United States Frigates "Boston" and " Constitution " (" Old Ironsides ") were built at Edmund Hartt's shipyard, at the North End, Bos ton, during the years 1 794-7. Paul Revere (the patriot) offered to supply the copper bolts, braces, etc. " I can purchase several tons of copper here, . . . I will do the work as cheap as anyone and as well." * " Life of Paul Revere," Goss. CANDLESTICK (c l686) ; B. JOY JEFFRIES, M.D. CANDLESTICKS 121 CANDLESTICKS. Candlesticks of silver date from the time of Charles II. At first they had square bases, with fluted columns, and with a projection just above the base for convenience in carrying. The candlestick illus trated was formerly owned by David Jeffries, who was born in England 1658, and came to Boston in 1677. He married, in 1686, Eliz abeth, daughter of John Usher, Lieutenant Gover- norof New Hampshire. It isengravedwiththeinitials r_).j?,and has one mark, I D, fleur-de-lis below, heart-shaped shield ; the same mark is to be found on plate at the First Church, Dorchester(i 701), and the First Church, Bos ton (1 708). The arms en graved on the base those of: Jeffries, a lion ram pant, between three scaling ladders. Lidgett,afesswavy, between three es- toiles. Clarke, on a bend between three pellets, r CANDLESTICK (XVIII. CENTURY) ; as many swans. me. t. s. clarkson. 122 OLD PLATE Usher, three lions' paws, couped and erect. A similar candlestick was exhibited at the Loan Exhibition held during the Washington Centennial celebration in New York, 1889; it bears one mark, C K, probably that of Cornelius Kiersteade; this name is entered twice in the Register of Freemen of the City of New York, in 1698 and 1702. The base is ornamented with the style of decoration so prevalent during the short reign of William III. (1695-1702). At the beginning of the xvin. century candle sticks were simple and plain, without any decora tions on their baluster stems and bases. The saucer-shaped nozzle, so useful to catch dropping wax, had not yet come into use. In 1729 Governor Burnet owned twelve candle sticks, weighing 171^ oz. Peter Faneuil, about 1738, sends for candlesticks from London, and in order to insure the correct size of the sockets forwards a piece of wax candle as a sample. The candlesticks were to be en graved with his coat of arms, " neat and hand some." From 1735 to 1750 examples show more decora tive treatment in their shaping and chasing ; later the stem was replaced by a form copied from the fluted Corinthian column. Many beautiful candle sticks were made after this architectural pattern, but the columnar design, though graceful in itself, may not have appeared so satisfactory when in actual use, and its straight lines further extended by those of the candle ; these candlesticks are al ways found with movable nozzles. Toward the end of the century the column has become square in section, tapering towards the base, the swelling of the upper part being further emphasized by the CANDLESTICKS [23 addition of four rams' heads at the angles of the capital. Then were added festoons, leaves and vines, a style of ornamentation no doubt largely brought about by the discovery of the remains of Herculaneum and Pompeii in 1820. The works by Josiah Wedgwood, at this time becoming very popular, offer a ready instance of the prevailing CANDLESTICK (1722) ; MRS. R. S. ELY. CANDLESTICK (1723) ; MR. A. D. PELL. taste, and many examples show the same decorative treatment as that followed by the silversmiths. Candlesticks with movable branches of three, five and six lights are frequently met with, as are also snuffers, with flat trays or stands, and extin guishers. The snuffers had open-looped handles, the trays round or trefoil ends with beaded or gadrooned borders. Snuffers first came into use at the end of the xvii. century. 124 OLD PLATE MACES. The origin of the mace (from massa or masse) is lost in tradition ; it was a club-shaped staff and a favorite weapon of the Middle Ages, assuming various forms. * It has been thought that the bearing of maces and other insignia as emblems of authority may have come down to us from Roman times, when the praetors or consuls were attended by their beadles or lictors, who carried before them the axes and bound rods as emblems of justice. There is, however, no evidence of the continuity of Roman municipal customs or institutions in England during the Anglo-Saxon period, nor, in deed, is there proof that anything in the nature of municipal insignia existed before the Norman Con quest. We may even go further and say that until about the beginning of the xiii. century it is extremely unlikely that any civic or other symbols of authority were in use in any English city or town. That English municipal insignia had an origin independent of any Roman influence is curiously illustrated by the fact that the maces borne before the bailiffs and mayors or carried by their sergeants appear to be unknown in France and other countries where the Roman tradition sur vived, and are there only represented to a certain extent by the sword of justice. The institution of the sergeants-at-arms, at first called sergeants a-masses, from the iron or latten maces which they carried, is due to Philip II., King of France, 1 180-1223, wno appointed them to guard his person from suspected assassins. Since it was the first duty of the sergeants-at-arms to * "Corporation Plate," Jewitt and Hope, j MACES 125 defend the King's person, the maces which formed their peculiar arm were no doubt actual war maces with flanged blades. These were made of iron or steel, and as the weapons and emblems of the royal bodyguard we may suppose that from an early WAR MACES, XV. AND XVI. CENTURIES. (PLANCHE'S "CYCLOPEDIA OF COSTUME.") date they were damascened or otherwise orna mented with gold or silver. With the introduction of silver or silver-plated maces their use as weapons became traditional, and the flanged blades grad ually assumed a merely ornamental character, the heads becoming surmounted by open crowns. 126 OLD PLATE The first emblems carried by the sergeants be fore the bailiffs or mayor seem to have been mere staves, rods or wands, the use of which, though to a great extent superseded by the carrying of maces, has continued in several forms down to the present day. There can be little doubt that the form of mace as originally used by the sergeants of the mayor or bailiffs was borrowed from those borne by the King's sergeant-at-arms. * In the reign of Richard I. military sergeants- at-arms were more extensively employed than in later reigns and carried a barbed javelin, known as a pheon, and their special duties were to act as a bodyguard to the King. The pheon borne by them became a charge in heraldry, and is still known as the royal mark, being commonly called " the broad R," a corruption of the broad " arrow." By a statute of Richard II. the sergeants-at-arms were limited to thirty, their office being to attend the person of the King, to arrest offenders, and to serve the Lord High Steward when sitting in judgment on a peer of the realm. That maces were em ployed as emblems of royal authority, not only in Parliament, but by civic corporations previous to the time of Richard II., is evidenced by the fact that, in 1344, under Edward III., the Commons prayed the King that none within cities and boroughs should bear maces of silver except the King's sergeants, but should have them of copper and of no other metal; but in 1354 the King granted to the mayor and sheriffs of London and Middlesex liberty to cause maces of gold or silver to be carried in the presence of the King, Queen or children of the royal pair, although the right to * " The Mace and Its Use," "Canadian Monthly," August, 1881, Clarke. MACES 127 use a mace had been previously possessed by them. Parliament, in the time of Richard II., petitioned that no sergeant of any town should be allowed to carry his mace out of his own liberty, or township. But the boroughs were rapidly gaining in importance and strength, and could not be so easily denied or curtailed of their privileges; and gifts of maces still continued to be exercised and accepted as marks of royal favor or concession. After the Restoration the right to use the mace by civic corporations became almost a matter of course, although still derived from the Crown. The right was almost lavishly extended, and maces were frequently a graceful gift from wealthy commoners to their fellow-citi zens. The whole of these were now surmounted by a crown, and the free use of this emblem came to be regarded as not only a proof of the loyalty of the authorities to the newly restored ad ministration, but as a rebuke to the puritanical hatred of symbols which had prevailed in Crom- wellian days. Utility was often consulted as well as appearance, the head of the mace being so con structed as to unscrew from the top of the shaft, which thus became a loving-cup to be used at civic banquets. Many of these loving-cups still exist, as in the case of that made from the mace formerly belonging to the House of Burgesses of Virginia, which was sold at the close of the Revolution. Inquiries addressed, in 1881, by the Hon. Charles Clarke, Speaker of the Ontario Legislature, when preparing his valuable article on the " Mace and Its Use," for Rose-Belford's " Canadian Monthly," to CONSTABLESSTAFF (1799). 128 OLD PLATE the officials of the thirteen original States, elicited many facts with reference to the use of the symbol which are worthy of record, the subject of the article dealing rather with parliamentary than civic maces. " In Massachusetts, as might have been ex pected in a colony settled largely by Puritans, no evidence, after a careful search of the archives, can be found of the adoption of the mace at any period of its history." The first sergeant-at-arms was appointed in 1835. Previous to that time the duties were performed by a messenger to the General Court, sometimes called doorkeeper. In 1644 the first House of Deputies appointed a doorkeeper, and from that year to the present the line has not been broken. The mace now in use is a wooden wand surmounted by the arms of the Commonwealth, in metal gilt. New Jersey and Georgia supply similar answers. " From New Hampshire Governor Bell writes : ' This State began life as a royal province in 1680, on a very limited scale, with an Assembly of about a dozen delegates. It probably would have seemed idle to set up formalities in such a body, and the records show that their proceedings were con ducted with amusing simplicity ; and probably at no time before the Revolution was there any occa sion for introducing any formidable badge of au thority.' The journals of the State afford no proof that the mace was ever employed there. " From Connecticut the State Librarian [the late Charles J. Hoadly] writes : ' I have some familiarity with our old Colonial proceedings, having edited our Colonial Records from 1689 to 1 762, and having now ready for publication a vol ume, 1 762-1 767. I have never seen any reference to a mace, nor do I believe that one was used here; MACES 129 we had not so much state here as in some of the other Colonies, but were from the beginning more democratic. The royal coat of arms which hung over the Speaker's chair (or in the Council Cham ber) before the Revolution is still preserved, and in pretty good condition.' " The Librarian of New York State promises to make full inquiries into the matter, but another official says : ' I believe that the mace was not used in the proceedings of the General Assem bly of the Province of New York. The inter course between the Speaker of the Assembly and the Governor of the Province, ex officio, the President of the Council, was more or less in formal. Messages from one House to the other were partly carried by members, partly by clerks. Among the latter I find nowhere mention of a " mace bearer," the only officer mentioned by title being the sergeant-at-arms. The following ex tract from the Journal of the General Assembly will give an idea of how they proceeded, the occa sion being the opening of the first session after George III. became King: "A message from His Honour the President Cadwallader Calder (acting as Lieut-Governor), by Mr. Banyer, Deputy Secre tary : Gentlemen, His Honour the President re quires the immediate attendance of the House in the Council Chamber at Fort George. The Speaker left the chair, and with the House at tended accordingly, and being returned, he resumed the chair, and reported as follows : . . . " The simplicity of this ceremony, and the above-men tioned absence of such an officer as the mace bearer from the list of government officials, in duces me to believe that the mace was not in use in the colony.' It is highly probable, however, that 9 130 OLD PLATE as a sergeant-at-arms was one of the recognized officials of the House at that date, further research will disclose the fact that a mace also existed." There must have been a civic mace in use in New York City, as we learn from the records: "There was much pomp and ceremony about the inaugu ration of a Mayor. He was sworn before the Gov ernor and Council, and then repaired in stately procession with the Aldermen, old and new, to Trinity Church to listen to an address more ap propriate in matter than in length. Thence they proceeded to the City Hall, where the bell was rung, the commission read, and the Mayor took the chair and received the city charter, mace and seal. It is a matter of record that in 1669 the Duke of York sent, by the hands of Thomas Delavall, a for mer Mayor, a mace for the Mayoralty office, which was about the only benefit conferred on the prov ince by its lord." Thomas Delavall was a merchant, Alderman 1655, Mayor 1666, and in 1671-78. The letter of pres entation by Governor Francis Lovelace is here given : * " Mr. Mayor and you the rest of the aldermen "As a Particular Testimony of His R. Highnesse Grace and favour to this his Citty of New York, I am Commanded to present you from him, this present, viz. : a publicq Seale for the Corporation, a Silver Mace and (Seuen) Gownes both for the Mayor and aldermen (and Sheriff), and although he esteemes somme of these but as the Gayety and Circumstantial part of Government, yet you may Be assured, as to what is more essential and substantiall, itt shall recaue all encourage ment and hartey assistance from him. And I must further add, that haveing the houn'r to be his Govern' r- General in these parts, I doe assure you that wherein I may, any way be servicable to you, I shall Cheerfully apply my mind to it who professe no higher Cogitations that what shall tend to my Royal Master's Interest & the Publicq Welfare * " Documentary History of New York." MACES 131 of those Comitted to my Charge; If therefore you will Consider of Somme methode for the better regulation of yor Corporation and pre sent it to me, What I find Reasonable and practicable, I shall willingly allow of, and what appears aboue my strength I shall with the best Convenience transmit over to Receive his R. H. assent, from whome I doubt not, but you will haue such satisfaction, as is aggreable to yor Necessities and desires. I haue no more, but to wish you all happinesse, and an assurance that I am Yor affectionate friend and Fort James the 6th Servant of Octobr 1669. Fran. Lovelace." " Virginia, as might be expected, undoubtedly used a mace in its House of Burgesses, and hopes are expressed by distinguished antiquarians of the State that some trace of its continued preservation may yet be discovered, although not unmixed with fears that, in the rage for the destruction of all royal symbols which followed the Revolution, the mace itself may have been destroyed." This was sold in or about the year 1783 by or der of the Assembly. It was purchased by Col. William Heth, who had it fashioned into a drinking cup. *The bowl (the plate beneath the crown ?) bears the following in signia: arms of the London Company of Virginia (without supporters); motto, En dat Virginia quartam; the crest; in an escutcheon a female figure standing holding with her right hand a spear, and leaning with her left upon a shield bearing the human countenance; motto, Virtute et labore florent Respublicae; crest; a falcon passant. The stem of the bowl has the arms of Great Britain; the length of this mace must originally have approximated four feet. f Mention is made in the " Original Surveys (Virginia), November, 1756," of Francis Eppes (mace bearer). The City of Norfolk possesses a most beautiful mace (see illustration), which, " during the war be- * "Dinwiddie Papers." t " William and Mary College Quarterly," Vol. VIII. 132 OLD PLATE tween the North and South, was carefully hidden in a bank vault, and so kept from despoiling hands at a time when the scarcity of hard money made bullion of enormous nominal value." HEAD OF MACE. This mace, 40I inches long, is surmounted by an arched crown with orb and cross; on the flat plate beneath the crown are engraved the Royal arms with the usual mottoes, between the initials G R. The head crested with a circlet of four fleurs-de-lis, alternating with as many pearled crosses, is divided into four compartments by ornamental scroll work containing respectively the arms of Great Britain, a crowned harp, a crowned fleur-de-lis, and a rose and thistle on one stem, also crowned; in the scroll beneath is the following inscription: THE GIFT OF THE HONBLE ROBERT DINWIDDIE ESQR LIEUT GOVERNOUR OF VIRGINIA TO THE CORPORATION OF NORFOLK 1753. At the top of shaft supporting the head are four brackets of open scroll work. The shaft is of baluster form with twisted gadroons with foot and knops richly chased. There are only two marks, a lion rampant and F W, the mark of the maker, probably Fuller White (London), who commenced business in 1 744, the same mark is on the two sergeants' maces belonging to the ancient Borough of Rochester, England, engraved Fuller White fecit. In the procession at the Centenary of the Char ter of the Borough of Norfolk, 1836, the venerable :*u Je hi MMf \u MACE (1753) ; NORFOLK, VA. MACE (1756); STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. MACES 133 recorder acted as standard-bearer, on one side of whom walked the deputy sergeant bearing the " beautiful and bright though ancient silver mace of the corporation." " In as far as these inquiries have extended, it would seem that the State of South Carolina alone possesses a mace, and although the particulars of its history are not full, enough is known respect ing it to invest it with uncommon interest." This mace, which for nearly a century and a half has lain upon the Speakers' table in the House of Representatives in South Carolina, is 48 inches long when closed, or without the staff, and is held up, when borne by the Speaker, by a staff which slides out of the stem so as to extend it to six or seven feet if required ; it is of silver-gilt, similar in type to the Norfolk mace, surmounted by an arched crown with orb and cross. Round the mace head, divided by demi-figures and foliage, are : 1 (see illustration), the Royal arms; 2, the King with sceptre receiving the petition of a female figure in obeisance; and beneath, the inscription, Porpius res adspice nostras (take a nearer view of our affairs, Virgil, Aeneid, Book I, line 526); 3, Agriculture; and 4, Britannia and Commerce. It bears the London hall-marks of 1756, with the maker's mark, M F, interlaced in a lozenge (Magdalen Feline). The two maces belonging to the Borough of Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England, are by the same maker, and were presented to the town in 1754; the crown and cap of each mace are removable, and the heads can be taken off, together with the first section of the shafts, to form loving-cups. * Joshua Quincy mentions the mace of South Carolina in his " Memoirs." He says, March 19, 1 773 : "Spent all the morning in hearing debates in the House, and had an opportunity of hear- * " The History of South Carolina, 1719-1776," McCrady. 134 OLD PLATE ing the best speakers in the Province. The first thing done at the meeting is to bring the mace — a very superb and elegant one, which cost ninety guineas — and lay it on the table before the Speaker." In 1775 the 17th day of February had been set aside by the Provincial Congress as a day of fasting, humiliation and prayer, and when it arrived the Commons House went in procession, with their mace before them, to S. Philip's Church, where a pious and excellent sermon was delivered by the Rev. Robert Smith. There has been much speculation as to the history of this mace. It has been alleged to be none other than Cromwell's " Bauble " ; again it has been confidently asserted to have been brought out by Sir Francis Nicholson, the Provincial Royal Governor, in 1721. The probability is that it was brought out by Governor William Henry Lyttleton, who succeeded Governor Glen in 1 756 (the year the mace was made !). The mace was carried away by the British army upon the evacuation of Charles ton in 1783, and somehow found its way to the Bank of the United States, in Philadelphia, where it was discovered by the Hon. Langdon Cheves, when he became president of that institution, and returned to the State. That there was another and earlier mace seems probable. In the *" Cana dian Magazine," October, 1899, we read: "During the Revolutionary War an American fleet captured Nassau. . . . Again in 1781 the Spaniards took possession, but two years later were expelled by the English. At the termination of the American War of Independence large grants of land through- *"A Sketch of the Bahamas," Worthington. MACES J35 out the islands were given to the United Empire Loyalists from the Carolinas, who settled with their slaves. The mace now in use in the Bahamas Legislature was carried from South Carolina by these Loyalists to their new home." *"From Rhode Island, North Carolina and Maryland no answers have been received, and in the absence of them, and of access to the neces sary records, it is impossible now to state whether the mace was recognized in those provinces or not." " Of the early history of the mace in Upper Canada we have undoubted proof in the present existence of that first so employed. It is in ap pearance as primitive as was the Parliament which assembled at the call of General Simcoe, at Niagara, on the 17th September, 1792. That was the day of economy and simplicity, and the wooden mace, painted red and gilt, was in keeping with that small assemblage of sturdy backwoodsmen clad in homespun gray, less in number than the smallest County Council of 1881, who met to enact laws providing for the few wants of a young people. It is probable that it graced the legislative hall at Niag ara, although there is no positive evidence to that effect. It was certainly used after the removal of the Upper Canada Parliament to York, for, on the 27th April, i8i3,when the United States forces attacked the seat' of government and captured it, they de stroyed the public buildings of the embryo city of Toronto, burnt the Parliament House and carried off sundry trophies of their victory. Amongst these was the mace used in the Assembly. Commo dore Chauncey, the commander of the successful * Hon. Charles Clarke. 136 OLD PLATE expedition, forwarded it with other spoils of war to the Secretary of the United States Navy, and it is still to be seen with a British standard captured at the same time in the United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland, in an ex cellent state of preservation after nearly ninety years' sojourn. " The mace is of some soft wood, perhaps pine or fir, and consists of a staff or mid part surmounted by a crowned head and ending below in a foot shod with an iron verrel. The length from the mound on the crown to the tip of the verrel is 55-| inches; the staff is 34^ inches in length; the head, neck and crown together are 1 1|- inches long, and the length of the foot, including verrel, is 9^ inches. The staff is taper from the neck towards the foot. The crown is notably an imperfect crown, not being heightened by the customary four crosses pate~e with the four fleurs-de-lis alter nately interspersed; the mound, also, is without hands, and lacks the customary cross. The crown consists of a regal circlet enriched on its lower and on its upper edge with an inverted border line; and midway between the two border lines are interspersed in regular alternations, horizontally, eight lozenges with eight pearls, the arrises of the lozenges being distinctly chamfered. The jewels are of wood, glued on; six of them only remain. The lozenges lie horizontally as to their long axis; the crown is duly bonneted and duly arched twice; the bonnet is of wood, rudely carved and painted red; the arches embracing it are of thin sheet brass or copper, fastened between the circlet and the bonnet with small wedges of soft wood. The intersection of the arches is marked by a mound without bands, the cross being absent as before mentioned. The staff, just above the foot, has been broken diagonally across, the break running with the grain of the wood, and the parts are now held together by two steel screws. The discoloration of the surfaces of the fracture would seem to indicate that it occurred many years since. The design of the mace is apparently unstudied, and the workmanship is ordinary. The whole was originally gilded, except the bonnet, which was painted red, as described above." MACES 137 "Of the mace used in Upper Canada, from the date of the cap ture of that described to the pur chase of one for the Parliament of Canada, after the union of the two provinces, nothing has yet been ascertained. That it still exists is almost certain, and it is to be hoped that it may yet be found, and that Ontario may have re stored to her, for public preserva tion, a relic of such great historical interest. After the union of the Canadas the Parliament ordered the purchase of a new mace, and one was procured, in 1845, at a cost of ^500 sterling, which is a fac simile of that in the English House of Commons." It is of silver-gilt, and measures nearly 5 feet in length. The shaft is divided by gadrooned or lobed knots into a short and two long sections. These are chased throughout with longitudinal branches, from which roses and thistles flower, surmounted by a narrow band or ribbon. The short section of the shaft has four scroll-work brackets affixed to it just below the mace head. The foot-knop is divided, both above and be low, by long lobes into panels. On the upper half these severally contain a rose, plume, harp and thistle, uncrowned. On the lower half each panel contains a rose between two thistles above and as many fleurs-de-lis below. The head is divided by caryatides, from which spring slender arches of laurel, into four parts containing respectively, between the initials V R, a crowned rose, thistle, harp and plume. The whole is surmounted by a royal crown with the orb and cross. MACE (1845). i3 8 OLD PLATE " The history of this mace is a stirring one. Three several times has it been rescued from the flames. In 1849, at the time of the destruction of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal by an infuri ated mob, it was forcibly seized from the then sergeant-at-arms, who was knocked down while defending it, and would have been destroyed but for the intercession of some more thoughtful of the rioters, who carried it off to the rooms of Sir A. Macnab, at the Donegana Hotel, whence it was returned next morning to its proper custodian, after suffering slight injury. In 1854, when the Parliament Buildings were destroyed by fire in Quebec, it was saved, as it was once more, a few months later, when the Convent of S. John's Suburbs, of that city, then in course of preparation for the meetings of the Legislature, was consumed. At Confederation it properly passed into the hands of the Dominion Parliament, and is now used at its annual sessions." "In the Province of Ontario a new mace was procured by the government for the opening of the first Parliament after Confederation. It is much more modest in its appearance and value than that of the Dominion, is made of copper and is highly gilded. It was manufactured by C. C. Zollicoffer, of Ottawa, at an expense of $200, and bears some resemblance to the much more costly one belong ing to the Dominion Parliament." The use of the mace in the Canadian House of Commons is as follows: * When the mace lies upon the table it is a House; when under, it is a committee. When it is out of the House no busi ness can be transacted; when from the table and * Hatsell. MACES 139 upon the sergeant-at-arms' shoulder, the Speaker alone manages. Before the election of a Speaker it should be under the table, and the House cannot proceed to the election of a new Speaker without the mace. It remains in the custody of the Speaker until he resigns his office and accompanies him on all state occasions. At the National Capitol, Washington, the use of a mace in the House of Representatives dates from 1789, though the one now in use was made about 1842. It is fashioned after the form of a Roman fasces, anciently carried before magistrates as a mark of their authority, and was originally the emblem of the king's power over life and limb, and as such passed over to the high magistrates of the republic. In the city, however, the latter had to remove the axe and to lower the rods in the pres ence of the popular assembly as the sovereign power. The lowering of the fasces was also the form in which the minor officials saluted their superiors. *This time-honored emblem of au thority is composed of thirteen ebony sticks, sil ver bound and surmounted by a silver globe, delicately engraved with the map of the world, on the top of which rests a silver eagle with wings outstretched. A few minutes before the assembling of the House it is the duty of an assist ant sergeant-at-arms to carry the mace to the floor and rest it on the platform prepared for that pur pose, against the wall beside the Speaker. When the Chaplain finishes the benediction the Speaker declares the House in session, and the mace is raised and placed upon its immovable pedestal of malachite, where it remains until the House * " The National Capitol," Hazelton. 140 OLD PLATE adjourns. The assistant sergeant- at-arms then formally bears it back and replaces it in the cus tody of his superior. The House is not always an orderly body. This was especially so in war times. Whenever during sessions the House becomes too turbulent for the Speaker to con trol, he directs the sergeant-at- arms to take the mace from its pedestal and carry it among the members. It has been upon the rarest occasions only that this authority has not been immedi ately respected. Besides the great maces and sergeants' maces, many seaport towns in England possess others of a peculiar pattern known as "silver oars," which are the em blems of the maritime jurisdiction vested in the corporations. These silver oars, there can be little doubt, were suggested originally by the great silver oar of the High Court of Admiralty. The finest examples are those at Dover and Kingston-on-Hull. In this country a silver oar is used as the badge of office of the United States Marshal. Of the many and later varie ties of table plate, such as salvers, cake-baskets, epergnes, casters and cruet-stands, sauce-boats, sugar- TABLE PLATE 141 dredgers, etc., we are unable from want of space to take account of. The silver flagon for spiced wine bears the London mark of 1725, and was given by George Berkeley, „ then Dean of Derry, after- - 150 HERALDRY 151 graved, in all probability, on a vessel presented to the church after fifty or sixty years of domestic use; on the other hand, the flagon given by " Colonel John Hawkins, 171 7," to S. Paul's Parish, Queen Anne County, Maryland, was not made until 1719. In the case of memorials, vessels taking some time to import or make, where the date of the legacy was engraved, it sometimes antedated the time of making by some years. The baptismal bason at S. James Parish, Anne Arundel County, Maryland, "Ex dono Guilielmi Lock 1732," was, made in London, 1751. Many examples of heraldic engraving are shown throughout the book, the style following that of the period often evidently copied from English book plates, but, owing to the uncertain and slow com munication with the old country engravers, did not follow the changes in style closely. A fine ex ample of the early English period is the chased tankard (see illustration), with the London mark of 1660. The Jacobean (1700— 1750), Chippendale (1750), Ribbon and Wreath, Festoons and Sprays, Plain Armorial, were styles which followed in suc cession. Mistakes frequently occur, however, in the blazon and tinctures. The type of the lettering of inscriptions was generally script, frequently combined with old Eng lish and Roman. Most of the illustrations of her aldic engraving and inscriptions were made from actual impressions or " rubs." The Ninth Chapter FRAUDS AND IMITATIONS— TRANSFORMATIONS- REPRODUCTIONS— PRICES— CONCLUSION. AT the beginning of the last century the opportunities of the collector of old silver were unlimited, and later after the Exhibi tions of 1 85 1 and 1862, when the Museums began to acquire specimens by gift or purchase, the pub lic began also to take an interest in its collection, and dealers were unable to supply the demand for genuine examples. This led to the manufacture of fraudulent wares, and purchasers were soon surrounded with diffi culties which never before existed. In this country so little interest has been taken in the works of native silversmiths that there is no inducement for the manufacture of old plate stamped with imita tion marks of early native makers. A few col lectors have been content to purchase from time to time pieces made by Dwight, Burt, Hurd, Revere, Dixwell, Hutton, Myers, the Dupuys, etc. * At the present day the sale of antique plate with forged hall-marks is carried on to a great extent, especially in England, where, in conse quence of the publication of tables of date-marks, its precise age may be ascertained ; and the value of old plate having thereby increased enormously, forgers are busy counterfeiting the ancient marks, not only in England but on the Continent. By the electrotype process an ancient vase, cup * " Hall-marks on Plate," Chaffers. 152 FRAUDS AND IMITATIONS 153 or any piece of plate may be molded with the greatest exactness, showing the minutest chasing and engraving, and even the hammer-marks of the original, as well as the hall-mark itself. Of course, in these electrotype copies the reverse would show the crystals formed in the process ; but these are inside the cup or vase, and, if in sight, are tooled over to prevent detection. Sometimes English hall-marks are cut from a spoon or small article, and transferred to a large and more important piece of plate, such as a cup or vase, perhaps of old German manufacture. On close examination with a magnifier the transposed fragment containing the hall-mark may be traced by the line round the edge, which is generally in serted with soft solder, or, if highly polished, the junction may be observed by applying the fumes of sulphur, but this is impossible if the vessel has been silver or gold plated all over after the inser tion of the mark ; then the only means of detec tion are by passing through the fire or by the use of the blowpipe. The recognition of genuine English or other hall-marks is not always enough to guarantee the genuineness of the plate that bears them. In examining pieces with supposed counterfeit or forged hall-marks several indicia must be spe cially considered. We must first try and divine the motive of falsification ; whether it be to pass off inferior or base metal as standard, or whether the object be to deceive by making the piece ap pear of a more ancient date than it really is by placing the counterfeit of the old die upon good silver, and taking advantage of the increased value between antique and modern plate. In the first place, we easily arrive at a safe conclusion by an 154 OLD PLATE assay; in the second, we must, to a great extent, be guided by the style and fashion of the vessel, and judge whether they correspond with the date assigned to it by the stamps, which, if copied ac curately from the English hall-marks, can be easily ascertained. Again, the methods of manufacturing plate, ancient and modern, are essentially different, as indicated by the presence of hammer-marks, etc. The styles of ornamentation in repousse", engraving and chasing differ materially ; the color and tint of old gilding are also difficult to imitate. More over, we must not be misled or taken off our guard by abrasions, marks of wear and tear or rough usage, as these are easily counterfeited. Another method of detecting spurious plate is by a close observation of the position of the hall marks on the piece of plate under examination. The stamping of plate at the assay-offices is not done at random, but is subject to official orders and regulations, and rules are issued instructing the stamping clerk on which particular part of each piece the punch is to be applied. This established practice dates from an early period, and was so constant that any deviation will, to a connoisseur, raise in his mind doubts of the genu ineness of the piece under inspection. From habit, any person accustomed to examine ancient hall marks knows exactly the position in which they ought to be placed, and an inexperienced person will do well to compare a doubtful piece with an undoubted specimen, and form his judgment ac cordingly. The old-fashioned French pattern spoons, which have been superseded by the modern fiddle-head, instead of being consigned to the crucible, are often purchased by silversmiths at the melting price, the FRAUDS AND IMITATIONS 155 bowls being chased with fruit and gilt, and form very elegant spoons for dessert, but, of course, the chasing is modern and not of the date indicated by the hall-mark ; the large old-fashioned plain tea-kettles, tea-pots and milk-jugs of the last one hundred and fifty years are in like manner elabo rately chased or engraved by modern artists. De ception is practiced in many other ways ; for instance, an antique silver bas-relief with its hall mark is soldered into the center of a salver, the border being modern and very heavy ; the new hall-mark (of the border) is erased, leaving only the old one visible, and the purchaser is deceived, thinking the whole salver is antique. The duty mark of the Sovereign's head denot ing payment of the impost was first used in 1784, and in the case of foreign plate the Sovereign's head and letter F in 1867. These additional stamps at once proclaim the comparatively recent date of a piece of plate ; to remedy this, the in trusive stamps are frequently erased, leaving only four marks as previously used instead of five or six, which, if it does not convince every collector, at any rate puzzles him, and in many instances the deception is successful. An isolated spoon with cleverly imitated hall marks might pass muster, but when a whole set is produced suspicion is naturally aroused. We shall perhaps discover that the hall-marks exactly correspond on each spoon and all are precisely in the same relative position or distance from each other — in fact, the exact counterpart. Such a close resemblance of one set of stamps to another amounts to an impossibility on genuine spoons, the marks being punched with several punches at different times. 156 OLD PLATE Transformations are common, and old-fash ioned articles of plate are frequently beaten out, added to or ornamented in such a manner as to render them serviceable and attractive, still retain ing the ancient hall-mark, although it may appear in a wrong position on the piece. Old saucepans of Queen Anne's time, having become unsalable, are converted into tankards and mugs. Old dishes and dessert plates, originally perfectly plain, are turned into chased waiters, baskets or even drinking cups by the addition of two cast handles of modern silver, the pieces, in some in stances, actually showing the knife scratches made during their original use. Manufacturers are allowed in England to add to any piece of silver a quantity not exceeding one- third of the whole, which additional piece may be sent to the Goldsmiths' Hall and stamped, but these additions must be made in such a manner as not to alter the original use for which it was intended. Thus a piece may have a foot, han dle, spout or stand affixed ; an old tankard may have a lip attached for pouring out liquids, but it must not have a spout added so as to serve as a coffee-pot ; in fact, no piece whatever may be diverted from its original use by any addition or alteration. Pieces of hall-marked plate which have been added to beyond the limit of one-third pro portion to the weight of the article are subject to a duty upon the whole, and must be stamped ac cordingly. The old hall-marks in this case are not obliterated, but a new series of hall-marks are placed under the original marks ; hence the occur-1 rence of these two sets of hall-marks reveals the alterations and additions made by the manufac turer. Before the year 1 700 the marks were placed REPRODUCTIONS IS7 upon cups and bowls outside on the margin near the mouth. On tankards they will be found on the margin to the right of the handle, and if a flat lid, straight across in a line with the purchase- knob or sometimes upon the flange ; dishes and salvers, upon the faces. At and after Queen Anne's time these rules were altered, and instead of being so conspicuously situated, the marks were placed on the backs, and upon cups and bowls were stamped underneath or inside the hollow stem of the foot, and inside the lids of tankards. Reproductions in themselves are unobjection able, and are, moreover, most valuable for purposes of study and comparison, so long as the articles are not manufactured and sold with the intention to deceive. The facsimiles and casts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, include fine and often noted pieces of plate selected from governmental, ecclesiastical and private collections, executed by the artists of Italy, France, Germany, Spain, England and other countries. *" Through such specimens as those of this collection we are enabled to trace the effects of differing civiliza tions, of differing social laws and of differing gov ernments. The study covers a vast field of re search, including as it does the simplest habits of the individual as well as the grandest system of governmental law. It is to be hoped that this fas cinating collection has not come to us, as has been suggested, a generation too soon, and that it will meet with that high appreciation which it merits. In this hope the writer believes that he has the sympathy of all that is best and truest in society, and that every patriotic heart will echo the wish *" The Russian Reproductions at the Metropolitan Museum," Miles. 158 OLD PLATE for a new art that shall weave out of inspirations derived from nature and past skill designs distinct ively American in character and sentiment. This will depend very largely upon the appreciation and demand of the great public stimulated by familiar ity with such art collections as are to be found in this museum." Prices of old plate seem liable to greatly in crease in proportion to its age, and when pur chased judiciously would often prove a good investment. Prior to the celebrated Dunn-Gard ner sale in London, April, 1902, the highest price ever paid at auction was about $345 per oz. Many of the best pieces at this sale owed their value, in part at least, to the name of some celebrated silversmith whose mark they bore, and others to actual merit of workmanship even when the maker's mark was wanting ; still their age and rarity as well as their actual beauty would account for the large sums they realized. The apparent discrepancies in prices brought by pieces of similar design is often accounted for by restoration, de fective marks, regilding and sometimes additions, as in the case of a cup having a cover with a mark different to that on the body of the piece. Two of the articles at the Dunn-Gardner sale that brought such extraordinary prices were a Tudor cup of 1 52 1 and a spoon of the time of Henry VII. The Tudor cup, of silver-gilt, 4M in. high and \Y\ in. diameter, weighing 14 oz. 3 dwts., fetched $20,500, or about $1,450 an ounce. The spoon brought $3,450, and is stated to have cost the col lector about $500. Another and higher price was that given for a silver-gilt and rock crystal stand ing salt and cover of the year 1577, at Christie's, in December, 1902. This realized $15,000, or at lS9 PRICES the rate of $1,650 an ounce. The price of paid for the unique Plague spoon dated 1665, at a sale in London, June, 1902, was largely a senti mental one as a relic of a great national disaster as shown in its inscription. A pair of Common wealth silver-gilt seal-top spoons of 1659 rnade $660, while $260 was paid for a large one of the time of Charles I., with a similar seal-top. Several Elizabethan seal-top spoons, both silver and silver-gilt, fetched from $60 to $80 apiece, while one especially fine example made $195. At the same time an almost complete set of thirteen James I. and Charles I. Apostle spoons, including the rare Master spoon, ranging in date from 161 7 to 1639, sold for $2,400. *" In the first busy centuries of the Anglo-Saxon race in America, when the rude forces of the conti nent had to be conquered, and the whole of man's energies was devoted to the development of the natural resources of the land and to the procuring of the daily necessaries of life, the young country had no time for the formation of a national style in art or letters. " The good old styles and methods of the mother country sufficed for them, and the people were content to run in the lines that their parents and grandparents had followed. But with advanc ing civilization, with the greater wealth and the consequent leisure that it brought, came the time for them to assert their independence otherwise than politically. The day of imitation had ceased, and American taste began to be no longer the mere echo of European culture." However interesting this progress may seem, a * "The Magazine of Art," London, December, 1885. 160 OLD PLATE consideration of contemporary work would be in consistent with the design of a handbook on " Old Plate." The art of the goldsmith in the early days of the last century made less than no progress. Like other seasons of rest, this interval has in our time been followed by a revival which promises much. * "Accustomed as we all are to the genius of America in mechanics, witnessing her mighty en gineering works and knowing the boldness of American thought and invention and the ingenuity and skill which her citizens apply to the carrying out of their conceptions, we have been rather too apt to overlook the advance they have made in the arts and in the application of them to their manufactures. Whilst crediting them with the greatest skill in the invention and production of all labor-saving contrivances, and in the making of articles of daily use and service by new and im proved methods, we have been blind to the great strides they have been taking in recent years in the manufacture of those articles to which art is applied, and in the production of which there must be at least some knowledge and feeling for design, of which, till lately, the old countries believed they possessed the exclusive monopoly." Perhaps the manufacture to which American art is now applied most characteristically is that of the Silversmith. *"The Magazine of Art," London, December, 1885. Ecclesiastical Pate NEW YORK— NEW JERSEY— PENNSYLVANIA— DELA WARE— MARYLAND— MASSACHUSETTS— NEW HAMPSHIRE— RHODE ISLAND— CON NECTICUT— NORTH CAROLINA —SOUTH CAROLINA- VIRGINIA. New York. NEW YORK CITY. TRINITY CHURCH. THIS church was founded in 1696, but earlier than this there was a chapel in the Fort, to which "the Queen sent plate, books and other furniture." The vessels yet remaining are: Alms bason, Dia. 13 in. Two marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, small Black-letter g, London, 1684. Engraved with ,the Royal arms between the initials Vv\. R. Paten, Dia. 8% in. Four marks: — *i, Lion pas sant ; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, small Black- letter t, London, 1694 ; 4, maker's mark, F-G, pellet below, shaped shield. Engraved with the Royal arms between the initials Wl. Iv. The maker, Francis Garthorne, of Sweethings-lane, had the patron age of King William and Queen Mary, and was much employed by Queen Anne. He entered his name at the Hall in April, 1697, but * The marks are taken in this order for convenience. COMMUNION SERVICE (1709); TRINITY CHURCH, NEW YORK NEW YORK, New York City 163 TRINITY CHURCH— Continued his mark for the old standard, F G, is found on the copper-plate at Goldsmiths' Hall struck between 1675 and 1696. His Britannia mark, Ga, the a small within the G, is frequently met with. He made plate for Windsor Castle, 1689; some of the communion plate of S. Margaret's, Westminster, London, 1691; also at Kensington Palace Chapel, 1 7 14. In the United States his mark is on plate belonging to S. Anne's, Annapolis; Trinity Church and S. John's Chapel, New York; S. Peter's, Albany (some of which is now in Canada), and on a set originally presented to King's Chapel, Boston, now divided be tween Christ Church, Cambridge, and S. Paul's, Newburyport. Two Flagons, H. \2% in. Two Chalices, H. \oy2 in. Two Patens, Dia. 6y8 in. Alms bason, Dia. 13 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia; 3, Court-hand <£, London, 1709; 4, maker's mark, Ga, the a small within the G, pellet below, shaped shield (Francis Garthorne). All engraved with the Royal arms between the initials A. R. Alms bason, Dia. 13 in. marks: — 1, Leopard's head crowned ; 2, Lion passant ; 3, Black-letter capital <£, London, 1760; 4, maker's mark, cffto cf (Mordecai Fox). Both engraved with the Royal arms between the initials G.R. Chalice, H. 9^ in. Four marks:— 1, Leopard's head crowned; 2, Lion passant; 3, Black-letter capital 31, London, 1 764 ; 4, mak er's mark, % cJS, crowned Paten, Dia. 6 in. Four 164 OLD PLATE TRINITY CHURCH— Continued (Thomas Herning). Engraved with the Royal arms between the initials Ct. Ix. Alms bason, Dia. 13 in. One mark, G R (prob ably Geo. Ridout, of Lon don, ent. as freeman of the City of New York, Feb ruary 1 8th, 1745). The inscription en graved on the face of the bason is shown in the illus tration. On the under side is the coat of arms of Robert Elliston, Comp troller of the Port from 1720 to 1755, and a ves tryman, with this inscription : NEW YORK, Albany 165 TRINITY CHURCH— Continued H.EC amula seu LANX HUIC ECCLESLE CONFERTUR. Alms bason, Dia. 13 in. The marks, maker and engraving as on the chalice, but the date-letter for 1 766, Black-letter capital tL. Paten. One mark, B R. S. JOHN'S CHAPEL. Flagon, H.i 1 in. Chalice, H. 8 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, small Black-letter V, London, 1694; 4, maker's mark, F-G, pellet below, shaped shield (Francis Garthorne). Both engraved with the Royal arms between the initials WV. rv. The paten belonging to Trinity Church with the same marks must have originally formed part of this set. ALBANY S. PETER'S CHURCH. Two Flagons, H. 13 in. Chalice, H. 9% in. Paten, Dia. 9 in. Paten, Dia. 6 in. Alms bason, Dia. 12 in. Four marks : — 1, Lion's head erased ; 2, Britannia ; 3, Court-hand <£, London, 1 71 1 ; 4, mak er's mark, Ga, the a small within the G, pellet below, shaped shield (Francis Garthorne). All engraved with the Royal arms between the initials r\.. Iv. Inscription on all the vessels : %ke §ift ofdSez mhajesty, &%%&, by tke/ C/zace of god, of gzeat Sozitain, crzance, ana Szeland, and of kez Plantations in Vboztk <§Qmezica, ^ibSS'fB, to cfSez Sndian (okappel of tke vnondawgud, 1 66 OLD PLATE S. PETER'S CHURCH— Continued A similar set of five pieces, with the same marks and inscription, except that it reads " to Her Indian Chappel of the Mohawks," was taken from Fort Hunter when the tribe migrated into Canada. A flagon, chalice and alms bason are at Brantford; a flagon and paten at Deseronto. Here the vessels are in the care of a Mohawk woman — a granddaughter of the late Captain Joseph Brant. The flagon has a dent in its side, made by a spade when it was buried in the earth during the Revolution. The service at Albany has been frequently applied for by the Onon- dawgus, but as the authorities claim that the Queen presented it to the chapel (now S. Peter's), and not to the tribe, they decline to give it up. Two Alms basons, marked HUTTON (Albany). Two Alms basons, marked Shepherd (Albany). WESTCHESTER. S. PETER'S CHURCH (1700). Chalice, H. 9% in. Paten, Dia. 5^ in. Four marks: — 1, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia; 3, Court-hand Jj, London, 1 708 ; 4, maker's mark, EA, fleur-de-lis below, shaped shield (John Eastt), Inscription on each : (JQnnce aiseyince, RYE. CHRIST CHURCH (1706). Chalice, H. 8 in. Paten, Dia. 6 in. Both with the same marks and inscription as at S. Peter's, Westchester. BEDFORD. S. MATTHEW'S CHURCH. Flagon, H. wy, in. Two Chalices, H. 8y2 in. Paten, Dia. 9 in. One mark, SHEPHERD & BOYD (Albany). NEW YORK, Tarrytown 167 S. MATTHEW'S CHURCH— Continued Inscription : c/T5azia aoanyez &$ kcz external cusps, London, 161 1; 4, maker's mark. A Catherine wheel crowned (?), shaped escutcheon. Engraved F H on the under side of foot of paten, , . The lip r 1012 r of the cup and the under side of paten have the usual Elizabethan band, three times interlaced. There is no evidence as to the manner in which these vessels came into the possession of the church. An entry in the records refers to the presentation of a chalice, ewer and paten, which were probably brought from England by the Rev. John Talbot. * " At a meeting of the vestry of the church at Perth Amboy, September 23rd, 1728, resolutions of thanks were passed to the widow of Rev. John Talbot for the present of a silver chalice and ewer, and a silver paten, which are still used in the services of that church. ' ' Chalice, H. yy2 in. Paten, Dia. 5 in. The same marks as on the chalice and paten at S. Mary's, Burlington. Inscription on each: Q/^nnce aisegince Flagon, H. i i in. One mark, S S. This mark is on the baptismal bason at S. George's Church, Hemp stead, L. I., dated 1735, and on a tankard and chalice at Immanuel Church, Newcastle, Del. Paten, Dia. 8% in. One mark, B R. A similar mark is on a paten at Trinity Church, New York. * Whitehead's " History of Perth Amboy." NEW JERSEY, Swedesborough 173 S. PETER'S CHURCH— Continued Paten, Dia. 4^; in. Four marks :• — 1, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia; 3, Roman capital F, London, 1 72 1 ; 4, maker's mark, Pa, shaped shield. This is probably the paten presented by the widow of the Rev. John Talbot. Chalice, H. 4 in. Paten, Dia. 2H in. — for admin istering to the sick. Four marks : — 1, Lion passant ; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, Roman capital G, London, 1 722 ; 4, maker's mark, I S, mitre (?) above, shaped shield. On the bowl of chalice is engraved the cruci fixion, with ministering angel. Opposite to this is inscribed: . axjic edto Galix Sanguinid mei lOovi, et Stezni 9oedtamenti, cJlOydtezium cFidei, Qui pzo vobid et pzo tyToultid Sffundetur~ &n cFhemifiionem Jbeccatozum, Around foot : Sanguid meud edt veze J=.otud SWEDESBOROUGH. TRINITY CHURCH (Formerly Swedish-Lutheran, but since the Revolution, Episcopal). Chalice, H. 8 in. Paten, Dia. 4^ in. No marks. Inscription : cr . . /0/ . Gzinity Gkuzck atta dioackoon if 31 The tradition is that these vessels came from Sweden, but why in scription in English ? Swedesborough is built on Raccoon Creek. 174 OLD PLATE Pennsylvania. PHILADELPHIA. CHRIST CHURCH (Organized 1695). Flagon, H. ioy2 in. Chalice, H. 9 in. Paten, Dia. 5^ in. Four marks: — 1, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia; 3, Court-hand $J* London, 1 707; 4, mak er's mark, E A, fleur-de-lis below, shaped shield (John Eastt). These marks, but with the date-letter for the following year, are on plate at Westchester, Rye and Hempstead, New York. Inscription on flagon and chalice: QQnnce crhegince cJn udum Seeled ice Q^nglicance apua Jhkiladelpkiam ifo8 *" Mr. Evans (Rev. Evan Evans, D. D., Rector, 1700-1719), on his return from England, brought with him the communion plate presented to the church the preceding year by the Queen." Flagon, H. ioj£ in. (a duplicate of that presented by Queen Anne). Baptismal bason, Dia. 15 in. (63 oz. 2 dwt.). One mark, P S (Philip fSyng, Philadelphia), repeated three times on flagon, four on bason. Inscription : %ke gift of Goll crhobazt Quazy to Gkzidt Gkuzck in Skiladelpkiac tke sgtk 8bz if 13 * "History of the American Episcopal Church," Bishop Perry. PENNSYLVANIA, Philadelphia 175 CHRIST CHURCH— Continued Two Alms basons, Dia. 9^ in. Four marks : — i, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, small Black-letter t, London, 1694; 4, maker's mark, R P, pellet above each letter, one below, shaped shield. This mark is to be found on the copper-plate preserved at Gold smiths' Hall, London, with the punches, from 1675 to 1697. Inscription : ^ke gift of Goll ooobazt Quazy to Gkzidt Gkuzck in J^kiladclpkia^> tkid agtk 8bz ifia Alms bason, Dia. g% in. One mark. C G, be tween two five-pointed stars (probably Caesar Griselm). Beaker (Apostel Kriige), H. yJA in. Two marks: — i, The arms or town mark of Cologne; 2, maker's mark, eZ, monogram, plain shield. Richly engraved ; the upper part with medal lion figures of six of the apostles, viz. : s. petrus, S. PAULUS, S. JOANNES, S. JACOBUS, S. MATTHEUS, S. thomas ; the lower part with fruit and foliage in clusters and the initials T %. tt-- Beaker, H. a^A in. Inscription : tke gift of DVoazgazet ^ozefie Spindtcr- to Gkzidt Gkuzck in Jhkiladelpkiac> Chalice spoon. One mark, A DUBOIS (Phila delphia). Engraved on handle, X T C (Christ Church). 176 OLD PLATE OXFORD. TRINITY CHURCH (1698). Chalice, H. 7^ in. Paten, Dia. 5 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia; 3, Court-hand $, London, 1705 ; 4, maker's mark, €>U dotted punch (William Gibson). Inscription on each : Oonnce crbegince The same marks and inscription are on the chalice and paten at S. Mary's, Burlington, and S. Peter's, Perth Amboy. The "Vestery Book " records that the vessels were presented by the Queen, in 1713. Paten, Dia. 7 in. No mark (weight " 10 oz. 14 pwts."). Inscription : given to 95zinity Gkuzck in uxfoz? 9715* m>ichall £8°otk gave of tkid Silvez in qQ Gupp I J)ot* Samuell cfHoonckton STB' . MARYLAND, Baltimore County 181 S. JAMES' PARISH— Continued Underneath, around the rim, is the inscription : ^ke gift of ye cfbevezend cff& 96enzy 96 all ye fizdt cFbectoz of St, £jamed' d ZSazidk inz> &Qnn (S§)Zundell Gounty in cXHoazyland foz ye pezpetuall ude of ye daid ckuzck at ye Offeztozy Cbnno Gkzidti if 33, In the centre: cWko feedetk a flock, and eatetk not of ye milk of ye cFlock, 1 Goz, ix 3f ftk, Baptismal bason, Dia. 9 in., H. 4^ in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, small Roman q, London, 1 75 1 ; 4, maker's mark, HD*Jl?«, fleur-de-lis above, shaped shield. Inscription : Sx dono guilielmi Jpock Cozmigezi Co, 2), if 33, Around the rim in Greek : last part of verse 5 of S. John iii. These vessels are mentioned in the church inventories of 1748 and 1752, when they were placed in the care of the vestry. Among the articles on the list of 1752 was a flagon, which has disappeared. When the rectory was burned, February 8, 1900, the silver was "lost, badly broken or burnt." BALTIMORE COUNTY. S. THOMAS' PARISH. Cup, two-handled. Paten. One mark, GL. On the handles of the cup, engraved S*T. The silver was bought in 1 773, the treasurer' s book having this entry: " Sepr. 4. Paid Gabriel Liwin for making Silver 1773. Plate and cup for the communion ^26 14 9 " 1 82 OLD PLATE CALVERT COUNTY. CHRIST CHURCH PARISH. Two Chalices, H. 5X in. Paten, Dia. 7M in., standing on three ball feet. Four marks: — 1, (?) in an octagon ; 2, Roman C ; 3, head ; 4, maker's mark, H. WILSON (Philadelphia ?). Inscription : Gkzidt Gkuzck, Galvezt, 181 a. CECIL COUNTY. NORTH ELK PARISH. Chalice, H. 8sA in. Paten, Dia. 5^ in. Four marks: — 1, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia; 3, Roman capital B, London, 171 7; 4, maker's mark, F O, mitre above, mullet below, shaped shield (Thomas Folkingham). The inscription is illegible. DORCHESTER COUNTY GREAT CHOPTANK PARISH. Tankard, H. 5 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion pas sant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, small Roman g, London, 1742 ; 4, maker's mark, % ^(Thomas Farren). Inscription : Gke C/ift of 96enzy\ozippes to Gambzidge Gkuzck If43. Chalice, H. 6 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion's head erased ; 2, Britannia; 3, Roman capital A, London, 1 716; 4, maker's mark (indistinct). • MARYLAND, Kent County 183 GREAT CHOPTANK PARISH— Continued Inscription : cFoz tke Gkuzck in (jzeat Gkoptank Jaazidk, Chalice, H. 7 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion pas sant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, Black-letter Sp, London, 1767 ; 4, maker's mark (indistinct), E C (?). Inscription : cFoz tke Gkuzck in yzeat Gkoptank JLazidk, Paten, Dia. 6/4 in. One mark, S.K (Samuel Kirk, Baltimore). Inscription : Gkzidt Gkuzck Gambzidge cJUod, i84o, Salver, standing on four feet, Dia. 10 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, Black-letter capital dl;, London, 1 760 ; 4, maker's mark, E C. The monogram E.M.E. is engraved in the centre. KENT COUNTY. S. PAUL'S PARISH. Chalice, H. 6 in. Paten, Dia. 6 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3 and 4, i'ndistinct. Inscription : %ke gift of 9oS to St, Saule'd tSazifk on? ye °F5oztk fide Gkefter- , From the church records we learn that " 1699, April ye 9th, Maj. Thomas Smyth doth present ye Parifh of St. Paule's, on the North side of Chefter River, as a gift, one Callice of silver and one plate of silver. ' ' 1 84 OLD PLATE PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY HYATTSVILLE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. Flagon, H. 12 in. Two Chalices, H. 9 in. Four marks : — 1, Lion's head erased ; 2, Britannia ; 3, Court-hand $J, London, 1707; 4, maker's mark, J£0t monogram (Matt. E. Lofthouse). This service at one time belonged to the old church at Patuxent, or Upper Marlboro. It was probably presented by Cojonel Ninian Beall, who gave the ground upon which the church stood. He was one of the earliest Presbyterian elders in the country, his name occurring in the Colonial records as early as January, 1667. The patens have long since disappeared. QUEEN ANNE COUNTY S. PAUL'S PARISH (1692). Flagon, H. 10^ in. Four marks : — 1, Lion's head erased ; 2, Britannia ; 3, Roman capital D, London, MARYLAND, S. Mary's County 185 S. PAUL'S PARISH— Continued 1 719 ; 4, maker's mark, J? t, in a circle, mullet above, pellet below (Robert Hill). Inscription : ^oke gift of Golonel [jokn 96awkind ifif, Chalice, H. 9 in. Four marks : — 1, Lion's head erased ; 2, Britannia ; 3, Roman capital A, London, 1 7 1 6 ; 4, maker's mark, W-I (?). Inscription : 9oke gift of Gollonell ^fokn 96awkind of Gkedtez 9i>ivez in uVoazyland if 16, Paten, Dia. 9/^ in. Four marks: — 1, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia; 3, Roman capital D, London, 1719; 4, maker's mark, MA, crown above, fleur- de-lis below, shaped shield (Samuel Margas). Inscription : 9oke gift of Sznalt 96awkind, The records of rhe parish, under date of January 30, 1721, men tion the gift of a silver chalice and flagon from Major John Hawkins, high sheriff, 1703. The flagon has the date-letter for 17 19, with the date of the gift, 1 7 1 7 ! S. MARY'S COUNTY. CHAPTICO, CHRIST CHURCH. Chalice, H. 9H in. Paten, Dia. 5 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's fhead crowned; 3, old English ^ London, 1692; 4, maker's mark, I • K. Inscription on chalice : ohing Sj" Queen Mazidk, i86 OLD PLATE SOMERSET COUNTY. SOMERSET parish. Flagon, H. 12 in. Chalice, H. 8% in. Paten, Dia. 5 in. Paten, Dia. 10 in. Four marks : — 1, Lion's head erased ; 2, Britannia, 3, Roman capital D, London, 1 719 ; 4, maker's mark, W A, mitre above, in a trefoil. All engraved with the sacred monogram and emblems, within rays, and the in scription : cFoz tke ude of Somezdet zGazidk in Somezdeto Gounty in tke ZSzovince of cff&azy-land Sez cWm, Stougktono, S. Andrew's Church, the oldest now standing in Somerset County (the parish church was destroyed by fire), was built in 177 1 as a Chapel of Ease ; its communion silver is the only relic of one of the most prosperous parishes of the Province. MARYLAND, Wicomico County 187 TALBOT COUNTY. S. MICHAELS PARISH. Flagon, H. ii/^ in. Chalice, H. 9% in. Paten, Dia. 6A in. Four marks : — 1, Lion's head erased ; 2, Britannia; 3, Court-hand ^P> London, 1710; 4, maker's mark, 3Sf» crowned, fleur-de-lis below, shaped shield (John Read). Inscription on flagon: 9oke gift of Soezy zSeck On bowl of chalice and foot of paten : St, ofT&ickaei d J&azidk, WICOMICO COUNTY. SALISBURY PARISH, S. PETER'S CHURCH. Chalice, H. 9^ in. Paten, Dia. 5 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, small Roman q, London, 1 75 1 ; 4, W maker's mark, W ¦ S (Wm. Shaw and Wm. Priest). P The paten is engraved with the sacred mono gram and emblems, within rays ; the inscription around bowl of chalice reads : cfoz tke Hhde of Stepney <£azidk ino Somezdet Gounty if 5a i88 OLD PLATE Massachusetts. BOSTON. THE FIRST CHURCH. This society was founded 1630, John Winthrop, the first Governor of Massachusetts, being one of its originators. In 1632 was built the first edifice which was ever reared for pub lic worship in the town of Boston. In 1808 the society moved to the fourth spot and its fifth house, the present house of worship being dedicated De cember 10th, 1867. mark, I E, crowned, Engraved with JheKjiRcfth'eJkn to ihe first (^kurck in JJummcr^ ofton. 1726" Flagon, H. 13 in. One fleur-de-lis below, shaped shield. crest in an ornamental cartouche. The gift of Lieutenant Governor Dummer Flagon, H. Inscription : in. One mark, S. %ke gifto of BARTLETT. zueacon ^okomad cWaite/ to ^oke cFizdt Gkuzck of Gkzidto ino doodtoixo aY&ay i5tk iff 5, STANDING-CUP (l6l0), CHALICE (1639) ; THE FIRST CHURCH, BOSTON. (1659) THE FIRST CHURCH, BOSTON (P. I94). \ *: •¦w» i#i, Chalice, H. 9 in., on tall baluster stem. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, Italic i, London, 1626; 4, maker's mark, T F, in monogram, plain shield. Engraved on bowl, » p.. Chalice, H. 7% in. Wine-glass shape. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, Court-hand $, London, 1638 ; 4, mak er's mark, I C, between two pellets, heart-shaped shield. p Engraved on bowl, ^ p. Chalice, H. 91^ in. Four marks: — 1, Lion pas iqo OLD PLATE THE FIRST CHURCH— Continued sant ; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, Court-hand £, London, 1639 ; 4, maker's mark, T G, pellet be low, shaped shield. Inscription : %ke gift of a iTzeini I * H T On bowl, o p. Chalice, H. 8 in. One mark, I • D, pellet be tween, fleur-de-lis below, heart-shaped shield. Inscription : Sx dono A D Se ^edzm I A Three Chalices, H. 8% in. Two marks : — 1, 1 H, seeded rose below, heart-shaped shield ; 2, R S, mullet above, shaped shield (John Hull and Rob ert Sanderson). Inscription : ^oke gift of l)no Oxenbzidg, Pastor of the First Church 1670. d. 1674. Chalice, H. 8A in. Two marks, as above— the seeded rose above I H. Inscription : %ke gift of <% ffzeind R * H T On bowl, p. p. On foot, 1661. Chalice, H. 8 in., baluster stem. Two marks, as last. Inscription : %ke gift of 6b iTzeinde T * C MASSACHUSETTS, Boston 191 THE FIRST CHURCH— Continued T On back, r> /-. Chalice, H. 5^ in. Two marks, as last. En- * -H * F graved on bowl, /- * tt *; on foot, jj p. Chalice, H. 7y2 in., baluster stem. One mark, I D, fleur-de-lis below, heart-shaped shield. Inscription : 9oke gift of £famed Svezill to tke fizdt Gkuzck aQodtono tfo5, Three Chalices, H. 9 in., baluster stems. One mark, I D, fleur-de-lis below, heart-shaped shield. Inscription : Yoke gift of Sldez £jodepk aozidgkam to tke fizdt ckuzck in cBodtoiis> ifo8 Two Chalices, H. 8% in. One mark, D-H. En graved with coat of arms, and inscription : 9oke gift of MRS LYDIA HANCOCK to tke fizdt ckuzck of Gkzidt ir& BOSTON Sept 4 iff 3 Mrs. Lydia Hancock, widow of Thomas, uncle of the governor. Thomas Hancock served his apprenticeship with Daniel Henchman, the bookseller, Deacon of the Old South Church, 42 years, and publisher of the first Bible printed in the English language in America, and afterward married his daughter and heiress, Lydia. She, Lydia Hancock, gave an estate to the Brattle Street Church in 1765, for a parsonage. 192 OLD PLATE THE FIRST CHURCH— Continued This beautiful engraving is evidently the work of Nathaniel Hurd, the maker being most probably his brother-in-law, Daniel Henchman. Chalice, H. 7 in. One mark, B S. Inscription: t-^. n.r . T _ r %ke gift of I S Tankard. One mark, I D, fleur-de-lis below, heart-shaped shield. Inscription : 9oke gift of Saml uVooze to ye fizdto ckuzck in Soodton ifi' if if W On back of handle, r> # e- Tankard. One mark, B H, crescents below, shaped shield. Inscription : 9oke gift of Saml cJVooze/ to tke fizdt ckuzck in ooodtono MASSACHUSETTS, Boston 193 THE FIRST CHURCH— Continued Tankard. One mark, I C, fleur-de-lis below, heart-shaped shield. Inscription: —,. __ . 1 Soke gift of aToadam Sliz ^tyeldteec) to tke cFizdt Gkuzck of Gkzidt in BOSTON tf5a On back of handle, ^, . p. Tankard. One mark, I E, crowned, fleur-de-lis below, shaped shield. Inscription: ^ ^ foatkaniel ooaldton Sdq %o tke fizdto Gkuzck of Gkzidto iiu BOSTON 1773 On back of handle, ^r pr. Cup. One mark, W. P. Inscription : c6 ke gift of £fokn gozland to tke fizft Gkuzck of Gkzifto in aoofton foz tke ufe of tke doable/, ifif 13 i94 OLD PLATE THE FIRST CHURCH— Continued Two Mugs. One mark, I HURD. Engraved with coat of arms and inscription : ^oke gift of JJeacon ^jonatkan ^tyilliamd to tke fizdt Gkuzck of Gkzidt in BOSTON at kid Jjeceade cfffoazck af if3f Mug. One mark, REVERE. Beaker. Two marks, I H and R S, as before on the chalices (John Hull and Robert Sanderson). A broad band of granulated ornament surrounds the beaker, a plain shield being left below the rim, T on which is pounced, B * C. i659 Beaker, as the previous one. One mark, I H, T seeded rose above (John Hull) R#r onshield.no date. Three Beakers, H. 7 in. One mark, I E, crowned, fleur-de-lis below, shaped shield. En graved Q c. MASSACHUSETTS, Boston 95 THE FIRST CHURCH— Continued Beaker, H. 7 in. Three marks: — 1. three sal- tire crosses, one above the other, crowned, mark of the City of Amsterdam ; 2, I G, seeded rose below ; 3, F in an oval punch. The beaker is richly engraved with foliage, fruit and birds ; below the top it is surrounded by a band of ornament, three times interlaced in hour-glass curves. . . . s The initials -p p are on under side. Four Alms basons, Dia. 13 in. One mark, REVERE. Inscription : given by SUVIAH THAYER in tedtimony of kez zedpect foz tke first CHURCH OF CHRIST ino BOSTON A. D. Ifg6, Baptismal bason, Dia. 13^ in. One mark, I HURD. Engraved with coat of arms (Byfield). Two Spoons, rat-tail. One mark, I E, in lobed escutcheon. T Engraved, q --, on lobed ends. ig6 OLD PLATE THE SECOND CHURCH. This church, established in 1650, was burnt during the ministry of Increase Mather, in 1676, being re built the following year. It was demolished by order of General Howe, December, 1775. On the evacuation, 1776, the parishioners joined the New Brick Church, and a formal union was effected, 1 779, under the corporate name of The Second Church. Flagon, H. 13 in. Two marks, S B in circle, and S: Burrill in plain oblong. It is engraved: Mrs. Frizell was the widow of John Frizell MASSACHUSETTS, Boston 197 THE SECOND CHURCH— Continued Flagon, H. 13 in. One mark, I B, crowned, pel let below, plain shield. On the side opposite the handle is engraved a coat of arms and inscription. 198 OLD PLATE THE SECOND CHURCH— Continued John Frizell, a wealthy merchant, and one of the most generous benefactors of his time, was one of the few men who kept a carriage, and the first brick stable in Boston was the one he built on Moon Street. ("Rambles in Old Boston," Porter.) Flagon, H. 13 in. One mark, BRIDGE. Engraved with coat of arms and inscription : r John Gibbins Mr George Cradock Mr John Checkley be a Committee to write a letter to Coll Shute for the Plate that is now in his hands that was given to Kings Chapel by his late Majesty King George the first. 1731- July 8. To his Excellency Jonathan Belcher Esqr for his charges in Procuring and bringing plate, &c 57 . 04 . 06 On the jp'/> day of Aprill, iyjj, an inventory of the Silver Plate belonging lo the church called Kings Chappel in Boston in New Eng land was taken by George Steuart and Mr George Stone, Church Wardens, and Mr George Craddock one of the Vestrymen of the said church. Impr Four Large Fiaggons. It three Chalices and their covers. It one Bason. It one Receiver. It Two Servers. BRATTLE STREET CHURCH (Founded 1699). Flagon, H. 12^2 in. One mark, N M, crowned, (?) below, shaped shield. Inscription: 95 kid belong d to tke Gkuzck in? Sozattle Stzeeto tfu, Two Cups, two-handled, with conical covers, H. 1 2 in. Bases filled ; covering marks (?). MASSACHUSETTS, Boston 219 BRATTLE STREET CHURCH— Continued Inscription on one : Property of Brattle Street Church Boston. On the other : The Gift of Mr. William ffokndton? TO Brattle Street Church Boston, 1707. LONG LANE (FEDERAL STREET) CHURCH (Founded 1730). Chalice, H. 83/& in. No mark. Inscription : 93ke gift of 8715" S, 95. foz tke %de of tke/ PRESBITERIAN CHURCH in Jbong Js>ane/, Sn crhemembzance of (jod' d wondezfull mezcied to 96ez in a dtzange Joana, BOSTON, 93, S, 2)ecz ye 1 if 30. Probably Elizabeth, wife of John Nelson. He was imprisoned in Canada and France. Both died 1734. Chalice, H. 8V& in. One mark, I. HURD. Inscription : (SQ gift to tke/ PRISBITERIAN CHURCH in Jjong Jbane/ BOSTON MARCH ye, 1. If 31, 220 OLD PLATE LONG LANE (FEDERAL STREET) CHURCH— Continued Beaker, H. 5^ in. One mark, HURD. Inscription : 95 kc gift of EMS* Bzice and tM" SQtin Shlair cFoz tke 9bde of tke pzedbytiezian? Gkuzck in Joong-Joane wkeze of 95ke cFoevd cJVB'1 ^fokn cJVooozekead id Jbadtoi in gzatitude to yod for 96id goodnefd to tkem and tkiezd in a dtzange/ Jbana BOSTON may 1 if 44. Set zDeo cWOaxima Jbaud, Three Beakers, H. 5^ in. One mark, RE VERE. Inscription on each: 95kid Gup id genezoudly JJ edicated by tke/ Gontzibutozd foz tke Sole ude Sf benefits of tke J~>zedbytezian Gkuzck ana Gongzegation in Souzy Stzeet of wkick tke 9l3evd cV/5* cFl&oozkead id SToinidtez l5-Sngland 8bz ye/ — If 53, Four Alms basons, Dia. ioj^ in. One mark, FOSTER. Inscription : CHURCH IN FEDERAL STREET. MASSACHUSETTS, Boston 221 LONG LANE (FEDERAL STREET) CHURCH— Continued Alms bason, Dia. 10% in. One mark, B. C. Fro bisher. Inscription : Mzedented by (SQztemad cWazcf to tke/ Gongzegl. Gkuzck in cFedezal Stzeeto cJVoay 1834. Alms bason, as above. Inscription : JLzedented by £)okn S)avid, aTSay 1834, HOLLIS STREET CHURCH (Founded 1732). Flagon, H. 13% in. One mark, W. Cowell. (as on tankard, Old South Church). Engraved with coat of arms and inscription : Mzedented to tke Gkuzck of CHRIST in 96ollid Stzeet undez tke Madtozal caze of tke Sbevd MATHER BYLES, D. D. by tke 96onozable WILLIAM DUMMER Sdqr, Jbate Jbieut, goveznoz and Gommandez in? Gkief of tke aloaddackudettd. 222 OLD PLATE HOLLIS STREET CHURCH— Continued Flagon, H. 13& in. One mark, REVERE. Engraved with coat of arms and inscription : cJ6umbly pzedenteJ to tke Gkuzck of CHRIST in 96ollid-Stzeeto undez tke J^adtozal caze of tke tFbevd MATHER BYLES, D. D. foz tke Gommunion 95able/ Shy ZACHARIAH JOHONNOT Sdqr~, iff 3, Two Oval bread dishes. One mark, I. SMITH. Inscription : 95ke gift of ^Deacon? Gkomad 9&ubbaz<) to tke/ 96ollid Stzeet Gkuzck 18 4a, Two Cups, two-handled, H. 6 in. One mark, MOULTON. MASSACHUSETTS, Boston 223 HOLLIS STREET CHURCH— Continued Inscription : Jazedentea to tke Gkuzck in S&ollid dtzect by aV5xi (SQ, cFox daugktez of tke/ late zueacon 95kornad Soayley cFeby. tdt, 1813, Six Cups, two-handled, H. 6H- in., with covers. One mark, T R. Bowl, two-handled. One mark, H S, rose above, shaped escutcheon (Hull & Sanderson). The legacy of Mrs. Silence Eliot. On the under side is rudely engraved : QthSeptrSi (1681). I F S B Baptismal bason, Dia. 14^ in. One mark, REVERE. Engraved with the Johonnot arms as 224 OLD PLATE HOLLIS STREET CHURCH— Continued on flagon, by the same maker, presented in 1773, and the following inscription : Szedented to tke CHURCH of CHRIST in? Soodton undez tke Jbadtozal Gaze of tke/ ffbevd MATHER BYLES, D. D. by ZACHARIAH JOHONNOT Sdqr~, S)ecz, if 61. WEST CHURCH— LYNDE STREET (Founded 1737). Two Ewers, H. 15 in. One mark, CHURCHILL. Inscription : 95ke/ Jozopezty of tke Gkuzck ato Wedt Siodton?. Baptismal bason, Dia. 12 in. One mark, CHURCHILL. Inscription : The Property of the CHURCH at West Boston, 1811. Chalice, H. 9 in. One mark, L. CARY. Inscription : Mzedented by tke £adied of tke Wedto Gkuzck Sept, 5tk, i8a4. Chalice, H. 8 in. (see illustration). One mark, S-E, crowned, fleur-de-lis below, shaped shield. 9 ¦MB ~ W&m* CHALICES (C. 1737); WEST CHURCH, LYNDE STREET, BOSTON. MASSACHUSETTS, Boston 225 WEST CHURCH— LYNDE STREET— Continued Inscription : doelongd 95o tke Gkuzck in J&ynde Stzeeto Soodton?, Chalice, H. 8% in. (see illustration). No mark. Engraved with coat of arms, crusily three talbots heads erased. Crest, a talbots head erased. Inscription : sQgifto 95o tke Gkuzck in Jbynde Stzeeto Soodton?, ' ' This chalice was given to the church by Hugh Hall, whose arms are engraved on it." The silver is deposited in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, labeled : " Silverware once owned by the ' West Church ' on Lynde Street, Boston. Gift of The West Boston Society. ' ' PARK STREET CHURCH. Flagon, H. 15^ in. One mark, P. STACY. Inscription : Presented to Park Street Church by Thomas McClure & Jechonias Thayer 1819. Flagon, as above. Inscription : 95ke Jjzopezty of Jbazk Stzeet Gkuzck zQzedented uVoazck 1833, 15 226 OLD PLATE PARK STREET CHURCH— Continued Six Beakers, H. 5% in. One mark, W H. Inscription : Presented TO Park Street Church by William Ladd 1809. The five others bear the same mark and date, and were given by : Daniel Baxter. Josiah Bumstead. George J. Homer. William Thurston. John E. Tyler. Six Beakers, H. 5^ in. One mark, BALDWIN & JONES. Inscription : D r Presented to Park Street Church by Haskell & Hale 1819. Four others bear the same mark and date, and were given by: Nathl. Willis. John C. Proctor. Davis Chamberlain & Others. Maynard Ellison & Others. One with the same mark and date is inscribed : 95 ke gift of 96annak 96 ad kind to tke Gkuzck in? J&azk Stzeeto [July 38, 181 Q, MASSACHUSETTS, Boston 227 CHRIST CHURCH. Built in 1723, this is the oldest church edifice now standing in Boston. It was an offshoot from King's Chapel and the second place of worship for members of the Church of England in the town. May 15, 1727, "Voted that all the gold and silver which shall be put in the Contribution boxes be for the Future laid by to make plate for the Church's use." (Church Records in "Rambles in Old Boston.") Out of this silver were possibly made : Two Flagons, H. 13 in. Two marks, R- GREENE and RG. Inscription : SBelonging to Gkzidt Gkuzck eJn Sdodton? 95ew Snglana SQ, 3), ffsg Chalice, H. 8Y\ in. Cover Paten, Dia. 5 in. One mark, I E, crowned, fleur-de-lis below, shaped shield. Inscription on paten only : 95ke gift of Gapt, 95komad 9oudof 95 o Gkzidt Gkuzck efn SBodton lfs4 Paten with foot, Dia. 8 in. Four marks : — 1, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia; 3, Court-hand p» London, 1 715 ; 4, maker's mark, 1S^ crowned, fleur-de-lis below, shaped shield (John Read). En graved with coat of arms and inscription : 228 OLD PLATE CHRIST CHURCH— Continued The same arms are to be found on the Vassall Tankards at Harvard. Baptismal bason, Dia. f 3 in. One mark, I HURD, engraved with coat of arms and inscription : MASSACHUSETTS, Boston 229 CHRIST CHURCH— Continued In the " Annals of King's Chapel " is a copy of a Resolution by the Vestry November 18,1730. "In consideration of late Donation of his present Majesty our most Gracious Sovereign King George the Second to his Majtys Chappel in this Town, at the Desire of his Excellency Jon* Belcher Esqr our Governr and under the Promising Views of obtain ing the like Benevolence from our Said Sovereign by the good Interest and Encouragement of our Governr aforesd "Voted That the Minister, Church Wardens and Vestry do Concur with his Excelly Jon* Belcher Esqr in a due Application for getting plate and other Vtensills for ye Altar of Christ Church, and for a Bible, prayer-book etc., for the Use of the Said Church like as his Majesty's Chapel in this Town as lately been given by the Interest of the said Governr "Voted, That the Church Wardens for the time being shall pay out of the Church Stock all the Expences of getting the Sd Utencills out of the proper offices in Great Britain, amounting to about Seventeen Pounds sterling." The utensils are two Flagons, H. 13 in. Chalice, H.ioXin. Paten, Dia. 6 in. Alms bason, Dia. 13 in. Similar in design to those at Christ Church, Cam bridge. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, Roman capital S, London, 1733; 4, maker's mark, I A above M F, linked letters (Jos. Allen and Mordecai Fox, St. Swithins-lane). 23 o OLD PLATE CHRIST CHURCH— Continued All engraved with the Royal arms between the initials Cj Iv and this inscription : 95ke gift of 96id STBcy'edty cfoing geozge II 95o Gkzidt Gkuzck at Soodton l5ew Sngland zedented to Gkzidt Gkuzck by 96, 9e\ Shaxtez 3)ecz, a5 1833. So poor did the church become that in 1789 its communion plate, weighing three hundred and forty-three ounces, was mortgaged for the sum of ^46 1 os. TRINITY CHURCH. The corner-stone was laid April ye 15th, 1734. " Whereas his Excellency Gov Sherly has been pleased to write for a sett of Plate and furniture for a Church (His Majestys usual Bounty to his Governours at their receiving their Commission), Which Grant he has been pleased to say he designes for the use of Trinity Church; and as there will be a Duty on the Plate and some Charges at the several offices where this afaire must pass thro, We, the Subscribers, for MASSACHUSETTS, Boston 231 TRINITY CHURCH— Continued that End cheerfuly pay to the Wardens of sd Trinity Church the fol lowing Sums. Boston Oct 8 1741." The church also covenanted: " To return ye sd Plate to William Lord Abergavenny when ye same shall be required." ("Annals of King's Chapel.") Two Flagons, H.i 4 in. Chalice,H.9 in. Paten, Dia. 6 in. Alms bason, Dia. 13 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, small Roman f, London, 1741; 4, maker's mark, 3 SQ above #7S Sf (Jos. Allen and Mordecai Fox, as at Christ Church). All engraved with the Royal arms between the initials (jr IV and this inscription : Szocuzd of kid cffloaj'y So, geozge ana by kid Sxcey gov" Skizley tf4a Two Ewers, H. 23 in. One mark, J. B. JONES. Inscription : Presented to Trinity Church by his honour Thos. L Winthrop Esq. Lieut. Governor of Massachusetts 1830. Chalice, H.8^ in. One mark, J. LORING. En graved with coat of arms. Three holy lambs, staff, cross and banner. Crest, a stag's head. Motto, INNOCENS NON TIMIDUS. Inscription: SSzedented to 95zinity Gkuzck by cXHd*6 96annak S°oowe/ 95ovembez ifQO, 232 OLD PLATE TRINITY CHURCH— Continued There is a cover to this chalice marked HURD. Paten, Dia. 6 in. One mark, CHURCHILL. Inscription on under side: 2~!zocured foz 95zinity Gkuzck by If, S. TJ' gaidinez S&ectoz i8ia. Two Oval dishes with covers. One mark, Churchill & Treadwell. Inscription : Presented to Trinity Church by Hannah Smith 1815. CAMBRIDGE. CHRIST CHURCH. The original subscription for building the church is dated at Boston, April 25th, 1759; the opening took place 1761. * A service of plate for the altar was loaned by his Excellency Gov ernor Bernard which the vestry in 1770 refused to purchase of him, and it was probably returned. The Royal Governors received from the Crown on their appointment Communion Plate and ornaments of a church, to be appropriated at their discretion. In 1772 his Excellency Governor Thomas Hutchinson gave a silver flagon and covered cup now in use. Governor Bernard gave one flagon and one cup of silver, which was not given with so good a grace as it ought to have been, the gover nor intimating that he considered it as his property, and that he should lend it to the church; but no further mention being made of returning it, they always considered it a gift. Dr. Apthorp's mother gave a silver dish for baptisms, and Dr. Caner sent two flagons of old plate from the Chapel. Flagon, H. 12% in. Chalice, H. 8A in. Cover Paten, Dia. 5X in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, small Black-letter t, * Sermon, with Historical Notice, 1857, Rev. N. Hoppin, Rector. MASSACHUSETTS, Cambridge 233 CHRIST CHURCH— Continued London, 1694; 4, maker's mark, F G, pellet below, shaped shield (Francis Garthorne). All engraved with the Royal arms between the initials VW. IV and, with the exception of paten, the inscription : 95 ke gift of So cWilliam and Q cJVoazy to ye crbevd Samll Slbylcd foz tke tide of tkeiz aV5aj'ies Gkappell in 9S. Sngland t i6q4 This was the King's Chapel in Boston. Governor Hutchinson had received from King George III., in 1772, a service of plate and pulpit furniture, which he presented to the Chapel, taking in exchange the old communion service, part of which he gave, through the Rev. Dr Caner, to the Cambridge Church, and the same to the church at Newburyport. In 1787 this plate, then in the hands of the Rev. Dr Parker of Boston ^34 OLD PLATE CHRIST CHURCH— Continued for safe-keeping, was claimed by Dr Thomas Bullfinch, Warden, as the property of the King's Chapel. Bason, Dia. 13 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion pas sant ; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, Black-letter capital iF, London, 1761; 4, maker's mark, 2) S above So S, shaped escutcheon (Daniel Smith and Robert Sharp). Inscription around rim : Ecclesle Christi Cantabrigle In Nova Anglia. Anathema Consecravit DNA Apthorp Mdcclxi. Paten, Dia. 7% in. No marks. Engraved with coat of arms in the center (Faneuil). MASSACHUSETTS, Dorchester 235 CHRIST CHURCH— Continued The Records state that in 179 1 Mrs. Mary Bethune (Mary Faneuil, wife of Geo. Bethune, m. 1754) gave a silver server for the Communion offerings. Mrs. Mary Faneuil, probably the mother of Mrs. Bethune, gave a large folio Bible "to the Episcopal Church at Cambridge, in New England, 1760." DORCHESTER. FIRST CHURCH. Beaker, H. 4.% in. One mark, D:I, in a circle, pellet above and below ; engraved band of foliage, etc., round the top. Inscription : 95ke gift of 9H5" 95katckez of Sbodton? to tke/ Gkuzck in 2)ozckedtet~ 16 f 3, On the under side are the initials p * -p Mrs. Thacher was the only child of Henry Webb, and judging from the initials the beaker probably had belonged to some member of her father's family. She married in 1642 Jacob Sheafe, and subsequently the Rev. Thomas Thacher,first minister of the Old South Church,Boston. Two Beakers, H.4^ in. Two marks, I H, mul let below, heart-shaped shield, R S, rose above, shaped escutcheon (John Hull and Robert San derson). With the exception of a plain band above and below, the beakers are covered with granu lated ornament so prevalent in the middle of the xvii. century. 23 6 OLD PLATE FIRST CHURCH— Continued Inscription : Above 95ke Gift of rr A ^ ' * * 1 # A* Below 95ke gift of 9okomad and G^Qlice £ake/ to tke/ Gkuzck in zUozckedtef i6fy, * Thomas Lake [d. 1678] in his will directs "that after my de cease there be left of my Estate to ye value of Fifty pounds that then there be five pounds laid out in plate and given to the Lord's table, for the use and service thereof with mine and my wife's name engraved thereon and I Leaue it to Mr Flint with my overseers and Executors to See it done " In the Church Records we read: "6 of January 1679, Henery Leadbetter Executor to ye Estate of Tho. Lake deliuered two Siluer Cups or small beakers wch was given by Tho. Lake vnto ye Church" Beaker, H. 5 % in. One mark, W R, pellet above each letter, mullet between, pellet below, shaped shield. Inscription : 95 ke gift of TJokn yengen? to tke/ Gkuzck in zDozckedter", i685. On opposite side ffokn Ljengen? John Gengen or Gingill [Mr. Trask has noticed his name spelled fourteen different ways] gave five pounds to the Church of Dorchester. * This and succeeding extracts from " Early Dorchester Matters," W. B. Trask. MASSACHUSETTS, Dorchester 237 FIRST CHURCH— Continued Beaker, H. 31^. One mark, I-E, lobed escutcheon. Inscription : 95ke gift of Sdaac Tfoned to tke/ Gkuzck in zuozckedter' 16 qq. On the under side are the initials I-:I " Isaac Jones died Feb. 18, 1701. In his will ot Aug. 23, 1700, he leaves forty shillings « to the Deacons of the Church of Dorchester, for the use of the Church in a piece of Silver Plate to serve at the Lord's supper forever.' " Two Chalices, H. 8 in. One mark, I D, fleur- de-lis below, heart-shaped shield. These chalices have baluster stems, and chased and fluted bowls and feet. Inscription : 95ke gift of gov 'William Stougkton? to tke/ Gkuzck in zuozckedtet~ if 01. Opposite to the inscription is engraved the Stoughton arms, but without the crest, as on lov ing-cup (Harvard). " Lieutenant Governor William Stoughton, July 6, 1701, bequeaths ' two pieces of Plate for ye Communion of Six pounds value each. ' Mr Stoughton died the next day July 7 th " "April 6, 1709. The Church hath Nine Pieces of Plate for ye Sacramt ( 2 Given by sd Mr Stoughton, 2 by Mr Thomas Lake, one by Mrs Thacher, one by Mr Isaac Jones, one by Mr Patten, one by Mr John Gingen, one by Anothr hand, all of Silver. In pewter the Chh hath 4 fiaggons, 4 pewter Dishes, one Basin & Tankard & one pewter Cup." 23 8 OLD PLATE FIRST CHURCH— Continued "Agreed that a Strong Chest be bought to lock up ye Churches Plate in." Beaker, H. 3^ in. No mark. Inscription : 95ke gift of Sdtkez cFlinto to tke Gkuzck in? 3)ozckedtef 1f30 " Esther Flint was the widow of Rev. Josiah Flint, minister in Dorchester. Her father, Capt. Thomas Willett of Plymouth, was the first mayor of New York, appointed by Gov. Richard Nicolls, June 12, 1665." Tankard, H. 7 in. One mark, HURD. Inscription : 95ke gift of Slijak zDanfoztk Sdq* to tke/ Gkuzck in 2)ozckedtet~ (SQnno 2)omini if 36, It is engraved with a coat of arms— a human eye above a lozenge. There is no English coat of arms resembling this. It must have belonged to some foreign resident at Dorchester at the time. The seals on two wills, both of Dorchester people (James Blake and Isaac Jones), and dated 1700, have the same bearings, but with a fess. "Elijah Danforth, son of the Rev. John Danforth, gave to the church, by will, his « large Silver Tankard to be changed in the form of it, into convenient vessels for the only Use & Service of the Lord's Table in the Congregational Church in said Dorchester.' " Beaker, H. 5^ in. One mark, HURD. MASSACHUSETTS, Dorchester 239 FIRST CHURCH— Continued Inscription: —,, r).r , r 9oke gift of £)m* William Glap 95o 9oke cfizdt Gkuzck OF Gkzidto afn 2)ozckedter tf45 " By his will of Nov. 18, 1735, he gave ^20 'in current passing Money or Bills of Credit ' to the Church in Dorchester, ' to be laid out in a piece of Plate or what Else shall be ' by the Deacon < Judged most Necessary or convenient for the use of ye Lord's Table in the said Church.'" Tankard, H. 7 in. One mark, HURD. Inscription : 95ke gift of 3)eacon 96opedtill Glap to tke/ Gkuzck of Gkzidto in. 2)ozckedtef i748. Engraved with a coat of arms. A chevron' be tween three bucks. Crest, a buck's head. The arms of the Rogers family. Hopestill Clap (as also Wm. Clap) was a grandson of Capt. Roger. " In his will made Nov. 28, 1 748, he gave sixty pounds in old tenor Bills to be laid out in Plate for the Communion Table of the Church in Dorchester provided he had not given the plate to the church in his life-time, as he probably did, the date on the cup being about eleven years prior to his decease. ' ' Beaker, H. 4^ in. One mark, J • TROTT. Inscription: ~, .. . r 95ke gift of ffbemembez 33zedton? to tke/ Gkuzck of S)ozckedtez, 24o OLD PLATE FIRST CHURCH— Continued Remember Preston gave by his Will proved May 30, 1755, "Unto this church in Dorchester 30 pounds old Tenor Bills of Credit on this Province, to be used as y« s>i Church shall see fit." Beaker, H. 5^ in. One mark, BP (Benj. Pier- pont ?). Inscription : 95ke gift of cfY&z Sbenezez aY&odley to tke fizdt Gkuzck of Gkzidt in? DORCHESTER. 1ff3 Ebenezer Moseley, weaver (d. 1773), "he bequeaths to the church in Dorchester £5." Tankard, H. 7y2 in. One mark, P R, shaped shield (Paul Revere ?). Inscription : SQ gift of Sazak zSzedton? to tke/ Gkuzck in 3)ozckedtcr' i8o5 Tankard, H. 8 in. One mark, BENJAMIN BURT. Inscription : 95ke gift of £oid Widwell to tke fizdto Gkuzck in <3)ozckedter' 1808. " On the 4th of January, 1882, the Dorchester First Church voted e cup each to other societies in the town, namely, to the Third MASSACHUSETTS, Brookline 241 FIRST CHURCH— Continued Church, Harrison Square Church and Neponset. The original donors of these cups to the First Church were in the following order : "Mrs. Justin Patten by will proved Feb. 3, 1675, gives 'To the Church of Dorchester, five pounds to be Layd out in a peece of plate for the service of the Lord's table' (Third Church). "Ebenezer Mawdsley Sept. 27, 1740, gives 'to the Church in Dorchester Twenty pounds' (Harrison Square). " ' May 22, 1 72 1, Elder Preston gave account of a New Piece of plate given to ye Church for ye Lord's Supper by Mr Eben. Withing- ton' (Neponset)." BROOKLINE. THE FIRST CHURCH. Tankard, H. 8 in. One mark, MINOTT. Inscription : 95ke gift of MR EDWARD DEVOTION to tke Gkuzck in Sozooklin? 7f744. Tankard, H. 5^ in. One mark, I C, fleur-de-lis below, heart-shaped shield. Inscription : 95ke gift of cffloifd uV5azy SQllin? to tke Gkuzck in? Sozooklin? if5o. Tankard, H. 5 in. One mark, J Hurd. 16 242 OLD PLATE THE FIRST CHURCH— Continued Inscription : 95ke gift of cfWo*6 Sufanna Skazp to tke Gkuzck in? Sozooklin? tffO, s On the back of handle, ™ c Tankard, H. ioin. One mark, W. Simpkins. Inscription : %ke gift of EffB" cSQnn Wkites to tke Gkuzck in? Sozooklyn, Cup, H. $y2 in. No mark. Inscription on one side : given? to tke Gkuzck in? Shzooklin iffo, On the other side : 95komad 'Woodwazd, Cup, as above. Inscription: 95ke gifto of 87B" Sffiazy Woodwazd to tke Gkuzck in Sozooklin? rffo, Two Cups, H. 6 in. One mark, BURT, (on one only). MASSACHUSETTS, Brookline 243 THE FIRST CHURCH— Continued Inscription : %u g.ft gf William 96ydlop Sdq. to tke Gkuzck of Gkzidto in BROOKLYN of wkick 7/odepk £)ackdon SQ, 9715, id S^adtoir ifqa. Two Cups, H. 6% in. No marks. Inscription: ^ g.fi rf Jbzudence 96eatk to tke Gkuzck of Gkzidto in BROOKLINE of wkick tke Soev, Tfokn Jbiezce id JSadtof 1818, Cup, H. 6% in. No mark. Inscription : ^ ^ ^ zDeac. ^fokn croobindon? to tke Gkuzck of Gkzidto in BROOKLINE of wkick tke Sioev, Tfokn J^iezce id Jo.adtor' 1818. Cup, as above. Inscription : %ke gift of cFUd™ J&ucy cfoobindon? to tke Gkuzck of Gkzidto in BROOKLINE of wkick tke S°oev, ^fokn S^iezce id zSadtof 1818. 244 OLD PLATE THE FIRST CHURCH— Continued Two Patens, Dia. 1 3 in. One mark, T. A. Davis. Inscription around one side of rim : Gkuzck of Gkzidt in Sozookline in tke/ yeaz of ouz Jbozd i8a4, On the other side : 2)o tkid in zemembzance of 9U5e, Spoon. One mark, B. Pierpont. Engraved on handle, B.C. (Brookline Church?). NEWBURYPORT. S. PAUL'S CHURCH. S. Paul's was erected 1738. Previous to this, however, Queen Anne's Chapel was built (1 71 1) on what is called the Plains in Newbury. After the church was built occasional services only were held in the chapel, and it was finally abandoned, 1766. * The Flagon is the same in design and size and has the same marks, arms and inscriptions as the one at Christ Church, Cambridge. The chalice and paten are wanting. Chalice. Hall-mark cut out and a piece of plain silver soldered in. Inscription : Sx dono Tfokannid 9V5illed 16 q3 From the "Annals of King's Chapel " we learn that, " In the yeare '693 Mr John Mills, a Barbadoes gentleman, gave a plate & cup." These were probably sent to Newburyport at the time of Gov. Hutchinson's gift, or might have been the chalice and paten given. The " plate" is missing. " Mr. Sergeant writes, Oct. 7, 1772 : ' Gov. Hutchinson has made to us a present of a silver flagon and cup with cover, and given the same to Newberry Church. Bass, I imagine, will be not a little proud of it.' " * See notes on Plate, King's Chapel and Christ Church, Cambridge. •a*822^ standing dish (1674) ; s. paul's church, newburyport. BAPTISMAL BASON (REVERE 1775) ', THE FIRST CHURCH, MARBLEHEAD (P. 248) MASSACHUSETTS, Salem 245 S. PAUL'S CHURCH— Continued Baptismal bason, Dia. 15 in. One mark, I C, heart-shaped shield. Engraved on rim, R <,¦ Standing dish used as a paten. Four marks : — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, Black-letter capital 3K, London, 1674; 4, maker's mark, T-P, pellet between, plain shield. Inscription: „. r 95 lie gift of 3)udley (SQ 9oyng Sdqz to S' Jcauld Gkuzck Octobez 1800, This dish ,(see illustration) has a richly chased border with flowers and foliage surrounding a running stag, a unicorn and a dog at bay. Unfortunately, all these vessels have been stolen. SALEM. S. PETER'S CHURCH. Flagon, H. 14 in. One mark, much worn, BALDWIN & JONES? (Boston). Inscription: ^ ^ ^ 95kid cFlagon id tke gift of Sleanor cF, Gazlile wife of tke 9\>ev. 95komad Gazlile to tke Scclediadtical autkozity of tke zSzotedtant Spidcopal Gkuzck in? tke dtate of 9V5addackudettd to be by daia autkozity appzopziated to tke Saczea ude of any ckuzck in cFlBaddackudettd Subject to tkeiz didcipline : pzefezence/ to be given to St. Jhetezd Gkuzck in? Salem undez tke above named zedtzictiond. 246 OLD PLATE S. PETER'S CHURCH— Continued The flagon was originally a two-handled cup or vase, with cover. One handle has been removed and a spout substituted, the cover being fastened with rings, and surmounted with a cross. Oval dish, with cover. No marks. Inscription : On the cover <§Q gift to tke SSzotedtanto Spidcopal Gkuzck in Salem, cn&addacku&ettd, fzom tke uVoembezd of daid Gkuzck SQ. zu, 181 f, On the dish : SQ gift to tke utzotedtanto Spidcopal Gkuzck in Salem, cJloaddackudettd, SQ. 3). i8i7. Two Chalices, melted down to make a new one (1881). The inscriptions read : 3ozedented by cwoifd Sudan 96atkozne/ to St, Z&etezd Gkuzck off&azck 181 f. Two Alms basons, no mark (modern), inscribed as follows : ^5kede plates were made fzom a cupd and a dmall plate beazing tke following indcziption? SQ Gup "Shy tke Soev Wm &1&' Qilchiuto a gift to St J^etez'd Gkuzck in Salem if5f" SQ Slate "95ke gift of Tfok'n 9oougell to St zGetez' d Gkuzck Salem if85" SQ Gup "95ke Soequedt of Gapt SQndzew Woodbuzy of SSevezly to St SSetez'd Gkuzck in Salem SQ, 2), iffi" MASSACHUSETTS, Marblehead 247 MARBLEHEAD. S. MICHAEL'S CHURCH. Flagon, H. 11^ in. Four marks : — 1, Lion pas sant ; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, small Roman k, London, 1745 ; 4, maker's mark,3|*a> (John Swift). Inscription : ^n> tc&ZtLc&~V&to of the Religious Dated June 19th 1857 Robert Gould Jr ) Society in Hull 250 OLD PLATE New Hampshire. PORTSMOUTH. S. JOHN'S CHURCH. In 1640 there was a chapel and parsonage at Strawberry Bank, now Portsmouth. " The Church was furnished with one great Bible, twelve Service Books, one pewter flaggon, one communion cup and cover of silver " (Bishop Perry's " History"). Two Flagons, H. 13 in. Chalice, H. 10 in. Paten, Dia. 6 in. Alms bason, Dia. 13 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, small Roman f, London, 1741 ; 4, mak er's mark, TJ 6b above 9715 cF (Joseph Allen and Mordecai Fox). All engraved with the Royal arms between the initials (_j. Iv. Plate by the same makers and of the same date is at Trinity Church, Boston. The five pieces are numbered on the under side I, 2, 3, 7 and 8 ; probably a chalice with its paten cover and a larger paten are wanting. Baptismal bason, Dia. 10K in. Four marks : — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, Black-letter capital 2D» London, 1759; 4, maker's mark, F W| in irregular oblong (Fuller White). On the rim is a crest ; a demi-lion rampant erased, gorged with a ducal coronet. Inscription : 9195" Sazak G 9V5azdk'd Gkzidtmad offezing to ^oke Gkuzck, SQ. 2). i84f The date 1 742 ! is scratched on the under side. RHODE ISLAND, Newport 251 SOUTH PARISH CHURCH. Tankard. One mark, I D, fleur-de-lis below, heart-shaped shield. Inscription : 9oke gifto of 9H5" 9V5azy Skuztleff to tke Gkuzck of tke Soutk 2oazidk in Soztdmoutk foz tke ude/ of tke 9Winidtez tkezeof foz tke/ 95ime being, Mrs. ShurtlefF was the widow of the Rev. Wm. Shurtleff, minister from 1733 to 1746 ; his initials are rudely cut on the bottom of the tankard. The church records state that it was presented Sept. 27, 1760. Rhode Island. NEWPORT. TRINITY CHURCH. *This was the first regularly organized parish in Rhode Island. Sir Francis Nicholson, then Governor of Maryland, was its original founder and principal patron, and it was doubtless through his instrumentality that the Rev. Mr. Lockyer commenced preaching in 1698. The church was built in 1702. The people of Newport, Rhode Island, were the first to receive encouragement from the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, for whose church the Society allowed in January 1703 L 15 for "a Chalice Patten, Cloath and other necessaries." * Updike's " History of the Narragansett Church." 2 52 OLD PLATE TRINITY CHURCH— Continued Chalice and Paten, gilt. Four marks: — i, Lion's head erased ; 2, Britannia ; 3, Court-hand $, London, 1702; maker's mark, BO, mitre above, fleur-de-lis below, shaped escutcheon (John Bod- ington, at the sign of the " Mitre"). Inscription : 2)eo et Saczid in Sccledia Jbazockiali de 95ewpozt in croode Sdlana, Sx dono Societatid de pzopagando Svangelio apud Sxtezod in SQnglia dtabilitce, Tfan l5 SQ. 2). if 03, The first part of inscription only, is on the paten. There are two flagons, dated 1733 and 1734. The vessels are similar in shape and size to those in use at Trinity Church, New York. WICKFORD. S. PAUL'S CHURCH (Built 1707). Chalice, H. 8 in. Paten, Dia. 5 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia; 3, Court-hand £, London, 1706; 4, maker's mark, <0t, in dotted punch (Wm. Gibson). Inscription on chalice: SQnna Sbegina? A chalice and paten at S. Mary's, Burlington, and at S. Peter's, Perth Amboy (Annas Reginte) are by the same maker, but with the date-letter for 1705. Flagon, H. 13 in. One mark, J CLARKE (Newport). RHODE ISLAND, Bristol 253 S. PAUL'S CHURCH— Continued Inscription : ofQ J&egacy of Watkaniel aoay odq foz tke ude of tke bleddeo Saczament in St Joaul d Gkuzck in l5azzagandetto, Jb>ux pezpetua?, Gzedentibud dola? if 34. Kay was the King's Collector of Customs. By an order of the Vestry, July 24, 1857, the baptismal bason was melted and converted into a paten. BRISTOL. S. MICHAEL'S CHURCH. Bristol was formerly a part of the Colony' of Massachusetts. The church was organized 1 719. Flagon, H. 13 in. One mark, B B. Inscription: SQn oblation? fzom 95atkaniel c%ay a publican? foz tke ude of tke bledded Sacza ment in tke Gkuzck of Snglana' in SBzidtol if34 J&ux pezpetua? Gzedentibud Sola?. Flagon, H. 13 in. Chalice, H. io>£ in. One mark, I R. 254 OLD PLATE S. MICHAEL'S CHURCH— Continued Inscription on each : SQ Jbegacy of 95 atkanie I aoay Sdq* for tke ude of tke bledded Sacza- ment in tke Gkuzck of Snglana in Shzidtol if 34. In addition to this, on the flagon only : £ux pezpetua? Gzedentibud Sola? Paten, Dia. 9 in. One mark, E W, quatrefoil below, lobed shield. Inscription around under side : SQ Jbegacy of l5atkaniel aoay SdqT foz tke ude of tke/ Gkuzck of Snglana in Shzidtol tf34 Alms bason, Dia. 12 in. One mark, T* Ed wards (New York). Inscription around rim: The gift of Sdaac Sooyall Sdq% to St 9715ickael'd Gkuzck in? Bristol 1747 A coat of arms is engraved in the center ; three wheat-sheaves on an open field. Crest, a RHODE ISLAND, Providence 255 S. MICHAEL'S CHURCH— Continued lion rampant holding extended a similar sheaf. Motto, Pectore Puro. Two Cups, two-handled. No mark, the date, 1806, scratched on the bottom of each. Paten, Dia. 6^ in. Marked, G & H, in an oval, with the date, 1848, in a diamond (Gale & Hay den, New York). Inscription : 2>zedented to St, uVoickaeV d Gkuzck by aVo'1" 96annak gibbd 2)ec, a5tk, 1848 PROVIDENCE. S. JOHN'S (Formerly called King's Church). King's Church was built 1722, but received the name of S. John's by act of incorporation, 1794. The corner-stone of the present edifice was laid June 5, 18 10, the copper-plate set with in the stone being engraved with the following inscription : " King's Church was built on this spot, A. D., 1 722. It received the name of S. John's Church by act of incorporation, A. D., 1794. By unanimous consent of the congregation it was demolished. April, 1 8 1 o, the corner-stone of this edifice was laid with appropriate ceremony by Rev. Nathan B. Crocker, pastor of said congregation; Thomas Lloyd Halsey and Jeremia Fones Jenkins, wardens; assisted by James Olney (names &c, &c), committee for building this church, together with most of the Episcopal Society on the 5th day of June, A. D., 18 10. In the 34th year of the Independence of the United States of America, James Madison, president; master builders, Smith and Asa Bosworth, stone layers; John H. Green, carpenter; Nehemiah Dodge, fecit." 256 OLD PLATE S. JOHN'S CHURCH— Continued Flagon, H. 13 in. One mark, J. CLARKE (Newport). Beaker, H. 5 in. No mark. InscriDtion on both : x QjQn oblation? fzom Ibatkaniel aoay a publican? foz tke ude of tke blefded Sacza- ment in tke Gkuzck of Snglana* in Jbzovidence/ Jbux pezpetua? Gzedentibud Sola? 1f34. Paten, Dia. 8M in. No mark. Inscription : oQn oblation? of g, 95, Sckoolmadtcr foz tke ude of tke SQltcer in tke Gkuzck of SnglanJ at Jbzovidence 95, S, if 48, EAST PROVIDENCE. REHOBOTH CHURCH (1643). (Newman Congregational Church.) Chalice, H. 714 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion pas sant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, date-letter, Italic letter small o, London, 1631; 4, maker's mark, I T, two pellets above, one below, heart- shaped shield. of oux J&ofc/i' i it K"C -* CHALICES (163I-1674) ; REHOBOTH CHURCH, EAST PROVIDENCE. ¦ I ^P ?^*t£~. :. BEAKERS, REHOBOTH CHURCH, EAST PROVIDENCE. RHODE ISLAND, East Providence 257 REHOBOTH CHURCH— Continued Inscription:Chalice, H. 7^ in. Two marks, I H and R S (John Hull and Robert Sanderson), as on First Church plate, Boston. Inscription : CcpV Vfe o tke Gkuzck of St 97h°ickael Gkazled 95own So Gazolina if 6a The whole of the church plate was taken and carried away from Columbia, S. C, at the burning and sacking of that city by the U. S. forces under the command of Gen. Wm. T. Sherman on the night of the 1 7 th of February, 1865. Thus far only two pieces have been recovered. The flagon was found in a jeweler's shop in New York, purchased, and returned through the generosity of Mr. A. W. ' Bradford. The paten was purchased from a soldier in Cincinnati, O., by a jeweler, and repurchassd by the Vestry. Alms bason, Dia. 8 in. Maker's mark, % cf, (Thos. Farren ?). Rest illegible. Inscription : S' geozge 2)ozckedtez So Ga, tf55. Szedented to S' SfVoickael' d Gkuzck by a%ickazd Jbatkezd Sdq, Gkazledton S, G 18 'ft Alms bason, Dia. 10. in. One mark, A P, en graved in the centre with the sacred monogram and emblems, within rays. Inscription : ^5ke gift of 96enzy 9T5idelton Sdqre to S' geozge' d Gkuzck 2)ozckedtez if 55, Mzedented to S' 975ickael' d Gkuzck by 96enzy SQ. 975iddleton Sdq" Gkazledton S, G SQp1 18ft The Parish of S. George, Dorchester, was one of the first organized in the Province of South Carolina( 1 704), and is now extinct. Both basons were given to supply the place of those taken at the sacking of Columbia. VIRGINIA, James City 267 Virginia. JAMES CITY. This was the landing-place of our first fore fathers ; the seat of the first civil and religious establishment on the shores of North America ; and here was celebrated the first English com munion in the New World (1607). In the library of All Souls' College, Oxford, is the original char ter drawn up in the reign of Charles II. for the creation of a bishopric in Virginia, Jamestown to be the cathedral city. JAMESTOWN OLD CHURCH. Chalice, H. io3A in. Paten, Dia. 7 in. One mark, I W, oval object below, plain shield. Inscription on each : 9H5ixe not koly tkinged witk pzofane/, Sx dono cFzancidci 9T5ozzidon Oozmigezi Inno 2>oml 1661 This maker's mark is on die celebrated cup formerly belonging to the Blacksmiths' Company, London (1655), and purchased at the Dexter sale for no less a sum than ^378. Morrison was temporary Governor of the Colony during the absence of Sir William Berkeley. Alms bason, Dia. 9%; in. Four marks: — i,Lion passant ; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, small Roman d, London, 1 739 ; 4, maker's mark, % £f. (Thos. Farren). Inscription: cFoz tke ude of Tfunzed Gity tSazidk Gkuzck, The old church is now in ruins ; the vessels are in use at Bruton Parish. 268 OLD PLATE BRUTON PARISH, CHRIST CHURCH. Two-handled Cup and Cover, gilt, H. 3^; in.; Dia. \yA in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, Black-letter small t, London, 1686; 4, maker's mark, P-H, crown and two ermine spots above, crescent below, shaped escutcheon (Peeter Harache). An illustration and description of this cup are given in a previous chapter ; the maker' s mark is also to be found on the copper-plate pre served at Goldsmiths' Hall, London. Paten, Dia. 5^ in. Four marks: — 1, Lion pas sant ; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, small Roman T b, London, 1737 ; 4, maker's mark, R ¦ G (Richard Gurney & Co.). C Flagon, H. 10}^ in. Chalice, H. 10 in. Alms bason, Dia. 10 in. Four marks on flagon : — 1, Lion passant ; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, Black- letter capital JL, London, 1766; 4, maker's mark, 95 96, crowned (Thos. Heming). On chalice the maker's mark is wanting, and the date-letter is VIRGINIA, Richmond 269 BRUTON PARISH, CHRIST CHURCH— Continued a Black-letter capital 31, London, 1764. There are no marks on the alms bason. All engraved with the Royal arms between the initials Ct JK. Plate of the same date and by the same maker is at Trinity Church, New York. RICHMOND. HENRICO PARISH, S. JOHN'S CHURCH. Chalice, H. 7^ in. Four marks: — 1, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia; 3, Roman capital C, London, 1718 ; 4, maker's mark, I S, pellet above, one below each letter, z between, lobed shield (Thos. Issod). Paten, Dia. 6 in. Four marks : — The first three as above ; 4, maker's mark, B A, mullet above and below, lobed escutcheon (John Bathe). As S. John's was only built in 1741, it is probable that the vessels were brought from the church at Curls, which was burned. The font was obtained from there. *In the year 1 791 a committee appointed to inquire into the property of the parish report " that there is one silver cup and salver. ' ' * "Old Churches and Families of Virginia," Bishop Meade. 270 OLD PLATE HENRICO PARISH, S. JOHN'S CHURCH— Continued Alms bason, Dia. 1 9 y2 in. Four marks: — i,Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, Black-letter small t, London, 1694; 4, indistinct. The front is engraved with the monogram, reading, S Braine. Inscription on the under side: Sx dono 2)i"l Sazak S3 zaine/, This bason formerly belonged to Westover Church, Charles City County, and was presented to S. John's Church, Easter, 1886. Chalice, H. 10^ in. Paten, Dia. 7 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, Black-letter capital €}, London, 1771; 4, indistinct. Engraved with the sacred monogram and emblems, within rays. The chalice and paten came from an old church down the James River, now extinct, and were given to S. John's, in 1891. VIRGINIA, Norfolk 271 NORFOLK. CHRIST CHURCH. The original title of the parish seems to have been the Elizabeth River Parish, Norfolk County. It was one of the earliest, founded soon after the first settlement of the Colony, in 1637. In 1739 a church was erected on ground given by Mr. Sam uel Boush; this was destroyed in 1778, when the city was bombarded by the British. It was re stored, and in 1800 a new church was built; this was burned in 1827, when the present edifice was erected. Chalice, H. 8 in. Four marks : — 1, Lion's head erased ; 2, Britannia ; 3, Court-hand $, London, 1700 ; 4, maker's mark, S M, rose and crown above, pellet below, shaped shield (John Smith). En graved with a coat of arms. On a chevron between three trefoils as many mullets, and on the oppo site side this inscription : Chalice, H. 7 in. Paten, Dia. 5X in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head 272 OLD PLATE CHRIST CHURCH— Continued crowned; 3, Roman capital G, London, 1722; 4, maker's mark, T.F, fleur-de-lis above, pellet be tween, mullet below, lobed escutcheon (Thos. Ffarrer). On the paten the only distinct mark is the date-letter, and it has the appearance of having, at one time, a foot. Both are engraved with a coat of arms, a chevron between three sea-horses. Crest, a lion's gamb holding a battle-axe, and the inscription : %ke gift of 975* 8%obt 95ucker to ye 2Hazidk Gkuzck of95ozfolk 95owne/ ¦>zill ye: 3: if 33, Alms bason, Dia. 11 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant ; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, small Ro man p, London, 1750; maker's mark, TJ 0%, mullet above (John Robinson). In the centre a coat of arms. Inscription : 95ke gift of Gapt Wkitwell in? memozy of 8)75" Wkitwell wko wad intezed in tke Gkuzck at 75ozfolk ye 8tk of 975azck if4q. VIRGINIA, Norfolk 273 CHRIST CHURCH— Continued # " In 1 75 1 Capt. Whitwell, commander of His Majesty's ship 'Triton,' presented a piece of silver plate to the church in compli ment to his wife being buried there. In 1762 (?) Christopher Per kins gave a large silver Flagon in honor of his wife buried there." Flagon, H. 13^ in. Four marks: — 1, Lion pas sant ; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; Black-letter capital fy, London, 1 763 ; 4, maker's mark, cf W (Fuller White). Engraved with a coat of arms. 18 ! Bishop Perry. 274 OLD PLATE ie/ CHRIST CHURCH— Continued Inscription : 95ke gift of 9751 Gkazled Sezkind to tke Gkuzck of 95ozfolk in memozy of Slizabetk kid wife wko wad intezzea tkezein idt Sept if 6a, " When the Revolution came Norfolk was bombarded. The Com munion plate was carried to Scotland by the enemy" (Bishop Perry). " Some tidings of it have recently been received, and hopes are en tertained of its recovery " (Bishop Meade, 1857). ELIZABETH CITY COUNTY. HAMPTON, S. JOHN'S CHURCH (Built 1727). Chalice, H. 8A in. Paten, Dia. 5U in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, Italic small a, London, 1618 ; 4, maker's mark, R G, mullet between two pellets above, pellet below, shaped shield. Inscription : Under foot of chalice : 95ke Gommunion Gupp foz S"' 975azy'd Gkuzck in Smitkd 96undzed in ^izginiao. VIRGINIA, Essex County 275 HAMPTON, S. JOHN'S CHURCH— Continued Around the edge of the paten: off any man eate of tkid Sozeaa ke dkall Hue foz euez T)° Vltk, This chalice and paten were given by Mrs. Mary Robinson, of London, to a church endowed by her in Smith's Hundred (named in honor of Sir Thomas Smith, the famous Treasurer of the Virginia Company), in Virginia, which was later called Southampton Hundred. This Church was founded especially with the hope of converting the Indians, but the settlement was almost destroyed by them in the great massacre of 1622, when these vessels were carried by Governor Sir George Yeardley to Jamestown, and afterwards given to the parish of Elizabeth City. Here they have survived many changes and chances. Paten, Dia. 9^ in. Four marks : — 1, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia ; 3, Court-hand V, bird above, fleur-de-lis below, shaped oval (Richard Syngin). Inscription : 95ke gift of2TSAQ to 975^ £ YORK COUNTY. YORK-HAMPTON parish. Flagon, H. 93A in. Four marks : — 1, Lion pas sant ; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, Court-hand $, London, 1649; 4, maker's mark, ewer or jug, plain shield. Inscription : 96ampton pazzifk in yozke Gounty in , London, 1675 ; 4, maker's mark, I S, in monogram, dotted oval. HANOVER COUNTY. S. MARTIN'S PARISH. Chalice, H. 9 in. Paten, Dia. 11 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; Black-letter capital 2D, London, 1759; 4> maker's mark, (?) -I (indistinct). No marks on paten. Both vessels are engraved with the sacred mono gram, within rays, as at Farnham and Lunenburg, and this inscription : cFoz tke ude of tke Gkuzcked in? St 975aztind <£azidk 96anovez Sf Aoouida Gountied vizginia if5q, * " Airwell, the family seat of the Berkeleys, was the place where the communion plate was kept. After the death of Mr. Berkeley, and death or resignation of the minister, by which, under the law, the glebes were forfeited, the overseers of the poor wished to do what was done in some other parishes, viz., bring the sacred vessels under the opera tion of that act, but which in other parishes was scorned to be done. Those in Hanover, however, well knowing not only the pious attach ment of Mrs. Berkeley to everything belonging to the church, but that * Bishop Meade. 278 OLD PLATE S. MARTIN'S PARISH— Continued she was a lady of dignity, firmness and authority, instead of appearing in person to demand the plate, sent an embassy to her for the purpose, through whom she returned this answer: ' Tell the gentlemen to come and take them.' They never came, and the vessels are now in use." LANCASTER COUNTY. CHRIST CHURCH PARISH (c. 1654). S. MARY'S, now called WHITE CHAPEL CHURCH. Chalice, H. 9 in. Paten. Four marks: — Three indistinct ; maker's mark, G C, mullet between, two pellets below, shaped shield. Inscription : 95 ke guift of Gapt 2) avid ffox 166 q * " From the earliest records of Lancaster County, when Middlesex and Lancaster were one, it appears that in the year 1661 a general vestry is formed, and Mr. John Carter, Henry Corbyn, David Fox and William Leech are appointed to take up subscriptions for the sup port of the minister." CHRIST, CHURCH. Chalice, H. 7A in. Paten, Dia. 10 in. Four marks on each. On chalice only one distinct, maker's mark, H, or double I, two mullets above, one on each side, heart-shaped shield. On paten: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, Black-letter small &, London, 1695 ; 4, maker's mark, S H, the S within the H, pellet below, plain shield, as shown stamped (upside down) on the copper plate preserved at Goldsmiths' Hall, London. Inscription : Gkzidt Gkuzck Mazidk Jbancadtez Gounty, * Bishop Meade. VIRGINIA, Prince George County 279 NANSEMOND COUNTY. LOWER NANSEMOND PARISH. Flagon, H.iiA in. Chalice, H. 8 in. Paten, Dia. 5% in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, Roman capital K, London, 1725; 4, maker's mark, T L, mullet be tween two pellets above, the same below, in a circle. Inscription : 95 ke gift of Tfokn Hfeated, gento, to ye Joowez 75andemond 2>azidk, These vessels, similar to those at Somerset Parish, Md., but without the engraving, were destroyed by fire in 1895. ORANGE COUNTY. S. THOMAS'S PARISH. Chalice, H. ii in. Four marks: — Three indis tinct; 3, Black-letter capital £>, London, 1773. Inscription : &t C&Ottra$'0 Parish. PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY. MARTIN'S BRANDON PARISH. Chalice, H. 8A in. Paten, Dia. 6A in. Four marks: — 1 , Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, Black-letter capital 215, London, 1659; 4, maker's mark, M, mullet below, heart-shaped shield. Inscription on both vessels: 95kid id tke gift of 975aJol Tfoan Wedtkzope/ to tke pazzidk ckuzck of 975aztin'd Sozandon?, 280 OLD PLATE MARTIN'S BRANDON PARISH— Continued The maker's mark is also on a chalice at the Old South Church, Boston. The tomb of Elizabeth Westhrope (d. 1649) is in the vicinity. Baptismal bason, Dia. 10/i in. ; H. aA in. Four marks : — 1, Lion passant ; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, Roman capital Q, London, 1731 ; 4, maker's mark, T-F, fleur-de-lis above, pellet between, mullet below, lobed escutcheon (Thomas Ffarrer, as at Christ Church, Norfolk). Inscription : * Martin's Brandon was a very early parish in Charles City when that county extended across the river. How long before we know not. Prince George County was taken out of Charles City in 1702. Bristol Parish was cut off from Martin's Brandon in 1642. The parish was enlarged in 1720 by the addition of those parts of Westove and Weynoake Parishes which lay on the south side of James River. PRINCESS ANNE COUNTY. EAST LYNNHAVEN PARISH (1632). Flagon, Paten. Four marks : — 1, Lion passant ; 2, Leopard's head crowned ; 3, Black-letter 2D, London, 1 759 ; 4, maker's mark, W, g, shaped escutcheon (William Grundy). * Bishop Meade. VIRGINIA, Richmond County 281 LYNNHAVEN PARISH (1632). Flagon. Four marks: — i, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia; 3, Court-hand <£, London, 171 1 ; 4, Ne, shaped escutcheon (Anthony Nelme). Engraved with coat of arms and inscription : 975 aximilian Paten. Four marks: — 1, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia; 3, Roman capital A, London, 1716; 4, maker's mark, T A, sun above, shell below, shaped shield (David Tanqueray). RICHMOND COUNTY. NORTH FARNHAM PARISH. Flagon, H. ii in. Paten. Four marks: — 1, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia; 3, Roman capital E, London, 1720; 4, maker's mark, F A, fleur-de-lis above, mullet below, shaped escutcheon (Thomas Farren). LUNENBURG PARISH. S. JOHN'S CHURCH. Flagon, H. ii in. Chalice, H. 8A- in. Four marks:— 1, Lion's head erased; 2, Britannia; 3, Roman capital E, London, 1720; 4, maker's mark 282 OLD PLATE S. JOHN'S CHURCH— Continued F A, fleur-de-lis above, mullet below, shaped es cutcheon (Thomas Farren). The vessels of both parishes are engraved with the sacred monogram and emblems, within rays, and the following in scriptions : Szedented to St Tfokn' d Gkuzck Wadkington Gity by Gol Tfokn 95ayloe/ 2)ec 16 1816 a%edtozed to Skaznkam and Jbunenbuzg, zQazidked 'Va by St T)oan ' & Mazidk Wadkington Gity 975azck 36 l8f6, * The parishes were established about 1693 when Rappahannock County was stricken from the list of counties and Richmond and Essex erected in its stead. * Bishop Meade. VIRGINIA, Stafford County 283 S. JOHN'S CHURCH— Continued After the war ( 1 8 1 3 ) the Church in Virginia was in a very de pressed condition, owing to the fact that it had been so closely allied to England; the Legislature ordered the glebes and plate to be sold, the money to be devoted to educational purposes. Colonel John Tayloe, of Washington, who owned a handsome residence (Mount Airy) near Farnham, bought the silver and presented it to S. John's Church, Washington, December, 18 16. Colonel Tayloe was an intimate friend of General Washington. In 1876, finding that they had for years been using confiscated plate, the then vestry of S. John's restored it to its rightful owners, but as two of the pieces, a chalice and paten, had been stolen while at Wash ington, the two churches divided the plate, Farnham taking a flagon and paten, and S. John's a flagon and chalice. * " I cannot forbear remarking that there is no part of the conduct of the opponents of the Episcopal Church which appears so unamiable and unjustifiable as that in regard to the church plate. It was almost always a private donation, as the vestry books and inscriptions show, and even if it had not been, the framers and supporters of the law would have felt themselves insulted if the insinuation had been made at the time of its passage that such an application of it would be made. But numerous instances have occurred in which such application has been made, while too many have been the cases where individuals have seized upon the vessels and made away with them for their private benefit." STAFFORD COUNTY. AQUIA CHURCH. Flagon, H. 12 in. Chalice, H. 9 in. Paten, Dia. 5^ in. Paten, Dia. 10 in. Four marks: — 1, Lion passant; 2, Leopard's head crowned; 3, small Roman d, London, 1739; 4, maker's mark, 95 cF (Thomas Farren). Inscription : 95ke gift of tke ffhevd. 975*SQlex, Scott SQ>. 975. late 975iniftez of tkid Sazifk SQnno if3g. * Bishop Meade. 284 OLD PLATE AQUIA CHURCH— Continued Rev. Alexander Scott (d. 1738) had as his assistant a curate for a short time before his death, the Rev. John Moncure, a Scotchman, but descendant of a Huguenot refugee who fled from France at the revoca tion of the Edict of Nantes. Mr. Moncure succeeded Mr. Scott, and his descendants, the Moncure family, have had the care of the com munion vessels ever since. These vessels were buried during three wars, and are similar to those at Somerset Parish, Md., but without the engraving. ,HE writer would be i glad to have the -*- names of any places where Old Plate is to be found, and will be thankful for any notes, impressions from marks, or suggestions, with which his readers may be good enough to favor him, in order that greater efficiency may be insured in any future edition. Chronological Hist OF * EXAMPLES OF DATED AMERICAN PLATE MEN TIONED IN THE FOREGOING PAGES AND NOTED. Dated. Maker's Mark. Article, Owner and Donor. Page. _ __ ._ , TT „ , „ , t Beaker, First Church, Bos- ^ &Si@? 0f^u:t.Rohe::\Tr;---T ^ ' N^ ' ¦( The gift of Bic 1659. 1661 John Hull and Robert Sander- j Chalice, First Church, Bos- son, as in 1650 1 ton 190 ( The gift of a friend, R * H. 1672 D : I in a circle, pellet above and j Beaker, First Church, Dor- below ) Chester 235 ( The gift of Mrs. Thatcher. 1674 John Hull and Robert Sander- ( chalice, Rehoboth Church 257 son, as in 1659 ( Capt. Willets' donation. 1679 I H Mullet below, heart-shaped , Two Breakers, First d o t> £ ¦¦¦¦•¦¦ ,¦ ¦ • \ Church, Dorchester. ... 235 K i Rose above, shaped escutcheon / The gift of Thos. and Alice (John Hull and Robert Sanderson.) *¦ Lake. ( Bowl, HollisStreetChurch, 1681 H S Rose above, shaped escutcheon J Boston 223 (Hull & Sanderson.) 1 The legacy of Mrs. Silence <¦ Eliot. 1685 W R Pellet above each letter, mul- ( Beaker, First Church, Dor- let between, pellet below, < Chester 236 shaped shield ( The gift of John Gengen. 1 Beaker, First Church, Dor- 1699 rE Lobed escutcheon < Chester 23' ( The gift of Isaac Jones. 1 Loving-cup, Harvard Uni- 1701 I C Mullet below, shaped shield. . . ¦) versity 237 * j The gift of the Hon. Wm. { Stoughton. I TwoChalices.FirstChurch, ID Fleur-de-lis below, heart-shaped J Dorchester 237 shield / The gift of Gov. Wm. Stough- t ton. I C Fleur-de-lis below, heart-shaped ( Coffee Pot ¦ -Noted shield, also twice, in anoblong j Th^%tIsJ^T ( Chalice, First Church, Bos- 1705 ID as in 1701 4 ton IgI ( The gift of James Everill. * Some of the makers may be English or Dutch. 285 286 OLD PLATE Dated. Maker's Mark. Article, Owner and Donor. Page. ( Baptismal bason, Second 1706 EW Fleur-de-lis below, shaped shield -j Church, Boston 202 ( The gift of Adam Winthrop. { Three Chalices, First 1708 I D as in 1701 \ ^Ch"rc^' Boston . 191 ' ' /The gift of Elder Joseph Bridg- t- ham. t Alms basons, Second 1711 EWasin 1706 A ^Chul°h' Boston ....... 202 ' / The gifts of Edward and V Thomas Hutchinson. N M Crowned, (?) below, shaped j Flagon, Brattle Street shield j Church, Boston 218 ( Flagon and Baptismal ba- 1712 P S (Philip Syng, Philadelphia) j son, Christ Church, Phila. 174 ( The gift of Col. Robt. Quary. x-> ( Beaker, First Church, 1713 (ID) (John Dixwell) j Bridgeport, Conn 259 "~ ( Given by Matthew Sherwood. I Two-handled cup, King's 1714 I D John Dixwell, as in 1713 \ Chapel, Boston 214 I Ex dono C. lyman to ye new I N. C. r Tankard, King's Chapel, I D John Dixwell, as in 1713 -5 Boston 214 / Given by John Baker to the I new N. C. ._ „ ( Beaker, Old South Church, 1715 IC Crowned, animal below, shaped J Boston 208 shield 1 „ , ivi'* l , to South Church. , T _ , . \ Cup.King's Chapel, Boston 216 1710 ID John Dixwell, as m 1713 4 Ex dono N. Loring to the new ( N. Church. T7I7 W P 5 Cup, First Church, Boston 193 ' ' I The gift of John Gorland. ( Two-handled cup, King's ID John Dixwell, as in 1713 ¦) Chapel, Boston 215 J j The gift of Elder John Dixwell ^ to the new N. Church. , _. . ( Tankard, First Church, IDasini7oi J Boston IQ2 ( The gift of Saml. More. _ _ _ , ... ( Mug, Methodist Episcopal 1720 G B Crown above, shaped shield. . . 1 Church, Hull, Mass. . . . 248 ( The gift of Thomas Colyer. K. Leverett (Boston) Candelabra Noted l Baptismal bason, King's 1722 I D John Dixwell, as in 1713 1 Chapel, Boston 216 I The gift of Mr. David Farnum * to the new North Church. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 287 Dated. Maker's Mark. Article, Owner and Donor. Page. 1723 IB Crowned, pellet below, plain j Flagon, Second Church, shield... 1 Boston 197 ( The legacy of Mr. John Frizelt. 1723/4 I R Crowned, pellet below, plain j Two-handled cup, Second 7 ' shield... .....) Churchy Boston 200 \ Given by W. L. ( Two-handled cup, Second IR Crowned, shaped shield -j Church, Boston 200 ( Given by Nathaniel Loring, / Chalice, Christ Church, 1724 I E Crowned, fleur-de-lis below, J Boston 227 shaped shield ) The gift of Capt. Thomas I Tudor. ( Tankard, Second Church, IB as in 1723 ¦< Boston 200 ( The gift of Mrs. Dorothy Frizell. W C Mullet between two pellets I Mug, Methodist Episcopal above, pellet below, shaped < Church, Hull, Mass 248 shield (The gift of Matthew Loring. ( Mug, Methodist Episcopal I P Crowned, shaped shield ¦< Church, Hull, Mass 249 ( The gift of Matthew Loring. ( Brazier, " Donum Pupil- I.B Pellet below, shaped shield . . . -j lorum " Noted ( Mr. Sever, Cambridge, Mass. ( Chalice and Paten, S.Paul's, 1725 A R < Edenton, N. C 263 ( The gift of Col. Edward Mosely. ! Flagon, First Church, Bos- 1726 I E as in I724 T^ • ^ -,-£ -^ Wm; l88 ^ Dummer. ,„ „ ( Mug, First Church, Hart- 1727WC asini724 \ ford, Conn 261 / Tankards, Harvard Uni- T,,„ rrs j — 71 J versity Noted 17^9 II-Kneelanol "J The g;fts of john and William I Vassall. „ „„,.,.„,. . „ „ ( Flagons, Christ Church, R.GREENE and R-G ¦} BBostou 227 Two-handled cup, First Ch., Stamford, Conn.. .Noted „,. r>n I Ch., Stamford, Conn... N 1730 I- u ^ The ;ft o£ Mr Jonathan ( Gold. :{I ( Tankard , 1 ton . . ( (With the Two-handled cup, Second I G Crowned, quatrefoil below, J Church, Boston 201 plain shield (A friend's gift to the North "¦ Brick Church. Tankard, Old South, Bos- IE asinl724 { ton 206 1 .. ¦ l_ Sewall arms.) 288 OLD PLATE Dated1731 Maker's Mark. JOHN BURT! I G as in 1730. 1I-HURDI ¦ 1732 I HURD as in 1731. 1733 P O Heart-shaped shield I S:BnrriH I -vv| (New York.) 1796 REVERE. 292 OLD PLATE Maker's Mark. Article, Owner and Donor. Page. Baptismal bason, King's Chapel, Boston 212 1798 REVERE { The gift of Ebenezer Oliver, Esq. Ewer or Flagon, King's Chapel, Boston 212 W. B. HEYER (New York) Tea-pot Noted 1799 PITMAN Beaker Noted Tea-pot, tray, sugar and cream, Boston Mu- REVERE { seum Noted Presented to Edmund Hartt, Constructor of the Frigate " Boston." 1801 P. RIKER (New York) Tea set Noted r Flagons, Old South, Bos- 1804 IriouiToNl -I ton 2°5- / The gift of the Hon. Wm. I Phillips. I Tankard, First Church, 1805 P R Shaped shield 4 Dorchester 240 (Paul Revere ?) (A gift of Sarah Preston. ( Tankard, First Church, 1808 BENJAMIN BURT 4 Dorchester 240 ( The gift of Lois Wiswell. _ 1 Presented by the North Ameri- J . Lownes : < can Land Co. to Col. John ( Nixon. Noted „_.„__„ . „¦ \ Flagon, Old South, Boston. 204 1809 MOULTON as in 1804 4 Bequeathed by Deacon the / Hon. Thomas Dawes. ( Beakers, Park Street \pj n ) Church, Boston 226 J Presented by William Ladd and * five others. _ ( Communion Service, S. 1810 SHEPHERD & BOYD (Albany) i Matthew's Church, Bed- ( ford, N. Y 166. USflYREI (New York) Tea tray Noted 1811 CHURCHILL (Baptismal bason, West " j Church, Boston 224 !Alms bason, S. Paul's Church, Ed en ton, N. C. 263. Plate, First Presbyterian Church, New York. . .Noted The gift of David Gelston. ( Paten, Trinity Church, CHURCHILL J Boston.... 232 I Procured by J. S. J. Gardiner, * Rector. „ ,„_„. „.„„ (Cups, Hollis Street Church, 1813 MOULTON as in 1804 1 Boston 222- I Presented by Mrs. A. Fox. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 293 Dated. Maker's Mark. Article, Owner and Donor. Page. 1814 G. B (G. Boyce, New York) Tea-pot Noted 1815 Churchill & ( Dishes, Christ and Trinity Treadwell ¦< Churches, Boston.. .230, 232 ( Presented by Hannah Smith. Flagon, Park St. Church, 1819 P.STACY -! Boston 225 Presented by Thomas McClure & Jechomas, Thayer. BALDWIN & JONES. I Beakers, Park St. Church, J Boston 220 j Presented by Haskell & Hale *¦ and five others. „ ..... o/-,»t /ni -i j 1 !.• n\ (Chalices, Christ Church H. WILSON (Philadelphia?) -j parish] Calven Ca> Md Tg2 t Flagon, Trinity Church, l82o I. W. FORBES (New York) pr™, £J- ¦ ;- - l68 V Esq. ( Flagon, S. Peter's Church, BALDWIN & JONES \ Salem, Mass 245 I The gift of Mrs. E. F. Carlile. Flagon, Park St. Church, Boston 225 Chalice, West Church, Boston 224 1822 P. STACY as in 1819 j 1824 L. CARY | _ . ( Patens, First Church, T. A. Davis | Brookline, Mass 244 ( Paten, Trinity Church, 1826 B W -j Southport, Conn 261 1827 SHEPHERD & BOYD and i Te^et . . . . . . ^ . . .. . ...Noted &. B I by his friends in Albany. ( Vase Noted 1828 S. RICHARD (New York) 4 Presented to John Y. Cebra, / Esq., Alderman. „ „„„„^ », ,, ( Beaker, First Church, 1829 G BOYCE N-Y •} Bridgeport 260 B. GARDINER, Pitcher Noted NEW YORK i Presented to Mrs. C. A. New- / bold by Daniel Webster. (Flagon, First Church, 1830 'W. 95komdOn NEW YORK 4 Bridgeport, Conn 259 ( Presented by James E. Beach. / Ewers, Trinity Church, J. B. JONES j Presented byLieut.-Gov. Win- t throp. r Flagon, Old South, Bos- 1831 FOSTER j The K;f't'0'f"Mi'ss"Mary Bei- t knap. 294 OLD PLATE Dated. Maker's Mark. 1833 GOODING 1834 B. C. Frobisher. 1836 G-KIPPEN 1837 Easton & Sanford (Nantucket). . . 1839 G-W&H Between a head and eagle, in circles (Gale, Wood & Hughes, New York) DEMILT 1840 S.K (Samuel Kirk, Baltimore). 1842 I.SMITH -. 1844 STEBBINS & CO GELSTON & CO., New York. . . M&P 1847 J. Easton 2d Nantucket pure coin. 1848 G & H (Gale & Hayden, New York). Article, Owner and Donor. Page. ( Spoon, Christ Church, Bos- j ton 230 ( Presented by H. N. Baxter. Alms basons, Federal Street Church, Boston. . 221 Presented by Artemas Ward and John Davis. Beakers, First Church, Bridgeport, Conn 260 Spoon Noted Beakers, First Church, Bridgeport, Conn 260 Presented by Mrs. Ira Sherman. ( Flagon, Christ Church, ( Cooperstown, N. Y. . .Noted ( Paten, Christ Church, Cam- ( bridge, Md 183 Oval dishes, Hollis Street Church, Boston 222 The gift of Deacon Thomas Hubbard. Punch ladle Noted Tea set Noted ( Flagon, S.Paul's Church, ( Ea'stchester, N. Y Noted Spoon Noted Paten, S. Michael's, Bristol 255 Presented by Mrs. Hannah Gibbs. Chronological iLtst WITH THE DATE-LETTERS USED, AT GOLDSMITHS' HALL, LONDON, AND THE MAKER'S MARK. Date. Maker's Mark. Article and Owner. 1569 Animal's head, plain \ Chalice and cover paten, usual Eliza- shield . . ~) bethan belt. ( Scroll-and-Key Soc'y, Yale University. . _ „ . , (Chalice and cover paten, belt only on 1572 AB Linked letters 4 chalice. I Mr. A. D. Pell. 1600 Five-pointed star, a t Seal-headed spoon ; on back of bowl, mullet below, plain -j r g 1634. shield ( Mrs. R. S. Ely. 1607 C B Pellet between, rose, ( or mullet below, 4 Chalice. plain shield ( 01d South Church. B°5ton- 1610 T C Three pellets above, ( The Winthrop Cup. shaped shield j 1611 A Catherine wheel (?) ( crowned shaped-! Chalice and cover paten, usual belt. escutcheon .......( s- Peter's church' Perth Amb°y' N- J- 1613 R B Pellet below, shaped ( ^"f"™} f ™fn? Salt with C0Ver' J . , . ,, l < ball and claw feet. s e I Imperial Treasury, Moscow \ (Replica Met. Museum). 1618 R G Mullet between two / pellets above, pel- J Chalice and paten. let below, shaped i S. John's Church, Hampton, Va. First Church, Boston. ! shield. Chalice V-shaped bowl, baluster stem. Mrs. R. S. Ely. ! Plain chalice. This cupp belongeth to the Parish of Poulsted. (Pol- stead, Suffolk ?) Mr. A. D. Pell. 1626 TF Monogram, plain j Chalice on tall baluster stem. shield ( First Church, Boston. 1631 I T Two pellets above, ( Chalice, Rehoboth Church, Provi- one below, heart- -j dence. shaped shield ( The gift of Rev. Noah Newman. 1638 • I C • Between two pellets, ( Chalice V-shaped bowl, baluster stem. heart-shaped shield ( First Church, Boston. 1639 T^G Pellet below, shaped ( Chalice. shield j First Church, Boston. 295 296 OLD PLATE Date. 1640 1649 16501658 1659 Maker's Mark. I H Plain shield . Ewer or jug. . S V Shaped shield. S V As in 1650 M Mullet below, heart- shaped shield 1661 G S Pellet above each let ter, crozier between plain shield 166716741675 F«G Pellet between, lobed escutcheon T.P Pellet between, plain shield IS In monogram, dotted oval 1678 F S* Plain shield. 1684 1686 A W* Monogram, shaped shield P H* Under a crown and two ermine spots, shaped escutcheon. (Peeter Harache.) T689 Y • T* Mullet below, shaped shield 1690 D B* Star above, crescent below, lobed es cutcheon 1692 I. K Article and Owner. Seal-headed spoon. Mrs. R. S. Ely. Hampton Parish, York Co., Va. Mrs. R. S. Ely. Mrs. R. S. Ely. Chalice and paten. The gift of Major John Westhrope. Martin's Brandon Church, Va. Flagon. Spoon. Spoon. Beaker, engraved belt. Mrs. R. S. Ely. Two-handled cup. Scroll-and-Key Soc'y, Yale University. Standing dish, used as a paten. S. Paul's Ch., Newburyport. Chalices and patens. Ware Parish, Gloucester Co., Va. Plain chalice. Ed: Wicks, Ric: Poynter, Church wardens. Scroll-and-Key Soc'y, Yale University. Alms bason, with the Royal arms, "VW R V v ». J.N. Tr;nitv church, New York. Two-handled cup, acanthus ornament. Scroll-and-Key Soc'y, Yale University. Trencher salt. Mrs. R. S. Ely. Two-handled cup and cover, cut card work. Christ Church, Bruton Parish, Va. Small chased beaker. Mrs. R. S. Ely. Large salver, gadrooned and fluted edge. Mr. F. H. Betts. Chalice and paten. Christ Church, Chaptico, S. Mary's Co., Md., King and Queen Parish. * Similar marks will be found on copy of copper-plate preserved at Goldsmiths' Hall. London (1675-1697). CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 297 Date. Maker's Mark. Article and Owner. ' Paten. Trinity Church, New York. Flagon and chalice. I6g4 F.G* Pellet below, shaped L. , S. John's Chapel, New York. , • , , < Flagon, chalice, and paten. snieia. . . . . . . . \ Christ ch Cambridge Mass (Francis Garthorne.) I pla„on_ S. Paul's Ch., Newburyport, Mass. All with the Royal arms, W\. R R P* Pellet above each let- 1 Alms bason. The gift of Col. Robt. ter, one below, 4 Quaiy. shaped shield ( Christ Church, Phila. ( Alms bason. Indistinct 4 S. John's Church, Richmond, Va. f Ex dono Sarah Braine. ! Communion plate, with the Royal arms, W K S. Anne's Church, Annapolis, Md. S. H* Monogram, pellet be- ( pa(en low, plain shield. . j Christ Church Parish, Lancaster Co., Va. In 1697 the names of the makers appear for the first time in the books of the Goldsmiths' Company. From 1697 to 1720 the Britan nia standard, and for maker's mark the two first letters of the surname. 1698 &j) A bird above, fleur-de- / lis below, shaped J Paten. oval / S. John's Church, Hampton, Va. (Richard Syngin.) 1700 S M Under a rose and , n. .. „, ., <¦<--? c~i ,„ „. , . \ Chalice. The gift of Capt. Saml. crown, shaped J -r, 1 *w.«\a ) Boush. (John SmhhO I ChrUt ChUrch' N0rf°Ik' Va- 1702 T i Mullet above and \ chaHce and paten below ) S. James' Parish, Anne Arundel Co., Md. (Robt. Timbrell.) ( p£ A pellet above each 1 letter, one below, ) Two-handled cup. plain shield / Scroll-and-Key Soc'y, Yale University. (Robt. Peake ?) ^ BO Mitreabove,fleur-de-rchaliceand ten Exdono Societatis lis below, shapedl de pi.opa^ndo Evangelic. escutcheon / Trinity Church, Newport, R. I. (John Bodington.) W A Flying bird above, C Flagon, Abingdon Parish, Gloucester shaped escutcheon. -< Co., Va. (Samuel Wastell.) ( The gift of L. B. * Similar marks will be found on copy of copper-plate preserved at Goldsmiths' Hall, London (1675-1607). 298 OLD PLATE 1706 1707 E A L 0 Date. Maker's Mark. Article and Owner. 1703 M A Swan above, plain ( oval 4 Tankard. (WilloughbyMasham.) ( Mrs- R- S- E1y- 1704 WI Fleur-de-lis below, I Chalice and paten. Ex dono Societatis shaped shield -\ de promovendo Evangelis. (John Wisdome.) ( Grace Church, Jamaica, L. I. /Chalice and paten. Annse Reginse. I S. Mary's Church, Burlington, N. J. 1705 ©I Dotted punch J Chalice and paten. Annse Reginse. (Wm. Gibson.) j 5. Peter's Church, Perth Amboy, N. J. ( Chalice and paten. Annse Reginse. \ Trinity Church, Oxford, Pa. Wm. Gibson, as in ( Chalice and paten. Anna Regina. 1705 ( S. Paul's Church, Wickford, R. I. Fle"r-d^. , ,bel0W' j Flagon and chalice. Annse Reginse. shaped shield 4 & christ church, Philadelphia. (John Eastt.) ( Monogram j Flagon and two chalices. (Matt E. Lofthouse.) ( Hyattsville (Md.) Presbyterian Church. Shaped shield 1 Cup. (J. M. Stocker and' Ed. 1 ,M Mr- h.™- **"** Peacock.) ( (Metropolitan Museum). / Chalice and paten. Annse Reginse. I S. Peter's Church, Westchester. 1708 E A John Eastt, as in ) Chalice and paten. Annse Reginse. 1707 \ Christ Church, Rye, N. Y. / Chalice and paten. Annse Reginse. \ S. George's Church, Hempstead, L. I. 1709 G'a a within the G, pel- r Communion service, seven pieces. All shieidelow' 'haped ] with the R°yal arms A R (Francis Garthorne.) ' Trinity Church, New York. 1710 S H Diamond above, pel- r let below, in a J Paten. lozenge / Abingdon Parish, Gloucester Co., Va. (Alice Sheene.) ^ Be Crowned, fleur-de-lis / „ . ,., .,, ,„ below, shaped] C°p11e™Unl0n Sel'V1Ce' fhe glft °f Bery shield ) j Michael's Parish, Talbot Co., Md. (John Read.) v ' 1711 CL Rose and crown/ above, shaped es- j Two-handled cup. cutcheon f Scroll-and-Key Soc'y, Yale University. (Jonah Clifton.) ' ' Communion service, six pieces. S. Peter's, Albany. Flagon, chalice and alms bason. Francis Garthorne, / ™ , . Brantford, Canada. ' \ Flagon and paten. as ln J709 ) 5 r Deseronto, Canada. All engraved with the Royal arms AR CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 299 Date. Maker's Mark. Article and Owner. 1711 Ga Crowned, between two pellets, oval | object below, plain circle , , . ., (Wm. Gamble. Ent.1697, <5mau CUP- but probably the mark ) Mrs- R- S. Ely. of his son and succes sor Ellis Gamble, to j whom Hogarth was ' apprenticed 1712.) Ne Shaped escutcheon., j Flagon. Maximilian Boush. (Anthony Nelme.) ( Lynnhaven Parish, Princess Anne Co., Va. 1713 Co Geo. Cox j Rat-tail spoon. - ( Mrs. R. S. Ely. \ Paten. The gift of Leonard Vassall, 1715 me John Read, as in l7l0-< Esq. ( Christ Church, Boston. Gr » within the G, j Two-handled cup. shaped shield ¦< r Mrs. R s_ E1 (Richard Greene.) ( 1 716 T A Sun above, shell be- ( t> . T , _ . , _ . , , , , . ,, J raten, L.ynnhaven Parish, Princess low, shaped shield. 1 . ' „J ,T ' id Tananerav.) Anlie Co-. Va" (David Tanqueray.) » i Indistinct | 5halii?- .„ T ,,. ( Chalice. The gift of Col. John Haw- W'1 <*>¦¦¦• kins. S. Paul's Parish, Queen Anne Co., Md. ice. Great Choptank Parish, Dorchester Co., Md. 1717 FA Rose and crown ( above, shaped es- 4 Rat-tail spoon and fork. cutcheon ( Mrs- R- s- E'y- F O Mitre above, mullet 1 below, shaped) Chalice and paten. shield ) North Elk Parish, Cecil Co., Md. (Thos. Folkingham.) » 1718 B A Mullet above and be- , low, lobed escutch- ) Paten. eon ") S. John's Church, Richmond, Va. (John Bathe.) ' j 3 Pellet above, one be- r ¦ ¦ low each letter, z J Chalice. bet. lobed shield . . / S. John's Church, Richmond, Va. (Thos. Issod.) ' ^ 1719 M A Crown above, fleur- I patgn The ift of ErnaU Hawkins. de-lis below < s Paul.s Parishi Queen Anne Co., Md. (Samuel Margas.) r ....... , (Communion service. Per William WA Mitre above, in *) Stoughton. trefoil ) Somerset Parish, Somerset Co., Md. $ I In a circle, mullet ( Flagon. The gift of Col. John Haw- above, pellet below, i kins, 1717. (Robert Hill.) ( S. Paul's Parish, Queen Anne Co., Md. 3°° OLD PLATE Date. Maker's Mark. Article and Owner. 1720 F A Fleur-de-lis above, r Flagon and chalice. mullet below, J S. John's Church, Lunenburg, Va. shaped escutcheon. ) Flagon and paten. (Thos. Farren.) North Farnham. Va. Old Standard Resumed, with Initials of Christian and Surname, ¦but both standards allowed. 1721 Pa Shaped shield 1722 IB Plain oblong I S Mitre (?) above, shaped shield T-F Fleur-de-lis above, mullet below, lobed escutcheon. . (Thos. Ffarrer.) 1724 S. W Mitre above in a hex agon W P Pellet below, shaped shield 1725 T L Mullet betweenabove and below, in a circle 1731 T'F Thos. Ffarrer, as in 1722 cw 1732 E P Lion rampant above. (Edward Pocock.) eJ Q/3. M F linked x733 CY77" C?'(J0S- A"cn ai)d Morde- UliD Cl cai Fox.) 1734 K A Mitre above, plain shield (Charles Kandler.) T Richard Gurney&Co. *737 P* ' Gr (Note: This mark was f-» first entered in 1727 by Thomas Cooke and Richard Gurney.) Paten. S. Peter's Church, Perth Amboy. Candlesticks, hexagonal bases, baluster stems. Mrs. R. S. Ely. Chalice and paten. S. Peter's Church, Perth Amboy. Chalice and paten. The gift of Mr. Robt. Tucker. Christ Church, Norfolk, Va. Alms bason. The gift of the Rev. Henry Hall. S. James' Parish, Anne Arundel Co., Md. Chalice and paten. S. Ann's Parish, Essex Co., Va. Mr. W. Wilkinson. Communion service, three pieces. The gift of John Yeates. Lower Nansemond Parish, Va. Baptismal bason. Martin's Brandon Church, Va. Tankard. Presented by Mrs. Mary Granby. S. Paul's, Edenton, N. C. Two-handled cup. Mrs. R. S. Ely. Communion service, five pieces, with Royal arms (j IN. Christ Church, Boston. Wine cistern. Winter Palace, St. Petersburg. (Electrotype, Metropolitan Museum, N. Y.) Paten. Christ Church, Bruton Parish, Va. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 301 The marks since the restoration of the Old Standard in 17ZO having become confused and uncertain, it was ordered by the Act of 1739, which came into operation on May 28 th, that the makers destroy their existing marks, and substitute for them the initials of their Christian and Surnames — directing, in addition, that the new letters should in each case be of a different character or alphabet from those before used. Date. Maker's Mark. Article and Owner. /Alms bason. qo (jr' \ Jamestown Uld Church, Va. r739 (O cf Thos. Farren / Communion service, four pieces. The gift of Rev. Alex. Scott. Jamestown Old Church, Va, service, four pieces. The Alex. Scott. Aquia Church, Stafford Co., Va. 1740 £ 2) Crowned j Coffee-pot. (Lewis Dupont.) | Gorham Mfg. Co. ! Communion service, five pieces, with the Royal arms (jr. R. Trinity Church, Boston. Communion service, five pieces, with .U TJ 1 J"1 13 the Royal arms Ijr. Jx. S. John's Church, Portsmouth, N. H. 1742 95 cf Thos. Farren, as in j Tankard. The gift of Henry Trippe,. 1730 ") J743- ( Great Choptank Parish, Dorchester Co., Md. 1744 T T Crowned \ Cream ewer. (Thos. Tearle.) ( Mrs. Buck. I74S f & Tohn Swift \ Flagon. The gift of David Le Gallais. J ( S. Michael's Church, Marblehead, Mass. ...... ( Alms bason. The gift of Capt. Whit- 1750 // c/fo Mullet above J ., & ' ^ (John Robinson.) ) weJI' _. . „. , „ , ,, ,, XJ ' { Christ Church, Norfolk, Va. \xt c William Shaw and j Chalice and paten. 1751 W- Sa William Priest... . ( S. Peter's Church, Salisbury Parish, Md. 39' John Swift, as in ( Sugar bowl and cover. 1752 ( ' Mrs. R.S.Ely. F- W Fuller White, as in j Baptismal bason. 1757 ( S. John's, Portsmouth. iAlms bason and paten, with Royal arms O R Trinity Church, New York. Paten with Royal arms G. R. The gift of Gov. Thos. Boone. S. Michael's, Charleston, S. C. EC i Salver. ( Great Choptank Parish, Dorchester Co., Md. Jj S Shaped escutcheon. . j Baptismal bason. The gift of Mrs. 11 CZ5 ~J£ (Daniel Smith and Robert "j Apthorp. d°b & Sharp.) ( Christ Church, Cambridge. 1763 C^W Puller White i ¥%fl\n Jhe <& °f Mr" CharleS Perkins. Christ Church, Norfolk, Va. 1764 XrS* TJivos- and Wm-i Table spoons. W- C Chawner \ r Mrs_ R. s. Ely_ (5 96 Crowned j Chalice, with Royal arms G. R. Trinity Church, New York. L • B Louis Black ¦! Coffee-pot. ( Gorham Mfg. Co. 1766 W f) William Howard. . . i Small cup. ( Mrs. R. S. Ely. C7~ cZ/P ( Alms bason, with Royal arms G. R. t? CAD Thos. Hemine, as in 1 .,, . .. ,,, , „ ,, , * &' < Trinity Church, New York. 1 7O4 ) v— , y* | Flagon, with Royal arms (jr. R. Christ Church, Bruton Parish, Va. CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 3°3 Date. Maker's Mark. 1766 I C Monogram, shaped shield 1767 E-C (?) as in 1760. . . 1768 IC. John Carter (?). 1769 I D John Darwall. . . 1771 Indistinct 1772 T. W 1773 Indistinct R.H Plain oval (Robert Hennell.) wc 1774 J- S Mullet between . 1775 T- W As in 1772 1778 G S George Smith (A noted spoon maker.) 2) S Smith and Sharp, as 1779 a% S inI761 1782 R • H Robert Hennell, as in 1773 1783 W & Wm. Sumner 1800 J E (John Emes). . . Article and Owner. Paten. S. George's Church, Hempstead, L. I. Chalice. Great Choptank Parish, Dorchester Co., Md. Salver. Mrs. R. S. Ely. Tea-pot. Gorham Mfg. Co. Chalice. S. John's Church, Richmond, Va. Coffee-pot. Mrs. Buck. S. Thomas' Parish, Orange Co., Va. Mrs. R. S. Ely. Mrs. R. S. Ely. Chalice.Salts. Plain beaker. Plain tankard. Gorham Mfg. Co. Two-handled cup, strap-handles. Scroll-and-Key Soc'y, Yale University Table spoons. Salver. Salts.Dessert spoons. Mrs. Buck. Mrs. R. S. Ely. Mrs. R. S. Ely. Mrs. R. S. Ely. ( Chalice. 4 First Presbyterian Church, Macon, Ga. ( Dedicated 1829. CaMea of tj)t 3lontion Bate^Hettets CHARACTERS OF THE ALPHABETS. IX. 1598 to 1618- — Lombardic capitals, external cusps. X. 1618 to 1638- — Italic letter, small. XI. 1638 to 1658- — Court-hand. XII. 1658 to 1678- — Black-letter, capitals. XIII. 1678 to 1696- — Black-letter, small. XIV. 1696 to 1716- - Court-hand. XV. 1716 to 1736- - Roman letter, capitals. XVI. 1736 to 1756- — Roman letter, small. XVII. 1756 to 1776- - Black-letter, capitals. XVIII. 1776 to 1796- - Roman letter, small. XIX. 1796 to 1816- — Roman letter, capitals. XX. 1816 to 1836- - Roman letter, small. XXI. 1836 to 1856- - Old English or Black-letter, capitals. XXII. 1856 to 1876- - Old English or Black-letter, small. XXIII. 1876 to 1896- - Roman letter, capitals. XXIV. 1896 to 1916 — -Roman letter, small. Care must be taken, in examining plate, to place the shield contain ing the date-letter with its pointed base downward, or some confusion may arise in mistaking b for q, p for d, n for u, f for j (in Cycle XVI), etc. The date mark was altered on S. Dunstan's day (May 19th), but since 1660 the mark has been changed on the 29th May in each* year, and the letter used from 30th May to the 29th May following. 304 IX. 1598-91599-0 1600-4 1601-21602-3 JAMES t. 1603-4 1604-51603-61606-71607-8 1608-9 1609-0 1610-1 1611-2 1612-3 1613-4 1614-5 1615-6 1616-71617-8 618-9 619-0620-1621-2 622-3623-4624-5 0HA8. I. 625-6626-7 627-8628-9 629-0 630-1 631-2632-3 633-4634-5 635-6 636-7 637-8 XI. I 638-9 .639-0 6404641-2 642-3643-4644-5 645-6 646-7 1647-B 648-9 CMWIiTH, 649-0650-1651-2652-3 653-4654-5 655-6 656-7657-8 As before. XII. w 1658-3 1659-0 OHAS. n. 1660-1 1661-31662-3 1663-41664-51665-6 1666-7 1667-81668-91669-01670-11671-21672-31G73-41674-5 1675-6 167&-7 1677-8 MARKS. 1. Leopard's bead crowned. 8. Maker's mark. S. Date letter. 4. LioD-paanni 20 305 HABK& J. Leopard's head crowned. 4. Maker's mark, & Date letter. 4. Lion passant Note.— From March, 1696-7, to Jane, 1720; Britannia and Lion'a bead erased substituted tor the Leopard's head crowned and the Lion passant. 306 XVII. 1756-7 1757-8 1758-91759-6 GEO. in. 1760-11761-2 1762-31763-4 1764-51765-61766-7 1767-8 1768-91769-01770-11771-21772-3 1773-1 1774-5 1775-6 XVI As be: 776-7 777-8 778-9779-0 780-1 781-2 782-3 783-4 784-5 785-6 786-7 787-8788-9 789-0790-1791-2 792-3 793-4794-5795-6 XIX. 1796-71797-81798-91799-01800-11801-2 1802-3 1803-4 1804-5 1805-6 1806-71807-8 1808-9 1809-0 1810-1 1811-2 1812-3 1813-4 1814-5 1815-6 As before. XX, 3) ®(BPQ CD® ®® 2 r Iu 816-7 817-8818-9819-0 GEO. rv. 820-1 821-2 822-3823-4 824-5 825-6 826-7827-8 828-9 829-0 WM. IV. 830-1831-2832-3 833-4 834-5 835-6 MARKS. 1. Leopard's head crowned. 2. Maker's mark. S. Date letter. 4. Lion passant And (torni 1784) 5. Sovereign's head. Note.— The leopard's head is without a crown alter 1822-3. 307 XXIV. 0 91 ® 1896-7 1897-81898-9 1899-01900-1 Edward VII. 1901-21902-3 1903-4 1 904-5 The marks vary in size according to the size of the ar ticle stamped. MARKS. 1. Leopard's head. 2. Maker's mark. 3. Date-letter. 4. Lion passant. 5. Sovereign's head, to 1890. The first 4 marks after 1890. 308 notion Hallmarks Lombardic Caps. . . 1 598 111 Italics, Sm 1618 Court-Hand 1638 Black-Let. Caps. .1658 Oj * Black-Let., Sm. . 1678 Court-Hand 1696 Roman Caps 1716] f Roman, Sm 1736' Black-Let. Caps. .1756*1 Roman, Sm 1776) I f\\ Roman Caps r7W \_f\ I Roman, Sm 1816 Old English Caps. 1836 Old English, Sm. .1856 \nj Roman Caps 1876 Roman, Sm 1896 3 moo -&** ; o o . CO CO > „ T3 O The date mark. Each alphabet with one (*) ex ception consists of twenty letters; (f, Uor V, IV, X, YandZ, being the letters omitted. Four marks. I. Lion passant. 2. Large leopard's head crowned. 3. Date-letter. 4. Maker's mark, 1. Lion's head erased. 2. Bri tannia. 3. Date-letter. 4. Maker's mark. (f From 1739-1755 shaped \ shield.) 1. Lion passant. 2. Small leopard's head crowned. 3. Date-letter. 4. Maker's mark. I. Lion passant. 2. Small leopard's head 'crowned (from 1822 without crown). 3. Date-letter. 4. Maker's mark. 5. Sovereign's head (from 1784 Ito 1890, when duty was abol ished). 1. Lion passant. 2. Small leopard's head. 3. Date-letter. 4. Maker's mark. 1697 standard raised to 11 oz (175 oz. Troy ¦V w 10 dwts. — 1720 old standard revived. = 192 oz. Avoirdupois.) 309 Jntiej: of Paces CONNECTICUT. Hartford. Page 261 Middletown. 259 Southport. 261 Stamford. 262 DELAWARE. Lewes. 177 Middletown. 178 Newcastle. 178 Wilmington. 178 MARYLAND. Annapolis. 1 80 Anne Arundel Co. S. James' Parish. 180 Baltimore Co. S. Thomas' Parish. 181 Calvert Co. Christ Church Parish. 182 Cecil Co. North Elk Parish. 182 Dorchester Co. Great Choptank Parish. 182 Kent Co. S. Paul's Parish. 183 Prince George's Co. Hyattsville. 184 Queen Anne Co. S. Paul's Parish. 184 S. Mary's Co. Chaptico, Christ Church. 185 Somerset Co. Somerset Parish. 186 Talbot Co. S. Michael's Parish. 187 Wicomico Co. Salisbury Parish. 187 MASSACHUSETTS. Boston. 188 Brookline. 241 Cambridge. 232 Dorchester. 235 Hull. 248 Marblehead. 247 Newburyport. 244 Salem. 245 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Portsmouth. 250 NEW JERSEY. Burlington. 171 Perth Amboy. 172 Swedesborough. 173 NEW YORK. Albany 165 Bedford. 166 Fishkill. 168 Hempstead. 169 Jamaica. 170 Kingston. 168 New York. 161 Rye. 166 Tarrytown. 167 Westchester. 166 NORTH CAROLINA. Craven Co. Newbern. 264 Edenton. 263 PENNSYLVANIA. Oxford. 176 Philadelphia. 174 RHODE ISLAND. Bristol. 253 East Providence. 256 Newport. 251 Providence. 255 Wickford. 252 SOUTH CAROLINA. Charleston. 265 310 INDEX OF PLACES 3" VIRGINIA. Elizabeth City Co. Hampton, S. John's Church. 274 Essex Co. S. Ann's Parish. 275 Gloucester Co. Abingdon Parish. 276 Ware Parish. 277 Hanover Co. S. Martin's Parish. 277 James City. Bruton Parish, Christ Church. 268 Jamestown Old Church. 267 Lancaster Co. Christ Church Parish. 278 Nansemond Co. Lower Nansemond Parish. 279 Norfolk, Christ Church. 271 Orange Co. S. Thomas's Parish. 279 Prince George Co. Martin's Brandon Parish. 279 Princess Anne Co. East Lynnhaven Parish. 280 Lynnhaven Parish. 281 Richmond, S. John's Church. 269 Richmond Co. Lunenburg Parish. 281 North Farnham Parish. 281 Stafford Co. Aquia Church. 283 York Co. York-Hampton Parish. 275 CANADA. Brantford. 166 Deseronto. 166 fntiejr of Bonors of $late Those marked * have illustrations of coats of arms or crests. Allin, Miss Mary. Page 241 *Anne, Queen. 163, 165, 166, 169, 171, 172, 174, 176, 252 Apthorp, Dna. 234 Baker, John. 214 Balston, Nathl. 193 Banyer, Maria. 167 Barclay, Rev. H. (Presenter). 164 Barrett, John. 216 Barrett, Samuel. 211 Baxter, Daniel. 226 Baxter, H. N. 230 Beach, James E. 259 Beal, Col. Ninian. 184 Belcher, Gov. 230 Belknap, Miss Mary. 206 Bethune, Mrs. Mary. 235 Blair, Mrs. Ann. 220 Boone, Gov. Thomas. 265, 266 Booth, Michael. 176 *Boush, Maximilian. 281 *Boush, Capt. Samuel. 271 Bovey, Mrs. Cath. 171 Bracket, Anthony. 208 Bradford, A. W. 265 Braine, Sarah. 270 Brice, Mr. 220 Bridgham, Elder Joseph. 191 * Brown, Col. Samuel. 101 Bullfinch, Madam. 212 Bumstead, Josiah. 226 Burwell, Louis. 276 *Byfield. 195 Carlile, Eleanor F. 245 *Cary, Nathl. 213 Chamberlain, Davis. 226 Cheever, Joshua. 212, 215 Clap, Hopestill. 239 Clap, William. 239 Colyer, Thomas. 248 Coolidge, Mrs. Catharine. 212 *Cunningham, Nathl. 204 Danforth, Elijah. 238 Davis, John. 221 Dawes, Hon. Thomas. 204 Devotion, Edward. 241 Dinwiddie, Hon. R. 132 Dixwell, Elder John. 215 ?Dummer, Lieut.-Gov. 188, 221 Edwards, John. 260 Eliot, Mrs. Silence. 223 Ellison, Maynard. 226 *Elliston, Robert. 164 Everill, James. 191 Fahlun Mining Co. 179 •Faneuil. 235 Farnum, David. 216 Flint, Esther. 238 Flypse, Fredryck. 167 *Foster, John. 201 Fox, Mrs. A. 223 Fox, Capt. David. 278 Frizell, Mrs. Dory. 196, 200 *Frizell, John. 197, 211 Garcia, Rev. J. 263 Gardiner, Rev. J. S. J. 232 Gengen, John. 236 George II., King. 164, 210, 230, 231, 250, 264, 265 ?George III., King. 163, 210, 269 Gibbs, Mrs. Hannah. 255 Glover, Deacon Edward.- 258 *Goodridge, Walter. 201 Gorland, John. 193 Granby, Mrs. Mary. 264 Grant, Deacon. 215 Hall, Rev. Henry. 181 *Hancock, Mrs. Lydia. Harris, Richard. 93 Harrod, John. 211 Haskell & Hale. 226 191 312 DONORS OF PLATE 3*3 Haskins, Hannah. 226 Hathorne, Miss Susan. 246 Hawkins, Ernalt. 185 Hawkins, Col. John. 185 Heath, Prudence. 243 Homer, George J. 226 Hubbard, Deacon Thomas. 222 Hubbel, Lieut. Richard. 259 Hubbell, Salmon. 260 Humphreys, Rev. John. 176 Hunnewell, Mrs. Mary. 214 ?Hutchinson, Edward. 202 *Hutchinson, Thomas. 202 Hyslop, William. 243 Ireland, Mrs. Mary. 207 Jay, Ann. 167 Johnston, William. 219 *Johonnot, Zachariah. 223, 224 Jones, Isaac. 237 Kay, Nathl. 253, 254, 256 Ladd, William. 226 Lake, Alice. 236 Lake, Thomas. 236 Lathers, Richard. 266 Le Gallais, David. 247 •Lemmon, Dr. Joseph. 248 Lock, William. 181 Loring, Matthew. 248, 249 Loring, Nathl. 200, 216 Lyman, C. 214 March, John. 170 Marsh, Mrs. Sarah C. 250 Middleton, Henry. 266 Middleton, Henry A. 266 Milles, Johannis. 244 Monckton, Dr. Samuel. 176 Moore, Samuel. 192, 206 Morrison, Francis. 267 Moseley, Col. Edward. 263 Mosley, Ebenezer. 240 McClure, Thomas. 225 McGilchrist, Rev. William. 246 Nelson, Mrs. E. 219 Newman, Rev. Noah. 257 Newman, Deacon Samuel. 258 Oliver, Ebenezer. 213 Oxenbridg, Rev. John. 190 Parkman, Elias. 216 Peck, Bery. 187 Penn, Hon. John. 178 Pen Ruddock, Mrs. A. 212 *Perkins, Charles. 274 Perren, Daniel. 258 Phillips, Hon. William. 205 Preston, Remember. 239 Preston, Sarah. 240 Prince, Rev. Thomas. 208 Proctor, John C. 229 Quary, Col. Robert. 174, 175 Robeson, Magdalene. 177 Robinson, Deacon John. 243 Robinson, Mrs. Lucy. 243 Robinson, Mrs. Mary. 275 Rowe, Hannah. 231 Royall, Isaac. 254 Saffin, Martha. 209 Saltonstall, Dame Dory. 203 •Saltonstall, Madame Mary. 210 •Savage, A. 229 Schoolmaster, G. T. 256 Scott, Rev. Alex. 283 Senior, H. V. 207 ?Sewall, Rev. Dr. 206, 209 Sharp, Mrs. Susanna. 242 Shelton, Rev. Philo. 261 Sherman, Mrs. Ira. 261 Sherman, Isaac. 260 Sherwood, Matthew. 260 Shirley, Gov. 231 Shurtleff, Mrs. Mary. 251 •Simpson, John. 205 Smith, Hannah. 230, 232 Smyth, Maj. Thomas. 183 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. 170, 252 •Stoughton, Hon. Wm. 101, 186, 237 Syng, Phil. 176 Talbot, Mrs. John. 172 Talbot, St. George. 262 Tayloe, Col. John. 282 Thatcher, Mrs. -235 Thayer, Jechonias. 225 3r4 OLD PLATE Thayer, Suviah. 195 Thurston, William. 226 Tollman, Farr. 209 Towzell, John. 246 Tress, Thomas. 178 Tresse, Margaret. 175 Trippe, Henry. 168 Troup, John. 170 •Tucker, Robert. 272 Tudor, Capt. Thomas. 227 Tyler, John E. 226 Tyng, Dudley A. 245 Van Cortlandt, Cath. 167 Vanderspiegle, Mrs. E. 177 •Vassal, John. 108 ?Vassal, William. 108 •Vassall, Leonard. 228 Verplanck, Samuel. 166 Waite, Deacon Thomas. i8< Walker, Mrs. Mary. 257 Ward, Artemas. 231 Waters, Rebecca. 213 Welsteed, Madam Eliz. 193 Welsteed, Madam Sarah. 199 •Welsteed, Rev. William. 198 Westhrope, Maj. John. 279 White, Mrs. Ann. 242 •Whitwell, Capt. 272 Willets, Capt. 257 •William, King, and Mary, Queen. 161, 165, 210, 233, 244 William III., King. 180 •Williams, Deacon J. 194 Willis, Nathl. 226 ?Winthrop, Adam. 202 Winthrop, Gov. John. 189 Winthrop, Thomas L. 231 Wiswell, Lois. 240 Woodbury, Capt. A. 246 Woodward, Mrs. Maiy. 242 Woodward, Thomas. 242 Wrensley, Mrs. Eliz. 199 Yeates, John. 279 Yeldall, Dr. 259 iltst of Jftakers (Prior to 1850.) ALBANY AND TROY, BALTIMORE, BOSTON, NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA. The date, unless otherwise noted, is that of the first year the name appears in a Directory. ^Mentioned in Chronological List, A Apprentice, AD Advertisement, B Born, C Catalogue of English MSS, D Died, F Freeman, F P Federal Procession, R C Record Commissioners. ALBANY AND TROY 1 Balch & Fryer. 1784 Boyd, William. 1 8 10 Boyd& Hoyt. 1830 Boyd & Mulford. 1840 Brigden, Timothy. 18T3 Brower, S. D.1 1834 Cameron, Alex. 1813 Carrol, James. 1834 Carson & Hall. 1813 Colwell & Lawrence. 1850 Copp, Nathl. P.1 1834 Evertsen, John. 1813 Finch, Hiram. 1840 Folson, John. V 1781 Fryer, John W. 1813 Hall, Joseph. F 1781 Hall & Brower. 1853 Hall & Hewson. 1819 Hall, Hewson & Brower. 1845 Hall, Hewson & Co. 1836 Hall, Hewson & Merrifield. 1840 Harris & Wilcox.1 1844 Hutton, Isaac. 1790 Johnson, M. W. 1815 Johnson & Godley. 1847 Mix, James. 1817 Moffat, F. W. 1853 Mulford & Wendell. 1842 Rice, Joseph T. 1813 Scofield, S. 1815 Shepherd &Boyd* 1810 Truax, Hy. R. 1815 Van Bergen, John. 1813 Wilson, Albert.' 1834 BALTIMORE Aitkens, W. 1802 Ball, W. 1802 Barry, Standish. 1790 Burot, Andrew. 1824 Campbell, R. 1824 Campbell, R. & A. 1850 Canfield Bro. & Co. 1850 Dowig, George. AD 1789 Forrest, Alex. 1802 Huges, Christopher, & Co. AD 1773 Jacobs, George. 1802 Kirk, Samuel.* 1817 Lewin, Gabriel.* 1773 Sadtler, Philip. 1824 Warner, Andrew E. 18 11 Warner, Andrew E., Jr. 1837 Warner, A. E. & T. H. 1805 Webb, George W. 1850 BOSTON Austin, Nathaniel. Baldwin & Jones.* Bartlett, S* 1775 Belknap, Samuel. Bentley, Thomas. 1789 1813 1789 1796 Bingham, John. R c 1678 Boyer* 1748 Bridge, I.* 1751 Brigdens, C. 1770 Burrill, S.* 1733 Burt, Benjamin.* B 1728, d 1803 Burt, John.* 1 731 Burt, Samuel. D 1754 Burt, W.» 1748 3t5 316 OLD PLATE Cary, Lewis.* 1820 Churchill, Jesse.* 1809 Churchill & Treadwell* 181 5 Clark, S. A 1673 Clark, C. & G. 1833 Cobb, E. Coburn, J.* 1765 Cony, John. D 1722 Cowell, William.* 1728 Crosby, Jonathan. 1796 Cross. 1695 Davis, Joshua. 1796 Davis, T. A* 1824 Dixwell, John.* B 1680, D 1725 Dummer, Jeremiah. A 1659 Dwight, Timothy. B 1654, D 1692 Edwards, Andrew. 1796 Emery, Stephen. 1789 Emery, Thomas K. 1 8 13 Evans, Robert.* 1800 Farnam, Henry. 1800 Farrington, John. 1833 Farrington & Hunnewell. 1835 Flagg, Josiah. 1765 Foster, John.* 1795 Foster, Joseph. 1789 Frobisher, Benj. C* 1834 Gooding, Henry.* 1833 Gordon & Co. 1849 Gray, John. 1700 Greene, R.* 1729 Haddock, Henry. 1850 Haddock & Andrews. 1847 Halstrick, J. 1846 Harding, Newell. 1822 Harris, Stanwood & Co. 1845 Haskell, Barnabas. 1833 Hobbs, Nathan. 1833 Holmes, William. 1796 Hull, John.* B 1624, D 1683 Hurd, Jacob.* d 1758 Jones, J. B.* 1830 Kneeland, I.* B 1698, D 1760 Laforme, F. J. 1835 Laforme, Vincent. 1850 Leach, Nathaniel. 1789 Leverett, Knight.* 1720 Loring, Henry. 1798 Loring, Joseph.* 1788 Luscomb, John G. 1813 McFarlane, John. 1796 Mecum, George. 1830 Minot, Samuel. 1774 Minott.* 1744 Morse, David. 1798 Morse, Hazen. 1813 Morse, Moses. 1825 Moulton, Ebenezer.* 1796 Nevill, Richard. R c 1674 Norcross, Nehemiah. 1796 Norton, Benjamin. 1810 Paddy, Samuel. A 1659 Paton, A. 1850 Pear, Edward. 1833 Pear & Bacall. 1850 Pierpont, Benjamin.* 1789 Pons, Thomas. 1789 Potwine, I.* 1775 Revere, Edward. B 1768, d 1803 Revere, Paul.* B 1702, D 1754 Revere, Paul.* B 1735, D 1807 Revere, Paul. B 1760 Revere, Thomas. B 1738 Revere & Son. 1796 Rich, Obadiah. 1835 Ridgeway, James. 1789 Ridgeway, John. 1807 Rogers, Aug. 1840 Rogers & Wendt. 1850 Sanderson, Robert. D 1693 Savage, Thomas. R c 1695 Simpkins, T. B. 1780 Smith, I.* 1842 Smith, Joseph. 1789 Stacy, P.* 1819 Stanwood, James. 1846 Stanwood & Halstrick. 1850 Stodder & Frobisher. 1817 Sutherland, George. 1810 Tyler, Andrew. 1728 Tyler, David. 1789 Ward & Rich. 1833 Welles, George I. 1813 Whiton, Ebed. 1826 Woodward & Grosjean. 1847 NEW YORK Adams, William. 1833 Anderson, William. F 1746 Bancker, Adrian. F 1731 Bay ley & Douglass. 1798 Besley, Thauvet. F 1727 Boelen, Jacob, c 1702 Bogardus, E. F 1698 Bogert, Albert. 1816 Bourdet, Stephen. F 1730 Bowne, Samuel. 1805 Boyce, G.* 1829 Brady, William V. 1835 Brasher, Ephraim. 1786 LIST OF MAKERS 3*7 Brevoort, John. F 1742 Broadhurst, Samuel. F 1725 Brock, John. 1833 Burger, John, ad 1786 Cann, John. 1836 Chandless, William. 1846 Charters, James. 1844 Charters, Cann & Dunn. 1850 Chene, Daniel. 1786 Chitry, P. 1816 Clapp & Riker. 1805 Coen, Daniel. 1789 Cole, Albert. 1850 Coley, W. 1816 Cooper, F. W. 1840 Cornelison, C. F 1712 Crawford, John. 1815 Denise, J. & T. 1798 De Peyster, William. F 1733 De Remier, Peter. F 1769 Dubois, J. 1798 Dunn, Cary.* ad f 1765 Edwards, Thomas.* F 1731 Eoff, G. 1 81 1 Eoff & Connor. 1833 Eofl & Phyfe. 1850 Etting, Benjamin. F 1769 Evans, John. 1816 Fielding, George. F 1731 Forbes, B. G. 1833 Forbes, Colin V. G. 1816 Forbes, G. 1816 Forbes, I. W* 1805 Forbes, W. 1839 Forbes, W. G. F 1773 Fueter, D. C. cf 1759 Fueter, David. 1789 Fueter, Lewis. F 1775 Gale, John. 1 8 16 Gale, William. 1821 Gale & Hayden* 1848 Gale, Wood & Hughes* 1S33 Gardiner, B* 1829 Gelston, G. S. 1833 Gelston & Co.# 1836 Gilbert, W. 1783 Gilbert & Cunningham. 1839 Goelet, Phillip. F 1731 Gordon, A. & J. 1798 Grigg, W. F 1765 Gurnee, B. & S. 1833 Hall, Drew. 1789 Halsted, B. ad 1764 Hastier, John. F 1726 Hays, Andrew. F 1769 Heath, John. F 1761 Hebberd, H. 1847 Hendrickse, A. F 1698 Heurtin, William. F 1731 Heyer, W. B* 1798 Hutton, John. F 1720 Jackson, John. F 1731 Johnson, S. 1783 Kidney, Cann & Johnson. 1850 Kiersteade, C. F 1698 Kiersteade, C. F 1702 Kingston, John, f 1775 Kip, Benjamin. F 1702 Le Roux, B. F 1739 Le Roux, C. F 1725 Le Roux, J. F 1722 Lockwood, F. 1845 Lyell, D. F 1699 Lyng, J. Burt. F 1761 Martin, P. F 1756 McClymon, J. C. 1805 Moore, E. C. 1850 Moore, J. C. 1836 Moore & Brown. 1833 Morris, S. F 1759 Moulinar, J. F 1744 Myers, Myer. F 1786 Newkirke, J. c 1716 Onclebag, G. F 1698 Overin, R. F 1701 Parisien, O. F 1769 Parisien, O., & Son. 1789 Pelletrau, E. F 1750 Pinto, J. ad 1759 Polhamus, J. 1839 Quintard, P. F 1731 Richard, S* 1828 Ridout, G. F 1745 Riker, P.^ 1801 Riker & Alexander. 1798 Ritter, M. 1786 Robert, C. F 1731 Rominie, J. F 1770 Roosevelt, N. F 173S Say re, J .* 1798 Schaats, B. F 1708 Skinner, A. F 1756 Slydell, J. F 1765 Staats, B. F 1784 Stebbins & Co.* 1841 Stoutenburgh, T. F 1731 Targee, J. 1798 Ten Eyck, C. F 1716 Thomas, W. F 1769 Thomson, James. 1839 3*8 OLD PLATE Thomson, W.* 1830 Underhill, Thomas. F 1787 Underhill & Vernon. 1786 Van Beuren, P. 1798 Vanderspiegel, J. F 1701 Vandyke, P. c 1744 Van Voorhis, D* 1789 Van Voorhis & Cooly. 1786 Van Voorhis & Son. 1798 Vergereau, P. F 1721 Vernon, John. 1789 Vernon, }., & Co. 1798 Wenman, B. 1789 Wilson, R. 1805 Wishart, H* 1789 Wood, J. E. 1845 Wood & Hughes. 1845 Wool, J. Ward. F 1 791 Wyncoope, B. F 1698 Wynkoop, C. F 1727 PHILADELPHIA Aitken, John. 1797 Alexander, Samuel. 1797 Allen, James. AD 1720 Anthony, J. 1770 Anthony, Joseph, & Son. 1811 Armstrong, John. rSir Ball, William. F P 1788 Bard & Hoffman. 1837 Bard & Lamont. 1841 Bard, C, & Son. 1850 Black, John. 1819 Bumm & Shepper. 1819 Butler & McCarty. 1850 Childs, George K. 1837 Cooke, Joseph. AD 1792 Cumming, David B. 181 1 Curry, John. 1831 David, John.* D 1805 David, Lewis A. 1837 Dickerson, John. 1797 Dorsey, Joshua. 1797 Dubois, A.* 1797 Dunlevey, Robert. 1831 Dupuy, Daniel. 1797 England, William. F 1718 Faber, William. 1831 Faber & Hoover. 1837 Fletcher & Gardiner. 1 S 19 Ford, Samuel. 1797 Gee, Joseph. F p 1788 Germon, G. D. 1819 Germon, John. F P 1788 Grant, William. 1797 Houlton, John. 1797 Howell, James. i8n Humphreys, Thomas. 1814 Hunt, Edward. F 1718 Hutton, John S. B 1684, D 1792 Kline, B., & Co. 1837 Krider, Peter L. 1850 Lamar, Matthias. 1797 Lawrie, Robert D. 1841 Lewis, Harvey. 1819 Lewis& Smith. 1811 Lownes, Edward. 1819 Lownes, Joseph.* 1797 Lownes, J. & J H. 1819 Marshall, Joseph. 18 19 McMullin, John. 1811 McMullin & Black. 18 11 Musgrave, James. 1797 Myers, John. 1797 Perraux, Peter. 1797 Rach, Anthony. 1815 Rach & Willig. 1819 Reeder, Abner. 1797 Richards & Williamson. 1797 Richardson, Francis. F 1718 Richardson, Joseph. 1797 Robinson & Harwood. 1S19 Seal, William. 18 19 Sharp, W. & G. 1850 Shepper, John D. 1819 Shoemaker, Joseph. 1797 Simmons, Anthony. 1797 Syng, Philip.* B 1676,0 1739 Syng, Philip.* B 1703, I) 1789 Taylor & Lawrie. 1841 Ward & Cox. 181 1 Warner, Joseph. 1811 Watts, J. & W. 1841 Whartenby, John. 1831 Whartenby, Thomas. 1S11 Whartenby, Thomas, & Co. 1850 Willig, George. 1819 Wilson, George. 1850 Wilson, Robert. 1819 Wilson, William. 1850 Wilson, R. & W. 1831 Wiltberger, Christian. 1793 Wriggins, Thomas. 1841 3fntiej: of jftakera anti JWarlts (Marks consisting of two or more letters should be looked for under the first letter of the pair or group.) Bartholomew, R. 61 Bartlett, S. 188, 291, 315 Bathe, J. 269, 299 Bayley & Douglass. 316 Beach, M. 61 Beach & Ward. 61 Beebe, S. 57 Belknap, S. 46, 315 Bellodiere, P. 52 Bentley, T. 315 Besley, T. 316 Bingham, J. 315 301 Black, J. 318 Black, L. 302 Bodington, J. 34, 252, 297 Boelen, J. 316 Bogardus, E. 316 Bogert, A. 316 Bourdet, S. 316 Bowne, S. 316 Boyce, G. 260, 293, 316 Boyd, W. 50, 315 Boyd & Hoyt. 51, 315 Boyd & Mulford. 51, 315 Boyer. 46, 257, 289, 315 Brainard, C. 61 Bradbury & Bro. 58 Brady, W. V. 54, 316 Brasher, E. 51, 316 Brevoort, J. 317 Bridge, I. 198, 214, 289, 290, 315 Brigden, T. 50, 315 Brigdens, C. 46, 315 Broadhurst, S. 317 Brock, J. 317 226, 245, Brookhouse, R. 60 Brower, S. D. 50, 51, 315 Brower, W. S. 51 Brower & Rusher. 50 Buell, A. 58 Bumm & Shepper. 318 Bunker, B. 58 Burger, J. 51, 52. 317 Burot, A. 315 A B. Page 295 A Ne, linked. 171, 281, 299 A P. 266, 290 A R. 263, 287 A W. 296 Adams, W. 54, 316 Aitken, J. 318 Aitkens, W. 315 Alexander, S. 318 Allen, J. 55, 318 Allen & Fox. 229, 231, 250, 300, Anderson, W. 316 Andrew, J. 60 Andrews, H. 49 Animal's head. 295 Anthony, J. 318 Anthony, J., & Son. Armstrong, J. 318 Arnold, T. 60, 61 Austin, N. 315 318 B. 290 B A. 269, 299 253, 288 192 34, 252, 297 240, 291 165, 172 192 260, 261, 289, 293 49 59 BB.B H. BO.BP.B R. BS.B W. Bailey, B. Bailey, L. Balch & Fryer. 49, 31 5 Baldwin & Jones. 49, 293. 315 Ball, W. 55. 315, Bancker, A. 316 Bard & Hoffman. Bard & Lamont. Bard, C, & Son. Barrett, S. 58 Barry, S. 315 318 318 3183i8 319 32° OLD PLATE Burr, C. 57 Burr, E. 57 Burrill, S. 49, 196, 288, 315 Burt. 46, 152, 242, 291 Burt, B. 44, 240, 292, 315 Burt, J. 35, 44, 101, 213, 288, 289, 315 Burt, S. 44, 315 Burt, W. 44, 203, 289, 315 Butler & McCarty. 318 C B. 178, 207, 295 C G. 175 C K. 112, 122 C L. 298 Co. 299 C W. 263, 300 Cameron, A. 315 Campbell, R. 315 Campbell, R. & A. 315 Canfield Bro. & Co. 315 Cann, J. 317 Carrol, J. 315 Carson, T. 50 Carson & Hall. 315 Carter, J. 303 Cary, L.' 48, 49, 57, 224, 293, 316 Catherine-wheel. 172, 295 Chandless, W. 317 Charters, J. 317 Charters, Cann & Dunn. 317 Chawner, T. & W. 302 Chene, D. 51, 317 Childs, G. K. 318 Chitry, P. 317 Churchill, J. 48, 224, 232, 292, 316 Churchill & Treadwell. 49, 230, 232 293, 316 Clapp & Riker. 317 Clark, C. & G. 316 Clark, G. C. 57 Clark, M. 48 Clark, S. 43, 316 Clarke. 62 Clarke, J. 61, 252, 256, 288 Cleveland. 60 Clifton, J. 298 Cobb, E. 109, 316 Coburn, J. 49, 290, 316 Codner. 46 Coen, D. 317 Colds, L. 90 Cole, A. 317 Coley, W. 317 Colwell & Lawrence. 315 Cony, J. 46, 316 Cooke, J. 318 Cooly, W. 52 Cooper, F. W. 317 Copp, N. P. 315 Cornelison, C. 317 Cowell, W. 44, 207, 221, 290, 316 Cox, G. 299 Cox, R. 302 Crawford, J. 317 Crosby, J. 316 Crosby, S. T. 48 Cross. 44, 316 Cumming, D. B. 318 Curry, J. 318 D B. 296 D H. 181, 191, 290 D I. 235, 285 D S. R S. 234, 302, 303 D V V. 262, 291 Darwall, J. 303 David, J. 56, 177, 291, 318 David, L. A. 318 Davis. 58 Davis, J. 316 Davis, S. 48 Davis, T. A. 244, 293, 316 Davis & Watson. 49 Demilt. 294 Denise, J. & T. 317 De Peyster, W. 317 De Remier, P. 317 Dickerson, J. 318 Dixwell, J. 45, 152, 213, 214, 215, 216, 259, 286, 316 Dodge, C. 57 Dodge, N. 57 Doolittle, A. 59 Dorsey, J. 318 Dowig, G. 62, 315 Drowne, S. 58 Dubois, A. 175, 318 Dubois, J. 317 Dummer, J. 43, 316 Dunlevey, R. 318 Dunn, C. 51, 52, 291, 317 Dupont, L. 301 Dupuy, D. 56, 152, 318 Dwight, T. 44, 152, 3i6 E A. 112, r66, 169, 174, 298, 301 E C. 183, 302, 303 E G. 277 E P. 300 MAKERS AND MARKS 321 E W. 108, 148, 201, 202,212, 254, 286, 288, 291 Easton, J. 58, 294 Easton & Sanford. 58, 294 Eastt, J. 112, 166, 169, 174, 298 Edwards. 46 Edwards, A. 316 Edwards, T. 254, 289, 317 Emery. 46 Emery, S. 316 Emery, T. K. 48, 316 Ernes, J. 303 England, W. 54, 318 Eoff, G. 317 Eoff & Connor. 317 Eoff&Phyfe. 317 Etting, B. 317 Evans, J. 317 Evans, R. 217, 316 Evertsen, J. 315 Ewer or Jug. 275 F A. 281, 282, 299, 300 F G. 34, 161, 165, 180, 233, 244, 296, 297 F O. 182, 299 F S. 296 F W. 132, 250, 273, 302 Faber, W. 318 Faber & Hoover. 318 Farnam, H. 316 Farren, T. 182, 266, 267, 281, 282, 283, 300, 301 Farrington, J. 49, 316 Farrington & Hunnewell. 316 Feline, M. 133, 301 Ffarrer, T. 272, 280, 300 Fielding, G. 317 Finch, H. 315 Flag, J. 316 Fletcher & Gardiner. 49, 141, 318 Folkingham, T. 182, 299 Folson, J. 37, 315 Forbes, B. G. 317 Forbes, C. V. G. 517 Forbes, G. 317 Forbes, I. W. 168, 293, 317 Forbes, W. 51, 317 Forbes, W. G. 317 Ford, S. 318 Forrest, A. 315 Foster. 206, 220, 293 Foster, J. 44, 310 Foster, N. & T. 58 Fox, M. 163, 264, 265, 301, 302 21 Frobisher, B. C. 221, 294, 316 Frothingham. 46 Fryer, J. W. 50, 315 Fueter, D. 317 Fueter, D. C. 51, 317 Fueter, L. 317 Furt, P. 48 G A. 34, 163, 165, 298, 299 G B. 248, 286, 293 G C. 278 G H. 200 G & H. 255, 294 Gi. 171, 172, 176, 252, 298 G L. 181, 290 G R. 102, 164, 289, 299 G S. 296, 303 G W & H. 260, 294 G Z. 175 Gale, J. 317 Gale, W. 54, 317 Gale & Hayden. 255, 317 Gale, Wood & Hughes. 260, 317 Gamble, W. 299 Gardiner, B. 293, 317 Gardner, J. 259, 291 Garthorne, F. 34, 161, 163, 165, 180, 233, 297, 298 Gee, J. 55, 318 Gelston, G. S- 317 Gelston & Co. 294, 317 Germon, G. D. 318 Germon, J. 55, 318 Gibson, W. 171, 172, 176, 252, 298 Gilbert, W. 51, 54, 317 Gilbert & Cunningham. 317 Gill, C. 59 Gill, L. 59 Goelet, P. 317 Gooding, H. 230, 294, 316 Gordon, A. & J. 3!7 Gordon & Co. 316 Gorham, J. 57 Gorham, J., & Son. 57 Gorham Mfg. Co. 57 Gorham & Webster. 57 Grant, W. 318 Gray, J. 316 Greene, R. 227, 287, 299, 316 Grigg, W. 317 Griselm, C. 54. *75 Grundy, W. 280, 302 Gurnee, B. & S. 317 Gurney, R., & Co. 268, 300 322 OLD PLATE H. 278 HA. 34 Hi. 185, 2gg H N. 178 H S. 223, 285 Haddock, H. 49, 316 Haddock & Andrews. 49, 316 Hadwen, W. 57, 58 Hall, D. 317 Hall, G. 50 Hall, J. 37, 315 Hall & Brower. 50, 315 Hall & Hewson. 50, 315 Hall, Hewson & Brower. 50,315 Hall, Hewson & Co.' 50, 315. Hall, Hewson & Merrifield, 50, 315 Halsted, B. 51, 317 Halstrick, J. 316 Harache, P. 34, 106, 268, 296 Harding, N. 48, 4g, 316 Harding, R. 34 Harmon, R. 52 Harris & Wilcox. 315 Harris, Stanwood & Co. 316 Haskell, B. 316 Hastier, J. 317 Hays, A. 317 Heath, J. 317 Hebberd, H. 317 Heming, T. 163, 165, 268, 301, 302 Henchman, D. 45, ig2, 290 Hendrickse, A. 317 Hennell, R. 303 Heurtin, W. 317 Hewson, J. D. 50 Heyer, W. B. 51, 292, 317 Hill, R. 185, 2gg Hiller, J. 60 Hobbs, N. 316 Holmes, W. 46, 316 Hookey, W. 61 Hopkins, J. 5g Houlton, J. 318 Hovy. 2go Howard, A. 60 Howard, W. 302 Howell, J. 318 Huges, C, & Co. 315 Hull, J. 20, 21, 42, 43, 316 Hull & Sanderson. 44, 190, 194, 207, 208, 223, 235, 257, 285, 316 Humphreys, T. 318 Hunt, E. 54, 318 Hurd. 152, 260, 220, 232, 238, 239, 257, 288, 289 Hurd, B. 45 Hurd, J. 35, 45, ig4, ig5, 2ig, 228, 241, 257, 258, 288, 28g, 2go, 316 Hurd, N. 45, 192 Hutton, I. 50, 152, 166, 315 Hutton, J. 317 Hutton, J. S. 56, 318 I A. M F. 229, 231, 250, 300, 301 I B. 167, 168, ig7, 200, 287, 300 I C. 100, i6g, i8g, lg3, 206, 208, 209, 216, 241, 245, 285, 286, 289, 290, 295, 303 I D. 121, 178, 190, 191, ig2, 207, 213, 214, 215, 216, 237, 251, 25g, 285, 286, 2gi, 303 I E. 188, ig3, 194, 195, 227, 237, 285, 287, 2gi I G. ig5, 200, 201, 287, 288 I H. ig4, 258, 290, 296 I H. R S. igo, ig4, 207, 208, 235, 257, 285 I K. 185, 2g6 I N. 178 I P. 249, 287 I R. 176, 200, 253, 287, 288, 291 I S. 173, 269, 277, 296, 2gg, 300 I T. 256, 295, 301 I W. 267 Issod, T. 269 J E. 303 J R. 272, 301 J S. 247, 301, 302, 303 Jackson, J. 317 Jacobs, G. 315 Jenks, J. 20, 42 Johnson, M. W. 315 Johnson, S. 51, 54, 317 Johnson & Godley. 315 Jones, J. 70 Jones, J. B. 231, 293, 316 Jones, Low & Ball. 49, 141 K A. 143, 300 Kandler, R. 143, 300 Kelley, A. 58 Kelley, E. G. & J. H. 58 Kidney, Cann & Johnson. 317 Kiersteade, C. 112, 122, 317 Kingston, j. 317 Kip, B. 317 Kippen, G. 260, 294 Kirk, S. 41, 62, 183, 294, 315 Kline, B., &-Co. 318 MAKERS AND MARKS 323 Kneeland, I. 108, 287, 288, 316 Krider, P. L. 318 L A. 123 L B. 302 LC. 90 L D. 301 L O. 184, 298 Laforme, F. J. 316 Laforme, V. 316 Lamar, M. 318 Lawrie, R. D. 318 Le Roux, B. 54, 317 Le Roux, C. 54. 3*7 Le Roux, J. 317 Leach, N. 316 Leroy, A. 40 Levely. 62 Leverett, K. 286, 316 Lewin, G. 181, 290, 315 Lewis, H. 318 Lewis & Smith. 318 Lincoln, E. 59 Lockwood, F. 317 Lofthouse, M. E. 184, 298 Loring, H. 316 Loring, J. 231, 291, 316 Lownes, E. 318 Lownes, J. 292, 318 Lownes, J. & J. H. 318 Luscomb, J. G. 316 Lyell, D. 317 Lyng, J. B. 317 M. 207, 279, 296 M A. 185, 298, 2gg M F. 133, 163, 264, 265, 301, 302 M & P. 2g4 M R. 2go Margas, S. 185, 2gg Marshall, J. 318 Martin, P. 317 Masham, W. 2g8 Maverick, P. 52 McClymon, J. C. 317 McFarlane, J. 316 McMullin, J. 318 McMullin & Black. 318 Mecum, G. 316 Millar, J. 49 Minot, S. 3l6 Minott. 205, 241, 28g, 2go, 316 Mix, J. 315 Moffat, F. W. 315 Moore, E. C. 317 Moore, J. C. 317 Moore & Brown. 317 Morris, S. 317 Morse, D. 316 Morse, H. 4g, 316 Morse, M. 4g, 316 Mott, W. & J. 53, 54 Moulinar, J. 317 Moulton, E. 4g, 204, 205, 212, 222, 2g2, 316 Moulton, W. 58 Mulford & Wendell. 51, 31-5 Mumford, H. G. 57 Musgrave, J. 318 Myers, J. 318 Myers, M. 51, 152, 317 N M. 218, 286 Nelme, A. 171, 281, 2gg Nevill, R. 316 Newhall, D. 60 Newkirke, J. 317 Nichols, W. S. 60 Norcross, N. 316 Norton, B. 316 Norton, S. 5g Onclebag, G. 54. 317 Otis, J. 61, 258, 289 Ott, D. 51 Overin, R. 317 P A. 173, 300 P E. 297 P H. 34, 106, 268, 296 P O. igg, 287, 288 P R. 203, 240, 2g2 P S. 174, 286 pvD. 25g, 288 Paddy, S. 43. 31° Parisien, O. 51, 3X7 Parisien, O., & Son. 317 Parker. 46 Paton, A. 310 Peake, R. 2g7 Pear, E. 49. 3*6 Pear & Bacall. 316 Pelletrau, E. 317 Perkins, J. 58 Perraux, P. 3l8 Phillips, S. 60 Pierpont, B. 46, 240, 244. 291. 3I& Pitman. 57, 292 3H OLD PLATE Pitman & Dorrance. 57 Pocock, E. 300 Polhamus, J. 317 Pons, T. 316 Potwine, I. 199, 291, 316 Quintard, P. 317 R B. 2g5 Re. 187, 227, 2g8, 2gg R G. 227, 274, 287, 2g5 R H. 34, 303 R P- 175. 2g7 R J G. 268, 300 Rach, A. 318 Rach & Willig. 318 Read, J. 187, 227, 298, 2gg Reeder, A. 318 Revere. 34, 46, 48, 70, 116, 119, 152, ig4, 195, 208, 212, 220, 222, 223, 248, 290-292 Revere, E. 48, 316 Revere, P. 48, 119, 240, 289, 292, 316 Revere, T. 48, 316 Revere & Son. 48, 316 Rice, 62 Rice, J. T. 315 Rich, O. 48, 49, 141, 316 Richard, S. 293, 317 Richards & Williamson, 318 Richardson, F. 54, 318 Richardson, J. 318 Ridgeway, J. 316 Ridout, G. 51, 164, 289, 317 Riker, P. 292, 317 Riker & Alexander. 317 Robert, C. 317 Robinson, J. 272, 301 Robinson & Harwood. 318 Rogers, A. 316 Rogers, D. 61 Rogers & Wendt. 316 Rominie, J. 317 Roosevelt, N. 317 SB. 196, 288 S &I :. 293 SE. 224 SH. 276, 278, 297 S K. 183, 294 S M. 271, 297 SS. i6g, 172, 178, 288 St. Pe. 298 S V. 61, 296 S W. 180, 300 Sy. 275, 297 Sadtler, P. 315 Sanderson, R. (see Hull & Sander son). 20, 42-44, 316 Sanford, F. S. 58 Saunders. 57 Savage, T. 316 Sayre, J. 292, 317 Schaats, B. 317 Scofield, S. 315 Seal, W. 318 Sharp, W. & G. 318 Shaw & Priest. 187, 301, 302 Sheene, A. 276 Shepherd & Boyd. 51, 166, 292, 2g3, 315 Shepper, J. D. 318 Shoemaker, J 318 Simmons, A. 318 Simpkins, W. 242 Simpkins, T. B. 316 Skerry, G. W. 48 Skinner, A. 317 Slydell, J. 317 Smith, G. 303 Smith, I. 222, 294, 316 Smith, J. 271, 297, 316 Smith & Sharp. 234, 302, 303 Staats, B. 317 Stacy, P. 225, 2g3, 316 Stanwood, J. 316 Stanwood & Halstrick. 316 Star. 2g5 Stebbins & Co. 2g4, 317 Stacker & Peacock. 2g8 Stodder & Frobisher. 4g, 316 Stoutenburgh, T. 317 Sumner, W. 303 Sutherland, G. 316 Swift, J. 247, 301, 302 Syng, P. 54, 55, 174, 176. 286, 318 Syngin, R. 275, 297 T A. 281, 2g9 T C. 189, 295 T C. W C. 302 T F. 182, 189, 266, 267, 272, 280, 283, 300, 301 T G. 190 T H. 163, 165, 170, 268, 290, 301, 302 Ti. 180, 297 T L. 279, 300 MAKERS AND MARKS 3^5 TP. 245 T R. 223 T T. 301 T W. 303 Tanner, J. 61 Tanner, J. S. 146 Tanqueray, D. 281, 2gg Targee, J. 317 Taylor & Lawrie. 318 Tearle, T. 301 Ten Eyck, C. 317 Thaxter, J. B. 59 Thomas, W. 317 Thomson, J. 317 Thomson, P. 49 Thomson, W. 259, 293, 318 Timbrell, R. 180, 297 Touzell, J. 60 Trott, J. 239 Truax, H. R. 315 Tyler. 46 Tyler, A. 45, 316 Tyler, D. 316 Underhill, T. 318 Underhill & Vernon. 3i8 Van Bergen, J. 315 Van Beuren, P. 318 Vanderspiegel, J. 318 Vandyke, P. 318 Van Voorhis, D. 52, 53, 262, 291, 318 Van Voorhis & Cooly. 52, 318 Van Voorhis & Son. 318 Vaughn, D. 54 Vent. 46 Vergerau, P. 318 Vernon, J. 318 Vernon, S. 61 Vernon, J„ & Co. 318 W A. 186, 276, 297, 299 WC. in, 248, 261, 287, 303 WD. 177 WG. 280, 302 W H. 203, 226, 292 Wh. 302 WI. 170, 185, 298, 299 W.K B ¦ 169 W P. 193, 275, 286, 300 W R. 236, 285 W S. 303 W S. W P. 187, 301, 302 Ward, J. 61 Ward, S. L. 48 Ward & Bartholomew. 61 Ward & Cox. 318 Ward & Rich. 49, 316 Ward, Bartholomew & Brainard. 61 Warner, A. E. 62, 315 Warner, J. 318 Warner, T. H. 40 Warner, A. E.&T. H. 62, 315 Wastell, S. 276, 2g7 Watts, J. & W. 318 Webb. 46 Webb, G. W. 315 Webster, H. L. 57 Welles, G. 48 Welles, G. I. 316 Welles & Co. 49 Wenman, B. 318 West, C. 49 Whartenby, J. 318 Whartenby, T. 318 Whartenby, T. & Co. 318 White, F. 132, 250, 273, 302 Whiton, E. 48, 49, 316 Willig, G. 318 Wilson, A. 315 Wilson, G. 318 Wilson, H. 182, 293 Wilson, R. 318 Wilson, W. 318 Wilson, R. & W. 318 Wiltberger, C. 318 Winslow, E. 48 Wisdome, J. 170, 298 Wishart, H. 263, 292, 318 "Wood, J. E. 318 Wood & Hughes. 318 Woodward. 46 Woodward & Grosjean. 316 Wool, J.'W. 318 Wriggins, T. 318 Wyncoope, B. 318 Wynkoop, C. 318 Y T. 296 #meral 3to*tf Additions. Page 156 Albany. 36, 49, 315 Alloys. 17, 18 Alms basons. 70 America. 35 American silversmiths. 42, 285-294, 315-318 Annapolis. 136 Apostles' spoons. 78 Arkansas. 41 Assay. 22, 23 Avoirdupois weight. 25-27 Baltimore. 37-40, 61, 315 Baptismal basons. 70 Beakers. 68, in Birmingham. 32 Boston. 35, 36, 42-4g, 98, 102, 315, 316 Brazier. 141 Bristol. 30 Britannia standard. 18, 27, 31 Canada. 135-139, 166 Candlesticks. 120-123 Carat. 18, 41 Cellini, Benvenuto. 91 Chalices and patens. 66 Chester. 32 Chocolate. 116 Chronological list of examples of American plate. 285-294 Chronological list of examples of London plate. 2g5~303 Cistern medal. 146 Coffee-pots. 116-ng Coin. 21, 27, 35, 41 Communion cups. 66-68 Connecticut. 41, 128, 25g-262 Corporation plate sold. 102 Coventry. 30 Cups. 94-106 Date-letters. 30, 31, 304 Decimal weights. 27 Decorative plate. 142-147 Delaware. I77-I7g Dollar, U. S. 21 Domestic plate. 71-141 Drinking vessels. g4 Dublin. 32 Duty mark. 31, 155 Easterlings. ig, 20 Ecclesiastical plate. 63, 161-284 Edinburgh. 32 Electrotypes. 153 Engraving. 73, 148 Extinguishers. 123 F letter. 32, 155 Federal processions. 50, 53, 55, 61, 62 Flagons. 6g, 141 Florida. 41 Forgeries. 32, 152 Forks. 73, 84-90 Frauds and imitations. 152 Freemen. 35-37 Georgia. 128 Glasgow. 32 Gold. 15, 17, 27, 41 Goldsmiths' Co. 29, 32 Guilds. 28 Hall-marks. 28, 29 Hall-marks, where placed. 32, 157 Hartford, 61 Harvard University. 100, 108-110 Heraldry. 148-151 Hingham. 59 Humid process. 24 Illinois. 41 Index of American makers. 315-318 Index of donors. 312-314 Index of makers and marks. 319- 325 Index of places. 310,311 Inscriptions. 148 Knives. 74, 75 Lancaster. 58 Legislation and marks. 29-31 326 GENERAL INDEX 327 Leopard's head. 29-31 Lion passant. 30, 31 Lion's head. 31 London. 29, 32 London marks. 304-309 Long Island. 169, 170 Loving-cups. 98, 127 Maces. 124-140 Maine. 41 Makers' marks. 3Q, 31, 33 Maryland. 37, 41, 135, 180-187 Massachusetts. 41, 128, 188-249 Mazers. g4 Michigan. 41 Mint, U. S. 21, 26 Missouri. 41 Monkey spoons. 83 Monograms. 148 Monteiths. 112, 113 Nantucket. 58 Naval Academy. 136 Newburyport. 58 Newcastle. 30 New Hampshire. 41, 128, 250, 251 New Jersey. 41,128,171-173 Newport. 60 New York. 36, 41, 51-54, 129-130, 161-170, 316-318 Norfolk. 131-133 North Carolina. 135, 263, 264 Norwich. 30 Oar mace. 140 Ohio. 41 Ontario. 138 Pennsylvania. 174-176 Philadelphia. 37, 54~56, 3i8 Pittsburg. 58 Plate. 17 Plateau. 146 Porringers. 103 Portsmouth. 62 Pound weight. 25 Prices. 36, 158 Providence. 57 Provincial offices. 30, 32 Punch-bowl rings. 114 Punch-bowls. 112-115 Reproductions. 157 Rhode Island. 41, 135, 251-258 Salem. 59, 62 Salisbury. 30 Salts. 91-93 Scotch standard. 27, 37 Scroll-and-Key Society. 105 Sheffield. 32 Silver. 15, 17, 27 Snuffers. 123 Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. 63-65 South Carolina. 41, 133-135, 265, 266 Sovereign's head. 31, 155 Spoons. 73-84 Spoons and forks. 73-90 Standards. 18, ig Standing-cups. gS State laws. 37-40, 41 Sterling. 18-21, 27, 35, 41 Stoneware jugs. g3, g4 Stoup. 6g Sumptuary laws. 36 Table plate. 141 Tables of weights. 27 Tankards. 107-111 Tea and coffee services. 116-ng Tea-pots. 116-118 Teaspoons. 84 Tea strainers. 84 Token. 53 Touch-stone, ig, 22, 23 Trademarks. 28 Transformations. 156 Trenton. 62 Troy. 50, 315 Troy weight. 25-27 Tureen. 141 United States. 17, 18, 37 Vases. 147 Virginia. 41, 131, 267-284 War maces. 125 Washington. I3g, 140 Weights. 24-27 Wine-cisterns. 142-145 York. 30