Commerce between the
United States and Mexico. report by|
I Joseph Ninmio.
Washington, 1884.

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COMMERCE

BETWEEN THE

UNITED STATES AND MEXICO.

A REPORT IN REPLY TO A RESOLUTION OF THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES OF JANUARY 31, 1884,

JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr.,
CHIEF OF BUREAU OF STATISTICS,
TREASURY DEPARTMB-NT.

WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1884.
... \s 11

48th Congress, ) HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. I Ex. Doc.
1st Session. , } I No. 86.

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

LETTER

THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.

TRANSMITTING,

In reply to the resolution of the House of Representatives passed January
31, 1884, information in regard to the trade between the United States
and Mexico, and to the traffic qper the railroads connecting the two coun
tries.

February 8, 1884.— Referred to the Committee on Commerce and ordered to he printed.

Treasury Department,
Office of the Secretary,
Washington, I). C, February 7, 1884.
Sir : I have the honor to transmit, herewith, to the House of Repre
sentatives, a report prepared under my direction by the chief of the
Bureau of Statistics of this Department, in reply to a resolution of the
House of Representatives, of January 31, 1884, requesting the Secretary
of the Treasury to submit to that House Such information as ne may be
able to communicate, at an early day, in regard to the trade between
the United States and Mexico, and to the traffic over railroads connect
ing the two countries.
Very respectfully,
CHAS. J. FOLGER,
Secretary..
Hon. John G. Carlisle,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.

Treasury Department,
Bureau of Statistics,
Washington, D. ft, February 6, 1884.
Sir : The following resolution of the House of Representatives, agreed
to January 31, 1884, has been referred to me for reply:
Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury be requested to transmit to this House
such information as he may be able to communicate, at an early day, in regard to the
trade between the United States and Mexico, and to the traffic over railroads con
necting the two countries.

2, TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
In compliance with your direction, I have the honor to submit to you
the following answer to this resolution.
The subject of the trade and transportation interests of Mexico has,
during the last eight months, commanded my attention in the prepra-
tion of my annual report on the internal commerce of the United States,
which report* relates to the commercial, industrial, and transportation
interests of the Pacific coast, and to transcontinental railroads, em
bracing also the consideration of the relations of the trade and trans
portation interests of the two adjacent countries, viz, the Dominion of
Canada, and Mexico, to the commercial and industrial interests of the
United States. I have made use of the results of this work, in so far
as it relates to Mexico, in the preparation of my reply to the resolution
of the House of Representatives.
I am, sir, very respectfully, yours,
JOSEPH NIMMO, Jr.,
Chief of Bureau.
Hon. Chas. J. Folger,
Secretary of the Treasury.

COMMERCE

»
BETWEEN THE

UNITED STATES AND MEXICO,

CONSTRUCTION OF RAILROADS

CONNECTING THE TWO COUNTRIES.

CONTENTS.

Page.
Introductory remarks  7
Population and its distribution  9
Climate  11
Agriculture :
Soil and general products  lc
Indian corn  15
Wheat...  15
Sugar  15
Coffee    17
Mineral products :
Coal  18
Gold and sil ver  19
Commerce  20
The proposed reciprocity treaty between the United States and Mexico  27
The security of life and property in Mexico, and the present encouragement to
comniercial enterprise in that country  29
Religious toleration iu Mexico as an evidence of the security of life and prop
erty   32
The permanency of the present Government of Mexico, and its disposition
towards the cultivation of closer commercial relations with the United States. 34
Railroads of Mexico :
The Sonora Railway  36
The Mexican Central Railway  36
The Mexican International Railroad  38
The line of the Mexican National Construction Company  38
The Mexican Southern Railroad  39
The American and Mexican Pacific Railway  41
Other railroads in Mexico ....   42
General remarks upon the probable traffic of railroads now in course of con
struction  42
Concluding remarks  *;  43

COMMERCE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO,

IXTRODUCTOET REMARKS.
The United States and Mexico, although territorially contiguous,
have heretofore been in a commercial sense widely separated, from the
fact that an intervening belt of more than one thousand miles in width,
without transportation facilities has separated the centers of commerce
and industry of the two countries. But within the last three years en
terprises have beeu inaugurated and pushed forward, whereby the
United States and Mexico will soon be placed in close communication
by means of that most forceful agency of modern enterprise, the rail
road. The advent of this important change in the commercial relations
of the two countries is at hand. In a few weeks the first of the trunk
lines designed to connect the two countries will be opened for traffic,
and it is probable that within two years from the present time, three or
four other lines with their branches will have been so far advanced to
ward completion as to place all the more important towns and cities of
Mexico in immediate communication with the commercial centers of the
United States. Soon the awakening influence of the new and grand
possibilities thus opened for commercial intercourse will be felt in both
countries. This recent development iu the commercial history of the two contig
uous countries has been largely due to the broad and liberal policy of in
ternal improvements, which has been adopted and steadily adhered to dur
ing the last ten years by the Government of Mexico, viz, the granting to
railroad corporations of this country valuable franchises aud liberal sub
sidies in aid of railroad construction iu that country. These acts be
speak the present attitude and disposition of the people of Mexico to
ward the people of the United States. From one end of that country
to the other the expectation as to the prosperity which will follow the
completion ofthe railroads now in progress is tlie absorbing thought of
the hour. The new life into which Mexico is now entering has already
visibly manifested itself in the growth of commerce, in an increase of
her revenues, in the appreciation of the value of'property piong* the
lines of the railroads in progress, and in an increase of wages, the surest
sign of awakened enterprise. The new-born hopes and aspirations of
the Mexicans, and their manifest desire aud efforts for the cultivation
of more intimate commercial relations with the, United States, higlily
commend them to the generous co-operation of the people of this country.
It is a subject for rejoicing at the present time that the cause of
political disturbance in Mexico during- the last sixty years has been
removed, and that the principles of civil and religious liberty have been
established in that country. The rights of person and property are
also recognized and protected, and the way appears to be fully pre
pared for the safe prosecution of commercial enterprise. In view of
these facts, it is believed that the present time constitutes the most
important epoch in the history of Mexico since she yielded to the sway
of the Spanish conqueror in 1~._.\.

b TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
The international railroad hues now iu course of construction iu Mex
ico are almost exclusively controlled by citizens of the United States,
and will be operated in connection with railroads in this couutry. One
of these lines, the Sonora Railway, is already completed to the port
of Guaymas on the Gulf of California, and, with the Southern Pacific
Railroad and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Pe Railroad, form a
trans continental line between points in the United States and the Pa
cific coast. Another line, the Mexican Central, which extends from El
Paso, in Texas, to the city of Mexico, is expected to be completed by the
1st of April, 1884. Three other trunk lines which cross the Rio Grande
are now iu progress.
The commerce of the United States with Mexico, like that with Canada
is from the fact of territorial contiguity intimately connected with the
internal commerce of the United States. As the principal railroads
of Canada constitute an integral part of the railroad system of this,
country, so will the railroads now iu course of construction iu Mexico
become intimately connected with our great trunk railroad lines, and
bring that country iuto uew and important commercial relations v ith the
United States. The two countries have a common border line of about
1,400 miles in length, extending from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific
Ocean. Along this line there has beeu completed during- the past year
one of the most important trunk railroads in the United States, viz,
the line formed by the Southern Pacific aud the Galveston, Harrisburg
and San Antonio Railroad, extending from San Fraucisco to New Or
leans. Across the. territory of Mexico the Pacific Ocean may be reached by
railroads on shorter liues than by any possible line within the borders
of the United States. The territorial magnitude of Mexico may be
more readily appreciated by comparisons with certain States aud sec
tions of this country. The area of Mexico is 741,791 square miles, being
a little iu excess of the area of that portion ofthe United States which
is situated east of the Mississippi River, exclusive of the States of Wis
consin, Indiana, and Mississippi. The border States of Mexico are
Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, and Tamaulipas. Sonora is larger than
the States of Ohio and Indiana combined ; Chihuahua is nearly as large
as New York aud Pennsylvania combined; Coahuila is larger thau New
York, and Tamaulipas is nearly as large as Maryland, Delaware, New
Jersey, Connecticut, and Massachusetts combined.
On account ofits configuration and its geographical position, Mexico
has been likened unto a cornucopia, with its mouth turned towards the
United States.
Beside the fact of territorial contiguity, the topographical features
of Mexico are in a high degree favorable to the development of com
merce with this country over railroad lines. Mexico may be described
in general terms as a series of table lauds of various elevations from the
sea-level to altitudes of from 7,000 to 8,000 feet. These plateaus, which
are broken by mountain ranges, present almost every variety of climatic
conditions. The orological features of the country are also favorable to commerce
with this country, as tbe mountain ranges extend iu a north aud south
direction, affording pathways for construction of railroads of favorable
gradients. About the beginning of this century Humboldt poiuted out
us fhe most practical route for commercial intercourse between Mexico
and the United States the high plateau extending from the city of
Mexico to the northern border of that country, and through the Uuited
States to British America. From these high plateaus there is a grad-

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 9
ual descent toward the Rio Grande at the east. This topographical
feature of the country is also favorable to international commerce by
rail. Along the Gulf and Pacific coasts of Mexico there is a strip of low
lands known to the Mexicans as tierra caliente. the climate of which is
hot and unhealthy. It bids defiance to strangers. The ascent from
the lower level to the elevated plateaus is abrupt and marked by cooler
temperatures. The hot and unhealthy seaboard, aud the lofty and
step 'gradients involved iu the approach to the high lands of thein-
terrior, constitute somewhat serious obstacles to maritime commerce,
while the high table lands, extending to and through the United States,
by their cooler temperature and healthy climate, invite to commercial
intercommunication on interior Hues with this country.
The physical characteristics of Mexico have determined the distribu
tion other population, and consequently the location of her industrial
aud commercial enterprises. About nine-tenths of the people of that
¦country dwell upon the high lands, and only about oue-teuth along the
Gulf and Pacific coast. Vera Cruz, the largest city on the Gulf of
Mexico, has a population of only about 9,000, and Mazatlan, the largest
city on the Pacific coast, has a population of only about 10,000; whereas
ail the larger cities are situated on the high table lands.
The population of the principal cities of the interior are, as nearly as
«<m be ascertained, as follows:
Mexico, .'300,000; Leon. 120,000; Puebla, 100,000; Guadalajara, 70,000;
Guanajuato, 55,000; San Luis Potosi, 45,000, and Merida, 45,000.
After three hundred years of colonial dependency aud a long and
bloody internecine struggle, Mexico has recently proved her capacity for
progress by the establishment of a Government based upon the principle
of civil and religious liberty, and by the adoption of a national policy in
regard to the facilities of railroad transportation, which will place her
in intimate commercial intercommunication with the United States.
Iu order to arrive at even an approximate estimate as to the probable
commercial capabilities of Mexico, and more particularly as to the pros
pects of developing a large and important commerce between that coun
try and the United States, it is deemed proper to speak with some degree
of particularity of the climatic conditions of the country, its agricult
ural and mineral resources, aud in regard to some of the characteristics
of the people upon which must depend very largely the question as to
the possibility of establishing important commercial relations between
them and the people of the United States. The question as to the
guarantees which Mexico is able to offer for the security of life and
property, and the protection of strangers in the exercise of their natural
rights, and especially the disposition of the people of that couutry to
ward the people of the Uuited States, are also matters which have an
important bearing upon the cultivation of commercial relations between
the two countries. All these subjects are, in their order, hereinafter
considered somewhat at length.
POPULATION AND ITS DISTRIBUTION.
The population of Mexico is estimated to be at the present time about
teu millions. It may be classified approximately as follows :
Persons &f pure Spanish lineage  1, 000, 000
Persons of aboriginal descent (commonly known as Indians)  5, 500, 000
Persons of mixed blood  -  3, 500, 000
Total  10, 000, 000

10 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
The Spanish element in Mexico sprung from the nation under whose
flag and by the patronage of whose king America was discovered.
Her bold navigators and explorers under Cortez and De Leon and De
Soto and Pizarro aud other famous leaders planted the flag ot Spain
upon the fairest portions of the westeru world. During the fifteenth
and sixteenth centuries no other people of Europe exhibited greater
courage or persistency in maritime adventure and colonization. Some
of their conquests were marked by the ferocity of the age in which
they lived. Such was the character of the conquest of Mexico. But
the Spanish conquerors subdued the land to the arts of their own civil
ization. Only twenty-eight years after Cortez entered the city of Mex
ico Spanish adventurers had pushed their explorations north 1,500
miles, and in the year 1550 they founded the city of Santa Fe. The ad
vance liue of American enterprise reached this ancient city only about
five years ago, though in the year 1883 it celebrated its three hundred
and thirty-third anniversary. The founding of Santa Fe antedates the
settlement at Jamestown fifty-six years, and the landing of the pilgrims
seventy-one years.
Generally it may be said that persous of Spanish descent and those
of mixed blood more nearly approaching the Spanish race constitute
chiefly the more advanced pprtion of the population of Mexico in point
of intelligence, enterprise, and social status. In this class are embraced
chiefly the landed proprietors of the country, men of professional pur
suits, merchants, bankers, and artificers; also persons who participate
actively in the political affairs of the country, and commissioned officers
ofthe army. But it is to the Indian population that attention will here
be particularly invited.
A wide difference exists between the Indians of the United States
aud British North America aud the so-called Indians of Mexico. They
are of different races. The Mexican Indians are. docile and industrious.
They engage in agriculture, in mining, and in such rude arts as are prac
ticed in countries which do not enjoy the advantage of the modern fa
cilities of transportation for carrying on either internal commerce or
trade with other countries. In all the wars in which Mexico has been
engaged the Indians of the country have constituted largely the rank
and file of her armies. They are now enfranchised citizens, and under
the laws of their country, and to the extent to which they are taxed,
they enjoy equal political rights with those of Spanish race.
The Indians of Mexico aud the inhabitants of mixed blood, especially
these more nearly approaching the Indian type, constitute mainly the
laboring classes of the country. But from the ranks ofthe aborigines
have sprung men of mark, who have riseu to distinction in science, iu
the arts, in letters, in educational employment, in the church, in mili
tary life, and in the couduct ofthe affairs of state. Benito Juarez, the
deliverer of his country from the rule of the Austrian usurper, and af
terwards Presideut of the Republic, was an Indian of the full blood.
As a statesman and military lender he stood peerless among his coun
trymen. Morelos, a patriot soldier, who achieved fame as '"a, military
and political leader in the early efforts of his countrymen to throw off
the Spanish yoke, was also an Indian of the full blood. In physical
strength and endurance the Mexican Indians are said to be the supe
riors of the mixed races and of those of full Spanish descent.
The constructors of the railroads which extend from the United States
into Mexico have found the Indians to be efficieut laborers in the work
of grading, and that upou the lines in operation they have been found
to be trustworthy as flagmen aud switchmen, and in other positions re-

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

11

quiring patience, vigilance, and constant attention to duty. Upon their
capacity as producers the future prosperity of Mexico largely depeuds.
With the aid of modern implements and machinery, which can readily
be supplied to thein upon the completion of the railroads now in course
of construction, their efficiency as producers and as contributors to a
large and growing international commerce will be greatly iucreased.
The following table, showing the population of the several States of
.Mexico, has been compiled from the most recent data found among the
archives of the secretary of state of that country for the year 1878, and
is taken from " Trabajos Preliminares, par la organizacion de la Esta
distica General de la Republica Mexicana," Dr. Antonio Penafiel, Mex
ico, 1883 :

Copulation.

States.

Population.

Aguascalientes .
Campeche 
Coahuila 
Colima 
Chiapas 
Chihuahua 
Durango 
Guanajuato - 
Guerrero 
Hidalgo 
Jalisco 
Mexico 
Michoacan 
Morelos 
Xuevo-Leon 
Oaxaca 

140, an,
121, 6.3,
*-'0:i, 191,
190,729,301,427, 984,
696,661, 159,189,
728,

430 481
89.1827494200846988243350 213
008 534 11)0

Puebla  783,466
Queretaro  203,370
San Luis Potosi  , 516,486
Sinaloa  169,231
Sonora  110, 837
Tabasco  104, 747
Tamaulipas  ' 140, 137
Tlaxcala^  ! 133, 498
Vera Cnffl  I 538, 628
Yucatan  ' 302, 315
Zacatecas  i 422,502
Federal District  351,804
Territory of Lower California  , 28, 746
Total*  ; 9,686,777

From this table it will rea<fl-*l(Wfle seeu, by reference to a map of Mex
ico, that the bulk of the population is found in the southern part of
the country. About 82 per cent, of the total population reside south
of the parallel of Tampico, aud more than half the wealth of the country
is found south of the northern boundary of the Federal District, in which
the city of Mexico is situated. CLIMATE.

The conformation aud the geographical situation of Mexico, between
two great bodies of water, give it the characteristics of an oceanic rather
than of a continental climate. The couutry extends through 17 degrees
of latitude, of which about 8.1 degrees are in the torrid zone and about
8£ degrees in the north temperate zone.
The orological features of the country also exert a marked influence
both upon the rainfall and upon the temperature of the various locali
ties. The climate of the different States and sections is likewise greatly in
fluenced by altitude. As the resultant of all these natural conditions
there is found in Mexico almost every variety of climate, with its corre
sponding vegetable productions. Generally it may be said ofthe more
elevated portion of the country, where nine-tenths of the inhabitants
*It is stated by Sefior Romero, minister plenipotentiary of Mexico to the United
States, that the ascertained population of Mexico is less than the actual population.
The difficulties and great expense of taking the census iu many parts ofthe country.
especially in mountainous regions, and in 1he states which have a huge Indian popu
lation, and the apprehensions of large lmmlirrs as to the real intent of the census-
takers, render it at the present time impracticable to ascertain the exact population.
Seflor Romero is of the opinion that the total population of the country is not far
f om 12,000,000.

12

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

reside, that it has a climate unsurpassed in salubrity by that of any other
country on the globe. T. ilU;fl1j.
The latitude of the city of Mexico is 193 26' uorth Its altitude
7,350 feet above the level of the sea, gives it, however, the mean ^annual
temperature of Naples, in latitude 40° 52' north and a mean ^mm«
temperature similar to that of southern Germany, «,?1lat^lldef0(r^^
about 50° north. The mean annual temperature of the ciy of Mexico is
found in the valley of the Mississippi River at about the latitude ot 35
north This is a littlesouth of Memphis, Tenn., and constitutes the north
ern boundary hue of the States of Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia
In other words, the elevation of the city of Mexico of 7,350 feet above
the level of the sea gives it the mean annual temperature o points in
the United States 15° 5', or 1,030 statute miles farther north Atten
tion is invited to Appendix isTo. 5, an interesting and valuable statement
by the Chief Signal Officer of the United States Army, in regard to the
effects of altitude upon the climate of Mexico.
The following table, showing the mean anuual precipitation at various
points in the United States and in Mexico, has also been turmshed to
this office by the Chief Signal Officer of the Army :
Statement showing the mean annual precipitation, in inches, at the below-named places.
[Compiled from the records on fi*e at the offlco of the Chief Signal Officer of the Army.l

Atlanta, Ga 
Chicago, 111 
Cincinnati, Ohio 
New York, 1*". Y 
Pittsburgh, Pa 
Saint Louis, Mo 
Saint Paul. Minn 
San Francisco, Cal 
"Washington, D. C 

B

H rf
=
-Ao
9
fc
ft
Inches.
4
58.25
11
36.81
11
44.61
12
43. 00
11
36. 49
12
37.46
11
30.11
11
23.46
12
42.63
Station
Guanajuato, Mexico .
Leon, Mexico 
Mazatlan, Mexico 
Mexico, Mexico 
Morelia, Mexico 
Pabellow, Mexico 
Puebla, Mexico 
Zacatecas, Mexico . .
Inches. 4*2. 28
26.5057.2826. 27
25. 66
20.4644.6213.50
The rainy season in the southeastern part of Mexico lasts about six
months, and in the northern part of the county only about two mouths.
The agricultural pursuits of Mexico are generally conformed to the
conditions of a wet and a dry seasou. A rainfall during the dry season
in most cases does harm rather than good.
The following statement shows the elevations of certain points iu
the United States situated upon the same general series of high table
lands which extend north from Mexico through the United States and
into British America, also the altitudes of certain points in South Amer
ica and in Mexico : Feet.
Cheyenne, Wyo  b, OSO
Denver, Colo  5,197
Salt Lake City  4, '261
North Platte, Colo  4, 713
South Pueblo, Colo  4,676
Granger, Wyo  6,278
Quito, Peru, South America  10,000
La Paz, Bolivia, South America  12,200
Laredo, Mexico  400
Piedras Negras, Mexico  720
Chihuahua, Mexico  4, 072
Aguascalientes, Mexico  6, 261
Zacatecas, Mexico  s, 010
TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 13
Feet.
¦Queretaro, Mexico  6,361*1
San Lnis Potosi, Mexico  5, 905
City of Mexico, Mexico.. .»  7^349
Puebla, Mexico  7,053
Oaxaca, Mexico  _ . . 5' 072
Toluca, Mexico  1, 021
Morelia, Mexico  6,484
Durango, Mexico  6, 893
Guanajuato  6, 789
Fresnillo  7, 145
The hypsometric map accompanying this report exhibits approxi
mately the relation to altitudes of the railroads now in course of con
struction in Mexico, and which are designed to connect the United
States with that country. This map, compiled from a hypsometric map
of Mexico, prepared by E. G. Raveustein and published in J. L. Geiger's
work on Mexico, shows the contour lines of table lands, the elevations
of which are from 1,000 to 6,000 feet. It also indicates the great advan
tages afforded by the topographical features of Mexico and consequently
its more general climatic characteristics for commerce with the United.
States by rail. Along the coast is shown iu yellow color the hot, un
healthy belt — terra caliente — where, as before stated, dwell only about
one-tenth of the entire population ; higher up are the elevations from
1,000 to 3,000 feet, indicated by the red color; still higher are the eleva
tions from 3,000 to 6,000 feet, indicated by the brown color ; while higher
yet are the elevations above 6,000 feet, indicated by the blue color. The
table lands are much broken by mountain ranges, spurs, and isolated
peaks. The valleys, extending from the coast into the interior and be
tween the mountain ranges of the high lauds are in most cases as hot as
the low lands on the coast, and have a tropical vegetation, while the
plateaus are cool, and their agricultural products are those of the tem
perate zone. On the high lands are situated the most populous cities,
viz, Mexico, Puebla, Queretaro, Guanajuato, Leon, Sau Luis Potosi,
Zacatecas, and Durango.
It is seen from the map that the line of the Mexican Central Railroad
is located entirely upon the high plateaus. The Mexican International
Railroad crossing the Rio Grande at Piedras Negras, and the Mexican
National Railroad crossing the same river at Laredo, pass by direct
routes to the higher altitudes, while the Mexican Southern Railroad,
crossing the Rio Grande at Laredo, skirts the eastern slope of the Sierra
Madre Range for about 500 miles, and then makes the ascent to the high
table lands south of the city of Mexico. Throughout Mexico there is
exhibited oftentimes within the distance of 40 miles almost every cli
matic condition, from the torrid to the middle of the temperate zone,
with all the variety of vegetable products which is the natural result of
such climatic differences. This variety of products of the soil found in
Mexico within narrow limits will undoubtedly be promotive of a pros
perous local traffic on all the well-located railroads of the country.
Attention is invited to a statement made by Mr. A. K. Owen, chief
engiueer ofthe American and Mexican Pacific Railway, in regard to the
variety of climatic conditions and of the vegetable productions of the
belt of country across Mexico, from the State of Sinaloa on the Pacific
to the State of Coahuila on the Rio Grande- (See Appendix No. 4.)
AGRICULTURE.
The soil of Mexico is generally of great fertility. The character of the
products of different localities depends largely upon climatic conditions,
which, as already shown, have a wide range, being the resultant of lati
tude, elevation, and situation with respect to mountain ranges. Tlius

14

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

there is found in Mexico a greater variety of products of the soil than
isto be found iu almost any other country.
The low lands along the Gulf of Mexico and on the Pacific Ocean are
generally well supplied with moisture by heavy-dews and rainfalls, as
are also the high lands south of Queretaro, but north of that point
artificial irrigation is required upon the plateaus in most localities in
order to produce the best results. The percentage of arable land iu
Mexico is perhaps as large as it is in the United States.
The more important agricultural products of Mexico are Indian corn,
wheat, sugarcane, beans, cotton, oats, red pepper, coffee, aud tobacco.
The country also produces a great variety of other vegetables and of
fruits, which products contribute largely to the sustenance of the peo
ple, and will, undoubtedly, supply a large amount of local traffic to the
railroads now projected and in course, of construction, but are not likely
to become important articles of foreign commerce, even in the trade of
Mexico with the United States.
It is stated that nearly seven -eighths of the population of Mexico,
embracing, chiefly, the laboring classes, subsist almost entirely upon
Indian coru and beans.
The following table, compiled from a statistical chart by Bodo von
Glaimer in the year 1883, gives, iu the order of magnitude, the value of
twenty-one of the principal agricultural products of Mexico, amouuting
iu the aggregate to $174,.'!49,174:
Agricultural products of Mexico from the latent available data, from statistical chart by
Bodo ron Glaimer, published in the year 188:!.

Articles.

Values.

Indian corn  ' $1 14, 185, 990
Wheat  ' 17, 525, 890
Sugar-cane  ! 8, 735, UOO
Beans  ' 8, 405, 070
•Cotton  I 6,605,831
Oats  ' 4, 403, 770
Ked* pepper  4, 200, 000
Coffee  2,074,200
Tobacco  2, 006, 130
Rice  1, 246, 000
¦Cocoa  1, 140, 150
Vanilla  ¦ 862,550

Potatoes 
Spanish pea 
Lima beans 
Chick pea 
Indigo  
Klue seed  ....
Sarsaparilla  
A nise seed 
Lentils 
Total  ri

$584, 280
543, 283
478, 510
470, 940
288, 000
215, 000
189, 460
105, 2U0
83,920

4,349,174-

Mexico also produces India rubber, cochineal, and many other tropi
cal products not mentioned in the above table.
The value of henequin — a kind of hemp — produced in the States of
Yucatan and Campeche is stated at $2,125,000.
The methods pursued in tilling the soil in Mexico are primitive, and
in many sections quite antiquated. The introduction of American agri
cultural implements and machinery, by means ofthe lines of railroads
now in course of construction, will undoubtedly work a revolution in
the agricultural methods of that couutry.
The development ofthe agricultural resources of Mexico has been re
pressed and dwarfed by the lack of transportation facilities. Articles
of food of prime necessity are, in certaiu localities, so abundant as not
to command juices which adequately remunerate the producer, and yet
in other localities, less than fifty miles distant, the prices of similar
commodities are so high that the laboring classes are unable to purchase
them. The supplying of demands for products of agriculture, chiefly for food
in tlie various States aud localities, will undoubtedly give rise to a verv

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

15

large internal commerce and supply a very important local traffic to
railroads. INDIAN COKN.
From the foregoing table it appears that the value of the Indian corn
produced is many times greater than the value of any other crop. It is
produced iu almost every part of the country, and constitutes every
where food for both man aud beast. WHEAT.
Wheat is produced in Mexico at altitudes from 4,000 to 9,000 feet
above the level of the sea, and in all favorable localities north of the
latitude of 18° north. Wheat produced iu Mexico took the first prize
at the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia in 1S76.
Attention is iuvited to an instructive statement in regard to agricult
ure in Mexico by Mr. W. W. Nevin, secretary of the Mexican National
Construction Company, a gentleman who has made a careful study of
the resources of that country. (See Appendix No. 2.)
SUGAR.
In view of the fact that Mexico is a sugar-producing country, and
that that commodity stauds first in the order of the magnitude of im
ports iuto the Uuited States from foreign countries, it is a matter of in
terest to present here some of the more important facts in relation to
the production of sugar in Mexico, and its exportatiou from that country
to the United States.
The following table exhibits the quantity of sugar produced iu each
one ofthe sugar-producing States of Mexico during the year 1S77-'7S :
Statement showing the production of sugar in each of the States nf Mexico during the year
ended June 30, 187S.
[From EstadiBtica de la Republica Mexicana, 1877-78.]

Sug

States.

Baja-California (Territorio) .
Campeche 
Coahuila  
Colima 
Chiapas 
Guanajuato 
Guerrero 
Uidalgo 
Jalisco 
-Mexico 
¦ Michoacan 
'Morelos 
.Nnevo Leon 
• Oaxaoa 
¦Puohla 
'<*Jueietaro 
-Sinaloa. 
_ Sonora 
' Tabasco 
- Tamaulipas 
Vera Cruz  : 
.Yucatan 

Quantity.

Value

Pounds.

Ml, 225

$5, 625

1,318, 500

74, 750

| 972, 405

55, 125

224, 910

12, 750

369, 337

20, 937

277, 830

15, 750

1, 885, 275

106, 875

817, 063

46,318

6, 505, 852

368, 811

2,315,250

131, 250

18,852,750

1, 068, 750

29, 106, 000

1, 650, 000

5, 622, 750

318, 750

15, 655, 500

887, 500

11, 576, 250

656, 250

4, 961, 250

281, 250

6. 956, 775

394, 375

4, 873, 050

276, 250

2, 425, 500

137, 500

5, 292, 000

300, 000

27,386,100

1, 552, 500

7, 056, 000

400, 000

Total .

154, 540.662 ! 8,761,317

16 TRADE BET WREN MEXICO AND TDK UNITED STATES.
Prom this table it appears that sugar is produced iu all the States
bordering upon the Gulf of Mexico and upon the Pacific Ocean, iu the
States of Nuevo Leon and Coahuila bordering upon the Rio Grande, and
in all the interior States south of the State of Zacatecas. Generally it
may be stated that sugar is produced in every State in locations of less
than 4,000 feet elevation. Ofthe total sugar product of Mexico, about 85
per ceut. is produced south of the State of Zacatecas.
In all that part of the country south ofthe tropic of Cancer sugar grows
at all altitudes from the sea level to 4,000 feet above the sea, The natural
rainfall and abundant dews are sufficient for the culture of the sugar
cane to the height of about 2,000 feet, but upon altitudes from 2,000 to
4,000 feet above the sea level, and at points removed from the coast,
irrigation is required. At such elevated places the growth of the cane
is not so great, but it contains more saccharine matter.
It is impossible at the present time to gain any exact information iu
regard to the area in Mexico available for the culture of the sugar-cane,
or in regard to the increased quantity which would be produced under
the stimulus of improved transportation facilities, and of the privilege
of importing sugar into the United States from Mexico free of duty.
The exportation of sugar from Mexico at the present time appears to
be chiefly an incident of the enormous cost of transportation in that
country. All the sugar exported from Mexico is produced on the sea
board and near shipping points on the coast, or near the lines of rail
roads, it being almost impossible, in consequence of the great cost of in
ternal transportation, to supply the home demand in various parts of
the country with domestic sugar. For this reason also sugar is im
ported into Mexico at various points. At the present time — February,
1884 — the. price of sugar in the city of Mexico is about twice as high as
it is iu the city of New York, and its price at other interior poiuts iu
Mexico is oftentimes from three to even four times as great as at the
chief ports of importation in the United States. It is probable that if
it were not for the present duty laid by Mexico upon the importation of
sugar and the lack of requisite facilities of transportation, large quan
tities would be exported from the United States to Mexico in order to
meet the demand in some localities of that country, which demand can
only be met at present, if at all, by the payment of enormous charges
for the transportation of domestic sugar.
The following table shows the average annual imports and exports of
sugar into and from the United States and Great Britain, in their trade
with Mexico :
Average annua! imports nf sugar from Mexico and of exports to Mexico during the latest
three years of commercial statistics.

Countries.

The United States .
Great Britain 

Imports.

Pounds.
*2, 746 907
1 7, 949, 05 1

Exports.

Pounds. 740, 176
Not stated.

* Tin ee years ended June 30, 1883. 1 Three \ oars ended March 31, 1S82.
The imports of sugar from Mexico consist chiefly of brown sugar and
the exports of sugar to Mexico consist chiefly of refined sugar. It is
shown, in Appendix No. 11, that there were 2,019,823,614 pounds of
sugar, brown and refined, imported into the United States from foreign
countries during the year ended June 30, 1883, of which only 1 792 171

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 17
pounds, or less than one-tenth of one per cent., was imported from
Mexico. The total sugar product of Mexico during the year 1877-78, the latest
year for which the data can be obtained, amounted to only 154,549,662
pounds, and constituted only 7 per cent of the quantity imported into
the United States from all foreign countries duriug the last fiscal year.
Unless the production of sugar in Mexico should largely increase, it
appears probable that with the facilities of internal transportation
which will be supplied by an extensive railroad system, Mexico will re
quire all of her present sugar product for home consumption, and prob
ably import besides a considerable quantity of refined sugar from other
countries. It will be seen by Appendix No. 9 that the average annual sugar
product of the State of Louisiana during the last three crop years
amounted to 245,308,032 pouuds, or 90,75S,370 pounds iu excess of the
total sugar product of Mexico during the year 1877-'78.
Appendix No. 10 shows that about 90 per cent, of the sugar and 70
per cent, of the molasses produced in the United States during the
census year was produced in the State of Louisiana.
Attention is invited to Appendix No. 8, which embraces interesting
data in regard to the sugar crop of the various countries.
COFFEE.
In view of the fact that Mexico is a coffee-producing country, and
that the United States is the chief coffee-importing country of the
globe, it is a matter of interest to present here some of the more im
portant facts relative to the production of coffee in that country and its
exportation to other countries.
The following table shows the quantity of coffee produced in each
State of Mexico during the year ended June 30, 1878 :

Statement shoiving the production of coffee in the several States of Mexic
ended June 30, 1878.

during the year

States.

Quantity. ;
Pounds.
1, 984, 500. 00
726, 092. 40 1
92,715.84 !
595, 879. 20 !
370,440.00
431,827.20388, 962. 00 !
12,965,400.00

Value.

$225, 000

89, 1 80

10,112
73, 190
52, 500
81, 600
58, 800
1, 470, 000
Total 
17,555,786.64 j
2, 060, 382
It appears from the above table that the cultivation of coffee in
Mexicois confined to the States situated south of the latitude of Tampico,
all of which States are within the torrid zone. Coffee is produced upon
all suitable lands, from the sea level to an altitude of 5,000 feet, or
nearly up to the frost line. The best coffee is produced upon the higher
lands. In a few localities removed from the sea-coast artificial irriga
tion is required.
It is impossible at the present time to speak with any degree of ac
curacy as to the possible extent ofthe production of coffee in Mexico.
H. Ex. 86  2
18 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
During the last fiscal year there were 515,878,515 pounds of coffee
imported into the United "States from foreign countries, of which only
8,578,532 pounds, or 1.66 per cent, was imported from Mexico.
MINERAL PRODUCTS OF MEXICO.
In the richness and variety of her mineral resources Mexico prob
ably surpasses every other country on the globe. The principal min-
'eral products of chief commercial value are gold, silver, iron, copper,
lead, tin, mercury, zinc, antimony, cobalt, arsenic, bismuth, nickel,
salt, coal, sulphur, gypsum, and lime. Petroleum has also been discov
ered in several places. The facilities of internal transportation are
alone needed in order to take these products from the earth and place
them at the gates of commerce.
The baser metals are found in many localities and in great abundance.
Iron, the most useful of all the metals, is found in great abundance in
many localities. It is said that the iron mountain of Mercados, in the
State of Durango, could supply all the furnaces and foundries of Great
Britain at tlieir present rate of consumption for more than three cen
turies.

Coal is the great motive power of modern industries and of commerce.
Its presence in abundant supply is of much greater importance in pro
moting the commercial, industrial, and transportation interests of a
country than is that of any other mineral product. The future prog
ress of Mexico in commerce and industry, and in the development other
agricultural and mineral resources, probably depends more largely upon
the practicability of furnishing to all parts of the country abundant and
cheap supplies of coal than upon any other material condition.
Coal is of especial importance in Mexico, both for domestic uses and
as a source of motive power, as in that country the work of denuding
forest lands has proceeded even further than in the United States. All
that is needed in order that this essential agent of modern enterprise
and of comfort and domestic utility may be utilized in Mexico, is the
construction of railroads which shall connect the principal coal mines of
Mexico and of Texas with the various centers of trade and industry, and
furnish also at convenient points adequate supplies for the use of the
people in all parts of the country.
Coal has already been found in the States of Yera Cruz, Morellos,
Tlaxcala, Oaxaca, Chihuahua, Michoacan, Puebla, aud Lower California.
It has also been discovered on both sides of the Rio Grande River, in
the vicinity of the Mexican Central Railroad, the Mexican National Rail
road, the Mexican International Railroad, the Mexican Southern Rail
way, and the American aud Mexican Pacific Railway. Veins of both
anthracite and bituminous coal, some of them of great thickness, have
been discovered iu the State of Sonora. Carboniferous formations are
said to exist iu various parts ofthe country, affording reason to expect
further and important discoveries of coal.
Attention is invited to a statement prepared for this report bv Mr,
Alexander D. Anderson iu regard to the Coal Fields of Mexico. * (See
Appendix No. 20.)
It is probable that the transportation of coal iu Mexico will supply
a very large amount of local traffic to the system of railroads now in
course of construction in that country.

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

19

GOLD AND SILVER.
Heretofore the precious metals — gold and silver — have constituted the
mineral products of chief commercial value in Mexico, and it is prob
able that in the future they will continue to exert directly a much
more important influence upon her external commerce than all other
mineral products combined. Humboldt estimated that about one-fifth
of the silver of the world was produced from the mines of Guanajuato.
Mr. Romero, minister of Mexico to the United States, says that since
the discovery of America the mines of that country have yielded about
two-thirds of the silver product of the globe. In a work entitled " Mex
ico from the Material Standpoint," Mr. A. D. Anderson states the total
gold aud silver product of Mexico, from 1521 to 1884, as follows :
Gold  |276, 970, 173
Silver  3, 570, 370, 247
Total  $3,847,340,420
The difficulties which have heretofore attended the transportation of
merchandise in Mexico have operated as a barrier to commerce between
the interior and foreign countries. The accumulation of wealth in that
country, uuder such unfavorable conditions regarding foreign trade, has
been mainly due to the fact that in her internal commerce she has al
ways enjoyed the advantages of an abundant circulating medium of in
trinsic value, which value is derived almost entirely from labor.
The following table, showing the aggregate gold and silver product
of the various nations of the globe during the six years from 1877 to
1882, inclusive, has been compiled from tables furnished to this office by
the Hon. Horatio C. Burchard,. Director of the United States Mint:
Statement showing tlie production of gold and silver in each country of the globe during the six
years from lSZUo 1882, inclusive.

Countries.

Gold.

Silver.

Total.

United States  $240, 203, 608 i $254, 887, 090

Russia  169,428,1
Australia  ! 175,199,663
Mexico  j 5,770,2481, 385, 691
6, 866, 011
15, 306

Germany 
Auatro-Hungary 
Sweden 
Norway 
Italy 
Spain 
Turkey 
Argentine Republic
Colombia 
Bolivia 
Chili 
Brazil 
Japan 
Africa 
Venezuela 
Dominion of Canada .

2, 836, 796
722, 111
161, 286, 744
41, 370, 049
11,401,938 321, 458

434,250

21, 400
471, 276
24, 000, 000

107, 694

304, 239
2, 521, 350
6, 000, 000

¦5495, 090, 698
172, 265, 465
175, 921, 774
167,056,992 42, 755, 740
18, 267, 949
336, 764

541,944

325,639
2, 992. 626
30, 000, 000

6, 351, 612 ! 75, 758, 678 82, 110, 290

2,427,778 1 5,101,095 7,528,873
11,962,800  '• 11,962,800
10,261,475!  10,261,475
3, 820, 030 ! 272, 820 t 4, 092, 850

Total  658,619,81

562,892,062 1,221,511,879

Prom the foregoing table it appears that the total value of the silver
product of Mexico during the six years from 1877 to 1882 was
$161,286,744, and that it constituted 28 per cent, of the total silver prod
uct of the globe.
The silver mines of Mexico probably exceed in richness aud extent
those of any other country. Owing to the great cost of transportation

20 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND TUE UNITED STATES.
in Mexico, gold and silver have heretofore been almost the only arti
cles produced in the interior of the country which could be exported in
considerable quantities to foreign countries. When the railroad system
of the couutry has been so far extended as to bring cheap fuel and other
material to the mines, and to transport their products cheaply to the
United States and to the seaboard for exportation, the production of
both gold and silver iu Mexico will undoubtedly be greatly increased.
Attention is invited to Appendixes 13 to 17 inclusive, which embrace
a considerable amount of statistical data in regard to the production of
gold and silver in the various countries ofthe globe.
COMMERCE.
The commercial situation of Mexico, from the earliest period of its
recorded history almost to the present day, may be the more clearly ap
preciated by imagining the situation of that portion of the United States
east of the' Mississippi River, if it were deprived of all facilities of
internal transportation, either by railroad or by water. The area of
Mexico is about seven-eighths the size of the part of the United States
referred to.
Owing to the near approach of the mountain ranges to the seaboard —
the Sierra Madre Oriental at the east and the Sierra Madre Occidental
at the west — none of the rivers of Mexico are navigable to any great
distance from the sea, aud only for vessels of light draught. But
even greater obstacles present themselves to foreign commerce. The
eastern coast, which is turned toward the great commercial nations
of the globe, is, in consequence of its unhealthfulness, repellaut to the
mariner. Besides, the ascent to the high lands presents such difficulties
to transportation by animal power as to constitute an almost insuper
able barrier to foreign commerce. Mexico, therefore, has heretofore.
been, and is even at the present time, much less favorably situated
with respect to foreign commerce than was the United States prior to
the completion ofthe Erie Canal aud the introduction of railroad trans
portation east of the Mississippi River.
From the time of the Spanish conquest to the present time the
necessities of an interchange of the products of labor have been met in
Mexico chiefly by internal trade. The development of the country to
its present degree of attainment in wealth and in social well-being
has been limited almost entirely to this commercial condition. But the
means of internal transportation being supplied only by animals —
chiefly the pack-mule and the Indian peon — the internal trade of the\
couutry has been merely local. ^
Trade between different States, and to a great extent between dis
tant parts of the same State, has been entirely impracticable, notwith
standing the fact that the great differences which exist in the agricult
ural and mineral productions of the different parts of the country con
stitute a condition highly favorable to a profitable internal commerce.
The mining of coal, for example, in order to be successful, must be carried
on in a large way ; but the difficulties attending transportation have
operated as an absolute embargo upon a profitable coal trade within
the borders ofthe country. The managers of the raib*oad connecting
Vera Cruz with the city of Mexico find it more economical to import
coal from England for generating steam iu their locomotives than to
purchase wood," which must be transported on the backs of mules from
points 20 to 30 miles distant from the line of tlieir road.
But eveu under such unfavorable conditions, with respect to internal

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO ANU THE UNITED STATES. 2t
transportation, the Mexicans have subdued the land to the arts of the
agriculturalist aud the miner; they have builded in the interior many-
large towus aud cities, and in other visible evidences of the results of
labor have amassed an amount of wealth which, under the circum
stances, is somewhat surprising. The people of the country have, of
course, acquired habits and accommodated their social, industrial, and
commercial methods to the limited possibilities of such primitive modes
of transportation.
The construction of railroads extending to all the chief centers of
trade and of industry, and placing all parts of the country in direct
communication by rail with tbe United States, will undoubtedly in the
course of a few years work a commercial revolution.
THE FOREIGN COMMERCE OF MEXICO.
During the year ended June 30, 1880, the value of the imports and
exports of Mexico was, according to the best available data, as follows :
Imports  $24,00.', : 172
Exports  32, 663, £,54
Total  56, 666, 1126
The value of exports from Mexico during each year since 1S73, for
which data can be procured, has been as follows for the year ended
June 30—
1873  $35, 594, ('05
1S74  27,(if8,7li:l
1-75   27,31s, 7-J8
187s  29,285,660
1879  29, 891, 477
1880*  32,663,554
18s2  29,0c3,293
18-3  41,807,595
The value of the exports during the year ended June 30, 1883, con
sisted of —
The precious metals  $29,628,658
Other commodities  12, 178,937
Total  41,807,595
From an official statement of the Mexican Government it appears
that the exports of the precious metals during the year ended June 30,
1883, were as follows :

Articles.

Silver: Coined 
Bullion 
Ore 
In sulphur 
Manufactured —
Lead, argentiferous
Gold: Coined 
In bars 
Silver, foieign, coined.
Gold, foreign, coined ..

Total  29,628,657 69

Values.

$22,969,583 90
4, 773, 928 15
562,084 58
105, 512 26
30, 104 62
13,025 40
331, 708 00
548, 039 23
146, 615 59
148, 055 96

From the above table it is seen that of the total exports of the precious
metals in their various forms $28,600,854.50 consisted of silver and
$1,027,803.19 of gold.

22

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

The exports of articles other than the precious metals during the
year ended June 30, 1883, consisted of the following commodities:

Commodities. Value.
 i__
Henequen (a kind of hemp)  , $3,311,062 64
Lumber  ! 1,917,323 67
Conee  1,717,190 85
Hides and skins  I 1,653,165 92
Istle  596,533 23
Animals, living  I 634, 376 18
Vanilla  i 443,850 75
Tobacco  ' 272,160 18
Sugar  198,365 16
Catechu  : 159,882 72
Boots  123,438 01
Honey  115,817 56
Beans  90,641 11
Calicoes (Indian)  82,205,38
Fruits  78,898,42
live-wood  74,628 68
Copper  65,996 00

Commodities. Value.
Indian Com  $63,684 11
Horse hair  "2,007 77
Sarsaparilla  50,699 94
Lead  47,554 83
Mother of pearl  : 44,414 00
Medicalplants  34,592,41
Sugar-crust  : 32, 132 17
1 Cbick-pea, a kind of pulse  i 28, 855 44
I Leguminous pulse  19, 596 60
Pearls  18,500 00
Spices  17,884 87
Cereals  2,868 00
Aniline  630 50
Cacao  503 00
, Other articles  219,478 46
Total  12, 178, 937 66

A statement is appended hereunto, Appendix Xo. 18, which shows the
quantity aud value of the commodities of each sort exported from Mexico
at each seaport and at each point of trade along the United States border
line. From this statement it appears that of the total exports ofthe pre
cious metals from Mexico, about 72 per cent, was exported from Gulf
ports, and about 28 percent, from Pacific coast ports and points on the
northern frontier, and that of the total exports of merchandise from
Mexico, about 80 per cent, was exported from Gulf ports and about 20
per cent, from Pacific coast ports and points on the northern frontier.
Generally it may be said in regard to the exports of Mexico that,
with the exception of the precious metals and products ofthe sea, they
consist chiefly of articles produced near the seaboard or near the rail
road extending from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico.
The precious metals are almost the only* commodities which can bear
the great cost of transportation from the remote interior to the sea
board. But the development even of the extensive and rich gold and
silver mines of the country is greatly limited by this condition.
The following table exhibits the value of the exports of the precious
metals, and of other commodities from Mexico to the several foreign
countries during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1883 :

Countries.

England 
United States of America .
"France 
Spain 
Germany 
United States of Colombia.
Guatemala 
Belgium 
San Salvador 
Italy 
Venezuela 
Ecuador 

Total  29,628,657 69 12,178,937 66 ! 41,807.595 35

The precious
metals.

$15,201,600 36
9, 036, 773 33
3,561,987 13
1, 035. 013 00
392, 955 92
298, 937 55
92, 875 00

8, 515 40

Exports.

Other
commodities.

,056,,702, 642 954,732, 59,

642 25
324 37
918 42
245 74
763 29
229 59
686 00
040 00
288 00
300 80
300 00
200 00

Total.

258, 242 61
739, 097 70
204, 905 55
989, 258 74
125, 719 21
358,167 14
93, 561 00
29, 040 00
8, 803 40
300 00
300 00
200 00

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE DNITHD STATES.

23

From the foregoing table it appears that the exports of the precious
metals to England during the year ended June 30, 1883, amounted
to $15,201,600, aud to the United States to $9,036,773, but that the
value of the exports of merchandise to England amounted to $2,056,642
and to the United States to $7,702,324.
According to the statistics of the United States, Great Britain,
France, and Spain, the aggregate value of the exports of merchandise
to Mexico and ofthe imports of merchandise from Mexico during the
latest year for which the data can be obtained was as shown in the fol
lowing table :
Imports into —
The United States (fiscal year 1883)  $8,177,123
Grout Britain aud Ireland (calendar year 1882)  2, 218, 531
France (calendar y«jar 1882)  1, 797, 737
Spain (calendar year 1879)  683,906
Exports from —
The United States (fiscal year 1883)  16,587,620
Great Britain and Ireland'(calendar year 1882)  9,526,252
France  10,119, 841
Spain (calendar year 1879)  218,751
The foreign commerce of Mexico has heretofore been almost entirely
maritime. By this mode of commercial intercourse the United States has
not enjoyed any marked advantages over other countries in trade with
that country. But a new era has dawned upon the history of commercial
intercourse between the two countries by the establishment of the facili
ties of transportation over railroads now in course of construction.
Such facilities will afford extensive and exclusive means of building up
a large and mutually beneficial trade between the two contiguous coun
tries. COMMERCE OE MEXICO WITH THE UNITED STATES.
The following tables exhibit the value of imports of merchandise and
of gold and silver into the United States from Mexico, and of exports
of merchandise and of gold and silver from the United States to Mexico,
during the 17 years from 1867 to 1883, inclusive:

Statement showing the values of the commerce of the United States with Mexico.
MERCHANDISE.

Year ended June 30 —

Exports.

Total
exports.

Imports.

Total im
ports and ex
ports.

Domestic.

Foreign.

1867 

$4, 823, 614
5, 048, 420
3, 835, 699
4, 544, 745
5, 044, 033
3, 420, 658
3, 941, 019
4, 016, 148
3, 872, 004
4, 700, 978
4, 503, 802
5, 811, 429
5, 400, 380
6, 065, 974
9, 198, 077
13, 324, 505
14, 370, 992

$572, 182
1, 392, 919
1, 047, 408
1, 314, 955
2, 568, 080
2, 122, 931
2, 323, 882
), 930, 691
1, 865, 278
1, 499, 594
1, 389, 692
1, 649, 275
1, 351, 864
1, 800, 519
1, 973, 161
2, 158, 077
2, 216, 628

$5, 395, 796
6, 441, 339
4, 883, 107
5, 859, 700
7, 612, 113
5. 543, 589
fi, 264, 901
5, 946, 839
5, 737, 282
6, 200, 572
5, 898, 494
7, 460, 704
6, 752, 244
7, 866, 493
11, 171, 238
15, 482, 682
16, 587, 620

$1, 071, 936
1, 590, 667
2, 336, 164
2, 715, 665
3, 209, 688
4, 002, 920
4, 276, 165
4, 346, 364
5, 174, 594
5, 150, 572
5, 204, 264
5, 251, 502
5, 493, 221
7, 209, 593
8, 317, 802
8, 461, 899
8, 177, 123

$6, 467, 732

1868 

8, 032, 006

1869 

7, 219, 271

1870 

8, 575, 365

1871 

10, 821,. 801

1872 

9, 546, 509

1873  
1874. 

10, 541, 066
10, 293, 203

1875.... 

10,911,876

1876 

11, 351, 144

1877.. 

11, 097, 758

1878 

12, 712, 206

1879 

12, 245, 465

1880 

15, 076, 088

1881.... 

19, 489, 040

1882 

23, 944, 481

1883 ..

24, 764, 743

24 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
Statement showing the values of the commerce of the United Stales u-ilh Mexico— Continued
GOLD AND SILVER.

Year ended June 30 —

Exports.

Total
exports.

Imports.

Total im-
poita and ex-
ports.

Domestic.

Foreign.

1867 

$38, 452
12, 924
2, 000
11, 696
38, 500
25, 000
143, 797
57, 531
23, 788
5,8005,239
32, 180
5,0403,371

J18, 000

$56, 452
12,924 2,000
15, 696
38, 500
35, 000
165, 262
57, 531
33, 501
7,6005,239
32, 180
9,0403.3711,500
18, 446
96, 904

$2, 849, 038
4, 525, 255
4, 895, 842
10, 383, 366
14, 301, 475
4, 504, 204
12, 154, 060
8, 893, 541
6, 460, 389
7, 355, 181
10, 240, 319
X. 394, 146
8, 554, 598
9, 115, 824
9, 136, 324
6,631,9389, 782, 986

$2, 905, 490

4 538, 179

4, 897, 842

1870 

4,000
10, 000
21, 465
9,7131,800

10, 399, 062

1871 

14, 339, 975

1872 

4, 539, 204

1873 
1874 

12, 319, 322
8, 951, 072

1875 

6, 493, 890

1876 

7, 362, 781

1877 

10, 245, 558

1878

8, 426, 326
1879 
4,000
8, 563, 638
1880 
9,119,191
1881 
1,500 9,451
91, 844
9, 137, 824
1882 
1883 
8,9955,120
6, 650, 384
9, 879, 950
The following table exhibits in detail the quantities and values of
commodities of all kinds imported into the United States from Mexico,
and exported from the United States to Mexico, during the year ended
June 30, 1883 :
Statement shotting the quantities and values of imports into the United States from, and of
exports from the United Stales to, Mexico during the year ended June 30, 1883.
Articles.
Quantities. Values.
IMPORTS.
Free of duty. j
Articles, the product or manufacture ofthe United States, brought back, not
elsewhere specified  j 
Chemicals, drugs, dyes, and medicines, not elsewhere specified 
Coffee'  pounds.. I 8, 578, 532
Dye-woods, in sticks  cwts.. 199, 5>5
Gums  pounds.. 400^439
Hair, unmanufactured  pounds . . i 248, 570
Hides and skins, other than furs  |  '.
India rubber and gutta-percha, crude  pounds. . 241, 478
Wood, unmanufactured 
All other free articles 
Total, free of duty.
Subject to duty.
Animals, living  ,
Breadstuffs, and other farinaceous food 
Fruits of all kinds, including nuts 
$S2. 847
52. 100
809, 757
211,714 67, 479
52, 9S5
1, 568, 645
123, 484
441,083801,234
4, 211, 328
661, 245
72, 264
86,191
Jute, and other grasses, and manufactures of:
Ea*"*  tons..
Manufactures of, not elso where specified 
25, 065
2,712,088 105, 418
Precious stones 
Sugar and molasses :
Sugar, brown  pounds. .
Molasses  gallons . .
1,792,171 3,953
2, 817, 506
56, 176
63,419 1,101
64, 520
TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 25
Statement showing the quantities and values of imports and exports, $-c. — Continued.

Articles.

Quantities. l Values.

Imports— Continued.
Subject to duty — Continued.
All other dutiable articles 
Total subject to duty 

$207, 893

Merchandise .
ecie 

¦*T<

Total imports.

EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC COMMODITIES.

Agricultural implements 
Animals, living :
Horned cattle  number. .
Horses   number. .
Mules  number. .
Sheep  number. .
All other, and fowls 

3, 965. 795

8,177, 123
9, 782, 986

17,960,109

97, 957

1, 812
*764 624
235,585

47, 493
67, 236
48, 85S
364, _F6
38, 621

Beer, ale, and porter :
In bottles  dozen.
In casks  gallons.

Books, pamphlets, maps, and other publications 
Bread and breadstuffs :
Bread and biscuit  pounds.
Indian corn  buBhels.
Wheat Hour  barrels.
All other breadstnffs, and preparations of, used as food 

Candles, tallow, and other  pounds.
Carriages, carts, and parts of 
Cars, railroad, passenger and freight  number.
Clocks, and parts of 

73, 639
32, 476

673, 821
476, 453
21, 513

596, 708
"'"839

567, 071

133, 472
15, 631

149, 103

43, 057

62,4I»
391, 751
176, 560
58, IfO

688, 903

66, i: ft
122, lit
717, 277
41,018

Coal: Anthracite  tons.
Bituminous   tons.

Cotton, and manufactures of :
Unmanufactured  pounds.
Colored  yards .
Uncolored  yards .
All other manufactures of, not elsewhere specified 

6,165
11,422

28, 960
52, 4CJ

81.42J

Drugs, chemicals, and medicines, not elsewhere specified -
Fancy articles , not elsewhere specified 
Fruits :
Apples, green, ripe, and dried 
Other fruit, green, ripe, or dried 
Preserved, in cans or otherwise 

Glass and glassware

India-rubber and gutta-percha manufactures :
Boots and shoes  pairs.
All other manufactures 

20, 577, 771 I 2, 217, 25»
6, 114, 541 441, 252
3, 523, 873 | 292, 0(:9
 ] 185,329

3, 135 84»

261, 363
104, 302*

2,970

18,17416,643
21, r.75

5(1, 392
15(1, 099

1,087
55, 685

57,:

26 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
Statement showing the quantities and values of imports and exports, <fc. — Continued.

Articl-fts.

Quantities.

1 Values.

Exfohts OF domestic commodities— Continued.
Iron iind steel :
Iron, and manufactures of —

number. .
number..
-number..

3,238 5432

I $46, 365

603, 473

40, 376

20, 012
1, 503, 990
1, 171, 809
55, 224
985, 962
Steel, and manufactures of —
147, 324
217, 335
Steel, and all other manufactures of, not elsewhere specified
107, 648
3, 395. 528
T
50, 502
Leather, and manufactures of:
73, 104
86,78824, 812
40,290
151, 890
67,627
Oils : Mineral, refined —
1, 755, 835
24-9, 404
36,495
285, 899
Ordnance stores:
$119, 491
pounds. .
i, 743, 484
303, 783
423, 274

44,807
180, 538
.pounds. .
Provisions :
Bacon and hams 
243, 583
124, 913
37, 955
30, 470
28,084
.bushels . .
1, 392, 134
22,976
163, 797
23 722
59,937
343,965

1, 043, 635
394, 572
312,854

£>oap:
Other 
811, 493
46, 422
48, 661
Sugar and molasses :
....
19, 250
625, 714
2,168
63,027
73,298
439, 282
40, 515
Tobacco, and manufactures of:
1, 091, 034
127,522 13,663
141 185

46,568
TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 27
Statement showing the quantities and values of imports and exports, fc— Continued.

Article*.

Quantities.

Values.

Exr-ORTs of domestic commodities— Continued.
"Wood, and manufactures of:
Boards, clapboards, deals, planks, joists, and scantling 

Mfeet..

26, 211
6,116

$545, 061
21, 705

.cubic feet. .

664, 399

AU other timber, including fire- wood 

43 743

Household furniture 

213, 844
All other manufactures of, not elsewhere specified  
137, 700
1, 385, 420
All other articles 
14, 370, 992
Total domestic exports 
14 376 11*'
EXPORTS OF FOREIGN COMMODITIl-:.-**.
.
2, 308, 472
16, 684, 5S4
From this table it appears that the more important commodities, iu
the order of magnitude of value, imported from Mexico free of duty,
were hides and skins, coffee, valuable woods, used iu the manufacture4-*,
and dye-woods in sticl-rs. The more important dutiable articles imported
were jute and other grasses, live animals, and fruit.
It appears, also, that the principal articles exported to Mexico were,
in the order of magnitude of value, iron and steel and manufactures
thereof, raw cotton, railroad passenger cars and freight cars, bread and
breadstuff's, and live animals.
Attention is invited to Appendix No. 25, which shows separately the
quantities and values of the principal commodities imported into the
United States from Mexico, and the quantities and values of the prin
cipal commodities exported from the United States to Mexico, from
1858 to 1883, inclusive :
THE PROPOSED RECIPROCITY 1 EEATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES
AND MEXICO.
On the 20th of January, 1883, a reciprocal treaty of commerce was
concluded at Washington between representatives of the United States
and of Mexico.*
This treaty is understood to be nowf before the Senate of the United
States, and awaiting the decision of that body. It is aside from the
duties of this office to discuss the advisability of making such a treaty
or to consider any question as to whether the proposed treaty is or is
not equitable in its various bearings, or to consider it in its relations
to the questions of Governmental finance, or in its probable effects
* This treaty was signed by General U. S. Grant and Mr. William Henry Trescott, on
the part ofthe United States, and by Senor Don Matias Romero and Senor E. Canedo,
on the part of Mexico.
t February 6, 16*4.
'28 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
upon special industrial interests in the United States. It is proper,
however, here to describe the commercial features of the proposed treaty
apparent upon its face, and illustrated in detail in the statistical infor
mation published in the annual and quarterly statements of this office
in regard to imports and exports and customs revenues. Appendix
Ko. 6 shows the articles proposed to be admitted into the United States
from Mexico free of duty, and Appendix No. 7 shows the articles pro
posed to be admitted into Mexico from the United States free of duty.
Both schedules embrace quite a number of articles which are now ad
mitted from the one country into the other free of duty, and articles
which are now dutiable, with the rates of duty thereon.
With respect to articles which are now admitted from the one country
into the other free of duty the treaty merely constitutes a reciprocal
guaranty 'that such articles shall remain free of duty. The more impor
tant concessions to be made by the two countries under the terms of
the proposed treaty are as follows: The United States offers to admit
from Mexico, free ot duty, barley, beef, fruits of all kinds, hemp, and
sisal grass and other substitutes for hemp, sugar not above No. 16
Dutch standard in color, i. e., brown or unrefined sugar, molasses, to
bacco in leaf, and vegetables ; Mexico, on the other hand, offers to
admit from the United States, free of duty, books, irou and steel in
various forms, machinery, implements, tools, instruments, and appa
ratus of all kinds for industrial, agricultural, and mining purposes, and
for use in the various arts, coaches and carriages of all sorts, carts, wheel
barrows, railroad cars, locomotives, fire-engines, pumps, stoves, clocks,
fresh vegetables, fresh fish, crude aud refined petroleum and naphtha,
powder for mining purposes, steam-engines, sewing machines, and
materials of the printer's art.
In a word, the proposed treaty provides that the United States shall
admit from Mexico, chiefly, products of agriculture, of mining, and of
the forest; and that Mexico shall admit from the United States, free of
duty, chiefly, manufactured articles. The two schedules include the
principal commodities embraced in the commerce between the two coun
tries, and which will constitute the principal part of the traffic of the
several international railroad lines projected, and now in course of con
struction. Of course the proprietors of these railroads are deeply in
terested in the ratification of the treaty by the United States. It ap
pears evident, also, that its ratification would tend greatly to promote
trade between the two countries, which trade will probably center largely
at New Orleans and at Saint Louis.
From time immemorial, customs duties have been laid upon mer
chandise shipped from one State of Mexico into another. The proposed
treaty provides that all State duties shall be removed from goods em
braced in the schedule of articles to be imported into Mexico from the
United States free of duty.
It is a matter ot interest in this connection to note also the fact that an
earnest effort is being made in Mexico to abolish interstate customs
duties and octroi taxes upon domestic merchandise. Such duties and
imposts have prevailed in Mexico from time immemorial, but they are
evidently relics of a past age. That such impediments to commerce
among the States in Mexico will before long be removed seems prob
able, especially in view of the fact that the exemption of merchandise
the product of the United States from such charges would be likely to
work an injurious discrimination against the products of labor in Mexico

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 29
THE SECURITY OF LIFE AND PROPERTY IN MEXICO AND THE PRES
ENT ENCOURAGEMENTS TO COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE IN THAT
COUNTRY.
In the foregoing statements an attempt has been made to present, in
a condensed form, the resources of Mexico, some of the more important
facts descriptive of its people, their material advancement, and the geo
graphical, topographical, and climatic conditions which constitute their
environment with respect to commerce with other countries, and espe
cially with the United States. These conditions appear to be in a high
degree favorable to the development of commerce over the several rail
roads now in course of construction, the object of which railroads is to
connect Mexico very intimately in the bouds of trade and of personal
intercommunication with the people of this country. It remains to
consider the question as to the present security of life and property
in Mexico and as to the disposition ofthe people of thatcountry toward
the people of the United States, with especial reference to the interests
of trade. The success of American commercial enterprise in Mexico also
turns upon the question as to the probable permanence ofthe existing
national Government, aud its ability to protect American citizens in
the pursuits of commerce and of industry iu that country. Serious
doubts have existed and still exist in the minds ofthe people of this
country upon these points. The question as to the ability of the Gov
ernment of Mexico to fulfill its obligations toward the projectors aud
constructors of railroads connecting the two countries is also of interest,
epecially as those enterprises are now almost entirely in the hands of
citizens ofthe United States.
The consideration of these important matters in the present report
suggests a brief allusion to some facts of especial importance in the his
tory of Mexico.
The city of Mexico was captured by the Spaniards under Cortez iu
1521, and in 1821 — just three hundred years afterwards — the Mexicans,
under the leadership of Iturbide, achieved their independence. From
that time until the defeat of Maximilian, in 1867, Mexico passed through
a series of revolutions.
In the year 1830, Texas, a Territory of Mexico, achieved her independ
ence, and in the year 18*15 was admitted as a State of the American
Union. In the month of May, 1846, war broke out between the United States
and Mexico, and continued until the capitulation of the City of Mexico,
September 11, 1847. Bythe treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, concluded Feb
ruary 2, 1848, and of the so-called Gadsden treaty, concluded Decem
ber 30, 1853, the United States acquired from Mexico all that territory
which now constitutes the States of California and Nevada, the Terri
tories of Utah and Arizona, and a part of the State of Colorado and of
the Territories of Wyoming and New Mexico.
These territorial acquisitions, including the State of Texas, embraced
an area of 967,451 square miles, or considerably more than half the ter
ritory of Mexico prior to the Texan revolution. It is not a strange thing
that memories of the struggles whereby these losses of so large a pro
portion of her ancient domain were incurred should have left an inher
itance of bitterness in the minds of the Mexicans toward the people of
the United States. But time and a growing appreciation ofthe advan
tages which would inevitably accompany the establishment of commer
cial intercourse over railroad lines connecting all parts of Mexico with

30 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
the centers of trade and of industry in the United States have tended
greatly to soften these asperities.
The active sympathy extended by the United States toward Mexico
during the struggle to free herself from the rule of a foreign invader
also tended greatly to allay the old feeling of animosity. In the year
1862, England, France, and Spain sent into Mexico an army for the os
tensible purpose of securing payment of certain foreign debts, the pay
ment of which had been deferred for two years. England aud Spain
soon afterwards withdrew their forces, but France continued the strug
gle, and in the year 1864 Maximilian was enthroned as emperor.
At the close of our civil war the Government of the United States
made haste to inform the Government of France that the presence of
her forces upon the soil of Mexico was distasteful to this country, and at
the same time seventy thousand veteran soldiers under General Sheri
dan moved toward the Rio Grande. As the result of diplomatic cor
respondence between the United States and France, the evacuation by
the French forces was postponed for two years. Finally the defeat of
the forces of Maximilian, which occurred May 15, 1867, and the sur
render of the city of Mexico about three months afterward, termi
nated the rule of the invader. The moral support of our Govern
ment won the gratitude of the adherents of the patriot cause, the
party which is still in power, and this feeling found enthusiastic ex
pression ou the occasion of the visit of Mr. Seward to Mexico in the
year 1869, a visit made in compliance with the expressed desire of the
authorities of that country.
The growth of confidence in the minds of the people of the United
States in the permanence ofthe newly-established Government of Mex
ico and its ability and disposition to protect American citizens in that
country, has, of course, beeu slow. This has probably been due lai gely
to a failure to appreciate properly the cause and nature ofthe several
civil conflicts which have been waged iu Mexico since the expulsion of
the Spaniards in the year 1821, and the consummation which has finally
been reached. It is thought that a brief refereuce to this prolonged
struggle will aid in arriving at a correct view of the present situation
of the country with respect to the interests of trade.
The various appeals to arms in Mexico during the period from 1821
to 1867 have undoubtedly been to a considerable extent instigated by
aud in the interest of partisan leaders, but those contests have gen
erally shaped themselves to issues incident to the rule of a despotic
hierarchy. Soon after the expulsion ofthe Spaniards in 1821, the Government of
tlie country fell into the hands of the church. It administered the civil
offices, it controlled the army, and its influence in the financial affairs-
ofthe country was supreme. There was not i u Mexico a union of church
and state, butsimply an ecclesiastical government. Besides, thechurch
had acquired vast landed possessions.
It is estimated that in the year 1859 the value of its property was-
about one-third of the value of the property of the entire couutry. The
church is also said to have owned half the area of the city of Mexico
and more than half its value. Consnl-Geueral Strother, iii a report to
the Department of State, under date of December 23, 1882, says that
the former wealth of the church has been estimated at $300,(100,000,
and adds, " it is not improbable that this estimate falls short of the
truth." It is impossible in a few briei words to describe the evils and abuses
attendant upon such a state of affairs, for the conditions under which/

TRADB BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 31
those evils and abuses existed were almost as unlike the conditions which
surround the people of the United States as were the conditions which
determined the social and political life of the Assyrian Empire. Nor
is it possible here to describe fully the struggle through which Mexico
has passed iu throwing off the yoke of despotism. Suffice it to say, that
she rid herself of the old Spanish rule in the year 1821, and that she
has ever since been slowly but steadily groping her way out of the dark
ness of the fifteenth century. The period from 1821 to 1875 was one of
turmoil and revolution. The outside world, ignorant of the real state of
affairs, began to think the Mexicans incapable of self-government. But
looking above the passions of men, and the issues by which these sau-
guinary struggles were engendered, the philosophical historian will
undoubtedly regard the Ion <_ -continued internecine strife which termi
nated in the overthrow of the church power and the establishment of a
government based solely upon political considerations and charged only
with politica] functions, as an evolution from a lower to a higher civili
zation. The power of the church was overthrown in the year 1857 under the
leadership of Juarez, but was temporarily reinstated under the reign of
Maximilian, whose enthronement in 1864 was attained mainly through
the support which he gained from the church party. Since the failure
of the Government thus instituted, that party has borne the ignominy
of having entered into an alliance with a foreign usurper.
The fall of Maximilian in 1867 marked the termination in Mexico of
au irrepressible conflict between opposing and irreconcilable forces, the
result of which has beeu tlie triumph ofthe cause of civil and religious
liberty. The Government which has been in existence since December 20,
1876, the date of the accession to power of General Diaz, presents
claims to confidence in its permanency from the fact that the cause of
internal strife has probably been forever removed. This achievement has
giveu the world assurance of the political regeneration of Mexico, and
it has placed her iu full fellowship with the more advanced nations of
the globe.
In all the history of political revolutions involving ecclesiastical
change, it would be difficult to poiut to one mere radical and sweeping
in its results than has been the change in Mexico from an integral union
of church and state to their absolute divorcement. As in political
struggles involving questions of principle one extreme is apt to follow
another, so we see in Mexico that in the overthrow of the former eccle
siastical power the Government has resorted to the extreme measures of
confiscating or nationalizing the entire properties of the church, expel
ling from the country the personnel of its religious societies, forbidding
religious processions on the public streets, and forbidding also all min
isters of religion from appearing on the public streets iu any other garb
than that worn bf citizens generally.
Perhaps the most remarkable feature of this wonderful reform in the
constitution of the Mexican Government is the fact that it has been the
result of a struggle purely political iu its nature. Unlike political changes
involving the separation of church and state in several of the countries
of Europe it has been accomplished without the intervention of any dis
senting religious element whatever.
Among the prominent political reformers of Mexico there have been
many adherents of the old faith, and very few, if any, of dissenting be
lief. * The struggle has simply illustrated the incompatibility of a co
partnership between politics and religion — at least in Mexico — and as

32 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
such the result must be gratifying to every lover of religious liberty in
this country, without regard to creed.
Since the ecclesiastical power in the political affairs of Mexico^ has
been broken down, the national Government, and almost all the State
governments of the country, have accorded to other religious denomi
nations full liberty to propagate the tenets of their several creeds, and
in certain notable instances the State governments have extended to
such societies courteous treatment and material aid. It appears to be
the policy ofthe Government to foster the growth of dissenting churches,
with the special purpose of restraining* the influence exerted by the old
church. It is no part of the object of this report to express any opinion as to
the merits of the concrete questions which the Mexicans have been so
long aud so hotly debating touching the relations of church to state, or
to view the matter in any other light than in its purely commercial aspects.
The precise point had in view, and which it is desired here to elucidate
and illustrate, is, that if civil and religious liberty have been secured iu
Mexico, and American missionaries of every denomination are allowed
freely to pursue their calling in that country, once intolerant of any form
of religious belief at variance with the State religion, it is certainly safe
to assume that its Government and people are now in a condition to re
ceive hospitably the American merchant, the American manufacturer,
•and the American railroad builder and operator, and to accord to all
who come with commercial intent adequate protection under its laws in
the prosecution of their business pursuits.
Although Mexico and the United States are territorially contiguous,
yet there Las been much less intermingling of the people of the two
countries than has been the case with respect to the people of the United
States and those ofthe several countries of Europe, or of South Amer
ica, or even perhaps of China. The real import of events in Mexico
is consequently not very generally understood in this country. It is
deemed proper, therefore, to present the following evidences of religious
toleration in Mexico, and also of the friendly disposition of the people
of that country toward the people of the United States.
RELIGIOUS TOLERATION IN MEXICO AS AN EVIDENCE OF THE SE
CURITY OF LIFE AND PROPERTY.
In an article entitled "Railways in Mexico," published in November,
1882, Mr. Romero, miuister plenipotentiary from Mexico to the United
States, says, in regard to his country :
From a bigoted, intolerant country it has been changed into a liberal, progressive
nation ; and this, o£ course, could not have been effected without great effort and
without commotion and bloodshed to some extent. Neither England nor France nor
other countries standing; now at the head of the civilized world could establish civil
and religious freedom without revolution and bloodshed. But once accomplished, all
the purposes of the revolution and freedom of religion, freedom of education, equality
before the law, trial by jury, &.c, established, there is no political reason for revolu
tion. In an official report to the Department of State, dated December 23,
1882, Hon. David H. Strother, consul-general of the United States at
the City of Mexico, says :
After fifty years of almost continuous wars and revolutions, the party of liberal opin
ions has at length definitely triumphed.
The results of this triumph have been the complete separation of church and state,
and the absolute subjection of the ecclesiastical to the civil authority ; a political con
stitution, based on the broadest republican principles ; a free press, free schools and

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 33
universal religious toleration. Indeed, the laws ofthe reform, proclaimed in 1857
under Comonfort, and executed by Benito Juarez iu 1867, after the downfall of the em
pire, are more thorough and radical in their character than those piomulgated by any
Government of modern times.
The Rev. Theodore S. Wynkoop, pastor of the Westeru Presbyterian
church of Washington, D. C, who has recently returned from a tour of
Mexico, in a friendly letter addressed to the chief of this Bureau, under
date of December 20. 1883, says :
The gist of the religious situation in Mexico is : 1st. Nobody wants to interfere with
the fullest religious liberty of foreigners coming to reside in that country. 2d. So
far as efforts to detach the' people of the land from the Roman Catholic Church are
concerned the Government and the iutelligent party of progress in Mexico desire to
break the exclusive control of the Romis-h church, and will encourage Protestant
Christianity believing that the interests of Mexico will thereby be promoted.
The following statistics in regard to the Missions of the Protestant
Episcopal Church in the United States are presented iu the last annual
report of the committee for foreign missions of that church :
Number of places where divine worship is held  45
Total number of persons connected with the church in Mexico  3,490
Number of communicants  1, 480
Number of mission schools  9
Number of scholars in mission schools  390
In neither of the last two annual reports of the secretary of the league
in aid of the Mexican branch of this church is there mention made of
any violent opposition to its ministrations.
It is stated in the last annual report of the Board of Foreign Missions
of the Presbyterian ( hurch in the United States that there are now in
Mexico, under the patronage of that church, 56 clerical and lay mission
aries, 7,220 communicants, and 392 scholars in its mission schools. The
secretary of that Board, iu reply to an inquiry addressed to him by this
office, makes the following statement, under date of December 21, 1883 :
I am glad to state that we have met with no hinderance from the authorities of any
Mexican State of late years. Several years ago there was violent opposition in at
least two States, but that has ceased, and in both our missionaries can pursue their
work in peace. I refer to public or official opposition Of course local disturbances,
instigated by the priests, directly or indirectly, still sometimes occur, but the authori
ties generally discountenance such outbreaks, aud use their influence commonly to
protect our missionary friends aud their native assistants. The Presbyterian missions
of Mexico are located in several different States.
In a recently published account of travels in Mexico, Mr. Howard
Conkling, of New York, mentions the fact that the State of Zacatecas
had extended valuable aid and assistance toward the erection of a
Presbyterian church in the city of that name.
The inauguration of missions in Mexico by the Southern Baptist Con
vention, appears to be of rather recent date. In the proceedings of the
twenty-eighth annual session of that body, held May, 1883, it is stated
that missions have been established in Mexico under its care at Saltillo,
Progreso, Juarez, Musqtiez, Sabinas, Lampasas, and other places. Six
missionaries have been sent out from the United States, and besides
several native assistants are engaged in the work.
A circular of this organization dated October 22, 1883, states that the
governor and people of the State of Coahuila have recently offered to
the Baptists $150,000 for the purpose of establishing five schools in
Mexico, mainly for the education of girls. It is provided that free tui-
H. Ex. 86  3

34 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
tion shall be given to orphans and to the daughters of poor widows, and
that entire religious freedom shall be secured to all the pupils of the
schools. The annual report of the Methodist Episcopal Church for the year
1882, rendered January, 1883, mentions that there are now employed in
the work of the missions of that denomination in Mexico 36 mission
aries and assistant missionaries, including also native ordained, unor
dained, and local preachers. Of these 22 were sent out from the United
States and 14 are natives. Besides there are 14 native workers of the
Woman's Foreign Missionary Society and 36 native and foreign teachers
and other helpers. The number of church members is 356 and the aver
age attendance 1,139. This denomination now has 10 churches and 15
halls and other places of worship in Mexico.
In a letter addressed to the chief of this Bureau, under date of De
cember 24, 1883, the corresponding secretary ofthe Missionary Society
ofthe Methodist Episcopal Church, says:
So far as the General Government is concerned we have nothing to complain of.
We have found the President and other general officers entertaining the most liberal
views, and ready to respond for our protection whenever called upon. Our mission
aries have several times been assailed, their homes mobbed, their persons injured, and
their lives imperiled. In one case one of our native preachers was put to death. The
local authorities in some instances have winked at these things, but when we have
appealed to the General Government it has promptly relieved us.
It is believed that a knowledge of the foregoing facts and an appreci
ation of their import will tend to encourage a feeliug on the part of the
people ot the United States that American citizens can find adequate
protection in Mexico for their persons and property, and that it is a safe
and inviting field for commercial enterprise.
THE PERMANENCY OF THE PRESENT GOVERNMENT OF MEXICO AND
ITS DISPOSITION TOWARD THE CULTIVATION OF CLOSER COMMER
CIAL RELATIONS WITH THE UNITED STATES.
The Government of Mexico has recently in an unmistakable manner
proved its faith in its own power and permanency and its desire to cul
tivate commercial intercourse with the United States by granting most
liberal concessions to corporations of the United States for the purpose
of coustructiug an extensive system of railroads in Mexico, penetrating
every part of the country. These concessions embrace valuable fran
chises and subventions, the total amount of the latter being about
$90,000,000. In so far as can be ascertained, the instalments due upon
the completion of portions of the lines now under construction are
promptly paid.
The granting of these privileges and subsidies appears to voice the
dominant public sentiment iu Mexico regarding future commercial inter
course with the United States.
The fact, also, that men of marked ability and large experience as
projectors and constructors of railroads have already pushed their enter
prises into Mexico affords the strongest presumpth*B evidence at the
present time, both as to the capabilities of the country for commercial
enterprise and as to the kindly disposition of the national and state
governments of Mexico and of the people of that couutry toward the
people of the United States. The building of these railroads also gives
the assurance of commercial faith on the part of their projectors in the
permanency of the line of policy now pursued by the Mexican Govern-

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 35
meut and iu its ability to carry that policy into effect. The able and
far-sighted men who have embarked in the construction of railroads in
Mexico have not done so without first carefully surveying the whole
field and satisfying themselves upon all material points affecting the
probable success of their several enterprises.
Mr. Thomas Nickerson, of Boston, president of the Mexican Central
Railroad, in a recent communication to this office, states that about
$30,000,000 of American capital have been invested in railroads in
Mexico during the last two years. He adds :
I believe that the resources of Mexico are very large, and that railroads will tend
to develop them, perhaps not so rapidly as in a population of Americans, but that they
will be developed largely I am very confident.
Already about 1,800 miles of railroad have been constructed in Mexico
by citizens of the United States, the average cost of which has been
about $25,000 per mile. About two- thirds of this total amount has been
furnished by the American projectors.
It is believed that the foregoing statements clearly indicate that ad
equate securities for life aud property exist in Mexico, that the imme
diate prospect of advancing American commercial enterprises in that
country is highly encouraging, that the main inspiring cause of revolu
tions has been removed by the establishment of civil and religious
liberty, and that in the future political disturbances are less likely to
occur than during any previous period since the destruction of the
Spauish power in the year 1821.
RAILROADS OF MEXICO.
Prior to the year 1870 there were several charters granted by the
Mexican Government for projected railroads extending from the Rio
Grande River into Mexico. The routes of these proposed lines crossed
the Rio Grande River at points where it was intended that they should
connect with lines to be constructed in the State of Texas. But the
work of construction was never begun on any of these lines. The char
ters of the proposed roads lapsed and were finally declared to be for
feited. Evidently the time had not come for the successful prosecution of
such undertakings. It was necessary that the work of political reform
in Mexico should first be fully accomplished, and that the new rSgime
should hold power long enough in order to give assurance of the per
manent establishment by the Government of that country of the prin
ciples of civil and religious liberty. Peace was finally established in
Mexico by the election of General Diaz as President in 1877. This fully
inaugurated the new departure in the political and commercial history
of Mexico. The successful extension of railroads from the United States
into Mexico also waited upon the completion of the Southern Pacific
Railroad, and the Galveston, Harrisburgh and San Antonio Railrq-ad,
the Atchison, Topeka aud Santa F6 Railroad, and of lines since con
structed in Texas which extend to the Rio Graude.
A list ofthe various charters and concessions which have been granted
by Mexico to railroad companies since the year 1866 may be found in
Appendix No. 21. It is deemed sufficient here to describe the various
lines designed to form international highways of communication, and
also those railroads which have been completed or are in course of con
struction in the interior and in the southern part of Mexico.

36 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
(a.) THE SONORA RAILWAY.
The Sonora Railway extends from Benson, a point on the Southern
Pacific Railroad, to Guaymas, Mexico, a point on the Gulf of California.
The total length ofthe line is 350.19 miles. Mr. William B. Strong, of
Boston, is president of this road. The corporate name of the portion of
this line in Arizona, extending from Benson to Nogales, on the border, is
the New Mexico and Arizona Railroad, and the corporate name of the
portion of the line in Mexico, from Nogales to Guaymas, is the Sonora
Railway, but for convenience in operating the road the entire line is
known as the Sonora Radway, and constitutes the Sonora branch of
the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe" Railroad. The Sonora Railway,
in connection with the Atchison, Topeka and Santa F£, the Southern
Pacific Railroad, and the eastern connections of the former, forms a
transcontinental liue between all parts of the country east of Arizona
to the Pacific Ocean.
The Mexican portion of the Souora Railway was chartered September
14, 1880, with the privilege of constructing a branch to Alamos, in the
State of Sonora. The total mileage constructed in Mexico is 262.41 miles.
The Sonora Railway has a subsidy of $7,000 per kilometer — about
$11,265, Mexican currency, per mile from the Mexican Government, the
total amount of subsidy being about $2,950,000, Mexican currency. The
portion of the line from Guaymas to Nogales was begun in May, 1880,
and the road was opened for traffic October 25, 1882. The road is of
the standard, or 4 feet SJ-inch gauge.
It is stated upon apparently reliable authority that the Alamos branch
of this line will reach extensive anthracite and bituminous coal mines
in the State of Sonora.
It is the intention of the managers of the Sonora Railway to establish
a line of steamers which shall ply between Guaymas and ports along
the western coast of Mexico south of that point. It is too soon yet to
make any definite statement as to the probable maritime commerce of
Guaymas. (b) THE MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY.
The Mexican Central Railway Company received a charter from the
Mexican Government September 8, 1880, for the construction of its main
line from Paso del Norte to the City of Mexico, with a branch liue to
the Pacific Ocean, and several charters at different dates covering a
branch line to the Gulf of Mexico. All the lines of this company are
ofthe standard, or 4 feet 8^-inch gauge.
The main line of the Mexican Central Railway extends from Paso del
Norte, opposite El Paso, Tex., to the City of Mexico, a distance of 1,214
miles. The work of construction on this railroad is being prosecuted
from both ends, and has proceeded farther than on any other projected
railroad in Mexico.
The following statement in regard to the points which the lines of
this road touch has been furnished by an officer of the company :
The lines ofthe Mexican Central connect the capital ofthe Republic and the ei"ht
largest State capitals, namely: Population.
Mexico  241,110
Queretaro  34, 383
San Luis Potosi  34, 300
Zacatecas  30^113
608,76

Population.
Aguascalientes  31 , 872
Chihuahua  12, 110
Durango  28,538
Guanajuato  100, 000
Guadalajara  90,335

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 37
The lines follow pretty closely the great highways upon which have grown up cities
and towns, and pass through many of great size and importance in addition to the
capitals already named, such as —
Population. | Population.
Tula  5,834 Silao  32,738
San Juan del Rio  21,400 Leon  100,000
Celaya  28,336 Lagos  42,317
Salarnanaca  23,996 Fresnillo  28,600
Irapuato  27,700 I Las Nieves ..'.  10,969
San Juan del Rio (in Durango).. 7,800 l Tepic  24,778
Jimenez  6, 000 Tampico  11, 682
Santa Rosalia  6,000 Jalisco  3,912
La Barca  22, 890 San Bias  3, 518
Ocotlan  17,378 Paso del Norte  6,000
Tequila  6,814 , Cuantitlan  4,803
Ahualnlco  10,634 I Huehuetoca  3,585
Etzatlan  8,255'  465, 939
The total population of the States through which the lines pass is 5,673.531, and
the agricultural products, exclusive of cattle, for the year 1879, according to official
figures lately published, were in weight, 3,842,982 tons, and in value, §89,100,976.
The average annual amounts of gold and silver coined for five years, at the mints
situated directly upon the company's line, are as follows:
City of Mexico  $4, 351, 440
Guana j nato  4, 687, 796
Guadalajara  1,302,610
Sau Luis Potosi  2,168,713
Zacatecas...  4,950,706
Durango  813,943
Chihuahua  856,911

Total  ,  19,132,119
On the 31st of December, 1883, there had been completed 1,061 miles
of road, leaving a gap of only 153 miles between the two ends. It is
expected that the entire line will be completed and open for traffic about
April 1, 1884.
The eastern branch of this railroad extends from Tampico, on the
Gulf of Mexico, through San Luis Potosi to Aguascalientes, a distance
of 380 miles, and the western branch from San Bias, on the Pacific coast,
to a point on the main liue not yet determined, a distance of about 396
miles. On the Gulf branch 70 miles of track had been laid on the 13th of
November, 1883, and 25 miles of road graded in addition, and on the
Pacific coast branch about 20 miles of grading have been completed.
Mr. Thomas Nickerson, of Boston, the president ofthe Mexican Cen
tral Railroad, in a communication addressed to this office, under date
of November 13, 1883, stated that the gross commercial earniugs on the
northern end of the main line during the preceding twelvemonths had, on
an average mileage of 225 miles, been $22,500 per month, and that the
gross commercial earnings of the southern end, an average mileage of
300 miles, had been $134,500 per month. These earnings had fully met
the expectations of the company.
Under the terms of its charter the Mexican Central Railroad Company
is to receive from the Mexican Government a subsidy of $15,200 per
mile on all but a small part of its line ; the total amount of its subven
tions will be about $30,000,000. This is payable in certificates receiv
able at the customhouses for 6 per cent, of all duties paid ; and after
September 16, 1S84, for 8 per cent. All importers are compelled to
make payment of duties in accordance with this provision. The certifi
cates are being turned into cash at the rate of about $1,100,000 per an-

38 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
num. Up to December 10, 1883, the cash receipts were $2,066,677.07.
The average cost of the line will be from $25,000 to $28,000 per mile.
Attention is invited to the statement presented by Mr. Thomas Nick-
erson, president of the Mexican Central Railway Company, in Appendix
No. 1. (C) THE MEXICAN INTERNATIONAL RAILROAD.
The Mexican International Railroad, of which Mr. C. P. Huntington
is president, extends from Piedras Negras, on the Rio Grande, opposite
Eagle Pass, Tex., south westwardly towards the interior of Mexico, and
has been completed for a distance of about 150 miles.
An iron railroad bridge has been constructed over the Rio Grande
between Eagle Pass and Piedras Negras, and is the first permanent
structure of the kind connecting the United States with Mexico. A
branch, 34 miles in length, of the Galveston, Harrisburgh and San
Antonio Railroad in Texas, conuects Eagle Pass with the main line of
the latter road at a point 134 miles west of San Antonio.
It is stated by an officer of the company that the Mexican Interna
tional Railroad is being constructed without any subvention from the
Mexican Government ; that the road is being laid with steel rails, and
that the location of the entire line has not yet been determined, but
that it will probably intersect the line ofthe Mexican Central Railroad
within the distance of 400 miles from the Rio Grande, opening up a
direct line of communication with the City of Mexico, both railroads
being of the standard, or 4 feet 8J-inch gauge. The Mexican Inter
national will then form a constituent part of about 3,000 miles of rail
road in Mexico.
The line will probably be opened for traffic by February 1, 1884, to
Mouclova, a point in Mexico 150 miles from the Rio Grande.
Important deposits of coal of good quality have been discovered on
the line of this railroad, and it is believed that the mineral and agri
cultural resources of the country through which it passes will supply
to it a profitable traffic.
The gradients on this line are exceptionally favorable, being in no
case over 1 per cent., or 52.8 feet to the mile. At the crossing of the
Rio Grande the elevation above the sea is 720 feet ; at Mouclova, about
2,000 feet; near Parras, say, 4,000 feet, and at Lerdo, near the crossing
of the Mexican Central, about 3,750 feet.
The length of the iron bridge constructed over the Rio Grande at
Eagle Pass is stated to be 930 feet, exclusive of approaches.
One of the most marked advantages enjoyed by this line with respect
to international traffic is that it connects with the. Galveston, Harris
burgh and San Antonio Railroad, the only direct liue to New Orleans,
with the financial interests of which railroad the management of the
Mexican International Railroad is closely related.
(d) THE LINE OF THE MEXICAN NATIONAL CONSTRUCTION COM
PANY.
The concession of the Mexican National Construction Company, as
finally modified, provides for a main trunk line from the city of Mexico
to the northern frontier at Laredo; also for a trunk line from the city
of Mexico to the Pacific coast at Manzanillo. The line extending from
Manzanillo connects with the, main line extending from Mexico to Laredo
at Acambaro. The company have also received concessions for the

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 3d
following branch lines, namely : From Zacatecas to San Luis Potosi ;
from Zacatecas to Aguas Calientes ; from Matamoros to Monterey, and
from the City of Mexico, via El Salto, to Maravatio ; also three or four
other short branches to poiuts of minor importance. The franchises of
the company embrace about 2,000 miles of road in Mexico, all of which
will be ofthe 3-foot gauge. General W. J. Palmer is president of this
company. The line, ofthe Mexican National Construction Company will connect
with that of the Mexican Central Railway Company at Zacatecas. Ou
the 22d of December, 1883, the company had constructed in Mexico 416
miles of road at the southern end, including branches, and 282 miles at
the northern end. Its total completed mileage at that time embraced
880 miles of road, of which 698 miles were in Mexico and 182 miles in
the State of Texas. Besides, there had been constructed 28J miles of
the branch line east from Manzanillo.
The total distance from Laredo to the City of Mexico, by this line, is
S.35 miles. After crossing the Rio Grande, the high table-lands are
reached near Saltillo, about 200 miles from Laredo. The remaining por
tions of the main line are located entirely upon the elevated plateaus.
At the time referred to the work of construction was being pushed
forward at each end of the main line and ou the two branch lines.
The following are the principal towns and cities on or near the main
lines of the Mexican National Railroad, with their respective popula
tion : Mexico, 300,000; San Luis Potosi, 45,000; Pueblo, 75,000;
Leon, 150,000 ; Silao, 38,000 ; Guanajuato, 63,400 ; Guadalajara, 80,000 ;
Toluca, 42,000 ; Colima, 31,700 ; Zapotlan, 22,000 ; Zacatecas, 46,000 ;
Morelia, 35,000 ; Monterey, 35,000.
Under the terms of its charter the Mexican National Railway is to
receive from the Mexican Government a subsidy of $11,350 per mile on
about 1,900 miles of railroad ; the total amount of subventions will be
about $21,565,000.
The liue of the road passes through a country of great agricultural
and mineral resources. Coal, the most important element of commerce
and industry in Mexico, is found in the vicinity of the Rio Grande
River. Attention is invited to a letter addressed to the chief of this Bureau
by Mr. W. W. Nevin, secretary of the Mexican National Construction
Company, which communication, together with an interesting state
ment prepared by the same gentlemen in regard to the wheat fields of
Mexico, may be found in Appendix No. 2.
(e) THE MEXICAN SOUTHERN RAILROAD.
On the 14th day of May, 1883, the Government of Mexico entered
into a contract with the Mexican Oriental, Interoceanic aud Interna
tional Railroad Company, represented by Mr. Jay Gould, and the Mex
ican Southern Railroad Company, represented by General U. S. Grant,
whereby the concessions previously granted to those two companies
were consolidated, under the denomination of the Mexican Southern
Railroad Company, of which General U. S. Grant is now president.
This road will be of the standard, or 4 feet 8J inch grade.
The Mexican Southern Railroad Company is authorized to construct
a railroad from Laredo, on the Rio Grande, via Guerrero, Mier, China,
Ciudad Victoria, and Tomasunchale, to the City of Mexico, and thence,
via Irolo, Pueblo, Tehuacan, and Oaxaca, to the port of Tehuantepec
ou the Pacific coast.

40 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
The length of the two divisions of the main line and the total length
of the road are as follows : Miles.
Northern division, Laredo to Mexico   682
Southern division, Mexico to Tehuantepec  523
Total length of main line  '  1 , 205
The company is empowered to construct a branch line to San Luis
Potosi, to extend its southern division to the border line which sepa
rates Mexico from Guatemala, and to construct various other lines as
branches which are mentioned in its charter. It is also required to
construct a branch to its southern division extending to Anton Lizardo,
and Vera Cruz on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico.
The company by the terms of its charter is required to construct 250
kilometers (155.34 miles) of its main line during the first two years, and
200 kilometers (124.27 miles) during each successive two years. It is
to receive from the Mexican National Government a subvention of
$8,000 per kilometer ($12,875 per mile) of road built on its northern di
vision, and $7,000 per kilometer ($11,266 per mile) of road built on its
southern division.
It is stated by Mr. J. H. Work, secretary of the company, that the
construction of the road is being carried on in accordance with the re
quirements of the concession, and that 100 miles of the line have al
ready been graded.
From Laredo to the Panuco River, a distance of about 500 miles, the line
is located near the base of the Sierra Madre range and upon the lowlands,
the climate aud productions of which are tropical. Here are found forests
of dye woods and caoutchouc or rubber trees; vanilla, cochineal, indigo,
sugar, cotton, spices, tobacco, aud a great variety of tropical fruits are
also produced along this portion of the line.
Leaving the Panuco River au elevation of 4.000 feet is overcome with
in the distance of 25 miles by an ascent of about 160 feet to the mile.
The Vera Cruz Railroad has, however, steeper gradients. It overcomes
an ascent of 5,000 feet in 23 miles, an average gradient of 218 feet to the
mile. After reaching the table-lands, the line of the Mexican Southern
passes by low gradients and easy curvatures to the City of Mexico.
The southern division, extending from that city to Tehuantepec, passes
through a populous country exhibiting a great variety of agricultural
and forestry products, which variety is due largely to altitudes varying
from the sea level to an elevatiou of 2,462 meters (7,067 feet).
The precious metals abound in many localities along the line of this
road, and iron and coal are also found ou both its divisions. The coal
mines ofthe State of Tamaulipas at the north and of Pueblo at the south
will probably supply a large local traffic which will stimulate the com
mercial and industrial development ofthe whole country.
The most important feature of the Mexican Southern Railroad iu so
far as relates to international traffic, appears to be the fact that at Laredo
it connects with the " Southwest System of Railroads" iu the United
States, with which lines its financial interests are somewhat closely re
lated. Attention is invited to a statement presented by Mr. J. H. Work, sec
retary of the Mexican Southern Railroad, including also a copy ofthe
charter of the company and a description of its lines. (See Aiinendix
No. 3.)

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 41
I THE AMERICAN AND MEXICAN PACIFIC RAILWAY.
The American and Mexican Pacific Railway, the present corporate
name of which is the "Texas, Topolobampo and Pacific Railroad and
Telegraph Company," is perhaps the most prominent of the projected
railroad enterprises of Mexico, upon which the work of construction has
not yet begun.
The Hon. William Windom, ex-Secretary of the Treasury of the Uni
ted States, and formerly a Senator of the United States, is* president of
this company. The Mexican Government on the 13th of June, 1881, and
on the 5th of December, 1882, granted to the Texas, Topolobampo, and
Pacific Railroad Company the right to construct a railroad from Topo
lobampo, on the Gulf of California, to Piedras Negras, opposite Eagle
Pass, or Presidio del Rio Grande on the Rio Grande, with a branch from
the main line, east of the Cordilleras in a northeasterly direction to Pre
sidio del Norte, on the Rio Grande.
The length of the main line is about 750 miles, and of the brauch line
mentioned about 230 miles.
The company is also granted the right to construct a line from Alamos,
in Sonora, to which inoint the Sonora Railway is projected, to Mazatlan,
a city on the Pacific Coast, of about 10,000 inhabitants, and second only
to Vera Cruz in commercial importance. This line traverses the State of
Sinaloa from north to south, and is 350 miles in length. The popula
tion of Sinaloa is about 170,000. It has very large and important agri
cultural, mineral, forest, and pastoral resources, the development of
which waits upon the facilities of railroad transportation.
The harbor of Topolobampo on the Gulf of California, at the western
end of the main line, is said to be one of the finest on the globe.
The right of way of this company on all its liues as granted by the
Government is 70 meters (227A feet) in width, or 35 meters on each side
of its track.
The main line of the road passes for 200 miles through a forest of pine
timber, and extensive tracts of hard-wood timber and dye woods. These
resources are expected to supply a large traffic to the road. A branch
line, 100 miles in length, will reach extensive and valuable mines of
both anthracite and bituminous coal in the State of Sonora. Under the
terms ofits charter, the company is authorized to construct branch lines
from its main line and from its branches before mentioned, includiug the
line from Alamos, in Sonora, to Mazatlan, but none of such branch lines
are to be over 100 miles iu length. The Mexican National Government
also contracts to pay to this company a subvention of $8,064 per mile
upon its main line, Pacific coast lines, and all branches.
The total amount of subsidy agreed to be paid by the Mexican Gov
ernment to this company will, upon the completion of all its lines, amount
to about $15,000,000.
It is provided that all merchandise in transit from the United States,
through Mexico over the American and Mexican Pacific Railway, shall
be allowed to pass free of all customs charges and port dues.
The company have made reconnaissances and surveys of about 2,000
miles of their several lines, and have located somewhat more than 100
miles of the line east from Topolobampo Bay.
Atteutiou is invited to a statement in regard to the line of the Ameri
can and Mexican Pacific Railway, which may be found in Appendix
No. 4.

42 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
OTHER RAILROADS IN MEXICO.
(a.) A concession has been granted for the construction of a line known
as the Tamaulipas International Railway, extending from Matamoros
along the Gulf coast, and touching at Tampico and tuxpan. From the
latter point this line is to connect with a projected line to the City of
Mexico. This office has not been able to obtain any more specific in- _
formation in regard to this route.
(b.) Several railroad concessions, granted at different times, have been
consolidated into one concession under the name of the Acapulco, Morel-
los, Mexico, Irolo aud Vera Cruz Railroad. This projected line extends
from Acapulco, on the Pacific coast, to Vera Cruz, on the Gulf of Mexico,
and passes through the other cities just mentioned.
(c.) The Tehuantepec Inter-Ocean Railway was projected and in part
constructed by a New York company, which had received a concession
for its construction. About a year ago the charter of this company was
declared to be forfeited. The work is now being prosecuted by the Mex
ican Government, and about one-third ofthe line has beeu constructed.
(-i.) The Mexican Railway, extending from Vera Cruz to the City of
Mexico, was completed in January, 1873, by a British company. This
line is 263J miles iu length.
(e.) The Tehuantepec Ship Railway was projected by Capt. James B.'
Eads, a citizen of the United States. The Mexican Government has
granted it the right of way and liberal privileges. The surveys for this
undertaking have been made. It will bejseen by the accompanying hyp
sometric map that the topographical features of the isthmus of Tehuan
tepec are peculiarly favorable to the construction of a transportation
line connecting the Gulf of Mexico with the Pacific Ocean.
GENERAL REMARKS UPON THE PROBABLE TRAFFIC OF RAILROADS
NOW IN COURSE OF CONSTRUCTION IN MEXICO.
The several railroad lines extending from the United States into and
through Mexico will, as hereinbefore shown, pass through large towus
and cities, and in almost every State subserve the commercial interests
of populous and settled communities. Although the. agricultural prod
ucts of Mexico are exceedingly diversified, the people of the country
can now exchange such products only upon the payment of transporta
tion charges, which greatly restrain internal commerce, and which, with
respect to a large part of the country, constitute an insuperable barrier
to foreign trade. Wheat of the finest quality is, as already shown, pro
duced in a considerable portion of the country, but the great cost of trans
porting it causes its price to be so high iu other localities as to place it
beyond the means of the laboring classes. It is said that in the district
known as El Bajio the price of wheat is about the same as that of bar
ley, but in the City of Mexico, only 150 miles distant, a bushel of wheat
costs as much as eight of barley. In some parts of the country it is diffi
cult to procure wood for fuel in cooking, and in other places firewood is
so abundant that it has no market value. Iu certain localities the most
valuable woods — ebony, rosewood, mahogany, and cedar are used for
fuel for the reason 'that it is impracticable to transport them to the sea
board. These, and other facts hereinbefore presented, appear clearly to
indicate that the local traffic of the railroads of Mexico will be much
larger and more profitable even than their through traffic between the
two countries which they will connect. The Union Pacific and the Cen
tral Pacific Railroads were projected chiefly upon expectations bused

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 43
upon through traffic, but during the last year local tonnage and receipts
from local traffic of those railroads were considerably in excess of the
tonnage and the receipts from through traffic. The fact that the rail
roads of Mexico will subserve the commercial interests of a country of
12,000,000 inhabitants, alone renders it highly probable that they will,
from the time of their completion, secure a large and profitable local
traffic. CONCLUDING REMARKS.
The line of policy adopted by. the Mexican Government since the res
toration of the Republic, of aiding and promoting the construction of
railroads designed to connect that country with the United States, and
the persistency with which that policy has ever since been pursued,
commends Mexico to the favorable consideration of the more advanced
nations of the globe. As already shown, large and liberal franchises
have been granted to the American projectors of such railroads, with
subventions to the amount of $90,000,000, conditioned upon the comple
tion of the proposed lines. Mexico entered upon this great undertaking,
not upon the basis of her ability at the time of its conception to carry
it into effect, but by faith in the resources of the country, and in the
possibilities of railroad transportation so to increase the national rev
enues and to quicken the productive energies of the couutry as to enable
her to accomplish her high purpose and resolve.
This policy is not the mere expedient of a faction, or the expression
of the will of a party in power. It voices the prevailing sentiment of
all classes from Paso del Norte to Tehuantepec, and from the Gulf of
Mexico to the Pacific Ocean.
The Mexican people everywhere believe that the establishment of
direct intercourse with the United States by means of railroads will tend
to advance the value of property, to quicken commercial and industrial
enterprise, to enhance the wages of labor, to give employment to the
unemployed, to establish peace and order, and generally to promote the
material interests of their country.
Results already realized point to the wisdom of this policy and predi
cate its success. Property has already greatly enhanced in value along
the portions of the lines which have been completed, the wages of labor
have increased, and the awakening influence of the new agency of
social and commercial life is felt by people of all classes aud conditions.
Among the enterprising young men of the country the desire to acquire
a knowledge of the English language is quite general. Mexico already
sees the coming fruition of her hopes, and seeks more intimate commer
cial relations with the United States.
The objects had in view by the government of Mexico in the adoption
and prosecution of its railroad policy have been both commercial and
political. The advantages of a railroad system extending to all parts
of a country of vast territorial proportions, with a population of 12,000,000,
in the administration of the police powers of the Government, in the pro
tection of life and property, and in the prevention and speedy suppress
ion of violent outbreaks, are clearly apparent.
It is, of course, impossible very accurately to forecast fully the com
mercial results which will be realized in Mexico from the completion of
the railroads now in course of construction, which are designed to con
nect the United States with that country ; but that a great change is
at hand is obvious, from the fact that Mexico will, withiu the space of
two or three years, pass from conditions which gave character and
direction to commerce aud industry three hundred years ago, to condi-

44

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

tions which give character and direction to commerce and industry in the
more advanced nations at the present day. The transformation will
probably be one of the most marked within the records of history.
In every country in which railroads have been introduced there has
been a geueral awakening of intellectual activity aud of enterprise.
The progress made in commerce and in all the arts of material 'prosperity
after such facilities for transportation have been provided, has been
greater in decades than in preceding- centuries. Perhaps the results of
railroad construction iu the States aud Territories comprising the area
acquired by the United States from Mexico may serve to aid in form
ing some conception of the results to be expected from the extension
of railroads in Mexico. This area embraces in whole or in part the
States of California, Nevada, Colorado, and Texas, aud the Territories
of Arizona, Utah, Wyoming, and New Mexico. The railroad mileage
of the States and Territories referred to, increased from 679 miles in
1860 to 10,082 miles iu 1880, aud, as the result mainly of the construc
tion of railroads the aggregate population of those States and Terri
tories increased from 1,159,132 in 1860 to 3,037,739 in 1880. At the time
of the cession of the area embracing those States and Territories, its
entire population was less than 400,000. But, as already stated, Mexico
has a population estimated at about 12,000,000, comjiosed of people who,
in their accustomed ways, have for centuries been addicted to indus
trial pursuits.
It is true that the people of Mexico differ widely from the people of
the United States in their manners, institutions, and laws, in their hab
its and tastes, and in their inherited prejudices. But the new condi
tions of social and commercial life which will be introduced by means of
the railroad, and the evident desire and ambition of the Mexican people
to place themselves in accord with the more advanced nations, will
tend constantly and rapidly to draw them into unity of purpose with
the people of the United States.
A growing knowledge in each couutry of the business methods of thc
other will also draw them together in a larger and more beneficial com
mercial intercourse. Already Mexico feels the awakening influence of
her new departure in promoting the construction of international rail
roads. This is indicated by the following facts. About two-thirds of
the foreign commerce of Mexico is with the United States and Great
Britain. The growth of her trade with these two countries has been as
follows :
Statement showing the growth of the commerce of the United States and Great Britain u-.th
Mexico.

United States.

fireat Britain.

Fiscal year ended June 30-

Imports from
Mexico.

1877  *5, 204, 264
1878  , 5, 251, 502
1879  1 5, 193, 221
1880  , 7,209,593
1881  1 8,317,802
1882  8,401,899
1883  1 8, 177, 123

Exports to
Mexico.

Imports from
Mexico. I

Exports to
Mexico.

$5, 893, 494

$3, 887, 638

$5, 215, 501

7, 460, 704

2,467,71.i

4, 184, 937

6, 752, 244

2,835,997

3, 724, 133

7, 866, 493

3, 050, 508

6, 244, 109

11,171,238

2,878,218

8, 202, 247

1.*), 482, 5S2

2,818,531

9, 526, 252

10, 587, 620



The above table indicates an increase of about 123 per cent, in the
commerce of Mexico with the United States aud an increase of 35.6 per
TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 45
cent, in her commerce with Great Britain from 1877 to 1SS2. Thein-
flueuce of the railroads is more directly shown by* the fact that the value
of exports to the United States at Laredo, on tlie Rio Grande, the point
of crossing of the Mexican National Railway, increased from $271,916 in
1S77 to $1,219,933 in 1882 ; at Paso del Norte, the northern terminus ot
the Mexican Central Railway, from $80,994 to $881,019, and at Nogales,
the point at which the Souora Railroad crosses the boundary* line, from
$5,768 to $143,211.*
The increase of the national revenues of Mexico is also a sign of the
awakening of enterprise. This is shown in the following table :

Total rev
enue.

1878-79*  $17,811,125
1879-'80t  21,936,165
1880-'81t  22,142,039
1881-82$  , 25,725,000
1882-83 ||  | 34,000,000
188H-S4V  -  I 36,000,000

Customs.

$12,733,824 13, 438, 284

' Pedro de Olive.
t Annales de Fomento, tomo v.
t President's message, September 16, 1S81.
^Official estimate ( Whitaker.)
j Mr. Romero, minister of Mexico to tlie United States.
*! In nis last annual message President Gonzales stated that tlie revenue from customs for the year
ended June 30, 1883, amounted to $18,500,000, an increase of $5,062,000 since the year ended June 30, 1880,
and he estimated the total revenues for the year 1883-84 at about $36,000,000.
From this it appears that the revenues of Mexico have more than
doubled during the last five years. »
It is of course impossible to predict with any degree of precision the
results of the completion of the railroads now in course of construc
tion in Mexico upon the commercial and industrial aud transportation
interests of the United States. The situation of these lines and their
relations to railroads in this country seem, however, to indicate that the
cities of Saint Louis and of New Orleans will become the chief centers
of trade with Mexico. The Southern Pacific and Galveston, Harris-
burgh and San Antonio line connecting with all the Mexican lines has
for its chief eastern terminus the city of New Orleans, while the great
southwestern system or Missouri Pacific organization and the Atchison,
Topeka, and Santa F<5, together, connect with all the Mexican lines
and have for their most important eastern terminus the city of Saint
Louis. The apparent commercial conditions are highly favorable to the
upbuilding of an important trade with the neighboring republic, at both
those cities. Other cities in this country will also compete for the same
trade. California, Nevada, and Oregon will also participate in the commer
cial advantages which will flow from the establishment of direct com
munication with Mexico through the facilities of railroad transportation.
A table has been prepared showing the railroad distance and time
from New Orleans, Saint Louis, Chicago, San Francisco, and Washing
ton respectively* to the City of Mexico for passenger trains and for freight
trains. (See Appendix No. 24.)
This statement will probably be of some interest, although it is not,
of course, assumed that the data therein presented is in the nature of
an accurate prediction of future train movements.
The diversities of the traffic interest of the railroads now in course
of construction in Mexico as well as of their connections in the United
States appear to be favorable to the development of an active competi-
* From the Mexican Financier of October 27, 1883.

46 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
tion which will regulate rates and prevent commerce from being bur
dened by excessive rates. Each one of those lines will also feel the re
straining and regulating influences of the competition of rival commer
cial forces, both in this country and in Mexico.
The extension of railroads from the United States into Mexico, and
the completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway with its branches, will
in the course of two or three years place almost every habitable part of
North America within the reach of commercial enterprise'. In view of
what has been accomplished in railroad construction in the Dominion of
Canada, in the United States, and in Mexico, during the last five years,
the prediction appears to be no longer a dream of the enthusiast that
within the lifetime of men now actively engaged in business pursuits,
direct railroad communication will be established between the United
States and all the countries of Central and South America.

APPENDIX.

47

CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX..

No. 1. Statement furnished by Mr. Thomas Niekersou, presidAit of the Mexican
Central Railway Company, in regard to the present condition of that
railroad and its traffic operations  51
2. Statement furnished by Mr. W. W. Xevin, secretary of the Mexican Na
tional Construction Company, in regard to tlie lines of that company
in Mexico and the subject of wheat culture in Mexico  52
3. statement presented by Mr. J. H. Work, secretary of the Mexican Southern
Railroad, in regard to that enterprise, inclosing, also, a copy of the
charter of the company and a description of its lines  .'.  54
4. Statement in regard to the American and Mexican Pacific Railway by Col.
A. K. Owen, chief engineer of that line  ....  (ii.)
j. Letter addressed to the Chief of the Bureau of Statistics by the Chief Sig
nal Officer ofthe United States Army, in regard to the climate of Mex
ico, and especially in regard to the effect of altitude upon its climate. HI
ti. Schedule of articles to be admitted free of duty from Mexico into the United
States, under the terms of the proposed treaty, showing those articles
which are now admitted into the United States from foreign countries
free of duty, and those articles which are now dutiable, and the rate
of duly thereon  1*4
7. Schedule of articles to lie admitted, free of duty, into Mexico from the
United States, under the terms of the proposed treaty, showing those
articles which are now admitted into Mexico from foreign countries,
free of duty, and those articles which are now dutiable aud the rate of
duty thereon  65
8. Production of sugar  li?
9. Quantities of sugar, molasses, and rice produced in the State of Louisiana,
during the years from 1850 to 1883, inclusive  69
10. Quantities of sugar and molasses produced in the United States, during the
years 1869 and 1879, according to the census  04.1
11. Imports of sugar, molasses, melada, and sirup of sugar-cane, and of candy
and confectionery, into the United Stales from each foreign country,
during the year ended June 30, 188:'  TU
12. Comparative table, showing, by articles and by countries, the exports from
Mexico, for the iiscal year 18H2-'83, with those of the previous quin
quennial years, from July, 1877, to June, 1882, and with that of the
preceding year 1881-82  72
13. Exports of the precious metals and of merchandise from Mexico, during
the fiscal vear ended July 31, 1883, from the "Mexican Financier," City
of Mexico, October 27, 1883  '. 74
14. Production of the precious metals in Mexico, from tbe conquest by Cortez
in 1521 to beginning of 1884. From advance sheets of 44 Mexico from
the Material Stand-point," by Alex. D. Anderson  75
15. The world's production of silver  75
16. The world's production of gold  76
17. The world's production of gold and silver in 1870  76
18. Statement showing thc value of the exports from Mexico, by ports, for tlie
fiscal year 1882-'S3  77
"Republican Monitor," of Mexico, of December 14, 1883  77
19. Table exhibiting the \alue of the exports of the precious metal.s and of
other commodities from Mexico to tbe several foreign aountries during*
the fiscal vear ended June 30, 1883  ' 7
June 30, 1883  77
20. Statement, iuregard to the coal- fields of Mexico, by Mr. Alexander D. Ander
son   »  73
H. Ex. 86  4 49

50 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
*Wo. r*g«.
21. Abstract of railroad charters granted by the Federal Government of Mexico
since 1866, and in force January 1, 1883  80
'22. Extract from a letter in regard to the commerce of Mexico, its population,
geographical features, and transportation facilities, adlressed to George
S. Bowen, esq., of Chicago, by Joseph Nimmo, jr., September 2, 1878.. 8:?
23. Extract from the ''Mexican Financier" of October 27, 1883, in regard to in
creased commerce, and increased revenues of Mexico, consequent upon
the construction of railroads from the United States into that country. 84
24. Railway distance and time from New Orleans, Saint Louis, Chicago, and
Washington to the city of Mexico  84
25. Statement showing* the quantities and values of the principal and all other
articles of imports into the United States from Mexico and of exports
from the-United States to Mexico, 1858-83  85

APPENDICES.

Appendix No. 1
Statement furnished by Mr. Thomas Nickerson, president of the Mexican Central Railway
Company, in regard to the present condition of that railroad and its traffic operations.
MEXICAN CENTRAL RAILWAY COMPANY, LIMITED.
Boston, November 13, 1883.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 10th instant is at hand. The main line of this com
pany's road runs from Paso del Norte (opposite El Paso, Tex.) to the City of Mexico,
a distance of 1,214 mdes. We are constructing from both ends, and at present the two
ends are about 27ft miles apart. We expect now to make the connection about March
15, 1884. We have no branch in contemplation from our line to Laredo.
The line from Laredo south is being construe ted by the Mexican National Construction
Company. New York City. We have a concession for aline from our main line to the
Pacific coast and to the Gulf of Mexico. We have already commenced work and have
some grading done from Sau Bias eastward, hut have laid no rails as yet except in the
yard. The poiut of junction ofthe Pacific branch and the main line is not yet deter
mined, hut it will probably be in the vicinity of Irapuato, a distance of about 396
miles. The Tampico hrauchrnns from Tampico, on the Gulf of Mexico, and passes through
San Luis Potosi, joining the main liue at Aguascalientes; distance, about 380 miles.
We have completed 70 miles of track from Tampico westward, and about 25 miles of
gradiug. As to traffic : The gross earnings on the Southern Division from commercial business
alone, on an average mileage of about 300 miles, for the last twelve months, has aver
aged $134, 500 per month. On the Northern Division, on an average mileage of 225
miles, the gross commercial earnings have averaged $22,500 per month.
We are now making efforts to establish a stage line between the two ends of our main
line, which we hope to do by January 1, in which case we shall open the road for
through passengers.
Those who know the country well believe that when the main line is opened and
through business added to our present local traffic, the earnings ofthe company will
be satisfactory to the stockholders.
Yours, truly,

THOS. NICKERSON, President.

Joseph Nimmo, Esq.,
Chief of Bureau of Statistics, Washington, T). C.

[The following additional statement in regard to commodities transported on the
Southern Division of the Mexican Central Railway was forwarded to this office by
Mr. Levi C. Wade, second vice-president, under date of December 6, 18s3:]
We receive from —
Tula. — Lead, gram, lime, charcoal, eggs, chickens, saddle-trees, common kitchen
ware, mustard.
San Auto, Tula. — Charcoal and lime in large quantities.
San Juan del Eio. — Wheat, corn, beans, butter, eggs, and cheese.
Ahorcailo. — Wheat and corn in large quantities.
Queretaro. — Wheat, corn, and beans, in very large quantities; bricks and fruit.
Celaya. — Sweetmeats, corn, beans, sugar-cane.
Salamanaca. — Great leather manufacturing place. Gloves, boots, trousers, shoes,
andsuiti. Water and muslcmelons, grain, aud country produce. 51

5?

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

Irapuato. — Grain, considerable seeds, rags, cheese, hay in large quantities, beans
wheat, lard.
Silao. — Hats and grain.
Guanajuato. — Building stone and minerals.
Leon. — Cheese, eggs, fruit, hides, beans, grain in general.
Lagos. — Grains, wool, salt, meats, red pepper in large quantities, buttei. and cheese.
We ship groceries, machinery, hardware, dry-goods, sugar, coffee, cocoa, wagons
and carts, silks, oils, clocks, agricultural and mining machinery, quicksilver for
mining, dynamite and powder.

Appendix No. 2.
Statement furnished by Mr. W. II'. Nevin, secretary nf the Mexican National Construction
Company, in regard lo the lines of that company in Mexico, and tin- subject of wheat culture
in Mexico.
The Mexican National Construction Company,
47 IVilliam street, New To:k, November 23, 1883.
Dear Sir : In reply to your favor of 10th instant, I have the honor to make the
following brief statement :
The franchises of the Mexican National Construction Company in Mexico cover
about 2,000 miles of ro'ad. A telegraph line is appurtenant to each rail way liue. This
system has to be completed within ten years from January 11, 1&83, that is, by Janu
ary 11, 1893. We have already completed, as by table annexed, nearly 900 miles, 700 of
which are in Mexico. I may state here that we have charters or leases for several
hundred miles of railway in Texas to round out our system and control our own way
to the Gulf ports. The mileage already built puts us considerably in advance of om-
concessionary stipulations as to time.
I inclose herewith a reduced map, prepared to show the general system aud the sit
uation of its construction to date. The heavy black lines, solid, indicate completed
trunk line, the. heavy black lines dotted indicate uncompleted trunk line, the small
black lines indicate branches.
Our line crosses the Mexican Central liue now at Celaya. Onr branch line from
Zacatecas to Sau Luis Potosi will, when completed, also connect the two systems.
The map inclosed shows, in a general way, the location of some ofthe coffee districts.
I have not yet prepared auy data which would enable me to give the probable area
ofthe sugar and coffee lands of Mexico. I inclose, however, copy of a hurried mono
graph prepared by myself some months ago for a special purpose, on the wheat fields
of Mexico, which I think will afford partially the information you want on one of the
leading products ofthe couutry.
Very respectfully, yours, W. AY. NEVIN.
Joseph Nimmo, Jr., Esq.,
Chief of Bureau of Statistics,
Treasury Department, Washington, D. C.

Mileage of the Mexican National Railway constructed to date.
Mexican National Construction Company,
Neu- York, December 22, 1883.
totai. mileage. Miles
Northern General Division:
Corpus Christi to Laredo  160. 8
Branch to Fort Mcintosh  5.21
Mexico Junction to center of Rio Grande  1. 25
Galveston Division  15
 182. 26
Laredo to Saltillo  o;i5. 4
Matamoros Division  46. 69
 : — 461.3

TRADK BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 53
Southern General Division : ' '"
City of Mexico to Morelia  034. s,8
Acambaro to -vm Miguel  jq. ;,i
„, . , , .  311.46
El Salto Division ¦
City of Mexico to El 8alto  41. .M)
Naucalpau to Las Cuartos  7.47
Junction to stone ynarry  o. 17
 51.44
Cintura Railroad  :;. 16 *
Irolo Railroad    o_ 55
Zacn tecas Di visiou  is 94
At Pacific end:
Manzanillo to Armeria  ,.  28. 57
Total Geueral Southern Division   416. 12

Grand total finished  ;  880.47

THE WHEAT MELDS OF MEXICO.
Within living memory, Laucaster County, Pennsylvania, was the banner wheat
county ofthe land. The center of the wheat-raising area has since moved westward
with rapidity, successively through Ohio, Illinois, and the Kansas-Iowa district. The
last decade has seen the tremendous development of California as a grain-growing
State, aud the magic rise of the Northern Pacific wheat fields.
Another vast grain field, large enough to affect the supply and consumption of the
world, and to enter into serious competition with the United States aud Russia — lhe
two leading wheat-exporting countries of the world — now looms into sight. It is
Mexico, and it comes to the front as part of the great commercial and industrial re
construction of that land by the American railways.
The physical formation of Mexico is simply an extension southward of the great
Colorado mountain base plateau. Wheat grows on the plateau of Mexico at from
6,000 to 9, LOO feet above sea-level, and between the 18th and 24th parallels of latitude.
Corn grows everywhere, except on certain waste districts along the northern frontier,
where the soil is the same as the alkali plains of Arizona and New Mexico. The wheat-
growing area of "Mexico, par excellence, extends from, say, Puebla nearly to Colima,
about 500 miles east aud west, and from Southern Michoacan to Zacatecas, about 400
miles north ami south. This plateau is broken by mountain ranges into a number of
rich districts specially adapted forthe growing of wheat, namely, the Lerma Valley,
roughly, 20(1 by 10 miles: the Bajio (Northern Michoacan, Jalisco and Southern
Guanajuato*). 200 by 200 miles ; Aguascalientes, 50 by 50 miles ; the San Luis Potosi and
Queretaro district, 150 by 30 miles. Total, say. 52.000 square miles. Of this immense
field of rich and arable land one-third, it is believed, could be readily put iuto wheat
with clue regard to the other agricultural interests ofthe conntry.
Under the Mexican plan of cultivation three crops are taken off the land every two
years — one crop of wheat and two crops of corn. The average wheat yield of Mexico
now does nol exceed 20 bushels to thc acre. Corn on irrigated lands runs about 50,
on dry laud about 30 bushels to the acre. The mode of cultivation is similar to that
ofthe Egyptians thousands of years ago. Wooden beam plows are used, with a smalt
iron shoe, which scratches a furrow 5 inches broad by 5 deep. Five men are nsed and
five yoke of oxen where one would be needed in Pennsylvania. Nevertheless the
wheat raised is of the very finest quality.
At the Centennial Exposition, Philadelphia, 1876, Mexico led the world iu wheat,
taking the first prize.
Thrashing is done by driving mares around over a circular tile or stone door, win
nowing by men tossing the grain and chaff into the air with scoop shovels, and trans
portation from the field to the farm house or railway station is ou ponderous two-
wheeled ox-carts, in which the ox pulls abont 3 pounds of cart to 1 pouud of load.
Apart from the 52.000 square miles spoken of above, which is the choice wheat-pro
ducing area, there is sufficient outlying wheat, barley, and corn land now under ac
tual cultivation to supply the present population of Mexico, 10,000,000. These peo
ple are at present fed ou grain raised just where they live, there having been up to
this time no organized machinery for transportation nf products from one part ofthe
country to the other. Mexico is substantially a coin-fed nation, seven-eighths or
more ofthe people living habitually on tortillas.
Were this wheat area cultivated to irs full capacity, namely 17,333+ square miles,

54 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
or one- third of 52,000 square miles, it would yield, under present conditions, 20 bushels
of wheat and 40 bushels of corn per acre, as follows : Bushels.
First year, wheat crop  221, 866, 660
First year, corn crop  433, 733, 320
Second year, corn crop  443, 733, 320
Or, say, an average of 110,000,000 bushels of wheat and 440,000,000 bushels of corn
every year.
Aud'this immense yield is all available for a foreign market, as the outlying
lands will always raise enough for the home consumption of Mexico, as they do now.
This special wheat area we are talking about is less that one-fourteenth of the total
area of Mexico.
But under the modern conditions of<agriculture, with improved machinery and sys
tematic feeding ofthe soil, this yield would be much greater.
By the end of 1884 Mexico will probably enjoy a reasonably thorough railway system,
viz, two trunk lines from the capital to the United States, having also good branch
lines to the Gulf ports of Vera Cruz, Tampico, Matamoros, and Corpus Christi. The
land of Mexico is largely held in huge estates, often like those of the great land-own
ers of England. The Bustamente estate, for instance, extends over portions of three
States, and the line of the National Railway runs through it for 50 miles. These
vast estates, with the fact that in the central part of Mexico, at least, they are of
cleared land, will enable the wheat-growing area to be put rapidly under cultivation
when once the railways open up a market ior wheat.
Further, $6 to $10 a month is now rather high pay in Mexico for agricultural labor.
Wages will he raised some, of course, under the stimulus of the new industrial era,
but common labor in Mexico will for a long time remain very cheap, as compared with
the United States. The Mexican wheat-grower therefore enters the market of the
world under peculiarly favorable conditions. He owns his own land in large tracts;
he works it with the cheapest labor, and he frequently is a man of large funded capi
tal. He is also, nearly everywhere in his country, nearer the seaboard than are the
wheat growers of the United States.
It may he further added that the above figures are very conservative. Some writers
and engineers, who have carefully studied Mexico, extend the area of this central
wheat belt very largely, and place the rate of production per acre higher.
The Mexican wheat raiser, however, is seriously handicapped in one respect, i. e.,
by the vicious system of State taxes which prevails all over the Republic. Some
Statee tax the production of wheat, others the importation of it into or through their
borders. This tax is uncertain, varies with every State, and is burdensome. Men who
have lived long in Mexico, and are well acquainted with the countrv, allege that it
is well nigh impossible to codify or keep track of these State imposts, which are
laid without system or any broad knowledge of political economy. They compute,
however, that they can be roughly estimated at about 1 per cent, on the value of
nearly everything raised or brought into the State. This is one of the things which
keeps Mexico so poor, relatively to her large population and immense resources.
I desire to make my acknowledgments for the data of this paper to Mr. Maurice
Kingsley, C. E., now in the engineering service of tho United States Government, Mr.
William Pritchard and Mr. James Sullivan, of the Citv of Mexico.
W. W. NEYIN.

Appendix No. 3.
Statement presented by Mr. J.U. Work, secretary of the Mexican Southern Railroad in re
gard to that enterprise, inclosing also a copy of the charter of the company, and a descrip
tion ofits lines. J r
Mexican Southern Railroad Company,
(United Bank Building),
New York, December 18, 18s::.
Dear Sir: Replying to your favor of the 11th instant, I beg leave to inclose you
herewith :
I. A map showing the main line ol' the Mexican Soul hern Railroad (in red ink) : the
branch lines have not yet been surveyed and arc therefore omitted.
2. A copy of our Mexican concession.
3. A full description ofthe line.

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 55
_!' Iu addition would say that at Laredo the line connects with what is known as Ih
LSouthwest system of railways," and that, construction is being carried on south of
aredo, in accordance with the requirements of our concession.
Very truly, yours,
J. H. WORK,
Secretin- if.
Joseph Nimmo, Jr., Esq.,
Chief of Bureau of Statistics. Washington, 1). '•'.

DESCRIPTION 01-' THE LINES OF THE MEXICAN SOUTHERN RAILROAD COMPANY.
The line of the Mexican Southern Railroad, which connects with, and forms a p rt
of, what is kuown as the "Southwest system" of railroads, begins at New Laredo,
Mexico, runs along the Rio Grande through a valley well adapted for farming and
stock raising, and not subject to overflows. Following southeasterly the course of the
river it touches the city of Guerrero, a distance of 40 miles, at which point it strikes the
first coal ledge; thence to the city of Mier, a distance of 30 miles, at which point, it
turns due south towards China, 130 miles from Laredo.
From China the line continues in a southerly direction until it reaches Ciudad Vic
toria, the capital of the State of Tamaulipas, 275 miles from Laredo. The line between
these two points is almost a bee-line, and passes through a country of almost unlim
ited agricultural resources and a denser population than that of ail the border States
of Mexico combined. The line for this whole distance skirts the eastern base of the
Sierra Madre Mountains, the eastern slope of which abounds in minerals, and as soon
as transportation is offered the development of these mines will be extensive.
For the next 100 miles the line follows the drainage ofthe Tamesi River, the whole
region abounding in tine timber until it reaches Tancasuiqne, about 100 miles north
west of Tampico. Tancasnique is the head of navigation of the Tamesi and is accessi
ble to tugs and barges all the year around.
Crossing the Tamesi near Tancasnique over a 200-foot truss-bridge (the only one of
importance up to this point) the line runs south for about 40 miles where it crosses
the Panuco River, about 10 miles above its junction with the Montezuma River and
400 miles from Laredo. Between the Tamesi and Panuco Rivers the line crosses the
Mexican Central Railroad about 60 miles west of Tampico. The Panuco is naviga
ble to our crossing for about eight months iu the year. The country is tropical in its
character, the soil is of the richest description, and the streams abound with the
choicest fish. The hill sides are covered with the finest dye-woods, and caoutchouc or
rubber trees, the clearings producing two crops yearly wi'h scarcely any labor.
Large beds of iron and cbapopote (Grahamite) are crossed on this division.' Most of
the vanilla, cochineal, indigo, sugar, cotton, spices, tobacco, broom-coin, and au end
less variety of trait of tropical America grow here
with the exception of the bridge across the Tamesi aud the Panuco Rivers, the
whole line presents no engineering difficulties for the first 500 miles, until it reaches
Tamasunchale where the ascent, to the table lands begins. Maximum grades for the
first 300 miles never exceed 1 per cent., and for the following 200 miles not over ]$
per cent. There are no curves of less than 1,450 feet, and not a single tunnel.
From Tamasunchale the road enters tho State of Hidalgo and runs south towards
the divide of the Montezuma and Quetzalapa Rivers, which it crosses near Zimapan,
passing through one ofthe most important mineral regions ofthe Republic. Thence
it follows the Tula River (a feeder of the Montezuma), touching the villages of
Ixmiquilpan and Mixquihuala, until it reaches the city of Zumpango, 135 miles
southwest of Tamasunchale, and 635 miles from Laredo.
For about 25 miles south of Tamasunchale there is a rise of nearly 4,000 feet to
he overcome, or about 160 feet to the mile. This is the only serious trouble along the
whole line, but it compares most favorably with any other line approaching the valley
of Mexico. The Vera Cruz road, for instance, having to ascend 5,000 feet in 23 miles,
which is a grade of 218 feet to the mile. A few curves of about 600 feet will be
needed on this portion of the line: the bridging will be comparatively easy, and the
tunneling short.
The rest ofthe line, 30 miles, from Zumpango to the City of Mexico, runs through
the table lands of the valley and presents no difficulty of construction whatever.
The Valley of Mexico is highly cultivated and productive of immense crops of every
description. The climate, with its regular rotation of raim and dry seasons, makes a
crop failure an impossibility. Total iength by this line, 005 miles.
There has been another line carefully surveyed which, after crossing the Panuco
River, runs southeasterly via Zacnaltipan and Tulancingo, and which, although 17
miles longer, is easier to build. It passes through a belt of over 40 milesof very line pine
timber, and has, besides, the hest prospect for coal that is known between the Panuco
River and Mexico Citv. This in itself, would make this location preferable, since

56 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
the line would pass near by Pachuca, which needs fuel very badly. The Tulancingo
Valley is also much the best, from an agricultural point of view, in the whole State of
Hidalgo. And finally, this route would be better adapted for the building of the va
rious gulf branches, making them shorter ou accouut of its more easterly location.
Total length, 682 miles.
For the reasons stated this longer line has been taken as a basis for the inclosed esti
mates which were carefully computed by Chief Engineer B. S. Watheu, from actual
surveys of over 350 miles, and preliminary surveys of over 300 miles of road.
The' southern division of the Mexican Southern Railroad begins at the City of Mexico
(elevation above the Gulf, 2,270 meters), and for the first 45 miles runs parallel to the
Mexican Railroad (Vera Cruz road). Tbe country is almost level, thickly populated,
and in a high state of cultivation. The transportation of "pulque," the national bev
erage of Mexico, will prove one of the principal sources of revenue on this portion of
the road.
Passing Irolo, 2,462 meters above the Gulf, 45 miles from Mexico, the line runs through
a part of the State of Tlazcala and the beautiful valley of San Martin Texmelucau,
2,303 meters above the Gulf, reaching Puebla, 2,154 meters above the Gulf, the capital
ofthe State of Puebla (00 miles from Irolo), after traversing districts whose popula
tion and agricultural development is second to none in the Republic. The superior
climate of Puebla aud its never-failing water-power, which it owes to the stream de
scending the Guadalupe hills, make this city one of the foremost manufacturing centers
of Mexico. In its immediate vicinity are several sulphurous springs of volcanic
origin, whose remedial qualities in skin diseases, scrofulous and rheumatic affections,
are widely known. Population ofthe city of Puebla, 100,000.
Leaving Puebla the line passes through a section famous for its marbles, tecali (Mexi
can onyx), and limestone of superior quality. Some of the most important coal de
posits are also found ou this section. After a run of 71 miles, Tehuacan, 1,645 meters
above the Gulf, the commercial center of the surrounding Mixtecas isreached, whence
the road follows the valley of the Rio Salado, passing through rich alluvial deposits,
teeming with subtropical vegetation and boasting numerous very productive sugar
plantations, until it reaches Arenal, 556 meters above the Gulf, a distance of 55 miles
from Tehuacan.
The whole line from the City of Mexico down to this point is entirely free from any
engineeringdifficulty. Tunneling andbridging is insignificant. Maximum grades, 75
feet to the mile ; minimum radius of curves, 750 feet.
From Arenal the line follow s a southerly direction along thc Rio Cuicatlan, which
it leaves near a village of the same name, 650 meters above the Gulf, aud runs up the
river Tomollin, an affluent ofthe former, ascending until it reaches the divide of the
Cordilleras at Sedas, 1,780 meters above the Gulf, which at this point are pierced by a
tunnel about 1 mile long. Some twelve to fifteen small hridges, not exceeding 40
feet in length, will be needed on this section. The country is well wooded, the soil
a light conglomerate, with quartz in some portion aud gold-bearing gravel in the river
beds, where ten mines are being worked now. To cross the Rio Cuicatlan a bridge
about 180 feet long will be, needed. The divide at Sedas is by 700 feet lower than any
other that can be found in this section. Distance from Arenal to Sedas, 04 miles.
The descent from Sedas to the city of Oaxaca is made through gentle slopmg val
leys, presenting no engineering difficulties whatsoever, and producing, side by side
with sugar-cane, cotton, coffee, and cochineal, every known variety cd' cereals. The
productiveness of the soil is largely due to a perfect system of irrigation and a climate
unsurpassed in its uniform mildness. The city of Oaxaca, 1,541 meters above the Gulf,
has a population of 30,000, aud is situated in the center of three great valleys, averag
ing 6 miles in width, and containing over 150,000 industrious and frugal fillers of the
soil. Distance from the tunnel of Sedas via Oaxaca to Amatlan, 87 miles.
At. this latter point, Amatlan, 1,471 meters above the Gulf, the line enters a riih
mineral district, producing copper, silver, and gold iu large and paying quantities, and
needing only capital and transportation facilities to make it one of the most important
mineral regions ofthe country. Following the affluenls of the Rio Tehuantepec for
about 45 miles, the line reaches Tequisistlan, 158 meters above the Gulf, a small town
70 miles distance from Amatlan.
From Tequisistlan the line descends easily through the valley of Tehuantepec
(13,000 inhabitants) to the city ofthe same name (8,000 inhabitants), 40 meters above
the Gulf, passing through au extremely fertile Und well- watered country abounding
in precious woods, game, and agricultural products of every conceivable variety.
Distance, from Tequisistlan to the city of Tehuantepec, 05 miles. Total length of
southern division, 523 miles. RKCAPtTIM , ATION. Miles,
Northern Di\ ision, Laredo to Mexico  682
Southern Division, Mexico to Tehuantepec  523
Toi. il length of lhe Mexican Southern Railroad  1,205

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 57
concessions granted to the mexican southern railroad company.
Department of Sta ie and of Public Works, Colonization, Industry, and
Commerce of the Mexican Republic
The President of the Republic has seen fit to direct to me the following decree :
Manuel Gonzalez, constitutional President of the Mexican United States, to those
to whom these presents may come, know ye :
That by virtue of the power which the* law of December 4, 1882, gives to the ex
ecutive, I have seen fit to approve the following
CONTRACT
Celebrated between Manuel Fernandez, chief clerk of tbe department of public works,
in representation of the executive of the Union, and Messrs. Jay Gould aud Ulysses
S. Grant, iu representation of the Mexican, Oriental, Interoceanic aud Interna
tional, and the Mexican Southern Railroad Companies, for the consolidation ofthe
concessions granted to both companies into a single concession under tbe denomina
tion of the "Mexican Southern Railroad Company.''
Article I.
The concession of Juue 7, 1881, as amended November 15, 1881, and the. concession
of May 20, 1881, as amended January 11, 1882, relating to lines of railroad from the
Rio Grande to the City of Victoria aud the City of Mexico, and to the liue of railroad
from the City of Mexico by way of Puebla to the frontier of Guatemala, which con
cessions were given to Messrs. Francis De Gress, in representation ofthe International
Railway Improvement Company, and Ulysses S. Grant, in representation ofthe Mexi
can Southern Railroad Company, are hereby consolidated into oue siugle concession,
whose lines shall iu future be governed by the concession of Juue 7, 1881, with such
modifications, however, td* articles 1, 4, 8, 19, and 39 of the latter concession as shall
hereinafter appear. The concession of May 20, 1881, hereby ceases to exist.
I. Article first shall read as follows :
Article 1. A. Authority is given to the Mexican Southern Railroad Company to con
struct and operate, during ninety-nine years from the date of this grant, a railway
line, with its eonespondiug telegraph aud telephone line, which, commencing ata
point on the Rio Grande between Laredo and Reynosa, continues south, between the
meridians of longitude 1 west aud 2 east of the meridian of Mexico, touching at
Mier or Camargo, aud thence to Ciudad Victoria, and from this point between the al
ready mentioned meridians to be continued to the City of Mexico by the most conve
nient ascent to the table lands.
The main line may divide or branch off, before its ascent to the table lands, passing
by Papautla aud Mizantle, with its terminus iu Vera Cruz, with branch roads to
Linares, Soto la Marina, Tampico, Tuxpan, and Tecolutla at Nautla. A branch road
may be extended from Ciudad Victoria via Tula to San Luis Potosi.
The company may also construct a branch to the bar of Jesus Maria in case this
last port should be opened to the coasting and foreign trade.
B. Authority is also given to the Mexican Southern Railroad Company to construct
and operate a railroad line, with its corresponding telegraph and telephone line, from
the City of Mexico to the frontier of Mexico with Guatemala, passing through the
city of Puebla and touching with the main line, or by means of a branch line, the_
city of Oaxaca, as also the ports of Vera Cruz and Anton Lizardo, on the Gulf of
Mexico, and those of the States of Oaxaca aud Chiapas, on the Pacific Ocean, which
the company may consider convenient to touch at with the approval of the depart
ment of public work'-.
The construction ofthe road shall be commenced at. the ports of Anton Lizardo aud
Vera Cruz; but the company may also construct from the ports on the Pacific at
which the line may touch, or from the points in the interior of the country which it
may deem convenient. The branch line from Anton Lizardo to Vera Cruz shall bo
completed within two yeais from the date of this contract.
The company shall, besides, have the right to construct, if it so suits its interests,
the following branches :
I. A branch line for the purpose of connecting with the Vera Cruz line between
Irolo and Puebla, aud another brauch line conu.cting with the Morelos Railroad in
Cuantle Morelos.
II. A branch *Hne, which, starting from Tonala or from some convenient point ot t.m
trunk line, may reach the cities of Tuztla, Chiapa, San Cristobal, aud Comitan, in the
State of Chiapas. .
III. If the companv should construct its trunk line Irom this capital to Oaxaca,
through Peitbla, Acatlan, aud the route .called '-La Mixteca." it may also construct
another line or part thereof, through Tehuacan and the rout,- called *• I. a Canada ;"

58 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNJTED STATES.
and if the company should build its main line through Puebla, Tehuacan, and the
route of u La Canada," it, may build another line, or part thereof, through Acatlan
and 44La Mixteca."
IV. The branch lines which it may deem convenient from one to the other side of
its lines, provided they are approved by the department of public works, and that
each one of the, said branch lines do not exceed 160 kilometers.
At the end of the ninety-nine years of this grant, the liue will pass, in good con
dition and free of debt, to the control of the Republic; but the Government shall
purchase all the stations, warehouses, workshops, rolling stock, tools, furniture, and
fixtures which the company may have for the use and operation of the road, and shall
pay in cash the value of said stations, storehouses, workshop i, rolling stock, tools,
furniture, and fixtures fixed by two experts, one named by each party, and a third
previously appointed by those two to act in case of discord.
If the Government thereafter wishes to rent or sell the liue the company will be en
titled to preference.
II. Article, 4 shall read as follows :
Article 4. The construction of the line from the Rio Grande to the City of Mexico,
shall be commenced sixty days from the date of this contract, and the works once
commenced must be prosecuted without interruption the company being obliged un
der penalty of forfeiting the concession to construct at least 250 kilometers of railroad
during the first two years, and 200 kilometers at least during every successive, two
years. Ofthe lines and branches specified in section B of article 1, the company is obliged
to construct 100 kilometers at lea.st during the first two years, aud 21)0 kilometers at
least during every successive two years. The total amount of lines specified in sec
tions A and B of article, 1, and such branches as the company may definitively adopt,
must be completed within twelve, years from the date of this contract.
The Mexican Southern Railroad Company is authorized to transfer all of its rights,
concessions, or portions thereof, with its corresponding* obligations, to one or more
companies which may be organized for that purpose, with the previous consent ofthe
executive. As a guarantee of the fulfillment of its obligations, the company to whom -neh
transfer is made, shall make a deposit in a manner satisfactory to the' federal treasury
of the sum of $25,000 to $50,000, as the Secretary of the department of public works
may determine, which amount the company shall lose in ease of forfeiture.
IV. Article. 19 shall read as follows :
Article 19th. To aid the construction of the lines of railroad and telegraph to
which this contract refers, the Government binds itself to give to the company a
subsidy of $8,000 for each kilometer of the road constructed and approved by the
department of public works, according to the terms of this law, but the lines speci
fied in section B of article 1, shall be entitled to ^7,000 per kilometer only.
This subsidy shall commence to be paid after the completion of the first 75 kilo
meters and successively for each section of 25 kilometers, in accordance with the
terms of article 20 of the concession of Jnne7, 1881.
V. Article 39 shall read as follows :
Article 39. In case of forfeiture on account of non-compliance with the obligations
imposed in article 4 of this contract, thc concessions made to this companv may there
upon be declared null, void, and of no effect, by the Federal Government, in so far as
it applies to the portion of the line or lines mentioned in this contract which may be
incomplete at the time of such failure to comply with said obligations, remaining,
however, in full force as to all portions of the line or lines completed previous thereto
in compliance with the terms of the said concessions, the company reserving its right
to be paid by the Government the amount of subsidies which tlie Government may
owe it for whatever number of kilometers may have been constructed.
In case of such forfeiture the Government 'of the Republic may acquire possession
oi the constructed portions of the line or lines, subject to the first mortgage obliga
tions of the company then outstanding, which shall not exceed sjiir>,000Sper kilo
meter of constructed road, with 6 per cent, annual interest added ; the Government,
after deducting the subsidies, paying the, company the full value of the property
thus acquired over and beyond said first mortgage 'bonds, such value of the line and
its appurtenances, equipment, stations, &c, to be fixed by two experts appointed, one
by each party, and who shall, before commencing to act, name a third to decide in
case of disagreement. Article 2.
The provisions with relation to thc character and the construction of thc railr. ad
lines of said company and its appurtenances, aud the examination and acceptance
thereof by the Government, shall be the following :
I. The said company shall submit to the Government of the Republic of Mexico its
standard plans showing the proposed character of the structures of said railroad,
such as bridges, tunnels, culverts, depots, station-houses, aud other " works of art,"

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 59
and these plans shall be approved by the department of public works before the be
ginning of the construction thereof by said company ; and all sections of the road,
when completed and presented by the company to the Government for approval and
acceptance, shall be in accordance with these accepted standard plans; aud no sub
sidy shall be due to or claimed by the company upou any section of the road unless
it c informs to the standards hei ein referred to ; the company being at liberty, how
ever, to add to the number of the works or to the expense of thc construction of the
same, if found expedient.
II. For the purposes of the inspection and examination called for by this article,
the Government shall have the right to appoint for each line an engineer, who shall
receive a salary, to be fixed by the Executive and paid by the company, not to exceed
$4,000 per annum, and whose duty shall be the examination of every completed sec
tion, in accordance with the provisions of this article, and the inspection of the maps
and profiles whenever required by the department of public works.
III. Upon completing the examination of its lines, the company shall file with the
department of public works preliminary maps showing its surveys and containing all
the data obtained in regard to the country ; and the company shall also submit for
approval by the said department its final plans and profiles, as provided by the exist
ing railroad regulations. Such final plans and profiles once approved, the company
shall not be allowed to alter its location, as therein represented, without previous con-
Bent of the said department, to which end the company shall submit plans and pro
files showing the modifications desired. Article 3. r
All the times mentioned in thc present concession are understood to have been modi
fied and shall be computed from the date of this contract.
Article 4.
The company hereby accepts all the rights and obligations stipulated in the colo
nization contract celebrated January 11, 1882, between the department of public
works and the Mexican Southern Railroad Company.
Article 5.
The Mexican Southern Railroad Company shall remain subject, in regard to all its
rights and obligations, to the conditions of the concession of June 7, 1881, with the
modifications and additions herein established. Article 6.
The coal tariff shall be one and one-half cents per ton per kilometer, and the Gov
ernment shall be entitled to a reduction of one-third of the same when destined for
public service, in which case the rules laid down in article 47 shall be observed, aud
the department of public works give its respective orders.
Mexico, 14th of May, 1883.
' CARLOS PACHECO.
By power of attorney for the parties in interest :
J y RAMON FERNANDEZ.
Wherefore I command that it be printed, published, circulated, and duly complied
with. Given at the palace of the Executive power ofthe Union, 14th of May, 1883.
MANUEL GONZALEZ.
To Carlos Pacheco,
Secretary of State and ofthe Department of
Public Works, Colonization, Industry, and Commerce.
And I (fommunicate it to you for your information.
Liberty in the constitution.
Mexico, 14th of May, 1883. PACHECO.

60 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

Appendix No. 4.
statement in regard to the, American and Mexican Pacific Railway, by Col. A. E. Owen,
Chief Engineer.
The American and Mexican Pacific Railroad passes through a range of climates from
that of the semi-tropical to that of the middle temperate zone. There are four dis
tinct sections. The first section is 100 miles wide. It extends from Topolobampo Har
bor to the foot-hills ofthe Sierra Madre, and will produce everv fruit, root, vegetable,
cereal, shrub, tree, and plant known to Cuba, California, and Florida. The elevation
of this section is from tide water to 1,000 feet. The mean temperature is about 75°.
The transition from day to night, from one day to another, and from season to season,
is graeual — uot sudden like it is in the northeastern region ofthe United States. The
mean variation of the, year is about 14-. The climate is oceanic. There are two
seasons only, wet and dry. The rains are expected in June and last till October.
They come in showers every third or fifth day. From November till May there are
occasional rainy days. The annual fall of rain varies from. 23 to 60 inches. During
the wet season west-southwest winds blow. The northwest winds prevail in the dry
season. In September and October, when the southwest wind changes toward north
east and northwest, a hurricane, more or less violent, rages. In unprotected places
persons living in frame houses might suffer during these storms, but persons dwelling
in stone or adobe houses would not be inconvenienced. The natives cat, sleep, and
sit in the open air. Protected from the vertical rays ofthe sun, no day iu the year is
found to be oppressive. Sunstrokes are not known. A house with a tire-place is not
met with. The laborers are mostly Mayo Indians. The ruling classes are Mexicans.
Industries are not diversified, hence the people are poor, and loca! supplies are un
certain. The second section extends from the western foot-hills of the Sierra Madre, 200 miles,
to the plateau of Chihuahua. The elevation is from 1,000 to 8,000 feet. This is
markedly a mineral, metal, and timber belt. The minerals and metals embrace almost
every variety known to commerce — petroleum, quicksilver, onyx, and coal being
among the recent developments. The silver deposits of this region, remarkably those
of Batopilas and LaCulebra, are metals and not ores; i. e., they can be treated mechan
ically, chemical means not being necessary for their reduction. They bear the same
relation to silver deposits which the copper metals of Lake Superior bear to copper
deposits, and, per consequence, can be easily and economically handled. The timber
is of the best classes of pine, oak, cedar, larch, aud thc hard woods peculiar to Mexico.
As a sanitarium and district for scenic entertainment and adventure this section
bas, perhaps, no equal. Boiling and mineral springs, rivers of crystal water, cas
cades, giant canons, aud quaint aud grotesque formations in sandstones and porphy
ries are to be met at every turn. Here the ravines and valleys are often 4,000 feet,
and, in instances, 7,000 feet below their immediate ridges.
The climate of these valleys is that of South Italy. The climate of their overhang
ing ridges is that of the pine-clad hills of North Pennsylvania. The climate of the
Mesas and intermediate slopes is that of South France.
In the valleys grow tbe palmetto, da te, and other palms. There one finds the fig, pome
granate, lime, lemon, orange, grape, pecau, zopote, mauiay, chirimoya, banana, pine
apple, quince, aguacate, sugar-cane, water-melon, cantaloup, coffee, and roses. Ou the
slopes aud mesas, or table-lands, which rise immediately from the bottom lauds ofthe
rivers, one finds nutritious and abundant grasses, and some apples, peaches, apricots,
potatoes, aloes, and a soil and temperature which guarantees, with cultivation, the pro
duction of berries, coffees, grapes, almonds, and other mils. This section is as well
watered as the State of Pennsylvania; and thc rain-fall is more than it is iu the first
section. The miners are, Mexicans and Americans. The fruit-growers are Tamare In
dians— a peaceable, industrious, independent, picturesque race, and peculiar for the
tenacity with which they keep to their native dress, language, and ways.
The third section extends from the eastern slopes of "the Sierra Madre 300 miles
across thc plateau of Chihuahua and Hie Bolsou de Mapimi, to the western foot-hills
ofthe Santa Rosa Mountains. This is distinctly a corial and pastoral zone. Surface
water is scarce; but good water is found af depths of from 30 to 50 feet. Artesian
currents are probable from 400 to 700 feet. In the middle region of this section oocur
the great iron mountain of Ialco and the celebrated silver mines of the Sierra Mojada.
The elevation of the plateau of Chihuahua is from 5,000 to (i, 000 feet, ; that of the Bol
sou de Mapimi is from 4,000 to 5,001) feet. The. climate is similar to that of the coast
sections of South California — elevatiou overcoming latitude. Tbe temperature is trom
03- to 82°. The soil and climate in this section combined with oopulatinn and iu-

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 61
dustry would make this a garden region. Iu the United States three-quarters of the
people live on grounds below 500 feet elevation. In Mexico tho populations leave the
low lands aud reside on thc high ; and this section is destined to become a favored and
a populous one. At present it is but sparsely settled. The Bolson de Mapimi until
recently was overrun with the Kickapoo and Comanche Indians, but they were col
lected together aud removed to Oaxaca.
The fourth section extends from the eastern edge of the Bolson de Mapimi, about 1 00
miles, through the passes ofthe Santa Rosa Mountains and across the valley to the
Rio Grande. Its elevations range from 1,400 to 4,000 feet. Its products are those, of
the second and third sections. The coals of this section are anthracite, bituminous,
aud canuel ; and they are in sufficient quantities and qualities to meet all present re
quirements for manufacturing and locomotion. This section was called by the old
Spaniards New Manila, because it reminded them of the climate of the Phillipine
Islands.

Supplemental statement presented by Col. A. K. (Ju-en, chief engineer of the A merman- Mex
ican Pacific Railroad Company.
Since writing the foregoing slatement, I have received a letter from Hon. Wm. K.
Rogers, attorney for the company, stating the results of a careful reconnaissance ol
the harbor of Topolobampo aud its approaches. Mr. Rogers fully confirms all that
has before been said as to the capaciousness, depth of water, safe auchorage, and nat
ural beauty of the harbor. He also describes iu strong terms the. beauty "of the con
tiguous lands and shores which constitute the site of the city of Gonzalez and their
great extent. He states that including the shores of the various 44 esteros" or arms
ofthe harbor, it has a water frontage, available for wharfage, of more than 60 miles.
In the opinion of Mr. Rogers the harbor of Topolobampo will become the finest sea
port in the world, and the most convenient for commercial purposes.
Mr. Rogers describes the climate of Topolobampo as being unsurpassed by that of
any other locality on the globe.
I have also received a report from Capt. N. Ohlson, of the schooner Laura, giving
the following facts in regard to the Topolobampo bar :
" 1st. In the middle entrance you have 3| fathoms of water.
44 2d. At the north entrance, 5 fathoms.
41 3d. On the south entrance you have 4 fathoms of water; all the above measure
ments are at low-water.
44 The bar is something like 500 feet long.
"After leaving the bar on the inside or inside of the channel of the harbor it, deepens-
to 12 fathoms the moment you get over the bar and can throw the lead.
44 You have 6 fathoms up to point of landing in th6 channel.
44 You will require three buoys on the bar so that any vessel will he safe at any time
with a pilot."
These channels agree iu position and depth with those laid down in the chart made
bv Commander Wm. T. Trnxton, U. S. N., in 1869.
A. K. OWEN.

Appendix No. 5.
Letter addressed to the Chief ofthe Bureau of Statistics by the Chief Signal Officer of th
United States Army, in regard to the climate, of Mexico, and especially in regard fo the ef
fects of altitude upon its climate.
War Department, Office of the Chief Signal Officer,
Washington, D. C., November 30, 1883.
Sir : In compliance with your request of the 15th instant, I have the honor to in
close herewith two charts containing the winter and summer isotherms of Mexico. In
this connection I would state that reports from the stations of observation in Mexico
are not as satisfactory as could be desired, frequent omissions being found. The
isothermal lines are drawn as accurately as possible with the data at hand.
The question of equivalent latitude change needed to find a climate like that of
Mexico can only have an arbitrary reply, e. g. . '
1. Mexico's annual temperature is like that of Naples, but the summer temperature
is like that of Southern Germany.
2. Mexico's annual temperatuie is about 60°. 6 F. at an altitude of 7,000 feet. By

62 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
coin**-* directly north, over the Gulf of Mexico to the United States, we find the same
annua! temperature at latitude 35° north, or at a distance of 15°. 5 in latitude, and u
fall of 6,500 feet, whence 7°.2 of latitude correspond to 3,000 feet. .,.-._,
3. By going northeast along the plateau, aud following that up, we come to latitude
30° on the Pacific coast, or a change of 5°.8 for 3,000 feet. +„mTla,i
4. By comparing mean annual temperature at Mexico, altitude 7 000 leet, tempera
ture 60°.6, and V?ra Cruz, on the coast, temperature 77°.6, we find 3,000 leet make a
chano-e of 7°.4 F., which is equivalent to 6° latitude on the Florida coast, but is equiv
alence very nearly 10*^ latitude on the parallel of Mexico, if we take an average of
the whole as given by Ferrell's Table V, Meteorological Research, No. 1. For 6,000
feet the equivalent will be about double the figures given.
I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant, W. B. HAZ-fciJN,
Brig, and Bvt. Maj. General, Chief Signal Officer, U.S. A.
Mr. Joseph Nimmo, Jr.,
Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department, Tfashmgton, D.C.

Mean temperature at Mexican stations having an iteration of over 3,000 feet,

¦*? I 3*-
-? I <

| Feet.
Toluca  ! 8,«12
Morelia  | M65
Queretaro  j », «'»
Guanajuato  , ?. ' "f
Guadalajara  ! 5.091
Zacatecas  ] J. *°9
Orizaba  4.0-6
Jalapa  ! *¦ «»
Oaxaca  j 5, 072
Mexico  '. 513

Mexico 
Morelia 
Querotaro .-
Guadalajara
Silao 
Pabellon 
Zacatecas. .
Cuemavaca Orizaba 
Oaxaca 
Puebla 
Leon 

1 >

3*-

Feet.

7,513

54.3

6,365

55.8

6,070

58.5

5,091

59.9

0,850

58.6

6, 312

,r4. 3

8,189

49.6

4,954

4, 026

59.7

5,072

61.9

7,070

53.1

5,935

57.4

55.057.2 59.059.759.0 56. 1
53.4 *.7
58.863.753.659.5

Mexico 
Morelia 
Queretaro ..
Guadnl.ijaraSilao 
Pabellon ..
ZacaP-caa . .
Cuemavaca. Orizaba  .
Oaxaca 
Puebla 
Leon 

'eet. 513365070091 850312 189
954 026072 070
935

P ' *

57.7 58.8
61.3 60.362.160.354.7 68.9
64.6 65.555.456.5

55.757.359.660.059.9 56,952.6

61.063.7 54. 0
57.8

54.9

55.6

56.3

55.6

56.3

59. 9

lil.9

59.4

59. 0

59.4

63.0

60. 5

59.5

59.2

60.6

59.8

56. H

59 0

60.3

58. 7

53.2

58.1

60.3

57.2

60. 1

62.2

00. s

02 1

63.1

62.0

54.5

54.5

54.3

54.4

59.11

60.4

01.5

60.3

Feet.7,5136,3656,070 5,091
6,850 6, 312
8, 1S9
4,9544,0265, 072
7,0705,935

Feet7,513 6, 365
6, 070
5,0916, 851)
6,312
8, 1S9
4, 954
4, 026

7, 070
5, n.'if

71.174.8 74.172.3 OS. 4
74. 1

61.3

i
60.6 I

74.3

74.7

69.8

69.4

72.5

70.3

63.3

64.4

71.1

70.2

69. 8

72.5
73.0
63.7
62.2
§
67.3
64.0
70.2
66.2
75.2
70.5
71.8
66.6
62.4 ' 64.6
65.7 67.4
67. 8 i 71. 2
66.4 ! 68.3
69.8 66.070.571.6 64.670.0
67.665.8 68.771.270 2
62. 4
08. 4
70.967.671.371.4 65.170.8
63. 7
63.4
62.2
63.1
65. 3
64.8
I 
71.2
70.3
69.8
70.' 5
67.6
69.3
63.7
65.3
61.5
63.5
1 68.2
68.0
68.9
68.4
69. 3
67.6
68.9
68.6
63.9
0-1.3
63.1
63.4
70.0
70.7
68.5
69.7
TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

63

Mean temperature at Mexican stations, .fc— Continued.

_

o
>
Feet. 6,7625,9357,513 5,0726,3127,070 8,189

s-T ±>
•Se ll _¦
p 57.258.354.362.656.5 54.9 52.0

January, 1881.

t-
.8*2 cu

0a

58.855.263.1 56. 8
55.651.4
i
a
.2
0000
f>
a
s
1-3
Feet.
6,762
70.0
5,935
72.9
7, 513
63.9
5,072
70.7
6,312
72.1
7,070
65.5
8,189
67.3
6,211
69.6
Ci

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITES . STATES.

Appendix No. 6.
Schedule of article* to be admitted free of duty from Mexico into the United States under the
terms of the proposed treaty, showing those articles tckioh are now admitted into the United
States from foreign countries free of duty, and those articles which art now dutiable, and
. the rate of duty thereon.

No.

l i

Articles to be free under treaty.

Animals, alive, specially imported for breed-
ins purposes.
Barlev, not pearl 
Beef.'

Coffee 
Eggs 
Esparto and other grasses, and pulp of, for
the manufacture of paper.
Flowers, natural, of all kinds

Fruits: All kinds of fresh fruits, such a?
lemons, oranges, pineapples, limes, bananas,
plantains, mangold, &<\

9 , Goatskins, raw 
10 ' Hennequen, sisal, hemp, aud other like sub
stitutes for hemp.

11IL'

Palm, or cocoanut oil 
Quicksilver 
Sarsaparilla, crude 
Shrimps, and other sh-ifll fish 
Straw, unmanufactured  ,
Sugar, not above No. 16, Dutch standard in
color.

Tobacco in leaf, uumanu'a hired

Hide ropes 
Hides, raw, or tin cured, whether dry, salted,
or pickled, and skins, except sheepskins
with wool on, Angora goatskins, raw, with
out the wool, and asses' skin.
India rubber, crude, and milk of 
Indigo 
Ixtle or Tampico fiber 
Jalap 
Leather, old scrap 
Logwood, berries, nuts, archil, and vegetables
for dyeing, or used for composing dyes.
Molasses  ,

Vegetibles 1'iosh of all kinds 
"Wood and timber oi aU kinds, unmanufac
tured, including ship-timber.

Present rates of dutv.

Free of duty. A
10 cents per bushel.
1 cent per pound.
Free of dutv.
Do. Do.
JO per cent.
Lemons *. Whole boxes, ot capacity not exceedim:
2£ '*nbie feet, 3U cents per box; half boxes, ol
capacity not exceeding 1^ cubic feet, 16 cents
per box ; packages not specially enumerated or
provided for, 20 percent. : in bulk, $2 per M ;
limes. 20 per cent. Chancres : Whole boxes, of
cap-tnty not exceeding 'Ih cubic feet, 25 cent-:
per box , hall' I mxes. of capacitv not exceeding
1,] cubic feet, i:t cents per box : barrels, of ca
pacity not exceeding that of the 196 pounds
flour ban el, 55 cents per barrel ; packages not
specially enumerated or provided for, 20 per
cent. ; in bulk, §1.60 per M. Pineapples, ban
anas, plantains, inangols, &.c, free of duty.
Free of duty.
Sisal grass, $15 per ton ; hemp, unmanufactured,
Kussia and other, also India nianila and other
like substitutes for hemp. S2"> per ton.
Free of duty.
Do.

Do,
Do.
815 per ton.
Free of duty.
Do. *
Free of duty, if unmanufactured ; if partially-
manufactured, 10 per cent.
Testing by the polariscope: Not above 56°, 4 cents
per gallon ; above 5G°, S cents per gallon.
Free of duty.
10 per cent/
Free of dutv.
Do. *
Do.
Dutch standard in color, not ;tbo\e No. 13, tank
bottoms, sirups of cane, juice, or beet juice.
inelada, concentrated inehula, concrete and con
centrated molasses, testing by the polariscope :
Not above 70°, 1.40eents per pound ; above 75°r
for every additional degree, or fraction thereof, .04
cents per pound; above No. 13, and not above
Xo. Ui, 2} cents per pound.
Leaf tobacco, of w hich 85 per cent, ia of the requi
site size, and of the necessary fineness of texture
to be suitably for wrappers,' and of which more
than 100 leaven aie required to weigh a pound :
Not stemmed. 75 cents per pound : stemmed, $1
per pound. Leaf, nil other, unmanufactuied,
nnd not stemmed, 35 cents per pound ; leaf, all
other, stemmed, 40 cents per pound.
Vegetables, edible in their natural state, or in salt
or brine, all, 10 per cent.
Free of dutv.

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 65

Appendix No. 7.
Schedule of articles to he admitted free of duty into Mexico from the United States under
the terms of the proposed treaty, showing those articles which are now admitted into Mex
ico Jrom foreign countries free of duty and those articles which are now dutiable, and the
rate of duty thereon.

[The Mexioau tariff rates are taken from Commercial Eeport of the Department of State No 15
June, 1882.1

No.

Articles to be free of duty.

s ~

Free.

Kilogram ...do....

Kilogram .
...do ..
...do..

.do .

-do..do.

Each .
...do....do.

Kilogram ...do 

.do..do.

Each 
Kilogram

.do. do.do .
.do .
.do .

Free.

Free.

1 ; Accordeons and harmonicas 
2 ,' Anvils  , 
3 i Asbestos for roofs, not enumerated 
4 [ Bars of steel for mines, round or octagonal 
5 ' Barrows and hand-trucks, with oneor two wheels.
6 | Bricks, refractory, and all kinds of bricks* 
7 j Books, printed, unbound, or bound in whole or
in the greater part with paper or cloth 
8 i Beams, small, and rafters of iron for roofs, pro- i
vided that they cannot be made use of for
other objects in which iron is employed. .
9 Coal of all kinds 
10 . Cars and carts with springs :
Two wheels 
Four wheels 
Small hand 
11 j Coaches and cars for railways 
12 Crucibles and melting pots of all materials and
. sizes 
13 Cane knives 
14 ; Clocks, mantle, or wall:
J Fine 
i Ordinary 
15 , Deligences and road carriages of all kinds and
dimensions 
Dynamite 
Fire-pumps, engines, and ordinary pumps for
irrigation and other purposes 
Faucets 
Fuse and wick for mines 
Feed, drv and straw 
Km its. fresh 
Fire- wood, not enumerated 
Fish, fresh, not enumerated 
(rimno  
Hoes, mattocks, and their handles 
26 Houses of wood or iron, complete 
27 Hoes, common, agricultural knives without
their sheaths, scythes, sickles, harrows, rakes,
shovels, pick-axes, spades, and mattocks for
; agriculture 
28 Henequen bags, on condition that they be used
for subsequent exportation with Mexican
products 
29 | Ice 
30 ; Iron and steel made into rails for railways. ..
SI | Instiuments, scientific 
32 Ink, printing 
33 i Iron beams  . 
34 i Lime, hydraulic 
35 i Locomotives  !  Free.
36 ¦ Lithographic stones  ' Kilogram .
37 J Masts and anchors for vessels, large or small  ' 
38 Marble in blocks  j 
39 , Marble in flags for pavements not exceeding (
i forty centimeters in square, and polished only ;
on one side  i 
*Fire-brick.
H. Ex. 86  5

h%>

no

Kilogram. ...do 
...do 

do.

Kilogram....do 
...do 
...do 
...do 
do.

5<*>505(1

5(1
50 50
1 0(150
5050

50

- 43 10

*2 20

33 00
66 00
3 00

29
150 00

66 tra.de between Mexico and the united states.
Schedule of articles io be admitted free of duty, cf-c. — Continued.

Articles to be free of duty.

tz a
3 5
fr

Machines and apparatus of all kinds for indus
trial, agricultural, and mining purposes, sci
ences and arts, and any separate extra parts j
and pieces pertaining thereto  Kilogram .
(The extra or separate parts of machinery and !
the apparatus that may come united or separately \
with the machinery are included in this pro
vision, comprehending in this the bands of
leather or rubber that serve to communicate
movement, but only when imported at the same
time with the machinery to which they are
adapted.)Metals, precious, in bullion or in powder 
Money, legal, of silver or gold, of the United
States 
Moulds and patterns of the ai-ts 
Naphtha 
Oats, in grain or straw 
Oars for small vessels 
Plows and plowshares 
Paper, tarred for roofs, not enumerated 
Plants and seeds of any kind, not growinginthe
country, for cultivation 
Pens of any metal not silver or gold  Kilogram
Petroleum, crude 
Petroleum or coal oil and its products for illumi
nating purposes  Kilogram
Powder, common, for mines 
Quicksilver 
Rags or cloth for the manufacture of paper...
Roof tiles of clay or other material  M
Sulphur 
Stoves of iron for cooking and other purposes :
With ornaments of brass  Kilogram
"Without ornaments of brass  do
Staves and headings for barrels 
Soda, hyposulphite of 
Steam-engines  x 
Sewing-machines 
Slatfes for roofs and .pavements 
Sausages, large or small  _  Kilogram
Teasels of wire, mounted on bands for machinery,
or vegetable toasels 
Tools and instrumentsof iron, brass, or wood, or
composed of these materials, for artisans  Kilogram
Types, coats of arms, spaces, rules, vignettes,
and accessories for printing of all kinds 
Yegetables, fresh  , 
Wire, telegraph, the destination of which will
be proven at the respective custom-houses by
the parties jnterpsted 
Wire of iron or steel for carding, from No. 26 up
wards 
Wire, barbed, for fences, and the hooks and nails
to fasten the same  j Kilogram
Water pipes of all classes, materials, and dimen- I
sions, not considering as comprehended among
them tubos of copper or othor metal that do
not come closed or soldered with aeam or with
riveting in all their length 
Window blinds, painted or not painted  Kilogram .

Free.

*"* o
- fr«
t; be
« *-*§
a 5
si
RS

.9 o5
d ©
°S a
¦u f
©

S p.
u.

$0 50

|

Free .

Free

5075805050505050
50 5050
50 50
50
i oo505050

5(1

50 50

$0 86

Net,

M., 1 65

29
19

19

02

trade between mexico and the united states. 67
Appendix No. 8.
Production op Sugai;.
[From " Journal de la Societe de Statisque," Paris, 1880.]
BEET SUGAR PRODUCT.
Table showing the annual production of beet sitaar during the. last five crop i/ears from
1874-75 to 1878-79. Pounds.
France  953,709,960
Germany  y2~, 431, 128
Austria-Hungary  y;)4] S47, 140
Russia  "...  473', 989^ 000
Belgium  154,145,632
Netherlands  55 _ ns! 000
Sweden, Norway, Italy  11, 023, 000

Total 1878-79  3, 470, 260, 000

Total 1-77-78  3,131,634,300
Total 1876-77  2,471,764,451
Total 1*75-76  3, 025, 637, 132
Total 1874-75  2,616,948,384
CANE SUGAR PRODUCT.
[From Journal de la Societe de Statistique, Paris, 1880.]
For certain countries the export is given in the following statement, it being impos
sible to ascertain the production.
Europe: Pounds.
Spain  33, 069, 000
Asia :
French Cochin China, (production)  55, 115,000
China (export)  55, 115, 000
Japan (export)  33,069,000
Siam (export  11,023,000
Hindostan and British East Indies (export)  55, 115,000
Hindostan and British East Indies (product consumed)  3, 196, 670, 000
Total  3,406,107,000

Atrip a *
Egypt (production)  fib*, 138, 000
Mauritius (export)  297,621,000
Mayotta, Nossi-Be (export)  **, 818, 400
Natal (export)  17,636,800
Bourboti Island (export)  66,138,000
Madagascar (export)  ~> '16,100
Total  4C4> °68- 300

America :
Antilles or West Indies :
Cuba (production)  MnH?I' n™
Porto Rico (export)  ^'nqp'ono
Jamaica (export)  n'n^'nnn
Hayti and Lucayos (export)  11, ua-.uuu
Total  1,675,496,000

68 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
Lesser Antilles : Pounds.
Guadeloupe (export)  110,230,000
Martinique (export)  88,184,000
Trinidad (export)  125, 662, 200
Barbadoes (export)  119,048,400
Antigua (export)  15,432,200-
St. Christopher (export)  -... 11,023,000
St. Lucia (export)  11,023,000
St. Vincent (export)  13,227,600
Others (export)  41, 887, 400
Total..  535,717,800
Guiana :
Demerara-Berbice (export)  209,437,000
Surinam (export)  20,943,700
Cayenne (export)  2,204,600
Total  232, 585, 300
Other countries :
Brazil (export)  266,536,140
Louisiana (export)  231, 483,000
Peru (export)  187,391,000
Mexico (export)  66,138,000
Canada (export)  11,023,000
California (export)...  11,023,000
Argentine Republi c (export)  11, 023, 000
Total  784,617,140
Grand total, America  3,228,416,240
Oceanica :
Java (export)  475, 091. 300
Manila (export)  264, 552, 000
Australia (export)  44, 092, 000
Sandwich Islands (export)  27, 557, 500
Others (export)  9,920,700
Total  821,213,500
General total 1878-79  7, 952, 874, 040
Seasons :
1877-78  7,605,870,000
1876-77  7,475,798,600
1875-76  7,374,387,000
1874-75  7 , 605. 87 0. 000

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

69

Appendix No. 9.
Quantities of sugar, molasses, and rice produced in the Slate of Louisiana during fhe years
from 1850 io 1883, inclusive.

Year.

Si

gar.

Molasses.

Rice.

1849-50  

Hogsheads. 247, 923
211, 203
236, 547
321, 934
449, 324
346, 635
231, 427
73, 976
279, 697
362, 296
221, 840
228, 753
459. 410
(a)
76, 801
10, 387
18, 070
41, 000
37, 364
84, 256
87, 090
144, 881
128, 461
IOS, 520
89, 498
116,867
144, 146
169, 331
127, 753
213, 221
169, 972
218, 314
122, 982
241, 220

Pounds.
269, 769, 000
231, 194, 000
257, 138, 000
368,129,000495, 156, 000
385, 227, 000
254, 569, 000
81, 373, 000
307, 666, 700
414, 796, 000
255, 115, 750
265, 063, 000
528, 321, 500
(a)
84, 500, 000
10, 800, 000
19,900,000
42, 900, 000
41, 400, 000
95,051,22599, 452, 940
168, 878, 592
140,906, 125
125, 346, 493
103,241,119134, 504, 691
163, 418, 070
190, 672, 570
147, 101, 941
239, 478, 753
198, 962, 278
272, 982, 899
159, 874, 950
303, 066, 258

Gallons.
12, 000, 000
10, 500, 000
18, 300, 000
25, 700, 000
31, 000, 000
23, 113, 620
15, 274, 140
4, 882. 380
19, 578, 790
24, 887, 760
17,858,10018,414,550 (a) (a)
(a,)
(a) (a) (a)(a)
5, 636, 920
5, 724, 256
10, 281, 419
10,019,058 8, 898, 640
8, 203, 944
11, 516, 828
10, 870, 546
12,024,108
14,237,280 13,218,40412,189,19015, 255, 029
9, 691, 104
15,716,755

Pounds.

1850-'51 

1851 '52 

1852 "53 

1853-54 

1855-'56  '. 
1856-'57  '.
1857 '58 
1858-'59 
1859-'60 
I860 '61 
1861 '62 
1862-'63 
1863-'64 
1864 '65 
1865 '66 
1866-'67 
1867 '68 
1868-'69 
1869-'70 
1870-'71 
1871 '72 
1872 '73 
1873-'74 
1874-'75 
1877 '78 
35, 080, 520
1878-79
36, 592, 310
1879-'80 
20, 728, 520
1880 '81 
61, 331, 340
55, 422, 180
43, 059, 960
a S
o data.
Note.— The production of sugar and molasses in Louisiana is stated upon the authority of M.
Champoiner for the period prior to 1861, and for the later years upon the authority of M. Louis
Bouchereau and A. Bouchereau.
Appendix No. 10.
Quantities of su gar and molasses produced in the United States during the years 1809 and
1879, according to the census.
Sugar.
Molasses.
States.
Alabama 
Arkansas  I
Florida  j
Georgia  '
Louisiana 
Mississippi 
Missouri  '
North Carolina  j
South Carolina 
Tennessee  |
Texas  I
Total  I
1869.
Hogsh eads.
1879.
Hogsheads. 94
1869.
Gallons. 166, 009
72, 008
344, 339
553, 192
4, 585, 150
152, 164
436, 882
246,062
1879.
Gallons. 795, 169
952
644
80, 706 49
1, 273601
171, 706 18
1, 029, 868
1, 565, 784
11, 696, 248
536, 625
1,0551 410
229
138, 944
2, 020
4,951
810, 605
87, 043
178, 872
6,593,323
16, 573, 273
Appendix No. 11.
Imports of sugar, molasses, melada, and sirup of sugar-cane, and of candy and confectionery into the United States from each foreign country during the year
ended June 30, 1883.

123

Countries from which imported.

Brown sugar.

Kefiued

sugar.

Molasses.

Melada and sirup of
sugar-cane.

Candy and con
fectionery.

Founds. 2, 438, 762

$89, 984

Pounds.

Gallons.

Pounds.

Pounds.

1, 903, 234
160, 422, 404
2, 724, 333
96,480
5, 418, 534
120, 489
131
$84
4

5
6
7
14, 809, 588
497, 365
1
39, 655
2,291
8
9
5, 679, 119
231, 098
325, 397
$92, 779
10
11
26, 812
74,910,338 378, 277
1,086
2, 875, 801
14, 097
7,786
$550
 10. 371
3,456
1»
46, 340
12, 569
13
14
15
IH
17
10, 285, 489
9, 876, 111
758, 588
357, 374
1,385
46, 802 70
485
18
7,131
621
12, 186 23
19
20
»1
25
3,036 996 88
9
99
Nova Scotia, N. Brunswick, aud Prince Edward Isl'd-
Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and the N. W. Territory
3, 440, 719
736 666
171,243 62
52, 389 69
17, 806 36
581
23
81
216
1316
244
$18
146 6
?fi
132, 780, 551
123,331,060 1, 720, 686
1, 05(1, 388
3, 723, 532
9, 475, 356
4, 936, 290
5, 893, 880
70, 887
36, 416
111,856
335, 930
1,902,918 170, 088
520, 830
35, 392
61, 252
1,999
97
•>R
30
3,957
216
British Possessions in Africa and adjacent islands .
500
35
3->
31
975, 394
42, 846
48, 501
12, 123
37
105
39
38
o
i-3
>
39
40

1, 792, 171
.-189, 444
26, 444
4, 758, 044
4. 043, 698
1,000

63, 419
16, 035772
186, 302
201, 792 90

1,0833,953

1 341
1,101

29
196
7
11
22, 046
1,434
83
¦1-*:
3, 739
25, 824
43
 i
133, 280
:::;:::::_:. I 
4 1
15
Peru 
¦Hi
¦17
10
i
48
Portuguese Possessions in Africa and adjacent isl'ds
1')
50
51
5?
27, 281, 049
1, 149, 577
448, 587
86, 464
10, 500
256
53
112
402
40
54
1, 139, 794, 337
S3, 940, 670
2, 016, 000
188, 589, 026
50, 827, 729
3, 559, 343
79, 488
6, 008, 179
40
3 i 24,391,926
 i 5,448,321
4, 991, 863
1,841,406
3, 638, 899
105, 182
140
55
..
56
Spanish Possessions in Africa and adjacent islands . .
,
57
.J  1 
58
50
175
58
60
fil
1
fi?
365,911
14, 947
 i.58
63
 j 
fi3
1
64
227, 865
8,107
65
686
6
Total 
2, 019, 785, 814
84, 176, 771
37, 800
7, 642, 111
3, 711, 581
107, 461
107, 045
19, 854
H
ft
>d
W
at.H
IS
it
HMi— i
QO>t>
H
ffiH
a?—iHH
d
co
> HZD
72

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

Appendix No. 12.
Comparative tables showing by articles and by countries the exports from Mexico for the
fiscal year 1882,-83, with those of fhe previous quinquennial years from July, 1877, lo June,
1882, and with that of the preceding year 1881-'82.
PRECIOUS METALS.

Articles.

Silver: Coined 
Bullion 
Ore 
In sulphur 
Silver-bearing earth.
Manufactured 
Lead, argentiferous 
Gold: Coined 
In bars 
Silver, foreign, coined.. -
Gold, foreign, coined 

Mean average
of the -
quinquennial years from
1877 to 1882.

Fiscal year
1881-*82.

15, 212, 466 81
3,153,842 19
424, 980 76
760 00
13, 768 72
1, 026 90

$11, 3,

607, 888
540, 993
536, 715
3,800
10, 028
1,279

811, 228 94
340, 424 11
322.202 99
203, 962 72

558, 358
483, 633
121, 642
199, 387

20, 484, 664 23 j 17, 063, 767 .

Fiscal year
1882-'83.

, 969, 583 90
, 773, 928 15
562, 084 58
105, 512 26
30, 104 62

13, 025 40
331, 708 00
548, 039 23
146,615 59
148, 055 96

29, 628, 657 69

OTHER ARTICLES.

Henequen (a sjjecies of hemp)
Lumber  
Coffee 
Hides and skins 
Istle 
Animals, living 
Vanilla 
Tobacco 
Sugar 
Caoutchouc 
Roots 
fc:::;:::;;:::::::::::::
Calicoes (Indian) 
Fruits 
Archil 
Copper 
' > Indian corn 
Horsehair 
Sarsaparilla 
Lead 
Mother of pearl 
Medicinal plants 
Sugar-crust 
Chick-pea, a kind of pulse ...
V egetables 
Pearls 
Spices  _. 
Cereals 
Aniline 
Cacao 
Other articles 

$1, 849, 650 88

$2, 672, 106

72 !

$3, 311, 062 64

1, 514, 073 40

1, 458, 997 46 |

1, 917, 323 67

2, 022, 986 32

2,414,538

20

1, 717, 190 85

1, 535, 073 96

1, 708, 554

15

1, 653, 165 92

371,619 17

020, 199 24 ;

596, 533 23

153, 398 85

337, 681

00 '

634, 376 18

436, 883 69

780, 830 47

443, 850 75

252, 463 69

351, 253

16 |

272, 160 18

320, 055 49

266, 075

60 1

198,365 16

67«077 06

114, 455

92

159, 882 72

24, 053 86

40, 737

32

123, 438 01

73, 488 67

60,911

60

115,817 56

63, 993 96

62, 536

20

90, 641 11

22, 484 37

15, 738

31

82, 205 38

36,303 03

43, 523

19

78, 898 42

113, 207 61

115,617

68

74, 628 68

39,983 20

44, 533

50

65, 996 00

26, 225 67

61,121

69 .

63, 684 11

33, 994 73

41, 832

39

62,007 77

46, 604 72

47, 972

58

50, 699 04

32,260 31

57, 953

oo

47, 554 83

42, 856 27

71,141

S2

44, 414 00

28, 641 32

37, 493

i.i

34, 592 41

23, 324 85

42, 467

54

32, 132 17

12, 253 46

4,511

10

28, 855 44

4, 086 85

5, 992

12

19,596 60

32, 984 02

37, 500

00

18,500 00

5, 143 54

13, 109

04

17, 884 87

S2, 73!) 64

22, 146

00

2, 868 00

177,702 64

204, 798 00

630 50

1,390 70

2, 150

00

503 00

238, 206 00

261,046

71

219, 478 46

9, 085, 872 02

12, 019, 526

06

12, 178, 937 66

ATION





Precious metals
Other articles

s 

$20, 484, 064 23
9, 685, 872 62

$17, 063, 767 33
12, 019, 526 06

$29, 628, 657 69

30, 170, 536 85
29, 083, 293 39
41, 807, 595 35
TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

73

Comparative table shoiving the exports from Mexico for the fiscal year 1882-'83, with those
ofthe previous quinquennial years from July, 1877, to June, 1W-J, and with thai of the
preceding year, 1881-*8'J, by countries. PRECIOUS METALS.

England 
United States.
France 
Spain 
Germany 
South America
Italy 

Mean average
ofthe
quinquennial years from
1877 to 1882.

$8, 754,
7, 175,
3, 401,435, 313, 404,

515 51
670 73
592 72
007 39
654 89
142 99
80 00

Fiscal year
«1881-'82.

$«, 690,
5, 451,
1, 505,
610, 324,409,

379 07
731 13
482 71
436 99
107 46
229 97
400 00

20, 484, 664 23 17, 063, 767 33

Fiscal vear
1882-'83.

$15, 201, 600 36
9, 036, 773 33
3, 561, 987 13
1,035,013 00
392, 955 92
400, 327 95

29, 628, 657 69

OTHER ARTICLES.

England 
United States..
France 
Spain 
Germany 
South America.
Belgium 
Netherlands 
Hayti 
Italy 
Switzerland —

$1, 590, 395 47
5, 995, 966 85
810, 434 98
446,691 17
747, 842 31
93, 036 84

$1, 587, 995 78
8, 309, 130 73
621, 190 40
495, 048 67
932, 632 03
67, 144 85

7S6 00
450 00
218 00
50 40

3,933 00
2, 250 00
200 00

9, 685, 872 62 12, 019, 526 06

$2, 056, 642 25
7. 702, 324 37
642, 918 42
954, 245 74
732, 763 29
60, 703 59
29,040 00

300 00

12, 178, 937 66

RECAPITULATION.

England   I $10
United States  , 13.
France  1.
Spain 
Germany  1
South America  - 
Belgium 
Netherlands 
Hayti  
Italy... 
Switzerland 

344,910
171, 037
212, 027
881. 698
061,497497, 179

98 $10,
58 13,
70 2,
50 ! 1,
20 , 1.
83

786 450298 50,

284, 374 85
760, 861 86
186,673 11
111,485 06
256, 740 09
476, 374 82

3,933 00
2, 250 00
600 00

$17,258,242 61
16, 739, 097 70
4, 204, 905 55
1, 989, 258 74
1, 125, 719 21
461, 031 54
29, 040 00

30, 170, 536 85 ' 29, 083, 293 39

41,807,595 35

74 TRiDE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

Appendix No. 13.
Exports of the precious metals and of merchandise from Mexico during the fiical year
ended July 31, 1883.
[From " The Mexican Financier," City of Mexico, October 27, 1883.]
The statement of tbe exports during the fiscal year ending July 31, 1883, makes a
satisfactory showing. The total exportation -was $4 1,807. 595, against $29,083,293 in
the previous year. Of this amount $29,628,657 was in precious metals, the increase of
which was remarkable, being $12,844,191 over the previous year. The exportation of
other articles amounted to $12,178,937, an increase of $159,411, which though small
gives the lie to the damaging reports circulated by enemies of Mexico abroad to the
eifect that the exports of the country were declining.
Following is a statement ofthe principal articles exported:
Precious metals  $29,628,657 69
Henequen (a species of hemp)  3, 311,062 64
Woods  1,917,323 67
Coffee  ,  1,717,190 85
Skins  1,653,165 92
Living animals  634, 376 18
Ist le  596, 533 23
Vanilla  443,850 75
Tobacco  272,160 18
Sugar  198,365 16
Caoutchouc  159,882 72
Roots of zacaton  123,438 01
Honey  115, 817 56
Beans  90,641 11
Chitle (Indian calico)  82,205 38
Fruits  78, 898 42
Orchilla  74, 628 68
Copper  65,996 00
Maize  63,684 11
Horse-hair   62, 007 77
Sarsaparilla  50,699 o4
All other articles  467,010 28
Total  41,807,595 35
TLe principal increase has been in the following articles: Henequen, 8638,955
woods, $458,326, and live stock, $296,695, and vauilla, $336,979. The decrease in the
coffee export is due to the suicidal policy of the State of Vera Cruz iu taxing the in
dustry out of existence, a state of affairs which will probably be remedied by the new
constitutional amendment.
With the opening of railway communication to the United States a large increase
in the exportation of many of these articles may be looked for, for the modern rail
way policy is not to be content with taking what traffic may be offered, but to seek
traffic and encourage it in every way. The average annual exportation for the five
years from 1877 to 1882 was $20,484,664 in precious metals, aud $9,685,872 in merchan
dise, making a decided increase for the exports of the past year. It is notable that
the exports have increased alone to the United States and to England, wbile those to
France, Spaiu, and Germany have remained stationary. The influence of the rail
ways is shown by the increase of the exports through Monterey-Laredo, on the Mexi
can National, from $271,916 to $1,219,933; Paso del Norte, Mexican Central $80,994 to
$881,019, and Nogales, Sonora Railway, from $5,768 to $143,;'.ll. These figures are
eloquent, and are prophetic of a strong volume of exports by the new channels in a
short time to come. The conference on the question of the abolition of interstate
customs began its discussion of the committee's report last Thursday.

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND TUE UNITED STATES.

75

Appendix No. 14.
Production of precious metals in Mexico from the conquest by Cortez in 1521 to beginning
of 1884.
[From advance sheets of '-Mexico from the Material Standpoint." by Alex. D. Anderson.]

Periods.

Silver.
$1, 948, 952, 000
685, 418, 247
936, 000, 000

Gold.

Total.

1521 to 1804 
1804 to 1848 

$79, 000, 000
82, 770, 173
115,200,000

$2, 027, 952, 000
768, 188, 420

1848 to 18S4 

1,051,20*, 000

3, 570, 370, 247

276, 970, 173

3, 847, 340, 420

Percentage of silver  93
Percentage of gold  7

Appendix No. 15.
The world's production of silver.
[Prepared by the director of the United States Mint.)

Countries.

1877.

1879.

1881.

Total.

$39, 793, 573 $45, 281, 385
467, 844 474, 876

17, 949

17, 949,

17, 949

United States- .
Russia  467,844 474,876, 473,519, 473,519
Australia  |  ! 227,125 227,125
Mexico  27,018,940 27,018,940 25,167,763 25,167,763
Germany  6,135,877 5,227,219: 5,570,380 7,730,617
Austria-Hungary ... 2, 119, 948 2, 022, 879 2, 002, 727. 1, 994, 880
Sweden  54,038 52,708; 62,435, 54,527
Norway 
Italy  17,949
Spain  
Turkey 
Argentine Republic. 420,225 420,225
Colombia  : 1,000,000 1,000,000
Bolivia  )
Chili  SI, 039, 190 10,392,500
Brazil S
Japan:.'.''.'.';;!!;'.!"-', 706,649 728,846 916,400, 916,400
Africa 
Venezuela 
Dominion of Canada  ' 68> 20° 68' 20°

$40, 812, 132 $39, 200, 000 $43, 000, 000 $46, 800, 000 $254, 887, 090

473, 519
164, 983
, 675, 540
7, 771, 304
1, 303, 280
48, 875

17, 949

473, 519
102, 878
29, 237, 798
8, 934, 052
1, 958, 224
48, 875

836, 796
722, 111
161, 286, 744
41, 370, 049
11, 401, 938
321, 458

17, 949

107, 694

71,4411 71,441
420, 225 420, 225
1,000,000 1,000,000
11,000,000, 11,000,000
5,081,747. 5,081,747

71,441
420, 225
1, 000, 000
11, 000, 000
5,081,747

89. 916 304, 239
420, 225 2, 521, 350
1, 000, 000 6, 000, 000
11, 000, 000'
5,081,747 <. 75, 758, 678

916, 400

916, 400; 5, 101, 095

68, 205;

272, 820

Total.

78, 774, 233 92, 637, 527

92 892 048 93, 424, 398 99, 013, 468,106, 150, 388. 562, 892, 062

76

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

Appendix No. 16.
The world's production of gold.
[Prepared by the director of the United States Mint.]

Countries.

United States 
Russia 
Australia 
Mexico 
Germany 
Austria-Hungary - . .
Sweden 
Norway 
Italy 
Spain 
Turkey 
Argentine Republic-
Colombia 
Bolivia 
Chili 
Brazil 
Japan 
Africa 
"Venezuela 
Dominion of Canada.

1877.

146, 897, 390
27, 226, 668
29, 018, 223
996, 898
204, 697
1, 196, 278
2,658

2, 375

1878.

$51, 206, 360
27,997, f"
29, 018, 223
999, 898
208, 019
1, 222, 230
6,001

28, 551, 028
28, 765, 000
989, 160
257, 865
1, 062, 031
1,994

72, 375

$36, 000, 000
28, 551, 028
28, 765, 000
989, 160
232, 610
1, 094, 596
3,323

72, 375

$34, 700, 000
28, 551, 028
30, 690, 000
858, 909
232, 610
1, 240, 808
665

72, 375

$32, 500, 000
28, 551, 028
28, 943, 217
936, 223
249, 890
1, 050, 068665

72, 375

Total.

$240, 203, 608
169, 428, 669
175, 199, 663
5, 770, 248
1, 385, 691
6, 866, 011
15, 306

434, 250

21,400
471, 276
24, 000, 000

Total  113, 947, 173 119, 092, 786 108, 778, 807 106, 426, 786 107, 202, 7331103, 161, 532, 658, 619, 817

Appendix No. 17.
The world's production of gold and silver in 1876.
[From "Zur Statistik der Edelmetalle," by Dr. Adolf. Soetbeer.]

Countries.

Gold.

Silver.

Total.

Germany  I $187,000
Austria-Hungary  601, 000
Russia  -  ; 22, 352, 000
Europe — other countries  I 
Africa  ! 1,329,000
Mexico  1, 069, 000
Colombia  I 2, 65S, 000
Pera  I }
Bolivia  I } 1,662,000
Chili  )
Brazil  ; 1,196,000
United States  ! 39, 938, 000
Australia  , 39, 278, 000
Japan  199,000
Other countries  2,991,000
Total  ' 113,460,000

$5,809,000 1, 993, 000
465, 000
8, 935, 000
26, 091, 000
831, 000

416, 000
416,000

$5, 996, 000
2, 594, 000
22, S17, 000
8, 935, 000
1. 329, 000
27, 160, 000
3, 489, 000
16, 208, 000
1,196,000
78, 713, 000
39, 278, 000
615, 000
3, 407, 000

98, 277, 000 j 211, 737, 000

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 77

Appendix No. 18.

VALUE OF EXPORTS FROM MEXICO, BY PORTS.
Report of Mr. Jose' M. Garmendia for the fiscal year 1882-83.
[From "The Eepublican Monitor" of December 14, 1883. Published by the Treasury Department ot
Mexico. 1

Ports.

The precious
metals.

Vera Cruz 
Mazatlan 
Progreso 
Tampico 
Monterey Laredo 
Paso del Norte  - 
La Paz 
Isla del Carmen (Carmen Island).
Matamoros 
Tuxpan 
Manzanillo 
San Bias 
Frontera 
Gnaynias 
Acapulco 
Coatzacoalcos 
Mier.

$20, 4,

Campeche 
Altata 
Nogales 
Piedras Negras 
Salina Cruz 
Zapaluta 
Sasaba 
Camargo 
Guerrero 
Bahia de la Magdalena .
Touala 
Asceucion 
Tocomsco 
Todos Santos 
Reynosa 
Puerto Angel 
Tijuana 
Cabo de San Lucas 
Quitouaquita 
Presidio del Norte 

242, 624 00
520, 774 21
223,919 09
478,297 63
744, 538 14
816, 781 18
558, 887 78
32, 641 00
271, 590 58
2, 000 00
421,297 00
379,190 76
33, 779 37
345, 738 74
135, 452 75

67, 087 25
31,482 00
29, 662 07
95, 105 18
1, 900 00
19, 400 00
92, 625 00
35, 947 12
29, 426 44
150 00

Total .

16, 860 40
"l," 500 66

29, 628, 657 69

Other commod
ities.

$3, 713, 692 20
119, 121 86
3, 517, 106 78
797, 157 69
475, 395 06
64, 238 00
137,041 51
580, 516 17
313, 526 57
538, 376 49
34, 097 00
60, 426 25
401, 467 98
29, 732 55
130,165 47
198,795 20
127, 818 80
141, 050 86
141,039 15
48, 106 77
107, 359 05
82, 305 90

47,739 87
49, 132 00
66, 724 28
59,916 85
33, 762 65
42, 092 00
38, 122 72
23, 784 05
19, 048 00
18, 038 28
13, 576 00
3, 873 05
2, 320 00
2, 270 00

12, 178, 937 66

Total exports

$23, 956,
4, 639,
3,741, 1, 275,
1, 219,881,695, 013,585,540,
455,439,435, 375,205, 198,194,172,
170, 143,
109,101, 92,S3,78,66,59,50,42,39,23,19,18, 13, 3,2,

316 20
896 07
025 87
455 32
933 20
019 18
929 29
157 17
117 15
376 49
394 00
617 01
247 r-35
471 29
618 22
795 20
906 05
532 86
701 22
211 95
259 05
705 90
625 00
686 99
558 44
874.28916 85
623 05
092 00
622 72
784 05
048 00
038 28
576 00
873 65
320 00j
270 00

41, 807, 595 35

Appendix No. 19.
Table exhibiting the value of the exports of fhe precious metals and of other commodities from
Mexico to the several foreign countries during the fiscal year ended June 30, 1883.

Countries.

The precious ' Other commod-
metals. ¦ ities.

¦a  ,„„,,  $15,201,000 36
Jbnglanu  v .' „,,,.' 77Q ....
TTnited States of America  ¦>• 03b, lli 6i
3, 501, 98 ( 13

United States of America
France 
Spain 
Germany 
United States of Colombia
Guatemala 
Belgium 
San Salvador 
Italy 
Venzuela 
Ecuador 

1,035,013 00
392, 955 92
298,937 55
92, 875 00

8, 515 40

$2,050,642 25

$17, 258, 242 61

7, 702, 324 37

i 16, 739, 097 70

642, 918 42

4, 204, 905 55

954, 245 74

1, 989, 258 74

732, 763 29

1, 125, 719 21

59, 229 59

358, 167 14

686 00

93,501 00

29, 040 00

29,040 00

288 00

8, 803 40

300 00

300 00

300 00

300 00

200 00

200 00

29, 628, 657 69 12, 178, 937 66

41, 807, 595 35

78 trade between mexico and the united states.
Appendix No. 2 0.
Statement in regard to the coalfields of Mexico by Mr. Alexander D. Anderson.
Washington, D. C, January 12, 1884.
Dear Sir : Iu reply to your inquiry about coal deposits of Mexico, I submit the
following general notes :
In Northern Mexico and surrounding the points on the Rio Grande River, where four
American railways enter that Republic, are extensive coal fields, known as the Santa
Rosa district. They cover several hundred miles of territory, aud intersect the States
of Coahuila, Tamaulipas, and Nuevo Leon, being chiefly in the first-mentioned State.
In an address before the American Institute of Mining Engineers, in 18o2, W. H.
Adams, a mining engineer who had visited the Santa Rosa district, thus describes the
coal deposits :
44 Fortunately for metallurgists who will hereafter make this frontier abase of oper
ations, there has been disclosed, near to the surface, seemingly inexhaustible beds of
semi-anthracite and bituminous coals.
4- No extensive openings have as yet been made, and my own workings at the Cedral
mines are all that can yet be said to prove the quantity and quality of the coal, other
openings furnishing corroborative evidence. Our location (one hundred and ten miles
west of the Rio Grande River) is on the western line of the depository basin, as exist
ing since the period of activity along the volcanic line. Farther inland I have not
examined, but much greaterelevations are the rule, which, however, ironi the nature
of their formation, are not necessarily barren ground.
44 Beginning at the base of the Santa Rosa Mountains (location of the Cedral mines)
we find very interesting breaks in the foot-hills, disclosing the stratified rocks from
the volcanic centers to the valleys. * * *
44 From their nearness to the coal measures, the mountains, which are protruded into
the plains at this particular point, offer a great novelty in producing vertical veins
of coal nearly anthracitic in character, -which I have opened, to a depth of 240 feet.
Coal of a more bituminous nature is found outcropping on the rivers 30, 40, 60 miles
to the eastward, and lignites in many places over a wide extent of country drained by
the Rio Grande. The inference is that the heat which changed the metamorphic rocks
drove oft* the bitumen, and that the nearer one approaches the mountain line the bet
ter is the product.
* # * * # # A
" To the eastward, breaks iu the horizontal strata disclose sandstone, shales, fuller's
earth, grit-stones, &c, while surface openings at several points along the Sabinas
River, above ordinary water level, show veins of coal of good workable thickness and
excellent quality. The amount of sulphtlr contained in the coal is considerable, and
finely disseminated, but not so great as to require awashing operation.
14 Passing farther to the east, openings have been made about Eagle Pass in a circuit
of 20 miles in Mexico, and notably at the mouth of Seco Creek. Surface indications
are, however, observable over the plains at numberless points between mountain chain
and river/ At Eagle Pass the Permian system undoubtedly commences, the gray and
green-white sandstone showing itself in the bed of the river, and at several places
along the Rio Grande River the opportunities for observation are equally perfect.
Here the character of the coal changes, and lower grades of bituminous coal and shales
are found in wide veins, but so mixed with clay and grit as to be of little value com
mercially, so far as yet developed. I cannot believe these beds to be brown coal or
lignites, as generally stated, the geological formation being certainly too old for lig
nite ; and although we have examples of good coal in the Tertiary, I know of no evi
dence of the presence of lignites in the Permian.
"Down the river more recent formations outcrop, and in the neighborhood of San
Antonio the true brown coals of woody texture are found. AVithout a knowledge of
the lines of upheaval, which are generally easily traceable, the casual observer would
not note that Eagle Pass is, saj , 500 feet higher than San Antonio, with all the strata
inclining toward the latter, showing the coals of Eagle Pass to belong to an older
period. „ '4 The future commercial value of this basin of coal (which underlies one ofthe rich
est agricultural districts of Northern Mexico, and adjoins a mineral chain of known
large extent and exceptionable richness) is yet to be determined. At present my
own work is upon the upheaval veins, aud being preparatory only, differs in uo way
from perpendicular vein work of any character. The coal cokes easily, producing
about 60 per cent, in weight of good coke, and while I am not now prepared to give

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 79
details of analyses, yet the extended underground workings and the new bank of fifty
ovens to be erected this spring will furnish, I trust, a practical demonstratiou, which 'i
snail he pleased to show to travelers."
In the State, of Sonora aud within convenient distauce of the points where two
other American railways enter Mexico— the Mexican Central and Sonora roads— are
extensive and valuable deposits of coal, thus described by "The Two Republics", of
the City of Mexico, under date of June 26, 1881 :
"Great fields of anthracite coal have lately been opened in Sonora. They are said
to rival the anthracite coals of Pennsylvania in quality, and to extend iu one sec
tion ot Sonora over a surface 20 miles in length aud 2 miles in width. Only two of
the veins have been worked so far, and they show a width of 10 and 7 feet, respect
ively, all of the purest anthracite, the upper one forming the slope of a hill, being
covered only with a few feet of earth, and underlaid 12 feet distant by the second
bed ot equal quality. They are developed by drifts in the coal, which place at least
one million tons in sight. The importance of these coal beds cannot be overesti
mated." A little south of the cities of Mexico and Puebla, and therefore near the railway and
manufacturing ceuters of that Republic, are extensive coal deposits, covering portions
of the States of Puebla and Oaxaca. Eighteen mines have been discovered and ex
amined in this district. These deposits are thus described by Geueral Josd Revuelta of
the city of Mexico :
44 The extent of territory over which these coal deposits are fonnd covers an area
of some 60 square leagues. From various places in this tract of laud I had extracted
over 300 tons of coal, about 200 of which were taken to the City of Mexico and nearly
as much to the city of Puebla, with a view of testiug its qualities in the different
founderies and furnaces of those cities, and in the locomotives plying between thein,
receiving reports from all sources that tried faithfully the coal from the above re
gion, pronouncing it a good combustible, stating that it contained little or no sulphur.
I found three kinds of coal — soft, coal — others of a medium hardness aud some dry and
very hard. All these classes of coal I have had tested on a large scale, with favora
ble results."
Near the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, and therefore very desirably located, is another
extensive coal field. An analysis of this coal gives the following results : Per cent.
Volatile aud combustible matter  35
Fixed carbon  45
Moisture  8
Ashes (ferruginous)  12
100
This is an analysis of the superficial layers and it is believed the deeper layers will
give still better results.
In the Zacualtipan district in the State of Hidalgo, says the "Mexican Financier"
of August 25, 1883, coal has been discovered in twenty-five points. It has also been
discovered in the States of Vera Cruz, Morelos, Michoacan, Tlaxcala, ijnd other parts
of the Republic. Doubtless the new demand for this fuel, arising from the construc
tion of railways and the development of manufactures will soon result in the discov
ery of many more deposi ts.
Respectfully yours,
ALEX. D. ANDERSON.
Hon Joseph Nimmo,
Chief of the Bureau of Statistics.

80

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

Appendix No. 21

Abstract of railroad charters granted by the Federal, Government of Mexico since 1866, and
in force January 1, 1883.

Date.

1881.
Nov. 27

1874.
April 10
Dec. 14

1875.
May 4
1878.
Feb. 14

April 16

May

1880.
Aug. 16

Sept. 68

Designation, termini, and route.

Sept.

1414

14

Nov.

27

Dec.

15

15

1881.
Jan. 10

Gauge.

g WJ
£Jd Per Eng-
Z lish mile.

Amount of subsidy.

Very Craz to City of Mexico, with brauch to
Puebla, States of Vera Cruz, Mexico, and ,
Puebla   Standard
Progreso to city of Merida, State of Yuca- |
tan  .'  Standard
Tehuantepec Railroad, Isthmus of Tehuan
tepec, State of Oaxaca  Standard
(This charter was declared forfeited, and
construction of road undertaken by the
Mexican Government on its own account. :
Contract entered into for same with
Senor D. Sanchez on October 5, 1882.)
Vera Cruz to Zamorana, State of Vera Cruz . < Standard
Navigable point on river Panuco, above
Tampico to San Luis Potosi, through the
States of Tamaulipas, and San Luis
Potosi 
Vera Cruz to Alvarado, and from river San
Juan to Isthmusof Tehuantepec, in State
of Yera Cm z 
Merida to Tekax and Peto, State of Yuca
tan 
Mexico to Morelos and river Amacusac,
with branch to Cuenavaca, States of
Mexico and Morelos 
Puebla to Izucar de Matamoros, State of
Puebla  ,

Culiacan and Altata to connect with Central
Railroad from Durango, through States
of Sinaloa and Durango  ,
Jalapa to San Andres Ctialchicomula, States
of Vera Cruz and Puebla 
Mexican Central Railroad Company's char
ter, City of Mexico to El Paso, with to
Pacific, through the States of Mexico,
Hidalgo, Queretaro, Guanajiiato, Jalisco,
Aguascalientes, Zacatecas, Durango,
Sinaloa, and Chihuahua. Distance on
which to receive subsidy is fixed 
Palmer and Sullivan Grant or Mexican
National Construction Company, City of
Mexico to Laredo and to Manzanillo,
through the States of Mexico, Michoa
can, Guanajuato, San Luis Potosi, and
Nuevo Leon. Line, from City of Mexico ]
to Pacific 
Line from junction to Laredo 
City of Pueblo to San Marcos 
Sonora Railroad, Guavmas to frontier, with
branch to Alamos in State of Sonora ... .
Merida to Calkin i and Celestino, State of
Yucatan 
Connection between Vera Cruz and More- |
los Railroad, State of Mexico 
From coal deposits on Yaqui River to Guay
mas  ¦ 
Merida and Valladolid Railroad, passing
through Ixtakok, Motuland Izamal, State
of Yucatan 

Narrow. . .
Not fixed
Narrow- . ,
Narrow'. . .
Narrow . . .
Narrow. . .
Standard .

Standard

Narrow. .,
Narrow . .
StandardNarrow . . .
Narrow . .
Standard

.English miles.

28
192

Narrow .

24

118 93
130 3799
18

1, 776 '

540698 57
514102 26
122

Extension of San Andres Chalchicomula j
to Jalapa Railroad to port of Vera Cruz,
States of Puebla. and Vera Cruz  ! Narrow. . .
Per annum for twenty years.

*$560, 000
9,660

8, 050

880

880 |
880 i

12, 075
10, 465
12, 880

12,075

12, 880

12, 880

9,660

12, 880

$14, 000, 000
270, 000

140, 000
2, 560, 000
1, 520, 000
1, 200, 000
1, 680, 000
480, 000
1, 280, 00
240, 000

, 075, 000

6, 525, 000
7, 312, 500
480, 000
6, 225, 000
1, 320, 000
336, 000
No subsidy. 1, 023, 060
2, 854, 720

TUADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES. 81
Abstract of railroad charters granted by the federal Government of Mexico, #c— Cont'd.

Date. Dt'Mjjiuition, termini, aud unite. Gau-^e.

Amount of subsidy.

Feb.

Extension of line from HI Alto Maeravatio,
passing Tepejo and Jilotepec, States of
Mexico aud Michoacan  Standard
Capital San Luis Potosi to most convenient
point on Mexican Railroad, near city of |
Agu.isrn lien tes. States of Sau LuisPu'tosi
and Aguascalientes  i Standard
3 Campania Station, on the Morelos Railroad
| to town of Tlalmanalco  ! Narrow
23 j City of Campeche to town of Calkini. and i
extension to Lerma, State -.1 ( Janipt-vln*- ' Narrow
Apr. 26 l Tehuantepec Ship-railroad, chin Ur granted |
[ to Capt. J. B. Eads  Optional..
May 26 Mexican Southern Railroad Couipuny, from
Mexico City to frontier of Guatemala ,
passing through city of Pud.la, touch- i
x iiii; at city of Oaxaca anil ;it pmls of
Vera Cruz and Anton Lizardo, <,u Gulf
of Mexico, and at those of the States uf
Chiapas and Oaxaca, on the Pacific, with
various branches southward and west- i
ward. Afterwards charter extends this
lint' to the northern fi ontier 
Jnne 7 International Railway Improvement Com
pany, from a point ou the Rio Giaude be
tween Laiedo and Reynosa, southward,
passing through Sau Fernando, Santander
Jimenez, &.c. to City of Mexico, with
branches to Pacific and to Vera Cruz, as
. also to other gulf ports 
7 International Construction Company, from
a point on the Rio Grande 25 leagues
above or below Piedras Negras to City
of Mexico, and from some convenient
i point on the main line to a point on the
Gulf of Mexico between the ports of Mat
amoros and Vera Cruz ,- and a line to ehe
Pacific at a most convenient point be
tween Mazatlan and Zihuatanejo 
13 Texas, Topolobampo, and Pacific Railroad,
from Topolobampo to Piedras Negras,
States of Sonora and Coahuila, lines from
most convenient points on the above to
Alamos, State of Sonora, to Mazatlan,
State of Sinaloa, and to Presido del Norte
State of Chihuahua  Standard.
22 Mexican Pacific Railroad, along the Mexi
can Pacific coast, from a point on the
! boundary line oppositeFort Yuma, south
ward to connect with International Im-
provement and Southern Railroad Com
pany's lines and Mexican ports on the Pa
cific  Standard. . | 1, 500
25 ; Nantlaand Sau Marcus Railroad, frombar of
Nantla on the Gulf coast, between Vera
Cruz and Tuxpan, to San Marco station
on Mexican Raili oad, States of Vera Cruz
: and Puebla  Standard.
27 : Sau Andies Cholchicomula and Vera Cruz
Railroad extension, from Perote or San
Andies to point on Morelos Railroad, and
branch from Perote t<> Tezintlan 
July 6 Mexican Central Railroad extension, line
from Tauto> uquita to port of Tampico,
i States of San Luis Potosi to Tamaulipas.. Standard.
12 i The Sierra Madro and Tierre Coliente In-
! ter Oceanic Kaitroad, from point between
Nantla and Tampico, on Gulf coast, pass
ing through City of Mexico to the Pacific,
between Chacahua and Maruata, with
branches to Cuernauaca  Standard.
20 ! Alamos to Yavaros Sonoia Railroad from
city of Alamos to port of Yavaros, or J
some other poi t h elected by Federal Ex- >
leutive  ' Standard.

K a
a. -,
a,—
•A

Per Eng
lish mile.

English miles.

| 146

*$200, 000

i 100

14, 295

7

9,660

47

-.1, 660

166

loial.
$1, 429, 500
86, 940
447, 020
No subsidy.
Standard
Staudard.-j 1,542 , 12. J-.-o
Standard.. 1,500 No subsidy.
t8, 050
Xo subsidy.
i:*, Will, 960
No subsidy.
165 75
9,660
9, 060 ;
15, 295
9, 660, 000
1, 072, 260
1, 593, 900
1,147,125
496 No subsidy.
H
* Per annum.
Ex. 80 
t Except on Presito
56 I $9,660
del Norte brauch.
$540, 960
¦C>
82 TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.
Abstract of railroad charters granted by the Federal Government of Mexico, $c— Cont'd.

Date.

1881.
July 21

Aug;. if

Sept. 17
20
fl>et. 12
2326

1832.
Jan.

Designation, termini, and route.

21

June 28

Sept. 30

Sinaloa and Durango Railroad, from port
of Mazatlan on the Pacifie,io citv of Du
rango, and may be extended to Villa do
Lerdo ami Saltillo 
Puebla and Ilaxiaco Railroad, from Puebla
to Ilaxiaco, passing through coal regions,
and touching at towns of Amatlan and
A catkin, and connect with Morelos Rail
road  
Taliasco Railr oid Company, from San Juan
Bautista'to Minatitlau or Coatzacoalcos,
with branches to Teapannd Tioliiv^co,
and to connect in State of Chiapas with
Mexican Southern Railroad 
Huasteca Railroad Company, from City of
Mexico, passing between Pachuca and
Tulaneiugu, through Carpinteros, Otla-
macatlau and Huejuitl i,to reach junction
of livers at Taut-don ; branch frotn Hue-
.pi tia to Tuxpan Zacualtipam 
Pie uoa loo and Cosahuyapa Riilroad, from
town of Picliucalco to Cosalniyapa Pass,
Stateuf Chiapas 
San Andre's Chalehieoniula Railroad, from
stiition of Dolmen <ui Mexican Railroad,
to city nf above name, Stare of Puebla
Lower California and Sonora Railroad. from
Tijuawa, on the fiontier of the United
States, passing through Punta Ysabel, to
connect with Sonora Rail toad ; branches
to connect towns of Altar and Mudalena,
Stat« of Sonora.  
Peralvillo and Reves Railroad, from city-
gate of Peralvillo, in the, capital, to Pe
lion Baths, and counectat Lou Re^es with
Ino Railroad .  ¦ 
Puebla and San Marcos Railroad from
Puebla to Sau Marcos, through San J nan
de l>8 Llainos-, biauch to Tcapa, State
of Puebla 

International Tamaulipas Railroad, from
Sau Fernando, Tamaulipas, suuthward
to port of Tampico 
Road from Irolo, passing through Pueola.
Chietla, or Tzu-ar Matamoros, to connect
with Mon-h -a Radro-ul  
C entral Plateau Mexican Kailroad f om
City of Mexico, passing through Cuema
vaca; Pueiitii de Yitla. Ate., to Zihut-
tenHJo, on th • PiJ.cirio, with br. niches to
Ixtapa del O-'o and chief towns of Mi
ch p icau to Mo rid i a 
Huatuscoand Camaron Radroad (Company,
from Cam at on ••^¦uion, on VeraCi uz Rail
road, to city of Huatusoo 

Standard. .

Narrow . . .

Standard.

Narrow. . J

Narrow . . .
Standard. .
**i
Narrow. ..

Grand total.

U9

Amount of sub-sidy.

Per Eng
lish mile.

$11,270

, G60

; "s, 050 i
; t9, 660 J

St-andard.J 501 No subsidy.!
i
Narrow . . i 136 : 8, 855 '

5,635

Standard..] 246 No subsidy

Narrow..-! 13 : 9,660

52

5,635

136 j 12, 880 ]
151 ! 9, 660

Standard..! 559 I No subsidy.
I !
Standard..! 10 8, 8"5
 j 17,104 ! 

Total.

$5, 015, 15»

1, 439, 340

: 1, 497, 300

1, 204, 280
16, 905

293, 02»
1, 750, 680
1,458,660

126,121,005

*On main lino.

City ov Mnxico,
February, 1883.

10a branch.
R. B. GOKSUCH, Engineer.

TRADE UKTWKKN MEXTC0 AND THE UNITED STATES. 83

Appendix No. 2 2.
Extract from a letter in regard to the commerce of Mexico— Us population, geographical
features, and transportation facilities, addressed to George S. Bowen,esq., of Chicaqo, by
Joseph ISimmo, jr., September 2, 1878.
Our commercial relatious with Mexico, like those with Canada, are intimately con"
nected with our internal trade, from the fact of territorial contiguity.
The distinguishing topographical feature of Mexico will always control the direc
tion of its foreign commerce. Along the sea coast is a narrow strip of low, hot, and
unhealthy land, and in the interior an area of broad, extensive table-lands elevated
hom oue to six thousand feet above the level of the sea, and embniciuy about seven-
eighths of the territory of the country. The population of Mexico is therefore chiefly-
located upon the high lands.
Taking the figures of the sheet which you inclose, entitled " Onr trade with Mex
ico," the population of the principal cilics of the country is as follows : Chihuahua,
15,400 ; Coluna, 35,000 ; Durango, 24,000 ; Guanajuato, 53,000 ; Guadalajara, 70,000 ;
Sau Luis Potosi, 45,000; Merida, 45,000 ; Morelia, 28,000; Monterey, 15,000; Oiaca,
28,000 ; Puehla, 100,000 ; Queretera, 30,000 ; Mexico, 250,000 ; Orizaba, 20,000.
All these cities are in the interior, aud, with the exception of Mexico and Puebla,.
are practically cut off from foreign commerce. Even those two cities attained their
present population before they en joyed the facilities of railroad transportation. Re
flect for a moment upon this remarkable anomaly, of a couutry having a population
of 10,000,000, with all its large cities in the interior and practically cut off from for
eign commerce. These cities have grown up mainly from internal industries and in
ternal trade.
The city of Vera Cruz, the principal seaport on the Gulf, and to which we. attach
the most importance, is set down as having a population of only 9,000.
The foreign commerce of the populous interior district is quite insignificant, from
the fact that, with the exception of the single line of railroad from Vera Cruz to the
City of Mexico, the only means of transportation are horses, mules, and asses, and
the Indian peons.
It appears to me to be perfectly clear, therefore, that the only way in which any
considerable commerce can be built up between the United States and Mexico is by*
the extension of our railroad system from the Rio Grande to the City of Mexico.
About the beginning of this century, long before the day of railroads, Humboldt
pointed out, as the most practical route for commercial intercourse between Mexico
and the United States, the high plateau extending from the City of Mexico to the
northern border. This plateau descends gradually toward the Rio Grande.
Now the American railroad system is fast reaching dowu toward the Mexican bor
der. San Antonio, the center of interior Mexican trade, is already connected with
the railroad system of this couutry.
The possibilities of trade with Mexico by rail may be illustrated by a single com
parison. West of the States of Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana,
there have already been constructed 11,585 miles of railroad. In 1870 the entire pop
ulation of this section of the country amounted to only 2,500,000, but Mexico has.
already a population of 10,000,000, with no railroads iu connection with our lines.
As you know, the maritime trade of Mexico is largely with other countries. Her
productions are, however, almost all of the character which would at once lead to a
commerce with our Southern, Southwestern, and Northwestern States. A railroad
from the Rio Grande to the City of Mexico would secure the principal trade of that
country to the United States.
There is to-day a market in the Western, Northwestern, aud Southern and South
western States for the entire surplus products of Mexico, and with proper rail trans
portation there would probably spring up a reciprocal trade in the manufactured
products of this couutry, and to a considerable extent also in agritultural products.

84

TRADE BETWEEN MEXICO AND THE UNITED STATES.

Appendix No. 2 3.
Extract from the Mexican Financier of October 27, 1883, in regard to increased commerce
and increased revenues of Mexico consequent upon the construction of railroads from the
United States into that country. City of Mexico, October 27, 1883.
With the opening of railway communication to the United States a large increase
in the exportation of many of these articles may be looked for, for the modern rail
way policy is uot to be content with taking what traffic may be offered, but to seek
traffic and encourage it in every way. The average annual exportation for the five
years from 1877 to 1882 was $20,484,664 in precious metals and $9,685,872 iu merchan
dise, making a decided increase for the exports of the past year. It is notable that
the exports have increased alone to the United States and to England, while those to
Prance, Spain, and Germany have remained stationary. The influence of tbe railways
is shown by the increase of the exports through Monterey — Laredo, ou the Mexican
National, from $271,916 to $1,219,933 ; Paso del Norte, Mexican Central, $80,994 to
-$881,013 ; and Nagales, Sonora Railway, from $5,768 to $143,211. These figures are
eloquent, and are prophetic of a strong volume of exports by the new channels in a
short time to come. The conference ou the question of the abolition of interstate
customs began its discussion of the committee's report last Thursday.

Appendix N o. 24.
Railway distance and time from New Orleans, Saint Louis, Chicago, and Washington, to City
of Mexico, allowing 25 miles per hour for passenger trains and 13 miles per hour for freight
trains, including stops.

From-

New Orleans.. | City of Mexico .
*N ew Orleans . .  do 
t Saint Louis.- ..... .do .
Saint Louis  do.
Chicago  '  do .
Chicago  I  do -

iDi stance.

1,551

"Washington
"Washington
•San Francisco

Passenger.

Train.

Time.

Hays. 2

Hours. 14

4

1

3

4

4

fi

3

18

4

19

4

13

5

16

4

4

freight.
Train. I Time.
Days. I Hours.
4 j -23

Via Laredo and
ican National
way.
Via El Paso and
ican Central
way.
Via Laredo and
ican National
way.
Via El Paso and
ican Central
way.
Via Laredo and
ican National
way.
Via l£l Paso and
ican Central
way.
Via Laredo and
ican National
way.
Via El Paso and
ican Central
way.
ViaElPaMiand ican Central
way.

Mex- Rail-

Mex-
Rail-

Mex- Rail-

Mex- Raib

Mex- Rail

Mex- Rail-

Mex Rail

Mox Rail-

Mcx- Rail-

Appendix No. 25.
Statement shnw'niq the quantities and rallies of the jirincipal and all other articles nf imports into the
States to, Mexico, 1858-1H83.
IMTOltTS OF MERCHANDISE FROM MEXICO.

United Slates from, and of exports from the United

Year end
ed Juue
30—

Breadstuff*
nnd uthei faiina-
ceous food.*'

Chemicals, dni"

Imli;

All
othel .

1858 ...

.. $34,080 ,$28,198

29, 087

$3, 259

185a ...

... 45, 5*20

15,794

45,518 |

6, 030

IBM! ...

. i 28, 940

5,124

549,265 I

04, 010

lew ...

.. 19,012

8,445

401,410

50,405

11-61! ...
0,399
7, 175
1 , 020
12, 958
1803 ...
15.048
!1.'I5, 394
122, 0<i3
85, 790
1804 ...
"1
9, .818
11,730
2, 927
129, 810
1805 ...
0, 337
505
109
114,761
1800 ...
524, 777
84,478
40, 299
1.867 ...
. . . 9, 97.*.
5, 183
138,005
18,408
20, 497
1808 ...
. . . 1 !I4, 209
29, 599
882, 521
112, 159
29, 530
1809 . .
. ..! 71.10:1
03, 140
203, 048
22, 902
57, 700
1870 ...
. .. 79,32]
48, 551
110,097
15,223
21, 197
1K7J ...
. . . '104, 554
08, 313
520, 495
59, 454
101, 711
1X72 ...
. . . 74, 297
43, 114
1,87s, 301
248, 922
2, 408
1873 ...
. . . 1 53, 547
02, 720
2,035, 510
314,347
39, 704
1874 ...
.. ' 01,081
37,720
2,930, 285
024,011
14, 028
187."*. ...
33, 028
31, 002
2, 091, 889
4S5, 489
4,011
1870 ...
... 15,990
49, 022
3, 941,229
713, 833
23, 950
1877 ...
. . . 25, T'.H
39,411
0, 789, 093
1,205, 970
67, 793
1878 ...
... 12,321
34, 339
6, 537, 002,
1, 083, 272
08, 550
1879 ...
... 33.497
50, 432
8, 397, 940
1,371,979
18,443
1880 ..
. . . 05, 230
05, 192
9,818,525
1, 533, 658
226
1881 . .
... 87,840
43, 141
13,911,910
1,730,838
55, 740
1882 ..
. . . 58, IMS
41,352
17,039,069
1,817, 584
3, 562
1883
2"', 07"
50, 192
8, 578, 532
809, 757
124
* 'upper, pigs,
bars, ingots, old,
and other
unmanufactured.
$1,437 3,038
10, 542
1 , 320
1,734
14, 081
21,40116, 538
5, 029
3, 001
3, 123
7, 326
2,504
18, 008
218
3, 120
2, 161
620
2, 490
7, 917
7, 0S2
3, 302 19
6. 825 494
Coohi-
ical a ud
indigo.
$31,793 144, 437
49, 651
91, 645
49, 564
91,151
123, 434
132, 959
90, 302
130, 154
144, 144
144, 974
J92, 830
117,745104,772 55, .39
01,904 54, 519
39, 730
52, 720
*23, 196
62, 183
68, 345
20, 973
5, 813
i-y
woods
sticks
$107, 619
40, 208
161, 115
115,757 91,970
48, 094
110,299130,341 09, 300
108,754 187,337
207, 859
244, 932
30, 098
39, 600
27, 752
65, 002
03, 958
150,413 72, 402
112, 4h2
90, 877
149, 051
100, 070
128,734
211,714
(111
All
othei
$1 1
930330
110
411
io
830
12
022
7
127
40
722
39
024
38
520
01
519
28
380
53
300
280
781
103
745
70
090
15,8
279
247
427
219
193
201
135
159
917
100,706
203
042
198
030
119
681
: Hides
¦ and skins
othel
than fin s.
Hair
nlaet- mvd
India rubber
and -mitta-percli:
crude, or
unnianufaoturci
-
(1496, 929
457
297
535
591
207
527
171
905
383
530
563
978
547
109
325
180
308
817
411
505
745
550
833
743
714,489
1
380
082
1
903
387
1
501
830
2
077
156
1
812
567
1
529
702
1
505, 546
1
075, 777
1
951
918
¦1
111
750
1
525
107
1
568
045
Pounds.
$11, 261
485
2,0742,204
11,535 912
2, 140
1, 607
3,190 2, 808
2,013
4' 097
0.442
15 940
55, 420
18, 625
28 784
79, -230
29 317
42 710
34,27430, 964
39, 701
38, 810
52 985
2, 554
54, 8 4 2
98, 0..0
93. 010
106,417
181, 554
72, 903
115, 007
39, 835
43, 314
40, 494
17, 500
107, 020
616, 742
325, 200
241,478
-Jill) 107
21-1
228000
8. 04,8
23. 5.14
33.9 55
31,79.'63, 209
23, 7 II
35, 099
11, 10 1
13,8 5
11,304 4,132
44, 235
315,059 164, 8 7
123, 484
Jute, and other
grasses, raw.
Tons. 400
389 251
382280898843333889
862
1,513
2, 990
3,3003, 328
4, 244
3, 590
4, 807
0, 185
6, 840
7, 278
9, 105
10, 197
14,08617, 153
19, 233
25, 005
$50, 173
44,80125,114
35, 670
23, 537
44,0470 I, 455
30, 490
104,453110, 455
237, 803
409, 235
(131, 090
620, 044
784, 809
534, 980
094, 254
613, 338
542, 750
656, 746
8>-'J. 901
930, 396
1,324,075
1,034,215
2,001,9392, 712, 088
Lead, pigs, b,
nnd old.
Pounds. .30, 517
91,440
320, 141
57, 482
295, l.'Ki
4, 699IM8
25, 152
""79* 504
523, 043
456,510725,211 161, 274
1 829
0. 203
1, 150
13, 988297 oil
1, 509
2, 799
817
, 579
325, 048
837, 098
533,041 130,453
630, 947
1, 132, 904
1, 191,225
22. 2 1 1
14,007
'33, 201
14, 053
19, 304
41,978 1 0, 089
42, :53
08. 218
58, 245
20 , 839
27,' 661
44, 365
20, ill 9
* All other bveadstntls comprise barley, barley malt, bread and biscuit, oats, rice, rye, wheat, wheat flour, meal of all kinds, pease nnd beans; all other faiiuaceous food
aUat1AIUdher'ch°ni,als, drug,, dves, and. nedi.ines include; Algols; medicinal barks ; camphor crude; madder; soda, nitrate of ; gums; cutch and catechu ; opium ; sod.
and salts of: sulphur or brimstone: chloride of lime or bleaching powder ; all chemicals, not elsewhere specified. 'Cochineal only ; no indigo included.
HW>
a
a
H a
o o
>•rt,
HS3
re
cl Haa
GO H>Ha 'r.
cc
Mexico, 1858-1883 — Continued.
IMPORTS OE MERCHANDISE FROM MEXICO.

OO

Year ended June 30 —

Animals, living.

Precious stones.

Salt.

1863 
1864 
1867 
1869  1 
1870  ' 
1871 
1872 
$1.88,558 147,512 134,701 81,439
108,050129,897132,971132,873175,305
314,272 455, 917
001,245
$32, 449330
102, 048
156, 690
63, 329
1873 
1874 
1875 
1870  
1K77 
6, 355
1878 
1, 549
1879 
3,9275,410
21, 657
76, 241
56, 176
* Of this amount §60,497 was the value of unmanufactured cotton.
t Of this amount $1,750,615 was the value of unmanufactured cotton.
; Of this amount $4,h59,725 was the value of unmanufactured cotton.
$6,285 11, 321
22, 555
12, 266
16, 138
40, 871
36, 247
6,452
12, 326
13, 645
21, 368
13, 716
30, 235
29,60020,984 6,963 9,844
8,201 6,803
7,1966,7686,1388,4197,178 802973
Spices of
all kinds.
Sugar and
molasses
of all kinds.
$1,252 1,272 642
1,8351,5513,959
22, 873
10, 836
39, 920
19, 041
40, 324
33, 841
104, 476
124, 403
10,396 1,6132,100 1, 883
1,520 5,4811,650
3,7609,040 5,219
8, 428
10,775
$9, 569
8,273
55, 309
23, 333
10, 886
45, 576
12, 019
816
79, 904
1,693
29. 735
65, 197
28, 123
39, 877
52, 007
11,818
17, 082
104, 547
164,507
227, 543
155, 700
76,992
232, 655
124, 535
104,374 64, 527
Wool, raw and fleece.
Pounds.
31, 209
1, 226, 820
702, 676
163, 297
69, 493
716, 068
656, 459
865, 909
1, 1S2, 481
1,182,414
1, 173, 099
1,095,282 S3S, 798
1,405,983 835, 487
819, 784
1,321,8741,009,376 191,666 1,775
$4, 137
9,864
15,151 1,6413, 560
155, 450
90, 503
45, 490
18, 667377
4,386
51, S38
49, 829
68, 907
128, 375
129,475112,220119,534 85, 887
119,708 72, 216
06, 300
144,875 99, 479
18,037 257
"Wood, un
manu
factured.
$43, 674
55, 949
101,392
102,711 51,41509,01462, 342
S3, 921
82, 908
106,921 72, 973
126, 345
107, 808
176, 724
279, 020
171, 554
524, 520
340, 923
347, 833
133, 090
257, 853
224, 925
408, 754
329, 295
499, 776
441, 083
Other mer
chandise.
$275,901 389,904819, 195
141, 120
"289,510
tl, 984, 068
?4,987,889
§.5,188,606 11770, 268
127, 392
217, 404
225, 821
377,916 908, 208
263,991 550, 070
379,557 756, 226
735, 763
533, 176
589, 051
529, 001
.889, 136
974,452
1,212,6011,244,542
5 Of this amount $5,128,875 was the value of unmanufactured cotton.
| Of this amount. $417,197 was the value of niiniaiiufaiiiired cotton.
Total
imports of
merchan dise.
$1, 108, 501
1, 244, #84
1,993,431 886,112817, 809
3, 043, 882
6,128,445- 0, 220, 874
1, 726, 092 ,
1, 071, 936
1, 590, 667
2,336,1642,715,6653, 209, 688
4, 092, 920
4, 276, 165
4, 346, 364
5, 174, 594
5, 150, 572
5, 204, 264
5,251.5025, 493, 221
7, 209, 593
8, 317, 802
8, 461, 899
8, 177 123
SO>
O a
Cd a
aaz g
a y,
a o>di-3X a
Haoco H
> Ha
cr.
Mexico, 1858-1883— Continued.
EXPORTS OE DOMESTIC MERCHANDISE TO MEXICO.

Year ended June 30 —

Sheep.



[^  ;;;:;::;:

JYo.

JSu

iii
33
543
3, isn
't) 27, 481
36, 347
27, 228
57,217
111, 445
112, 553
95,215
161,549153,065 89, 689
115, 265
108, 886
81, 338
235, 585
590
2, 800 |
1868. 
2, 253
1869 . 
(t)
1870. 
18, 189
1871 
32,837 i
1872. 
25, 843
59, 935
110, 290
133, 222
104, 865
144, 908
158, 217
103, 789
120, 817
118, 498
112, 421
364, 866
1873. . 
1874. 
1875.. 
1876 
1877 " 
1 878 
1879 
1880 . . .. 
1881 
1883 
Ilread and breadstuff's.
Indian corn.
Wheat and
wheat-flour.
49, 579
48, 932
80, 329
13, 877
18,364
268, 653
187,014181,462158, 624
14,218 i
7, 292 |
72,216
62, 859 I
173, 585
21, 039
104, 146
55. 881
9, 862
93, 487
64, 776
288, 109
126,61.3 85, 702
352. 510
419, 263
470, 453
$37,676 I
29, 886
78, 063
9, 993
14,017
263, 849
256, 924
347, 464
121, 553
16, 874
9, 051
72, 439
65, 292
169, 350
27, 233
99, 106
40,049 9, 092
75, 945
55, 658
267,023 *
95, 802
68,743 i
240, 182 l
332,642 j
391,751
$139,673 184, 223
247, 200
109, 033
282. 810
777, 122
855, 772
1,089,016 584, 012
547, 965
343, 205
278,111209, 371
225, 718
218,279
110,525 90, 666
102, 173
108, 952
88, 913
171, 450
129, 971
69, 072
93, 757
103,528178, 408
All other.'
$3, 629
4,1378,247
10, 920
31,915
379, 727
59, 730
90, 238
06, 227
117,066 10, 938
10, 923
11,911 14,069
35,16622, 310
25, 449
21,53226, 580
23. 756
51,885
50, 001
44, 126
60, 198
91,475
118,744
Cotton, raw or unmanu
factured.
Pounds. 9, 084, 609
5, 993, 635
9, 043, 377
1,410,659
417, 497
50, 317
3, 310, 842
8, 228, 598
2, 042, 224
0, 609, 707
11,309,498 957, 209
550, 63?
2, 289, 561
1, 305, 276
6, 972, 575
3,969,8123, 422, 162
9, 89-', 129
9, 831, 543
13,386,186 12, 537, 650
20, 577, 771
$1, 074, 818
883, 337
1,076,150 153, 905
17, 611
934, 458
1, 349, 685
458, 405
1,412,863
1, 586, 517
128, 186
74, 352
322, 507
184, 186
890. 574
462, 902
357, 210
912, 583
1, 176, 067
1, 494, 101
1, 447, 522
2, 217, 259
* Ilread and breadstuff's, all other, comprise barley, bread and bisouit, Indian-corn meal, oats,
bremlstulfs, or preparations of. used as food.
f Classed under tbe general heading "Animals living, all kinds," total $156,773.
i-ilour, other small grain and pulse, maiaena, farina, and all other
S3> d
a -aaa
331, 199 S
a
o
o>d
>-.EC
a
aHadVjH>aa.
Year ended -June 30-

1858 .
1S59 .
I860 .
1861..1862 .
1863..1864 .
1865..
1866 .
1867..
1868..1869..1870..
1871.. 1872..
1873..
1.874..1875 .
1876 .
1877..1878
1879188.J1881188218*3

Cotton, manuf.ictuies of.

Colored.

141,780

397, 472

(D

1

019,621

758, 338
559,411
500, 151)
277. 032
569, 855
1
210, 280
0
255, 489
0
104, 048
7
003, 001
li
102,170
6
874, 372
6
743,817
0
114,541
$29, 18(1
51, 828
(t)
149, 569
192, 254
84, 387
66, 185
35. 357
62, 724
111, 351
513, 48S
746, 301
509, 255
501,018512, 195
504,019
441, 252
TJncoloied.
Yards.
3, 718
45, 383
407, 619
(t)
691, 927
1,451,7271, 355, 636
1,258,9211, 986, 883
1,919,9972, 143,975
5, 876, 817
5, 720, 150
3, 880, 748
2, 808, 228
3,057,0113,838,009 I
3, 523, 873
$1, 049
9,915
68, 023
(t)
76, 127
162, 934
156, 537
155,657123.009 104, 608
201, 513
486, 159
468, 717
286, 295
224, 181
312, 824
318, 517
292, 009
Allother
Drugs, chem
icals, mcili-
- ernes, acids,
ashes, and
dve-slurt*,.
$281, 504
312, 203
641, 870
312, 095
157,874
1, 784, 531
717, 022
2, 222, 4 10
58, 003
358. 1 03
3S7, 019
341, 593
106,373 94, 366
38, 368
73, 244
50, 337
64, 189
60, 595
64, 450
87, 278
09, 852
106, 406
193, 030
290, 132
185,329
$29
957
34
2S0
0.1
727
48
710
75
194
US
604
166
741
Ml
1,9(1
08
137
S3
035
113
105
90
248
93
7 4
1117
436
120
437
112
877
111
318
79
799
123
969
127
756
145
331
212
477
388
821
265
229
tilass
and glass
ware.
Iron and I
.steel.
and nianut'act-!
ures ot.*
$8,011
$188, 214
7, 037
91,472
5. 981
329, 326
5, 703
255, 32 1
14, 486
265, 225
43, 224
704,914
4(1, 6711
1, 165, 541
26,417
1,423,571
23, 515
42 ', 934
10, 813
770, 150
27, 010
784, 897
27, 070
811,384
21,217
654, 298
IS 905
698, 296
20,419
803, 668
26, 7:.i2
1, 043, 071
2.1,007
1.073, 530
37 501
954. 931
20, 743
1,063,687
24. 76.1
786, 365
50, ,-98
1,201,574
47. .831
996, OSO
54,781
1,257,731
87,313
2, 582, 346
11. 5-12
4,239,712
59, 119!)
3, 772, 287
Leather1, and man1-4^'4 E"
ures of.
Boots and
$1, 060
9, 345
8, 929
4, 502
9, 676
289, 543
373, 146
, 119,848 32, 1.11
-21, 533
61,22795, 590
116,761 91, 970
98, 505
101,577 70,41784, 129
79, 153
53, 383
60, 9"0
58, 500
53. 466
48, 207
85, 327
80, 788
$4,4114 5, 873
4, 294
0, 395
4,607
112,334 67, 404
160, 203
35, 114
21, 639
23, 874
18,43011,59116, 970
1 8, 4K1
13, 613
12, 757
26, 026
11, 182
14,233
27,71921, 124
25,133 45, 953
65, 517
05, 102
CC
cc
>-.po*>da
bsa<aa
ax
oo> •rt.
* Including, also, printing presses and type
t Included in '"All other."
scales and bulam
es, sewing-machines, and parts of, steam and other tire engines an. I apparatus.
PCC
>
ato
Mexico, l-rfisi-lSS'' — Continued.
EXI'OUTK 111.' DOMESTIC "Ml'IIiOH \,\'1>ISE TO MEXICO.

1873 1874
187518701877
18781879 1889
1881 18821883

Ordnance sunt
y, Refined -----
* Year ended. Inne i illuini- ^ i;
V7 ;;o  nation Zl "- -r
7- inineral -_ - .

1853 18591 800
1861 1802 18631804186518001807 18081809
18791871

Provisions.'

$15, ¦
26, .

$3 1,317
10,79(1

$7,015

14, 409

66, 523

25, 775

4,906
0,115
6, 244
1,759
10,957 $32, 45
957934
073 280149 I oil
508348894 138
438
839750
70, 139
47,00808, 432 399
141'lis! 793
75,914811, 113
95, 230
98, 303
119,491
B.i. on and
hums
P., I, ,1,1.7
49,198 $0,28(1
43, 431 5, 2112
09,171)
487, 992
20, 998
20, 220
24, 274
4c. 800
40, 834
23, 788
28, S97
25, 219
26, 672
34, 807
45, 742
49, 627
145, 397
226, 125
393,783
3*21,700 ] 40,781
294,721 * 59, 7511
. 120, 355 28, 204
93,418 18,402
98,490 10,719
08,113 12, 058
6. 978
2, 838
271 130
314
9.740 302
1, 141
210. 779
290, 001
50, 310
31, 080
209, 802
119,799
138, 983
04,361)
141.595 75, 045 9, 578
90,490 11, 512
109,312 . 19, 705
J214. 523 i 31, 013
14, 909
19,338 9. 091
10, 505
4, 885
0, 453
49.449
Foil mis.
520, 208 $07, 902
579, 033 05, 413
9110, 100 103,120
117,487 17,344
050, 851 50. 092
1,357,512 159,279
2,825,411 340,683
2, 354, 093 455, 797
889 498 212, 250
893 794 137. 203
981, 17.8
03n, 541
734. 085
704. 794 93, 71
1,1179,754 121,9,
898,445304, 040
38S, 429
311,802
124,019198,798 134, 107
1, 255, (103
1, 204, 42J
1,598.525 1, 513, 980
1, 183,017
83, 081
30. 628
52, 243
41,70203, 491
137,119102,052
120,319132, 507
145,293
1,392,154 103,797
$19, 582
19,31924, 305
16,712
31, 093
110, 027
191,442295, 000
134,121
112,470 01, 739
49, 150
05, 028
Oil, 149
09, 848
05, 749
58, 1 1 8
53, 4511
01, 405
54.972
81,545 71, 829
77, 512
97, 534
130, 198
142,213
i*77: 103, 197,
450,
,392'! 207, 182,
1199 120
117
501
, 048
, 898
. 097
, Ollli
, 249
, 990
rt *
$3, 947
7, 954
21,259 11, 391
55, 375
30, 304
34, 593
55, 099
32, 817
44, 025
20, 254
15, 385
35, 208
158. 572
127.013 59, 528
58. 442
58, 435
75, 704
38,811041, 073
402,310,394,
03,
22,799
292, 234
270, 972
450, 429
20, 603
53
705
,354 ,591,099
140,759 91,218
199,147.122, 100,
*.o
540347844510
152.791135, 174
142,071141, 183
$02, 703
01, -190
84, 572
55, 405
78, 000
326, 014 1
544,885 1
872,314 4
211,870 1
137,319179, 130
141,477151, 231
14 4,227
178, 030
150, 058
251, 951
22('.! 810
101,015
252, 05j
249, 289
274, 532
544,201 1
1,426,411 2
1, 385, 420 2
$754, 034
502,713 435, 045
303, 890
343,218
, 530, 034
, 973, 979
, 525, 902
, 322, 080
895, 158
895, 571
790, 039
059, 84 1
793, 5.32
714. 095
842, 040
074, 83,8
703,413020, 332
551, 574
729, 301
753, 535
871,184
, 327, 434
, 500, 392
,821,700
782, 852
252. 102
509, 379
559, 003
840, 720
441, 579
705, 135
819, 972
701,599 825, 014
048, 420
835, 099
544, 745
944, 033
430. 058
941, 019
016, 118
872, 004
700, 978
593, 802
811, 429
400, 389
005, 974
198,077
324, 505
370, 992
$529, 573
007, 580
2, 015, 334
651,304340, 454
1,579,045
1, 595, 464
2, 530, 867
871,019572, 182
1,392,919
1, 047, 408
,1,314,955 2, 568,080
2, 122, 931
2, 323, 882
'1,930,691 1,865, 278
1, 499, 594
1, 58). 092
1,049,275 1,551,804
1. 800, 519
1.973, 101
2, 158,977
2, 210,628
$3, 312, 825
2, 919, 742
5,324,713
2, 210, 420
2, 181,174
9, 020, 024
9, 270, 597
10, 350, 819
4,573,218 5, 395, 796
0,441,359
4,883, 107
5, 859, 709
7,012,113o! 204. 991
5, 946, K»
o! 20d! 572
5, 895, 494
7, 400, 704
6, 732, 244
7, 800, 493
11,171,23815,482,582 10, 587, 020
served inutto
all othei
comprise: Beef, salted or Clin
slers: pickles und s mces ; por
1: beef,
fresh ; butler, cheese, coiule
<, potatoes . other vegetable
eggs; lish, dried, smoked, fresh, pickled, other cured ; meats, pre-
¦s. prcpuied or presen ed.
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