YALE UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY

1935

GENEBAL INDEX

TO THE

PROCEEDINGS

or THE

ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
[FIEST SEBIES.]
Vols. I.-XXIL, 1865-1878.

COMPILED BY ORDEK OP THE COUNCIL.

LONDON:
THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY,
KENSINGTON GORE, S.W. 7.
EDWARD STANFORD, LTD., 12, LONG ACRE, V.G. 2.
1920.
Price to Non-Fellows, 10s. 6d. net : to Fellows, 6s. Cd. net.

GENERAL INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS

OF THE

ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
[FIRST SERIES.]

GENERAL INDEX
TO THE
PROCEEDINGS
OP THE
ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
pETRST SEEIES.J
Vols. I.-XXIL, 1855-1878.

COMPILED BY ORDER OF THE COUNCIL.

LONDON :
THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY,
KENSINGTON GORE, S.W. 7
EDWARD STANFORD, LTD., 12, LONG ACRE, W.C. 2
1920.

CONTENTS.
PAGE
Index to the Papers in the Proceedings ... ... ••• v
Index to the Maps in the Proceedings ... ... xxvi
Index to Diagrams ... ... ••• ¦•• xxvii
General Index ... ... ¦•• ¦•• •¦• 1

NOTE.
This Index, compiled by Miss M. H. James, completes the series of General
Indices to the serial publications of the Society down to 1902. The first series
of Proceedings, here dealt with, was published concurrently with the original
Journal of the Society, and as this last was provided from time to time with
ten-yearly indices, and much of the material in the two series was the same, a
General Index to the Proceedings was perhaps deemed unnecessary. Hitherto
therefore references to many subjects of interest both in the discussions fol
lowing the papers and other matter not included in the Journal have been
wanting for a period of great importance to the history of exploration in
Africa, Australia, and the Arctic Regions. They are now for the first time
made easily available in the present Index.

INDEX TO THE PAPERS IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE
ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY (1855-1878).

GENERAL.
Address to the Geographical and Ethno
logical Section of the British Associa
tion, Oxford Meeting, I860., Sir R. I.
Murchieon, iv. 250
 to the Geographical Section,
British Association, Belfast meeting,
1874. (on Geography in relation to
Military Operations), Major [0. W.]
Wilson, xix. 63
 • to the Geographical Section of the
British Association at Bristol, 1875.,
Lt.-Gen. R. Strachey, xx. 79
Electric Circuits, Ool. T. P. Shaffner,
v. 94.
Exploration of Arid Countries, F.
Galton, ii. 60
Hints to Travellers, xvi. 1-78
International Congress for Geographical
Scienoe, Antwerp, 1871., Report by
V.-Adm. Ommanney, xvi. 132
Ditto, Paris, 1875., Circular and Pro
gramme of, xviii. 453, xix. 59 ; Pro
gress of, 59 ; date fixed, 134
Letter from Lt.-Col. A. S. Waugh on
receiving the Gold Medal, 1857., ii.
37
Memorial to the Universities of Oxford
and Cambridge on a Proposed Geo
graphical fellowship, xviii. 451
Names of Plaoes in Geography, Lt.-Col.
W. Ross-King, xix. 134
Place of Geography in Education, Rev.
E. Hale, xvi. 450
Scientific Geography, Introductory Lec
ture on, Lt.-Gen. R. Strachey, xxi. 179
 The Scope of, Lt.-Gen. R.
Strachey, xvi. 443

MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL
GEOGRAPHY.
Causes of Dryness in certain Arid Dis
tricts, Thoa. Hopkins, i. 58
Comparative Antiquity of Continents as
indicated by the Distribution of Living

and Extinct Animals, A. R. Wallace,
xxi. 505
Determination of Heights, Notes on, A.
Buchan, xiii. 360
Distribution of Salt in the Ocean as
indicated by the Specific Gravity of its
Waters, Dr. J. Y. Buchanan, xxi. 255
Fine Regions of the Trade Winds, T.
Hopkins, ii. 357
Formation of Cyclones, and the Tracks
they Pursue, Capt. A. Parish, i. 36
 of Fjords, Canons and Benches,
R. Brown, xiii. 144
 of the Main Land Masses, Prof.
P. M. Duncan, xxii. 68
Magnetism of the Earth, Capt. F. J.
Evans, xxii. 188
Method for determining Longitude, by
Observations of the Moon's greatest
Altitude, W. Spottiswoode, v. 234
New Projection of the Sphere, Sir J. F.
W. Herschel, iii. 174
Notes on the frequent omission of Read
ings of the Barometer and Ther
mometer in Sextant Observations for
determination of Latitude and Longi
tude, E. Dunkin, viii. 155
Occuttation of Stars by Moon in Eastern
Africa, 1878-9., Probable, Prof. J. R.
Hind, xxii. 64
Physical Geography of the Sea, Address
at British Association, Glasgow meet
ing, 1876., Capt. F. J. O. Evans, xxi. 66
Planispheres, Chev. I. Villa, vi. 249
Plant Distribution as a field for Geo
graphical Research, W. T. Thiselton-
Dyer, xxii. 412
Reconnaissance, The, of a New or Partially
known Country, Capt. C. Warren, xix.
155
Stereoscopic Maps from Models of Moun
tainous Countries, F. Galton, ix. 104
Sun Signals for the use of Travellers
(Hand Heliostat), F. Galton, iv. 14
Temperature of the Deep Sea Bottom and
the Causes by which it is Conditioned,
Dr. W. B. Carpenter, xxi. 289
Typical Mountain Ranges, W. Spottis
woode, iv. 97

INDEX TO THE PAPERS IN THE PROCEEDINGS

AFRICA.
General —
Antiquity of the Physical Geography
of Inner Africa, Sir R. I. Murchison,
viii. 151
Exploration in, Proceedings of Speke,
Petherick,Lejean, Peney, Livingstone,
vi. 17-20
 , Three letters from Dr. Vogel
to Dr. Barth, i. 15 ; Fate of Dr. Vogel,
1857., G. Green, &c, ii. 79.
Exploration Fund,circular by Committee
of Administration, xxi. 385
Meeting at the Mansion House,
1877., xxi. 601
Meeting of Subscribers, Report of
Committee, &c, 1878., xxii. 461
Heights determined by Boiling-point
Observations, by S. W. Baker ; com
puted by E. Dunkin, x. 25
— — Remarks on the Thermometer
B. W. used by S. W. Baker in
I. determining Height, Staff-Oomm.
C. George, x. 25
 Tables of, x. 26-27
Map of, published in Pigafetta's ' King
dom of Congo,' R. H. Major on, xi. 246
Overland Telegraph, Minute of Con
ference on, 1877., xxi. 616
 Remarks on suggested Line
of, St. Vincent Erskine, xxii. 224
Trade, On overcoming geographical
obstacles to, by economical animal and
mechanical expedients, J. L. Haddon,
xxii. 251

Articles, Letters, etc., prom Dr.
Livingstone or concerning him in
Order op Date —
Astronomical Observations made by
Dr. Livingstone, T. Maclear, i. 44,
letter on, 268
Journey from Cassange, Brand's report,
forwarded by E. Gabriel, i. 11,
another letter, 56
Enquiries for, at Quillimane, Com.
Trotter, i. 57
Arrangements made on behalf of,
Comm. Nolloth, i. 58
Letter from, on his Quango journey,
i. 92
Festival. 1858., ii. 116
Letters from (1859.), iv. 19
 on Lakes Nyasa and Shirwa
(I860.), iv. 87
Latest Intelligence of, I860., v. 128, 224
 1861., vi. 20, 52
Exploration of the Niassa Lake by,
(1861.), vii. 18
 Rovuma river, (1862.),
vii. 52

Africa, General— Livingstone — continued.
Reported death of, 1864., viii. 44
Health and speedy return of, viii- 154
Letters from, on the Zambesi, viii.
256
 dated Ngomano, 1866., xi. lo
News of, 1866., xi. 4, 197
Reported death of, (1866.), letter from
Dr. J. Kirk, xi. Ill
 , remarks on the above letter
Sir R. I. Murchison, xi. 112
Despatches and letters relating to last
journey and (supposed) death of, Dr.
J. E. Seward and Dr. J. Kirk (1866.),
xi. 124
On Last Journey of, and the probable
ultimate Sources of the Nile, A. G.
Findlay, xi. 232
Despatches on fate, and possible
survival of, with letter from Dr.
J. Kirk, xii. 20 et seq.
Safety of, letters from Dr. J. Kirk,
xii. 50, and others, 22, 23
 , letters from Mrs. Kirk, xii. 50
 , and progress of the Royal Geo
graphical Search expedition, letter
from Sir R. I. Murchison, xii. 77
Letters from, on his doings after his
supposed death, xii. 175 et seq.
Despatches concerning, xii. 180 •
Letters from, (1867.), xiii. 8
Despatch from, (1868.), xiv. 8 et seq.
 letter on the above, by Dr. J.
Kirk, xiv. 16
Government aid to, 1870., xiv. 334
Letters and despatches from (1869.),
xiv. 38
Letter(s) on, W. Churchill, (1870.),
xv. 115
 , Dr. J. Kirk, xv. 206, cited 309
 , Id., (1871.), xv. 335
Progress of Stanley in search of, (1871.),
letters from Dr. Kirk, xvi. 102, 103
(1872.), 225
Latest news of, 1872., xvi. 369, 377, 379
Letters from, to Sir R. I. Murchison
(1872.), xvi. 433
Exploration by, of the Upper Congo,
Dr. E. Behm, xvii. 21
Letter from Manyema to Sir T. Maclear,
xvii. 67
Letters from, xvii. 323
to Sir H. B. E. Frere, (1869.),
xviii. 255-67
— Sir H. Rawlinson, (1873.), 267-74
— Sir R. I. Murchison. (1870 }
xviii. 274
— Sir T. B. Braithwaite (1870-2 )
xviii. 278
Death of, (1873 ), and Reports relating
to, xviii. 131, 145, 149, 176, 182
 , Civil List Annuity to his
children, xviii. 175, 408

OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1855-1878.

vu

Africa, General — Livingstone — continued.
Death of, Offer of interment in West
minster Abbey, xviii. 182
  , Funeral arrangements,
xviii. 221 et seq., 445 et seq.
  , Presentation to R.G.S. of
Chumah and Snsi, his followers,
xviii. 300

Livingstone Search and Relief Expe
ditions — East Coast.
Set on foot, 1867., xi. 154, 161, 199
Letter from E. D. Young, 1867., xii. 9
Letter from Comm : Gordon, xii. 10
Report from E. D. Young, 1868., xii. 79
Sir Bartle Frere on, 1872., xvi. 145
C. R. Markham on, xvi. 158
Sir Henry C. Rawlinson on, xvi. 184,
241
Report from Lt. Dawson, 1872;, xvi. 381
Letter from the Sultan of Zanzibar, xvi.
383
Report of Dr. Kirk, xvi. 383, 384, 386
Telegram from Governor of Bombay,
xvi. 410
Documents relating to, xvi. 412
First report by Committee to Sub
scribers, xvi. 413
Official report of Lt. Dawson, xvi. 419
Instructions of Lt. Dawson to Lt. Henn,
on transferring command, xvi. 421 ; of
Lt. Henn to Mr. Livingstone, xvi. 422
Official report of Lt. Henn, xvi. 423 ; of
Mr. W. O. Livingstone, xvi. 424
Statement of accounts, xvi. 426-7
Rawlinson on, xvii. 35
Letters between Mr. Charles Living
stone and Governor Pope Hennessy,
xvii. 132
Letters from Lt. Grandy, xvii. 157, 324
 Sir Bartle Frere on, xvii. 157
Instructions given at Zanzibar by Sir
Bartle Frere, 1873., xvii. 158
Letters from Lt. Cameron and Dr.
Dillon, xvii. 169-71, from Lt. Cameron
and Dr. Kirk, xvii. 334, from Lt.
Cameron, xvii. 334-7, xviii. 69-74,
from Lt. Cameron and others, xviii.
176-82, from Lt. Cameron, xviii.
281, 468
Journal of Lt. Cameron, xix. 136
Vote of thanks to Mr. Young, xviii. Ill
Livingstone Search and Relief Expe
ditions — West Coast.
Letter from Lt. W. J. Grandy, 1873.,
xvii. 157, 324
Report of Lt. Grandy, xix. 78
Majwara's account of the Last Journey
and Death of Dr. Livingstone,
F. Holmwood, xviii. 244
North Africa —
Atlas, Account of a Journey across, and

North Africa — continued.
through the oases Tuat and Tidekelt
to Tripoli by way of Ghadames in
the year 1864., Gerhardt Rohlfs, ix.
312
 (Mts.), Ascent of the, Dr. J. D.
Hooker, 1871., xv. 212
General Historical View of the State of
Human Society in Northern Central
Africa, Dr. H. Barth, ii. 217
Ghadames, journey to,(letter), Gerhardt
Rohlfs, x. 69
Morocco, On the Coast of, W. J. Elton,
ii. 375
 Journey of Gerhardt Rohlfs
through Morocco and Tuat, Dr. A.
Petermann, ix. 79
 Letters from Rohlfs on a proposed
journey rid, viii. 94, reply of the Royal
Geographical Society, 96
Morocco, Some superficial appearances
in N.-W., Dr. T. Hodgkin, ix. 24
Suez Canal — Remarks on the Isthmus
of Suez, with special reference to
the proposed Canal, Comm. B. Pim,
H.N., iii. 177
 Opening of, 1869., Lord Houghton,
xiv. 88
 Report on, Capt. Richards, n.N.,
and Lt.-Col. Clarke, R.E., xiv. 259
 with Directions for its Pilotage,
Comm. G. S. Nares, R.N., xiv. 75
Tunis, Topographical Notes on, com
municated by V.-Adm. W. H. Smyth,
vi. 210
Nile Region (see also East Africa, infra)—
S W. Baker, Letters on African travels,
1862., vii. 21, 46, 78
on progress of Expedition up White
Nile, 1870., xv. 92, 162, (1871.),
xvi. 187
on the tributaries of the Nile in
Abyssinia, x. 279
on the Atbara and its tributaries in
Nubia, vii. 21
Dr. Beke, on the Delta of the Ethiopian
Nile, vii. 116
Lt. W. H. Chippendall, journey beyond
Cataracts of the upper Nile towards
the Albert Nyanza, 1875., xx. 67
Staff-Colonel R. E. Colston, Survey of
upper Nile. Itinerary from Debbe" to
El Obeyad, with details of important
places, Gen. Stone, xx. 357
Du Chaillu, Letter on proposed journey
to sources of the Nile, 1864., ix. 14
Col. C. E. Gordon, on the Victoria
Nile between Magungo and Foweira,
xxi. 49
 on the Nile between Dufli and
Magungo, xxi. 48
 Expedition of, 1875., Progress of.
Sir H. Rawlinson on, xx. 50

INDEX TO THE PAPERS IN THE PROCEEDINGS

Africa — Nile Region — continued.
Journey on the Nile above Gondokoro,
between Regiaf and Dufli, Report,
J. Kemp, xix. 324
Khedive's Expedition to Central Africa,
1870-3., Geographical Notes of, Lt.
Julian A. Baker, xviii. 131
 Sir S. W. Baker
on, xviii. 50
 to the Lake District, 1874-6.,
Col. C. E. Gordon on, xxi. 56
 1874-6., Summary of Geo
graphical and Scientific Results of,
xxi. 63
Comte d'Escayrae de Lauture, Expedi
tion up the Nile, 1856-7., i. 300, ii. 220
 Notes on, A. W.
Twyford, i. 503
 Review of Expedition & la
Recherche des Sources du Nil, Journal
de M. Thibaut, (1839-40.), ii. 222
J. Petherick. Journeys up the White
Nile to the Equator, and travels in
the Interior of Africa, 1857-8., iv. 93 I
 Journey from Khartum' by the
White Nile, Bahr el Gazal and in
the Interior of Central Africa,
1857-8., v. 27
 Letter from, on his expedition to
assist Speke and Grant, I860., iv. 223
 On his expedition up the White
Nile, I860., v. 20
 Agreement with Royal Geo
graphical Society in respect of ex
pedition, 1861., v. 40, viii. 124
 Instructions from Royal Geo
graphical Society in respect of ex
pedition, 1861., v. 40, viii. 125
 Additional instrumental in
respect of expedition, 1861., F. Galton,
v. 96
 Letter to Capt. Speke, 1861., vi. 79,
letter to, from him, vii. 235
 Proceedings of on White Nile ex
pedition, 1861, vii. 20, 65
 Explorations in the region of the
upper Nile, 1862., viii. 122
 Prefatory extracts from proceed
ings of the Royal Geographical
Society in respect of Explorations on
the upper Nile, 1862., viii. 123
 Report of Explorations in the
region of the upper Nile, 1862.,
viii. 126
 Letter from Mrs. Petherick on
Nile Expedition, 1863., viii. 145
Captains Speke and Grant. Intelli
gence from Captain Speke of their
Expedition to the Sources of the
Nile, v. 127
,  letters from the former
to the King of Karagwe and to
Petherick, vii. 228 et seq.

Nile Region — continued.
Captains Speke and Grant, On the Dis
covery of the Sources of the Nile in
Lake Victoria Nyanza, 1863., vii. 217
H. M. Stanley, Geographical Sketch
of the Nile and Livingstone (Congo)
basin, xxii. 382
Mme. Tinne', Expedition up the Nile,
1863., letter from, vii. 204
 Letter from M. Tinne, vii. 103
 another letter from M. Tinne,
viii. 12
Von Heuglin, Baron, letter from, to
Captain Speke, on White Nile Expe
dition, viii. 264
East Africa —
Abyssinia— Climate and geology of,
Notes on, with table of heights, Dr.
H. Cook, xiv. 158
 Englishmen in Captivity in, Col.
Rigby, x. 113
 Expeditions to, Early Portuguese
xii. 11
 Mr. Rassam's, 1865-6., letter
from Rassam on, x. 295
 Geographical results of the
First and Second expeditions, C. R.
Markham, xii. 113
 Geographical results of the
Fourth expedition, C. R. Markham,
xii. 298
 Journey from Metemna to Da-
mot, along the western shores of the
Tana sea, and narrative of the cap
tivity, H. Blanc, m.d., xiii. 39
Dar Salam, new harbour opposite
Zanzibar, letter from Dr. Kirk on,
xi. 35
 The Country between Dar
es Salam and Kilwa, Capt. F. Elton,
xix. 110
Expeditions and Exploration in —
The most promising fields for new ex
ploration in, Notes on, by a Sub
committee of the council of the
Royal Geographical Society, vi. 207
Notes on East African Exploration,
1857., Capt. R. F. Burton, ii. 52
Explorations in Eastern Africa, Capts.
Burton and Speke, iii. 348
Travels in E. Africa, J. M. Hilde-
brandt (from the proceedings of the
Geographical Society of Berlin),
xxii. 446
Letters from the East African Expe
dition under Capt. Speke and Grant,
I860., v. 11
Letters from Capt. Speke, v. 127
Letters from Capt. Speke and Grant,
1861., vii. 20
Baron von der Decken, expedition
of, 1861., Report on disasters to
Chev. von Schickh, x. 91

OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1855-1878.

ix

East Africa — continued.
Expeditions and Exploration in — contd.
Baron von der Decken, 1865., letter
on, x. 28, Account of the death of,
and of Dr. Luik, Col. Playfair, x.
109
On the Comoro Islands, Capt. A. de
Horsey, r.n., viii. 274
Journey across the Great Salt Desert
from Hanfila to the foot of the
Abyssinian Alps, 1867., Werner
Munzinger, xiii. 219
On the ascent of Mt. Kilima Njaro,
letters from Rev. Charles New,
1871., xvi. 167, 168
Journey to Kilimanjaro with Baron
von der Decken, 1861., letter on,
R. Thornton, vi. 47
 account of, 1861., R. Thorn
ton, ix. 15
Examination of the Lnfigi River
Delta, J. Kirk, xviii. 74
Journey to Universities Mission
Station of Magila, on the borders
of the Usambara Country, A. Bell-
ville, xx. 74
Visit to the Mungao District, near
Cape Delgado, Dr. J. Kirk, 1877.,
xxi. 588
Nyasa, Lake, exploration of, Dr.
Livingstone, I860., vii. 18
Nyasa Lake, E. D. Young, letter from,
xx. 451
• —  and a journey from North
end of, to Zanzibar, H. B.
Cotterill, xxii. 233
Sojourn at, 1875., E. D. Young,
xxi. 225
Relation of Scottish Churches to
Mission of, letter from J. Steven
son, xxi. 14, note
and Shirwa, Dr. Livingstone on,
iv. 87
Journey from the PaDgani, via Wa-
digo, to Mombasa, 1874., Rev.
Charles New, xix. 317
Rovuma river, ascent of, with Dr.
Livingstone, 1861-2., J. Kirk,
ix. 284
Dr. Livingstone, Letter from, vii. 52 ;
do., 1866.,xi. 15 ; see Africa, General
 Dr. Livingstone's expedi
tion, Extract from " Pilotage Re
marks," D. J. May, vi. 36
  Dr. Livingstone's and
Bishop Mackenzie's, I860., v.
128, 131
Visit to the Somali country, Capt.
S. B. Miles, 1872., xvi. 149
 Botanical results, Dr.
Birdwood, xvi. 154
Visit to East Coast of Somaliland,
J. Kirk, xvii. 340

East Africa — continued.
Expeditions and Exploration in — contd.
Boat journey up the Wami River,
Clement H. Hill, xvii. 337
Trip round the South end of Zanzibar
Island, Alfred Bellville, xx. 69
Map of Eastern Africa, by Rev.T. Wake
field, Notes on, Keith Johnston, xvi. 125
Natural Products and Capabilities of
the Shire and Lower Zambesi River,
J. Kirk, vi. 25
Quilimane, and Zambesi river, Capt.
Hyde Parker, R.N., i. 312
Recent Surveys of the East Coast of
Africa, Dr. J. Kirk, xxii. 453
Remarks on Zanzibar and the East
Coast of Africa, Sir Bartle E. Frere,
xvii. 343
Snowy Mountains of Eastern Equatorial
Africa, Baron C. von Decken, viii. 5
Unyamwesi, territory of King Mirambo,
and the best route thither from the
EastCoast,P. Broyon-Mirambo, xxii. 28
Zambesi river, from Quillimane to Tete,
J. Lyons M'Leod, ii. 363
 Letters from, Dr. D. Living
stone, viii. 256
 Delta, Fossil bones from the Allu
vial Strata, Dr. J. Kirk, viii. 151
 expedition, 1858., notes on, T.
Baines, iii. 99
Madagascar- Explorations, &c, in —
Boat voyage along the coast lakes of
East, Capt. W. Rooke, 1865., x. 54
Journey from Antananarivo to Mo-
junga, 1874., J. H. Maynard, xx. 110
 Tamatave to French Island
Colony of St. Mary, T. Wilkinson,
xiv. 372
Journeys, Recent in, 1874., Dr.
J. Mullens, xxi. 155
Visit to Unexplored parts in the
North of, Dr. Gunst, ix. 289
 to Vohimarina orVohimare, N.E.
Province of, Bishop of Mauritius,
1865., xi. 50
Notes on Madagascar, 1862., Lt. Oliver,
vii. 68
On Ankova, Central Province of, and
on the Royal or Sacred Cities, Rev.
W. Ellis, 1861., x. 55
The Central Provinces of, Dr. J.
Mullens, xix. 182
Tanitjc' Province, Notes on, J. Holding,
xiv. 359
Central Afcioa (see also Nile Region,
supra) —
Accounts of — from Dr. Livingstone,
1859., iv. 19
  Native, as collected in
Mombasa and the East Coast, Rev.
J. Erhardt, i. 8.

INDEX TO THE PAPERS IN THE PROCEEDINGS

Central Africa — continued.
Explorations and Journeys —
Explorations and Discoveries in
Central Afrioa, H. M. Stanley, xxii.
144
Journey to Bornu, letter by Gerhard
Rohlfs, (1866.), xi. 33
Portuguese, Remarks on, J. Macqueen,
iii. 362
 and others, W. D. Cooley,
viii. 255
Joachim Rodriquez Graca to the
Muata ya Nvo, W. D. Cooley, i. 92
From Bagamoyo to Benguela, Lt. V.
L. Cameron, 1873., xx. 304
Lt. Cameron's expedition from L.
Tanganyika to West Coast, 1875.,
xx. 117
 Letters on, xx. 118 et seq.
From Benguela to Mozambique, 1854.,
(from the Portuguese), i. 75
Proposed journey of Du Chaillu into,
1864., viii. 265
New Route and new mode of travel
ling adopted by Rev. R. Price,
1876., Dr. J. Mullens, xxi. 233
Geography of, J. Macqueen, iii. 208
  from the researches of
Livingstone, Monteiro, Garcia, and
other authorities, J. Macqueen, i. 12
Ivory trade in, Dr. Vogel, i. 215
Lakes —
Albert Nyanza, Chippendale's journey
towards, 1875., xx. 67
Discovery of, 1861-4., S. W. Baker,
x. 6
Circumnavigation of, by R. Gessi,
1876., xxi. 50
Circumnavigation of (Gessi's), Sir
S. W. Baker, xx. 471
 Gen. Stone, 1876,,
xx. 470
Gordon's Exploration of, 1877.,
under Mason, Col. Mason, xxii.
225
 Government communica
tion on, xx. 473
Tanganyika. Letter on the outlet of,
V. L. Cameron, xix. 75
Lt. V. L. Cameron's examination of
the Southern half of, C. R.
Markham, xix. 246
Ptolemy's Western Lake-reservoir
of the Nile, Capt. R. F. Burton,
ix. 6
Victoria Nyanza. Climate of, 1858.,
F. Galton, vii. 225
Exploration of: — Progress of the
expedition of the Church
Missionary Society, 1876-7., E.
Hutchinson, xxi. 498
 H. M. Stanley's, 1874., Lt.-Col.
J. A. Grant, xx. 34

Central Africa— continued.
Lakes — continued.
Victoria Nyanza — continued.
Exploration of, Letters on journey
to, and circumnavigation of, 1875.,
H. M. Stanley,xx. 134, 144,152, 154
Height of, Staff-Commander C.
George, xx. 159
Mission to, notes from, Dr. Vogel,
1855., ii. 30
 ¦  Accounts of the fate of Dr.
Vogel, ii. 79
  Letters on, Dr. Vogel,
1853-4., viii. 10
 Vogel's observations, i. 518
Proposed trade route to Timbuctoo from
the Congo, H. T. M. Cooke, xx. 78
Soudan, Memoire sur le, Comte d'Es-
cayrac d'Lauture (reviewed), ii. 220
Uganda, Col. Long's Mission to, Letter
by Col. Charles Chaille' Long, 1874.,
xix. 107
Ujiji. Reports by Burton and Speke on
the district of, 1858, iii. Ill
Ukara, or Ukerewe, Capt. R. F. Burton,
xvi. 129
South Africa —
Batoka Country, On the, 1861., Charles
Livingstone, vi. 32
British Kafraria, Journey across the'
rivers of, thence from the Great Kei
to the Gnabaka river, with a descrip
tion and Sketches of Fossil Remains
near the mouth of the Gnabaka, Rev.
F. Fleming, (1853.), i. 511
Bushman and Namaqualand Districts,
Journey in, R. Moffat, (1857.), ii. 77
Daka and Pandamatinka on the
Zambesi, Notes on, R. Frewen,
(1877.), xxii. 223
Damara Land, expedition from, to the
Ovampo in search of the River
Ctmene, Green, Hahn, and Rath,
(1857.), ii. 350
Discovery of Diamonds at Hope Town,
in, Prof. J. Tennant, xii. 322
Gaza-land, Two Journeys of St. Vin
cent Erskine in, 1873-4, and 1875,
R. J. Mann, xxii. 127
Gold country of, journey through,
J. Fenwick Wilkinson, xiii. 134
 region between the Limpopo and
Zambesi rivers, Haines's exploration
of, compiled by R. J. Mann, xv. 147
Language of South Africa, Notes on,
Commander Don J. de Figaniere
viii. 105, errata, viii. 157
Limpopo river, Journal of exploration
of, Capt. F. Elton, (1870.), xvi 89
 (I860.), St. Vincent
Erskine, xiii. 320
  Notes on, Dr. W. Wav
iii. 375 ''

OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1855-1878.

South Africa — continued.
Little Namaqualand, journey from,
Eastward along the Orange river,
&c, R. Moffatt, ii. 158
Natal, geological survey of, Dr. Suther
land, i. 55
 On the Physical Geography and
Climate of, R. J. Mann, xi. 18
Ophir, on the site of, excerpt from
" the Cape and Natal News," x. 173
Orange River, On the Progressing
Desiccation of the Basin of the,
J. F. Wilson, ix. 106
Origstadt, journey from, to Delagoa
Bay (1846.), Coqui, iii. 373
Queenstown, Notes to accompany the
Plan of, Capt. W. F. Baker, ii. 371
S. W. Africa, Remarks on the Geo
graphy and Hydrography of, J.
Campbell, i. 310
South Africa, Notes on, and distance
tables, J. Chapman, v. 16
 and the Okovango river, C. J.
Andersson, (1859.), iv. 63
 African rivers, (Sandbars at the
Mouths of, with remarks on -the
formation of Dunes, Dr. R. J. Mann's
observations on, C. R. Markham,
xvi. 138
» Transvaal, Geographical and Econo
mic Features of the new British
dependency of the, F. B. Fynney,
xxii. 114
Umzila, journey to (1871.), St. Vincent
Erskine, xix. 110
West Africa—
Abbeoknta, letter from Capt. Burton
on, vi. 64
Akem, On the District of, (1875.), Capt.
J. S. Hay, xx. 475
Batonga Country, exploration of the
Elephant Mt., (1862.), Capt. R. F.
Burton, vii. 104
Bida, in Nupe, journey from, to
Kano in Hausa, by Dr. W. B. Baikie,
r.n. (1862.), Dr. J. Kirk, xi. 49
Bijuga Island and River Kitafiny, Notes
on expedition to, 1858., Col. L. S.
O'Connor, iii. 379
British Settlements in, Col. L. S.
O'Connor, vi. 15
Bulama Island, Report on, Col. L. S.
O'Connor, i. 42
Bur Sin, North of the Gambia, Visit to
the King of, Col. L. S. O'Connor, iii.
377
Cameroons Mts., Ascent of, in 1862.,
Capt. R. F. Burton, vi. 238
Cape Palmas settlement of Liberated
Negroes, Dr. P. Sohonlein, i. 98
Casamance river, Report on, Col. L. S.
O'Connor, i. 43
Cavalha river, Missionary joumoy up,

West Africa— continued.
and a report of a large river near
source of, Rev. C. C. Hoffmann, vi. 66
Congo river, On the, Capt. N. B. Bed-
ingfield, r.n., iv. 66
  Ascent of, 1857., Comdr.
J. Hunt, ii. 374
  Letters from Africa, accom
panied by a new map of the Interior,
Dr. Livingstone, (1855.), i. 6
 Livingstone's exploration of
the Upper, Dr. E. Behm, xvii. 21
Equatorial West Africa, Second journey
into, P. B. Du Chaillu, (1863.), x. 71
Falaba, Report on the Expedition to,
Jan. to March 1872 (with an ap
pendix respecting Dr. Livingstone),
E. W. Blyden, xvii. 117
Fernando Vaz, letters from, Du Chaillu,
(1863.), viii. 52
Forcados river, discovery of a new
channel through, to the town of
Warre', Charles Livingstone, (1869.),
xiv. 167
Gaboon country, explorations in the
R. B. N. Walker, x. 128
Gambia, the, Proposed Trade Route
from, to Timbuctoo, H. J. M. Cooper,
xx. 78
Geographical Features and Natural His
tory of a hitherto unexplored region
of, 1856-9., P. B. Du Chaillu, v. 108
 Observations on Western Africa,
Dr. Delany and R. Campbell, iv. 218
Joloffs of, Lt. J. F. Napier Hewett,
i. 513
Journeys in, extracts of letters from
W. Winwood Reade, xiii. 353
Kano, the Kingdom of, Dr. Baikie,
(1862.), viii. 10
Kasso country, On a journey in, Jules
Ge'rard, xi. 79
Manacusi or King George River, Notes
on, C. H. Hilliard, (1857.), iii. 160
Niger river, Ascent of, in H.M.S. In
vestigator (1864.), Lt. C. Knowles,
r.n., ix. 72
 countries in the neighbourhood of,
Reports on (1862.), Dr. W. B. Baikie,
vii. 66
 expedition up, Reports from,
(1857.), Dr. W. B. Baikie, ii. 83
 Notes on, Bishop Crowther, xxi.
481
 T. V. Robins, (1864-5.),
x. 116
 Resources of, as regards legitimate
trade (1863.), Com. Eardley Wilmot,
r.n., viii. 53
 Settlements in, (established by Dr.
Baikie at Lukoja, &c), letters on from
Dr. Baikie, (1861.), vi. 22, (1863.),
viii. 263

INDEX TO THE PAPERS IN THE PROCEEDINGS

West Africa— continued.
Niger, Upper Waters of the, Report on
a journey to, from Sierra Leone, J.
Win wood Reade, xiv. 185
Ode, capital of Ijebu, journey to, (1862.),
Capt. Bedingfield, r.n., vii. 105
Ogowe' river, expedition up (1873.), R.
J. B. Walker, xvii. 354
Ogun or Abbeokuta river, ascent of,
(1863.), Capt. R. F. Burton, title only,
vi. 49, full text, 64
Oil Rivers, On the, W. N. Thomas, r.n.,
(1872.), xvii. 148
Old Calabar and Cross rivers, Notes on,
Capt. J. B. Walker, xvi. 135
  and Qua rivers, the Ekoi
country and the Qua rapids, Notes
of a Visit to, in May, 1875., Capt.
J. B. Walker, xx. 224
Rivers of, Report on, Comm. W. F.
Ruxton, r.n., x. 66
Sea-water on West Coast, Report on
the Specific Gravity of the, H. M.
Witt, i. 508
Sierra Leone, Recent explorations near,
(1869.), Sir A. E. Kennedy, xiii. 359
Travels in, (1861.), W. W. Reade, vii.
106
Volta river, Exploration of, 1873., Capt.
J. A. Croft, xviii. 183
¦  Journal of the Proceedings of
H.M.S. Bloodhound up, 1861., Comm.
Dolben, r.n., vi. 49
 and the Niger, Geographical
notes on the Country traversed be
tween, Capt. Sir J. Glover, (1873.),
xviii. 286
Western Africa, Hutchinson, reviewed,
ii. 227
Islands —
Madeira, Island of, explanations of the
Physical Map of, Dr. J. M. Ziegler,
ii. 366

AMERICA. General.
Discovery of, by the Northmen, Prof.
C. C. Rafn, ii. 372
Landfall of Columbus, Capt. A. B.
Becher, i. 94
 R. H. Major, xv. 210
Vespucci and his First voyage, F. A. de
Vamhagen, iii. 389
Cjsntral America and West Indies.
Central —
Atrato Inter-Oceanic Canal, Humboldt,
i. 69
Belize, notes on Physical features of,
A. S. Cockburn, xii. 341

Central America — continued.
Belize river, notes on the Physical Geo
graphy of, A. S. Cockburn, xii. 72
Central America, New Transit-Route
through, Com. B. Pirn, vi. 112
Connection between the Atlantic and
Pacific Oceans via the Atrato and
Truando rivers, F. M. Kelley, i. 63
Cupica, Remarks on the Isthmus of,
Adm. Illingworth, i. 86
Darien, Isthmus of (or Panama) —
Bayanos river of, L. Oliphant, ix. 276
Exploration(s) of, (1856.), Dr. H. C.
•Caldwell, i. 484
 of, (1861. and 65.), L. de Puydt,
xii. 63 ; remarks on, by the same, i
134
Isthmus of, Dr. Cullen, i. 78
Survey of, between the Gulf of S.
Miguel and Caledonia Bay, L. Gis-
borne, i. 88
Honduras, Account of Lake Yojoa in,
E. G. Squier, iii. 106
New Transit Route through, Commander
B. Pirn, vii. 112
Nicaragua —
Explorations in, with Survey and
Levels from Lake Nicaragua to the
Atlantic Ocean, J. Collinson, 1867.,
xii. 25
Proposed transit route across from
Gorgon Bay, Comm. B. Pirn, vi.
75, 112
Sketch of, G. R. Perry, vi. 74
Providence Islands, the Two, W. N.
Sainsbury, xxi. 148
Ruined Cities of, (title only), Capt.
L. Brine, r.n., xvii. 67
Woolwa and Moskito Indians, notes
of a journey among, G. H. Wickham,
xiii. 58
West Indies —
Dominica, Discovery of a Boiling Lake
in, H. Preston, xx. 230
Trinidad and the Orinoco, Lt.-Col.
J. S. O'Connor, i. 278

North America.
North American Boundary from the Lake
of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains,
1872., Capt. S. Anderson, xx. 274
British North America 
British Columbia, etc.—
British Columbia and a proposed
Emigrant Route from Pembina to
Yale, W. Kelly, vi. 231
Condition and products of, C1862 ")
W. Kelly, vi. 107 '"
"Benches" or Valley Terraces of,
M. B. Begbie, xv. 133
Expedition across the Rocky Mts

OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1855-1878.

xiii

British North America — continued.
a„ British Columbia, etc. — continued.
into, by the Yellow Head, or
Leather Pass, Visot. Milton and
Dr. Cheadle, ix. 17
Geography of, and the Condition of the
Cariboo gold-fields, Lt. H. S. Palmer,
viii. 87
 and Mountain Passes of, in con
nection with an Overland Route,
A. Waddington, xii. 121
Journey in districts bordering the
Fraser, Thompson and Hamson
rivers, Mayne, Palmer and Beg-
bie, (1859.), iv. 33
 to Fort Simpson, Queen Charlotte
I, Capt. R. W. Torrens, (1859.),
iv. 226
British North American Expedition,
Palliser's, 1857., ii. 38
 progress of, as far as longde. 109°
on the Saskatchewan river, Capt. J.
Palliser, ii. 146
 practicable passes in the British
Rocky Mountains discovered by Capt.
¦ J. Palliser and Dr. Hector, iii. 122
 Rocky Mountains, Capt. J. Palliser,
1859., iv. 73
 Latest Explorations in British
^ North America, by Capt. J. Palliser,
with Dr. Heotor and Mr. Sullivan,
iv. 228
Explorations up Moisie River to the
edge of the Table Land of Labrador
Peninsula, H. Y. Hind, viii. 50
Journey from Norton Sound, Behring
Strait, to Fort Yukon, (1866.),
Whymper, ii. 186
Labrador —
Coast of, between Blanc Sablon Bay
and Cape Harrison, Capt. R. V.
Hamilton, r.n., ix. 13.1
 N.E., visit to, in 1861, in
H.M.S. Gannet, Comm. W. Chimmo,
xii. 195
Mackenzie river District, Account of,
R. Macfarlane, ix. 125
Proposed communication through
North America, from Vancouver
I. to Hudson Bay, T. Banister, i. 263
Queen Charlotte Islands, Physical Geo
graphy of, R. Brown, xiii. 381
 Journey to Fort Simpson
(in), Capt. R. W. Torrens, iv. 226
Rupert Land, the Colony and its Limits,
Capt. M. H. Synge, vii. 71
Saskatchewan river, Correction of
error in Hind's map of the Elbow
of the south branch of the, Earl of
Southesk, xx. 362
Vancouver Island —
Description of, 1857., Lt.-Col. W.
Grant, i. 487

British North America — continued.
Vancouver Island — continued.
Explorations in, Comm. R. C. Mayne,
r.n., vi. 107
 the interior of, R. Brown,
ix. 305
Physical Geography, Climate, and
Mineral Resources, Dr. C. Forbes,
viii. 83
Visit to the Red River and the
Saskatchewan, Dr. J. Rae, vii. 102
Mexico —
Journey in, (to the Mines), C. Levin,
iii. 108
United States —
Arizona, Notes on, Hon. C. D. Poston,
xix. 302
California —
The Modoc Region, W. Simpson,
xix. 292
Colorado —
Physical Geography of the Colorado
Basin, and the Great Basin Region
of N. America, W. A. Bell, xiii. 140
New Mexico —
Wheeler's explorations in, 1877.,
T. W. Goad, xxii. 272
Oregon —
Ascent of Mt. Hood, Rev. H. K.
Hines, 1864. and 66., xi. 80
Journey across the Cascade Mts. into
Eastern Oregon, and a description
of Idaho Territory 1865., R. Brown,
xi. 84
United States, Notes on a Map of, and
' the adjacent countries, H. V. Poor,
ii. 336
 Telegraphic communication
with, via the Faroes, Iceland, and
Greenland, Col. T. P. Schaffner,
iv. 101
Utah- Letter from Salt Lake City, Capt.
R. F. Burton, I860., v. 1
South America.
Amazon river —
Exploration of tributaries of, W. Chand-
lees, xii. 339
Geographical Positions in the Valley
of, I. H. Rochelle, xvi. 271
Table of Distances on, Lt. Nash,
xxi. 595
Argentine Republic —
Journey through parts of the Salado
Valley and across some of the Argen
tine Provinces, T. J. Hutchinson,
viii. 163
Projected Railway across the Andes, R.
Crawford, xvii. 57
Bolivia, Notes on, (title only), Comm. G.
C. Musters, r.n., xxi. 40 b

XIV

INDEX TO THE PAPERS IN THE PROCEEDINGS

South America— continued.
Brazil —
Exploration of the river Aquiry, affluent
of the Purus, W. Chandless, 1865-6.,
xi. 100
Report on the Brazilian Province of the
Parana, Hon. H. P. Vereker, vi. 74
Valley of, the Tibagy, T. P. Bigg-
Wither, 1874., xx. 455
British Guiana —
Proposed exploration of the River
Orinoco, Adm. Sir C. Elliott, i. 251
Report on Expedition to explore a
route by the rivers Wami and Cuyuni
to the gold-fields of Caratal and
thence by Apata to the Orinoco,
1857., Sir W. H. Holmes and W. H.
Campbell, ii. 154
Report on the Kaieteur Waterfall, C. B.
Brown, 1870., xv. 122
Chile- Essay on, V. Perez Rosales, ii. 371
Journey across the Southern Andes of,
with the object of opening up a New
Route across the Continent, G. Cox,
1862., (trans. Sir W. Parish), viii. 160
Proposed Railway across the Andes
from Caldera to Rosario, via Cor
dova, W. Wheelwright, iv. 45
Ecuador —
Explorations in, 1856-7., G. Y. Prit-
chett, iii. 93
 Journey from Chimborazo to
Bogota, across the Central Andes,
R. Cross, ix. 277
Geological notes on Campana, in the
province of Esmeraldas, J. Wilson,
vi. 248
Maranon river, Notes on the Climate
of, F. L. Gait, xvii. 138
Notes of Recent Journeys in the In
terior of, A. Simson, xxi. 556
Ocean Currents on the N.E. Coast of,
J. A. Mann, vii. 50
Paraguay —
Geography and Resources of, Prof.
L. Levi, xviii. 117
 Physical, Notes on, K. Johnston,
xx. 494
Report on Hypsometrical Observations
in, of K. Johnston and C. R. Congreve,
1874., R. Strachan, xx. 504
Patagonia, A Year in, Lt. G. C. Musters,
R.N., 1869, xv. 41
Peru —
Across the Andes from Callao, T. J.
Hutchinson, xviii. 204
Exploration of the Courses of the
Rivers San Gavan and Ayupata,
Province of Caravaya, A. Rai-
mondy, 1864., xi. 102
 of the Purus river, W. Chand
less, 1864., x. 103

Pern — continued.
Exploration of the sourceB of the Purus,
1861., C. R. Markham, v. 224
 , Peruvian, of the Ucayali River,
J. R. Tucker, xiii. 133
 of the Pachitea and Palcazu
rivers, Wallace and Main, xi. 173
Failure of Earthquake predictions in,
1869., Hon. W. G. S. Jerningham,
xiv. 85
Frontier Province of Loreto in North
Peru, Prof. A. Raimondy, viii. 58
Races of the Peruvian Andes, and
Communication between the Andes
and the Atlantic, C. R. Markham,
xv. 367
Southern Peru, Additional notes on
Geography of, W. Bollaert, xii. 126
  Railroad and Steam Com
munication in, C. R. Markham,
xviii. 212
South America —
Still unexplored PartB of, C. R. Mark-
ham, xxii. 40

ASIA.
Arabia —
Central Arabia, Visit to the Wahabee
Capital of, Lt.-Col. L. Pelly, 1865., ,
ix. 293
Curia Muria Islands, G. Buist, iv. 50
Sinai Peniusula —
Brief Report of a recent journey to
Sinai, Rev. F. W. Holland, 1878., j
xxii. 455
On the Peninsula of Sinai, Rev. F. W.
Holland, 1867., xii. 190
Recent explorations in, 1868., Rev.
F. W. Holland, xiii. 204
Recent Surveys in Sinai and Palestine,
Maj. C. W. Wilson, xvii. 326
Table of Observations for Heights in,
Rev. F. W. Holland, xiii. 252
Travel in, Rev. F. W. Holland, 1861
and 65., x. 158
Urn Shaumur, Highest Peak of,
Ascent of, 1862., Rev. T. J. Prout,
vi. 235
 Partial Ascent of, 1857., Rev.
F. Howlett, vii. 42
Southern Arabia, Excursion into the
Interior of, Capt. S. V. Miles, 1870.,
xv. 319; remarks by Rev. G. P.
Badger, 328
 Geography of, Baron von
Maltzan, xvi. 115
Journey from Gaza, through the in
terior of Arabia to El-Khatif, Persian
Gulf, and thence to Oman, 1862-S,
W. G. Palgrave, viii. 63 ; Rev. G. P,
Badger on the foregoing, viii. 97

OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1855-1878.

xv

Asia — Arabia — continued.
Reply to Rev. G. P. Badger's queries
on Arabia and its Rivers, W. G.
Palgrave, viii. 103
Yemen, Notes of a journey in, C. MiUin
gen, xviii. 194
Burma —
Arracan, A Hill Trip on the Borders
of, Lt. T. H. Lewin, 1865-6., xi. 52
British Burmah —
Comparative progress of provinces
now forming, under British and
native rule, Col. A. Fytche, Xii. 198
Exploration of, via Irrawaddy and
Bhamo to S.W. China, Maj. E. B.
Sladen, 1868., xv. 343
Geography of, Col. H. Yule, i. 269
Irrawaddy river, and its sources, Dr.
J. Anderson, xiv. 346
Rangoon, Notes on, A. Brown, 1867.,
xi. 148
Routes to and from —
Burmese route from Assam to the
Hookoong Valley, H. L. Jenkins,
xiii. 244
Route from Toango to the Shan
States, E. O'Reily, vi. 83
Trade route between British, and
W. China, J. Coryton, xix. 264
Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pamir, etc. —
Afghan Geography, C. R. Markham,
xx. 241
Journey overland to India via Meshed,
Herat, Candahar, and the Bolan
Pass in 1872., Capt. H. C. Marsh,
xxi. 582
Report of the Mirza's exploration of
the route from Cabul to Kashgar,
compiled by Maj. T. G. Mont-
gomerie, 1868., xv. 181
Amu Daria or Oxus, Delta and Mouths
of, Adm. A. Boutakoff, xi. 113
Aral, Esquisse Geographique du Bassin
de la mer d', E. Lamansky, review,
iii. 387
BadaksMn and Wakhah, Sir H. C.
Rawlinson, xvii. 108
Baluchistan —
Expedition from Kurrachi to Gwadur
along the Mekran coast, 1861-2.,
Maj. F. Goldsmid, vii. 91
Journey through Mekran, Maj.
C. Ross, xvi. 139, title only, 219
Bokhara —
Trade of, F. Meazza, ix. 71
Notes on Samarcand, from Fedchenko's
Description of the Valley of the
Zeraphan, com. by R. Michell,
xv. 393
Voyage to, of Tcharikoff to Uzbeghis-
tan in 1671-72., from Documents
preserved in the Archives, Moscow,
abs. by Capt. Clarke, xxiv 218

Central Asia — continued.
Bolor Country —
Observations on two Memoirs recently
published by Veniukoff on the
Pamir Region and the, Sir H. C.
Rawlinson, x. 134
Rawlinson's criticisms replied to by
de Khanikoff, x. 301, and text of
the Itineraries concerned, x. 310
Strangford's remarks on the foregoing,
x. 315
Additional Remarks on the Bolor
Highlands by Veniukoff, transl. by
T. Michell, xiii. 342
Central Asia in 1872, R. B. Shaw,
xvi. 395
Course of the Tsan-po (Brahmaputra),
and Irrawaddy rivers and on Tibet,
T. T. Cooper, xiii. 392
Explorations in, Prjevalsky's, to Lake
Lob Nor and Tibet, and other Russian,
1877., etc., E. D. Morgan, xxii. 51
Khiva, Bokhara, and Samarcand,
journey through C. Asia to, A. Vam-
be'ry, viii. 267
 Notes on, Sir H. C. Rawlinson,
xvii. 162
Kokand, a month's journey in, 1873.,
E. Schuyler, xviii. 408
Pamirs, Observations on two memoirs
by Veniukof on the, and on the Bolor
country, in C. Asia, Sir H. C. Raw
linson, x. 134 (see Bolor Country,
supra)
Pamir Steppe, Proposed journey to,
G. S. W. Hayward, 1869., xiv. 107
  Route from Jellalabad to
Yarkand, through Cbitral,Badakshan,
and, given by Mahomed Amin of
Yarkand, with Remarks, by G. S. W.
Hayward, xiii. 122
  Russian Expedition to the
Alai and, 1876., Capt. Kostenko's
account, R. Michell, xxi. 122
Pein, Charohand, Lob-Nor, and other
places in, position of, R. B. Shaw,
xvi. 242
Tibet- Account of an attempt by a Native
Envoy to reach the Catholic Mis
sionaries of, Capt. I. Gregory, 1869.,
xiv. 214
District of Lake Pangong in, Capt.
H. H. Godwin - Austen, 1863.,
xi. 32
Notes on, by a French missionary
(sent by), T. T. Cooper, xiii. 392
Pundit's journey in Great Tibet from
Leh (Ladak) to Lhassa, and return
to India via Assam, 1873-5., Capt.
H. Trotter, xxi. 325
 letter on, Sir T. D. Forsyth,
xxi. 347

XVI

INDEX TO THE PAPERS IN THE PROCEEDINGS

Central Asia — continued.
Tibet — continued.
Schlagintweit's fate.Capt.H. Strachey,
ii. 172, iii. 144
Trans-Himalayan explorations, Re
port on, in connection with the
Great Trigonometrical Survey of
India during 1865-7., Route Survey
by the Pundit from Nepaul to
Lhassa and thence through the
Upper Valley of the Brahmaputra
to its Source, Capt. T. G. Mont-
gomerie, xii. 146
  Report of explorations
during 1867., Capt. T. G. Mont-
gomerie, xiii. 183
 Ditto during 1868., Maj.
T. G. Montgomerie, xiv. 207
Travels in Great Tibet, and trade
between, and Bengal, C. R. Mark
ham, xix. 327
Trip to_ Tibet, Kylas, Sources of the
Sutlej and the Mansurwur and
Rakhas Lakes, 1865., Capt. H. V.
Smith, xi. 119
Visit to Daba in Tibet, 1865., Capt.
A. Bennett, x. 165
Turkestan —
Geography of, A Prince of Ka\shgar
on, R. B. Shaw, xx. 482
Journey across the Kuen-luen from
Ladak to Khotan, the brothers
Schlagintweit, 1856., i. 273
 of W. H. Johnson from Leh to
Ilchi, Chinese Turkistan, Sir H. C.
Rawlinson, xi. 6
 through some of the highest
passes in the Ala-tu and Ac-tu
mountains in Chinese Tartary,
T. W. Atkinson, iii. 127
Journeys in Eastern Turkestan, G. W.
Hayward, 1868., xiii. 9; 1869.,
xiv. 40
Kashgar (see also Yarkand, infra) —
Expedition to the Atalik Ghazee
at Kashgar, 1870., T. D. Forsyth,
xv. 23
 Dr. Cayley, xv. 24
 R. B. Shaw, xv. 175
 to Kashgaria, 1873., T. D.
Forsyth, xvii. 286
Mission to Kashgar and Yarkand,
T. D. Forsyth, xviii. Ill, 222
 Forsyth's, to, letters on, and
geographical results, Sir H. C.
Rawlinson, xviii. 414
 geographical results of,
1873-4., Capt. H. Trotter, xxii.
287
Miscellaneous Notes on,' R. B. Shaw,
xvii 195
Xor-Tsai-San, Lake, and its neigh
bourhood, A. Abramoff, ix. 40

Central Asia — continued.
Tibet— continued.
Progress of Russian exploration in,
E. D. Morgan, xiv. 229
Trade routes j between, and India, Sir
H. C. Rawlinson, xiii. 10
Transit of Tea from N.W. India to,
T. D. Forsyth, xiii. 198
Trans-Nary n country, visit to, in
1867., Baron P. R. Osten Sacken,
transl. E. D. Morgan, xiv. 221
Valley of the Hi and the Water-
system of Russian, 'A. W. Dilke,
xviii. 246
Yarkand, Geographical Position of,
and other places in, Capt. T. G.
Montgomerie, a. 162
 Journey to, R. B. Shaw, 1868.,
xiii. 200
 and Kashgar, visit to, R. B.
Shaw, xiv. 124
 journey from Leh to, G. W.
Hayward, xiv. 41
 Routes from Kashmir to, Ibra
him Khan, xv. 387
Yassin, letters from, of G. W. Hay
ward, xv. 10
China- Canton, Exp. -ation to the West of,
Lt. Oliver, 1861., vi. 227
Canton to Hankow, journey through the
interior of, 1866., A. S. Bickmore,
xii. 51
 Memoir on the Neighbourhood
of, and Hongkong and the East Coast
of China, Sir J. F. Davis, i. 330
 Notes on the Country to the West
of, Lt. Oliver, vi. 85
Cathay, Notices of, Col. H. Yule, x.
270
Chinese Names, the Transliteration of,
F. P. Smith, xxi. 580
 Notices of their own great Rivers,
J. Edkins, iii. 375
 , the, and their Rebellions, T. T.
Cooper, i. 100
Ching-too to Hankow, Journey from,
A. Wylie, xiv. 168
Great Wall, journey outside the, 1872.,
Dr. S. W. Bushell, xviii. 149
Hankow to Talifu, journey from, ex
tracts from Margary's diary, 1874.,
xx. 184, and from his letters, 208
Kalgan, a trip to, 1868., R. Swinhoe,
xiv. 83
Mangi, Southern, Kotices of, G. Phillips,
xviii. 168 *
Ningpo to Shanghai, journey from,
C. T. Gardner, xiii. 170
notes to the foregoing, 249
Notes, Geographical and Commercial,
made during the passage of H M S
Furioii', 1858., from Shanghai to the

OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1855-1878.

Asia — China — continued.
Gulf of Pechili, Capt. S. Osborn, r.n.
iii. 55
Pe-chi-li, Gulf of, Notes of a Cruise in,
and Leotung, 1859., A. Michie, iv. 58
Pei-ho, river, Notes on the passage up,
with Lord Macartney in 1793., Capl.
Parish, r.n., ii. 362
Peking and its Neighbourhood,
W. Lookhart, x. 154
 journey to the N.W. of, by
J. Lamprey, 1861., xi. 259
 routes to, from St. Petersburg
via Mongolia, C. M. Grant, vii. 27.
Shantung, journey through, 1869.,
J. Markham, xiv. 137
Si-Kiang river, expedition up, I860.,
Com. L. Brine, v. 238
Tientsin, to Mukden in Manchuria,
journey from, A. Michie, vii. 25
 Commercial trip from, through
the provinces of Shansi and Pe-chi-li,
Richards and Slossin, I860., vi. 218
 Route from, to Kiachta, 1869.,
W. A. Whyte, xiv. 243
Yang-tse Kiang (river) —
Expedition from, to Tibet and India,
T. T. Cooper, xii. 336
 up, 1861., Lt.-Col. Sarel, vi. 2
Importance of opening the Naviga
tion of, and the changes in the Bed
of the Yellow river, 1858., W. Lock-
hart, ii. 201
Inundations of the, E. L. Oxenham
(title only), xix. 244
Notes on, together with corrections
of existing Charts, J. M. Hookley,
xi. 261
 of a Voyage up, from Wosing
to Hankow, 1858., L. Oliphant,
iii. 162
Special Mission up, R. Swinhoe, 1869.,
xiv. 235
View of the Great Valley of, before
and after its occupation by the
Rebels, Sir J. F. Davis, iii. 164
Yellow river, changes in bed of, W.
Lookhart, ii. 201
 journey up New Course of,
1868., Ney Elias, xiv. 20
China, West and South-West—
Chinese borders, letters from Margary
from, 1875., xix. 288
Communication with, from Rangoon in
British Pegu, Capt. R. Sprye and
R. F. H. Spryerv. 45
Expedition to Borders of, and the Upper
Waters of the Yang-tse Kiang, Dr.
A. Barton, vi. 85
Our prospects of opening a route to,
and explorations of the French in
Tonquin and Cambodia, Lt.-Col. A. P.
MoMahon, xviii. 463

China, West and South-West — continued.
Routes between (Upper) Assam and,
T. A. Goodenough, xii. 334
Shueli Valley, in W. Yunnan, 1875.
Visit to, Ney Elias, xx. 234
Trade routes between British Burmah
and, J. Coryton, xix. 264
Travels in, and E. Tibet, 1868., T. T.
Cooper, xiv. 335
 and on the Eastern borders
of Tibet, 1877., Capt. W. J. Gill,
xxii. 255
Various Lines of Overland Communica
tion between India and China, Dr.
M'Cosh, v. 47
Yunnan, Chinese province of, and its
Borders, T. T. Cooper, 1871., xv.
163
 Overland route into, via Assam,
etc., acroBS the Irawadi, H. Cottam,
xxi. 590
China, Outlying Territories (see also
Central Asia, supra) —
Chinese Tartary, Notes on, Capt.
S. Osborn, xi. 162
Manchuria —
Notes on, Rev. A. Williamson, xiii.
26
Recent journey of the Archimandrite
Palladius through, (1572.), f.j-8.,etc,
E. Delmar Morgan, xvi. 204
Russian Harbours of Possiette, Wladi-
wostock, Nakhoda, and Olga Bay,
on the coast of, Rev. W. V. Lloyd,
1866., xi. 253
Mongolia —
Gobi Desert, Buried Cities in, Sir
T. D. Forsyth, xxi. 27
Journey through Western, Ney Elias,
1872., xvii. 184
On Prjevalsky's expedition in, 1870-
73., Ney Elias, xviii. 76
Formosa —
Boat-journey aoross the Northern end
of, Dr. Collingwood, xi. 167
Journey through, from Tamsui to
Taiwanfu, H. J. Allen, xxi. 268
 in the Interior of, A. Corner,
xix. 515
 in Southern, 1871., J. Thomson,
xvii. 144
Notes on, R. Swinhoe, viii. 23
Additional do., R. Swinhoe, x. 122
 on the rivers in Northern,
H. Kopect, xiv. 79
Tour through, from South to North,
A. Corner, xxii. 53
Trip into the Interior of, T. L.
Bullock, xxi. 266
Visit to Tok e Tok, Chief of the 18
Tribes, S. Formosa, T. F. Hughes,
xvi. 265
Korea, Capt, A. Young, ix, 290

INDEX TO THE PAPERS IN THE PROCEEDINGS

Asia — India —
Andaman Islands, the, Rev. C. Parish,
(1862.), vi. 215
 expedition to, in 1857., Dr.
F. J. Mouat, vi. 41
Bengal, Bay of —
Calagouk or Curlew Island, in, as a
Sea-coast Sanatorium, Dr. D. Mac-
pherson, vi. 208
Surfaoe currents in, during the S.W.
Monsoon, Lt. J. A. Heathcote, i.n.,
vi. 101, cf. 114
Brahminabad, in Soinde, Notes on the
Site of, J. Brunton, x. 131
Cachar Hills, Earthquake in 1869.,
extracts from letter from Capt. God
win-Austen, xiii. 370
Chitral, see also Gilgit, infra —
Death of G. S. W. Hayward at, 1870.,
letter from F. Drew on, xv. 117
 statement on, Gufar Khan,
xv. 120
Havildar's Journey through, to Faiz-
abad, 1870., Maj. T. G. Mont
gomerie, xvi. 253
Communications between, and China,
by the line of the Burhampooter and
Yangtse, Gen. Sir A. Cotton, xv. 255
Forest destruction in, effeot in Coorg,
G. Bidie, xiii. 74
 in the Western Ghauts, effect
of, on the Water Supply, C. R. Mark
ham, x. 266
Garo Hills, Assam, Maj. H. H. Godwin
Austen, xvii. 36
Geography and Climate of, in reference
to the best site for a capital, Hon. G.
Campbell, xi. 54
Gilgit and Chitral, Munphool Meer
Moonshee, xiii. 130
 Hunza, and Dardistan, letters from
G. W. Hayward, 1870., xv. 10-18
Himalayas and Mount Everest, B. H.
Hodgson, i. 347
 Lt.-Col. A. S. Waugh, i. 345
Mt. Everest and Deodanga, Lt-Col.
• A. S. Waugh, ii. 102
Himalayan Valleys ; Koolo, Lahoul, and
Spiti, Capt. A. F. P. Harcourt, xv. 336
Indus River and its Provinces, their
political importance in connection
with improved means of communica-
tion,W. P. Andrews, reviewed, iii. 386
 Lower, Physical Geography
of, Col. C. W. Tremenheere, xi. 22
Inland navigation of Travancore, the
Alipee Mudbank and the Wurkally
Barrier, C. R. Markham, xi. 78
Jellalajabad to Yarkand through Chitral,
Badakshan, and the Pamir Steppe,
Route given by Mahomed Amir, with
remarks by G. S. Hayward, xiii. 122
Kashmir, Trigonometrical Survey and

India — continued.
Physical Configuration of the Valley
of, W. H. Purdon, iv. 31
Lushai expedition, 1871-2., from reports
of the Survivors, Capt. Tanner and
Maj. Macdonald, xvii. 42
Mahanuddy river, On the Basin of,
R. Temple, ix. 81
Montgomery's work on the Great Tri
gonometrical Survey of, 1859., Lord
Canning, iv. 30
Mustakh Range, the Glaciers of, 1860-1 ..
Capt. H. H. Godwin-Austen, viii. 34
Runn of Cutch, and the neighbour
ing region, Sir H. Bartle E. Frere,
xiv. 120
Sedashgur, Harbour of, and remarks
on the Seaports of India, Dr.
D. Macpherson, vii. 95
Tea, Transit of, from N.W. to Eastern
Turkestan, T. D. Forsyth, xiii. 198
Telegraph to, the direct overland, Sir
H. C. Rawlinson, v. 219
 line from Kurrachee to Gwadur,
1863., Walton, vii. 117
Trigonometrical Survey, Trans-Hima
layan explorations, see Central Asia
(Tibet)
Indo-China —
Boat excursion from Bangkok to Pecha-
buri, and General Report on the Trade
of Siam, Sir R. H. Schomburgk,
iv. 211-12
French exploration from Cambodia to
Yunnan, W. H. Medhurst, xiii. 56;
see also China, S.W.
¦  party exploring the sources of
the Cambodia river, progress of,'
Col. A. Fytche, xii. 136
Geographical Notes on Siam, with a new
Map of the lower Menam river,
H. Parkes, i. 13
Proposed Mail route across the Isthmus
of Kraw, Capts. Fraser and Forlong,
vii. 58
Travels in Siam, Sir R. H. Schomburgk,
I860, v. 118
Travels in Siam and Cambodia, D. O.
King, iii. 365
 in Cambodia, Mouhot, vi. 80
Visit to the Ruined Palaces and Build
ings of Cambodia, Dr. Bastian, ix. 85
Japan —
Fuji-Yama, (see infra), Ascent of, J. H.
Gubbins, 1872., xvii. 78
 Ascent of, in Snow, A. F. Jeffrevs.
xix. 169
Journey through the Interior of, Naga
saki to Yeddo, 1861., R. Alcock,
vi. 196, 200
— from Jeddo into the interior of
the Island of Nipon, with Ascent of
the Volcano of Fuji-Yama, v. 132

OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1855-1878.

Asia — Japan — continued.
Journey from Kijoto to Yedo by the Ka-
sendo Road, 1872., C. W. Lawrence,
xvii. 80
Mushashi, A Trip in, 1872., F. R.
M'Clatohie, xvii. 82
Tsusima Island, Visit to, L. Oliphant,
vii. 61
Yesso or Yezo Island —
Four excursions in, P. Hodgson, v. 113
Journey in, and Progress of Geogra
phy in Japan, R. G. Watson,
xviii. 226
 round, Capt. T. Blakiston, xvi. 1 88
Western Shores of Volcano Bay in,
Com. C. S. Forbes, R.N., 1865., x. 169
Malay Archipelago-
Arm Islands, 1857., A. R. Wallace.ii. 163
Banda Isles, a description of the,
A. S. Biokmoru, xii. 324
Borneo —
Journey up the Sadong river, N.W.
Borneo, A. R, Wallace, i. 193
Northern Borneo, Lt. C. de Cres-
pigny, r.n., 1871., xvi. 171
North- West Coast of, S. St. John, vi. 83
Notes on, Lt. C. de Crespigny, r.n.,
ii. 342
Proposed Exploration of, Lt. C. de
Crespigny, r.n., i. 205
Rivers Mukah and Oyah in, and the
Pattakan tribes of, Lt. C. de Cres
pigny, r.n., xvii. 133
Cagayan Sulu, near Borneo, account
of, Capt. W. Chimmo, xv. 384
Crawford's Dictionary of Indian Isles
and adjaoent countries, reviewed,
ii. 142
Kalatoa and Puloweh Islands north of
Flores, J. Cameron, ix. 30
Malay Arohipelago, Physical Geo
graphy of, A. R. Wallace, vii. 206
Marco Polo's Six Kingdoms or cities in
Java Minor identified in translations
from the ancient Malay Annals, J. T.
Thompson, xx. 215
Timor, Geognostic sketch of, Dr. S.
Muller, iii. 368
Trade between the Eastern Archipelago
and New Guinea and its Islands,
A. R. Wallace, vi. 43
Palestine and Syria —
Biblical Researches in Palestine and
the adjacent regions, E. Robinson,
E. Smith, and others (review), ii. 223
Damascus, the Hauran and the Moun
tains of Lebanon, Map of, memoir on,
Rev J. L. Porter, i. 7
Dead Sea, exploration of the Shores of,
H. Poole, i. 221
 , the, Western Shore of, Jebel
Usdum to 'Ain Jidy, Rev. Gt. Clowes,
1863., viii. 279

Palestine and Syria — continued.
Explorations in the Desert East of the
Hainan, the ancient Land of Bashan,
C. C. Graham, ii. 173
Excursion to Harran in Padan Aram,
thence over Mt. Gilead and the
Jordan to Shechem, Dr. C. T. Beke,
1862., vi. 195
Exploration of the Tulvil el Safa, the
Volcanic Region East of Damascus
and the Umm NirSn Cave, Capt. R. F.
Burton, 1871., xvi. 104
Journey from Nazareth to Bozrah of
Moab, F. A. Eaton, viii. 29
Recent Surveys in Sinai and Palestine,
Maj. C. W. Wilson, xvii. 326
Persia. Azerbaijan Country, K. E. Abbott,
viii. 275
Baghdad, to Busrah, journey from, with
descriptions of Chaldean remains,
W. K. Loftus, i. 45
Bunder Abass to Mashad via Seistan,
Journey from, Maj.-Gen. Sir F. J.
Goldsmid, xvii. 86
Bushir to Shiraz, route between, Lt.-
Gen. W. Monteith, i. 279
Demavend, Barometrical and Hypsome-
trical Observations to fix the Height
of, Capt. Hon. G. Napier, 1877.,
xxii. 216
 Notes on the above by J. Coles,
xxii. 218
Elbruz Mts., the, journey through the
Mountainous district south of, and
Ascent of Demavend, R. F. Thomas
and Lord S. H. Kerr, 1858., iii. 2
  Visit to, and Ascent of
Demavend, 1861., R. G.Watson, vi. 103
"Eulaeus" river, determination of the,
W. K. Loftus, i. 219
Mekran, Journey through, Maj. R. C.
Ross, title only, xvi. 219
Moham'rah and the Chaab Arabs, Notes
on, Sir H. C. Rawlinson, i. 351
Northern Ghilan, K. E. Abbott, iii. 390
Perso-Kelat Frontier, Survey of, Maj.
B. Lovett, xvi. 219
Seistan, Notes on, Sir H. C. Rawlinson,
xvii. 92
Shahrud, route from, to Astrabad and
Bandar i. Gej,Q.-Ms. Bower and Maj.-
Gen. Sir F. Goldsmid on, xvii. 193
Shiraz, journey eastward from, to Fesoa
and Darab, and thence westward by
Jehrum to Kazeran, 1850., K. E.
Abbott, i. 321
Shiraz, route from, to Bam, Maj. .
Lovett, xvi. 261
Southern Persia, geography of, with
reference to the present military
operations, 1857., Sir H. C. Rawlin
son, i. 280

INDEX TO THE PAPERS IN THE PROCEEDINGS

Asia — Persia— continued.
Turkoman frontier, Capt. the Hon. G.
Napier's journey on, 1874., Sir F.
Goldsmid, xx. 166
Persian Gulf-
Capabilities of, as an area of Trade,
Lt.-Col. L. Pelly, viii. 18
Journey from Bunder AbbaBS on, to
Mash'had by Seistan, with some
account of the last-named provinces,
, Maj.-Gen. Sir F. J. Goldsmid, 1871.,
xvii. 86
Land-journey along the Shores of,
BuBhire to Lingah, W. H. Colvill,
xi. 36
Visit to the Port of Lingah, Island
of Kishm and the port of Bunder
Abbass, Lt.-Col. L. Pelly, viii. 265
Siberia —
Amur river in, Description of,
A. Peschuroff, i.r.n., ii. 153
  Eastern Siberia and the,
R. Bridgett, 1858., xiii. 365
 Notes on, and the adjacent
districts, Peschurofl* and other Rus
sian explorers, iii. 92
Progress of the Russo-American tele
graph works, xi. 39
Recent journey to the Rivers Ob and
Yenisei, 1877., H. Seebohm, xxii. 101
Tchoukot expedition in, 1868., Dr.
C. Neumann, trs., etc., Capt. Clarke,
xxi. 213
Turkey in Asia (see also Palestine and
Syria) —
Armenia and Mt. Ararat, J. Bryce,
xxii. 169
Ararat, Mt., Ascent of, 1856., Maj.
R. Stuart, xxi. 77
Asia Minor —
Description Physique, Statistique et
Aroheblogique de, P. de Tchiha-
tchef, iii. 385, see also letter, iii.
370
Proposed communication in, between
the Lake of Sabanja, River Sakaria
and Gulf of Nicomedia, Gen.
Jochmus, i. 301
Tour in N.E. Anatolia, W. G.
Palgrave, (1872.), xvi. 223
Erdkunde, Die, von Asien, Vol. ix.,
C. Ritter, review, iii. 389
Erzeroum, earthquake of, 1859., R. A. O.
Dalyell, vi. 62
•  route from, to Diabekr, J. G.
Taylor, (1868.), xii. 302
Kurdistan —
Diabekr, Description of, R. T. Garden,
1856., xi. 159
Euphrates river, Letter on Taylor's
Journey to Source of, T. K. Lynch,
xiii. 243
Lycus river, Sources and Course of,

Turkey in Asia — continued.
Kurdistan — continued. i
and other rivers in, J. G. Taylor,
xi. 159
Tigris river, Visit to the Sources of,
with an account of ancient re
mains in the neighbourhood, J. G.
Taylor, (1865.), ix. 36
Mesopotamia, on Part of, between!
Sheriat-el-Beytha on the Tigris to
Tel Ibrahim, J. B. Bewsher, I.N., 1862.
xi. 155
Sizicus, Visit to the site of the ruins of
the ancient city of, E. Leahy, 1857.,
ii. 376

AUSTRALASIA.
(For Oceania, see Oceans, Pacific, infra.)
Australia — General —
Australian Alps, Dr. Mueller, i. 3
Despatches in reference to Capt. Norman,
Messrs. Burke and Wills, Lands-
borough, Walker, Howitt, and Mc-
Kinlay, Sir G. Bowen, vii. 3, 5, 7
Steam Communication between Eng
land and, via the Cape of Good Hope,
Capt. J. Lort-Stokes, R.N., i. 79
Explorations —
Forrest's expedition into the interior
of W. Australia, Goyder's Survey
of the neighbourhood of Port
Darwin, and recent progress of
Australian Discovery, Sir C.
Nicholson, xiv. 190
Leichhardt Search —
Proposed search for Dr. Leich-
hardt's missing party, S. Sidney,
i. 322
Search for, and the Australian ¦
Desert, Rev. W. B. Clarke, iii. 87
  extracts from State
Papers on, x. 58
 • — -, A. C. Gregory's ex
pedition, iii. 18
Mclntyre —
death of, (1866.), W. F. Stoman,
xi. 44
 and last letter of, xi. 42
Journey of, across Aust., from Vic
toria to the Gulf of Carpentaria,
and discovery of supposed traces
of Leichhardt, ix. 300
Norman, Capt., despatch concerning
voyage of, vii. 3
New .explorations in, ix. 75
Australia, Central —
Burke and Wills, Victoria Camel expe
dition, v. 8
Despatches on, vi. 68, vii. 6
Journals of, with Wills' Astronomical
Observations, vi. 53

OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1855-1878. xxi

Australia, Central — continued.
Burke and Wills, etc.— continued.
Progress Report of the Exploration
Committee of the Royal Society
of Victoria, 1861., vii. 35
Country N.W. of Cooper's Creek,
J. Ross, xv. 96
Giles' second (and other) expeditions,
Dr. F. von Mueller, xix. 53
Gosbo's Explorations in, 1873., xix. 51
Landsborough, W., exploration of, vii. 83
Despatches on route of, vii. 3, 5, 6,
8, 40, 111
M'Kinlay. explorations in the interior,
by the Burke relief expedition under,
vii. 84
Despatch on, vii. 6
Notes on the probable condition of,
H. Landor, i. 31
Project for Scientific Exploration of,
Dr. G. Neumayer, xii. 286
Ross's Exploring Expedition, xix. 56
Stuart'B expedition across, journal of, v.55
 further details of, v. 104
 of 1861, vi. 8
 of 1862, from Adelaide across
the Continent, vii. 82
Australia, North —
Auriferous and other Metalliferous Dis
tricts of, Rev. W. B. Clarke, (with ob
servations bySirG.Bowen), xii. 138-9
Boat Voyage from Adam Bay to Gham-
i pion Bay, along N. and W. Coasts
of, J. P. Stow, x. 34
Cape York Peninsula-
Description of the District of, J.
Jardine, x. 85
Despatch on Formation of a New
Settlement at, viii. 114
Exploration of Annan and Esk rivers
near, (1865.), J. Jardine, xi. 151
 of the Endeavour river, John
Jardine, xi. 149
New Settlement of Somerset near,
Notes on, Sir G. Bowen, ix. 76
Overland journey from Port Denison
to, under command of F. and A.
Jardine, — Riohardson, x. 32
Gulf of Carpentaria district —
Burketown, Foundation of, on the
' shores of, and extension of tele
graph in Queensland, x. 61
Carpentaria, Exploration in, and near
Cooper's Creek, letter from Sir
H. Barkly, vi. 194
Country at head of, E. W. Lambe,
x. 325
Flinders river, exploration of the
Mouths of, W. Landsborough, xii. 56
Interior, exploration of, by Lands
borough, vii. 83
Despatches on his route, vii. 3, 5, 6,
8, 40, 111

Australia, North — continued.
Gulf of Carpentaria district — continued.
Norman river settlement, exploration
in neighbourhood of, W. Lands
borough, xiii. 52
Overland Journey from Rockhampton
to Port Denison, W. Landsborough,
x. 62
M'Kinlay, explorations in the Interior
in search of Burke and Wills, vii. 84
Despatch on, vii. 6
Extract concerning, Sir G. Daly, xi. 46
New country of, discovered, J. MacD.
Stuart, ix. 21
North Australia expedition —
Equipment of, i. 49
Progress of, A. C. Gregory, i. 32, 183,
341, 490, Start on, i. 5
Report of return of, i. 324
Additional notes on, T. Baines, ii. 3
Search for,account of, Lt. W. Chimmo,
i. 255
LetterB, etc., on, J. Kent, i. 10
 J. Wilson, i. 33, 225
 on ascent of Albert river, J.
Flood, ii. 378
S. Australian exploration on N. Coast,
Capt. Caddell, xii. 201
Voyage of Capt. Norman to, vii. 3
Australia, North-East —
Despatch in reference to Landsborough's
arrival at Merindie, and Walker's
arrival at Port Denison, Sir G. Bowen,
vii. 8
 to Queensland Colony,
vii. 110
Establishment of Cardwell Settlement
in Rockingham Bay, and the Dis
covery of a route over the Coast
Range to the Valley of Lagoons,
G. E. Dalrymple, x. 33
Exploration of Districts near Burdekin,
Suttor, and Belyando rivers, G. E.
Dalrymple, v. 4
 of lower course of the Burdekin
river, G. E. Dalrymple, vii. 2
 from Queensland toward the In
terior, G. B. Cornish, vi. 67
 in N. Queensland, W. Hann,
xviii. 87
Extract from letter on Queensland from
Sir C. Nicholson, vi. 117
Goldfields in Queensland, Sir G. Bowen,
viii. 156
Letter on Queensland and New Zealand,
T. H. Hood, vi. 24
Memoranda on, A. C. Gregory, with
Report on exploring expedition to
Burdekin river, J. W. Smith, R.N., v.
121
Official report of settlement of Port
Denison, G. E. Dalrymple, vi. 13.
Overland expedition from Port Denison

XXII

INDEX TO THE PAPERS IN THE PROCEEDINGS

Australia, North-East — continued.
to Rockingham Bay, Queensland,
A. J. Scott, viii. 110
Overland journey from Rockhampton to
Port Denison via Bowen Downs and
the Salt Lal^e, W. Landsborough, x. 62
Telegraphic extension in, W. J. Crack-'
nell, xii. 54
Australia, North- West —
Expedition to, from Perth, F. Gregory,
v. 121
    proceedings of
party under F. T. Gregory, vi. 54
Explorations in, J. Martin, x. 86
Physical Geography of, Notes on, J. S.
Wilson, ii. 210, note to, 216
Structure of, W. H. Fitton, i. 501
Australia, South —
Country E. and N. of Grey and Stanley
Ranges, Letter from Capt. Cadell on,
vi. 55
Exceptional Winter, An, in N. S. Wales,
Rev. W. B. Clarke, (1855.), i. 5
Explorations in, by Babbage, Warburton,
Stuart, and others, iii. 151
 in, Freeling, Hack, and others on,
ii. 185
 in the Interior of, N.W. of the
Great Bight, E. A. Delisser, x. 129
 in the interior of the Continent,
J. Macdouall Stuart, iv. 77 : see
Australia, Central
 by Sir R. Macdonnell, iv. 93
 and Major Warbur
ton, v. 124-5
Geological notes of journey in, from Cape
Jervis to Mount Serle, A. R. C.
Selwyn, v. 242
Report on the Country between Mount
Serle and Lake Torrens, G. W.
Goyder, ii. 16
Australia, West —
Expedition of Dempster Brothers,
Clarkson, and Harper, Journal of
(with letters from the Governor of
West Australia, etc.), vi. 11
Forrest's journey across, from Champion
Bay to Peake Station, xix. 57
 across the Western Interior
from Murchison river to Peake Station,
xix. 310, 481
  into the interior of W.
Australia, Sir C. Nicholson, xiv. 190
Gregory (F. T.), exploration of the
Murchison, Lyons, and Gascoyne
Rivers, iii. 34
 expedition, v. 121
Interior of, T. Austin on, i. 30
Journal of Hunt's Expedition to the
East of York District, ix. Ill
Narrative of an Exploring Expedition
into the Interior E. of District of
York, H. M. Lefroy, viii. 45

Australia, West — continued.
Non-auriferous Character of the Rocks
of, E. C. Hargreaves, viii. 32
Australia, Islands-
Lord Howe Island, a visit to, 1876.
A. T. Corrie, xxii. 136
New Guinea —
Discoveries in, by Capt. Moresby and
the Officers of H.M.S. Basilisk, 1874.,
Capt. I. Moresby, r.n., xix. 225
 Recent, in the S.E. part of, 1872.,
Capt. I. Moresby, xviii. 22
Discovery of the Mai-Kassa or Baxter
river, 1875., O. C. Stone, xx. 92
Explorations in interior of, from Port
Moresby, O. C. Stone, xx. 266
Fly river, ascent of, Rev. S. Macfar-
lane, 1876., xx. 253
 Remarks on natives and products
of, D'Albertis, xxi. 343
Incidents of Travel in, 1873., M.
Maklay, trs. Col. Hon. W. Feilding,
xix. 517
Journey in the interior of, from Port
Moresby, 1877., A. Goldie, xxii. 219
On New Guinea, (extracts read by)
C. R. Markham, xvi. 203
Notes on a Voyage to, A. R. Wallace,
iii. 358
Port Moresby, Description of the Country
and Natives of, and neighbourhood,
O. C. Stone, xx. 330
Three Visits to, (1872.), Rev. W. Wyatt
Gill, xviii. 31
Voyage of the Ellangowan to China
Straits, New Guinea, Rev. S. Mac-
farlane, xxi. 350
New Zealand —
Expedition to the W. Coast of Middle
Island, Otago Province, Dr. Hector,
viii. 46-7
 geological, Dr. Hector, ix. 32
Journey along the W. Coast of Middle
Island, A Walker, ix. 33
Gold fields of Tuupeka, J. Thompson,
vi. 71
Journal of Reconnaissance Survey in
S. District of Otago Province, J. T.
Thompson, ii. 354
Southern Alps of Canterbury, Middle
Island, Dr. Haast, viii. 56
Survey of the Lake District of the
Province of Otago, J. M'Kerrow, viii. 47

EUROPE.
Austria —
Geographical Society of Vienna, Haid-
inger's introductory address, i. 51
Franoe —
Alps of Dauphine', F. F. Tuekett, vii. 43
Hydrography of the Valley of the Arve
Prof, P, Chaix, i. 483

OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1855-1878. xxiii

at,

Dr.

Europe— France— continued.
VaBt Losses of Land on the Westerly
Coasts of, within the Historical
Period, R. A. Peacock, x. 329
Greece —
Battles of Sellasia, Marathon and
Thermus, Gen. Jochmus, i. 481
Description of the ruins of Cassope,
Lt.-Col. T. B. Collinson, vi. 106
Santorin, Papers relating to the Vol
canic eruptions in, 1866., based on Dr.
Schmidt's letters, x. 118
 Recent Volcanic eruptions
Comm. L. Brine, r.n., x. 317
 Report on, Fouque', x. 323
Heligoland —
Sudden Rise of the Sea at,
E. Harmsen, iii. 372
Iceland —
Currents and Drifts on the Coast of,
Capt. Irminger, v. 225
Great Volcanic eruption in Aug., 1867.,
extract of letter from Dr. Hjaltelm,
xii. 58
Heights and Positions of the Principal
Mountains and Hills of, It. Brown.
xii. 137
Journey across the Vatna Jokull, 1875.,
W. L. Watts, xx. 21
Norway —
Lakes with two outlets in, E. T. Blaok-
well, viii. 110
Memoranda on the Summer Motions of
some Glacier Streams in South, C. M.
Doughty, ix. 109
Surveys in, Prof. Hoist, iv. 240
Russia —
Caucasus, The, Capt. D. Cameron, vi. 5
 Ethnology of, abstract of Capt.
D. Cameron's paper on, W. Spottis-
wode, vi. 59
 Journey in the, and ascent of
Kasbek and Elbruz, D. W. Freshfield,
(1868.), xiii. 66
 Sketch of Hilly Daghestan, with
the Lesghi Tribes of the E. chain of
the Caucasus, Baron de Bode, iv. 245
Hydrographical Survey of Ladoga Lake,
A. Anareyeff, trs. by E. Delmar
Morgan, xiii. 375
Report on the Congress of Orientalists
(3rd Session) at St. Petersburg, 1876.,
Capt. F. C. H. Clarke, xxi. 204
Routes between Orenburg and Tash-
kend, xi. 41
Sea of Azov, Geography and commer
cial future of, the Putrid Sea and
Adjacent Coasts, Capt. Sherard
Osborn, R.N., i. 305
Switzerland —
Federal Map of, communicated by Prof.
P. Chaix, iv. 243
Hypsometrical Observations in the

Switzerland — continued.
Central Chain of, J. M. Ziegler, xvii.
207
Limnimetric and Meteorological Ob
servations in, Prof. P. Chaix, xvii. 204
Recent Measurements of the Depths of
Swiss Lakes, Prof. P. Chaix, xxii. 456
Turkey, etc. —
Danube, notes on the Lower,
Maj. Stokes, iii. 206
 routes between the, and the Black
Sea at Kustendji, Capt. Spratt, r.n.,
i. 94
Moldavia, Notes on the condition of the
Gipsy Population of, S. Gardner, i. 37
Serpent Island, Remarks on, Capt,
vSpratt, r.n., i. 483
United Kingdom —
Report of the Ordnance Survey of, ii. 229
Scotland —
Bifurcate Stream at Glen Lednock
Head, Perthshire, Capt. T. P.
White, xiii. 352
Deep-water Temperatures of Lochs
Lomond, Katrine, and Tay, A.
Buchan, xvii. 73

OCEANS.
General —
Distribution of Salt in the Ocean, as
indicated by specific gravity of waters
of (Challenger exp.) J. Y. Buohanan,
xxi. 255
Gibraltar Current, Gulf Stream, and
general Oceanic circulation, D.W. B.
Carpenter, xv. 54. Herschel on,
xv. 211
Oceanic Circulation (see Gibraltar
Current, supra), Further inquiries
on, Dr. W. B. Carpenter, xviii. 301,
appendices, seq.
 Inquiries on, Laughton, xvii.
384
  Objections to Doctrine of
Thermal Circulation, Croll, xviii. 388
Temperature of the Deep Sea Bottom,
Dr. W. B. Carpenter, xxi. 289
 Specific Gravity, etc., of the Seas
between England and India, H. Toyn-
bee, ix. 281, x. 338
 Summary of recent Observations on,
made in H.M.S. Challenger and U.S.S.
Tuscarora, Dr. W. B. Carpenter,
xix. 493
Undulatory Motion of the Sea, and
its Currents, Remarks on, Commen.
A. Cialdi, iii. 395 (reviewed)
Atlantic Ocean —
Atlantic Telegraph, C. W. Field, i. 216
  Exploration of the Faeroe
Islands and Iceland, Dr. Rae, v. 80
 Route for, v. 99

XXIV

INDEX TO THE FAPERS IN THE PROCEEDINGS

Oceans — Atlantic — continued.
 Survey for, of H.M.S. Bulldog,
Sir F. L. M'Clintock, v. 62
  Survey of Physical Con
ditions, with special reference to the
establishment of, G. C. Wallich,
vii. 53
Geography of the Bed of (and other
oceans), Capt. S. Osborn, xv. 28
Gulf Stream, A. G. Findlay, xiii. 102,
111
 Evidences of, in High Lati
tudes, Adm. C. Irminger, d.n., xiii. 226
 Soundings and Temperatures
in, Comm. W. Chimmo, b.n., xiii. 92
 Surface Temperature of, in
Reference to Ocean Currents,
N. Whitley, xiii. 229
Notes on the Island of St. Helena,
Maj. E. Palmer, iii. 363
Specific gravity of Water of South
Atlantic, S. W. Hodding, xiv. 377
Synopsis of the Surveys of the Fox
under Capt. Allen Young, Sir C. T.
Bright, v. 70
Volcanic Eruption in the Azores, (1866.),
xi. 261
Geography of the bed of the Atlantic
and Indian Oceans and of the Medi-
teranean Sea, Capt. S. Osborn
xv. 28
Pacific Ocean —
Bonin Island, Capt. Quin, r.a., i. 62
Easter Island, a visit to, by J.' L.
Palmer, r.n., xiv. 108
Fiji Islands —
Commercial Resources of, Bensusan,
(title only), vi. 96, abst. 97
Government Mission to, Dr. B. See-
mann, vi. 96
Report of exploration of Rewa River
and its Tributaries, Dr. MacDonald,
i. 508
Navigator Islands, The (Samoa), L.
Forbes, xxi. 140
 Earthquake wave at Samoa,
1868., Rev. D. G. Turner, xiii. 57
New Hebrides and Santa Cruz Groups,
Lt. A. H. Markham, xvi. 388
Norfolk Island, Removal of Pitcairn
IslanderB to, i. 60
Rapa Island, Description of, Capt.
V. Hall, xiii. 83
Sandwich Islands —
On the Geography and Recent Vol
canic Eruption of the, Bishop of
Honolulu (Dr. Slade), xii. 305
Surveys of H.M.S. Herald, 1852-61.,
Capt. H. M. Denham, vi. 195 (title
and note), vi. 197
Tahiti, Analysis of list of Pitcairn
Islanders landed in, 1831., i. 77

POLAR REGIONS.
Arctic.
General —
Account of the Land in the Vicinity of
Cape Horsburg and of the Island dis
covered there by E. P. Philpotts,
xiii. 372
Alleged Attainment of Very high Lati
tudes by Whalers in the last and pre
ceding centuries, C. R. Markham,
ix. 162
Animal life in, P. L. Simmonds, i. 53
Climate of the North Pole and on
Circumpolar Navigation, W. E.
Hickson, ix. 137
Currents and Ice-drifts on the Coast of
Iceland, Captain C. Irminger, v. 225
Exploration of the North Polar Region,
Captain S. Osborn, R.N., ix. 42, xii. 92 ;
Do., with resume al Swedish, German,
and Austrian attempts to reach the
tolar circle from the Atlantic Ocean,
Captain S. Osborn, xvi. 227
Herald Island, Maury, v'.s.n., i. 16
Ice between Greenland and Nova
Zembla, Captain Jansen, r.d.n., ix. 163
North Pole, Possible passage to, A. T.
Hopkins, iv. 100, 234
 Routes to, the best, C. K.
Markham, ix. 138, 156, 158, 162;
Smith Sound route, Sir G. S. Nares,
r.n., xxi. 274 ; that for the expedition
of 1872., Admiral G. H. Richards,
xix. 208
 , Table of Voyages towards
the, C. R. Markham, ix. 66
Open Polar Sea, Rationale of, A. C.
Anderson, xvii. 133
 Remarks on, Captain
R. V. Hamilton, r.n., xiii. 234; Do.,
R. White, i. 27
Probable Existence of unknown Lands
in the Arctic Circle, Captaiu S.
Osborn, xvii. 172
Sledge-travelling in the Arctic, Sir
F. L. M'Clintock, xix. 464,
 Captain A. H. Markham,
xxi. 110
Arctic Expeditions —
Account of the Scientific Results of
the Arctic Expedition under the'
command of Dr. I. J. Hayes, 1860-1.,
by Dr. Hayes, ix. 181
Austro-Hungarian Polar expedition,
1872., Lt. Julius Payer, xix. 17
British Expeditions (see also Franklin
Search) —
Arctic Committee of the Admiralty
Report of, (1875.), xix. 349
Letter on, Lady Franklin, (1865.) ix
148 '

OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1855-1878.

XXV

Arctic Expeditions — continued.
British Expeditions — continued.
Notes on the late, Capt. S. Osborn,
i. 104
Proposed expedition to the North
Pole, Dr. A. Petermann, ix. 90, 114
Progress of the Arctic Expedition to
July 17, 1875., and the return of the
Valorous, 0. R. Markham, xx. 55
Prospects of, .deduced from observa
tions on Weather, Wind, and Ice in
Davis Sound and Baffin's Bay, 1875.,
Capt. Adams, xx. 160
Response of the Linnean Society to
invitation of R.G.S. to co-operate in
a new, ix. 156
The Arctic Expedition of 1875-6.,
C. R. Markham, xxi. 536, 543, 552
Weather, Winds, and Ice in Arctic
Seas, 1875., as affecting prospects of
the expedition, Adams, xx. 160
Winter Quarters of the Discovery, Cap
tain H. F. Stephenson, xxi. 106
Capt. Hall's Arctic Expedition of 1871.,
Capt. the Hon. W. J. Ward, xv. 382
 H. P. Tuttle,
xv. 383
Discoveries of the Polaris, and Voyage
of the Arctic, C. R. Markham, xviii. 12
Frobisher Strait proved to be a Bay,
and on the Fate of Five Men of the
Arctic expedition in reign of Eliza
beth, Captain C. F. Hall, vii. 99
Proposed German Polar Expedition, and
on the Discovery of Land beyond
Herald Island, Petermann, xii. 107
Resume of the German North Polar
Expedition from reportB of Captain
Koldewey and Dr. Laube, Sir F. L.
M'Clintock, xv. 102
Swedish North "Polar Expedition of
1868., A. E. Nordenskiold and Fr. von
Otter, xiii. 151
Franklin, search for, etc. —
Discoveries by the late expedition in
search of, by Captain F. L. M'Clintock,
B.N., iv. 2
Expediency of searching for, Captain
Richards, R.N., i. 94
Expedition to Montreal Island in search
of, by Anderson, i. 21
Memorial to the Government on further
search for, i. 95.
Plan for a farther search after the

Franklin, search for, etc. — continued.
Remains of the Franklin Expedition,
Lieut. Bedford Pirn, r.n., i. 209 ,
Probable Course pursued by Sir J.
Franklin's Expedition, by A. G.
Findlay, i. 21
Report on his search for, during the
years 1852-3-4, accompanied with a
chart, Dr. E. K. Kane, i. 17
Greenland —
Aurora Borealis in, J.W. Taylor, iii. 117
Current along coast of, Commander C.
Irminger, R.D.N., i. 61
Discharge of Water from the Interior
of, through Springs under the Ice,
Dr. H. Rink, vii. 76
Fiords of, J. W. Taylor, v. 90
Greenland Fiords and Glaciers, J. W.
Tayler, xiv. 156
Origin and Migrations of the Greenland
Esquimaux, C. R. Markham, ix. 88
Site of the Lost Colony of, determined,
and pre-Columbian discovery of
America confirmed, R. H.Major, xvii.
312
Supposed discovery of the North Coast
of, and an open Polar sea, by Kane,
Dr. H. Rink, ii. 195 ; Bache on, ii. 359
Voyage to the North-East Coast of, D.
Gray, (1868), xii. 196
Spitsbergen —
Boat-voyage along coast of, 1864., ix. 30S
Discoveries east of, and attempts to
reach the Pole on the meridian of,
C. R. Markham, xvii. 97
Proposed Exploration north of, J.
Lamont, xiii. 225
Antarctic.
Antarctic Exploration and its con
nection with the Transit of Venus,
(1882.), Staff-Commander J. E. Davis,
r.n., xiii. 114
Morrell's Antarctic Voyage, 1853., with
Remarks on the Advantages Steam
will confer on future Antarctic Ex
plorers, Captain R. V. Hamilton, r.n.,
xiv. 145
Note on Sabrina Land, etc., C. Enderby,
ii. 171
Physical Geography of the Sea in con
nection with the Antarctic Regions,
Captain M. F. Maury, u.s.n., v. 22

INDEX TO THE MAPS Iff THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE
ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1855-1878.
Central — continued.
Headwaters of Kin Char Kiang, Lan
Tsan Kiang, Now Kiang and Great
River of Tibet, Cooper's route, iiiu
facing 393
Pamir Steppe and region, illustrating
letters from the Kashgar Political
Mission, xviii. facing 429
China —
South- West frontier (Sketch-map), by
T. T. Cooper, xv. 163
India —
Mount Everest and Deodanga, iii. facing
59
Siam —
Menam and other rivers, v. facing 45

AFRICA.
Central- Cameron's route between Lake Tan
ganyika and Lovale, xx, facing 119
East— Lufigi river, main mouths, xviii. 75
Rovuma river, Livingstone's supposed
route (Sketch-map), xi. facing 125
Lake Region-
Albert Nyanza, Baker's routes, 1864,
x. facing 1
Nyassa Lake (Sketch-map), by Young,
xx. facing 451
.   to Ugogo, Cotterill's route
(Sketch-map), xxii. facing 231
Sea of Uniamesi, by Erhardt and
Rebmann, i. facing 26
Tanganyika, Lake (Cameron's reduced),
xix. facing 72
Victoria Nyanza, with Speke's, Grant's,
and Stanley's routes, xx. facing 135
Nile- Sketch-map of Countries North and
South of the Equator, on the Meri
dian of Khartum, v. 20
Gondokoro to Dufli, Kemp's route
(Sketch-map), xix. 325
AMERICA.
Bouth —
Railway tunnels, line across the Andes
(Sketch-maps), xviii. 207, 209, 210
ASIA.
Ventral —
Bolor Highlands (Veniukof), xiii. facing
343
•Gobi, South-East, to Sirinagur, illus
trating alleged travels of anonymous
•German, x. facing 265

AUSTRALIA.
South —
Explorations by Freeling. Hack, and
others (Sketch-map), ii. facing 194

OCEANS.
Atlantic Ocean, xxi. facing 317
Proposed lines for telegraph routes across
the Atlantic, v. facing 61
POLAR.
Arctic Regions, xxi. facing 537
Greenland, Arkut fiord (Sketch-map),
xiv. 158
Ice Barrier between Spitzbergen and
Nova Zembla, ix. 175

WORLD.
Gall's projection, xv. facing 159

DIAGRAMS.

Changchenmo Valley, Forsyth, xviii. 114
Earth's Magnetism —
Isogonic Lines, Plate I., xxii. following
216
Isoclinic Lines, Plate IL, ib.
The Earth's Magnetism, Plate III., ib.
Galton's Sun Signals, iv. 16
Main Land Masses, formation of, Duncan,
xxii. 87, 88, 95, 97
Oceanic Circulation and Temperature, xv.
66
Atlantic and Mediterranean tempera
ture, xviii. 321
Atlantic temperature, Challenger's ob
servations on, xviii. facing 356, 360,
362, on 359

Oceanic Circulation and Temperature —
continued.
China and Sulu seas, temperature of,
xviii. 346
Dardanelles and Bosphorus Currents,
xviii. 337, 338
Gulf Stream (Findlay), xiii. facing, 139
Influence of glacial water on, xix. 508
 wind pressure, xviii. 302
Pacific ocean, Challenger observations on,
xix. facing 493
  North, Tuscarora observa
tions on, xix. foxing 503
Soundings of H.M.S. Valorous in Davis
Strait and the Atlantic Ocean, xx. facing
66

NOTE.
In the General Index which follows, the entries with capital letters to the
principal words represent titles of papers printed in full or in abstract in the
Proceedings, which also appear in the preceding list under a topographical or
subject arrangement. Obvious abbreviations include the use of the initial
letters of the points of the compass, and frequently B. or Br. for " British."
A capital N is sometimes used for " New," as in New Guinea, etc., as well as
for " North."

GENERAL INDEX TO THE PROCEEDINGS
OP the
ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY,
1855-1878.

Aar river, Switzerland, fall of, ii. 370 ;
volume of, xvii. 205, 206
Aaron's Hill, Sinaitic Peninsula, xiii. 208
Aasir Mountains, Arabia, viii. 104
Abadah Island, Persia, position of, i. 286,
292
Abadees or settlements, Mekran, locations
of, xvi. 140
Abai river, Abyssinia, source of, x. 299
Abancoy, Peru, sugar of, xviii. 212
Abaza, M, his work in connection with
the Russo-American Telegraph Exten
sion, 1866., xi. 39
Abazai Fort, Trans-Himalaya, road to,
from Nawagai surveyed by the Mullah,
1876., xxii. 354
Abbagantowy, E. Siberia, steppes of, ii.
278
Abbeokuta, district and town, West Africa,
i. 445
C.M.S. station at, ii. 96
cultivation at and near (cotton, etc.),
ii. 96, vi. 65
Expeditions and explorations : Beding-
field's, 1862., vii. 105, 107; Bowen's,
ii. 93, 94; Burton's, 1861., vi. 49, 64;
Crowther's, (1876.), xxi. 487; May's,
1857., ii. 90, 95
geological formation in, xxi. 48S
natives of, Strickland on, vi. 52
 , wars of, Burton on, vi. 65-6
 river (see also Ogun river), Ascent of,
by Burton and others, (1861.), vi. 49,
64 ; Crowther on, xxi. 488
Abbs. Lieut. C, r.n., explorations of, in
Belize district, (1868), xii. 75

Abbotsbury and Chesil Bank Beaches,
mapped, (1856.), i. 138
Abbot Bay, N. E. Australia, deep water
at, v. 7
Abbot, K. E., Journey from Shiraz ... to
Kazeran, 1850., i. 321 ; Notes on Ghilan.
Persia, (1859.), iii. 390 ; On the country
of Azerbaijan, (1864)., viii. 275; obituarv
notice of, 1874., xviii. 530
Abdulabad, Perso-Afghau frontier, de
scribed by Marsh, xxi. 584
Abdum, Egypt, i. 507
Aberdeen, Earl of, obituary notice of,
1861., v. 147
Aberdeen, Mount, Buffalo Range, Victoria,
Australia, i. 4
Abiad-mto-temassanin, North Africa, ix.
314
Abian district, South Arabia, fertility of,
prosperous towns in, xvi. 118
 valley, xvi. 117
Abich, M., Ascent of Mount Ararat by,
1845., xxi. 88; record of.ou the mountain,
,xxii. 178; classification of mountain
ranges by, Spottiswoode on, iv. 97;
explorations of the Caspian Sea by,
(1864.), viii. 204; cited on the earth
quakes at Erzeroum and Schamake.
1859., vi. 64
Abigharm, village at foot of Demavend, vi.
103, mineral warm springs at, xxii. 218
Abkhasia district, Caucasus, area and in
habitants of, vi. 60
Abo, on the Niger, friendly chiefs at,
ii. 84 _
Abokobi, Accra country, West Africa,
Basle missionary station at, xiii. 358,
xviii. 291 ; mountains near, xviii. 288

ABO— ADA

Aboo, Mount, Aravellee range, India,
elevation of, xi. 57
Aboo Sinn, important Sheikh in Upper
Egypt, x. 283
Abookooka, or Abukuka, or Lalnun, near
the Nile, Petherick at, 1862., vii. 78,
viii. 13, 132
Abou Arouck, Wady, Nile region, wood
in, xx. 358
 Gimri, Wady, Nile region, water in,
xx. 357 .
¦  , Harraz, Junction of the Rahad with
the Atbara river at, x. 294
 Senoum, Nile region, quartz stones
and baobab trees at, xx. 361
Abranioff, Colonel A., expedition of, to the
sources of the Zarafshan river, (1871.),
xv. 288
 , On Lake Nor Tsai-san, Cent. Asia,
and its Neighbourhood, ix. 40
Abu Aldi, Jebel, Sinaitic Peninsula, xiii.
209
 Ghuraib canal, Mesopotamia, Bewsher
on, xi. 155
 Mas'ud, Jebel, Sinaitic Peninsula,
ruins on, described by Wilson, xiii. 211
 Zennoh, Sinaitic Peninsula, legend
of the stones of, xiii. 207
Abundance, Mount, North Queensland,
traoes of Leichhardt near, iii. 87, 88, cf.
x. 59
Abune, West Africa, elevation of, and
goldshafts near, xviii. 288, mission
• station at, 291
Aburrie, West Africa, xiii. 358, 359
Abuya-meder Mountains, Abyssinia, xi.
299
Abyssinia (see also Africa, East,
Somaliland, etc.) —
Alps of, Munzinger's journey to, from
Haupta, 1867., xiii. 219, xiv. 329,
journeys in, iii. 308, vii. 195
ancient races of, i. 281
Baker on, xii. 117
Beke on Senafe and other places in, and
on his travels, (1866.), xii. 15, 116, 119,
xiii. 51
Blanc, on his captivity in, (1865.), xiii.
47
Cave churches of, xiv. 164
Climate and geology of, with Tables of
Heights, Cook, xiv. 158
Confirmation of Bruce's statements
concerning, ii. 284, v. 214, xii. 6, 273
Early Portuguese Expeditions to,
Markham, xii. 11 ; Beke on, xii. 119
Explorations and expeditions: Anti-
nori's, 1875-8., xxi. 174, xxii. 14, 378 ;
Baker's, vii. 204, x. 6, 279 ; Beke's,
(I860.), xiii. 51; Blanc's, (1868.), xiii.
39; Early Portuguese, xii. 11, 119;
general, xiii. 51 ; German, viii. 243 ;
Gessi's, (1878.), xxii. 378; Heuglin's,

Abyssinia — continued.
(1858.), ii. 284, (1862.), vi. 178;
Heuglin and others, viii. 243 ; Jesuit,
xiii. 223 ; Khedive's, (1876.). xxi. 65;
Military British, (1868.), xii. 6, 16-
19, 113, 298, xiii. 51; Munzinger's,
(1859.), iii. 308, vii. 195, xiii. 219, xiv.
329 ; Parkyns, x. 290, and others, xii.
6, 18, 273
Geographical results of the Abyssinian
Expedition, (1867-8.), Markham, xii.
113, 298
Geological reconnaissance of plateau by
the Khedive's expedition, 1876., xxi,
65
Hot wind of, i. 35
Map of, viii. 243, xii. 7, 118
 ¦ of Region north of, ii. 324, 325
note
Meteorology of, xiv. 158-62
Mountains of, elevations of, x. 290;
explorations in, by Munzinger, iii.
308, vii. 195, xiii. 219, xiv. 329;
geological formation of, xii. 298
Progress of geographical knowledge of,
vi. 324, vii. 193, 197, viii. 243, xi. 5,
xii. 273, xiii. 7, 223, xiv. 329
Rassam on his captivity in, 1866., x. 29o
Rivers of, iii. 306, 355, vii. 21, 80, a.
100, 279, xii. 117
Salt markets of, xiii. 222
Salt plain of, xii. 117, xiii. 220, xiv. 329
Tablelands of, elevation of, xii. 115,
xiii. 40, 46, 151; climate and rainfall,
xii. 301
Tributaries of the Nile in, Baker, x.
279
Tsetse fly regions in, x. 284, 285
Water-parting of, xiii. 117
Acapulco, Mexico, early Japanese traders
at, x. 172
Accad, Babylonia, Rawlinson on, i. 46J 47
Accessible Bay, Kerguelen Island, xviii.
545
Accident Inlet or river, North Australia,
xiii. 54, district near, 56
Accra, West Africa, Basle mission station
at, xiii. 291
beads and their origin, xviii. 294
Du Chaillu at, 1863., viii. 18
region near, xviii. 290
Achalzich. Caucasus, xiii. 71
Ach baluch Manji : see Pi-ma-kwan
Acheen Head, Sumatra, currents off, vi.
117
Ackweng village, Central Africa, tribes
men of, v. 33
Aconcagua, Mount, Chile, height of,
variously estimated, ix. 244, xviii. 65-6
Ac-tu Mountains, Chinese Tartary, passes
m, visited by Atkinson, (1859.), iii 127
Ada-bazar, Asia Minor, Roman bridge at,
l. 301 °

ADA— ADE

Adael, on the Nile, viii. 138, 139
Adai Kock peaks, Caucasus, xiii. 68
Adamawa, West Africa, ii. 79
elevation of the Benue river in, xvii.
23
, Expeditions and explorations: Vogel's,
1855, i. 16, 155, 445, ii. 31, failure of,
442, ii. 32, proposed, second journey
to, ii. 34
Foulbe natives of, xxi. 494
ivory from, i. 215
Mount Mauranu in, xxi. 490
Adam Bay, North Australia, x. 35, 42, 52
61
Admiralty survey of, x. 221
Cadell's opinion on, xii. 202
Expeditions to and from, M'Kinlay's,
1865., x. 250, xi. 46; Stow's boat
voyage from, 1864., x. 34, 52 ; Survey
by Auld and Litchfield, x. 250
exposed flats of, x. 250
failure of settlement at, x. 87, 88, 251,
xi. 46, 261
as a telegraph station, x. 61
 , Arthur, naturalist expedition up
Canton river, China, vii. 142
Adams, Captain, of the Arctic (whaling
ship). Remarks on Weather, Wind,
and Ice in the Arctic Seas, 1875., as
affecting the prospects of the Arctic
Expedition of 1875., from observations
in Davis Strait and Baffin Bay, xx. 160,
cited on the same,-xx. 20
 ¦, Hon. C. F., U.S. Minister, on re
ceiving Patron's Gold Medal ou behalf
of Dr. Hayes, 1867., xi. 183
 . Mr., journey in Japau, xviii. 230
 , Mr., a s-ailor, with the North Aus
tralian Expedition, ii. 8
Adams, Mount, British North America,
alleged effect of an eruption of, xiii.
.149
Adamson, J., obituary notice, of, 1856., i.
117
Adansi Hills, West Africa, xviii. 289
Add, Mohr, Somaliland, gum-trees of, xvi.
151
Adda river, Italy, source of, iii. 354
Adda-Mugu, boundary of Igara district,
West Africa, xxi. 484
Addah, West Africa, Basle missionary
station at, xviii. 291
Addah Foh, West Africa, and its King,
xviii. 185
Addigerat, or Adigraht, Abyssinia, easy
travelling near, xii. 119, flat-roofi-d
houses of, xiv. 162, geological forma
tion of mountains above, xiv. 164
Addington, Rt. Hon. H. U, obituary
notice of, 1870 , xiv. 291
Additional Notes on Formosa, Swinhoe, x.
122
Address of Condolence presented by R.G.S.

to H.M. the Queen on the death of the
Prince Consort, 1862., vi. 40
AddresB to the Geographical and Ethno
graphical section of the British Asso
ciation, Oxford, I860., Murchison, iv. 250
Ade, N. C. Africa, dunes of, petrifactions
in, Rohlfs on, xi. 35
Adelaide, South Australia, ii. 186, 314, iii.
29, iv. 77, 93, vii. 171, x. 34, xii. 322,
xiii. 28, xvi. 319
Admiralty surveys at and near: see
Admiralty surveys
Colonization from, vi. 57, vii. 85, 90, 170
Communication of, with North Australia,
xiv. 196, 198, xv. 296
Distance of, from Alice Springs, xix. 42
Expeditions from, and returning to, iv.
93, v. 124, vi. 11, 14, 56, vii. 11, 13,
84, 113, 169, 175, viii. 211, ix. 232-3,
xii. 261, 288, xvii. 19, 276, 277, xviii.
570-1, xix. 9, 49
Good land near, proportion of, v. 58, hot
wind of, ii. 192
Plains of, in wet and dry seasons, ii.
191, 192, fertility of, vi. 57
Public reception of Forrest at, (1874.),
xix. 486
Telegraph from, to King George's
Sound, xix. 482
 Chain (mountains), South Australia.
v. 10
 , Port, South Australia, x. 35
Admiralty survey of anchorage at, xii.
215
Expansion of, xiv. 322
 river, North Australia —
Cadell's exploration near, 1867., xii. 201,
261
Discovery of, by Stuart, and conse
quences, x. 52, xiv. 200
Latitude of, vii. 82
Leichhardt cited on the district of,
vii. 82
Navigability of, ii. 211, ix. 22, 23
Swamps near, xiv. 197
Unsuccessful settlement near, ix. 22, x.
52, 221, 251
 Station, North Australia, vii. 83
Adelong, South Australia, gold tract of,
iii. 339
Aden, i. 79, ii. 321, vii. 60
Expeditions from : Von Maltzan's,
1870-71., xvi. 113 ; Von Wrede's and
others (1843., etc.),xv. 330; drawbacks
of, as starting-point for expeditions,
iii. 179, 195, 314, vi. 207, xvi. 123
Heat of, and health of troops at, i. 362
Longitude of station at, for observing
the transit of Venus, 1874., xvii. 351
Telegraph from, to England, via Con
stantinople, iii. 266, v. 222, xiii. 278
Trade of, with the Curia Muria Islands,
iv. 50, 56

ADE— AFR

Aden, Gulf of, Admiralty surveys of (q.v.),
iii. 268, vi. 134
Current in, xviii. 316
Aderbeijan (see Azerbaijan) province,
Persia, described and mapped by Kha-
nikoff, vi. 162
Adi river, East Africa, source and course
of, viii. 7, xxii. 451
Adiabo, West Africa, United Presbyterian
Missionary Station at, xx. 224, 226, 227.
Adicha river, Siberia, affluents of, xxi.
214
Adjia-Vogdo, spur of the Altai mountains,
elevation of, xxii. 52
Adjomba district, West Africa, alleged
lake near, x. 129, rivers in, x. 128
Adkins, T., journey of, in Manchuria, 1872,
xvi. 351
Admiral Richards mountain and glacier,
Kerguelen's island, xviii. 545
Admiralty Charts, new catalogue of,
issued 1875., xix. 413
 inlet, Arctic Regions, Rae at, iv. 9
 islets, off Lord Howe island, lati
tude of, xxii. 136
 peninsula, Novaya Ze'mlya, xix.
35
 surveys, annual summaries of,
1856., i. 137; 1857.,i.400; 1858.,ii.258;
1859., iii. 261 ; I860., iv. 145; 1861., v.
166; 1862., vi. 130; 1863., vii. 137;
1864., viii. 189; 1865., ix. 219; 1866., x.
216; 1867., xi. 190; 1868., xii. 239.
1869., xiii. 274; 1870, xiv. 303; 1871.;
xv. 261; 1872., xvi. 315; 1873., xvii.,
253; 1874., xviii. 535; 1875., xix. 404;
1876., xx. 402; 1877., xxi. 431; 1878.,
xxii. 333
¦ —  auxiliary, 1869., xiii. 282
  of the East Coast of Africa,
1877., Kirk on, xxii. 453
 ¦ Pacific ocean, by H.M.S. Herald,
Denham. 1852-61., vi. 195-7
Adokodo river, West Africa, affluent of,
x. 117
Adonis river, Syria, sources of, ii. 225
Ador, Nile region, viii. 133, Petherick at,
viii. 134
Adreskun Ab river, near Herat, course of,
xxi. 585
Adriatic sea, level of, ii. 283
Adulis, Abyssinia, ancient Greek city,
landing of British troops at, 1867., xii.
10, 16, 17, ruins at and natives of, xii.
113
Advance, Kane's ship in 1850., i. 17, 19
Adventure bay, Spitzbergen, ix. 311
Ad wan plain, Syria, heat of, and natives
of, xix. 166
Aed Hamarrawa heights, West Africa, i.
446
Afar district, Abyssinia, salt and people of,
xiii. 220-1

Afghanistan —
Afghan Geography, Macgregor on, xx,
248
 Markham, xx. 241
 natives in Gosse's Central Aus
tralian Expedition, xix. 51
ExDeditions and explorations (see
Afghan Geography), Pelly's, viii. 20
Frontiers of, Rawlinson on, xvii. 108;
and Herat, the same on, i. 297-9
Map of, by Fraser-Tytler, xx. 248
Probable coal in, xx. 255
Aika, or Apheca, Syria, temple of, ii. 225
Aflaj El, Arabian province of, lost river
in, viii. 101
Aflan river or wady, Arabia, Badger on,
viii. 97, 98, 99 ; Palgrave on, viii. 103, 105
Afog, or Affoock, Nile region, Petherick
at, v. 32, Mme. Tinne- at, viii. 14
Afraziab, Samarcand, ruins at, xv. 395
Afreet mountains, Sinaitic peninsula, x.
159
Africa (see also Nile, ete.) —
General (see also Africa, Central) —
Astronomical observations in, Living
stone's, Maclear, i. 44, 268
cannibals of, v. 83, 84
climate of elevated parts of, iv. 88
climatic dangers of, iv. 43, 68
coast surveys of : see Admiralty
surveys
colonization of, Fynney on, xxii.
122-124
cotton cultivation in, Baikie on, v,
45 ; Baker on, vii. 21 ; Burton on,
iii. 357, vi. 49 ; Churchill on, iv.
221 ; Crawfurd on, iii. 104-5, vii.
66-7; Hanson on, iv. 43, 221;
Livingstone on, ii. 58; Macqueen
on, iii. 105, iv. 28; Murchison on,
ii. 35, 322, iii. 315; Speke on, iv.
88 ; Sykes on, iii. 105 ; Taylor on,
vi. 52
distribution of Animal Life in,
Wallace, xxi. 517
elephants, domesticated at Zanzibar,
xvii. 35; taming of, by negroes,
unknown, viii. 9 note, 249 ; used in
Gordon's 1875 Expedition, xix. 455
Expeditions and explorations (see
Progress below, also Annual and
other Addresses) —
object of, and drawbacks to, Alcock
on, xxii. 20
Exploration Fund: President, H.R.H.
the Prince of Wales, xxi. 17, 393,
476; Balance-sheet, xxii. 469;
Circulars on 1877., xxi. 385, 476;
Grant to Mr. Craven, xxii. 19;
Objects of, Alcock on, xxi. 475,
xxii. 11, 24, in letter to the Times,
xxi. 601, in speech at Mansion
House Meeting, 604, in resolution j

AFR— AFR

Africa — continued.
General — continued.
moved by, 607 ; origin of, in the
Brussels Conference, xxi. 394 ;
foreign action in connection with,
xxi. 394-396 ; Mansion House
Meeting on, xxi. 601, xxii. 11 ;
Minutes of Conference on, xxi.
616 ; Minutes of Council, xxi. 391 ;
Remarks on Inland Line of Tele
graph suggested by, Erskine, xxii.
224; Report of Committee, xxii.
378, 463; Routes in East Africa
suggested for exploration or ex
amination, xxi. 388, xxii. 19
Flora of, Ball on, xvi. 171
German African Society, scope of
its labours, xxii. 14
 writers on Africa, 1863., vii. 149
gold in, found by Petherick, iv. 12
Journey between the East and West
Coasts by Traders, Frere on, xvii.
349
 across, Bayamoyo to Benguela,
Lt. V. L. Cameron, 1873., xx. 304
lack of water in, v. 8
Lake and river vegetation in, xx. 54
Maps of: Lopez', of the Lakes, Major
on, xviii. 147; Pigafetta's, of 1591.,
Major, xi. 246 ; Speke on a correc
tion in his owu, v. 15
Meteorology of: see Meteorological
observations
migrations of native races in, viii. 259,
xi. 140
Missionary labours in, and the diffi
culties of, Alcock on, xxii. 15, 22
and qualifications for, Stanley on,
xxii. 152
mountains of, Duncan on, xxii. 73
Natives of, inferiority of, to Asiatics,
viii. 249 note; Stanley on treat
ment of, xxii. 145, 146
Physical conformation of, Stanley on,
xxii 382
Progress of geographical knowledge
of , annual summaries : 1856., i. 154;
1857., ii. 2; 1858., ii. 316; 1859.,
iii. 301; I860., iv. 175 (see also
250); 1861., v. 208; 1862., vi. 175;
1863., vii. 182; 1864., viii. 241;
1865., ix. 247 ; 1866., x. 257 ; 1867.,
xi. 197 ; 1868., xii. 268 ; 1869., xiii.
298,318; 1870., xiv. 329; 1871., xv.
309, xvi. 87; 1872., xvi. 365 ; 1873.,
xvii. 6, 297, xviii. 4,9; 1874., xviii.
574, xix. 9; 1875., "xix. 451, Xx.
9 ; 1876., xx. 435, xxi. 6 ; 1877., xxi.
463, xxii. 108 ; 187., xxii. 370
in fifty years, Baker on, 1878.,
xxii. 166
rainfall in, effect of. on rivers,
Hutchinson on, xxii. 409

Africa — continued.
General — continued.
rainfall of various areas, viii. 261
Remarks on Line of Inland Telegraph
suggested in the African Explora
tion Committee's Circular, Erskine,
xxii. 224
rivers, formation of mouths of, xiii.
341, xvi. 101 ; sources of, Living
stone on, i. 449
roads and telegraphs in, Alcock on,
xxii. 25
slave trade in, i. 1, Frere on, xviii.
509; cost of attempts to suppress.
Alcock on, xxii. 20 ; the chief
obstacle to travel, viii. 254, 257, 264
slaves, free, colonies of, and cotton
cultivation, iv. 221
Trade, On overcoming Geographical
Obstacles to, Haddon, xxii. 251
tropics of, Mountains of, as " areas
of Condensation," i. 58
true scope for Europeans in, iv. 28
tsetse fly in, i. 246, iii. 303, vi. 29,
x. 174, xii. 271, xix. 129, xxi. 22,
241, 389, xxii. 37, 120, 373
Africa, Central or Equatorial (see also
Lakes, Nile, and Explorers of the
same) —
Antiquity of the Physical Geography
of, Murchison, viii. 151
Atmospheric pressures in, xiii. 362
bullock waggons first utilized in, by
Price, 1876., xxi. 236
cannibalism in, v. 110, 214
coal in, v. 130
drainage system of, Speke on, vii. 221
elevations of rivers and lakes in,
Bebm on, xvii. 21
ethnology of, Speke on, vii. 223
Expeditions and explorations in (tee
Nile expeditions and explorers) —
Antinori's, xiii. 297
Barth's, 1857., i. 82, 113, 44J, ii. 318
Cameron's, across (q.v.), xx. 164
D'EBcayrac de Lauture, ii. 220
Du Chaillu's (in the West), 1863-4.
viii. 265, ix. 14, x. 71
German, of Lenz and Pogge (q.v.),
1877., xxi. 203, 472, xxii. 18
Gessi's, round Albert Nyanza, 1876
xx. 470, xxi. 50
Gordon's, 1874., xix. 182 ; 1875., xx.
50; 1876., xx. 473; 1877., xxi. 48,
49, 463 ; to Albert Nyanza, xxii. 225
Khedive's (Baker's), 1870-3., xviii. 50,
131
Lacerda's, to Cazembe, xi. 235
Laird's, v. 160, 161
Lejean's, 1861., v. 210, vi. 18, 177
Livingstone's (q.v.), (1855.), i. 11, 240 :
(1861.-) iv. 19, v. J28, vi. 20, 32;
viii. 256; (1865.-), ix. 249, 264;

6

AFR— AFR

Africa, Central or Equatorial— continued.
Expeditions and explorations— contd.
search expedition for (see Living
stone Search and Relief Expedi
tion), xi. 161 et seq., xii. 37, 79,
175, 181, 282-3, xiii. 8, 298, xiv.
8, 38, 276, 329, xv. C, 115, 206, 309,
335, xvi. 88, 433 (and see Stanley),
xvii. 6, 9, 10, 72, 132, 298, xviii.
passim
Long's, 1874., xix. 107
Lucas', 1875-6., xx. 444
Magyar's, x. 261
Marno's, 1876., xx. 444
Peney's, 1861., vi. 18, 177. vii. 184
Pereira's, to Cazembe, 1798., xi. 235
Piaggia's and the Poncels', xiii. 8,
297, xv. 310, xx. 130
Pombeiros', (1806.), i. 92, vi. 195, vii.
73, 84, xvii. 11, 20, xx. 129, 131
Portos', across the Continent, (I860.),
iv. 181
Portuguese, Burton on; iii. 3B3 ;
Cooley on. i. 92, viii. 255
Rohlfs, 1865-6., x. 69, xi. 33, 34
Schweinfurth's, 1869-71., xv. 310, xvi.
325, 366
Stanley's, in search of Livingstone (see
Stanley), xvi. 88, 376; 1874., xix.
10, 107, 249, 492, xx. 34, 134, 159,
xxi. 13, 15, 465, 470, xxii. 144,
382, etc.
Vogel's, 1853-5., i. 15, 114, 155, 215,
320, 442, 518, ii. 30, 35, 79. 257,
viii. 10. 11
Von der Decken's (see West Africa),
(1863.), viii. 5
Von Heuglin's, 1863., viii. 264
^ Walker's, (1865.), x. 128
Geography of, Notes on, Macqueen. i.
12; 316, Kemarks on, Id., iii. 208;
Cooley cited on, vii. 93, 94
Geology of. Murchison on, vii. 191, viii.
246, x. 259
Gold districts of (see Boure'), i. 247. 248
great plateau of, area comprised by,
xx. 141
Geological history of, Stanley on, xxi.
142; Hutchinson on, xxi. 61
lake plateau, Livingstone citnl on,
v. 211
International Commission of Explora
tion of, set on foot by the King of
the Belgians, 1876., Alcock od, xxi.
16, 19
internecine wars in, i. 442
Ivory trade of, Vogel, i. 215
Languages of, Von der Decken on, viii. 9
Lakes of, (see Lake region), iii. 114;
old geographers on, xx. 34; sources
of supply of, vii. 80
Latitudes and Longitudes iu, deter
mined by Vogel. 1855.. i. 518

Africa, Central or Equatorial— continued.
Livingstone's discoveries in, xvii. 299
Map of, (Speke's last work), x. 21
Missionary progress in, xxii. 374
Mountains in, vi. 48, 51 ; theories on,
vii. 192, 195
New routes to, xxi. 470 ; and method of
travelling into, 1876., Mullens, xxi. 233
Notes on, MacQueen, ii. 12
Observations on, MacQueen, iii. 208
Portuguese Journeys in, MacQueen, iii.
362
Progress of knowledge of : see this head
under Africa, General
Reports respecting, collected at Mom-
baza, on the East Coast, Erhardt, i. 8
rivers of, elevation of, xvii. 21, volume
of, 23, rainy seasons on, and effect
in rises of, 28
slave-trade of, Burton on, xviii. 51
telegraph in, xxii. 473, 475
trade of, in relation to Lagos, vi. 17
tropical flora of, Dyer on, xxii. 440
Uganda, (East Central Africa), Colonel
Long's mission to King M'tesa of,
1S74., xix. 107
watershed of, ii. 57
water-system of, and possibilities of
utilizing, Cameron on, xx. 324, Living
stone's discoveries concerning, xvii.
10
Africa, EaBt (see Abyssinia, Admiralty
Surveys, Nile, etc.) —
Ascent of the Rovuma with Living
stone, 1861-2., Kirk, ix. 284, 288
coal in, at Tetc, i. 248, ii. 321, 365, iii.
105
Coast of, On recent Admiralty surveys
of, 1877., Kirk, xxii. 453 ; Mountains
of, elevation and products of, Hilde-
braud on, xxii. 446 ; reports from, on
Central Africa, Erhardt, i. 8 ; Stanley
on, xxii. 148
  and Zanzibar, remarks on,
Frere, xvii. 343. 354
cotton in, Kirk on, vi. 26, 27, 29
Englishmen in captivity in, Rigby,
x. 99, 113 ; xi. 4
Ethnological divisions, iv. 176, xvii.
- 353 ; Broyon-Mirambo on, xxii. 31
Expeditions and Explorations in (see
Burton, Burton and Speke, Living
stone, Speke and Grant, Stanley) :
Baker's, 1862., (Nubia), vii. 21 ; Belle
ville's, 1875., xx. 69; Cameron's (to
Ujiji), 1873., xx. 304 : Cothcal's, ii.
34; Emin Effendi's (Dr. Schnitzer),
(Uganda), xxi. 465 ; Exploration of,
summarized, Johnston, xvi. 126;
vii. 195; German, xviii. 11, xxi'.
473, xxii. 14; Hillard's, (Mana-
cusi river), 1857., iii. 166; Italian.
Antinori's (to Shoa). 1875., xix. 32G

AFR— AFR

f

'Africa, East— continued.
Expeditions and Explorations in — contd.
457, 1876-7., xxi. 474, xxii. 14;
Krapf and others, iv. 205, xvi. 126 ;
Livingstone's, to Lake Nyassa, 1861.,
vii. 18, up the Rovuma, (1862.), vii.
52, ix. 284 ; Malcolm's and Hill's, (up
the Wami), (1872.), xvii. 337; Miles'
(in Somaliland), 1871., xvi. 149;
Nachtigal's, (Eastern Sahara), 1874.,
. xix. 450; Peney's, 1861., v. 210;
Price's (from, to the Interior) 1876.,
xxi. 22, 233 ; Roscher's, (I860.), iv.
179; Stanley's, 1875., xix. 454;
Steere's, 1875., xx. 15,446; Von der
Decken's, 1860. et seq., iv. 180, vi. 47,
ix. 15, x. 28, 91, 109 j Von Heuglin's,
1863., viii. 264 ; Young's, (missionary),
1875., xix. 457
Exploration and mission parties in,
Kirk on, 1877., xxii. 19
Frankincense of, iv. 28
Geogr. divisions, Speke on, iii. 350
Geology, Hildebrand on, xxii. 446
Lake region of, Earl de Grey and Ripon
on, iv. 177
Mountains of, (cf. vii. 192-195), dis
covered by Livingstone, viii. 257, 262,
xxii. 384 ; Snowy, various views on,
ii. 324, iii. 113-117
Mozambique coast of. McLeod's iu-
formation on, iv. 182, 205
Notes on Rev. T. Wakefield's Map of,
Johnston, xvi. 125
Portuguese claims in, I860., iv. 205
Probable Oceultation of Stars by the
Moon in, 1878-9., Hind, xxii. 64, 65
Quilimane and Zambezi rivers (South-
East Africa), On the, Hyde Parker,
i. 314
Rainfall in, near Lake Tanganyika,
iii. 356, scanty elsewhere, viii. 8
rivers of, viii. 257, in order of magni
tude, xxii. 383
Suggested Fields for further Explora
tion in, Council of R.G.S., 1862, vi. 207
travels near the Kosanga, Von Heuglin,
1863., viii. 264
Africa, Lake District (see als i Lakes under
Names) —
Astronomical Observations in, Mason.
xxii. 229
elevation of places in, Baker cited on,
xi. 243
Expeditions an d explorations (see Baker,
Burton, Grant, Speke, Tinne',
Stanley, etc.) —
Baker's, 1870., xv. 6
Burton's, xvi. 129
Gordon's, (see Cent. Africa), 1874.,
xix. 152
Laoerda's, eighteenth century, and
Monteiro's, 1831. et seq., xi. 237, 250

Africa, Lake District — continued.
Expeditions and Explorations in — contd.
Stanley's, 1875-7., xx. 34, 44, xxi.
465, 467, xxii. 10, 144
Werne's, (185- ), iii. 356
Geographical Sketch of the Nile and
Congo basins, Stanley, xxii. 382
Grant on, xvi. 410
imperfeot knowledge of, in 1867., xi. 138 ;
Johnston on, ib.
Murchison on, xiii. 8, 299
Observations for Latitude in, Stanley,
xx. 44
Rawlinson on, xvi. 367
Temperatures and Rainfall in, Speke
and Grant's observations, Galton, vii.
225 et seq.
Ukara or Ukerewe Lake, Burton, xvi.
129, 131
Africa, North (see Admiralty Surveys) —
Expeditions and Explorations —
Bonderba's, (I860.), iv. 184 ; Gerard's,
1862-3-4., viii. 94, ix. 79, 312
Naohtigal's, 1869-74., xix. 5, 450
Morocco, Leared on, xxi. 611
physical features of, ii. 319
 Geography of, Hodgkinson on, viii.
153
Topographical Notes on Tunis, anon.
vi. 210
Africa, North Central (see also Sahara
and Sudan) —
French missionary journey to Timbuctu,
1875., failure of, xx. 445
General Historical view of Society in,
Barth, ii. 217
Afrioa, North-East : see Egypt, Nile and
Nile explorers, Red Sea, ef.c.
Africa, North- West-
Canal project in, xix. 454
Expeditions and explorations —
Boo-Moghdad's, Duveyrier's, Lam
bert's, (1862.), vi. 178
French Surveys in, 1877., xxi. 474
progress of geographical knowledge
of (see Africa, General, under this
head), viii. 241
Africa, South: see also Admiralty Sur
veys, Cape Town and Colony, Queens-
town, etc. — •
absence of good harbours in, xvi. 101
climate of, Mann on, xxii. 134
coal in South aud South-East, i. 314,
v. 130, xii. 268, xvii. 300, xxii. 121
Discovery of Diamonds at Hope Town,
1867., xii. 322
elevation and meteorology of, i. 60
 of towns visited by Chapman,
I860., v. 20
Expeditions and explorations in : An-
dersson's, 185!)., iv. 63; Baines,(with
Livingstone), Zambesi region, 1858.,
iii. 99, Limpopo and Zambesi, 1868.,

AFR— AFR

Africa, South — continued.
Expeditions and Explorations in — contd.
xv. 147, 309 ; Chapman's, I860., v. 16 ;
Coqui's, 1846., iii. 373, Elton's, 1870.,
xvi. 88, 89, xix. 40 ; Erskine's, Lim
popo, 1868., xiii. 320, to Umzila, 1871.,
xix. 12, 110, Gazaland, etc., 1873-5.,
xxii. 127 ; Fleming's, Kaffraria, 1853.,
i. 511; Gtrman.to ruins of Ophii-,1865.,
x. 173; ditto, Mohr's, 1876., xx. 441 ;
Green, Hahn.and Uath's.to the Ovam-
po, 1857., i. o.i, ii. 350: Livinytone's,
i. 11, 56; 185.3, tt seq.. i. 233, 237-9,
311, 448. 1858., 451, xi. 124 et seq.;
1868., xii. 280; ftlauch's, xii. 268,
xii. 136, xv. 158, xix. Ill; Moffat's,
(1858.),ii. 77,(1858.). to Orange river,
etc., ii. 158; Sanderson's, I860., iv.
182; Steele's, i. 216; Vardon's, ib.;
Wilkinson's, 1866., xiii. 134
Flora of, Dyer, xxii. 430
Geological and meteorological survey of
Natal, Sutherland, i. 55
Gold in, (see Transvaal), Mauch's dis
covery of, 1866-7., xii. 268, xiii. 136,
xv. 158
goldfields of, Murchison on, xiii. 300
great limestone plain of, xix. 121
lack of water in, i. 243, v. 8
languages of, .Von der Decken, viii. 9;
Notes on, De Figaniere, viii. 105,
errata, 157
Mountains of, in relation to dry winds,
i. 59
Notes on, Chapman, I860., v. 16
Progressing Desiccation of the Basin of
the Orange River, Wilson, ix. 106,
Livingstone and others on, 107, 108,
see also v. 16
Races of, (see accounts of journeys), the
Knobnuizen, xvi. 95 ; the Makalolos
and others, iv. 64 ; the Maloios, xvi. 95
rivers of, Bars at mouths of, Mann and
Markham, xvi. 138
Sheep in, xxii. 134-6
South African Republic (see Transvaal,
infra), trochiameter distances in,
taken by Chapman, v. 19-20
Transvaal, The, Geographical, and Eco
nomical Features of, Fynney, (1878.),
xxii. 114; territory noith of Natal
claimed by, xiii. 337
water-parting between rivers running
east and west in, ii. 354-5.
watershed of, latitude of, xv. 150
Africa, South Central —
commercial value of, Macqueen on, iii,
362
Livingstone's last journey and death
in, 1866-73., xi. 124, 144
Murchison on, vii. 191
Afrioa, South-East —
slave-trade in, Erskine on, xix. 123

Africa, South-West—
Remarks ou the Geography and Hydro
graphy of, Campbell, 1856., i. 310
Africa, West (see Abbeokuta, Admiralty
Surveys, Akem, Ashanti, Cameron,
Congo, Gambia, Livingstone Search
Expedition, Niger, Stanley, etc.)—
Ascent of the Cameroons Mountain,
Burton, 1862., vi. 238
barren plain near coast, xx. 323
Bijuga to the Kittafiny, Notes on Ex
pedition, O'Connor, 1857., iii. 379
British Settlements in, O'Connor, vi. 15
Bulamalsland, Visit of O'Connor, 1865.,
i. 42
Bur-Siu, the King of, Visits of O'Connor
to, iii. 377
canal project, near Cape Bojador, xix.
454
Cape Palmas settlement of Liberated
Negroes, Schonlein, i. 98
Casamance River, Report on, O'Connor,
i. 43
climate of the interior, xviii. 192
cotton cultivation in, iv. 70, vi. 65
District of Akem, Hay, 1875., xx. 475
dwarfs of, Du Chaillu on, x. 77
English trade with the interior, 1872.,
xvii. 129
Expeditions and explorations in—
Amos, Brothers, I860., iv. 184
Anderson's, (I860.), iv. 182
Baikie's, up the Niger, etc., i. 16,
44-6, ii. 83, 88, 90, 98, 317, 335,
iii. 311, iv. 183, v. 45; 1861., vi.
22-3, 187; 1862., vii. 66, 70; viii.
4, 10, 53, 263, ix. 172, 209
 from Nupe to Hausa, 1862., xi. 49
Bedingfield's, up the Congo, iv. 66;
iu country behind Lagos, vi. 64, 187 ;
in the Ijebu country. 1862., vii. 105
Blyden's to Falaba, 1872., xviii. 117
Burton's to Cameroons, 1862., vi. 238;
Elephant Mountains, vii. 104 ; with
Bedingfield in interior of Lagos,
vi. 64, 187
Croft's, up the Volta, 1872., xviii. 183
CrummeH's, up the Cavalla, (I860.),
iv. 185
Delany and Campbell's, (1859.), iv.
•Zl8
Dolben's, iv. 183, in H.M.S. Blood
hound up the Volta, 1861., vi. 49
Du Chaillu's, 1856-9. et seq., iv. 183,
212, v. 108, vi. 194; West and
Central, 1863., vii. 107, 119, 204-5,
viii. IS, 52, 265; 1864., ix. 4, 14:
1866., x. 4, 71, 182, 260
French expeditions: projected, 1860,
iv. 183; Bonnat's, up the Volta,
1875., xxi. 474; Compiegne's and
March's, up the Ogowe, 1873-4.,
xxii. 13; de Brnzza's, up the Ogowe,;

AFR— AHI

9

Africa, West— continued.
Expeditions and Explorations in— contd.
1871., xx. 442, 1875., xxi. 472,
xxii. 13 ; up the Congo, 1872., xix.
453; Mage's, in Senegal, 1863., xi.
200
Gambier's, up the Niger, 1863., viii. 35
Genoese early voyages along, iii. 303
German expeditions : Giissfuldt's,
1874-5., xx. 14; Lenz & Pogge's,
1876., xxi. 472, xxii. 18
Ge'rard's, 1863., vii. 197, xi. 79
Glover's, various dates, iii. 311, iv.
183, xiii. 369, xviii. 286
Hay's, to Akem, 1875., xx. 475, xxi.
475
Hoffmann's, up the Cavalha river,
1861., vi. 66
Knowles (and Crowther), up the
Niger, 1864., ix. 72
Lander's, i. 3, 10, ii. 99, vi. 185
Liberian, I860., iv. 184
Livingstone, Upper Congo region,
1871., xvii. 21, xxi. 13
May's, 1857., iii. 312
Miller's, I860., iv. 1S4
O'Connor's, to the Gambia region,
1857., iii. 377; to Bijuga Islands^
and the Kittafinv river, 1857., iii.v
379 ; to Bulama Island, 1855., i. 42
Portuguese, 1877., xxi. 474
Reade's, 1861., vii. 106, *. 83; 1868.,
xiii. 353, 369
Seymour and Ash's (I860.), iv. 184
 and Sims', (I860.), v. 210
Trotter and Crowther's, up the Niger,
1841., xxi. 481
Tuck'ey's, up the Congo, 1816., i. 310
Von Heuglin's', I860., v. 210
Walker's, up Old Calabar and Cross
rivers, 1866., x. 260, xvi. 368, up
the same and the Qua river, 1872.,
xx. 15, 224, up the Gaboon, 1865.,
x. 128
Exploration of the River Volta, Croft,
1872, xviii. 183
Geographical Features and Natural
History of unexplored, Du Chaillu,
1856-9., v. 108
 Notes on the Country between the
Volta and the Niger, Glover, xviii.
286
gold in, xviii. 287, xx. 476
growing importance of, to Great Britain,
vi. 187
Hutchinson's book on, reviewed, 1858., ii.
227
ivory trade of, iii. 384
Joloffs of, Hewett, i. 513
mission stations in, xvi. 137, 368, of
the Basle Mission, Glover on, xviii.
291
Oil Rivers, Thomas, xvii. 148

Africa, West — continued.
Old Calabar and Cross rivers, Notes on,
Walker, 1870., xvi. 135
On the Congo, Bedingfield, I860.,
iv. 66
rivers of, in order of magnitude,
Stanley, xxi. 383
 Report on various, Buxton, x. 66
Sea-water off coast of, specific gravity
of, i. 413 ; Report on, H. M. Witt, i.
508
 Temperature of, ix. 283
superiority of inland over coast races
in, Hamilton on, xviii. 193
trade of, vii. 68
wealth of, from Lake Tanganyika to
the coast, Cameron on, xx. 323
Aftonomoff, S., ascent of Ararat by, xxii.
178
Afuddo : see Ibrahimeya
Agadir, North-East Africa, mountains
near, xi. 213
Agassiz, Prof, explorations of, on the
Amazon (about 1866), x. 105, ocean
exploration of, for deep-sea soundings
1872, xvi. 331
Agaw plain, Abyssinia, xiii. 46
 province, Abyssinia, geological
features of, xiii. 51
Agbaja, West Africa, position of, etc.,
Crowther on, xxi. 486
Agbarneya, "port" of Abbeokuta, WeBt
Afrioa, vi. 65
Agboi Creek, near Lagos, Wist Africa,
vi. 64
Aggo Oja or Awyaw, West Africa, capital
of Yoruba, ii. 94
Aghri Dagh, the true name of Ararat,
xxi. 87, xxii. 184
Agoig village, Central Africa, woods at,
v. 32
Agouzy Port, Madagascar, inhabitants of,
ix. 289
Agoyan fall, Pastassa river, Simson on,
xxi. 562, 563
Agra, India, geological relations of, xi. 57
A guano, near the Napo, Ecuador, xxi.
568
Aguarico, the Upper (river), Ecuador, xxi.
,572
Agudos, Mount : see Apucarana, Mount
Agulhas bank, low sea-temperature at, ix.
282
 current, x. 340 ; variations of density
in, xxi. 258
Agula, Abyssinia, ruins at, and geological
formation of, xiv. 165
Ahabante, West Africa, mountain and
forest district near, xviii. 287
Ahaggar, Jebel, North Central Africa,
position of, xxi. 474
Ahar, Persia, mining district near, iii. 5
Ahimbe lake, Equatorial Africa, xx. 125

10

AHK— AKY

Ah Kaf, El, Arabia, desert of, Wrede
cited on, xv. 330
Ahl mountains, East Africa, Hildebrandt's
journey to, 1873., xxii. 446
Ahsa, El, Arabia, oasis of, viii. 101-3,
ix. 294
Ahuriri river, New Zealand, affluent of
the Waitaki river, viii. 214, explored
by Hector, 1863., viii. 47
Ahwaz, Southern Persia, i. 358, climate
of, i, 359, 360, 363, Layard's difficulties
. at, i. 295, river near, i. 220, 361
Aibagir or Aiboughir Lake, Aralo-Caspian
region, dried up, xix. 15, Kulewein's
visit to, v. 192
Aidouma tribe of New Guinea, xix. 518
Aigun harbour, Northern China.described,
xiii. 367, yard for the Chinese Mau-
churian fleet, ii. 1 53
Aillik settlement, Hudson bay, xii. 196
Ain, Wady el, Sinaitic peninsula, Roller's
route via, probably that of the Israelites,
Holland, xxii. 455
 ba Mabud, Southern Arabia, fishing
village and Bedouins of, xv. 321
¦  Jidy, Dead sea, Syria, visited by
Clowes, 1863., viii. 280, 281
 Oiimast, Morocco, geological forma
tion of, ix. 25
¦  • Terabeh, Syria, lebia fish of, i. 222,
223
Ainos of Yezo, Alcock on, xviii. 240 ;
Blakiston on, xvi. 1 88 et seq. ; Mitford
ou, xviii. 241 ; Watson on, xviii. 227,
229, 230
Aintas river, Central Africa, mouth of,
surveyed by Moffat, ii. 158
Air, Central Africa, robber tribes of, ii. 81
Aird river, New Guinea, xx. 254
Airitash pass, Thiau Shan mountains,
xiv. 224
Aishkasim Fort, upper Oxus, Asia, xv.
182
Aiva, New Guinea, xix. 517
Aiwain-i-Keif, Persia, plains near, xx. 167
Aiyoush, Arabia, ruinous town of, viii. 65
Ajan, Tibet, native information given to
Pundit at, as to country and inhabi
tants, xxi. 331
Ajerumea peak, Sinaitic peninsula,
xiii. 210
Ajlun, Djebel, Syria, viii. 29
Akaba, Arabia, desert near, viii. 63
Akaba Wady, Syria, watershed of, Roth's,
exploration of, 1858., ii. 283
Akahenga, village near Lake Tangan
yika, xix. 254
Akassa creek, West Africa, visited by
Burton, 1861., vi. 66
Akbaital plateau, Alai region, Asia, great
extent of, xxi. 130
Ake, Abbeokuta, visited by Burton, 1861 ..
vi. 65

Akem, West Africa, On the District of,
Hay, xx. 475
Akenyara lake, Urundi, Equatorial Africa,
vii. 219, affluent of, xxi. 466, called
Alexandra by Stanley, xxi. 467, 468
Akhaltzik, Caucasus, beautiful hills near,
vi. 6
Akhdar, Jebel, South Arabia, spurs of,
viii. 66
Akhther, E1-, South Arabia, baboons of,
xv. 327
A'kir, Tell, or El *Ajir,- Syria, xvi. 112
Akis, Yezo, fishing houses and seaweed
fishery at, Blakeston on, xvi. 189-90
Ak-kala, Aralo-Caspian region, ruins of,
xix. 428
Aklango, Eastern Turkestan, well, and rest
house at, xx. 487
Ak-Musjid Fort, Kasbgaria, occupied by
the Russians, xv. 1 92
Akongo territory, Madagascar, x. 54
Akpabioyo, West Africa, farms of, xx. 225
Akpado. Niger region, ii. 91
Akraba, or Tell Akriba, Syria, bearings
of, xvi. 106
Akrabee State, Southern Arabia, xvi. 120
Akreyri harbour, Iceland, v. 85
Akropong, West Africa, coffee culture
at, xviii. 192 ; described by Winwood
Reade, xiii. 358-359 ; forest at, xviii.
287 ; missionary station at, xviii. 291
Akropong Mountains, West Africa, eleva
tion of, xviii. 288
Ak-sai fort, Turkestan, position of moun
tains near, xiv. 69
Ak-sai river, rise and course of, xviii. 423
Aksai Chin, or White Desert, East
Turkestan, xiv. 45 ; see Aksu Chin
Aksakmaral, Central Asia, xviii. 426
Ak Schirah Mountain, Central Asia,
glacial source of the Narym river in,
xiv. 319
Aksi river, western boundary of Daghestan,
Russia iu Europe, iv. 91
Aksoo river, affluent of the Kazul river,
and thus of the Yarkand river, xv. 196
Aksu, Chinese Turkestan, glacier pass
near, xvi. 405 ; great mart at, xi. 7, 9 ;
itinerary from Ladak, compiled by
Veniukoff, xxi. 450, position of, xvi. 243,
xviii. 249
 Chin Plains, Central Asia, elevation
of, xxi. 328 ; see Aksai Chin
AksutoMurghab river, Central Asia, course
of, ascertained by Witgenstein, xxi. 130
Aktagk Mountains (or Thiau Shan (q.v.)),
nearYarkand, passes in, xiv. 51 ; position
of, xiv. 55 ; wool from, xi. 9
Aktash, or White Stone, the crest of the
Pamirs, xi. 187
Akuna Kuna, West Africa, natives of, at
Uwet, xx. 224
Akyab, rice of, market for, iii. 77

AKY— ALB

11

Akyar, or Akyah, India, currents off,
inimical to trade, vi. 114, 115
Ala, Abyssinia, plateau and people of,
xiii. 221
Ala Baital, Central Asia, defile traversed
by Kostenko, xxi. 127
Aladagh Mountains, Turkey in Asia,
crossed by Napier, xix. 172; crossed by,
• Taylor, xiii. 243, 244
Alagoz Mountains, xxii. 172; Kurds in,
xxii. 172 ; no glaciers on, xxii. 185
Alai region, Central Asia, elevation of,
xxi. 131 ; extent, elevation, and passes
of, Fedschenko on, xx. 484 ; Mirza Hand-
arkhan on, xx. 404 ; plateau, extent of,
xxi. 123, 124; road from, to Sarikol,
etc., xxi. 128; Russian expedition to,
and to the Pamirs, 1876., Kostenko, xxi.
122 ^
Ala Kul, lake, Aralo-Caspian region, xi.
214; formerly connected with Lake
Balkash, xviii. 248
Alambary settlement, Brazil, mountains
near, xx. 461
Alam Batir, the, of Ptolemy : see Gwadur
Ala&tra lake, Madagascar, xxi. 171 ; lati
tude of, and hills near, xix. 183 ; outlet
of, xix. 195
Alashan country, Prshewalsky's travels
in, 1870-3., xviii., 77, 83, 186
Alaska, Whymper's work on, revieived,
xiii. 285
AlaBora, sacred city, Madagascar, x. 53
Alatau mountains, direction, branches, and
elevation of, ix. 272 ; nee Alatu
Alatsinaimy Arigavo, Madagascar, great
market of, xx. 112
Ala-tu mountains, Chinese Turkestan, and
Ac-tu mountains, Journey through some
of the highest passes in, Atkinson,
1859., iii. 127
Alausi, South America, rise of the Chambo
river near, xxi. 557
Alazeya mountains and river, boundary
between Verkhoiyansk and Kolym, xxi .
214,215
Albania, Cora's travels in, 1875, xix. 422
Albany, Western Australia, non-auriferous
district near, viii. 33
 island, North Australia, i. 32;
Bowen on, viii. 114, 115; Chimmo on,
i. 256; Jardine on settlement near, x.
85; visited by the North Australian
Expedition, 1855., ii. 4
 and channel, x. 33, xii. 320;
geological formation of, ix. 78; settle
ment on, ix. 77, xii. 315
 , Port, North Australia, settlement
at, vii. 172, viii. 114, 115, harbourage
at, 116, streams near, 117, Bowen
and others on, ix. 77
Albazin, on the Amur, Eastern Siberia,
Cossack town of, in ruins, ii. 153 ;

Russian Port at, attacked by the Chinese,
xxi. 215
Albazin river, Eastern Siberia, gold near,
xiii. 368
Alberga creek or river, South Australia,
latitude, xix. 52, 56 ; source found by
Forrest, xix. 314
Albernie Bay, Vancouver Island, Mayne
on, vi. 107 ; timber trade of, viii. 86
Albert Land, Arctic regions, fine harbours
in, i. 105
¦>  , Lake, South Australia, natives at,
xv. 96
Albert Nyanza (Lake), Equatorial Africa,
called also Luta or Muta Nzige (q.v.).
Account of the discovery of, 1864., Baker,
x. 6, cf. ix. 274; in Duarte Lopez'
map, xiii. 299 ; elevation of, x. 25, xi.
145, xvii. 22, xviii. 215, xx. 49, 54,
geological formation of basin of, Mur
chison on, x. 2, 24, 259. J. Baker on,
xviii.j 145 et seq. ; latitudes on, ix. 274,
x. 18 ; length and breadth of, xxi. 56 ;
main tributaries of, and outfall, xvii.
31, Gordon and Chippendall on, xx.
13, of. 470 ; mountains near, xvii. 10,
23 ; native information on, xviii. 142,
xx. 120, 470 ; On the circumnavigation
of, 1876., by Gessi, Gordon, Stone, Baker,
and others on, xx. 470, 471-473, xxi.
50, 464 ; rainfall in region of, xxi. 55 ;
Reconnaissance of, by Mason, 1877.,
xxii. 225 ; Stanley's exploration of,
1875-6, xxi. 466, xxii. 154 ; Stanley on,
xxii. 394
 ¦  and Upper Nile, Chippendall's
journey between, 1875., xx. 67
 , Port, Victoria, Australia, Admiralty
survey uear, xiv. 307
 river, or Bean Brook, North Aus
tralia, ix. 302, x. 326, 327, 328 ; Ascent
of, in search of Gregory's letters, 1844.,
Flood, ii. 378; crossed by Leichhardt
vii. 86; discovered by Stokes, i. 192,
493, vii. 87; explored by Chimmo,
1856., i. 255, 260,Flood, ii. 378, Gregory,
1855-6., i. 34, 171, 190, 230, 260-2,
324, 490, iii. 8, 10, 14 ; Landsborough,
1861., vi. 24, 173, vii. 3, 37, 112, 173;
Macdonald, x. 247 ; Macintyre, xi. 45,
226; Norman, vii. 114; Walker, vii.
Ill; features of, bar at mouth, i. 257,
ii. 378, vii. 4, 14, climate, i. 257, 263,
xii. 319, 320 ; country near, i. 257, 258,
378, 497 ; natives, i. 263 ; navigability of,
vii. 4, 114 ; sources of affluents of, vii. 6
  , settlement, (Burketown), at
mouth of, vii. 113, 175, x. 61, 248, xi.
45, 227, xii. 56, xiii. 52
Albertis, Signor d', explorations of, in
New Guinea, 1872., xviii. 47, 574, xix.
243-4, 448; 1874., xx. IS, 429 ; 1876.,
xxi. 459 ; 1878., xxii. 364-5

12

ALB— ALC

Albuquerque, New Mexico, position of,
xxii. 279
Albury, New South Wales, on the Murray
river, iii. 338 ; Hume's memorial pillar
at, xviii. 533
Alceste Island, north-east coast of China,
iii. 59
Alcock, Sir R., President, 1876-8., ap
pointment of, xx. 375, 376, 448
Addresses by —
Anniversary addresses, 1877., xxi. 407,
1878., xxii. 302, 305
Opening, 1876., xxi. 6 ; 1877-8., xxii. 7
on the British Association Meeting,
1876., xxi. 20, 24
on Geography, to the British Asso
ciation, 1873., cited, xviii. 7
on presenting Gold Medals and other
awards, 1877., xxi. 398, 400, 1878.,
xxii. 255, 296
on presenting Prize School Medals,
1877., xxi. 402. 403, 1878., xxii. 302
on retiring, xxii. 293, 379
votes of thanks to, xxii. 302-304
 , acknowledgments, xxii.
304
Remarks on African subjects —
on the African Exploration Fund,
1877., xxi. 475 ; speech at Mausion
House meeting, xxi. 604, 615 ;
letter to the Times on, xxi. 601 ;
resolution moved by, 607; Report
drawn up by, xxii. 463, remarks
on, 468, speech at Subscribers'
Meeting, 382 ; Ditto, 1878., xxii.
463, 468, 474, 475
Central Africa —
on the Exploration Fund, xxii. 36,
38 ; explorations in, and pros
pects of, xx. 474, xxi. 47, 203,
224, 248, xxii. 474 ,
Baker's discovery of the Albert
Nyanza, 1862., xx. 470, 473, and
its native name, 475
Gordon's Expedition in, xxi. 62
Johnston's (proposed), xxii. 474
Long's, xix. 107, 110
East Africa and Equatoria —
Cotterill's journey, 1876 , xxii. 232,
249
the Educational Mission at Lake
Nyassa, xxi. 245
Elton's journey, xix. 107, 110, his
death, xxii. 232, 249
Haddan's proposed railway for ex
ploration, xxii. 232
the Nile sources and Lake Nyassa,
xx. 470
Price's expedition to, xxi. 203,
224, 248
proposed resolution regarding
Stanley's alleged treatment of
natives, xxi. 6, 62

Alcock, Sir R. — continued.
Remarks on African subjects— contd.
Stanley explorations, xxii. 126, 143,
408, 409
Young's, 1875., xx. 451, 454, xxi.
202, 224, 248
Cameron's journey, xxii. 11
South Africa —
Erskine's expeditions in, xix. 107,
133, xxii. 127, 135
Fynney's expeditions in, xxii. 124,
125
West Africa —
Crowther's exploration, xxi. 480,
496, 498
prospects of further exploration in,
xxi. 504
progress of Missionary Work
throughout, xxii. 18, 22-3, 36, 38
 on American subjects —
North America —
New Mexico, Goad's travels in,
xxii. 282
pre-Columbian discoveries in, xvii.
318
S. America —
Bolivia, Musters' and Markham's
travels in, xxii. 39, 50
Brazil, Bigg-Wither's travels in,
xx. 468
 on Arctic matters —
The Polar Expedition of 1875., xx. 39 ;
success of, xxi. 274, 287, 440
welcome home to, xxi. 95
 on Asiatic matters —
Armenia, Bryce's travels in, xxii. 168,
186
Central Asia —
Alai and Pamir, Russian expe
dition in, xxi. 122. 140
• Gobi desert, Forsyth's journey in,
xxi. 46
Kashgar, Forsyth's journey to,
xxii. 287, 288
on the need for clear boundaries
in, xvii. 164-5
China —
intercourse with China, xiv. 353,
six. 256, 347
Margary's journey in, xx. 206
the murder of Cooper, xxii. 287,
346
Philips' attempt to trace Marco
Polo's routes in, xviii. 167
the physical formation of, in rela
tion to trade, ii. 204, 205
China and Tibet, Gill's journey in,
and observations, xxii. 271, 285
Formosa, explorations in, xxi. 255,265
Japan and the Japanese, xviii. 240
the progress of Japan, xvii. 84
Tsusima and the Japanese islands,
and maps of the same, vii. 62

ALC— ALI

13

Alcock, Sir R. — continued.
Remarks on Asiatic matters — continued.
Manchuria, Palladius' travels in,
xvi. 213
Mongolia and its Inhabitants, xviii.
173
New Guinea, Macfarlane's explora
tions of, xx. 253-66, Stone's, xx.
270, 272
Siberia, Seebohm's journey in, xxii.
101, 125
Tibet (see also China) — •
Nain Singh's journey in, xxi. 325,
344, 347, 350
Tibetan obstructiveness, xiv. 354,
xxi. 350
Turkestan, Eastern, Geographical
and Political Importance of, xx.
492-3
 on Australian and Pacific matters—
Australian discovery, 1876 , xxi. 460
Lord Howe's Island, xxii. 127
 on General Topics —
death of Adm. Sir E. Belcher, xxi. 273
Duncan's paper on Formation of the
Main Land Masses, xxii. 98
Madagascar, xxi. 75
Physical Geography and Distribu
tion of Animals over the Globe,
(Wallace's paper) xxi. 534
the presence of H.I.M. the Emperor
of Brazil, xxi. 505
proposed lectures in Geography,
xx. 493
R.G.S., its growth and progress,
xx. 6
Salinity of the Ocean, (Buchanan's
paper) xxi. 255, 258
School knowledge of Geography,
xix. 536, xxi. 378
Scientific Geography, (Strachey's
Lecture) xxi. 203
Seating of Fellows, xxi. 122, 152,
154, 178, 249, 253, 405, 409, xxii. 7,
126, 143, 296
Travels of —
Journey in the interior of the Island
of Nipon, and ascent of Fusiyama,
I860., v. 132, 198, 216, vi. 182
 from Nagasaki to Yeddo, 1861.,
vi. 196, 200, vii. 167
 in Japan referred to. xviii. 236
Aldan, and the Aldan river, Siberia, unin
habited region near, xxi. 213
Aldrich, Capt. Pelham, r.n., Arctic work
of, (1875), xxi. 99, 286, 549, furthest
north reached by, 112
Alefroide or Ailefroide, Mt., Dauphine,
France, correct position of, Tuckett on,
vii. 44-5
Alegre, Monte, Brazil, elevation of, xx . 460
Aleis, on the Nile, temporary boat-build
ing station at, viii. 129

Alejah, Wady, Sinaitic Peninsula, de
scribed, xiij. 213
Alert and Discovery, vessels detailed for
the Arctic expedition of 1875., xix. 214
Alexander, Cape, Arctic regions, Esqui
maux of, xvii. 180
Hayes at, I860., ix. 182
Trend of the Greenland coast beyond,
xxi. 274
 of Macedon, descent from, claimed by
the Yassin and Chitral chiefs, xv. 14
 , Mt.,Victoria, Australia, gold-bearing
region near, ii. 315
 , Prof. J. H., on Dr. Kane's Arctic
Explorations, ii. 361
Alexandra Haven, Arctic regions, de
scribed by Nares, xxi. 276
 , Lake, and river, discovery of, by
Stanley, xxi. 467, xxii. 393, outlets and
extent of, xxi. 468
 Land, N. Australia, so named by
Stuart, ix. 22
Alexandria, Br. Columbia, basalt columns
and benches at, elevation of, xv. 139,
144
 , Egypt, harbour of, how kept free
from silt, iii. 309
geographical position of lighthouse at,
1862., vi. 132
plun of the port made, i. 405
sole harbour of Egypt, (1859.), iii. 177
soundings near, i. 405
Alexandrina, Lake, S. Australia, formed
by the Murray river, ii. 29
affluents of, xiv. 199
discovered by Start, xiv. 298
Alexandroffsky, Mt., Trans-Nary n district,
xiv. 221
Alexis river, Labrador, coast near, xii.
195
Algeria, N. Africa, conquest of, by the
French, ii. 220
French operations in, I860., iv. 183
Algiers, Arab explorer in, (I860.), iv. 184
French survey of, ii. 288
Sea depths near coast of, i. 405
Alguada reef, Bay of Bengal, lighthouse
established on, vi. 208
Aliab, on the Nile, visited by Petherick,
viii. 130
Alice Island, Victoria Nyanza, depth of
water near, xxi. 466
 river, Queensland —
search for Leichhardt near, iii. 22, 30,
vi. 194, last news of him from, xii.
292, traces of him found on, x. 59
surrounding country, x. 63, xix. 49
Walker's route from, vii. 9
 Springs, Cent. Australia —
Gosse's expedition from, 1872-3., xvii.
277, xix. 51-2
Warburton's expedition at, 1872-3., xvii.
277, xviii. 570-1, xix. 41, 42, 43

14

ALL— AMA

Allen, Capt. W., on the Niger expedi
tion under Baikie, 1857., ii. 99
cited on the delta of the Nun or
Niger river, xxi. 482-3
obituary notice of, 1804., viii. 183
 , H. J., Journey through Formosa,
from Tamsui to Taiwanfu, 1875., xxi.
258
 , South, river, N. Australia, i. 230
Aligaddi river, Abyssinia, affluent of the
Hadas river, xii. 15
Alimshe', W. C. Africa, ivory of, i. 215
Aling chu river, Trans-Himalayas, course
of, xiv. 210
Aling-Gangri Mt., north of the Indus,
elevation of, xiii. 193
Alipee mud-bank, Travancore, Markham
on, xi. 78
Alkali Creek, B. Colombia, latitude of, xv.
140
 desert, California, described, xix.
298
Alladand, chief town of Swat, N.W.
Indian frontier, xvi. 254
Allahu-akbar pass, Daraghaz Plain,
Persia, elevation of, xx. 170-1
Allatookooro Mts., Base' district, Abyssinia,
geology of region, x, 280
Alleghanv Mts., W.S.A., Atlantic slopes
of, ii."341
probable former condition of, ii. 340
trend of, xx. 303
Alligator Point, Albert river, N. Australia,
i. 227, ii. 379
Allojah Peak, Sinaitic peninsula, xiii.
210
Alloola Bunder, Somaliland, rescue of
shipwrecked Bombay troops at, 1801.,
xvi. 152
Alma river, C. Australia, iii. 46, 53,
xii. 290
Almahera, see Gilolo
Almanzor, Plaza de, highest peak of the
Sierra de los Gredos, Spain, elevation
of, i. 425
Almaty or Vernoj (q.v.), Russian Central
Asia, Kara Kirghiz of, xviii. 419
location of, xvi. 404
Almazoutra forest, Madagascar, ix. 289
Alpha river, N. Australia, xiii. 54
 station, Queensland, x. 62
Alps —
Alpine Explorations in Switzerland,
1859., iii. 290
 rivers, mean fall of, ii. 370
Alps of Australia, Miiller, i. 3
 , Central, of Switzerland, Hypso
metrical Observations on, Ziegler,
xvii. 207
 of Dauphine", Tuckett, vii. 43
 , European, glacial origin of lakes
of, Falconer on, viii. 38-9, cited on
the same, xiii. 224-5

Alps — continued.
Alps, European, glacial phenomena of,
Murchison, vii. 225
 ,  , geological formation of the
higher summits of, iii. 366
 ,  , as true sources of the Rhone,
Rhine, Ticino and Adda rivers, iii. 354
 of New Zealand, vi. 72, Hector on,
ix. 32
   . the Southern, Haast
on, viii. 56
Alsadamus Mons, identified with Gebel
Hauran, Syria, i. 8
Alta Vista, Teneriffe, Piazzi Smith's
observations at, i. 413
Altai Mts., C. Asia, country near, xvi. 401
crossed by Elias, xvii. 190-1
  Potanin, xxii. 52
Russitn explorations of, xviii. 561
value of, as a boundary, xvii. 191
Altar, Mt., Ecuador, elevation of, xxi. 557
splendid aspect of, xxi. 562
Altata, Mexico, harbour of, iii. 109
Altos, Cordillera de, Paraguay, elevation
and trend of, xx. 495
Altyn Emel Valley, -Turkestan, xviii. 2*7
 Tagh Mts., Mongolia, elevations of,
and Prjevalsky's journey along, xxii.
343-4
A-lumpi Pass, Mustakh Mts., Godwin
Austen's last point, 1861., viii. 37
Alvarez, F. B., explorations of, in South
America, xxii. 47
Alvez,  in relation with Cameron,
xx. 315 et seq.
trouble given by, xx. 121 et seq.
Amackan river, Vancouver Island, affluent
of Cowichen Lake, ix. 306
Amadeus, Lake, or Great Salt Lake, South
Australia, discovered by Giles, 1872.,
xxi. 461, seen by Hack, ii. 190-1, lati
tude of, xvii. 278, reached by Gosse
and others, xviii. 571, xix. 8, 51
Amageen, Wady, S. Arabia, Himyaritic
inscriptions at, xv. 324
Amalekite ruins in the Sinaitic Penin
sula, Graham on, xii. 193
Amambaij plateau and Serra, xx. 494,
boundary between Paraguay and Brazil,
xviii. 121
Amanus, Mt., on the line of the pro
posed Euphrates Valley railway, xvi.
336
Amara land, Central Africa, natives of,
iii. 209
Amarapura, Burmah, Yule at, 1855., i. 269
Amarga marsh, S. America, swallowing
up the Rio Quinto, xvii. 60
Amaru-mayu river, see Madre de Dios
Amatha, Syria, hot springs and Roman
ruins at, viii. 29
Amatu fall, Potaro river, B. Guiana, xv,
123

AMA— AMU

15

Amazon Bay and district, N. Guinea,
described by Macfarlane, xxi. 357
Amazon or Mararion river, S. America —
affluents of. i. 251, viii. 58, 59, 61,
xi. 108, xii. 339, xviii. 119, xxi. 557,
570, xxii. 369
basin of, Markham on, viii. 60, 61
Bates on. see explorations, infra
the boundary of Ecuador, iii. 96-7
choked in flood-time, xix. 258
current and silt of, xi. 31
effect of, on sea temperature at mouth,
xiii. 233
Explorations of: Agassiz', Bartlett's,
etc., xi. 105, 106; Bates', 1859 et
seq., viii. 61, ix. 245, x. 106, xi.
107-8, xv. 380 ; Brown's and Werther-
man's, (1878.), xxii. 369 ; Chandless',
• 1868., xii. 339; Humboldt's, i. 251,
xi. 106 ; Rada's, xiii. 316, xv. 379,
380; Smyth's, 1835., ix. 245; Spruce's,
1849. et seq., viii. 220, xi. 245, xi.
106; various, Markham on, xi. 106,
xv. 374-5 ; United States, (proposed,
1873.), xviii. 220; Wallace's, viii. 61,
ix. 245, xi. 106 ; women explorers of,
xiii. 310, xv. 377, 380
Gerstenberg on, and on its affluents,
iii. 96-7, x. 107
Map of, presented by the Emperor of
Brazil, xv. 365
navigability of, and of its affluents, i.
278, xxii. 369
navigation of, difficulties connected
with, iii. 97, viii. 62, Maud's steamers
on, x. 105-6, opening of, (1867.), xiii.
309, xv. 303, 380
as outlet for Bolivian trade, Mathews
on, xxii. 50
size of, xiii. 233, xxii. 105
supposed true source of, xiii. 134
Table of Distances on, Nash, xxi. 595-7
Tributaries of (see affluents, supra),
Chandless, xii. 339
Valley of, Geographical Positions in,
Rochelle, xvi. 27
Indians and animals of, Crawfurd on,
xi. 110
moisture of, xxi. 558
monotony of, xxi. 572
Ambaka, W. Africa, Reade at, (1862.1
viii. 106
Ambalavao, Madagascar, hills near, xix.
190
Ambarav&rambato, N.E. limit of the
Imerima plateau, Madagascar, xxi. 169
 pass, xix. 194
Arabas bay, W. Afrioa, mountain eleva
tions near, xvii. 154
 , Mt., Abyssinia, geological parallels
to in the Arctic regions, xiii. 27, 34
Ambatakokoa, Madagascar, cove at, xiv.
376

Ambatch vegetation on the A. Nyanza,
(see also Sudd), Gessi on, xxi. 53
Ambato, S. America, elevation and tem
perature of, xxi. 558, volcanic phe
nomena of, 557
Ambatofimanjana, sacred city, Madagas
car, x. 56
Ambatomalaza, Madagascar, turtle-head
rock of, xix. 184
Ambatomena, Madagascar, Hova colony
from, xix. 196
 , pass of, xix. 197
Ambatondrazaka, chief town of Sihanaka
province, Madagascar, xix. 194, .xxi.
170
Amber Mountain, volcano, Madagascar,
xix. 188
Ambercole, cataract on the Nile, i. 507
' Ambernoh river, N. Guinea, iii. 361
Ambodiamontana, Madagascar, elevation
of country near, xxi. 169 ; lofty plain
near, 170
Ambodifatre, Frcnoh seat of Government
St. Mary's, Madagascar, described by
Wilkinson, xiv. 376
Amboditranambo, Madagascar, xxi. 164
Ambodivoahangy hill, Madagascar, xxi.
165
Ambohidratrimo, sacred city, Madagascar,
x. 56, the Amontana tree of, xix. 185
Ambdhimailala volcano, Madagascar, xix.
187
Ambohimanambola, sacred city, Madagas
car, x. 56
Ambohimandroso, in Betsilco province,
Madagascar, xxi. 157, population of,
xix. 190, rice cultivation of, xix. 185,
190, 192
Ambohimanga, sacred city, Madagascar,
x. 55, 56; chief city of N. Tanala,
xxi. 161-5, geological formation of, xix.
197, governor of, 193, population of,
xix. 193
 peak, Madagascar, elevation of, xxi.
165
Ambohimangara Hill, Madagascar, ex
plored by Johnson, xxi. 171
Ambohimalaza, sacred city, Madagascar,
x. 56
Ambohinamboarima district, Madagascar,
xix. 191, rice cultivation in, 192
Ambohipena, Hova fortress, Madagascar,.
observations of Sibree from, xxi. 161
Ambphiranoramo, Madagascar, palm fibre
industry of, xx. 112
Ambohitany, sacred city, Madagascar,
idol at, x. 56
Amhohitrahiby, sacred city, Madagascar,
x. 55
Ambohitrakoholahy, volcanic mountain,
Madagascar, xix. 186
Ambohitrandrian hill, Madagascar, ' xix.
195.

16

AMB— AME

Ambohitrapeto, Madagascar, xix. 195
Ambohitsra, Madagascar, xix. 195
Ambohivelona, Madagascar, xix. 184
Ambonihaza peninsula, Lake Itasy, Ma
dagascar, xix. 187
Ambonio, fortress, Madagascar, ix. 290
Ambondrombe, sacred ' hill, Madagascar,
xix. 190, river rising in, 192
Ambositra district, Madagascar, xix. 191
Amboudinoy, Madagascar, fine bay of,
and population, ix. 290
Amboyna Island, Molucca Group, ii. 168,
xii. 324, xiii. 283, xix. 23
Ambrym Island, S.W. Pacific, discovered
by Cook, xvi. 389, volcano, xvi. 391
Ambriz, W. Africa, xix. 79, geological
formation near, iv. 70
Amedica, on the Volta, W. Africa, xviii,
187, rapids near, 188, our trade with,
192
Ameers, State of, S. Arabia, xvi. 117
America (see also Arctic Coasts) —
Admiralty Surveys in (see also Anni
versary Addresses) and boundary
commission, i. 407
Arctic expeditions from, (see Hall, Kane,
etc.)— (proposed) ii. 290, 361-2,
Hayes's, I860., iv. 168, 199, Ken-
nicott's, 1859., iii. 327, summary
of, xix. 213, Whaling Captains'
reports on the new land in the
Arctic Sea, Osborn, xii. 98
Progress of discovery from 1497 to
1847., iv. 10
Traces of Franklin discovered (I860.),
iv. 167
Atlantic Coast, correction of longitude,
1856., Gisborne on, i. 485
Carson and Fremont, authorities on
travel in, i. 327
Coast surveys of, French, i. 423
Discovery of (see Kohl) —
Landfall of Columbus, Major, xv.
210
pre-Columbian discoveries of, Major,
xvii. 312 (see aZso 269)
 by the Norsemen, Rafn,
ii. 372; by the Norse of Green
land, v. 92
Vespucci's first Voyage, Varnhagen,
review, iii. 389
Ethnography of, works on, 1856., i. 166
red complexion general among In
dians of, ii. 219
focus of magnetic force in, 1878., xxii.
198
meteorology of, see Meteorological
Observations
prairies and pampas of, in relation to
trees and rainfall, x. 268
rivers and waterways of, ii. 336
trend of mountains in, and in England,
i. 503

America, Central (see also Panama) —
Canal projects connected with (see
Atrato Canal): at Panama, Hum
boldt on, i. 69, 465-6 ; Gerstenberg .
on, vi. 77
cloud belt of, Maury on, xii. 45
Expeditions and explorations (see also
progress of geographical knowledge
in) — Cockburn's, xii. 72 ; Collin-
son's, 1867., xii. 25, De Puydts',
1861 and 1865., xii. 63; Gisborne's,
1855., i. 88; Heller's and others',
ii. 285 ; in connection with canal
projects, xxii. 368 ; Milla's and others,
in Darien, i. 88, 166 ; Wickham's,
among the Woolwa and Mosquito
tribes, 1867., xiii. 58
Geological and meteorological features
of, i. 85, of the coasts, vi. 248
harbours of, xii. 46, 48
Honduras Inter-Oceanic Railway, re
port on, summarized, iv. 173
Isthmus of Darien, (see Darien and
Panama), Cullen, i. 78
Lakes Itra and Yojoa, described by-
Squire, iii. 106
natives of, xii. 29
i Progress of geographical knowledge of,
i. 166, ii. 295, iij. 330, iv. 173, vi.
188, xii. 258, xvii. 274
Route across, proposed, from Gorgon
Bay, Nicaragua, Pirn, vi. 75, 112
ruined cities of, Brine (title only),
xvii. '67
Sketch of Nicaragua, Perry, vi. 74
Vocabulary of the Woolwa tribes of,
Collinson, xii. 43
winds of. Belcher on, xii. 43
America, North —
Boundary from Lake of the Woods to
the Rocky Mountains, Anderson,
xx. 274
 commission, personnel and work
of, xx. 276 et seq.
 , determination of line of, (1876),
xx. 434
coal in, xx. 293, 296
decrease of Magnetic force in, xxii.
215
distribution of animal life in, Wallace,
xxi. 523-28
ice-barrier of, Collinson and others
cited on, i. 30
features of the great mountain range
of, xxi. 556
lakes of, and their formation, Mur.
chison on, viii. 240
rivers of, i. 212, ii. 206, vii. 73, 74,
75 ' '
striated rocks of, Dawson cited on, viii.
24 '
watershed of, in the Rocky Mountains,
ix. IS

AME— AME

17.

Amerioa, British North (see also Br.
Columbia, Canada, Nova Scotia, Van
couver, etc., ete.) —
Admiralty Surveys, ii. 268, 270, iii. 272,
iv. 155, v. 176, 407, vi. 136, vii. 142,
viii. 191, ix. 221, x. 218, xi. 194, xii.
243, xiii. 280, xiv. 306, xv. 269, xvi.
319, xvii. 256, xviii. 538, xix. 407, xx.
407, xxi. 434, xxii. 335
Benches of British Columbia, Begbie,
xv. 133
Canadian Pacific Railway, proposed,
(1876.), xx. 296, 301 '
Climate, etc., Lord Bury on, iii. 126 ;
Murchison on, iii. 200, v. 201 ; in
connection with trade route, Poore,
ii. 337
coal in, iv. 172, ix. 17, 126, xx. 239,
293, 296
Expeditions and Explorations —
Brown, (Vancouver Is.), ix. 305
Chimmo, (Labrador), 1867., xii. 195
Dawson's, (Canada), I860., iv. 173
Forbes, (Vancouver Is.), viii. 83
Hamilton, (Labrador), ix. 131
Hind's, (Canada), iv. 171, viii. 50
Kelly's, (Br. Columbia), vi. 106
Maofarlane's, (Mackenzie river),
1863., ix. 125
Mayne, Palmer and Begbie's, 1859.,
(Br. Columbia), iv. 33, v. 188
Mayne's, (Vancouver Is.), vi. 107
Milton and Cheadle, (across the Rocky
Mts.), 1862., ix. 17,257
Palliser's, 1857 et seq., i. 460, ii.
38, 146, 292, iii. 122, 219, 317, iv.
73, 169, 228 ; summary, vi. 188
Simpson's (cited), i. 264
fjords on coast of, Brown on, xiii. 144
Geography of Br. Columbia and Con
dition of the Cariboo Gold Districts,
Palmer, viii. 87
gold and other minerals in, i. 264
et seq., v. 202, vi. 108, viii. 87
lakes of the interior, winter condition,
Anderson, xvii. 134
Physical geography of Queen Charlotte
Islands, Brown, xiii. 381
progress of geographical knowledge of,
v. 200, vi. 187, viii. 215, xii. 257
Proposed through communication, Van
couver Island to Hudson Bay, Banis
ter, i. 263
Rocky Mts., The, Palliser, iv. 73
route adapted for colonizing purposes,
Synge on, iv. 173
Rupert's Land, Colony of, Synge, vii. 71
America, South (see also Amazon river and
various countries under names) —
Admiralty surveys, see progress of
geographical knowledge, infra
astronomical observations on the coast
of, and positions of places in, i. 469-70

America, South — continued.
Bollaert's work on, I860., iv. 206
Brazil . (q.v.), admiralty survey, i.
146 ; Explorations in, Bigg- Wither' s,
1872., and others advised previous to
colonization, xx. 468
Chile (q.v.), coal measures of the
Andes of, xvii. 66, explorations in,
ii. 297
coal in, xvii. 66, xviii. 205, xxi. 560
diminution in Magnetic force in,
xxii. 215
distribution of Animal life in, Wallace
on, xxi. 523-28
earliest settlement in, i. 78
Ecuador (q.v.), Expeditions and
explorations in, Jameson, Pritchet,
Spruce, Simpson, etc.. iii. 93, iv.
174, xxi. 556
effect of winds on the vegetation of,
Markham on, xvii. 66
Expeditions and Explorations —
Bigg Wither's and others, xx. 463
Bascunan's and others, xxii. 40, 47
Chandless' and others, 1868., xiii.
309
foreign, English and native, ix.
! 245-7
Johnston's, (1878.), xvii. 570
Marcoy's, (abt. 1870.), xiv. 312
Markham's, (for chinchona), 1861.,
v. 224, vi. 188
Musters and Hegan, (1873.), xviii.
569
Peruvian, (of the Ucayali river), xiii.
| 133
Raimondy's, (of Peru), 1863., vii.
j 168
Pritchett's, and others, (Ecuador),
1856-7, iii. 93, iv. 174, vi. 188
Simpson's, (Ecuador), 1877., xxi. 556
Spruce's, 1857., viii. 221
geological formations in, i.470, cuchillas
of, xxi. 566-7
mineral wealth of, (see Coal, supra),
xvii. 124, xxi. 560
mountains of, features of great ranges
of Ecuador, xxi. 556
 , in relation to winds, i. 59
natives of, Guaranee Indians, Para
guay, xvii. 123
Jivaros, xxi. 566
Ocean currents on the North-East
coast of, Mann, vii. 50
Paraguay (q.v.), Johnston's explorations
in, (1878.), xviii. 570
Peru (q.v.), Peruvian, (of the Ucayali
river), xiii. 133, Raimondy's, 1863.,
vii. 168
progress of geographical knowledge
of, i. 167, 466, ii. ,297, iii. 331, iv. 177,
v. 203, vi. 188, vii. 168, viii. 217, ix.
243, x. 252, xi. 224, xii. 259, xiv. 324,

18

AME- ANA

America, South — continued.
xv. 302, xvi. 358, xvii. 274, xviii. 569,
xix. 450, xx. ,434, xxi. 463, xxii. 368
Railway(s), proposed, over the Andes,
iv. 45
 work in, Fitzroy on, viii. 162
steam-boats started on the Meta river,
ii. 297
Table of Distances on the River
Amazon (q.v.), Nash, xxi. 595-7
Temperate region, flora of, Dyer on,
xxii. 431
Tropical region, flora of, Dyer on, xxii
439
Unexplored Paris of, Markham, xxii. 40
Amherst Islands, visited by H.M.S.
Alceste in 1816., ix. 299
 , Lord, in China, 1806-15., i. 336,
iii. 167, 270
 Point, Bay of Bengal, vi. 208
 Port, Burmah, xix. 272
 Rocks, Yang-tse river, iii. 58
Amioa Bay, East Siberia, Russian force
at, (1867.), xiii. 365
Amionzi river, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 158
Amoom river, W. Africa, gold shafts in
region of, xviii. 288
Amos, brothers, travels of, in Siberia, iv.
184
Amous Gebie, Nile region, xiii. 42
Amoy, S.E. China, Treaty port of, i. 331,
iv. 59, Chinese barbarities at, ii. 207,
harbour and defences of, i. 334, trade
of, with Formosa, viii. 26, vessels of, iii.
58,71
Ampalamasina Mountain and village,
Madagascar, described, ix. 369, elevation
of, 360
Ampangalana, Madagascar, plains near,
xiv. 364
Ampar&faravbla, Madagascar, xxi. 170-1
Amparihibi valley, Madagascar, xxi. 170
Amphila Bay, Madagascar, as a landing-
place, xxi. 16
Amphon Nabe river, Madagascar, land
near, ix. 291
Amping, Formosa, remains of Dutch Fort
at, xvi. 265 •
Ampotaka, Madagascar, Hova military
station at, xx 112
Amran village, Yemen, S. Arabia, xviii. 198
Amraoorgin, Tchoukchi chief, Siberia,
geographical position of his winter
dwelling, xxi. 216
Amsing province, Altai region, C. Asia,
xv. 217, governor of, 218
Amsot, India, trigonometrical survey
station at, i. 371
Amsterdam Island, near SpitzbergeD,
Dutch oil factory at, ix. 165
Swedish Arctic Expedition at, 1868.,
xiii. 15, 162
Tobiesen at, 1864., ix. 311

to,

153, xiii.

. 191,
368;

Amsterdam Island, S. Indian Oceatl,
charted, 1873., xviii. 539
Goodenough's paper on, referred
xx. 393
tree on, of the same species as one on
Tristan D'Acunha, xxii. 417
Amu Daria, Jyhoon or Oxus (q.v.) river,
ii. 280, vii. 94
changed course of, xviii. 252, former
channel of, xix. 423
debouchment of, iii. 388, Lamansky on,
xi. 113
Delta and mouths of, Boutakoff on,
1848-9., 1858-9., xi. 113, Veniukoff
on, xii. 348
Explorations of by Russians, xvi. 349,
xvii. 293, xix. 423, 425, xx. 428
Russian memoir on, noticed, xxii. 342
Amul, town, Persia, iii. 4
Amur or Saghalien river, E. Siberia, i.
143
affluents of, ii. 153, 278, iii. 289, xi.
253, xiii. 368, xvi. 205
charted, i. 406, 433
Chinese name for, iv. 59
deflection of course of, ii. 278, 279,
viii. 230
described by Peschuroff, ii
33, 368
explorations of, ii. 277, iii. 288, v
vi. 160-2, 183, viii. 201, xiii.
Bridgett on, 1868., xiii. 365
length of, and length of basin, ii. 207
Maak's work on. iv. 197
mouth of and towns on, xiii. 367
Notes on by Peschurof, etc., iii. 92
pitch of its banks, viii. 205
Russians' first appearance on, 1650., xi.
163
settlements on, xi. 252
tribes along, xiii. 369
Anadyr Mountains, N. Siberia, elevation
and rivers of, xxi. 217-8
 river, affluents of, xxi. 216, 218
cold region along, xxi. 213
exploration of mouths of (and coloniza
tion) by Abaza, 1865., xi. 39, 40
mouth of, xxi. 206
sources of, xxi. 216
width of, xxi. 217
Anadyrsk, N. Siberia, Russian settle
ment, xi. 40, 41, xii. 186
Anamullay (Annamullay or Aneimalli)
Hills, Madras, x. 266, xi. 61
elevations in, x. 267, xvii. 288
gap in, utilized by railway, xxi. 239
rainfall of, x. 267
Anambatou Mountain, N. Madagascar,
geological formation of, ix. 290
Anapa, Caucasus, Tcherkess fortress of,
vi. 60
Anativolo, the, Madagascar, geological
features of, and inhabitants, xxi. 169

ANA— AND

19

Anatolia (Asia Minor), Tour in North-
Eastern, Palgrave, (1872.), xvi. 223
Ancobra or Axim river, W. Africa, xiii.
357
Andakana, Madagascar, forest hills of,
xxi. 164
Andaman Isles, Bay of Bengal, currents
of, Heath cote, vi. 115-6
expeditions to, Blair's for surveys,
and other early explorations, vi. 41,
116
Mouat's, 1857., vi. 41, 116
Parish's, 1862., ri. 215
natives of, physical and general cha
racteristics of, ii. 184; Crawford on,
iii. 359 ; Owen on, vi. 46
Andamoko, S. Australia, water at, iii.
336
Andekoi, C. Asia, death of Moorcroft at,
viii. 271
Anderson, A. C, Rationale of an Open
Polar Sea in connection with analogous
conditions developed during winter
on the Lakes of the Interior of N.
America, xvii. 133
 , Capt., on the proposed railway
across the Isthmus of Kraw, vii. 61
 S., The N. American Boundary
from the Lake of the Woods to the
Rocky Mts., xx. 274, 434
 Dr. J., The Irawady and its
Sources, xiv. 346, xv. 291
journey with Sladen to W. Yunnan,
1868., xv. 351
reads Margary's last letters, xx. 308
report on Sladen's expedition to W.
Yunnan, 1868., cited, xvi. 347, xx. 198,
426
valuable botanical collections made by,
xxii. 438
¦  , J., expedition of, with Stewart to
Montreal Island, 1855., i. 21, 96, 151
traces of Franklin found by, i. 19, 23,
152, 212, iv. 2, 3, 13
 Fort, B. Columbia, ix. 125
 Lake, B. Columbia, vi. 109
 , Lieut., r.e., survey of Palestine by,
xix. 164, 167
 river, B. N. America, explored by
MacFarlane, ix. 125, coal near, 126,
gold bearing, iii. 324
Andersson, C. J., journey to Lake Ngami,
(1856.), i. 160, 354
journey toward the Cunene river, 1858.,
ii. 320, 352
(and Green), On South Africa and the
Okovanga river, (1859.), iv. 63; 182,
v. 17
Andes Mountains, South America —
Across the Andes, Hutchinson, xviii.
204
alpaca wool of, iii. 95
as areas of condensation, i. 58

Andes, Bolivian, explorations of, by Forbes,
ix. 245
Central, journey across, Cross, (1865.),
ix. 277
Chilian, The Southern, journey across,
and object of, G. Cox, (1862.),
viii. 160
clouds round peaks in, causes of, xxi. 558
Cordillera of, in the Isthmus of Darien,
de Puydt on, xii. 69
crossing of (see Cox, Cross, and Hutchin
son), Hopkins on, ix. 279
of Cuzco, rivers of, xi. 103
earthquakes among, xxii. 41
Eastern, explored by MacRae, (1856.),
i. 168, by Orton, (1870.), xiv. 322
Ecuadorian, elevations of, xxi. 55-6,
gold in, iii. 94
Spruce's travels in, (1864.), viii. 220
effect of, on temperature, xii. 318
elevations in, Markham on, xxii. 41-2
forests at foot of, viii. 61
geological structure of, Crawford on,
xvii. 59
  , Markham on, xxii. 41-2
German colony on East slope of, viii. 62
high snow-line of, iv. 49
Inca aqueduct over, Clay on, xvii. 66
mineral wealth and other products of,
iii. 94, 95, 96, vi. 209, viii. 161, xviii.
212
mule transit over, i. 466
observations of the eclipse of 1858.
from, ii. 269
passes in, viii. 160, 164
Peruvian, contrasted with the Bolivian,
Markham, xviii. 212
no large rivers descending to the W.
coast from, ii. 216
Races of, and communication between
them and the Atlantic, Markham, xv.
367, Gerstenberg's comments, 379
of Quito, trade outlets of, Humboldt
on, i. 252
railway, Projected, across, from the
Argentine Republic, Crawford, xvii.
57; 275
Murchison on, viii. 162
 , Proposed, AVheelwright, ix. 45
roads across, proposed (see routes of
travellers already named), iii. 96 ;
Markham on, v. 225
slow continual elevation of, and of the
Pampas, Johnston on, xx. 499
Soroche sickness on, Mathews ou, xxii.
48
Andevorande, Madagascar, route to, xx.
114
Andi region, Daghestan, Caucasus, iv. 247
Andijan Province, Turkestan, the old
Farghana, xx. 482
 , second city of Kokand, Schuyler
on, xviii. 410-1

20

AND— ANJ

Audranarivo, Madagascar on, xx. 110
Andranobe river, Madagascar, xix. 198
Andranouiianbra station, Madagascar, xxi.
.170
Andranonandriana, Madagascar, military
station, xxi. 167 -
Andraopasika, Madagascar, clay hills near,
xxi. 170
Andrea Debono, Equatorial Africa, Baker's
troubles with. x. 9
Andrew, W. P., on Kurrachi Harbour
and its trade, xi. 26
On Railway Communication in the
Indus Provinces and Russian advance
in Asia, iii. 385
Andrew's Range, N. Queensland, geo
logical formation of, xviii. 105
Andreyeff, A., Hydrographical Survey of
Ladoga Lake, (1857.), xiii. 375
Andriba Hill," Madagascar, beautiful
situation of, xix. 198
Andringrita Mountains, Madagascar, xix.
184
extinct volcanic crater in, xxi. 158
geological formation and peaks of, xxi.
157
Andromba river, Madagascar, junction of,
with the Ratsaoka river, xix. 199
Auegada, Virgin Islands, Lesser Antilles
group, W. Indies, explored by Schom
burgk, (about 1832.), vi. 182, ix. 208
Aneimudi Peak, Madras, elevation of,
xvii. 2S8
Aneloa or Little Peledon river, Siberia,
affluent of the Anadyr; xxi. 216
Angara district, Siberia, explored by Orlof,
(1858.), ii. 277
 rivers, Upper and Lower, feeders
of Lake Baikal, ii. 278, xiii. 370
in connection with the Yenisei river,
immense length and breadth of, xxii.
106
Angarep or Angrap river, Abyssinia,
affluent of the Atbara river, Baker's
exploration of, vii. 21, ix. 80, x. 6, 290
Angavo, Madagascar, eastern limit of the
Imerima plateau, xxi. 169
forest of, xix. 184
gneiss hill at, xix. 197
pass, xix. 183
Angavokely, Madagascar, rivers rising
near, xix. 199
Angelis, Chevalier de, i. 177, obituary
notice of, v. 154
Angelo, Don, journey of, in C. Africa,
(1859.), iii. 209, 213
On his ascent of the Juba river, (1S36.),
and on the Somalis, x. 113
Angier, F. H., and others, On alteration
of rules as to Evening Meetings of
R.G.S., xxi. 295
Augipena, South Australia —
fodder scarce in district of, v. 124

Angipena, South Australia — continued.
geological formation around, iii. 335, 337
MacDonnell's expedition from, 1859.,
iv. 93
Anglopina Pound and Pound Range,
S. Australia, ii. 16
geological formation in, ii. 18, 19
police station at, ii. 20
Angoin, C. Africa, Petherick at, (I860.),
v. 33
Angola, W. Africa, Branch's efforts to
develop, v. 150
climate of, and cotton cultivation in, iv.
70
the Congo in, xix. 101
cotton of, ii. 162, iv. 70
language of, viii. 186
Livingstone in, 1855., i. 7, 247
Moorish travellers from, 1854., i. 75, iv.
181
Portuguese rulers of, expedition against
Congo kingdom, iv. 72
friendliness to Livingstone, i. 235,
248-9
slave trade in, ii. 101
wax trade of, i. 247
Angora, Asia Minor, wool of, iii. 389
Angori or Naran, Afghanistan, basin of,
described by Lynch, (1841.), xx. 244
Angostura, on Las Losas river, Andes,
iv. 47
 on the Orinoco, Humboldt's visit to,
i. 251
mules of, i. 255
Angoulinor Lake, Mongolia, xviii. 153 p
Anguilla Islands, W. Indies, phosphatic
rocks of, Murchison on, iii. 332, iv. 57 ;:.
Anhin on the Gulf of Siam, salubrious-'
fish-curing village of, iv. 215
An-hsun, China, vast cemetery round city
at, xx. 196
Anhuri, Yangtse region, China, teas and
manufactures of, xi. 262
Animal Life in the Arctic Regions, Sim-
monds, i. 53
 at Cape York, Rattray, xii.
319-20
 Greenland, Osborn on, xv. 212
 Influence of General Oceanic
Circulation on the Distribution of, Car
penter on, xviii. 380
Anjeree Hills, Persia, geological forma
tion of, xx. 178
Anjojorobe, Madagascar, Christian village,
xix. 194
Anjomoka, river, Madagascar, course of,
xix. 184
Aujou, Lieut., with Berg'e Aralo-Caspian
Expedition, iii. 388
With Wrangell's Siberian Expedition)'
Anj Si country. C. Asia, location of, xxi;
332

ANK— ANT

21

Ankaraua, Madagascar, Hova fort, xxi. I
162, district described, 163, hill posi
tion of, 164, volcanic rock on summit, 164
Ankarat or Ankiratra Mts., Madagascar,
elevation, x. 55, xix. 185, and volpanic
charaoter of, xix. 186, 188, ascent of
principal peaks, by Johnson, xxi. 171
 rivers rising east of, xix. 199
Ankavahdra, Madagascar, town, river and
plain of, xxi. 166, 167, 168
Ankay district, Madagascar, xix. 194
physical features of, xix. 196
An-king, W. China, cultivation beyond,
vi. 86
Ankober, Shoa, Abyssinia, position, tem
perature, and rain at, xiv. 161-2
Ankotso rock, Madagascar, xx. 110
Ankova province, Madagascar, Journey
to, Ellis, 1861., x. 55
Ankudin river, Siberia, affluent of the
Kolym river, xxi. 215
Anna branch, Darling river, S. Australia,
vi. 55
Annam, encroachments of, on Cambodia,
vi. 80, 32
Annan river, N. Australia, explored by
Jardine, 1865., xi. 151
Annesley Bay, Abyssinia, the ancient
Adulis, xii. 15, xiv. 162
extinct volcanoes at head of, xii. 113,
and near, xiii. 221-2
plain along shores of, xiv. 162
salt region near, xiii. 221-2
An-ning-Chou, S. W. China, country be
yond, xx. 204
Another Old Man Creek, near Cooper's
Creek, Australia, xv. 98
Anniversary Addresses: — 1856., Beechey's
(not reported), i. 82 ; 1857., Murchison's,
(not reported), i. 479; 1858., Murchi
son's, ii. 239; 1859., Murchison's, iii.
224; I860., Earl de Grey's, iv. 117;
1861., Murchison's, v. 146 ; 1862., Lord
Ashburton's, vi. 127; 1863., Murchi
son's, vii. 123 ; 1864., Murchison's, viii.
170 ; 1865., Murchison's, ix. 195 ; 1866.,
Murchison's, x. 185 ; 1867.,Murchison's,
xi. 185; 1868., Murchison's, xii. 214;
1869., Murchison's, xiii. 259 ; 1870., Mur
chison's, xiv. 287; 1871., Murchison's,
xv. 252 ; 1872., Rawlinson's, xvi. 291 ;
1873., RawlhiBOn's, xvii. 237: 1874.,
Frere's, xviii. 497; 1875., Rawlinson's,
xix. 368; 1876., Rawlinson's, xx. 377;
1877., Aloock's, xxi. 407 ; 1878.,Alcook's,
xxii. 305
Anniversary Meetings (1856 to 1877)—
i. 82, 479, ii. 231, iii. 215, iv. 109, v.
137, vi. 121, vii. 119, viii. 164, ix. 189,
x. 175, xi. 177, xii. 209, xiii. 253, xiv.
275, xv. 233, xvi. 275, xvii. 225, xviii.
487. xix. 357, xx. 367, xxi. 397, xxii.
293

Anno Bon Island, W. Africa, ceded by
Portugal to Spain, 1778., ii. 227
Anping port, Formosa, not always avail
able, xvi. 271
Anstey, C, obituary notice of, xviii. 534
Anson Bay, W. Australia, x. 36, xiv. 197
Ansuelo rocks and pampas, Peru, geo
logical formation of, xii. 130
Antalo, Abyssinia, xiv. 165
 geological formation near, xii.
298
 on plain of, xiv. 165
 Salt's journey to and fiom,
1805., xii. 119
Antananarivo, capital of Madagascar, xiv;
368
geographical position of, Kessler on
x. 57, Mullen on, xix. 191
Gunst's journey to, (1865.), ix. 289
hills west of, xx. 110
Maynard's journey from, to Mojunga,
1874., xx. 110
population of, xix. 193
Sacred city, x. 55
Antanib£o, on the Alaotra Lake, Mada
gascar, xxi. 171
Antarctic —
alpine flora, distribution of, xxii. 432
Discovery and its connection with the
Transit of Venus, 1882., Davis, xiii.
114, 121
Exploration in, Balleny's, 1830-3., ii.
171 ; Bellingshausen's, 1819 , ix. 95 ;
British, v. 25, xiv. 145 ; Gerritz's to
Ross's summarized by Davis, xiii.
114; Morrell's, 1823., xiv. 145, 155,
326 ; Tapsell's, 1850., ii. 172
Belcher on, xiii. 120, Maury on, v. 23,
Petermann on, ix. 94, xix. 35, 179
ice and climate as found by the Chal
lenger, 1874., xviii. 545, Nareson, 546
— , Evans on, xxi. 72
— , Ross and others cited on, xiv. 149-
151, xxi. 72
ice-bearing current, specific gravity of,
xiv. 378 ; affecting the winter tem
perature of Australia, Clarke on,
i. 5
magnetic focus, value of, 1878., xxii. 199
Morrell's voyage of 1823., and the ad
vantages of Steam to future explorers,
Hamilton, xiv. 145, 155, Murchison
on, 326
Notes on Sabrina Land, Enderby,
ii. 171
Observations for the Transit of Venus
in 1882., suggested, ix. 88, xii. 109-11,
xiii, 114, 119, 121, xvi. 238, xviii. 544
Ocean, direction of wind in, iv. 240
researches past and future in, Mur-
chisou on, 1869., xiii. 294
temperature of, Carpenter on, xix. 497
Region, Physical Geography of the Sea

22

ANT— ARA

Antarctic — continued.
in connection with, Maury, v. 22, vi.
191
Temperature, Beloher on, v. 26
Anti-Atlas Mountains, N. Africa, xv. 219
Anticosti Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence,
country near, ix. 136
explored by Richardson, 1856, ii. 294-5
Anti-Libauus Mountains, Syria, Burton
on, xvi. 105-6, 108
true position of, i. 7
Antinori, Marquis, expedition of, to the
Shoa district, Abyssinia, 1875., xix. 437,
xx. 444, xxi. 474, 1876., xxii. 14, 378
Antioquia, New Granada, population of,
i. 466
Antisana Mountain, S. America, elevation
of, xxi. 557
Anti-suyu valley, Peru, forests of, xv. 374
Antofogasta, S. America, nitrate deposits
of, xxii. 47
Antongars, Madagascar, king of, ix. 290
Antongodrahbja, Madagascar, Hova fort,
situation of, elevation, and view from,
xxi. 170
Antongona Peaks, Madagascar, xix. 185
Antsampandrano, Madagascar, terror at
sight of Englishmen at, xxi. 171
Antsirdamandfdy, Madagascar, large town
of, xxi. 166
Antumbo, Ecuador, falls of the Pastassa
river at, xxi. 562
Antwerp, International Geographical Con
gress at, 1870., xvi. 83, Report on,
Ommanney, xvi. 132
Anuapata Harbour, New Guinea, see
Port Moresby
 village, population of, xx. 331
Anuisha Mountains, C. Africa, vi. 49
Anxious Bay, S. Australia, Islands off,
charted, xix. 409
Anyui fort, Siberia, route to, xxi. 215
 river, affluents of, xxi. 215, 216,
mountains near, elevation of, and (Ivis
nivicola in, 216
Aopo district, Savaii Island, Samoa, lava
plains at, xxi. 142
Apa river, boundary between Brazil and
Paraguay, xviii. 151, xx. 494
navigable length of, xx. 498
Apache Indians, New Mexico, Goad on,
xxii. 278
territories inhabited by, and character
istics of, Poston on, xix. 305
Apalos, Caehar Hills, India, earthquake
at, 1869., xiii. 370
Apaluli river, S.E. Africa, affluents of,
xix. 129
Apeheron, Caspian Sea, viii. 204
Ape's Hill, Formosa Island, elevation of,
xvi. 271, xvii. 145
geological formation of, x. 128, Corner
on, xix. 515

Apes and men, de Crespigny on, xiv. 177
Apex Hill, S. Australia, ii. 20
Aphroessa Island thrown up near San-
torin Island, Greek Archipelago, by
volcanic eruption in 1866., x. 318, 324
Apia, Samoa, German consulate at, xxi.
141
harbour at, and cascade near, xxi. 144
neighbouring region, xxi. 145
Apiay valley, S. America, i. 152
Apingi country, W. Africa, x. 75
 , Rembo river, tributary of the Ogowo
river, iv. 183
Apipe Island, in the Parana river, xx.
498
Apolima Island, Samoa, volcanic character
of, xxi. 143
Apollonia, W. Africa, Dutch fort at, xiii.
357 .
•  , Lake of, Asia Minor, commerce of,
i. 304-5
Apono, W. Africa, natives of, x. 76
Appanbara creek, C. Australia, viii. 85
Appealina, S. Australia, mines at, iv. 93,
v. 124
Appocaldradille, C. Australia, double
Lake, vii. 85
Appudo, Nile region, Gordon's station at,
elevation of, xx. 12, 128, xxi. 57
Apsley Strait, W. Australia, temporary
post at, ix. 227
Apucarana and Agudos Mts., Brazil, xx.
456
geological formation of, xx. 461
Apure river, Venezuela, affluent of the
Orinoco, Humboldt's journey from, and
account of, cited, i. 251, 252
Apurimac and Mantaro rivers, Raimondy's
journey to the confluence of, title only,
xiii. 112
Aqua Efe, hamlet, W. Africa, xx. 224
Aquapino HillB, W. Africa, tsetse fly near,
and natives of, xiii. 358, 359
Aquidaban river, Paraguay, xx. 498
Aquiry river, S. America, as route to
the Madre de Dios, x. 105, Salgados
cited on, x. 254
exploration of, by Chandless, as
affluent of the Purus, 1865-6., xi. 100
Arab, Wadi el, Syria, viii. 29
Araba, Wady el, Arabia Petra:a, Roth's
hypsometrical measurements in, iii. 287
Arabah, Sinaitic Peninsula, raiding Arabs
of, xxii. 455
Arabat, Spit of, Sea of Azov. i. 306,
404
Arabia, (see also Aden, Mecca, Sinaitic
Peninsula, etc., etc.) —
coal in, xv. 320-1
coast of, islands near, see Curia Murisi
Islands
commercial cities of. in early
xv. 329 '

ARA— ARA

23

Arabia — continued.
• different races inhabiting, Palgrave
on, viii. 68
Expeditions and Explorations — •
Arnaud's (in Yemen), 1843., xv. 330
Burton's to Mecca, iii. 217
Haines', Constable's, Wallin's, Mur
chison on, viii. 66
Palgrave's, 1862-3.,viii.63, Murchison
on, 207, ix. 261,276
Sadleir's and others', Rawlinson on,
viii. 81
gold of, Strabo cited on, xv. 329
great desert of, vii. 69, animal life of,
ix. 291, population of, viii. 70
hot wind of, i. 35
Himyaritic races of, Badger on, xv.
328-9, 331
 , von Maltzan on, xvi. 121
Palgrave on, viii. 67-82, ix. 294
parallels to Stonehenge in, viii. 81
pre-Mahommedan religion, survival of,
in, viii. 78, xvi. 121-2
rivers of, Badger's enquiry on, Pal
grave's reply, vii. 97 et seq.
Central, oholera in, viii. 72
Visit to the Wahabee capital of,
Pelly, 1805., ix. 293, 295, Murchison
on, ix. 261, 276
Southern, archaeology of, Rawlinson
on, xvi. 123
Geography of, von Maltzan, (1871.),
xvi. 115, 335
geology of, Carter cited on, iv. 52-3
Himyaritic people and inscriptions
of, Miles on, xvi. 325; Rawlinson
on, xv. 335, xvi. 123
progress of geographical knowledge
of, 1872., xvi. 335
South Central, excursion into, Miles,
1870., xv. 319, notes and remarks on
the foregoing, by Badger, xv. 323,
325-6, by Rawlinson, xvi. 335
South East, Admiralty surveys of (see
Red Sea), iii. 268, vi. 134, by the
Indian Navy, vii. 163
Western Shores of, geological formation,
xi. 54
Arabian Gulf, sub-surface templrature of,
xxi. 75
 Sea, storminess of, iv. 55-6
Arabistah, see Khuzistan
Arabs in Ross's Australian exploring expe
dition, 1874., xix. 56, usefulness of, 57
Aracan, Arracan or Arakan, Burmese
province, i. 270
annexed by Great Britain, 1826.,
xii. 198
coast of, currents along, Heathcote
on, vi. 114-5
fertility and population of, i. 273
Hill Trip ou the Borders of, 1865-6.,
Lenin, xi. 52

Araoan — continued.
progress of, under British rule, xii.
199, x'ix. 266
trade of, with Yunnan, for opium, iv.
218
Yoma range of, and passes in, sketch
of. Yule, i. 270
Arad district or Little Jerride, Tunis,
date and henna cultivation at, vi. 213
Arafa, S. Peru, xviii. 216
Arafali, Abyssinia, plain and animals of,
xii. 113
Arafura Sea, Malay Archipelago, depths
in, vi. 200, xix. 412
Dutch Charts of, vi. 136
monsoons in, xii. 316
temperature in, xix. 500, xxi. 317
Arago, cited on terrestrial magnetism,
xxii. 204
Aragon river, affluent of Ebro, Spain, x.
232
Arajuno river, Ecuador, occasional
junction of the Napo river with,
xxi. 568
Arak el Emir, Syria, palace of John
Hyrcanus at, xix. 167
Aral Sea, C. Asia (see also Oxus river),
xi. 163
Boutakoff on, xi. 113, comments on his
views by Murchison, 203
coal near, discovery of, viii. 206
elevation of, iii. 388, xix. 423
Esquisse Geographique du Bassin de,
Lamansky, 1858., iii. 387, com-
meuts by Murchison, ii. 280
explorations of, Boutakoff, xi. 113,
203 ; Lamansky, 1858., iii. 387
first vessels on, xi. 203
Rawlinson on, xi. 114-6
rivers feeding, Murchison on, xi. 203 ;
Rawlinson on, xvii. 162 ; sources of,
xv. 186
Russian advance to, iii. 387, vii. 271
 outposis near, iii. 145
 survev and investigation, iii 290,
xix. 426-7
salinity of, xi. 113, xvii. 192
Severtseff cited on, xix. 426-7
 Lake, Mongolia, Elias on, (1872.)
xvii. 189-90
Aralau Khan, legend of, xviii. 442, shrine
of, C. Asia, and hospice at, 244
Aram, S. Persia, xi. 37
Aralo-Caspian district, geology of, (te.,
Murchison on, xi. 203 et seq.
Aralsk, on the Jaxartes, Russian outpost
at, iii. 145
Aralykh, at the foot of Mount Ararat,
Bryce at, 1876., xxii. 179
Ararat, Mt., Armenia, Turkey in Asia —
Ascents of, by Abich, 1845., xxi. 8S,
89, 363, xxii. 178, Stuart, 1856.,
xxi. 77, Bryce, 1876., xxii. 177,

24

ARA— ARC

Ararat, Mt. — continued.
Parrot, 1827., and others, xxii. 177-8 ;
summary by Alcock, xxii.*362
Boyce on, xxii. 174
depression in, crossed by road, xxii.
175
elevation of, iii. 2, Bryce on, xxii. 175,
Humboldt cited on, iii. 18, Khani-
koff on, vi. 163, Monteith. on, iii. 18,
Rawlinson on, vi. 105
frontier survey from, to the Persian
Gulf, i. 353, Glascott's work on,
vii. 161, viii. 276
geological (volcanic) formation of,
Bryce on, xxii. 174-6, Stuart on,
xxi. 88
hills connecting it with the Caucasus,
vi. 6
Khanikoff's explorations in, iv. 253,
vi. 163
real name of, xxi. 87, xxii. 184
Volcanic eruption of, 1840., xxi. 88
 the Lesser, ascent of, by Stuart,
1856., xxi. 90
Araschkot Mts., Egypt, volcanic character
of, v. 28
Aravallee Mts., Rajputana, India, xi. 57.
xiv. 120
Aravaypa river, Colorado, gorge of, xiii.
141
Araxes river, Turkey in Asia, (see also
Arrass river), iii. 18, xxi. 87
plain of, xxii. 169
Russian trigonometrical observations
near, ii. 277, vi. 163
source and course of, xxii. 169
Arc of meridian, measurement of, proposed,
v. 194-5, vi. 139
 of parallel, measurement of, proposed,
v. 180-1, vi. 140, vii. 145
Areas Island, W. Coast of Africa, ceded
to Gt. Britain in 1792., iii. 384
Archa bulah, Alai region, C. Asia, eleva
tion of, xxi. 131
Archangel, on the White Sea, trade
routes from, to China, when discovered
by Chancellor, xxii. 101-2
 province, Russia, population of, viii.
61
Archat Mountains and Pass, Alai region,
C. Asia, elevation of, xxi. 123
Archbishop of York, resolution moved by,
concerning the African exploration
fund and the slave trade, xxi. 609
Archer Sound, Arctic regions, winter
quarters of the Discovery in, 1875.,
xxi. 106
Archibong Willy's landing, Qua river,
W. Africa, xx. 227, falls of the Qua
near, xx. 228, plantations near, xx.
228
Arcines, Pouile d', Dauphine, vii. 45
Arcoona Bluff, S. Aust., ii. 16, 17, 20

Arctic Regions, (see also Greenland, North
Pole, Spitzbergen, etc., and Ant
arctic Regions) —
Account of scientific results of Arctic
Expedition under Hayes, ix. 181
 of the Swedish expedition of 1868.,
under Nordenskiold and von Otter as
the leaders, xiii. 151
Alpine flora of. Dyer on, xxii. 423,
Hooker on, xvi. 236
American Arctic coasts, i. 151, ii. 289,
iv. 166
Animal life in, Collinson on, xxi. 282 ;
Feilden on, xxi. 284 ; Hamilton on,
xiii. 235-6 ; Markham on, xxi. 544,
Nares on, xxi. 276-7, Osborn on,
i. 110, ix. 49, 05, xvii. 179, Simmonds,
i. 53
Archipelago^ Osborn on, see xvii. 172 et
seq.. Payer on, xix. 32
Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition,
1872., Payer, xix. 17
Basin, thermal condition of, Carpenter
on, xxi. 308, Murchison on, i. 463
Best Route for North Polar Exploration,
Markham, ix. 139, notes to the same,
153, 162
Butterflies, Mc Lachlan cited on, xxii.
444
Circle, Probable Existence of Unknown
Lands within, Osborn, xvii. 172
Circumpolar Exploration and the
Climate of the North Pole, Hickson,
ix. 137
( limate : Belcher on, ix. 61
Hickson ou, ix. 137
Hall's Polaris crew cited on, xviii. 20
Kane's observations on, i. 17, IS,
Sabine on, 20
Parry's observations on, i. 28
Committee of the Admiralty, Report of,
1875 , xix. 349
 of R.G.S., work of, 1873., xvii. 76,
180-1, 266, co-operation of the Royal
Society with, 267 ; 1874., xviii. 553,
xxi. 447
coal in, i. 105, vii. 101, *. 56, xix. 27,
xx, 58, 62-5
Currents and drifts of, (see Greenland,
Labrador, Spitzbergen, etc.) —
Belcher on, iv. 108, ix. 61, xiii. 232
Collinson on, xix. 36
Evans on, xxi. 76
Findlay (and others) on, i. 21 et seq.
Gray, cited on, xix. 178, 179
Hamilton on, ix. 132
Hopkins on, iv. 100, 169, cf. 232 and
vi. 191
Inglefield on, xiii. 169
Irminger on, i. 61, v. 225, cf. vi. 191
Jansen on, ix. 164 et seq.
Lamont on, ix. 155
M'Clintock on, xiii. 243

ARC— ARC

25

Arctic Regions — continued.
Currents and drifts of — continued.
Malte Brun cited on, iv. 238
Markham ^on, xvii. 97 et seq., cf. 133,
xx. 56
Murchison on, ii. 329, 330
Nares on, xxi. 97, et seq., 275, 280,
281
Osborn on, xvii. 177-8
Parry's experiences with, cited, iv.
' 238-9
Payer on, xix. 17, et seq.
Petermann on, xix. 176, 178
Rawlinson on, xvii. 15
Redfield cited on, ii. 329
Richards on, xix. 211, 216
Shaffner on, iv. 103-5 ; others, 106-8
Von Heuglin cited on, xv. 307
Discoveries by the expedition of 1857.,
in search of Sir J. Franklin and his
party, M'Clintock, iv. 2
 East of Spitzbergen, and attempts
to reach the Pole on the Spitzbergen
meridians, Markham, xvii. 97
 of the Polaris, 1871., and Voyage of
the Arctie, 1873., Markham, xviii. 12
Dr. E. Kane's Report on his search for
Sir John Franklin, 1852-4., i. 17
Dove's Isotherms for, iv. 235, 206, i. 28
Esquimaux inhabitants. See Esqui
maux
Expeditions and explorations in, actual
and proposed, aZso explorers (see
also Research, infra) —
American —
Gordon Bennett's, 1878., xxii. 338
De Haven's, 1850-1., i. 23, xiii. 235
et seq., xvii. 178, xix. 176, 213
Hall's (supported by Grinnell),
1860 and 1870-1., v. 199, vii. 98,
99, ix. 268, xv. 308, xvi. 85, 330,
xvii. 16, 268, xviii. 7, 12, 551,
xix. 174, 213, 418, xxi. 275, 278
Hayes', 1854. and I860., iv. 168, 238,
v. 199, ix. 92, 181, xi. 180, 182,
xiii. 236 et seq., xix. 174, 213,
xxi. 274, 275
Howgate's, 1877-8., xxi. 281, xxii.
337 397
Kane's, 1852-4., i. 16, 17, 82, iii.
152, 471, iv. 168, ix. 46-51, 64,
92, xiii. 234 et seq., xiv. 185, xvi.
235, xix. 174, 213, xxi. 274
Kennicott's, 1859-60., iii. 327, iv.
168
Rogers', 1855., i. 16, 152, xix. 176
Austro-Hungarian, 1872., Payer and
Weyprecht's, xv. 307, xvi. 85, 227,
xvii. 15, 264, xviii. 557, xix. 5, 17,
420
British —
Aldrich, (with Nares), xxi. 99, 284,
286, 549, 554

Arctic Regions — continued.
Expeditions and explorations in — contd.
British — continued.
Archer, (with Nares), xxi. 108-9
Austin, 1850-1., i. 3, 23, 24, iv. 2,
6, 10, 11, ix. 63, xix. 373, 467,
xxi. 547
Back, 1833. and 1836., i. 24, 198,
vii. 100, viii. 116, xii. 109, xiii.
, 166-7-8
Baffin, 1616., ix. 43, 93, xvi. 158,
xvii. 181, xix. 177, 212
Beaufort, ix. 61, 65
Beaumont, (with Nares), xxi. 99,
108, 284, 286, 545, 549
Beechey, 1818. and 1825., i. 374, ii.
198, xix. 176
Belcher, 1851., i. 20, 24, 26, 30, 106,
et seq., 153, iv. 7, 60, 61, 117,
xiii. 232, 241, xix. 35, 176, 216,
467, 479, xxi. 273, 415, 547,
554
Bellot, (with Kennedy, 1851., also
with Inglefield, 1853.), i. 1-3, 22,
117, 212, x. 5
Browne, (with Austin), i. 25, 104,
212, iv. 3
Cheyne, (with Ross), xviii. 18
Collinson, 1852-3., i. 26, 30, 95, 153,
211, 236-8, iv. 113, xii. 254, xvii.
105, 181-2, xviii. 176, xix. 476,
xxi. 281, 545-6
Cook and Clerke, 1778-9., xix.
176
Court, (with M'Clure), vi. 180,
xvii. 174, xviii. 18
Davis, (with Ross), xviii. 19, xxi.
421
Donnet, see Austin
Forsyth, xviii. 16, 21
Franklin's, 1818 and 1845., i. 21 et
seq., xiii. 119, 166, xvii. 181,
xix. 35
those in search of: see
Austin's Belcher's Collinson's
Hudson Bay Company's
Inglefield's Kane andother Americans
McClintock'sOmmanney's' Osborn's
Penny's Richards'
Frobisher, and others, 1576., vii. 99,
xvi. 235
Gray, 1868, xii. Ill, 256
Hamilton, (with M'Clintock), 1853.,
i. 107, ii. 62, xiii. 241, xix. 221,
222, xxi. 549
Hobson, (with M'Clintock), 1857,
iv. 2,7 11, xix. 212

26

ARC— ARC

Arctic Regions — continued.
Expeditions and explorations in — contd.
British — continued.
Hudson's Bay Company's —
Anderson's, 1854., i. 21, 151-2
Rae's, 1846. and 1851., i. 22,
1854., i. 23, 25, 95, 104, 210,
211,215, 231, iv. 5, 9, 10, xix.
212, 222, xxi, 285, 286-7
Simpson's, 1836., i. 264, v. 151-2,
164
Iuglefield, 1852., i. 2, 20, 30, 471,
ii. 195, ix. 64, 92, xiii. 169, xiv.
155, xix. 213, xx. 64, xxi. 274
Jones, (of the Valorous, with Nares),
xx. 56 et seq.
Kellett, (under Belcher), 1852-3.,
i. :!, 16, 22, 108, ix. 62, xii. 98,
253, xvii. 178, 179, xix. 176, 208,
393, 470, 479
Kennedy, 1851., i. 22, 212, iv. 12,
37, xviii. 16
Lament's, 1869., (see Spitzbergen),
xiii. 225, 293, xiv. 326, xvi. 85
Long, (n. d.) xix. 176
Lyon, 1824., xxi. 285
M'Clintoek's, 1857., and previous,
i. 94, 95, 107-9, 471, 475, ii. 2,
290-1, iii. 325, summary iv. 2 ;
109, 111, 166, 252, ix. 62. 119,
154, xii. Ill, ixiii. 167, 235 et
seq., xiv. 154-5, xv. 113, 383,
xvi. 158, 237-8, xvii. 178, 179,
xviii. 16, xix. 176, 212, 220 et
seq., 470 et seq., xx. 64, xxi. 281
M'Clure, (with Collinson), 1850., i.
30, 107-8-9, 153, 475, iii. 197, iv.
10, 13, vi. 76, 180, ix. 58, xvii.
105, 173, xviii. 16, xix. 393, xxi.
282, 545-6, 551
Maguire, 1851., xvii. 181
Markham, (A. H.) (in the Arctic
and with Nares), xviii. 7, 8, 12
et seq., xxi. 10, 96, 110, 112, 287,
401,446,541, 544,548-9
Meeham, (with Belcher), 1852., i.
107, 108-9, xix. 222, xxi. 545
Nares, (with Belcher and proposed
expedition by R.G.S., 1875 ), xix.
208, 222, 403, 415, 417, 472, xx.
7, 19, 20, 55, 160, xxi. 10, 96, 274,
286, 308, 397, 440, 542 et seq.,
551, xxii. 423
Ommanney (with Austin), 1852.,
xix. 221-2
Osborn, (with Austin), 1852., i. 24,
95, 104 et seq., ix. 65, xiv. 154,
xviii. 19, xix. 373, xxi. 99, 554
Parr, (with Nares), 1875., xxi. 96
Parry, (1819., 1827.), i. 18, 19, 20,
24, 25, 28, 30, 127, 152, 214, ii.
200, iii. 122, iv. 234, 238, vii.
101, viii. 114, 115, 119, ix. 15, 92.

Arctic Regions— continued.
Expeditions and explorations in— oonM.
British— continued.
xii. 108-9, xiii. 166, 169, xiv.
155, xv. 383, xvi. 235, xvii. 172
et seq., 183, xviii 16, 17, 18, xix.
20, 35, 178, 210, 220, 466, xxi. 76,
106, 112, 275, 282, 285, 339, 446,
548
Penny (in conjunction with Austin),
1851., and after,! 20, 22,30,105,
212, 231, xiii. 234 et seq.
Petersen, see M'Clintock
Pim, (with M'Clintock under Bel
cher), 1851., i. 209, 475, iii. 197,
vii. 76, 189
Proposed— by R.G.S., in 1865, ix.
58, 87, 113, 146, Lady Franklin i
on, 148, reply of Linnsean Sooiety
and others, ix. 156, 267, memorial
to the Government, 269, xvi.
228, prospects of, iu 1866, and
after, x. 256, xi. 5, xii. 253, xvi. 85.
240, report of Committee on, 364
 in 1873-5., (see also Nares),
correspondence of R.G.S. with -i
the Government on, xvii. 7G
et seq.. proposed, 97, 107, 266,
xviii. 553, xix. 7, 38, 415, decided
on, 1875., xix. 206, 414. xx. 7,
xxi. 9, 10, route for, xix. 208,
report of Arctic Committee of
the Admiralty on, 349, arrange
ment for, 214, 416, departure of,
45, 403, xx. 19, progress of, to
July, xx. 55, 415, weather pros
pects of, 160, further progress of,
xxi. 10, welcome on return, 94 et
seq., Nares' reports on, 96, 274,
Alcock on,440; furthest northerly
point reached by, xxi. 10, 446
 , History of the efforts
to obtain a Renewal of Arctic
Research, Markham, xxi. 536,
Successful Results of, 543, Routes
for future, 555
Pullen, (with Kellett under Bel
cher), 1851., xix. 393
Richards (with Belcher), 1851-2-3.,
i. 106-7, xxi. 99
Ross, Sir John, 1818. and 1829., i.
19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 62, 104, 212,
ii. 246, vii. 101, viii. 49, xviii,
17, xix. 212, 464, 466-7, xx. 64
Ross, Sir James, 1829. and 1839-43.,
i. 104,iv.ll,xiii. 114-5, 118, 119,
xiv. 155, xvii. 178-9, xviii. 18,
55-6, xix. 35, 180, 211, 220, 464,
465, 466, 467, 476, xxi. 285-6,
308, 421, 539, xxii. 192, 201
Sabine, (with Parry, 1819., see
Greenland), xxi. 308, 554, xxii,
192

ARC— ARC

Arctic Regions— continued.
Expeditions and explorations in — contd.
British — continued .
Saunders (with Ross, 1849.), xviii.
16
Scoresby, 1822. (see Greenland),
viii. 117, xxi. 554
Snow, (with Forsyth and after),
1851., i. 53, iv. 168, v. 199, xviii. 21
Stephenson, (with Nares), 1875.,
xix. 207, xxi. 106
Walker, (with M'Clintock), 1857.,
iv. 2, 7, 113, 252
Wiggins, 1874 and after, xviii. 557,
xix. 7, 175, 421, xxi. 447, xxii.
102, 339
Winniett, (with M'Clure undor
Collinson), i. 24, 95
Young (with M'Clintock and after,
see also North Atlantic Cable), i.
475, iv. 2, 7, 113, 252, xii. Ill,
xviii. 17, xix. 212, 420, 476, 479,
481, xx. 20, 56,403, 416, xxi. 439
Dutch and other early, xvii. 98, xix.
176
 in 1878., xxii. 338
French, (see Be Hot), Lambert's pro
posed, 1868., xii. 253-4
German, Finsch, etc., 1877., xxi. 447
Koldewey, 1869-70., xii. 107, 253,
xiii. 291, xv. 102, 307, xvi. 227, 360
. Results of, Osborn on, xvi. 229 et seq.
Norwegian, Carlsen's, 1871., xvi. 361,
others, xvii. 265
Early, from Greenland to Arctic
America, 1266. and 1347., ii. 374
Russian, Pachtussoff, 1832-5., mote,
xvii. 138
Proposed, in 1871., Grand Duke
Alexis on, xvi. 86
 , in 1876., xx. 416
Wrangel, 1826., i. 16, 20, 27,29, 30,
ix. 117, 139, xix. 176, 466, xxi. 282
Swedish, Nordenskiold (and others),
1864., 1868. 1871-2., 1874., xii. 257,
xiii. 151, 165, 291, xv. 306, xvi. 86,
229, 230, 333, xvii. 16, 264,
xix. 420-1, xx. 20-1, 416, xxii. 338
 Torrell, 1858. and 1861., v. 199,
xiii. 291
Frobisher Strait proved to be a Bay,
and on the fate of five men of the
Arctic Expedition in the reign of
Elizabeth, Hall, vii. 99
Hall's Arctic Expedition of 1871 ., letters
on by Ward and Tuttle, xv. 382,
^ 383
History of Efforts to obtain a renewal
Arctic Research, Markham, xxi. 536
Notes on the Ice between Greenland
and Nova Zembla, and early Dutch
voyages in the Spitzbergeu Sea,
Jansen, ix. 163

Arctic Regions — continued.
Notes on the late Arctic Expedition,
1856., Osborn, i. 104
On the Circumpolar Sea, Nares, xxi.
96
 Climate of the N. Pole and on
Circumpolar exploration, Hickson, ix.
137
 Exploration of the Arctic Regions,
Petermann, xix. 173
 N. Polar Basin, with a
Resume' of recent Swedish, German
and Austrian attempts to reach the
Polar Cirole from the Atlantic Ocean,
Osborn, xvi. 227
 N. Po'ar Region, Osborn,
ix. 42, 634, xii. 92
 Polar Regions, (letter
from) Petermann, xix. 173
 Kane's Arctic Exploration, (letter
from) Hayes, iii. 146
 Navigation of Smith Sound as a
Route to the Polar Sea, Nares, xxi.
274
 North Ciroumpolar Sea, Nares,
xvi. 96
 Possible passage to the North
Pole, Hopkins, iv. 100, 234
 Probable Course pursued by Sir
J. Franklin's Expedition, Findlay,
i. 21
 Probable Existence of Lands
within the Polar Circle, Osborn, xvii.
172
 Progress of the Arctic Expedition
(of 1875.) to July 17., and the return
voyage of the Valorous, Markham, xx.
55
 Proposed Expedition to the N.
Pole, (letters from) Petermann, ix.
90, 114 (see also xix. 173)
 Route towards the Pole for the
Expedition of 1875., Richards, xix.
208
 Search for the Remains of the
Franklin Expedition, Anderson, i. 21
 Search for Sir J. Franklin, Kane,
i. 17
Plan for a further search after the
Relics of the Franklin Expedition,
Pirn, i. 209
Remarks on the Wind, Weather, etc.. in
Arctic Seas (1874-5.), as affecting the
progress of the Arctic Expedition
(of 1875.), Adams, xx. 160
Research in, summaries from 1855 to
1878., i. 151, 231, 471, 510, ii. 2,
290, iii. 325, iv. 166, 251, v. 1 99, ix.
266, x. 256, xi. 5, xii. 252, xiii. 164,
291, xiv. 326, xv. 306, xvi. 85. 360,
xvii. 15, 264, xviii. 7, 55:?, xix, 5,
207, 414, xx. 19, 403, 415,. xxi. 9,
440, xxii. 337

28

ARf'-ARI

Arctic Regions— continued.
Research in — contd.
British predominance in, ix. 98-9,
xii. 107, xix. 35, 179
Objects and uses of, Murchison on, v.
176, Osborn on, xvi. 235, Richards
on, xix. 210, Young on, xii. Ill
results to be expected from, Richards
on, xix. 217-9
 attained, Osborn on, ix.43, xviii. 19
 of the Expedition of 1 875. , Alcock
on, xxi. 440, Markham on, xxi. 543
Resume of the German N. Polar Expedi
tion from the Reports of Captain
Koldewey and Dr. Lambe, 1869.,
M'Clintock, xv. 102
Resolute, the, her drift and recovery, i.
3, 22, 23, 24, xv. 112, xix. 36, 472,
return of by the United States, i. 231,
473
Routes for future Arctic Expeditions
(after that of 1875.), Markham, xxi.
552
Sea(s), (see Open water), Ice of, Nares
on, xxi. 96 et seq., 275 ; compared
with that of the Antarctic regions,
Fitzroy on, ix. 121, Hamilton on,
xiv. 149
 Temperatures of, (Table), Irminger
on, x. 226
 Tidal rise and fall in, Hayes on,
ix. 185, Osborn on, xvii. 177
 use of steam vessels in, Markham
on, xviii. 15-16
Sledge journeys, see especiaUy Aldrich,
Archer,Collinson,Hamilton,Kennedy,M'Clintock, Markhnm,A. H.,Meeham,
Ommanney, Pirn, Richards, Young,
Wrangel
 Travelling in, M'Clintock on, xix.
220, 478, Nares on, xix. 223, xxi. 105
On Arctic Sledge-travelling, M'Clin
tock, xix. 464
   , A. H. Markham,
xxi. 110
Successful Results (of the Arctic Ex
pedition of 1875.), Markham, xxi. 543
Surveys made by Hayes, 1860-1,, area
of, ix. 186
Table of Voyages towards the N. Pole,
1266 to 1855., Markham, ix. 66-70
Temperatures, difference nf from those
in the Antarctic regions, v. 23
traces of plants of warmer climates
in, xiii. 294
Track of the Arctic Expedition of 1875.,
from Portsmouth to the Waigat,
Markham, xx. 66
whale-fishery, indebtedness of, to
Arctic explorers, xviii. 19
winds and currents in, iv. 239
Winter Quarters of the Discovery,
Stephenson, xxi. 100

Ardebul and other divisions of Persian
Azerbaijan, viii. 276
Ard el Bathanyeh district, Syria, moun
tains in, i. 8
Arden Island, Torres Straits, i. 80
Ardh, El, see Aftan
Ardon river, Caucasus, xiii. 69
Ardud Mountain, question of its location,
x. 142
Areas of Condensation, Hopkins on,
i. 58
Aregud, Cerro, Paraguay, conical hill of,
xx. 495
Arena, Punta, Straits of Magellan,
xv. 41
Arefial Pass, Ecuadorian Andes, elevation.
and direction of, xxi. 558
Arenas Point, San Juan River, C. America,
growth of, xii. 46
Artquipa, Peru, highest point on the
trans-Andean railway from, to Puno,
xviii. 213
Argandab river and valley, Afghanistan,
course of the former, xx. 243
Lynch's journey to, 1841., xx. 241
rock inscriptions in the latter, Lynch
cited on, xx. 244
Argarkote, Garo hills, xvii. 39
Argentine Republic —
Animal life of, Crawfurd on, xvii. 61-2
Central Railway of, sterile country along,
xvii. 65
defences of, Crawfurd on, xvii. 61
de Moussy's work on, review, v. 203
English explorers in, ix. 246
Journey through, Hutchinson, (1864,),
viii. 163
Power's book on, review, viii. 219
Projected railway across the Andes
from, De Grey on, iv. 174, Crawfurd,
xvii. 57, Wheelwright on, iv. 46
Argentino-Paraguayan boundaries, xviii.
121
Arghasan river, Afghanistan, tributary of
the Helmund river, xxi. 587
Argon, Argum or Argun (q.v.) river, E.
Siberia tributary or branch of the Amur
river, ii. 153, 278, xiii. 368
Argfln, capital of Nejed, Arabia, described
by Palgrave, viii. 65
Argun, Caucasus, Khevsur Christians of,
vi. 61
Argun river, Manchuria, Russian expedi
tion from, 1868., x. 233
Arguri, Armenia, legendary site of Noah's
vineyard, destroyed by volcanic erup
tion, 1840., xxi. 88, xxii. 177
Argyll, Duke of, on Livingstone's Zambesi
and other explorations, ii. 128
Ari, Little or Western Tibet, British
surveys of, xix. 329
. pass separating from Great Tibet, xix.
338

ARI— ART

29

Arid Countries, exploration of, Galton,
ii. 60
 Districts, Causes of Dryness in
Certain, Hopkins, i. 58
Aridh Hills, S. Arabia, ix. 294
Arindoh on the Basha river, Mustakh
Mountain region, latitude of, viii. 36,
37-8
Arish, Wady El, Egypt, admiralty survey
at, vii. 159, the "River of Egypt" of the
Bible, xvii. 326
Arizona, U.S.A. —
Central, described, xiii. 141
Notes on, Poston, xix. 302
trees, plants and animal life of, xix.
306-7
Arka, Syria, ancient Phenician town, ii.
225
Arkiko, Abyssinia, hot springs at, xiv.
166
Arksut, Greenland, aurora borealis at, iii.
118, geographical position of, 118-20
Armenia, Turkey in Asia, (see Ararat) —
American Missionaries in, Taylor on, ix.
39-40
On Armenia and Ararat, Bryce, xxii.
169, 185
distribution of plants in, iv. 258
 and characteristics of inhabitants,
vi. 61, 79, 81, xxii. 172
explorations in and near, Bryce's (n.d.),
xxii. 169, Tchihatohef s (of mountains
south of) (1858.), iii. 70
and Kurdistan, Millingen's work on,
review, xii. 249, Monteith's map of,
referred to, i. 280
physical features, climate, divisions of,
etc., Bryce on, xxii. 169-73
progress of geographical knowledge of,
in 1878., xxii. 362
Armstrong creek, N. Australia, affluent of
the Flinders river, xii. 57
 , Dr. A., on Kane's Arctic explora
tions, ii. 200
 , J. W., on Mount Everest, ii. 110-11
Arnaud, Monsieur, travels of, in Yemen,
1843., xv. 330
Arndisarstadr ford, Icelaud, v. 84
Arnheim-land, N. Australia —
colony founded in, 1838., vii. 172
explorations of —
Gregory's, of 1856., and latitude of,
i. 324, 342
Stuart's discoveries in, vii. 37, 170
features of, vii. 170
former (supposed) geological condition
of, Sturt on, v. 59
Arnhem, Cape, W. Australia, xii. 201
Arnhem's Bay, W. Australia, xii. 201
rivers discharging into, xii. 262
Arnold, Edwin, of the " Daily Telegraph,"
news of Stanley communicated by, xx.
50

Aro, W. Africa, limit of navigation of the
Oguu river, vi. 65
Arogi plain, Abyssinia, xii. 300
Arpa river, C. Asia, rise and course of,
xviii. 422, tributary of the Naryn river,
xiv. 224
Arpatallak Mountains, C. Asia, xvi. 246
Arquaba river, S. Australia, ii. 18
Arracan, Diary of a Hill-Trip on the
Borders of, Lewin, 1865-6., xi. 52
Arramac Creek, Queensland, affluent of
the Thompson river, x. 62, course of,
73
Arrass river, or Araxes, and confluent,
near Bayazid, xxi. 78, course of, viii. 275
Arroanga, Aroangua, or Loangua river,
E. Africa, latitude of, i. 245
treaty involving, iii. 105
visited by Lacerda, 1798., and by
Pereira, 1786., xi. 235
Arroond, in the Atlas Mts., N. Africa,
elevation of, etc., xv. 215
Arrow, Sir F., on the Suez Canal, xiv.
101
obituary notice of, 1876., xx. 400
Arrowsmith, J., awarded gold medal of
R.G.S., 1862., vii. 119-22
cartographical work of, i. to ix. passim
letter to, from Baker, 1862., vii. 46
maps of Australia constructed by, 1842.
and 1862., etc., vii. 179, ix. 234
obituary notice of, 1873., xvii. 243
 , Mount, Vancouver Island, vi. 107
 , New Zealand, rivers rising in,
viii. 214
 river, N. Australia, i. 34, first dis
coverers of, Gregory's visit to, i. 366
Arroyo Claro, Paraguay, xx. 494
 Poto mayin, valley of, S. America,
railway route via, xvii. 63
Arru, Am or Arou Islands, Malay Archi
pelago —
Crawfurd on, ii. 170-1
Murchison on, ii. 310
On the Arru Islands, Wallace, ii. 163
trade of (see Crawfurd, supra), Wallace
on, vi. 43, 44
Arta, Gulf of, vi. 106, in relation to the
Greco-Turkish frontier, iv. 118
Artaki, peninsula, Turkey in Asia, ii. 377,
effect on, of the earthquake of 1854., ii.
378
Artali Mountain, Abyssinia, volcanic
character of, and salt plain near, xiii.
220
one of two active African volcanoes,
xvi. 128
Arthur, Mr., on colonization in N. Aus
tralia, ix. 23
Arthur's Pass, N. Zealand, elevation of,
and discovery of,' xi. 228
Artush, Russian furthest outpost in Central
Asia, 1871., xv. 199, xvi. 261

30

ART— ASH

Artysh river and valley, Thian Shan
region, C. Asia, described by Trotter,
xviii. 417
Rawlinson on, ib.
Aruenha river, tributary of Zambesi river,
ii. 366
Arun or Arun Cosi river, Tibet —
course of, xix. 330
probable sources of, ii. 108
Tibetan explorer crosses, xix. 338
Aruscha range, E. Equatorial Africa,
elevation of, viii. 6
Aruwimi river, Congo region, affluent of
the Lualaba river, confluence of, with
that stream, Stanley's conflict with
natives at, xxii. 159-60
possibly the Welle river, various opinions
on, xxii. 371, 404
volume of, xxii. 405
Arve PrinB Island, Arctic regions, geologi
cal formation of, xx. 58
Arve Valley, France, Hydrography of,
Chaix, i. 483
Arz el Jahtashiyyah, Syria, aspect of, xvi.
112
Asaca or Osaka, Japan, great commercial
emporium, vi. 200
Asalah, Arabia, decaying port of, xvi.
118
Asali Peak, Abyssinia, sulphur deposits
near, xiii. 220
Asiimang, Akem, W. Africa, town of, xix.
476
Asamayama or Ashimayama, active vol
cano, Japan, xx. 172
ascents of in 1872-3., xvii. S3
latest eruption of (1872-3.), xvii. 81
Asana, Savaii Island, Navigator Group,
lava plains at, xxi. 142
Asante, Rev. D., oited on the religion of
the Akem natives, W. Africa, xix. 479
Asau Bay, Savaii Island, Navigator Group,
xxi. 142
Ascension Island, vi. 200, geological
features of, as to connection with the
mainland and as to position on a
cross-oceanic ridge, vi. 239, xv. 31,
xxi. 70
"rollers" at, iii. 364
as a sanatorium for W. Africa, vi. 65
Ascheuumma, Tiboo, N. C. Africa, de
scribed by Vogel, viii. 10
Aschfa, Abyssinia, distance of, from Me-
temma, xiii. 39
loveliness of region, xiii. 42
Aseir country, S. Arabia, rivers believed to
rise in mountains of, viii. 97
Ash Lake, Vancouver Mand, mountains
near, ix. 308
Ashangi Lake, Abyssinia, position of,
Cook on, xiv. 162
size and elevation cf, Markham on, xii.
288-9

Ashango-land, W. Africa, visited by Du
Chaillu, 1863., x. 77
Ashantee-land, W. Afrioa, (see Glover; on
the Volta), xviii. 287
commerce and war of, Freemantle on;
xviii. 296
Ge'rard's proposed visit to, (1863.), vii.
70, 197
human sacrifice in, xviii. 295
tree from, identical with one on the
Muni river, xxii. 417
Wolseley on, xviii. 293
Ashburton, Lord, President of R.G.S.
I860., iv. 209
absences and illness of, v. 119, 137, 146,
217, 224, vi. 40, 73
Anniversary address, 1862., vi. 127
Speeches on presenting gold Medals,
1862., vi. 121, 122, 123 et seq.
on African subjects —
on the discovery of Mungo Park's
astronomical tables, vi. 15
on Speke and Grant's E. African Ex
pedition, I860., and the support
of R.G.S., iv. 222, v. 21
on the W. African settlements, vi
16
on Antarctic Exploration, v. 26
on Asiatic subjects —
on Cambodia, vi. 80
on China aDd the area of the Taeping
rebellion, vi. 88, query concerning
Hue's veracity, vi. 95
on the Fiji Islands in relation to
colonisation and to cotton cultiva
tion, vi. 98, 99
on Japanese culture, v. 135
on Siam, iv. 216-7
on Australian subjects —
on the C. Australian Expedition and
its use of camels, v. S
on Stuart's 1860 expedition, v. 56, 60
 earlier journey, 1854., v. 106
on the death of the Prince Consort,
vi. 40, 73
letters to, from Chambers and Finckc,
on Stuart's expedition, vi. 46
 , from Hood on Queensland, vi. 24-5
 , from Petherick on Speke and
Grant's journey, vi. 179
remarks at meetings, v. 22, 133
on telegraphic communication between
England and N. America, vi. 61.
96, 99
obituary notice of, 1864., viii. 172
Ashburton and Calthorpe, Lord, obituary
notice of, 1869., xiii. 273
.-  Range, C. Australia, view from, vi. 9
- — river, W. Australia, named by
Gregory, vi. 172, xix. 446
Forrest's expedition to, xix. 446
Giles attempt to reach, xix 447 and
success, xx. 460

ASH— ASt

31

Ashburton river — continued.
identified with the Curlew river by
Sholl, xii. 261
latitude of headwaters of, xxi. 461
source of, Giles on, xix. 53
  , N. Zealand, source of, dis
covered by Haast, 1861., viii. 214
A-She-hoh, Manchuria,' mountain range
near, xiii. 32
Ashira country, W. C. Africa, reached by
Du Chaillu, 1865., i. 4, 73; smallpox
at, x. 75
Ashraffi reef, Red Sea, projected light
house for, v. 173, light set up on, 1862.,
vi. 133
Ashreth, village, near Chitral, N. W.
Indian frontier, elevation of, and Kafir
robbers at, xvi. 255
Ashurada, Caspian Sea, xix. 582
Ashwanipi or Hamilton river, B. N.
America, source and course of, Hind on,
viii. 50, 51
Asia (see also Burma, China, India, Persia,
Siam, Siberia, and other countries
comprised in that continent) —
absence of waterfalls in mountains of,
iii. 367
admiralty surveys (see also under
separate countries), 1861., v. 173,
1862., vi. 133, 1863., vii. 139
Asia and Australia, ii. 28, vi. 24 ; tele
graphic communication, x. 61
backbone of, see Pamirs
dividing line between zoology of, and of
Australia, vii. 209
German writers on, 1862-3., vii. 149
note
gold in, see separate countries
large new map, 1866., xi. 4, 203 note
non-Islamic races to be found in the
mountains of, viii. 66
overland communication with, 1872.,
Rawlinson on, xvi. 336
telegraphic development, Rawlinson on,
vii. 93, 203
Russo- American via Siberia, 1861.,
xi. 39
Trans-Himalayan expedition, 1865-7.,
Montgomerie on, xii. 146
Tropical, development of Animal Life
in, Wallace on, xxi. 511, 517
•  , flora of, distribution of, xxii.
434-9
Zoological forms of, and of Australia,
the dividing line between, vii. 209
progress of geographical knowledge in,
1856-78., i. 160, 435, ii. 297, iii. 291,
iv. 187, v. 196, vi. 162, 180, vii. 157,
viii. 207, ix. 235, x. 233, xi. 201, xii.
262, xiii. 5, 301, xiv. 5, 314, Xv. 4,
285, xvi. 86, 331, xvii. 18, 278, xviii.
557, xix. 13, 422, xx. 16, 417, xxi.
447, 477, xxii. 9, 339

Asia — continued.
review of Geographical progress in,
since the foundation of R.G.S., ix. 235
vegetable produce of, iii. 54
Asia, Subdivisions —
Central— aspect of, Shaw on, xiv. 128
birthplace of the human race, x. 6
Bolor and Pamir regions of, Rawlin
son, x. 134
coal in, viii. 206, xi. 13, xvi. 406, 409
xviii. 252
cotton of, and Russian manufacture
of cotton from, viii. 973-4
delimitation mission in, (1872.), of
Sir F. Goldsmid, xvii. 18
desert Bands of, encroachment by,
xviii. 442
effect of hot Plains of, on the S.E.
trade-winds, xiii. 75
ethnographical characteristics, three
divisions of races in, Rawlinson
on, xvi. 216
traces of Greek rule and invasion
in, xiii, 20, xvii. 113
Turkish character of the inhabi
tants of, xi. 12
Explorations and expeditions in (see
Russian explorations and ad
vance in, infra) —
ancient travellers, the Polos, Ru-
bruquiz, etc., x. 270, xi. llo,
201, xxi. 185-6
Atkinson, (1857.), i. 434, 487, 510,
ii. 59, 76, 154, 273, 279, iii. 127,
vi. 129
Christie, 1810., xx. 174
Forsyth, 1870., xv. 23, 24, 287;
1873., xvii. 286, xviii. 111-6,
222, 414, 566, xix. 13; 1870. and
1873., xxi. 27
Gardanne, 1810., xx. 174
Gill, (1874.), xx. 169
Hayward, 1868., xiii. 6, 9, 198, (cf.
122), 200, 201, xiv. 40, 1869., xiv.
106,107; 1869-70., xv. 4, 10, 117,
285
Johnson, 1866., xi. 6, 218, xxi. 27
Lynch, 1841., xx. 241
the Mirza (q.v., also the Havildar,
etc.), xv. 286
Schlagintweit, A. and H., 1856-7.,
i. 273, 436, ii. 299, iii. 144, 171,
259, 291, 366, xviii. 116
Schuyler, 1873., xviii. 408
Shaw, 1868-70., xiii. 198, 200, 301,
xiv. 124, 315, xv. 175, 287; 1872.,
xvi. 395
Smith, 1865., xi. 119
Taylor, (1867.), xi. 97
Trotter (see Trans-Himalaya) aud
the Indian surveyors, 1873-6.,
xx. 16, 421, xxi. 456

32

ASI— ASI

Asia, Subdivisions — continued.
Central — continued.
Explorations and expeditions — contd.
Vambe'ry, 1863., viii. 267, 269, ix.
251, Wolff, viii. 272
gipsies, absence of, in, Crawfurd on,
i. 41
gold in, at Kappa, xvi. 244
— — ¦ at Khamti, xxi. 592
in 1870., Murchison on, xiii. 315
in 1872., Shaw, xvi. 395
maps of, based on spurious material,
x. 136
 by Venuikoff, points in, xiii.
351
mode of travelling in, and difficulties
of, Atkinson on, ii. 76
mountain ranges of, Abich's classifi
cation of, Spottiswoode on, iv. 97
 systems of, new ideas concern
ing, xvi. 397
old Persian MS. on the geography
of, Rawlinson on, xiv. 213-4-
Pamirs, (q.v.) progress of knowledge,
and exploration of, also maps
(1877.), xxi. 450
Positions of Pein, Charchand, Lob
Nor and other places in, Shaw,
xvi. 242
progress of geographical knowledge
of, see Asia, supra
routes to Taskend from Orenburg,
xi. 41
Russian exploration of, and advance
in, i. 433
Semenoff's (1858.), ii. 280
Golubef and others', (1859.), iii.
288-9, iv. 197
Andrews cited on Russian advance,
in 1859., iii. 387
Khanikoff's,(1860.),iv. 253, vii. 157
general (1861.), v. 191, 195
Veniukoff, (1861.), v. 192
Valikhanof, (1859.), vi. 162
Khanikoff and others, (1863.), vii.
157
general, x. 6
Heinz and others, (1866.), x. 233
Boutakoff's, 1848-9., 1858-9., xi.
113, others, 217
general, xiv. 319, 322, xv. 288
Fedchenko and others, xvi. 19
Prjevalsky and others, xvii. 291,
xviii. 559, xxi. 450
Oxus Survey, etc., xix. 14, 422,
xx. 420
general, xx. 16, 18, 175, 419
Sosnofsky and others, (1874-5.),
xxi. 21-2
to the Alai and Pamirs, (1876,),
xxi. 122
in Russian Uzbegistan, 1671-2.,
xxi. 218

Asia, Subdivisions — continued.
Central — continued.
Russian exploration of — continued.
Ujfalvy's and other's, (1878.), xxii,
340
Johnson on, (1866.), xi. 9
Murchison on, ix. 238, x. 236, xi.
163, 202, xii. 262-3, xiii. 301,
xiv. 73-4
Osborn on, vi. 166
Rawlinson on, viii. 271, xi. 164,
xiii. 19, xiv. 73-4, xvi. 282, 348,
xvii. 283, xx. 176
Saunders on, xi. 166
Veniukoff on, xiii. 343
 boundary, at Artush, xvi. 261
 possessions in, (1875.), xx. 175
 posts in, (1871.), native infor
mation on, xv. 195
 rivalry with British commerce
in, viii. 274
 and British surveys in, x. 164-5,
239, xvii. 284-5
steppes of, and water in, Atkinson
on, ii. 76
Trade routes from, to India, Rawlin
son on, xiii. 10, Strangford on,
20
 to Yarkand, the main, xv.
336
watershed of, xv. 200
 r- of Central and Southern Asia,
xv. 177
Eastern (see Siberia) —
Expeditions and explorations in : —
Connolly, xx. 178
Goldsmid, 1873., xx. 174
Khanikoff, xx. 174
Macgregor (1876.), xx. 174
Napier, 1874., xx. 166
Palladius, xvi. 204
Peschuroff and others, (1858.), ii.
153, 277, iii. 92
Taylor, (1867.), xiii. 243, xiv.
321
Political position of Manchuria in
relation to, Osborn on, vii. 33
Russian rectification of positions in,
xvi. 205-6
Routes between India and China in,
Login on, v. 53-4, M'Cosh, v. 47
Turbulent Arabs in, vii. 93
Northern, see Amur, Siberia, etc., etc.
Russian, in 1872., xvi. 348
Southern, waterparting between, and
Central Asia, xv. 177
zoological problem connected with,
Wallace on, ii. 209
Western (see Aral Sea), etc. —
Mountain ranges of, as classified by
Abioh, iv. 97
Projected map of, (1872.), xvi. 336
Ritter's work on, reviewed, iii. 389

ASI— AST

33

Asia Minor (see also Syria, Turkey in
Asia, etc.) —
elevation of land in, slowness of, ii. 176
Expeditions and explorations.
Fellows, 1838. et seq., v. 157
MiUingen, xvi. 223, 334
Palgrave, (1872.), xvi. 223, 334
Tohihatohef, (1858.), iii. 370
gipsies of, i. 40-1
lakes in, having subterranean outlets,
iii. 107
postal route through, from Aleppo, etc.,
to Constantinople, ii. 226
progress of geographical knowledge of,
i. 434, xvi. 334
Proposed Canal communication in, be
tween Lake Sabanja, the river
Sakaria and the Gulf of Nicomedia,
Jochmus, i. 301, cf. 434
Ritter's work ou, reviewed, iii. 389
sandbearing river in (Pyramus), iii. 208
Tour in N.E. Anatolia, Palgrave,
(1872.), xvi. 223
Tchihatchef's works on, reOT'eioeo!, iii.
385, xiii. 283
traces of glacial action in, Palgrave on,
xvi. 223
vegetation of, Tchihatchef cited on,
iv. 253
Asiatic Archipelago, progress of geogra
phical knowledge of, ii. 308, v. 197 ; see
Malay Archipelago
Ask, Persia, hot springs at, iii. 12
Askja plateau, Iceland, craters on, and
recent aotivity of, xx. 28-9
Askoleh, Trans-Indus region, bridge over
the Bialdoh river at, viii. 35
Ashmantai, Lake, C. Asia, elevation of,
xix. 423
Asmar and other places era route from
Jellalabad to Yarkand, xiii. 122
Aspinwall, (Colon), or Navy Bay, Isthmus
of Panama, Atlantic terminus of the
Parana railway, vi. 112
healthiness of, local views cited on,
(1867.), xii. 4
Aspiring, Mt., N. Zealand, aspect of, vi.
72, ice pinnacles of, viii. 47, mountain
system near, viii. 57
Asp-o-Naizu river, Persia, xx. 167
As Pratas, China Sea, shoal, planted with
cocoa palms, i. 146, 406, position of,
determined, ii. 269
Assaka river, Morocco, tide, etc., at mouth
of, and town near, ii. 376
Assal or Asal, Lake, Abyssinia, depth of,
xii. 117, elevations near, xiii. 224
Assam, articles of trade in, xix. 341
boundaries of, v. 47, xiii. 393
Burmese devastation of, v. 50
coal in, xii. 334
Expeditions and explorations —
Burnet's unsuccessful, v. 49

Assam — continued.
Expeditions and explorations— contd.
Cooper's unsuccessful, 1868., xiii. 306
Cottam's, 1876., xxi. 590
Hannah's unsuccessful, v. 49
Harman's, (1877-8.) xxii. 355
Jenkins', 1868., xiii. 244
Pundit's, 1873-5, xxi. 325
intercommunication with China, xi. 258
Anderson and others on, vii. 61
Campbell on, xi. 258
Goodenough (letter) on, xii. 334
Login on, v. 53-4
M'Cosh on, xi. 256-7
mineral wealth of, xi. 258
mountains of, surveys of, i. 161, 345
need of population in, (1868.), xiii. 248
passes into China from, v. 47-8, desir
ability of exploration of, Login on, 54
provinces of, described, v. 48
tea cultivation introduced into, iv. 33,
xi. 258
trade routes to, from China, etc., xix.
341
Upper and Lower, trigonometrical sur
vey of, x. 241-2
 and Western China, letter on
routes between, Goodenough, xii. 334
Assanuka Hill, C. America, conical shape
of, xiii. 61
Assay, Isthmus of Kraw, vii. 59
Assiniboine river, B. N. America, i. 460 ;
proposed expedition to, 462, expedition
(Palliser's) at, ii. 45, 219, (Hind's) and
report on, iv. 171-2
Assinie river and European settlement on,
W. Africa, described by Reade, xiii.
353-4
Assistance, ship, xx. 56, drift of, with
arctic ice, i. 25
Assouan, Egypt, cataracts at, i. 504-6 ;
railway to, proposed by Pirn (1859.), iii.
195 ; constructed by Fowler, xxi. 61
Assuom, W. Africa, Glover at, xviii. 292
Assungui, English colony, Brazil, unsuit
able location of, xx. 467
Assyria(n) inscription and remains found
in Kurdistan by Taylor, ix. 36, xii.
304
Vestiges of, (maps), referred to, i. 164
Astaboras river of Artemidorus (= At-
bara), x. 300
Astinaghur, Mt., Kashmir, x. 306, 31 1, 315
Aston, — , early traveller in Japan, xviii.
236
As or(e) or Hazara Valley and Fort, N.W.
Indian frontier, x. 315
route from, to Gorez, xv. 388
site of fort, xv. 388
 river, x. 309
Astrabad Bay, Caspian sea, in connection
with Russian measurement of height of
Demavend, v. 194 D

34

AST— ATC

Astrabad or Asterabad —
efforts to reach, of Vambiiry's pre
decessors, viii. 271, 272
route to, via Danube and Caspian, vi.
306
submerged villages near, 307
 from Sharud, etc. (1873.), xvii. 193
 from, to Bandar-i-Gez, xvii. 194
 to and from Tehran, (Napier's), xx.
169, 174
turbulent natives near, xx. 168
Astrakan, in connection with Russian
measurement of an arc of parallel, v.
195
lawless natives near, (I860.), iv. 247
Nogai Tartars at, (18th century), v. 59
movements of Russian war materiel
between Baku and, iii. 387
route from, to China, 14th century, x.
271
source of food supplies ,for Russian
troops in the Trans-Cauoasus, viii.
276
vessels from, at Enzilli, iii. 394
Astrolabe, French corvette, scientific work
of D'Urville in, xxi. 294, visit of, to N.
Guinea, 1828., xvii. 390
 Gulf, N. Guinea, xix. 234
 Mt., N. Guinea, xx. 333
ascent of, by Shaw, 1877., Goldie on;
xxii. 220
Lawes on, xx. 355
other mountains behind, ib.
rivers rising in a village near, xx. 266,
xxi. 363-4
Astronomical Geography : see Scientific
Geography, Transit of Venus, etc. etc.,
also observations of Livingstone, of
Burke and Wills, etc. under names
Astura river, viii. 275
Asu Bay, Navigator Islands, also called
Massacre Bay, xxi. 146
Asua or Ashua river, affluent of the Nile,
vii. 186, 220, 222, xxi. 57
Burton on, ix. 8, 11, 13, etc.
district near, described by Speke, vii.
218
effect of, on colour of Nile water, Burton
and others on, ix. 8
elevation of, x. 25
shallowness of, in parts, xviii. 146
tributaries of, x. 13, xviii. 140
volume of, xviii. 139
Asuncion, Paraguay, healthy position of,
xx. 495,. 500
meteorological records of, xx. 501, 502
504,505 "
plateau of, and elevation at, xx. 495,
508
survey of the Parana river up to,
i. 146
Asuquay, W. Africa, road to and from,
xx. 226-7

Asyuka, W. Africa, Dr. Lenz at, (1876.),
xx. 441
Atabbi or Attabi river, tributary of the
Asua river, E. C. Africa, x. 13, xviii.
139
Atacama, S. America, desert district, xv
369
hot wind of, i. 35
nitrate deposits and silver mines of
xxii. 47
route via,, across the Andes, viii. 164
Atada, on the Victoria Nile, country near
xviii. 141
Atade, W. Africa, a small village, ii. 95
Atak district, Turco- Persian frontier, xv
169, 175
 range, trend of, xx. 174-5
Ataka, Jebel, possibility of crossing the
Red Sea near, xii. 193
Atalik Beg, or Ghazi, Ameer of E.
Turkestan, xiv. 61
British relations with, xvi. 406-7
Forsyth's mission to, xv. 6, 1873., xviii,
111, friendly letter from, 116, 222,
interview with, 224 et seq., Frere on,
566 ,
Hayward's mission to, xiv. 61, interview
with, and description of, 67-8
Indian artillerists employed by, xiv.
63
letter from, to Shaw, (1873.), xvii. 197
Mirza's visit to, and description of, xv
191-6
murder of Schlagintweit avenged bv,
xiv. 69
Rawlinson on, xviii. 414
strict rule of, xv. 392
wars of, (see Schlagintweit), xv. 189,
xvi. 404
Atami, Japan, steam and sulphur gey
sers at, v. 133, vi. 200
Atanekerdluk Harbour, Waigat Straits,
Arctic regions, coal and fossils at,
xx. 63
latitude of, corrected, xx. 65
Atara, S. Arabia, independent tribes of,
severe winters of, xvi. 118
Atbara river, Abyssinia, affluent of the
Nile, vii. 192
oharaoter of, Speke on, vii. 223
cotton district near, vii. 21
draining Abyssinia, vii. 80
explorations on, and on its affluents,
1862., Baker, vii. 21, 64, cf. 183;
x. 6
fertilizing work of, Beke on, vii. 116
latitude of its junction with the Nile,
x. 279
valley of, beauties of, xiii. 39
Atbaslia river, tributary of the Naryn
river, Trans- Naryn district, xiv. 224
Atchefur, elevated plain, Abyssinia, xiii.
46

ATE— ATL

Atenze or Atentze, on the borders of Tibet
and Yunnan, xv. 168
elevation of, and goitre at, xxii. 269
trade of, xiv. 341
At feh, Abyssinia, hot springs at, xiv. 166
Athabasca, Lake, B. N. America —
climate of, in relation to colonization,
iii. 126 •
old French posts extending up to, vii.
73, 74, 75
 portage, and pass, i. 266, iv. 234
 river and tributaries, ix. 18
 Upper, buffaloes along, iii. 126
Athi, Wady el, Syria, fertility of, x. 158
Atiyeh, Wady el, Sinaitic - Peninsula,
Koller's route via, followed by Holland,
probably that of the Israelites, xxii.
455
Atkash or Atohakazie tribe of Turkestan,
persistent objectionable characteristics
' of, xiii. 18, xxi. 586-7
Atkinson, J.,fossils found by, near Flinders
river, xii. 142
 T. W., explorations of, in Chinese
Tartary and in Siberia (after 1846.),
ii. 127, iv. 167, vii. 162, ix.41, xxii. 52
note
on the fate of A. Schlagintweit, iii. 145
on travelling in arid countries, ii. 76
paintings by, i. 434, 487, 510
works by, ii. 62, 273, iv. 205
obituary notice of, vi. 128
Atlantic Ocean —
attempts to reach the Polar Basin from,
Osborn, xvi. 227
bed, bottom, or floor of —
Duncan on, xxii. 74
Evans on, xxi. 70
Field on, i. 217
Huxley on, xv. 37
Jeffreys on, xv. 39
geography of, Osborn, xv. 28, 40
IJhysical condition of, survey of, in
relation to the Trans-Atlantic Tele
graph, Wallich, vii. 53, cf. 166
proposed survey of, Belcher and others
on, vii. 55, 57
coast of, error in mapping of, discovered,
i. 485
communication between, and the Andes
of Peru, Markham, xv. 367
connection with the Pacific proposed,
via the Atrato and Truando rivers.
Kelley, i. 63
Gisborue on, i. 88
currents in, iv. 237, xxi. 74
course of, v. 67
Findlay's charts of, ii. 329
and drifts, Irminger, v. 225
effect of, on Spitzbergen, xvii. 97
equatorial, Oapella's chart of, vii. 51
Toynbee on, x. 342
hot and oold, Laughton on, xv. 91

Atlantic Ocean — continued.
currents in — continued.
Mann, vii. 50
Markham on, xvii. 97
Maury on, vii. 51
cyclone theory applicable to, i. 37
depths in, xiii. 275 (Challenger), xviii.
542
Evans on, xxi. 69
between Scotland and the farther
shores, v. 101
and salinity, Forchammer cited on,
ix. 57
shallow region in, xxi. 439
as distributor of heat, Nares on, xxi.
97-8
drift of Arctic Ice into, iv. 7, 113
safest time to navigate, Maury cited on,
v. 231
soundings in, and results-
American expedition under Lee, work
of, i. 177
of the Cyclops, ii. 266
by Dayman, iii. 273
of the Gannet, xii. 282
Herald, vi. 198
Porcupine, vii. 138, xv. 261
Valorous, xx. 61, 65 and fly to 66
 deepest, made by Ross, 1840.,
xxi. 69
speeds (10 knots) attained in, i. 86
swell, Islands bearing the brunt of, i.
140
waters of : —
cold mass of, xx. 411
inflow and outflow of, Buchanan on,
xxi. 257
salinity of, ix. 57, Buchanan, xxi. 256
specific gravity of, i. 414, 509-10, ix.
28, xvi. 239
  of the waters of the S.
Atlantic, Hodding, xiv. 377
telegraph, see separate heading,
infra
temperatures, of, xviii. 342
bottom temperature of, xxi. 318
Challenger temperature survey of,
Carpenter, xviii. 354
comparative, of, and of other oceans,
Carpenter od, xv. 73 et seq.
¦  and weight, xvi. 239
Thermal stratification of, xviii. 362
watershed between, and the Northern
Ootan, iv. 73
winds of, iv. 239-40, xxi. 74
Atlantic Ocean, North, deep sea tempeia-
ture of, ii. 329
Evidences of the Gulf Stream in,
Irminger, xiii. 226
Meteorological observations set on foot
in regard to, (1859.), ii. 278
Surface Temperature of, in regard to
Ocean Currents, Whitley, xiii. 229

36

ATL— AUG

Atlantic Ocean, North — continued.
temperatures in, v. 64, xiii. 228, xxi.
297
wind and currents in, iv. 239
Atlantio Ocean, South, magnetic activity
in, xxii. 214
Specific gravity of the water of, Hod-
ding, xiv. 377
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, proposed
communication between, by canal, (see
Atrato, Panama, etc.), by railway and
telegraph (see Canadian Pacific Rail
way), (N.) iv. 36, 74-5, 233, 253, vii. 103,
(S.) iv. 45, 173
Atlantic Telegraph (see Wallich), i. 344
Ashburton on, v. 61, 99, vi. 190
Ball on, v. 102-3
Beechey on, i. 208
Belcher on, iv. 107, vii. 55
de Grey on,iv. 109
Elliott on, vii. 56
Field, (paper by), i. 216
McClintock on his survey for, in the
Bulldog, v. 62
Matteucci cited on, iv. 107
Murchison on, i. 418, ii. 330
Rae on the Faeroes, etc. in connection
with the, v. 80, 81, 89 et seq.
Rink cited on, v. 68
terminus of, in Newfoundland, vii. 143
recovery of cable, off Newfoundland,
xii. 244
Selwyn on, vii. 157
Shaffner on a proposed route for, iv.
101, 169, v. 94, discussions on same,
iv. 105, v. 99-104
summary of papers on, 1861., v. 199
surveys and soundings, by Dayman, i.
403, ii. 330, iii. 273, McClintock and
others, iv. 152, v. 62, 70, vi. 190,
Murchison on, ii. 320-2, of the
Porcupine, vii 138
Atlas Mts., N. Africa —
continuation of, xxii. 383
elevations in, xv. 213, 216, 217
Explorations in —
Ball and Hooker's, 1871., xv. 212, 217,
cf. 336, 1871., xvi. 131
Rohlfs' crossing of, 1863-4., ix. 79,
312
snow on, see Hooker, see also Rohlfs
Atmospheric moisture in Australia, Sykes
on, v. 59-60
 phenomena, Strachey on, xvi. 447
 Pressure, Determination of Heights
in the Interior of Continents from Obser
vations of, Buchan, xiii. 360
 in relation to sea-level, Evans
on, xxi. 74
A'tomainty, village, Madagascar, xix. 194
Atrato river, C. America, earliest settle
ment in S. America, near the mouth of,
i. 78

Atrato and Truando rivers, proposed
inter-oceanic canal via, to Atlantic,
Battersby cited on, i. 466
Beardmore on, i. 73
Beechey on, i. 64, 71
Belcher on, vi. 77
de Puydt on, xii. 63, 64
Gerstensberg on the reason for abandon
ing the project, vi. 77
Humboldt on, i. 69
Illingworth on the river itself, i. 87
Kelley (article) on, i. 63
Mercer on, i. 91
Murchison on, i. 167, 463, 465, ii. 296
Stephenson on, i. 71
Attaran river, Burmah, need of bridge over,
for traders' use, xix. 277
Attack Creek, C. Australia, vi. 8
Attaka, Gebel, Egypt, elevation of, iii. 178
Attack, N.W. Himalayas, earthquake
at, 1853., xiii. 371 note, flood at, 1841.,
and its cause, xv. 177 •
trigonometrical survey base at, i. 161
371
Attraction, Mt., S. Australia, mines,
springs, and geological formation at, iv.
93, v. 124
Attrek or Atrak river, Persian frontier,
viii. 268, xx. 170
as a boundary, Russian and Persian
claims, xx. 176
possible derivation of the name, xx.
181
supposed sources of, xx. 172
Atsbi, Abyssinia, plateau of, xii. 114
Atwat, Nile region, river and territory,
lagoon near, visited by Petherick, viii.
135, 136, 138
Atuel river, S. America, affluent of the
Salado, xvii. 63
Auckland, N. Zealand, admiralty survey
of, and of other N. Zealand harbours, i.
406
 province, N. Zealand, coal of, iii. 339,
geological map of, by Dr. Hochstetter,
of the Nocara, xii. 150
 Islands, S. Pacific, discovered by
Bristow, 1806., whaling station of the
Enderbys at, xxi. 427
Auet-chi, village, C. Africa, tribesmen of,
v. 33
Aufina, Nile region, cataracts of, Gessi at,
xx. 470
chief of, xx. 470, 473, xxi. 50, 51
Augusta, Port, Spencer Gulf, S. Australia,
also called Comux harbour, ii. 29, iii.
154, iv. 78
admiralty surveys at and near, vii. 142
coal-beds near, ix. 307
projected railway from, ix. 307, xv. 96
wells requisite at, ii. 27
Augustus, Mount, W. Australia, iii. 46, 47,
49, good land near, and ascent of, vi. 172

AUK— AUS

37

Auk Cape, Arctic regions, large quantities
of birds found at, xix. 30
Aukanyong village, Qua river, W. Africa,
nativeB of, xx. 224, agricultural habits
of, 226, 227
Auld and Litchfield, Australian govern
ment surveyors, map of Adam Bay
district by, x. 250
Aulef oasis, N. Africa, ix. 313
Aulieta or Aulie-Ata, Turkestan, forts at
and pass near, ix. 273, xviii. 250
Aullagas, Lake, Bolivia, large size of, xii.
128, 429
receptacle of the waters of Lake Titi-
caca, xviii. 215
Aunbire (see Embarah), river, W. Africa,
iv. .72
Aurandop, near the Cross river, W. Africa,
natives of, xx. 224
Auriferous and other Metalliferous Dis
tricts of N. Queensland, Clarke, xii.
138
Aurora Borealis in Greenland, Tayler, iii.
117
observations on, by Koldewey, xv. 107
  and Earth currents as con
nected with Magnetic disturbances,
Evans on, xxii. 209
Aurora Island, S.W. Pacific, discovered by
de Bougainville (1768.), xvi. 389
Austen, Mr. Godwin, on his son's journey
and trigonometrical survey of the
Trans-Himalayan range, viii. 42
 , Major H. H. Godwin —
Glaciers of the Mustakh Range, 1860-1.,
viii. 34
On the District of Lake Pangong in
Tibet, 1863., xi. 32
On the Earthquake in the Cachar Hills,
1869., xiii. 370
On the Garo Hills (Assam), xvii. 30
survey and map work of, in Kashmir, iv.
31-2, 188
unread paper by, vi. 183
work of, in comparative geography, vii.
153
retirement of, and services to geo
graphy (1878,), xxii. 348
Austin, Capt., r.n., Arctic expedition in
search of Franklin under, 1850., i. 3,
23, 24, iv. 2, 6, 10, 11, ix. 63, xix. 373,
467, xxi. 547
 Island, Arctic regions, animal life at,
i. 54
 Lake, W. Australia, xix. 311
 , T., Report of, on Explorations in the
Interior of W. Australia, 1854., i. 30,
Murchison on, 34, Saunders on, 328,
Sykes on, 192, other references to the
above, i.' 455, ii. 28, 29
Australasia (see Australia, New Zealand,
Tasmania, etc.) —
Dutch discoveries in, 1627 etseq., xxi. 186

Australasia — continued.
Federation suggested for, by Prance,
1873., xviii. 48, Nicholson on, 49
Australia(n) (see also separate quarters,
infra, and colonies) —
aborigines of, cannibalism of, vi. 170,
xi. 44
castaways found among, ix. 305, x.
63
contradictory characteristics of, vi.
169, 171
divisions of the seasons by, xii. 315
ethnology of, xviii. 47
Eyre's firm protection of, xii. 295
fishing dams of, iv. 94
food of, i. 326-7, ii. 312
as police, vi. 13, vii. 175, troopers and
explorers, vi. 24, 174, xi. 431
admiralty surveys of, i. 83, 123, 124,
126; Blackwood and Stanlev's, ii. 241.
vi. 135 ; H.M.S. Herald's, (1857.), ii.
268, iii. 267, 271, vi. 195 ; iv. 79, 154,
v. 175, vi. 135, 136; Norman's, vii.
10,! 114; vii. 142, viii. 191, ix. 222,
234, x. 220, xi. 150, 194, xii. 244,
xiii. 284, xiv. 307-8, xv. 266, xvi.
319; xvii. 256-7, xviii. 538; xix.
408, xx. 408, xxi. 435, xxii. 330
Alps, On the, 1855., Miiller, i. 3, 111
geological formation of,Gawler on,
v. 10
capabilities of, for future Colonization,
Gawler on, v. 57
camels used in exploring, see Camels
Chinese subjects in, I860., iv. 60, 191,
192, 195
climate of :
conformation as cause of, vii. 116
hottest parts of, vii. 115
interior, effect of seasons on, vii. 86
in wet and dry seasons, iii. 334, vii.
114, xii. 289, see also 315
suited to Europeans and their
animals, iv. 196
coast, defence of, urged by Murchison,
iii. 342
coast hills or range, geology of, iv.
95-6, xxii. 73
trend of, v. 10
colonies of, general remarks on, Mur
chison, iii. 348, viii. 211
Colonists from, in Samoa, xxi. 147
communications (see also navigation
infra, and Torres Stiaits)—
intercolonial— v. 57, 58, 60, 106, vii.
12, 40, viii. 119
international — iv. 79, vii. 12
with America, iv. 48
with England, Remarks on mail
route between, Leslie, i. 86
  , Route shortened by
Maury's sailing directions, Jan-
sen on, v. 25

38

AUS-AUS

Australia(n) —continued.
communications — continued.
international — continued.
with England, Steam communi
cation between England, Aus
tralia, and the Cape of Good
Hope, Stokes, i. 79
with the East and India, i. 456, ii.
28, 193, vii. 42, viii. 193, ix. 234,
xii. 291
with the old world (desired), vi. 119
confederation, rumours of, xix. 244
Cordilleras of, auriferous, vii. 42
Eastern, good land near, vii. 174
cotton cultivation in, proposed, ii. 216,
iii. 89, v. 125, 126, 127, vi. 24, 173,
districts suited for, vii. 5, 12
desert(s), (see Burke and Wills' ex
plorations), iii. 157, vi. 70, vii. 11,
12, 14, ii. 28, saline, 30, source of
hot winds, 192; (Sturt's), ii. 31, 32,
iii. 27, Clarke on, 87-8, use of camels
in, urged, iii. 89, Sturt on, 158 ; (stony),
level of, iii. 156, Gawler on, iv. 78,
(Sturt's), v. 207
development of wealth in gold and wool
in, vi. 56-7
Directory, Vol. II. referred to, iii. 267,
cited, viii. 116
discoveries and discoverers of, Dutch,
xxi. 186 ; early Portuguese and
Cook's, i. 452, ix. 225-6; French,
xvi. 352
First Discovery of, Major cited on,
xvi. 352
Explorations in, (see also under separate
colonies,- and progress, infra)—
Burke and Wills' (q.v.) across the
Continent, I860., v. 8
Hovell's, overland to Port Phillip,
1824., i. 85
Mclntyre's, across the Continent.
1 863-5., ix. 300
M'Kinlay's,vi. 170, 194, vii. 7, 11, 83,
84, 88, 110, 113, 115, 169, 173-7
Stuart's, across the ( 'ontinent, I860.,
v. 8, 55, 104, 126-7, 137, 141, 205,
vi. 8, 13
Joint expedition of the Australian
Colonies in search of Leiohhardt
under Mclntyre, 1863-5., x. 58, xi.
5,42
Tasman's examination of the coast,
ix. 225
Mitchell's, see under name
influence of Murchison in promoting,
xvi. 295
Letter on (Howitt's, Landsborough's,
McKinlay's, Walker's, etc.), Barkly,
1862., vi. 194
martyrs to, xiv. 203
monotony of, xii. 293
Nicholson on, x. 52

Australia(n) — continued.
Explorations — continued.
Recent Progress of discovery in,
Nicholson, xiv. 190, discussion, 204
results in extension of colonization,
vii. 9, 10, 37, 40, xii. 290-1
use of camels in, urged by Beaufort,
1858., iii. 89, value of camels
proved, xix. 216
Flora of: Edible convolvulus, etc., iii.
37, 54
— ^  , Forrest on, xix. 484, Thisel-
ton-Dyer on, xxii. 427
geology" and physical geography (see
mountains)— ii. 157,217, xii. 138;
of the Alps of, v. 10, of the Coast
Hills, iv. 95, 96, xxii. 73, of the Cor
dilleras, vii. 42; conformation as
cause of climate, vii. 116
early geological history of, xxi. 72-3,
79, in the Tertiary period, 85, 98
formerly an archipelago, Sturt on, v.
59
geology of, Wallace on, xxi. 528, 533
 and distribution of waters in
10. Interior, Gregory on, iii. 31-2
great tableland in, vii. 88
Jurassic type of landscape in, xxii.
70
lava tracts in, Thiselton-Dyer on,
xxii. 428
physical features of, xix. 484, xx.
430-1
— - structure, Jukes on, iv. 82-4
gold in, i. 452, 456, ii. 157, 215, 216,
:'.14,339, iv. 37, 79, 192, 196, 253-4,
vi. 15, vii. 42, 89, viii. 32, xviii.
93-4, xii. 138 ; discovery of, Mur
chison on, 1847., ix. 228, xii. 233,
results of, xii. 286 ; xv. 243, xvi.
295, xviii. 520, 522
production in Queensland, 1864., viii.
156
horsebreeding in, xiv. 205-6
importation of American corn into, x.
88
imported labour for (see Chinese supra),
Indian required, vii. 42
interior of, (see Central Australia and
deserts), hypotheses on, vii. 86, 87
Notes on the Probable Condition of,
Landor, i. 31
loyalty, vii. 2, 12-13, 17, 179-80
Maps of, early, v. 104; general chart,
1861., vi. 136 ; do. by Ligon, 1862., vi.
195 ; vii. 2, Murchison on, vii. 150,
171-2, Arrowsmith's (showing dif
ferences between known area in
1842. and 1863.), vii. 179; ix. 234,
xvii. 244 ; Findlay's Statistical maps,
1865., ix. 224; Society for diffusion
of Useful Knowledge, (showing the
country in 1844.), vii. 171

AUS— AUS

39

Australia(n) — continued.
meteorological conditions in (see also
olimate supra), vii. 86-7
stations in, iii. 279
Temperatures at Port Denison, tables,
x. 329
mineral wealth of, (see gold, supra), iv.
196, vii. 42
mountains of, (see Alps, Coast hills,
Cordilleras, sandhills, etc.), xii. 314-5,
slopes of, v. 123, xxii. 72-3
navigation near (see Admiralty Surveys,
Challenger, Herald, etc., also Coral
Sea and TorreB Straits) —
great circle sailing routes via, x. 221-2
improved navigation round, ix. 234
navigation of the N.E. coast, xix. 228
ocean depths near, xix. 412, xxii. 74
Sailing Directory, Australian, quoted,
viii. 117
soundings and serial temperatures
between, and China, xix. 412
population of, in 1830, and in 1865., ix.
234
portraits of explorers of, exhibited, vii. 2
progress of discovery in, Bagot on, vi. 57
Bowen on, xix. 315, 488, as seen at
the International Exhibition of
1861., vii. 179
Mackinnon on, vi. 56
Mueller on, xix. 515
Nicholson on, xiv. 190-201
progress of geographical knowledge of,
i. 452, ii. 311, iii. 333, iv. 193, 253,
v. 204, vi. 167, 188, vii. 1 69, viii. 210, ix.
225, x. 246, xi. 226, xii. 261, xiv. 322,
xv. 296, xvi. 352, xvii. 276, xviii. 570,
xix. 41, 445, xx. 430, xxi. 460, xxii.
26'
region of magnetic repose in, xxii. 214
rivers of, i. 343
characteristics of, ii. 5, 14, 192, iii.
158, iv. 96-7, 254, v. 9, 206, vii. 4,
13, size of, x. 87-8
Royal Engineers' survey of, 1856., i. 137
sandhills of, trend of, v. 59
sea temperatures and soundings be
tween, and China, xix. 412
springs of, iv. 77, curiouB form of, and
locale of, iv. 93, 95, 97, v. 104, 105,
124
telegraph, submarine, with England,
xix. 378
 with Tasmania, xiv. 307
/telegraphic extension in, x. 328, xii.
54, xv. 299, xvi. 355, xvii. 20, 56-7,
276; difficulties iD, and good results
of, xxii. 26
timber, characteristics of, iv. 80
travelling in, Strzelecki on, ii. 76
tropical (see Northern and Queensland),
characteristics of, as known in 1865.,
ix. 231 ; Crawfurd on, x. 87

Australia(n) — continued.
tropical — continued.
possibility of oolonizing, vii. 177, 17S-
prospects of, xii. 321
salubriousness of, xiii 56
sheep farming in, (see Crawfurd and
others and wool-growing, infra) vii.
115, 116, 177, xii. 290
water (see also rivers and springs) the
chief need of, vii. 86, 87, 89
winds of, hot, i. 35, iv. 60, their source,
i. 192, iv. 78
periodic, xii. 316, 317-8
wool-growing in, ii. 215, 216-7 (note),
iii. 90, iv. 196, v. 106, 126, vi. 15,
24, vii. 87-90, 113, 114-16, 119,
viii. 45, 120-1, 212, ix. 23, 234, x.
41, 62 87, 88-9, 246, 248, xii. 57,
321, xiv. 206
zoology of —
alpaca animal introduced into, v. 1 26
camels used in : see exploration, supra
dingo of, and its origin, xviii. 46
note
isolation of forms of life of, xxi. 198,
531
Owen on, iii. 158, xii. 295
Wallace on, xxi. 528
Australia, Central (see also Leichardt) —
Aborigines of, iii. 32, 334
freemason's signs made by, to Stuart,
v. 57
hostility of, to explorers, v. 56, vi.
8, 170-1, ix. 233, xix. 56
reports of, on the interior, v. 1 05 ¦
thick skulls of, xix. 48
British flag planted in, by Stuart, I860.,
v. 55
Deserts of, and theories concerning
the interior of, i. 192, (Latrobe), i.
191-2, (Stokes); i. 326-7, (Wood
and Simmonds); i. 367, (Murchi
son); ii. 27, (Gawler); ii. 311,
(Murchison); iii. 33; (Murchison),
new ideas on, 1859., iii. 154,
155, 158, (Sturt); iii. 158, (Saun
ders); iii. 334, 337 (Murchison);
iv. 78, (Gawler), iv. 84, 86, 95, 195,
(Jukes); iv. 95, v. 8, 19, (Gregory
and others); theories as to desert
upset by Stuart's discoveries, v. 55,
60, xii. 287; Murchison and others
on, v. 57, 60, 105, 106, 125, 205,
207-8; Barkly, Bowen and others
on, vii. 7, 8, 10, 11, 42, 178, 179,
ix. 227, our knowledge of, in 1865.,
Murchison on, ix. 230, 234; do. in
1870, Nicholson on, xiv. 201
Eastern side well-known in 1865., ix. 75
expeditions and explorations, (see also
Australia, General) —
Cornish's, from Queensland, 1862.,
vi. 67-8

40

AUS— AUS

Australia, Central — continued.
Expeditions and explorations — contd.
Gregory, A. C, vii. 16
Projected Scientific Exploration of,
Neumayer, xii. 286
Interior of, access to, Nicholson on,
vii. 14
barrier of scrub on Western side, iii. 54
Notes on the Probable Condition of,
Landor, i. 31
Mountain system of, discussed, xii. 288
Our knowledge of, in 1830., ix. 225
physical features of, xix. 42, 48-50
said to be uninhabitable, xix. 51, 57
valuable land in, vii. 42
vegetation in, xix. 51, 54-5, 56-7, 59
watersheds of, xii. 288
Australia, North (see also Carpentaria,
Central, Western for N. Western, and
Queensland for N. Eastern) —
aborigines of, i. 258, 322-3, 491, 493-4,
499, iii. 154-6, viii. 115, xii. 202,
characteristics and customs of, ii.
4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 378, cited on
access to centre of continent, fine
in appearance, vii. 83, food of,
snakes, ix. 302, funeral customs of,
i. 259. hostility to travellers, v. 56,
57; near Nicol Bay, knowledge of
English words of, and drawings of,
etc., x. 45-6 ; populous, xii. 262 ; at
Port Essington, x. 42 ; of Victoria
river, i. 257, 258, 263
animal life in, ix. 301
Botany of, i. 190-1, ii. 217, 312, v.
123, lobelia poison herb of, i. 5
characteristics of region, i. 324-5,
opinions on, cited, i. 32
climate and temperature of, i. 499,
500-1, v. 206, vii. 178
healthiness of, ii. 312, iii. 188-9,
vii. 114, 115, ix. 22, 23
influence of isothermal lines on, x. 249
coast of, physical characteristics of,
i. 192, 498
Coast Range, bad travelling for animals,
ix. 302
colonization of (see Adam Bay, Car
pentaria, Port Darwin, etc.), Murchi
son on, i. 34, 80, 83, v. 57, vii. 89,
90, viii. 210-11, ix. 233, x. 250;
Nicholson on, v. 91, early diffi
culties of, xiv. 195-6
desirability of colonizing, v. 57, 60,
106, 205, 207, Murchison on, vii.
116, 170 et seq., 342, Nicholson on,
vii. 116
extension of, to the westward, ii. 361
colony of, to be revived, vii. 172 ; called
so in Maps of 1844., vii. 116, 171-2 ;
not included in any colony, vii. 85
 ¦ — , desirability of forming into
separate colony, (not included in S.

Australia, North — continued.
Australia), vii. 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90,
116, 170, ix. 302, x. 52, 88, xiv. 198,
204, 206
colony of, state of, in 1830., ix. 227, in
1866, x. 250, in 1867., a failure, xi.
227 ; in 1870., Goyder cited on, xiv.
195 et seq.
copper of, vii. 89
deserts of, visited by Gregory, i. 323,
by Sturt, i. 323
expeditions and explorations in, (see
all expeditions across the Conti
nent, under Australia General,
Burke and Wills, searches for
Leichhardt, etc.)— Cadell's, 1867.,
xii. 201, 265;' Chimmo's, 1856.,
i. 255, 326 ; Cornish's 1862., vi.
67; Flinders' referred to, i. 83,
230, 259, 327, 501, ii. 14, 214,
xii. 261; Flood's 1856., ii. 378;
Goyder's (survey of Port Darwin
district) 1869., xiv. 190, 195-6 et
seq. ; Gregory's (A. C), 1855-6,
i. 5, 10, 32, 33, 34, 35, 49, 171,
183, 225, 324, 327, 328, 341, 365,
369, 452, 490, ii. 3, 210, 211, 311-
13, iii. 33, iv. 254, vii. 4, 121, 177,
ix. 230; Gregory's (F.), v. 236;
Leichhardt's, 1844., ix. 229; Mc-
Kinlay's near Adam Bay, 1866.,
xii. 46; Stokes' (Beagle), (1837.,
1841., etc.), referred to, i. 84, 186,
192, 230, 259-60, 327, 502 xii. 261
Stow's boat voyage, 1865, x. 34
Stuart's, 1864., ix. 21, 75, 232-3
unnamed expeditions (1862).,vi. 118-9
Wickham and Stokes' (1839)., i. 366
gold of, v. 106, vii. 89
grass of, vii. 178
mail connection with Singapore de
sired, i. 81
need of a port in, v. 57, 205
New CoaBt of, discovered by J. M.
Stuart, 1864., Stuart, ix. 21, 75
physical and geological features of,
i. 192, xii. 319
Physical geography of, Notes on, Wilson,
ii. 210, 216-7
possibilities of, Gregory cited on, i.
457
proposed penal settlements in, Mur
chison and others on, i. 192, ii. 213-6,
217, 312-3
sheep rearing and wool of, (see Craw
furd), vii. 89, 177 and note, viii. 212,
ix. 23, xii. 37
snakes in, authorities on, ix. 301, eaten
by natives, 302
Structure of, Fitton, i. 501
tableland in interior, i. 496
telegraphic communication of, with
India, etc., vii. 165

AUS— AUS

41

Australia, North — continued.
winds of, cold, i. 192, hot, i. 192, xii.
316-7
Australia, South (see also Central Aus
tralia and North, Clarke, and Gt.
Bight)-
aborigines of, i. 263, ii. 20-1, iv. 94, vi.
56, xv. 96-100, cannibals, vi. 70, huts
of, ii. 24, protected by Eyre, xii. 295
admiraltv surveys of, v. 175, vi 135,
vii. 142, viii. 192, x. 221, xi. 195, xii.
245, xiii. 282, xiv. 307, xv. 266. xvi.
319, xvii. 257. xviii. 535,539, xix. 409,
xx. 403, 408, xxi. 435, xxii. 336
aspect of, in dry and rainy seasons
contrasted, ii. 14, 191, 192
as base for Neumayer's proposed ex
plorations, xii. 292
breadstuff's of (1862.), vi. 57
coal in, xii. 315
coast line of, a desert, i. 367
 rising gradually, (1862.), vii. 42
colonial extension northwards, etc., vi.
171, vii. 88, 170-1, x. 250, 251, xiv.
195, failure of, xi. 227
communication between, and the North
desired, i. 6, 192, 193, iv. 78
copper mines of, v. 243, viii. 33
country between Mt. Serle and Lake
Torrens in, Report on, Goyder, ii. 16
Crawfurd's speculations concerning,
ii. 215
dosert, saline, in interior of, i. 154, 155,
366, iii. 336, 337, v. 60
expeditions and explorations in and
from, (see Burke and Wills', Hovell's,
Mclntyre's, M'Kinlay's and Stuart's
cross-continent expeditions under
Australia General, and under Names,
see also N. Australia), Babbage's,
1856., i. 320, 455, ii. 185; 1858., ii.
191, 193, 314, iii. 151, 335 ; Ball's,
1864., ix. 75-6; Bass's, of the coast,
xiv. 199 ; Bonner's, see Babbage's,
1856 ; Bonny's, (1839.), vi. 56 ;
Cadell's, along the N. coast, 1867.,
xii. 201, 261; Cleland's, 1872., xvii.
278 ; Delisser's, 1865., x. 129 ;
Eyre's, 1837 and 1839., ii. 28, 29, 185,
186, iv. 254, y. 10, vi. 56, ix. 227-8,
xii. 295, xiv. 200, xv. 8, xix. 41.
1841., xix. 482 ; Flinders, xii. 291 ;
Freeling's, 1857., ii. 187; Frome's,
1857., ii. 88 ; Goyder's, 1857., ii. 16,
186 ; Gregory's, (from Moreton Bay
to), 1857., iii. 18, 333; Hack's,
1857., ii. 189, 191, 313 ; Harris', see
Babbage; Haverfield's, about 1862.,
vi. 55; Hawdon's, 1839., vi. 56;
Larnach's, 1S65, ix. 76 ; McDon
nell's, 1859., iv. 93, 194; 1861., v.
124; Mackinnon's, 1839., vi. 56;
Parry and Burtt's, 1856, iii. 152,

Australia, South — continued.
335; Ross's, 1871., xv. 99, 297;
Selwyn's, (geological), 1859., v. 242 ;
Sturt's, 1846., ii. 188, iv. 82, 96, 254,
ix. 227, xiv. 199; Thompson, Camp
bell and Swinden's,~1857., ii. 189;
Warburton's, 1859., ii. 189, 190, iii.
151, 152,355, v. 124-5, xv. 296,; 1864.,
ix. 75-6, xv. 297 ; to W. Australia,
1874., xviii. 183, 489, xix. 445
fertile district in, iii. 336, 337
foundation of the Colony, 1834., ix.
227
fresh-water lake found by Goyder, ii.
21, but not by Freeling, ii. 60, 185-9
Gawler on, ii. 28, 191-3, iv. 91, 95, 96,
v. 10, 57
geology of (see also mountains, infra),
investigated, i. 503, Stuart on, v. 55,
Selwyn on, v. 242
gold of, 215, 216, 314, iv. 79, v. 243
horses of, x. 41
hot wind of, i. 32, iv. 83, 84
in 1839., Maekinnon on, vi. 56
lead mines of, v. 243
migrations of birds in, deductions of
Start from, v. 59
minerals in, see copper, gold, lead, and
Geology, supra
mountains of, iii. 29, 31, iv. 82, 94, 96,
v. 10, 242, xii. 139
mouth of the Murray river in, iii. 338-9
Northern Territory of, (see also N.
Australia), in relation to main Colony,
v. 57, vii. 85, 86
pastoral country in, iii. 152-3
route to, from N. S. Wales, discovered
about 1839., vi. 56
springs of curious shape in, iv. 193
tree-destruction in, its effect on rain
fall, Torrens on, x. 269
wool of, 215-6, vii. 86
Australia, Western, West Central and
North-western —
aborigines of, i. 497, xix. 486-7
as explorers, xiv. 191
fine physique of, vi. 173
food of, iii. 50, xix. 50
hostile to Forrest, xix. 58-9, 314, 446,
486
Lefroy on, viii. 46
met by Ross, xix. 57
primitive condition of, viii. 46
thick skulls of, xix. 43-4
un trustworthiness of, xiv. 194-5
water-supplies of, xix. 317, 487
white men's deaths amongst, (1861.),
vi. 12
acacia scrub of, xix. 55, 446
Admiralty surveys, (proposed), v. 2-3 ;
xvii. 257, xviii. 535, 538, xix. 408,
xx. 403, 408, xxi. 435, xxii. 336
agricultural staples of, v. 2, 3

42

AUS— AUS

Australia, Western— continued.
aspect of, T. Gregory on, vi. 172, 173
botanical life in, i. 5, iii. 53, 54, vU
172-3, xix. 55, 314, 487
camels, value of, in explorations in,
xix. 445-7
coal in, vi. 58
coast scenery of, x. 49
 wilderness along, i. 367
cotton, areas in, suited for cultivation
of, vi. 173
deserts of, centra], i. 366, xiv. 198,
xix. 50, 59, coastal, i. 367
dry salt lake in, i. 30, 31
expeditions and explorations —
Austin's, 1854., i. 30, 34, 192, 528,
iii. 35, xiv. 192-4 ; Ball's, 1865.,
ix. 75; Dempster, Clarkson, and
Harper's, (1861.), vi. 11-12, 59;
(Eyre's from S. Australia, q.v.)
(1840.), iv. 78; Forrest's, 1869.,
xiv. 190, 322, 1870., xv. 8, 296;
1872., xvii. 19, 277, 1874., xix.
56, 57, 310, 445, 481, xx. 370, 430 ;
Giles', 1872. and 1874., xix. 8, 51,
53, 446-7, 484 ; 1875-6., xx. 430,
xxi. 460; Gosse's, 1873., xvii.
277, xix. 8, 51, 55, 58, 446;
Gregory, A. C, 1846-8., i. 10,
171, 365-6., iv. 254; Gregory, F.
T., earliest, previous to 1855., v.
2, 3 ; 1858., iii. 34, 53-4 ; 1860-1.,
v. 2, 9, 121, 126, 206, 208, vi. 11-
12, 54, 58, 167, 171, 189, 195, vii.
11, 16, 37, 119, 121, 176; 1863.,
ix. 232, xii. 287, 288, xix. 41, 48,
200, 203; Gregory, H., iii. 20;
Grey and Lushington's, 1838., i.
34, iii. 53-4, x. 86; Hargreaves',
(1863.), viii. 32; Helpman'e, ix.
232; Hunt's, 1864., ix. Ill;
Lefroy's, 1863., viii. 45, xiv.
204-5; Martin's, (1866.), x. 86;
Mitchell's, 1836-8., xiv. 199, 200;
Ross', 1874., 8, 55, 56-7, 310, 447,
484; Sholl's, (1867-8.), xi. 227,
xii. 261 ; Stow's (boat voyage),
1805., x. 34; Warburton's, 1873-4.,
ix. 75, xviii. 183, 488, 489, 570-1,
xix. 41, 316, 483-4, xx. 430
 up to 1862., Kennedy on, vii. 16
forest lands near coast, xxi. 435
foundation of, as a Colony, ix. 226
geology of (see also mountains) —
antiquity of district, viii. 46
Gregory on, iii. 51-3, vii. 172-3
Jukes on, iv. 96
Lefroy on, xiii. 45
Murchison on, i. 34
metalliferous, Gregory cited on, iii. 54
mineral(s) of, Sanford on, vi. 58
 , locale of and outlet for, Rawlin
son on. xix. 408

Australia, Western — continued.
geology of — continued.
mineral wealth of, v. 3
non-auriferous character of rocks of,
Hargreaves, viii. 32, others, 33-4
hot winds of, i. 32
line of communication with S. Australia '
desired, iv. 78, vii. 14
loyalty of, 1862., Kennedy on, vii. 17
magnetic deviation in, xxii. 212
mallee scrub of, xix. 487
mineral wealth of, (see coal, and geology,
supra), v. 3
mountains of, geological formations of,
iv. 95, trend of, iv. 82, 95
North-west corner of, desire of F.
Gregory for its erection into a separate
colony, vi. 195
pearl fishery, oysters, wool, etc., of,
vi. 173, vii. 17"
penal settlement system in, value of,
and success of, vi. 58-9, vii. 16, 17
physical features of (see also all explorers
and geology, supra), v. 8, 9, xix. 41-59
plains of the interior, xiv. 199
poisonous plants in (see travellers'
narratives, passim), i. 5, vi. 172-3
progress of the colony, vii. 171-2 ;
early days of, ix. 226, development
and characteristics of, Kennedy on,
vii. 16, 17, pioneers of (Larnach's
scheme), ix. 76, colonising efforts
of, xii. 290, prospects of, 1864.,
Lefroy on, viii. 46, prospects ot,
1875., Leake on, xix. 316, our
ignorance concerning, in I860., Roe
on, v. 10, resources of, and condition
in 1861., Sanford on, vi. 58-9
progress of discovery in, iii. 334, v.
206, vi. 167, vii. 172, ix. 226, xi. 227,
xii. 261, xv. 296, xvi. 277, xix. 445,
xx. 430, xxi. 460
rainfall of, xiv. 205
rivers of, characteristics of, Forrest's
views on, xix. 310, 446, F. Gregory
on, iii. 51-3, Jukes on, iv. 96, Landor
on, i. 31
sheep-rearing, areas suited for, Gregory
on, vi. 173, Lefroy on, viii. 45, produce
of, vii. 17
underwood barrier between Central
Australia and, iii. 54
water system of, a mystery (1861.)
Gawler on, v. 58
woods of, Sanford on, vi. 58
zoology of, (see all travellers)
Lefroy on, viii. 45. Warburton on,
xix. 50
Austria, Archduke John of, obituary
notice of, 1859., iii. 234
 , Imperial Geographical Society of,
established, i. 10, 430
 , progress of geographical knowledge

AUS— AWA

43

in,i. 10, 430, ii. 281, iii. 286, iv. 201, v.
189, vii. 150
Austria and other countries in relation to
the Suez Canal, i. 90
 Sound, Payer, xix. 17
Austrian (and other) efforts to reach the
Polar Circle from the Atlantic, Osborn,
xvi. 227
 scientific voyage, in the Novara*,
1857-9., i. 430, iii. 281, x. 189-90,
results of, vii. 150
Austro-Hungarian Arctic Expedition of
1871-4., (Payer and Weyprecht), xv.
307, xvi. 231, 360, xvii. 15, 265, xviii.
557, xix. 5, 17, 419, xxii. 338
birds found by, xix. 27 ,
geological formation of coast, xix. 26
ice-covered islands in, xix. 27
¦ mountains and glaciers along, ib.
position of, xix. 26
raised beaches at, xix. 27
Ava, capital of Burma, xii. 200
Chronicles of, cited on trade betweeD
Burmah and China, xix. 265
difficulties met by travellers to and
from, v. 49, history, etc., of, i. 276
juxtaposition with China and Assam,
v. 47
revolution of, 1837., i. 269
tribes tributary to, v. 49
Avars, the history and country of,
(Caucasus region), iv. 248-9
 river, iv. 249
Avia, W. Africa, Du Chaillu at, x. 73
Aviavy, Madagascar, huge forest near, xxi.
155
Avon Point, S. Australia, admiralty survey
near, xviii. 539
 river, Clifton, England, gorge of,
xiii. 313
 , W. Australia, i. 3, country near,
viii. 45, xix. 195
Awaj river, Syria, the Pharpar of Scrip
ture, vi. 196
Awanagan Hill, S. Australia, ii. 19
 river, ib.
Awards of R.G.S.—
Cold Medals, 1832, Lander, vi. 185
 , 1843., Eyre, ix. 228
 , 1846., Strzelecki, xvi. 295
 , 1847., Sturt, xvi. 295
 ¦  , 1856., Kane, i. Ill
Founder's —
1857.,Gregory, (A.C.),i. 343, 345, 365
1858., Collinson, ii. 231, 236
1859., Burton, iii. 215, 217
I860., Lady Franklin, iv. 109, 111
1861., Speke, v. 137, 139
1862., Burke (deceased), vi. 121,
123, 169, 174, vii. 10, xvi. 295
1863., Gregory, (F. T.), vii. 119,
121, 176
1864., von der Decken, viii. 165, 167

Awards of R.G.S. — continued.
Gold Medals — continued.
' Founder's— continued.
1865., Montgomerie, ix. 189, 191
1866., Thomson, x. 176, 178
1867., Boutakoff, xi. 178, 180
1868., Petermann, xii. 210, 213
1869., Nordenskiold, xiii. 253, 257
1870., Hayward, xiv. 276, 279
1871., Murchison, xv. 234, 241
1872., Shaw, xvi. 245, 281
1873., Elias, xvii. 192, 225, 228-9
1874., Sohweinfurth, xviii. 487
1875., Weyprecht, xix. 358
1876., Cameron, xx. 368
1877., Nares, xxi. 397-8
1878., von Richthofen, xxii. 296
Patron's —
1847., Leichhardt, vii. 16, ix. 229,
x. 85, xvi. 295
1856, Barth, i. 82
1857., Waugh, i. 345, 369-70
1858., Baohe, ii. 231,232
1859., Palliser, iii. 215, 219
I860., M'Clintock, iv. 109, 116
1861., Stuart, v. 137, 141, xv. 298
xvi. 295
1S62., Blakiston, vi. 121, 125
1863., Arrowsmith, vii. 119, 122
1864., Grant, viii. 165, 168
1865., Baker, ix. 189, 192
1866., Chandless, x. 176, 178, 180
1867., Hayes, xi. 178, 182
1868., Rohlfs, xii. 210, 213, 214
1869., Mrs. Somerville,xiii. 253, 256
1870., Gamier, xiv. 276, 283
1871., Keith JohnBton, xv. 234, 247
1872., Yule, xvi. 275
1873., Stanley, xvii. 225, 228, see
also xvi. 441
1874., Warburton, xviii. 489
1875., Payer, xix. 358
1876., Forrest, xx. 370
1877., Pundit Nain Singh, xxi. 397,
399
1878., Trotter, xxii. 296, 298
other awards —
bronze medals to Chumah and Susi,
Livingstone's " boys," 1874., xviii.
495
gold watches —
1859., Stuart, iii. 215, 222
1861., King, vi. 121, 124, 169, 174,
vii. 10,111
1863., Landsborough, vii. 120, 122
M'Kinlay, ib. xvii. 278
Walker, ib.
1866., Moolah Abdul Mejid, x. 165,
176, 183
1868., the Pundit, xii. 210, 216,
xiii. 198, xv. 204
1872., Musters, xvi. 276, 284
1873., Baines, xvii. 226, 231

44

AWA— BAB

Awards of R.G.S.— continued.
other awards — continued.
gold watches — continued.
1873., Carlsen, xvii. 226, 231
1875., Johnson, xix. 361
1877., Markham, (A. H.), xxi. 400
money grants and testimonials —
1864., £50, Rohlfs, viii. 96
1864., £1000 and instruments,
Petherick, viii. 124, 126
1865., £40, Vambery, ix. 189, 193
1866., £105, Du Chaillu, x. 176, 182
1867., £50, Rohlfs, xi. 52
1872., £25, Mauch, xvi. 276, 284-5
silver watch and chain —
1856., Church, i. 82
Awarua river, N. Zealand, ix. 32
Awebel, Gebel, Egypt, difficulty in laying
railway near, iii. 195
heights in, iii. 178
Awyaw, capital of Yoruba, W. Africa, ii. 94
Axim or Ancobra river, W. Africa, country
near, xiii. 357, town and fort, Reade on,
xiii. 353, 357
Axuni : see Adulis
Ayapata river, Peru, explored by
Raimondy, 1864., xi. 102, 104, 105
Aye, El, Nileregion, Bedouins near, warm
wells of, and latitude, xx. 358
Ayee river, Nile district, course of, etc.,
described by Petherick, 1864., viii. 140
Ayers' Rock, W. Australia, named by
Gosse, xix. 51, spring at, 52
Ayrton, F., obituary notice of, 1874., xviii.
534
Ayuttaya, former capital of Siam, Parkes
on, i. 14
Aza river, W. Africa, ii. 91
Azafo river, Madagascar, monuments near,
xiv. 373
Azarist, or Khazar-asp, near Khiva, C.
Asia, Pazukhin at, 1671., xxi. 219
Azeglio, d', letter sending gold medals
from the King of Italy to Speke and
Grant, 1863., vii. 216
Azerbijan or Azerbaijan, Persian and
Russian,
Caspian partridge found in, iii. 5
Country, Persian and Russian, Memo
randum on, Abbott, (1864.), viii. 275
gypsies in, i. 41
mountains encircling, viii. 276, eleva
tions of, 277
population of Russian section of, viii.
276
prejudice against Christians in, iii. 392
territory included in the whole of, viii.
276
vineyards of, viii. 278
Azimabad, trade stuff's of, xii. 163
Azimuth, observations by, see in ' Hints
to Travellers,' vol. xvi. p. 17
 Tables. 1865., Burdwood's, ix. 223

Azizabad town and river, Seistan, PerBuf
xvii. 87
Azores Islands, discovered by Genoese in
Portuguese employ, xii. 247
eastern passage near, advantage of, to
sailing ships, yi. 200
ocean-bed near, i. 419
path of the Gulf Stream past, iv. 238
volcanic eruption at, 1866., xi. 261
Azov or Azoff, Sea of,
corn district near, xviii. 563-4
current in, i. 404,
Geographical and Commercial future of,
and of the Putrid Sea and adjacent
coasts, Osborn, i. 305, summary of
the same, 404, Murchison on, i. 306,
ii. 288
proposed union of, with the Caspian by
canal, Russian explorations in con
nection with, 1860. et seq., iv. 198-9,
v. 193, vi. 160, viii. 206
salinity of, xv. 65
silting up of, Osborn on, i. 305, Murchi
son on, i. 306-7, Oliphant on, i. 307-8
Tartar emigrations from, to the
Caucasus, vi. 5, 59
 town of, i. 307
Aztec civilisation (see Peru) —
early, Markham on, xiv. 116
original home of, Forbes on, x. 172
 , Markham on, xv. 367
traces of, in Arizona, xix. 304
Azuay, Sierra del, Ecuador, xxi. 558
Azyungo and other Lakes, W. Africa,
xvii. 355

15

Ba'albek or Heliopolis, Syria, elevation
of, vi. 172
south-west limit of Kurdish tribes, xxii.
172
temples and ruins of, ii. 225, v. 172
true position of, i. 7
Babahoon, plain of, Persia, i. 292
Babbage, H. and Mr. Bonner,
expedition (geological) to Mt. Serle
district, S. Australia, 1856., i. 320,
455, ii. 185-6
 and Harris, survey expedition in S.
Australia, 1S58., ii. 191, 314, iii. 152-4,
156, 157, 335
 Island., W. Australia, iii. 43, 44
Babel, Mesopotamia, site of Babylon, i.
46, xi. 156
Bab el Mandeb, Straits of, current in,
Carpenter on, xviii. 306
Baber, E. C. (of the Grosvenor Expedi
tion), in W. China and E. Tibet, 1878,,
xxii. 255, report of, on the same cited,
345
on Formosa, its inhabitants and their
jews'-harps, xviii. 174

BAB -BAH

45

Babylon, Mesopotamia, see Babel
Babylonia, ancient fertility of, viii. 21
Baohe, Prof. A. D., awarded gold medal of
R.G.S., 1858., ii. 231, President's
speech, 233, reply of American
minister, 235
on Rink's remarks on Kane's supposed
discovery of the N. coast of Green
land and an open Polar Sea, ii. 359
United States coast survey conducted
by, ii. 341
Bache Island, Arctic regions, grounded
ice-berg of, xxi. 279
Back, R. Adm. Sir G.,
on Arctic exploration and polar ice,
xvii. 181
 temperature, xiii. 168
on the Aurora Borealis, iii. 120
on drifting of Japanese junk to Columbia
river, x. 173
on early colonization of Greenland, xvii.
318
on fate of Franklin's ships, i. 24
on Frobisher's Bay or Strait, vii. 100
on Kane's Arctic explorations, ii. 197
on Nordenskiold's Arctic explorations,
(1868.), xiii. 164
on Spitzbergen as a base for Arctic
explorations, ix. 116-7, xii. 109, xvi.
235
on the Batoka country, and on Living
stone's fever remedy, v. 130, 141
on the Livingstone Search and Relief
Expedition, 1868., xii. 76-7, 89, 91
 , Collinson, and Galton, Hints to
Travellers, xvi. 1-78
 river, Arctic Canada, death of
Franklin's survivors at, 1851., i. 22,
23, 25, 26
little known of region, iv. 5
Backewanaung Bay, Lake Superior, good
land near, ii. 50
Baokfat Lakes, B. N. America, two out
lets from, viii. 51
Badakshan, Afghan Turkestan,
as barrier between Russia and India, x.
238
geographical position of, xviii. 433, xx.
483
the Mirza's travels in, 1868., xv. 181 et
seq.
routes to, and through, iii. 145, x. 149,
xiii. 122
rubies, etc. of, xvii. 114
 and Wakhan, observations on,
Rawlinson, xvii. 108
Badger, Rev. Dr. G. P.,
advice as to dealing with natives of
Africa, xix. 262, xx. 327
on Cameron's journey in Africa, xix.
262, xx. 327
on the interior of S. Arabia, (1870.), xv.
328

Badger, Rev. Dr. G..P. — continued.
interprets [speech of the Sultan of
Zanzibar at R.G.S., xix. 491
on Somali-land, its inhabitants and
gum-trade, xvi. 156
Badgeley, Capt., survey work of, on N.
Indian frontier, xvii. 52
Badrinath, Tibet, the two Pundits at,
1867., xiii. 184
Baer, Prof. K. E. von,
explorations of the Caspian Sea, etc.,
under, 1858., ii. 280, xxi. 424
law of, as to mutations of river channels,
cited, xx. 499, xxi. 425
obituary notice of, 1877., xxi. 424
Baer region, or Mundo country, C. Africa,
tribe inhabiting, v. 38
Baffin, W., furthest northerly point
reached by, 1614., xx. 177
death of, at Ormuz, 1625., i. 284
Baffin Bay or Strait, Arctic regions,
animal life of, i. 53, xvii. 179
current in and from, i. 21-2, 62
Franklin's ships last seen in, 1845.,
i. 23
Hayes' surveys near, 1860-1., ix. 186
ice of, importance of knowledge of, xvii.
17, xxi. 274
 , nature of, xiii. 240
icebergs from, iv. 105
ice-observations in, on obstructions, ix.
158
ice-saws needed, north of, xxi. 279
Kane at, 1850., i. 17
Osborn on, xvii. 172-3
route to the Polar Ocean, Osborn on,
xii. 94, Nares on, xxi. 274
table of detentions in, due to ice, ix.
160
temperature of two shores of. Belcher
on, ix. 60
Weather, Wind and ice in, Adams, xx.
160
Baffin's Sea, drift and formation of ice of,
v. 76
Bagamoyo, E. Africa, Cameron's journey
from, to Benguela, 1873., xx. 304
extent of level lands beyond, xxi. 234
Speke at, i. 55, 56, v. 11
Bagha river, Punjab, affluent of Chenab,
xv. 339
Baghdad, Asiatic Turkey, i. 290
Journey from, to Busrah, Loftus, 1849-
50., i. 45
position of, and ruins at, xix. 428
temperature of, past and present,
Rawlinson on, xi. 158
Bagirmi, N. C. Africa,
Barth's stay at, i. 443, ii. 34
Bagot, Capt., on the expedition of his son
in S. Australia, (1841.), vi. 57
Bahar Pharaon, Tunis, sandy lake of, vi.
211

46

BAH— BAI

Bahari Ngo lake or river, E. C. Africa, ix.
8, x. 178 ; see Baringo
Baharini, E. C. Africa, question of its
position, Johnston on, xvi. 128
Bahia, Brazil, S. America, French survey
of, i. 423
Bahmen, Persia, see Rishir
Bahmishir river, Eastern branch of the
Euphrates, i. 292, 354
Bahrein, Island, Persian Gulf, vi. 133,
springs on, viii. 101
Bahr el Abiad river, (see Nile) —
Brun Rollets' expedition to, 1856.,
i. 157
connection of with Kilimanjaro, denied,
iii. 213
volume of, xvii. 24
Bahr el Azrek or Blue Nile, i. 157
Bahr el Gazal river (see Nile),
affluent of Nile, vii. 204, 222
described by Baker, x. 7
drainage area of, desirability of explor
ing, Donoughmore on, viii. 18
lake of, and amphibians in, v. 31
map of, made by von Heuglin, viii. 264
Peney at, (1861.), vi. 19
Petherick's explorations on, 1853., v. 27,
31 ; 1853. and 57., iv. 39, 40; 1862., viii.
129
Blave trade of, von Heuglin cited on,
viii. 254
sudd on, v. 31, viii. 12, 13, 129, 143, 148,
xviii. 131
swamps of, viii. 12
Tinne' expedition at, 1863., vii. 204, viii.
12
tsetse fly near, iv. 40
tributaries of, vi. 19
volume of, xvii. 24, 25, and yearly rise, 29
Bahr el or al Giraffe (Zaraffe), branch of
the Nile, vii. 222, viii. 129, x. 7
course of, Khartoum to the Sobat, xviii.
131
latitude of, xviii. 131
proved to be a branch of the White Nile
by Baker, 1870., xv. 93
sudd on, xviii. 53, 131
volume of, x. 7
Bahr el Jebel or Kis river, of Gondokoro,
elevation of, xvii. 22
volume of, xvii. 24, 25, and yearly rise,
29
Bahr el Merj, Syria, lakes of, i. 7
Bahr el Nedjef river, Mesopotamia, i 45
48
Bahringo Lake, see Baringo
Bahr Zaraffe, Nile region : see Bahr el
Giraffe
Bahuringe : see Baringo
Baise, Gulf of, Mediterranean Sea, eleva
tion of coast at. ii. 176
Baian-gol river,-Mongolia, xviii. 80
Baian-Khara-Oula Mts., Mongolia, ib.

Baigo, N. Guinea, natives of, xviii. 37
Baikal, Lake, E. Siberia,
affluents of, xiv. 248
American and general trade in district
of, iii. 92, xiii. 369
described by Bridgett, 1838., xiii. 369
geology of region beyond, viii. 204
region of, explored by Radde, 1855., i. 433,
ii. 278
 and the watershed of E. Siberia,
viii. 201
Baikana river, affluent of Vetura river, N.
Guinea, xx. 334
Baikie, Dr. W. B., r.n.,
expedition up the Chadda river, W,
Africa, 1854., i. 155, ii. 227, vii. 70
 up the Niger to Sokatu, 1856.,
i. 16, 155-6, 452 ; 1857., ii. 83. 88, 90,
98, iii. 310, ix. 183 ; 1859., v. 45 ; 1861.,
vi. 22-3, 187, vii. 66 ; in Kano, 1862.,
viii. 4, 10, 244, 263, xi. 49; at Lukoja,
1S63., viii. 53, 244, 263
letters and reports, etc., from, 1857., ii,
83, 88. 98 ; 1861., vi. 22-3; 1862., vii.
66, viii. 10, 263 ; 1864., viii. 244, xi.
49
settlement founded by, on the Niger,
viii. 263, x. 116, xi. 49, Crawfurd on,
vii. 67, visited by Knowles, 1864., ix. 72
work of, in Niger region, viii. 4, x. 117,
xi. 49
obituary notice of, 1865., ix. 209
Baillie, A. T.. on the Corrientes road, S.
America, xxii. 46
Bailunda, W. Africa, cascades of, xx.
322
wax-collecting caravans from, xx. 319
Bain, — , geological work of, in S. Africa,
viii. 246
Baines, T., awarded gold watch by R.G.S.,
1873., xvii. 226, 231
accompanies Gregory's N. Australian
expedition of 1855., as artist, i. 5, 10,
11
explorations of, in S. Africa, 1858., iii.
99; 1868., xv.. 147, 309
geographical achievements of, Galton
on, xv. 158
obituary notice of, 1876., xx. 389
ou African (Zulu) migrations, xi. 250
Notes on the Zambesi expedition of
1858., iii. 99
on the reported death of LivingBtoue,
1867., xi. 147
Baines' river, N. Australia, named by
Wilson, i. 231
Bairabi Mts., Bengal frontier, elevation
of, xvii. 52
Baird, Capt. A. W., r.e., tidal observa
tions of, on the Runn of Cutch, referred
ta, xxii. 352
Bairtarik river. W. Mongolia, source and
course of, xvii. 188

BAI— BAK

47

Baitool, C. India, climate of, xi. 63
elevation of, xi. 57
Baitu-'sh-Shaik, S. Arabia,oaravan station,
xviii. 195
Bajil, S. Arabia, garrison at, ib.
Bajistan, Persia, importance of, xvii. 91
Bajwara, India, position of, according to
Mirza Haidar, xx. 483
Bakai, Yezo, autumn scenery at, xvi. 195
Bakalai territory, Equatorial W. Africa,
x. 73
Bakandik, W. Africa, i. 513
Baker, Capt. W. T., Notes to accompany
the plan of Queenstown, S. Africa, ii.
371
 Col. G., obituary notice of, I860., iv.
117
 Col. V., and Lt. Gill, travels of, in
Persia, 1873., xviii. 559
 J., cattle-station of, beyond Mt. Hope
less, C. Australia, (1858.), iii. 29
expedition of, seeking oentral Saline
Lake, Australia, v. i05
on indications of the above, v. 105-6
on Stuart's C. Australian expedition,
vi. 14
 Lt. J. A., r.n., Geographical Notes of
the Khedive's Expedition to C. Afrioa,
1870-3., xviii. 131
observations made by, xviii. 143
 • Lady, travels of, in Africa (see Baker,
Sir S. W.), x. 3, xviii. 56, 62, 64
 , Mt., Oregon, U.S.A., an active vol
cano, xii. 122, Cascade range, xi. 84
eruption of (1866.), xii. 123; ditto,
1863., xi. 94
 , Sir S. W., vii. 116, 196, 204, xii. 7,
xviii. 50, 69, 131, 133, 142, 146, 173,
215, xix. 260, xx. 151
awarded gold medal by Geographical
Society of France, 1867., xi. 154
at Cairo, 1869., xiv. 99
discovery of the Albert Nyanza by,
1864, ix. 274, x. 6
expedition up the Nile and Atbara
river, 1862-3., vii. 21, 46, 64, 65, 78,
104, 109, 183, 187, 190, 204, 223, viii.
149, 252, meetings with Petherick,
Speke and Grant, 1863., vii. 190, 223,
viii. 141, 147, ix. 263, x. 8
 Khedive's, (1869. et seq.) x. 3,
22, 257, xiv. 4, 330, xv. 6, 92, 162,
309, xvi. 162, 187, 365, 418, xvii. 15,
161, 305, 310, xviii. 50-1, 131, 574-5,
return of, to England, xviii. 4, 11
letters : on Travels by the Atbara river
aud its tributaries in Nubia, 1862.,
vii. 21
on Abyssinia, xii. 1 17
on his progress up the Nile, 1862.,
vii. 78; ditto, 1870., xv. 92, 162
on the geographical knowledge of
Moses, xii. 194

Baker, Sir S. W. — continued.
letters — continued.
on Gordon's Nile expedition, 1875.,
xx. 54
on The Khedive of Egypt's ex
pedition to C. Africa (1870.), xviii.
50,69
on Livingstone ;
alleged death of, (1867.), xi. 145
on news of, xii. 185
on results of Young's Search Expe
dition for, xii. 91
on Mason Bey's determination of lati
tudes of Albert Nyanza, xxii. 228, 395
on the Nile, and the African Lakes,
xviii. 147
 sources, and on other ex
plorers of Equatorial Africa, xviii,
144
 regions, and their ethnology,
x. 23
 Tributaries in Abyssinia,
vii. 21, x. 279 ; cited, x. 23, xii. 7
on Price's bullock-waggon journey to
Tanganyika, xxi. 246-7
on Sessi Island, V. Nyanza, xviii. 144
on Stanley's travels, and on the pro
gress of geography since the founda
tion of R.G.S., xxii. 165
on the V. Nyanza, and its explorers,
xx. 47
cited on (desired Khedive's) expedition
to the African Lakes, (1867.), xi. 250
 on elevations of places in the Afri
can lakes district, xi. 243
 on Livingstone's prospects, xii. 282
 on the Nile (White) and its af
fluents, xii. 7, 8
observations made by, and by his expe
ditions in Africa, xi. 243, xviii. 143,
xxii. 228, 395
Remarks on anti-slave trade expedition
of, Houghton, xiv. 100
 Thermometer used by, George, x.
25, Tables, 26
Baker, Sir W., speech on receiving gold
medal of R.G.S. on behalf of Col. Yule,
1872,, xvi. 280
Bakhtiyari Mts., S. Persia, Layard's ex
plorations in, i. 288, 293
Bakkaluka Hills, S. Africa, volcanic cha
racter of, i. 246
Baknak Pass, Tibet, elevation of, xxi. 339
Bakrot valley, Gilgit, xiii. 130
Baksa valley, Formosa, overhanging rock
in, xvii. 146
Baksan river and valley, Caucasus, Tar
tars of, vi. 60, xiii. 70
Baku, on the Caspian, naphtha-trade of
iii. 394-5
Pazukhin at, 1672-3., xxi. 221
Russian steamers starting from, iii. 387,
xxi. 582

48

¦BAL— BAM

Balabac Island and Strait, E. Indian
Archipelago, admiralty survey of, xiii.
279, xiv. 305
Bala Hissar, Asia Minor, ruins of Pes-
sinus at, iii. 389
Balambangan, Borneo, ' white men ' from,
attempt ascent of Kinibalu, ii. 347
Balaton Lake, Hungary, swamp at outlet
of, xix. 258
Balboa, V. N. de, crossing of Isthmus of
Darien by, 1543., i. 78
Balcarrie, S. Australia, station at, ii, 17,
18
Bald Mt., Cariboo Range, B. Columbia,
' benches ' near, xv. 134
gold in creeks of, Palmer on, viii. 89,
Murchison on, 90
Balegga Mts., Equatorial Africa,
native ignorance concerning, xviii.
178
position of, xvii. 10
Balfour, Gen. G, on cinchona in India,
x. 268
on Se-chuen province, China, and its
resources, xi. 256
on trees in relation to rainfall, India,
ix. 108, x. 268
Balgetter valley, Mekran, Persian Gulf,
xvi. 140
Balgham-bashee, Kashgaria, fuel at, xviii.
419
Bali, Formosa, village inhabited by Hakka
Chinese, xxi. 261
Bali Island, E. Indian Archipelago, lofty
hills in, ii. 9
population of, ii. 184
 and Lombok volcanic islands, fer
tility of, vii. 211
population of, ii. 310, vii. 211
strait between, the dividing line between
Asiatic and Australasian fauna, vii.
209
Balikchi, Kokand, C. Asia, xviii. 409
Balkash, Lake, C. Asia, affluents of, xviii.
247
elevation of, xiii. 361
Kalmuck migration to, 1771., xi. 166
Russian expedition to, (1859.), iii. 288
Balkh, Afghan Turkestan, fertility of dis
trict of, xxi. 139
Russian intercourse with, 1671., xxi.
220
Ball, A., expedition westward from S.
Australia, (1864.), ix. 75, 76
 , J., Atlas expedition of, 1871., xvi.
131
on the colonization of the Saskatchewan
valley, iv. 233
on the flora of Africa, xvi. 171
on government aid to Livingstone
Search and Relief Expedition, 1872.,
xvi. 165
on the N. Atlantic Cable route, v. 102

Ball, J. — continued.
on oceanic circulation, xv. 90
on the Rocky Mts., their rivers and
passes, iii. 124
on Tanganyika and Nyassa Lakes, ix.
12
on the value of African natives' geo
graphical information, xvi. 131
 Lt. H., r.n., discoverer of Lord Howe
Island, 1788., xxii. 136
Ballagh or Baa kingdom, W. Africa,
Joloff natives of, i. 514
Ballay, Dr., of De Brazza's Gaboon ex
pedition, (1877.), xxi. 473
Ball's Pyramid, mountainous Island, off
coast of E. Australia, xxii. 136
 Ranch, California, Modoc Indians
near, xix. 296
Balleny, Capt., and his Antarctic dis
coveries, 1830-3., Enderby on, ii. 171,
xiii. 115
 Island, Antarctic region, discovered
by the above, ii. 171
Balmy Downs, Queensland, fine sheep-
walk on, x. 62
Balonda district, W. C. Africa, hostile tribes
of, met by Livingstone, i. 56
Balonne river, Queensland, blazed trees
on, supposed to be traces of Leichhardt,
iii. 88
Balor of the Mirza Haidar, modern district
included in, xx. 490
 , E. Turkestan, mountains of, xx. 483
Balsas, Rio, Isthmus of Darien, gold on,
i. 78
Balti province, Tibet, fifteenth century
account of position of, cited xx. 483
Baltic Sea, admiralty survey of, i. 140
level of, ii. 283
Physical Condition of, Carpenter, xviii.
341
Baltoro Glacier, Mustakh range, viii. 35
Balzeipamba, Ecuador, road near, xxi. 559
Bam, Seistan, geology of mountains near,
xvii. 93
Goldsmid at, 1872., xvii. 87
Lovett's journey to, 1872., xvi. 261,
xvii. 86
Bamangwato district, S. Africa, elephants
plentiful in, v. 17
Bambara and Mandingo tribes, W. Africa,
Fullahs among, xxi. 494
Bambarre, Equatorial Africa, Livingstone
at, 1870., xvii. 10, 71
 Mts., Equatorial Africa, huge gullies
and trees of, Cameron on, xx. 310
Bambireh Island, V. Nyanza, xxi. 63, 466
Bam-i-Dooneah : see Pamirs
Bampton Island (Barama), N. Guinea,
Macfarlane at, 1876., xx. 254
missionaries murdered at, xviii. 46, xx,
338
native customs on, xviii. 36

BAM— BAR

49

Bamshf Bend or Cat's Pass, Demavend,
iii. 15
Bananeiros, Salto das, Brazil, hostile
Indians near, xx. 455
Banda Isles, described by Bickmore, 1865.,
xii. 324
 Neira Island, xii. 325, 326, its spices,
xii. 328
 Oriental, S. America, new channel
found near, by U.S.N., 1855., i. 170
 Sea, depth and temperature of,
Carpenter on, xxi. 317
Dutch charts of, referred to, vi. 136
Bandeira, Marquis de S& da, obituary
notice of, 1876., xx. 382
Bander-i-Gez, Caspian Sea, Jonas Han-
way at, 1743., xvii. 195
Bangala river, Congo region, affluent of
Livingstone's Lualaba, xxii. 406
Bangalore, Madras, elevation of hills near,
xi. 61
elevation of, and healthiness, ix. 68
Bangka, Formosa, see Banka and Mangka
Bangkok, capital of Siam, i. 13, iii. 365,
Parkes on, i. 14-5
port at, iv. 213, xix. 277
radius of English trade from, i. 1 5
Richards and Inskip at, 1857., i. 406
Schomburgk on, iv. 211, 213
Bangpatung harbour, Siam, iv. 214
 river, course of, ib.
Bangplasoi harbour, Siam, position of,
iv. 214, and anohorage at, 215
Bangweolo, Bemba (q.v.) or Chama, Lake,
C. Africa,
affluents of, Livingstone on, xiv. 8,
xviii. 263, 271
area drained into, iii. Ill
called also Bemba, xviii. 180
described by Livingstone, xviii. 263
geographical position of, Livingstone
on, xvi. 435, xvii. 67
Livingstone at, 1868., xiii. 3, xvi. 159,
1873., xviii. 180
Baneas or Banias, Syria, elevations at
and near, iii. 288 note, xviii. 328
Banister, T., Proposed communication
through N. America and Vancouver
Island to Hudson Bay, (1857.), i. 263,
264, 266
Banjermassin river, Borneo, xvi. 172
Banka, Formosa, Chinese business city,
xxii. 60
largest town in the island, xxi. 259
Banka (Banca) Island, E. Indian Archi
pelago, tin of, ii. 143
 Strait, admiralty survey of, iii. 266,
269, iv. 153, v. 174,, vi. 134
Bankrem river, Isthmus of Kraw, outfall
of, vii. 59
Banks Bay, see Bethune Bay
Banks, Sir J., botanical discoveries of, in
Australia, i. 454, xxii. 427

Banks Island, N. Guinea, London Mis
sionary station at, xx. 105
 Land, Arctic Regions, animal life of,
xv. 112
coal of, i. 105
open water near, found by the Investi
gator, ii. 200
semi-fossilized wood on, xvi. 238
 Strait, Victoria, Australia, admiralty
survey of, and results, xix. 409, xx. 408,
xxi. 236, xxii. 336
Banlam or Phripri, Siam, seaport of
Pecha-buri district, iv. 214
Banniugawa river, Japan, mulberry plan
tations near, xvii. 79
Banog, station of the Indian trigonome
trical survey, i. 371
Banos, Ecuador, constant stone-slips near,
xxi. 562
curious geological formations near, xxi.
561
elevation and temperature of, and
country near, xxi. 562
the Pastassa river near, xxi. 557
Bans-kunlee, Bnrmese frontier, v. 50
Ban-ta-kong river, Siam, discovered by
King, (1859.), iii. 365
Bantam, Java, early tea-trade of, i. 339
Banyanga river, W. Africa, tolls on, xix.
97
Banyassa (Wun' Yassa), C. Africa, hills
in, Livingstone on, i. 244
Banyenko river, C. Africa, connected with
several other rivers, i. 240
Banza Loanza, W. Africa, xix. 93
 Makonta, W. Africa, xix. 99
 Noki, W. Africa, xix. 93, 102
 Tanda, W. Africa, nut trade of,
xix. 93
 Umputa, W. Africa, high grass near,
xix. 96
 Vokay, xix. 93, 102
Baountof, Lake, E. Siberia, explored by
Orlof, (1858.), ii. 278
Bara, Nile region, oasis of, the Paradise
of Kordofan, xx. 360
Barabash, Lt.-Col., journey of, in borders
of Manchuria, (1874.), xviii. 562
Baraconda falls, Gambia river, W. Africa,
limit of navigation, vi. 16
Barada river, Valley of, Syria, Roman
inscriptions in, ii. 225
Barah river, Cachar, drainage-area of,
xvii. 52
Baraka, Abyssinia, gorge of, vegetation
in, xii. 115
Bara Lacha Pass, Himalayas (see also
Para Lassa), elevation of, xiii. 14
source of the Chundra or Chenab river,
xv. 339
Baram point, Borneo, naval observations
of the solar eclipse of 1868 at, xiii.
279

50

BAR— BAR

Barama or Barima river, B. Guiana, ex
plored by Holmes and Campbell, 1857.,
ii. 154
Baramula Pass, Kashmir, practicability
of, iv. 32
Barancas, on the Orinoco, ii. 156
 de las Llamas, Mts. (Chilian Andes),
iv. 46
 , Ecuador, swampy flats of, xxi. 565
Baratola river, valley of, Russ. Turkestan,
xviii. 248
Barbuda, W. Indies, admiralty survey of,
xix. 408
Barclay, A. K., obituary notice of, 1870 ,
xiv. 299
 J., obituary notice of, 1856., i. 118
 , Sound, Vancouver Island, good an
chorage at, viii. 86
Barcoo, (Barcu) river, Queensland, (called
also Cooper's Creek and Victoria
river), iii. 4, 25, 91, xii. 289
alleged murder of Leichhardt on, ix.
304 ; traces of the same, x. 59
discovered by Sturt, 1844., xiv. 296
expeditions to and near —
Gregory's, 1855, i. 6
Landsborough's, 1862, vii. 40
Mitchell's, (1845-46), vii. 87
Walker's, 1861., vii. 42
latitude of, vii. 41
physical features along, xviii. 91
watershed of, elevation of, xii. 288
wool of, x. 62
Bardo, Tunis, copper and silver mines
near, vi. 215
Barents, W., discoverer of Spitzbergen,
1596., xvii. 98
log of, cited, on Novaya Zemlya, ix.
173
open Polar Sea found by, 1597., i. 20
traces of, found on Novaya Zemlya, in
1871., xvi. 361-2, xix. 177
Barfarush, Persia, importance of, in the
18th century, xx. 174 note
Bargaguel, Egypt, wells of, temperature
in, xx. 357
Bargousine river, E. Siberia, ii. 278
Barguzin, oldest town in Siberia, Marco
Polo cited on, xvii. 191
' Bari (or Barri) country, E.C. Africa —
Baker in, 1872., xvi. 187-8
Lejean's journey to, (1861.), vi. 18
inhabitants of, J. Baker on, xviii. 139 ;
Speke on, v. 15, 16
unfriendliness of, viii. 250, x. 9, 21,
xvi. 187-8
vast plain in, viii. 140
Petherick in, (I860.), iv. 180
war in, S. W. Baker on, xviii. 54
Baring, Mr., on Smyth's proposed expedi
tion into Chinese Tartary, 1861., vi. 7
Baringo district, Victoria Nyanza, bays
and islands of, xx. 146

Baringo (Baringa, Bahringo or Bahtiringe)
Lake, Equatorial Africa —
affluent of, xvi. 439
•  , a possible, Speke on, vii. 186,
220
effluent of, xvi. 439
fresh waters of, xvi. 128
Livingstone on, xvi. 439
Macqueen on (Balmringe), viii. 7
question of its junction with other lakes,
xvi. 128, 130
various opinions on, xx. 43
Bark country, of Ecuador, explored by
Pritchett, 1856-7., iii. 94
Barker, Capt., survivors of his cattle,
found wild at Port Essington, 1838.,
iii. 90
Barker, F., of Stanley's Victoria Nyanza
expedition, 1875., death of, xx. 159
Barkly, Sir H., and Australian exploration,
iv. 230
letters and despatches from, on Burke
and Wills' Australian expedition
and on the Bearch expeditions, vi.
41, 53, 68, 173, 174, vii. 2, 6, 10,
111
suggestion as to naming Burke's Land
made by, vi. 168, 174, 195
vindication of Burke, vi. 169
cited on the dryness of air in Australia,
vii. 176
on the development of Griqualand, xxi,
613
resolution proposed by, at Mansion
House meeting of the African Ex
ploration Fund, xxi. 613
Barkly river, Queensland, vi. 195
geological formation at head of, xii.
144
 tableland, Queensland, features of,
vii. 5
Barlee, Lake, W. Australia, xix. 482
journey to and description of, I860.,
Forrest, xiv. 192, 194, xix. 482
Barlyk river, C. Asia, sources of, xxii.
52
Barmen, S. Africa, reached by Hahn's
party, (1857.), ii. 352
Barnard Islands, N.Queensland, geological
formation of, xii. 143
Barnaul, Siberia, atmospheric pressures
at, xiii. 361
Barnett, (Mr.), with Mclntyre in N. Aus
tralia, (1865.)
excellent qualifications of, ix. 301
Bnakes found by, in N. Australia, ix.
301-2
 , W. F., appointed to lead Leichhardt
search expedition (1867.), in place of
Mclntyre deceased, xi. 227
Baroghil (Baraghil) Pass into Chitral,
usually easy, military importance of,
xvii. 114, xviii. 430, 436, xix. 13

BAR— BAS

51

Barometer and Thermometer ReadingB,
Notes on the omission of, in Sextant
Observations for the determination of
Latitude and Longitude, Dunkin, viii.
155
Barometric and Hypsometric Observations
to fix the Height of Demavend, Napier,
1877., xxii. 216
Baroni, N. Guinea, natives at, xx. 269
Barotseland or Borotseland(ov».), S. Africa,
Livingstone in, (1855-6.), i. 248
Barra district, W. Africa, Mandingoes of,
i. 513
Barracouta Bay, Tartary, Russian name
for, i. 406
Russian station at and latitude of, xiii.
365
Barrak river, Burmese frontier, as a trade
route, v. 50
Barram river, Borneo, portage from, to the
Limbong river, ii. 343
Barrancas, see Barancas
Barren Island, Indian Ocean, visited by
Parish, 1862., vi. 215, 216, 217
Barrett, L., obituary notice of, 1863., vii.
133
Barsae, Indo-China, relations of, with sur
rounding states, xix. 278
Barsonski, Plain of, Aral sea coast, iii. 388
Barrier Range, N.S. Wales, geological
formation of, xii. 139
 Reef, off E. Coast of Australia, vi.
136
admiralty survey, Robinson, viii. 114,
uses of, 117, 119,211
coral formatiou of, Jukes on, iv. 80
dangers of, i. 84, 256, iii. 89
navigation witbin, rendered possible,
(1865.), ix. 234
Barrow Range, W. Australia, Forrest at
(1874.), xiv. 58, latitude of, xix. 313
 Strait or Straits, Arctic regions, i. 23
ice-bergs absent from, v. 25
ice streams in, xvii. 175
Runic stones in, xvii, 319
tides in, xvii. 177
Barth, Baron, death of, 1876., xxi. 474
 , Dr. IL, v. 178, vi. 110, 189, viii. 4,
gold medal of R.G.S. presented to,
1856., i. 82, 441, Pi-3sident's speech,
Barth's reply to, i. 113, Hon. Cor
responding member R.G.S., 1868.,
viii. 43
expeditions of, in Africa, near Lake
Chad, etc.,i. 82,113, 154,441-3, sum
marized, 1857., i. 441, ii. 34, informa
tion resulting from, ii. 318
General Historical View of the State of
Human Society in N. Central Africa,
ii. 217
on Baikie's Niger expedition (1858.),
ii. 99
on the effect of level, etc., on the colour

Barth, Dr. H. — continued.
of races in Africa, and elsewhere,
ii. 219
on the fate of Dr. Vogel, (1858.), ii. 81
on Galton's plans for the Exploration of
Arid Countries, ii. 75
on the geography and configuration of
the Sahara, ii. 217, 218
on similarity between inscriptions in
Syrian desert and in the Berber dis
trict, ii. 179
on the Bnow-covered mountains of Africa,
ii. 56
three letters to, (on African latitudes),
by Dr. Vogel, i. 15
work of, on African ethnology, in
progress, (1862.), vi. 178
cited on the Benue or Behuwe- and other
African rivers, xxi. 491
death of, 1865., x. 53
obituary notice of, (1S66), x. 201
Barthelmy Hills, W. Australia, trend of,
x. 37, 38
Bartholomei, — , on Russian explorations
in C. Asia, xiv. 232
Bartle Bay, New Guinea, described by
Moresby, xix. 232
Bartlett, E., exploration of the Amazons
by, (1866.), x. 105
Barton, Dr. A., On Sarel's expedition to the
Western Borders of China, and the
Upper Waters of the Yang-tse-Kiang,
1861., vi. 85
on the same, xv. 173
Barwan or Darling river, N. S. Wales,
explored by Randell, (1859.), iv. 94, 194
Bary, Dr. E. von, journey of, to Timbuctoo,
1876., xxi. 473
BasaSgo, E. Africa, high lands of, and
white explorer in, xvi. 438
Basarjusi, Mt., Caucasus, elevation of, xiii.
68
Bascan river, Chinese Tartary, mountains
near, iii. 132, sources of, iii. 130
Base district, Abyssinia, ethnology of, x.
287
mountains of, x. 286
rivers in, x. 282, 286
Basevi, Capt. J. P., pendulum observations
on the great meridional arc of India,
xv. 280
obituary notice of, 1872., xvi. 306
Basha river, Mustakh range, explored by
Godwin-Austen, 1861., viii. 35-7
glacial origin of, viii. 35
sources of, iii. 130
Bashan, land of, Syria,
Eaton's journey in, (1864.), viii. 29-30
Graham's journey in, (1858.), ii. 173,
297-8
identified with the Haur&n by Graham
and by Porter, ii. 175, 298; with
Perea, Yiii. 29

52

BAS— BAX

Basliee river, near Natal, fossils near,
i. 511
survey suspended near (1869.), xiii. 281
Basil's Bay, Korean Islands, latitude and
natives of, Hall on, ix. 299
Basilisk, H.M.S., explorations in New
Guinea (1872.), xviii. 23, 1873-4.,
Moresby on, xix. 225, 243-4
survey work of, under Moresby, xviii.
539, xix. 225, 409
 Island, New Guinea, extent of, xix.
225
Bass, Dr. G., explorations on the S.E.
coast of Australia (1795-98.), xiv. 199
BasBa Cove, W. Africa, colony of liberated
negroes, i. 99
 Mts., on the Niger, vi. 239
Bassadore, Kishm Island, Persian Gulf,
British naval depot at, Rawlinson on,
i. 296
naphtha springs and salt caves near,
viii. 266
Bassorah, Persian Gulf, see Busrah
Bass's Strait, Tasmania, xiv. 199
admiralty surveys, iii. 271, xvi. 320,
xvii. 257, xviii. 539, xxii. 336
mountains running from, to Torres
Straits, Jukes on, iv. 82
Bastian, Dr., journey of, in Congo region
(1858.), ii. 318
Visit to the Ruined Palaces and Build
ings of Cambodia, (1855.), ix. 85
Bastoseagochic, Mexico, mines near, iii.
110
Basutoland, S. Africa, cave-dwellers in,
(1875.), xix. 131
Batalpashinsk, Caucasus, Nogai Tartars
at, vi. 60
Batanea, Hauran district, Syria, modern
name for, i. 8
Batang, E. Tibet, see Bathang
Batangiupar river, Borneo, watershed of,
i. 200
Batavana tribe, S. Africa, location of, v. 18
Batavia, Java, communication with Aus
tralia desired, vii. 37, 174 ; with other
places, ix. 77
as market for Australian sheep, x. 328
Bate, Capt. T., r.n., death of, at Canton,
1858., ii. 266
Baternan, Mr., on receiving gold medal for
Warburton, 1874., xviii. 490
Bates Islaud, Qwa river, W. Africa, xx. 228
Bates, H. W., on the Amazon, Purus, and
other rivers, viii. 61, x. 106, xi. 107-8,
xv. 380
on the bifurcation of rivers, xviii. 128-9
Work of, in S. America, Murchison on,
ix. 245
work by, on S. America, vii. 169
-  , J., obituary notice of, 1865., ix. 212
Batha marshes, Wadai, Cent. Afrioa, ii.
221

Bathang or Batang, Tibet —
auriferous rivers of, xii. 338
Cooper on lamasery of, etc. , xiv. 339
Gill on the same, and earthquakes at
xxii. 268
Saunders on the same, xiv. 356
trade route via, xix. 204
Bathurst, W. Africa, and its inhabitants,
i. 513, 516
water-traffic from, xx. 78
Bathurst, Cape, Arctic America, rivers
entering the sea near, ix. 128-9
 County, N.S. Wales, discovered
(1815.), xiv. 199, gold in, i. 453, ex
plored by Strzelecki, 1839., xviii. 520-1
 Inlet, Island and Land, Arctic
regions
animal life of, i. 54, xvii. 180
coast of, i. 105
 Lake, N.S. Wales, discovered by
Hume and Mechan, 1817., xviii. 532
Batman, J., founder of Geelong settle
ment, Victoria, Australia, 1827., xviii.
533
Batoka, hilly country of, S. Africa,
explored by Livingstone, vi. 25
ethnological observations, etc., C.
Livingstone, 1861., vi. 32
fibres and indigo of, vi. 26, 31-2
geographical position of, vi. 32
geological formation in, ib.
healthy elevation and climate of, vi. 26
temperature of, Livingstone cited on, v.
130
Batonga Bay, W. Africa, coast at, vii. 104
 Country, Burton's exploration in,
1862., vii. 104
Battle Harbour, Labrador, fishery at, xii.
195
Battoh, on the Volta, W. Africa, Croft at,
1872., xviii. 187
Batropilas, Mexico, mines near, iii. 110
Batuta, Ibn, travels of, in China, (about
1347.), x. 272
Baudo river, Colombia, S. America, i. 63
Baudd town, Columbia, S. America, in
relation to the Atrato river, i. 87
Bautshi, W.C. Africa, ii. 31, latitude of,
i. 15
Bautu, Mongolia, position of, xviii. 77
Bax, Capt. B. W., r.n., death of, (1878.),
xxii. 335
Baxa Duar, town on the border of Bhutan,
trade route via, between Tibet and
Bengal, xix. 341
Baxter, Mr.,M.p., on Livingstone's Zambesi
expedition, 1858, ii. 131
in relation to Penal settlements in
Australia, i. 458 note
 , Miss, of Dundee, donor of steamer
to the Loudon Missionary Society for
New Guinea, etc., xx. 92-3
 Range, S. Australia, ii. 191

BAX— BEE

53

Baxter, or Mai Kassa, river, N. Guinea,
banks of, xx. 259, 265
birds of Paradise along, xx. 268
discovery of, 1875., and why so named,
Stone on, xx. 19, 92
Bayanos or Chepo river, Isthmus of
Darien,
mouth of, ix. 279
Oliphant on, ix. 276
Bayazid, Turkey-in-Asia, ascent of Ararat
from, Stuart, 1856., xxi. 78, 92
earthquake at (about 1799.), vi. 64
Plain of, described by Stuart, xxi. 78
Bayazid-Aralykh road over the Ararat
depression, xxii. 175
Baydha, S. Arabia, commerce of, xvi.
119
Bay'haun, S. Arabia, chief town of Rezaaz,
xvi. 119
Bayley, Point, N. Australia, ii. 14
Bazaruta Island, S.E. Africa, xix. 122,
xxii. 132
Bazghiran, lake, Badakshan, source of the
Kokcha river, xv. 181
Boadon, Sir C, on explorations of the
Brahmaputra river, xix. 346
on the Garo Hills and tribes, xvii. 41
on the Lushai expedition of 1871-2.,
and its results, xvii. 54
Beagle, H.M.S., exploration of Victoria
river, N. Australia, by, 1842., i. 191,
ii. 8, 261
Darwin's observations on board, ix. 216,
217, xii. 322
inscriptioDsJleft by, i. 261
well dug by, i. 259, 260
 Valley, N. Australia, i. 186, 228
Beam Brook or Bean's Brook, Queensland
(see Albert river), i. 493, xi. 45
Beardmore, N. on the proposed Atrato
Canal, i. 73
obituary notice of, 1873., xvii. 251
Bear Island, Arctic regions (see also
Beeren Island), latitude of, xix. 175
swell near, ix. 176-7
Beas river, Kooloo valley, Himalayas, and
its affluents, Harcourt on, xv. 338
Beash Khund or Serohi river, Kooloo
Valley, xv. 338
Beatrice. Bay or Gulf, Albert Nyanza,
xxi. 466, xxii. 394
 river, N. Australia, x. 35
Beatrice schooner, S. Australian survey
vessel, x. 221, xi. 46, 195-6, xvi. 319,
xxi. 435
Beaufort, Adm. Sir F., xiii. 66
Arctic work of, Belcher on, ix. 61 ;
Osborne on, ix. 65
Naval Surveys of, Murchison on, ix. 64,
218
services of, to geography, ix. 64-5
death of, 1858., Murchison on, ii. 82
obituary notice of, 1858., ii- 239

Beaufort Land, Arctic regions, animal life
of, i, 54
Beaver, Capt. P., r.n., at Bulama Island,
W. Africa (18th century), i. 42, 43
 Creek, B. N. America, ii. 44
 Fork Pass, Rocky Mts., found by
Pallisor's expedition, 1858., iii. 123
Bebahan, Persia, routes via, i. 356
Bebeji or Bebetgi, N. C. Africa, lati
tude of, fixed by Vogel, 1855., i, 443,
ii. 33
Beccari, Dr. O., explorations of, in Borneo
(1869.), xiii. 297, and in N. Guinea
(between 1872. and 1875.), xix. 242
Becher, Cape, Arctic regions, and the
search for Franklin, i. 105
 , Capt. A. B., The Landfall of
Columbus, i. 94, 167
Beohuanaland.S. Africa, gradual desicca
tion of, Galton on, i. 245
Becker, Dr. L., of the Victorian Camel
Expedition, v. 8
death of, (1861.), vii. 35
letters from, vii. 39
Beckler, Dr. H., of the Victorian Camel
Expedition, v. 8
Becroft, Capt., expedition up the Cross
river, W. Africa, referred to, xvi. 136
Bedden, Beddin or Beddene, on the Nile,
geographical position of, fixed by
Mason, xxii. 229
Gordon's station at, xx. 12
rapids at, xx. 12, xxi. 57
Bedford, Lt.,R.N., death of, at Lukoja,
(1864.), ix. 72
Bedingfield, Capt., r.n., vi. 64, 66
Ascent of the Ogun river, W. Africa,
(1862.), vi. 49
On the Congo and its possibilities,
iv. 66
on his exploration of the W. Luabo
river, 1858., iv. 23
Notes of a journey to Ode, capital of
Tjebu, W. Africa, 1862., vii. 105
on Lagos, vii. 107
on the launch for Livingstone's Zambesi
expedition, ii. 100
Beeban, Tunis, vi. 214
Beechey, R. Adm. F. W., i. 1, 10, 15, 21,
27, 55, 61
addresses to R.G.S., 1856., i. 82, 116,
181
arctic explorations of, referred to, i. 54 ;
furthest northward point reached by,
1826., xix. 176
death of, 1856., i. 217
illness of, i. 209
obituary notice of, 1857., i. 374
on the Boniu Islands, i. 63
on East African Exploration, i. 93 ; do.,
and Burton, i. 181, 450, ii. 56
on Kane, i. 183
on the Polar Basin, i. 28

54

BEE— BEL

Beechey, R. Adm. F. W. — continued.
on presenting awards of R.G.S-, 1856.,
i. Ill, 113, 114
on proposed Atrato Canal, i. 64, 71
 Suez Canal, i. 160
 exploration of Borneo, i. 206,
208
on the removal of the Pitcairn Islanders,
i. 60
surveys of, i. 469-70
tidal diagrams of, i. 415
Beechey Island, Arctic regions, i. 25, 104,
105
Franklin's first wintering-place, 1846.,
i. 23
graves on, iv. 10
set of ice from, i. 25
Beer Ahmed, S. Arabia, sport near,
xvi. 120
Beeren Island, Arctic regions (see also
Bear Island), Swedish Arctic expedition
to, (1869.), xiii. 153-4
Beforona, Madagascar, mountains near,
xix. 193
terrace-wall of, xix. 183, 196
Begbie, Chief Justice M. H., and others,
on B. Columbia and its native popula
tion, iv. 33, 34
On the " Benches " or Valley Terraces
of B. Columbia, xv. 133
Begemder, finest province of Abyssinia,
xiii. 41
Begharun province, C. Africa, ii. 79
Beghula, see Anderson, river
Behm, Dr. E., Dr. Livingstone's Explora
tion of the Upper Congo, (1872.), xvii.
21 ; cited on the same, xvii. 12
Behring Sea, xii. 186
 ¦ Strait, Collinson's search from, to
Back river for Franklin, i. 26
Bulkley's expedition to, 1866., xi. 39
comparative freedom of, from ice,
i. 96
extent of navigable coast near, xviii. 21
French explorations directed to, (1868.),
xii. 98, 100
ice streams in, xvii. 175
sea to the north of, results of explora
tions in, summarized by Petermann,
xix. 176
shallowness of, xxi. 314
tides in, xvii. 176-7
Beibitohe pass, Thian-Shan Mts., xiv. 224
Beila, Scinde, ancient Arab name for,
xvi. 219
Beirut, Syria, progress of, in 1852., ii. 226
Beisan, Syria, formerly Scythiopolis, ruins
at, ii. 224-5
Beit Jibrin, Syria, probably Eleutheropo-
lis, ii. 224
Beke, Dr. C. T.,
Excursion to Harriin (Padan-Aram)
and Shechem, 1862., vi. 195

Beke, Dr. C. T.— continued.
explorations of, in Abyssinia (1866.),
xii. 15, xii. 51
  in Syria, 1862., vi. 195,
viii. 31
forecast of discovery of Nile sources,
viii. 252
on the formation of the Ethiopian Nile
Delta (letter), vii. 116
on the Gash river of Abyssinia, x.
299
on Lake Nyassa and its supposed con
nection with Lake Tanganyika, vii.
262
on the Nile source, vii. 110
Murchison on the above, vii. 194 ;
book on the same, referred to,
iv. 204
on the Nyam-Nyam races of Africa, xv.
116
on Senafe and other places in Abyssinia,
xii. 116
on his travels in Abyssinia, (1866.), xii.
15
cited on the fresh water of Lake Tan
ganyika, xix. 249
obituary notice of, 1875., xix. 396
Bela, chief town of Lus Bey la, Mekran,
xvi. 141
Beleden, Nur valley, Persia, iii. 9
Belenia, on the White Nile, geographical
position of trading station at, iii. 305
Belcher, Adm. Sir E. T., iv. 2, 6, 252,
xix. 216, 467, xxi. 339
at Point Barrow, 1826., xix. 176
on Antarctic exploration, xiii. 120
on Arctic matters —
Arctic Exploration, iv. 7, ix. 60,
61; Smith's sound route for,
xix. 35 ; the same to Melville
Island, i. 106; his book on, men
tioned, i. 153
Arctic sea temperature, xiii. 167
the fate of Franklin's ships, i. 24
Franklin's supposed course, iv. 7
iceberg formation in Arctic regions,
v. 25
ice along the Greenland coast, iv.
107-8
ice from Spitzbergen, its course, xiii.
166, and stones in, 169
the open Polar sea, i. 19, 24, 25,
cited on the same, i. 20, 30
sledge-travelling in Arctic regions,
ix. 117
on Easter Island and its inhabitants,
xiv. 117
on examination of the Atlantic sea.hed
proposed by Wallich, vii. 55
on the Fiji Islands, vi. 100
on the formation of Coral Islands,
iv. 85-6
on the Gibraltar current, xv. 90

BEL— BEM

55

Belcher, Adm. Sir E. T. — continued.
on the Gulf Stream, xiii. 232, 234, and
other currents, v. 26
on heliostats, iv. 18
on the heights of Mt. Hood and Mt. St.
Elias, xi. 95
on the Oregon Question, iv. 35
on Pirn's Nicaragua Canal Scheme,
vi. 76, xii. 45
on the proposed N. Atlantic Cable,
iv. 107, v. 100, and on the deep sea
dredging, v. 100
on scanty rains in E. Afrioa, viii. 8
on silvering sextant glasses, xvi. 17
on temperature in relation to elevation,
viii. 8
surveys by —
Australia, vi. 136
Borneo, vi. 83
E. I. Archipelago, iii. 267
N. Guinea, iii. 361, xviii. 47
visit to New Hebrides, 1840., xvi. 390
on the winds of C. Amerioa, xii. 45
death of, xxi. 273
obituary notice of, 1877., xxi. 410
 , Rev. B., on Vancouver Island and
missionary efforts therein, i. 489
Belcher Channel, Arctic regions, xxi. 554
Belganm, Bombay, elevation of, xi. 60
Belgians, Leopold King of the —
interest of, in geography, xx. 454
member of R.G.S., xiv. 275
starts the International Congress of
Exploration and Civilisation of C.
Africa, 1876., xxi. 16, 19, 60, 391, 395,
475, 589
Belgium, formation of » Geographical
Society in, 1870., Murchison on, xiv.
275
Belgrade, Turkey-in-Europc, effects of
cutting down the forest of, ix. 109
Belignan, Mt., near Ismailia, Nile region,
xviii. 139
Belize, C. America, Notes on the Physical
Features of, 1867., Cockburn, xii. 341
 River, C. America, Notes on the
Physical Geography of the, Cockburn
xii. 72
rainfall at, ib.
Belkashi farri, W. C. Africa, Maguire's
alleged death at well of, (1858.), ii. 81
Bell, Dr. W. A., jun., on the distinction
between canons and gorges, xiii. 149
On the Physical Geography of the
Colorado Basin, and the Great Basin
Region of N. America, xiii. 140, its
ethnology and ruins, 142
 , Lt. A. S., r.n., on the death of
Gerard, 1864., xi. 79
Bell Rock near Teste Island, Louisiade
group, xix. 229
 Sound, Spitzbergen, geological
formation near, xiii. 156

Bellary, Madras, hill site near, suitable
for sanatorium, xi. 61
irrigation works at (1863.), vii. 96
Bella Vista, Paraguay, the Chaco river
seen from, xx. 500
Bollefonds, Col. Linant de —
character of, Stanley on, xx. 153
expedition of, in Uganda, 1874, xx. 10
meeting of, with Stanley, xx. 10, 151
death of, 1874., xx. 13, 436
Bellohore, on Kanabec Island, W. Africa,
i. 42
BellendenKer(r) Hills, or Ranges, Queens
land, xviii. 93
geological formation of, xii. 144
Bellerive, Lake of Geneva, sub-lacustrino
boulders and hill near, xxii. 459
Bellingham Bay, Queen Charlotte Islands,
coal at, xiii. 383
Bellot, Lt., at Fury Island, 1851., i. 22
memorial to, at Greenwich, i. 1
Bellot Island, Arctic regions, elevation of,
xxi. 107
 Strait, Arctic regions, navigability
of, proved by McClintock, iv. 2, 7,
113
tide in, and open water, Nares on, xxi.
281
Bells on sandbanks, utility of, i. 422
Bellville, A., Journey to the Universities
Mission Station of Magila, 1875.,
xx. 74
Trip ronnd the S. End of Zanzibar
Island, 1875 , xx. 69
Belmaine, near Sydney, N. S. Wales, i. 325
Beloochistan (see Kelat) —
explorations in and history of, Rawlin
son on, xvi. 219 ; Blandford's, 1871.,
xvii. 92-3 ; Floyer's, 1876., xxii. 363 ;
St. John's, 1871., xvii. 92
knowledge of, up till 1870-1, Ross on,
xvi. 139
St. John on, xvii. 94
trend of mountains in, Green on,
xvi. 219-20
Beltana station, S. Australia, xix. 57,
xx. 430
Belyando river, Queensland, x. 64
in connection with the Mitchell and the
Suttor rivers, i. 325, 342, 368, 495,
x. 64, xii. 141
drift gold near, xii. 141
good land beyond, vi. 68
Gregory's journey along, 1856., i. 325,
v. 4
latitude of, v. 3, 4
valley of, iii. 25
watershed and range, x. 62, 65
Bemba, or Bangweolo (q.r.), Lake, Equa
torial Africa, ix. 9, xviii. 180
affluents of, Livingstone on, viii. 257
xix. 133, xxii. 404
effluents of, viii. 257

56

BEM— BER

Bemba or Bangweolo, Lake — continued.
elevation of, xii. 176
latitude of, xii. 281
Livingstone's death'near (1872), xviii.
177-8, 244
one of a chain of lakes, Cameron on,
xx. 125 ; Stanley on, xxii. 407
Bembe, W. Africa1 —
caves near, climate, coffee, and sheep
of, copper mines near, etc.. xix. 83
geological formation in, iv. 70
Portuguese ' evacuation of, (1874.),
xix. 84
 Hills, (Sierra), Congo region, climate
of, xix. 82, 83
elevation of, xix. 83
Bembe or Limpopo river, S. Africa, ruins
south of, x. 173
Bembatooka Bay, Madagascar, xix. 199
Bembia river, W. Africa, forest along,
xvii. 154
Benlt, Jebel, Sinaitic Peninsula, ascent
of, 1869, by Holland and Palmer, xiii. 213
Benbonyatha Range, S. Australia, geo
logical formation of, ii. 21
Bench formations, Boise river, Oregon,
xi. 93
B. Columbia, Begbie, xv. 133
Brown on, xiii. 144
Rio Gallegos, Patagonia, xv. 41
Bender-ghil, Persia, in relation to the
ancient Eulaeus river, i. 220
Bene Ghazi, or Bengazi, W. Africa, port
of, i. 443, ii. 80
Bengal, coal in, discovered (1859.), iv. 30
indigo of, i. 361
population of, i. 273
rainfall of Eastern, xi. 64
rice production of, i. 273
trade of, with Tibet, Markham, xix.
327
 , Bay of, commercial importance of,
Crawfurd on, vi. 192
Curlew Island as a sanatorium in,
Macphersou, vi. 208
during the S.W. Monsoon, vi. 101, 103,
xi. 63
lack of harbours in, ix. 84
specific gravity of water in, ix. 281
Surface currents in, during the S.W.
Monsoon, Heathcote, vi. 101, 114
Bengal, vessel which took colonists to
Adam Bay, N. Territory, Australia,
x. 34, 35
Benge Island, Lake Nyassa, xxii. 238
Benguela, S. W. Africa —
Cameron's journey to, from Bagamoyo,
1873., xx. 304, his delay at, 317
Magyar's map of, (1858.), referred to,
ii. 284
Moorish traders' journey from, to Mo
zambique (1854.), i. 58, 75, 93,
249

Beni department, Peru, water-ways and
natives of, xxii. 49
 river, Brazil, affluent of the Madeira
river, x. 253, at junction of Mamore'
river, xi. 103, 104
failure of Bolivian expedition up, 1870.,
xiv. 324
gold in head valleys of, xxii. 49
Orton's exploration of, 1875., xxii. 43
Benin, W.Africa, once part of Yoruba, vi. 65
Benin, Bight of, W. Africa, currents in,
x. 342
 river (Wari branch of the Niger),
Crowther on, xxi. 483
 and Biafra, British consulate estab
lished at, under Becroft, ii. 228
Benjane river, S. Africa, xiii. 324
Bennett, Capt. A., visit to Daba, in Tibet,
1865., x. 165
Benoni river, Borneo, source of, xvi.
172
Ben-si-Khu Mts., N. China, coal in,
xvi. 210
Bensusan, Mr., The Fiji Islands, com
mercial resources of, etc., vi. 96, 97
Bent, Capt. S., cited on the thermal
influence of the Gulf Stream, xv. 88.
Bentham, — , work of, on Australian Flora
cited, xxii. 427
Bentinck Arm, Br. Columbia
latitude of, xv. 140
route via, to Cariboo, viii. 85
in relation to the proposed railway,
viii. 95
 Island, N. Australia, i. 259
 River, B. Columbia, vi. 109
Benue, Binue, Chadda (q.v.) or Tshadda,
river, W. Africa, discovered by Barth,
i. 113
Barth on, i. 114
chiefs near, friendly to the English,
i. 114, xxi. 495
confluence of, with the Niger, colour
at, vii. 67, xxi. 485 ; Baikie's settle
ment at, ix. 72, xi. 49
elevation of, in Adamawa, xvii. 23
explorations of (see Barth) —
Crowther and Baikie's, 1854., xxi.
488
Vogel's (1854.), i. 16, 155, 443, 445
rise of, xvii. 25-6
volume of, xvii. 29
watershed of, i. 441
Beradeh, S. Arabia, trade, etc., of, viii. 65
Berah, Wady, Sinaitic Peninsula, hill
near and inscriptions in, xiii. 208
Berak river, Cachar, India, effect of
earthquakes of 1869. on, xiii. 372
Berar, Independent State, C. India, xi. 5S,
depression in, forming boundary between
N. and S. plateaux of India, xi. 59
Berarde, La, Valley in Dauphine', France,
mountains surrounding, vii. 44-5

BER— BHA

Berat river, Albania, sources of, discovered
by Cora, (1875.,), xix. 422
Berbera, Somaliland, market town, seized
by the Egyptians, about 1873., xxii.
446
Berbice river, B. Guiana, explored by
Brown, 1871-2., xvi. 360
Berbrugger, L. A., Hon. Corresponding
Member R.G.S., 1863., viii. 43
obituary notice of, 1870., xiv. 296
Berdera, Somaljland, end of Von der
Decken's voyage, (1865.), x. 91, 99
Berdiansk, Sea of Azov, bight of, shoaling
of water near, i. 306
volcanic rock near, i. 305
Berdistan, Persia, xi. 37
Berem river, W. Africa, gold of, Glover
on, xviii. 288
perennial waters of, xx. 476
Berending, W. Africa, capital of the
Barra district, i. 513
Berenice, Egypt, harbour of, as terminus
for railway, iii. 196
Beresford Creek, S. Australia, discovered
by Stuart, xv. 97
Berezofka river, affluent of the great
Anyui river, Siberia, xxi. 216
Bergen and Berger, Great Circle Sailing
methods of, reviewed, iv. 206
Bergstrasser or Bergstreusser, Dr., ex
pedition of, and plans for uniting
the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea,
(1860-1.), iv. 198-9, v. 193
Berlin, Geographical Society of, xxii. 18
congratulations from, on the fall of
Magdala, (1868.), xii. 174
Bermuda Islands, admiralty surveys,
viii. 191 ix. 222, xi. 193, xii. 244
coral formation reefs of, iv. 85
Gulf Stream at, vii. 51
Berne, Observatory of, latitude deter
mined, 1812., ix. 244
Bernier, Cape, N. Western Australia,
x. 3S
 Island, W. Australia, x. 48
Berrima or Bong Bong, N. S. Wales,
discovered by Hume, 1814., xviii. 532
Berry and Hume, expedition of, from the
Clyde river, N. S. Wales, 1822., xviii. 532
Beru Fiord, Iceland,
chosen as a landing place for N.
Atlantio Cable, v. 63, 95
elevation of land near, v. 82
explored by Young, I860., v. 73
freedom of, from ice, v. 74
Besak, C. Asia, near Kashgar, road to,
xviii. 416
Besnilo ravine, Abyssinia, depth of,
xii. 300
Bashkun Canal, near Yarkand river,
xiv. 61
Beshtau hill, Caucasus, Nogai Tartars of,
vi. 60

Besikaona district, Madagascar, Mullens
on, xxi. 157
Bessassema, Rio Grande, W. Afrioa, settle
ments at, iii. 380
Bessels, Dr., of Hall's Arctic Expedition,
(1870-1.), xviii. 13, 14, 15
Bessels Bay, Greenland, glacier dis
charging in, xxi. 280
harbour of, xxi. 279
Bet Island, Torres Straits, i. 80
Betafo district, Madagascar, geological for
mation near, Mullens on, xix. 187, 189
hot springs of, xix. 189
 valley, population in, xix. 193
Bethune or Banks Bay, Arctic regions,
xiii. 373, described, 374
Betsiboka river, Madagascar, xxi. 170 ;
course of, xix. 196
Betsileo province, Madagascar, cultivation
in, xix. 192-3
districts of, xix. 191
geographical formations in, xix. 190
plain of, xix. 189
population of, xix. 192-3
position and boundaries of, xxi. 155
tribes of, xix. 200, xxi. 155
Betsimisaraka province, Madagascar,
colonists from elsewhere in, xix. 195-6,
region occupied by, 200
" Betts's Mistake " Creek, Queensland,
gold-diggings at, xii. 141
Beuermann, Moritz von, death of, at Mao
(1863.), xi. 34
Beust, Count von, on receiving gold
medals of R.G.S., for Lts. Weyprecht
and Payer, 1875., xix. 361
Beverley, " Crimson Cliffs " of, Arctic
regions, ix. 50
Bewa or Biwa, Lake, Japan, xviii. 237,
shape of, xvii. 80
Bewsher, Lt. J. B., On survey of part of
Mesopotamia and on the site of
Kunaxa, 1862., xi. 155
Beyal, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 148
Beypur, Madras, bad harbour at, vii. 96
Beysough river, Sea of Azov, delta of, i.
306
Bhairava Langur, Bhalravathan or
Kutighat or Deodangor (Devadhunga),
i. 348-9, ii. 107-109
Bh£mo, Burma, elevation of, xiv. 347
entrepdt for Chinese trade, xi. 257
expeditions from, see Anderson, and
Sladen infra, xix. 270
importance of, as trade outlet, xix.
284-5
limit of navigation of the Irawady,
xiv. 349, xv. 172
Margary at, 1875., xix. 291
position of, xv. 344
Sladen's expedition (with Anderson)
via, to S. W. China, 1868., xv. 172,
291, 343, 344, 345, xix. 270

58

BHA— BIS

Bhamo, Burma — continued.
trade routes from, to China, v. 50, xviii.
465, xix. 270, 284-5, xx. 212, 234
Bhomtso Hill, Tibet, xii. 166
Bhowani river, affluent of the Cauvery
river, Madras, xiii. 78, 81
Bhutan (Bhootan), Himalaya Mts., Bogle's
embassy to, 18th century, xix. 332
geological formation in, iii. 366
territory of, ceded to England, (1866.),
x. 242
trade routes via, xix. 341
Bhutia (Butia or Bhotia) Cosi river, af
fluent of the Ganges, Himalayas, path
beside, xvii. 290
source of, i. 348, ii. 108, 113
trade route along, dangers of, xix. 339
Biafo glacier, Mustagh range, viii. 35,
36
Biafra, W. Africa, British Consulate estab
lished for, (1849.), ii. 228
 , Bight of, wet seasons along, i.
310
Bialdoh valley, Mustagh region, explored
by Godwin-Austen, 1861., viii. 35, 36
Bibi Nani or Khani, Afghanistan, shrine
of, xx. 246
Bibio river, Nile region, Petherick at,
1863., viii. 140
Biblical Researches in Palestine and the
adjacent Regions, Robinson, Smith, and
others, ii. 223
Bickmore, A. S., A Description of the
Banda Islands, 1865., xii. 324
Journey through the interior of China,
Canton to Hankow, 1866., xii. 51,
xiii. 289
letter acknowledging help received from
English Naval men during the latter
journey, xii. 54
Travels in the Eastern Arohipelago
(1868.), review, xiii. 289
Bida, capital of Nupe, W. Africa, on the
Niger, Baikie at, 1857., ii. 87 ; 1859.,
v. 45, ix. 73-4 ; 1861-2., xi. 49
Crowther at, 1841. and 1871., xxi. 481,
487
described by Knowles, 1864., ix. 73-4
English settlement at, (1865.), x. 117
the King of, viii. 53, x. 117, xxi. 487
Bidie, G., Effect of Forest Destruction in
Coorg, xiii. 74, cited 81
Biddulph, Capt. J., Report on Forsyth's
Trip from Kashgar to MaralbaBhee,
1873-4.,xviii.425,430; journey of, across
the Pamirs, 433
 , Maj., on the Inland Sea of Japan,
v. 134

 , R., Treasurer of R.G.S., death of,
(1864.), viii. 121
Bienne, Lake of, Switzerland, geological
' formation of St. Peter's Island in,
xxii. 456

Big Boumba, W. Africa, people of,
xvii. 128-9
 Falls, Rama river, C. America,
xii. 38-40
Bigg- Wither, T., see Wither, T. Bigg-
Bight, the Great Australian, admiralty
surveys of, xxi. 435
explorations of and from —
Eyre's along (1841.), xix. 482
Forrest's, 1870., xix. 482, 488-9,
xx. 371
Larnach's, inland from, (1865.), is.
76
settlements near, xix. 488-9
Bihe', West Africa, i. 245, xx. 121
Cameron in, (1875.), xx. 320
climate of, and possibilities of cultiva
tion, xx. 324
district near, i. 246, and traveller at,
249
hills of, source of Okovango river,
iv. 72
Magyar's residence in, ii. 284, x. 261
palm oil trade of, xx. 318
wax trade of, xx. 131, 319, 320, and
ivory trade of, xx. 131
Bijuga (or Bissago, q.v.) Islands, W. Africa,
O'Connor's expedition to, 1857., and its
results, iii. 379
Bikaneer Desert,' Rahjputana, India, sur
vey operations in, xix. 436
Bilashur, Central Provinces, India, coal
fields of, xv. 283
Billat, ancient city, mouth of Euphrates,
earlier names of, i. 287
Billeh, A\r. Africa, education at, xvii. IIS
Billwass river, C. America, xiii. 61
Bimbia river, W. Africa, vi. 239
volcanic flames seen near, vi. 248
Binkoka river, Borneo, coal along, ii. 345
Bingoldagh Mt., Asia Minor, explored by
Tchihatcheff, (1858.), iii. 371
Binue river, see Benue and Chadda
Bir Aii, S. Arabia, coal of, xv. 320
visited by Miles, 1870., xv. 319
Birch, Hon. J. W. W., obituary notice of,
1876., xx. 401
Bird, W. W,, obituary notice of, 1858.,
ii. 253
Birdwood, Dr., on the Boswellia trees of
Somaliland, xvi. 154
Birika peak, Mt. Owen Stanley, N. Guinea,
xx. 332
Birjand, S. Persia, chief city of Kaian,
xvii. 89
Birkhead Creek, Queensland, region near,
x. 63
Birs Nimroud, or Nineveh, i. 47
Bisa country, C. Africa, Livingstone's last
journey in, xviii. 245
Bisahir, Trans-Himalayas, iron of, xiii,
189
small-pox in, 1867., xiii. 186

BIS— BLA

59

Biscay, Bay of, deep-sea soundings iu,
I860., iv- 152
swell in, ix. 174
Biscoe, Capt., journal of (1830-3.), pre
sented to R.G.S.. by Enderby, ii. 171
Biserta, Tunis, described, vi. 210
lake of, and tingia fishery in, vi. 214-5
Bishar, Jebel, Sinaitic Peninsula, de
scribed, Palmer at, 1868., xiii. 216
Bishari Desert, desiccation of dead animals
in, Galton on, viii. 154
Bish-Aryk, Kokhand, C. Asia, plain near,
xviii. 409
Bisheh river, Arabia, course of, Badger
on, viii. 98, 99, 101
Bishop Point, W. Australia, viii. 116
Bisk, or Biisk, Siberia, Elias' journey
to, 1873., xvii. 191
position of, xxii. 52
Bissago or Bijuga (q.v.) Islands, W. Africa,
colony of, i. 42, 43
BiBsilo, W. Africa, described by O'Connor,
1858., iii. 380
Bitoka Peak, Mt. Owen Stanley, N.
Guinea, xx. 332
Bitter Lakes, Egypt, area of, Fowler on,
xiv. 104
elevation of basin of, Pim on, iii. 181
Richards and Clark on, xiv. 266
 Water or Pori M'arenga Mkali wil
derness, E. Africa, xxii. 384
Biwa Lake : see Bewa
Black, Dr., on the proposed inter-oceanic
Canal, C. America, i. 67
Black Irtysh river, C. Asia, Russian ex
ploration of, (1864.), viii. 206
 Point, Spitzbergen, ix. 308
 river, affluent of the Lualaba river,
xxii. 405
 Sea, or Euxine, i. 306
admiralty surveys in, i. 141, 403
corn from, i. 302
density of its water, xv. 65
desirability of connecting with the Gulf
of Nicomedia, Jochmus on, i. 94, 301
level of, iii. 388, 394
Physical condition of, Carpenter, xviii.
334
prevailing east winds of, in summer,
iii. 208
routes to, from the Danube, i. 94
 stream (Kuro Siwo, q.v.) of Japan,
xiii. 109
Blackrock Bay, Formosa, aborigines of,
viii. 28
Collinson on, viii. 25
Blackwell, E. T., on lakes with more
than one outlet, Norwegian instance
of, viii. 110
Blackwood, Capt. F. P., r.n., (H.M.S. Fly),
and others, Australian and other sur
veys of, ii. 241, iv. 80, vi. 135, 136, viii.
120, 193, 212, ix- 260, xii. 322

Blackwood river, W. Australia, i. 31
Blafell, Ioeland, v. 87
Blagovestohensk on the Amur, Kropot-
kine's journey to, (1866.), x. 233
longitude of, and description of, xiii. 367
Blair, Lt., surveys of Andaman coast and
other explorations of, 1789., vi. 41, 116
 , Port, Andaman Isles, deep water at,
vi. 116
settlement at, (1862.), vi. 215
Blakiston, Capt. T., awarded gold medal
of R.G.S., 1861., vi. 121 ; President's
speeoh, and renly, 125-6
Journey round Yezo, 1871., xvi. 188;
Rawlinson on, 357-8
journey towards Tibet, I860., xix.
284
on the Yang-tse river, vi. 95
Blanc, H., Journey from Metemmen to
Damrot along the W. shores of the
Tana Sea, (1868.), xiii. 39
on his imprisonment in Abyssinia,
xiii. 47
Blanc, Mont, height of, iii. 2, iv. 188,
impossibility of exactly ascertaining,
iv. 244
modern route to summit, discovered by
Fellows, (1827.), v. 157
Blanca, Sierra, N. Mexico, beauty and
elevation of, Wheeler on, xxii. 274-5
Blanc Sablou Bay, Labrador, latitude of,
ix. 131
Blanchard, R., on the population of
Vancouver (in 1857.), i. 489
Blanche Cup springs, S. Australia, geo
logical formation of, iv. 93, v. 124
Blanchewater, S. Australia, 11, 22, 23 ;
country near, 24
water-supplies of, ii. 20, apparently
permanent, ii. 186, 188
Blanco Peak, Rocky Mts., Colorado, eleva
tion of, xxi. 461
Blanford, W. T., on Baluchistan and its
geology, xvii. 93
explorations in the Himalayas, 1871.,
xvi. 347
on lack of outlet to Seistan Lake,
xvii. 94
 and Edgar, exploration of Sikkim
passes by, xix. 341
 and Elwes, exploration of Sikkim
passes bv, 1871., xix. 337-8
Blantyre, Nyassa land, Scottish Mis
sionary Station established at, (1878.),
xxii. 249, 374
Blappa, on the Volta river, W. Africa,
xviii. 187
Blaquiere, Lord de, obituary notice of,
1871., xv. 255
Blauberg Mts., S. Africa, salt pan near,
xxii. 120
Blaze, Cape, or Point, N. Australia,
x, 36 ; Survey near, xiv. 197

60

BLE -BOK

Blewflelds, 'C. America, destroyed by
storm, xii. 30
 lagoon, vi. 75
coast near, vi. 112
 or Woolwa river, Notes of journey
among tribes along, Wickham, (1868.),
xiii. 58
Bligh, Lieut., r.n., and the mutiny of the
Bounty, x. 51
Bligh's Entrance, Torres Straits, i. 80,
xii. 314
Blimman district, C. Australia, aborigines
of, xv. 100
Blodgett, Mr., cited on cultivable area
between Lake Winnipeg and the Rocky
Mts., iii. 126
Bloemhof county, S. Africa, features of,
Fynney on, xxii. 118
Bloody Falls, Mackenzie river, Arctic
America, fish at, i. 53
Bloomfield river, N. Queensland, explored
by Hann, (1875.), xviii. 572
geological formation near, xviii. 103,
104, 105
Blonde Shoal, Yang-tse river, iii. 168
Blossom, H.M.S. (see Belcher), cruise
of, in the Pacific, 1825., iv. 85, xxi.
410-11
Blue Mts., north of Albert Nyanza, dis
covered by Baker, xvii. 23
— —  of Guatemala, xii. 74
  , Lushai district, Tanner's
journey towards, (1872.), xvii. 49, 51
 , N.W. America, ix. 21
 of N. S. Wales, route across,
viii. 118, xiv. 199
 , Oregon, U.S.A., xi. 84
 Nile, (see Nile and Bahr el Azrek),
near Damot, Abyssinia, xiii. 44
tributaries of, vii. 80
true character of, Speke on, vii. 222
Blueberry river, B. N. America, iv. 229
Bluff, the, Otago provinoe, N. Zealand,
geological formation of, vi. 71
whaling station at, i. 356
Blumlis Alps, Switzerland, first crossed
by Fellows, 1827., v. 157
Blunder Bay, N. Australia, fresh water
at, i. 34
N. Australian expedition at, 1 855., i. 32,
33, ii. 4
Blyden, E. W., Report on the Expedition
to Falaba (W. Africa), 1872., with
Appendix respecting Dr. Livingstone,
xvii. 117
Blyth, P. P., on Easter Island and its
inhabitants in 1826., xiv. 117
Board of Trade, Meteorological Depart
ment of, work of, I860., iv. 162; 1862.,
vi. 152
Boaro, N. Guinea, London Missionary
Station at, xxii. 221
Boasuam, Rock, Lake Nyassa, xii. 81

Boat Voyage along the Coast-lakes of
Madagascar, Rooke, x. 54
 along the Coast of Spitzbergen, ,
1864., ix. 308
 along the N. and W. Coast of
Australia, 1865., Stow, x. 34
Boats, Metallic, value of, i. 422
Bobonaza river, tributary of the Pastassa,
Ecuador, xxi. 557 ; see Bombonaza
Boca Chica, Isthmus of Darien, ruins of
Spanish forts at, i. 78
 Tigris, Canton river, China, i. 331
Bode, Baron de, Sketches of Hilly
Dagistto with Lesghi tribes of the
Eastern chain of the Caucasus, iv. 91,
245
Bodegas, Ecuador, iii. 94
Boene, Sabi delta, S. Africa, harbour at,
Erskine on, xxii. 131
Boghaz, Asia Minor, ruins of, iii. 389
Bogle, G.. journey of, to Tibet, 1774,,
xix. 328, 331, 332, 334
cited on the trade and products of Great
Tibet, xix. 342
Bogo-la (pass), Tibet, elevation of,
xiii. 185
Bogong Mts., Victoria, Australia, Miiller's
explorations in (1854.), i. 3, 4
Bogota, CroBB's journey to, from Chim-
borazo across the Central Andes, (1865.),
ix. 277
Bogue Forts, Canton river, i. 331, thrice
taken by the English, 332
Bogwe river, branch of the Gaboon river,
W. Africa, x. 128
Bohlem, W. Africa, missionary station at
on the Cavalho river, vi. 67
Bohr, on the Nile, Gordon's station at,
1875., xxi. 56
Boigu Island, off N. Guinea, and its
natives, xx. 93, 94, 95, 96
Mullens on, xx. 105-6
Nicholls on, xx. 108
 Pass, xx. 94
 river, xx. 93, 94
Boileau, Sir J. P., obituary notice of,
1869., xiii. 270
Boise" river, Oregon, U.S.A., basin of,
xi. 92
benches of, xi. 93
mines near, and position of, xi. 92
mouth of, xi. 91
Bojador, Cape, W. Africa, results of the
rounding of, by Prince Henry the
Navigator, xii. 248
Boka, Gulf of Abyssinia, xiii. 221
Bokhara, C. Asia, cotton-growing in,
viii. 273
dangers of visiting, viii. 272
dependence of, on water-canals of
Samarcand, xviii. 252
described by Vambe'ry, viii. 268
houses of, x. 137

BOK— BON

61

Bokhara, C. Asia — continued,
hostile to the English, iii. 145
meaning of name, Yule on, xxi. 45
Moorcroft and Trebeck's journey to
(1819-25.), x. 137
murder of Oonolly and Stoddart at,
xi. 219
Pazukhin at, 1671., its political and
economical condition at that time,
xxi. 218
rebellion in, 1865., x. 152
Russian, prisoners at, (1867.), xi. 218
trade of, Meazza on, ix. 71
Vambery's visit to, 1863., viii. 267, 269
Bolan pass, Afghan-Indian borders,
Marsh's journey to India via, 1872.,
xxi. 582, 588
Bolivia, Baillie on, xxii. 46
ohief products of, xvii. 66
the Chulpas (monuments of), Matthews
on, xxii. 48
explorations in, Gana's, 1870., xxii. 47,
Rada's, 1868., xiii. 310, xv. 377, 379
Matthews on, xxii. 47
meteorological observations in, xxii. 48
potential wealth of, xxii. 50
silver mines in, xxii. 47
work of Col. Church in opening up,
xxii. 48
works of reference on (1857.), i. 466
Bolivio-Brazilian frontiers, 1868., xii. 340
Bollaert, W., on the climate of N. Peru,
viii. 62
on the dry atmosphere of the Andes,
iv. 49
obituary notice of, 1877., xxi. 422
Boloni country, W. Africa, described by
Reade, 1861., vii. 107
Bolor country, C. Asia, Rawlinson on
Veniukoffs Memoir on, (1866.),
x. 134, 236
meaning of word, xv. 24, xxi. 137,
139
position of, xv. 24, discussed, xvi. 245
 Highlands, Additional Remarks on,
Veniukoff, xiii. 342
 Range, Kostenko on, xxi. 129
Shaw on, xvi. 398, 400
 River, question of mapping of, x. 152
 Tagh Mts., boundary of Aral Sea
basin, iii. 388
Bolton, Mr., guide to Leichhardt Search
expedition, (1858.), iii. 19
Boma, altitude of the Congo at, according
to Burton, xxii. 406
distance of, from Isangula, Stanley on,
xxii. 161
Stanley's arrival at, (1877.), xxii. 162,
163
Bomba Hills, S. Africa, described by
Erskine, xiii. 336
geological formation of, and tsetse fly
near, xiii. 337

Bombay, climate and temperature of,
iv. 55, xi. 66
distances to, via Suez and via the Cape
of Good Hope, iii. 183
future importance of, (1866.), xi. 69
harbour of, excellence of, vii. 97, xi. 31,
69, 222
hot winds of, i. 35
postal port for India, xi. 77
rainfall near, x. 266
tide- table for, issued 1870., xv. 284
trignometrical survey at, i. 371
 Coast, surf of, vii. 97
 Geographical Society, assistance
afforded by, to Burton and Speke, ii. 53
 Governor of. telegram sent by, on
Livingstone and progress of expedition
in search of, 1872., xvi. 410
 Observatory, Buist's splendid work
at, v. 152
longitude of, xxii. 351
Bombonaza river, S. America, ascended
by Spruce, 1857., viii. 221 ; see Bobo-
naga
Bomani, E. Africa, Speke's journey to,
I860., v. 12
Bompong river, Akem, W. Africa, xx. 476
Bon, Cape, Tunis, new lighthouse for,
1873, xvii. 255
Bona, Tunis, lead trade of, vi. 215
Bonaparte river, B. Columbia, vi. 109
• Bonar river, N. Queensland, v. 6
Bong, on the Indus, sandy plain of, x. 308
Bongan river, Borneo, outfall of, ii. 343,
sources of, 347, tides, etc., 346
Bongo Lava, Madagascar, geological for
mation of, xxi. 172
Bongoni, near Zanzibar, ruins at, xi. 36
Bongthol district, along the Upper Indus,
xiii. 194
Bonin Islands, Pacific Ocean,
by whom first discovered, (1827. and
previously), i. 63, 173, 464
visited by Quin, 1837, i. 62
Bonji fort, C. Asia, position of, on the
Indus, xv. 389
route to, from Srinagar, xi. 146
Bonkolo Range, S. Africa, position of, ii.
371
Bonna, Wady, S. Arabia, cotton cultiva
tion near, xvi. 118
Bonner, see Babbage and Bonner
Bonney, C, on C. Australia, v. 58
expedition in the above region, I860.,
v. 58, vi. 56
¦, Point, S. Australia, ii
W. Africa,
inhabitants

18district and
of, Thomas,

Bonny river,
cannibal xvii. 149
explored by Skene, (1856.), i. 156
Bonpland, A,, Humboldt's companion, i.
251
fate of his papers, etc., 1861., v. 204

62

BON— BOU

Bonu, W. Africa, agricultural organisa
tion in, vii. 66.
Boobv Island, Torres Straits, i. 79, viii.
114, 115
Chimmo at, 1856., i. 256
navigation near, xi. 151
parallel of, vi. 200
sailing distance of, from Svdney, viii.
117,118
Boo-hwan, Formosa, villagers of, de
scribed by Bullock, xxi. 269, 270
Booker, W. L., on California and its gold,
xi. 96
Boo Moghdad, expedition of, in the Sahara,
1861., vi. 178
Boord. Mt., S. Australia, ii. 18
Booro Pooro or Gonnewarra (probably the
Neville) river, N. S. Wales, vi. 55
Boorzil Pass, Gilgit, described by Hay
ward, xv. 14
Boothia Isthmus or Peninsula, Arctic
regions,
animal life of, i. 53
relics from, iv. 10
sledge-journey of M'Clintock along,
iv. 113
Bootler's Inlet, N. Guinea, stream, etc.,
in, xx. 334
Borda, Cape, S. Australia, admiralty
survey near, xv. 266
Borgu, W. Africa, Rohlfs on, xi. 34
Borijee Pass, Mustakh range, viii. 35
Bori Tokai (town), Turkestan, xx. 489
Borjom, Caucasus, route via, xii. 71
Bor Kopali Island, Tenga Pani river,
Assam, xxi. 591
Borneo, the Aggis race of, i. 205, xvi.
172
coalfields of, i. 207, 439, ii. 309, 345,
iii. 300
Crawfurd on, i. 206-7, ii. 143, vi. 84
explorations in —
Beccari's, (1869.), xiii. 297
de Crespigny's (proposed), (1856.),
i. 205 ; Beechey on, i. i!06, 208
de Crespigny's, 1857., i. 439, ii. 311,
342, xvi. 356 ; see Northern, below
meteorological observations in. Belcher
on, viii. 9 ; Wallace on, ii. 170
mineral wealth of, i. 207, 439, ii. 309
vi. 84
native name for, ii. 143
need of surveys of, iii. 269
Northern, de Crespigny's journey in
and notes on, ii. 342, xvi. 171, 17'J,
xvii. 1 33 ; see explns., above
rivers of, xvi. 172
vocabularies of, xvi. 179
N. Western coast of, St. John cited on,
v. 197
Wallace's journey up the Sadong
river in, (1856.), i. 193, 439, cf.
v. 197 ; his paper on, vi. 83

Borneo — continued.
Pakattan tribe of, xvii. 133
physical features of, Wallace on, vii.
207
pirates of, ii. 213
seasons in, ii. 170
work of Rajah Brooke in, i. 439, xiii.
266
Borno or Bornu, C. Africa, near Lake
Chad, i. 15
alluvial plains of, ii. 218
ivory of, i. 215
river-bed discovered in by, Nachtigal,
xix. 5
Rohlfs on, 1866., xi. 34
Vogel's journey in, 1855., i. 15, ii. 31
Boro river, Gobi desert, xiv. 249
Bororo or Boruru district, S. Africa,
mountains of, ii.' 364
alleged minerals of, Livingstone on
i. 315, Parker on, i. 314
Borotoi, Borneo, i. 196
Borotse-land, see Barotse land
 valley, S. Africa, great rainfall of,
i. 60
Borlinger Reef, Iceland, v. 73
Bosi river, S. Africa, xix. 119. xxii. 129
embouchure of, xvii. 298
plains near, xix. 123
source of, xix. 127
Bosphorus, currents in, xvii. 254
Bossons glacier, Chamounix, shrinkage of,
viii. 234
Bostan, E1-, or Shaarar hill, curious crater
in, S. Arabia, xv. 320
Bosumbo, W. Africa, elevation of, vi.
240
Botany Bay, N.S. Wales, Cook's landing
in, 1770., xiv. 198
Botero, G., cited on the Bources of the
Nile (1640.), iii. 307
Botfield, B., obituary notice of, 1864.,
viii. 187
Bothnia, Gulf of, slight salinity of, Car
penter on, xviii. 343
traces of ice-action in, viii. 237, 240
Botletle river, S. Africa, v. 17
Bait lake discovered by Chapman,
1S54., filled up in 1860. by, v. 18
Bougainville, Cape, N.W. Australia, x. 38,
islands near, x. 39
Bouida, El, Morocco, proposed harbour at,
ii. 376
Bouincabbajilimar, W. Australia, relics of
white men at, xiv. 192
Boukhain-gol river, Koko-nor, xviii. 83
Boulack, Bijuga Islands, W. Africa, un-
visited by white men in 1859., iii 381
Bountiful Island, Gulf of Carpentaria,
l. 258, 260
Bounty, H.M.S., the mutiny of the, x. 51
sale of bolts from, providing transport
expenses of Pitcairn Islanders, i. 77

BOU— BOW

63

Boure, West Africa, gold mines of, visited
by Reade, xvii. 117, Blyden on, xvii.
127
Reade's journey in, 1869., xiv. 186
Bourgastai river, Mongolia, xviii. 154
Bourgbure, W. Africa, tribes at, xx. 78
Bourke, Sir R., takes possession of the
present Colony of Victoria, (1836.), ix.
228
Bourkhan Bouda Mts., Tibet, xviii. 79
elevations near, xviii. 80, xxi. 328
Bourne, Mr., of Landsborough's Leich
hardt search expedition, on cha
racteristics of country traversed, vii.
42
on temperatures at head of the Gulf of
Carpentaria, vii. 175
Bourpa, Tibet, traders from, at Daba,
x. 167
Bouryat Steppe, Siberia, people of, xiii.
36!)
Boussa, orBousa (q.v.), limit of navigation
of the Niger, i. 114, ii. 317, xviii. 194
Boutakoff, Adm., awarded gold medal of
R.G.S., 1867., xi. 178, President's
speech, 180, reply of Capt. Crown,
181
Delta and Mouth of the Amu Daria or
Oxus, 1848-9., 1858-9., xi. 113, Raw
linson on, 114
Boutebuok flats, S. Africa, game on, ii. 372
Bovie, Lake, W. Africa, visited by Bed-
ingfield, Kirk, and others, iv. 25
Bowael, W. Africa, in the Joloff Country,
i. 514
Bow Island, Pacific Ocean, coral formation
. of, iv. 85-6
Bow river or Saskatchewan (q.v.), B. N.
America, ii. 148
passes near, iii. 123
coalfields on, xii. 141
Bowen, Sir G. F., Governor of Queens
land and later of Victoria, Australia,
iv. 79, 92, 195
connection of, with various explorers
and explorations, v. 121, 122, 123,
vii. 3, 5, 8, x. 5, 32, 33
energy of, v. 123, x. 51, 220
expedition of, (voyage along N.E. Coast
of Australia), 1862., viii. 114, 116,
vii. 172
on the establishment of Burketown
and extension of the telegraph in
Australia, x. 61
on expeditions in Australia, xix. 315, 488
on the expeditions in search of Burke
and Wills, vii. 3 et seq.
on Forrest's expedition in W. Australia,
xix. 315, 488
on Leichhardt search expedition, x.
58-9
on Scott's expedition in Queensland,
(1863.), viii. Ill

Bowen, Sir G. F. — continued.
on the healthiness of N. Australia,
xi. 226
on the progress of Australia, xix. 315-6
on Queensland —
Auriferous and other Metalliferous
Districts of N. Queensland, xii. 13S
goldfields in Queensland, (1864.),
viii. 156
letter to, from Sir C. Nicholson, vi.
117-9
on the New Settlement in Queensland,
vii. 110, 170, viii. Ill, cited 120
on Port Albany, viii. Ill, 114, cited
on the same, vii. 192
on Port Denison, vi. 13
on the progress of the Colony, vii.
110-1, cited on the same, xii. 246
town named after, in Queensland,
vi. 118, vii. 172
on the settlement of Somerset, Cape
York, cited vii. 14, ix. 76, 79
on the survey of the Gt. Barrier Reef,
viii. 114, 117, 118, 119, 211
vote of thanks proposed by, to Mur
chison, 1875., xix. 360
 , Lady, initiator of Queensland ladies'
search expedition for Leichhardt, 1865.,
x. 60
Bowen Down or Downs, Queensland, dis
covered by Buchanan, I860., vii. 83
cattle at, 1865., ix. 303
Landsborough at, 1865., x. 61
well watered, vii. 41
 Fort, Queensland, wool-growing at,
ix. 23
 , Port, Queensland, Admiralty Survey
of, xviii. 539
timber at, iv. 80
 river, Queensland, v. 6, xii. 292
 Town, now Port Denison, Queens
land, vi. 118, viii. Ill, x. 249
development of, and position, x. 65, 249
extension of telegraph to, x. 328, and
from, xii. 54, 55
good land near, xii. 55
Bower, Q.M.-Sergt., r.e., Memoranda on
route from Shahrud to Astrabad, etc.,
1873., with notes by Goldsmid, xvii. 193
Bowles, Adm. Sir W., obituary notice of,
1870., xiv. 294
Bowling Green delta, Queensland, on the
Burdekin river, vii. 2
Bowman, R., of Gregory's N. Australian
expedition, i. 186, 324
of the Leichhardt Search expedition,
1858., iii. 19
Bowring, Sir J., on communication be
tween China and Burma, xv. 362
treatv concluded by, with Siam, (1855.),
i. 13
Bowsong village, Tibetan frontier, xiv.
216, 217

64

BOZ— BRA

Bozrah of Moab, Syria, journey to, from
Nazareth, Eaton, (1864.), viii. 29
Bradford, W., photographic expedition
along W. coast of Greenland, xv.
309
on the ruins in Greenland, xvii. 319
Brahe, — , of the search expedition for
Burke and Wills, vi. 68, 69, vii. 36, 38,
his mistakes, vi. 169, vii. 39
Brahma Khund or Sacred Pool of Brahma,
borders of Assam, v. 48, xiv. 216,
xxi. 593, 594
Brahmaputra or Dihong or Namchu or
Narichuor Sangpo or Tamjunkha or
Tsampu or Tsanpo river, N. India,
i. 270
affluents of, v. 48, xiv. 346, 352,
xix. 336, xxi. 340, 342
bridges over, cane, xiv. 217
 , iron, xiv. 218
British ignorance of, xii. 169, xix. 344,
xxii. 361
course of, v. 48, xii. 169, xiv. 216,
xix. 329, xxi. 593
elevation of, xix. 330
explorations of, Beadon on, xix. 346
desired, Cotton on, xi. 256
Chowsam Gohain's, 1869., xiv. 216
Cooper's, 1868., xiv. 345
Coltam's, (1876.), xxi. 593
Harman's (survey) (1877.), xxii. 355
Pundit's (survey) 1865-7., xii. 146,
xix. 338 ; 1873., xxi. 340
third native explorer's journey along,
1871., xix. 339
gold-fields along, xiii. 189
rapid fall of, xix. 345
slow current of, xxi. 341
sources of, ii. 300, v. 48, xii. 147, 150
trade routes via, xix. 268
watershed of, ii. 300, xii. 153, xiii. 189,
xvii. 40, xviii. 464
width of, xxi. 341
Brahminabad, Scinde, Notes on the sites
of ruins of, Brunton, x. 131
Brahmo, Assam borders, xiv. 216
Braidwood, N. S. Wales, xviii. 532
Braithwaite, J. B., extracts from letters
of Dr. Livingstone addressed to, 1870.
and 1872., xviii. 278
Braldo valiey, a source of the Indus,
visited by Falconer, 1838., ii. 304
Bramble Cay, Torres Straits, i. 80
Bramston or Branston range, Queensland,
vii. 83
fossil remains in, xii. 141
geological formation of, xii. 144
Brand, Consul G., on Livingstone's C.
African journey and its results, 1856.,
i. 248-9
obituary notice of, 1861., v. 150
Brandewijne Bay, Spitzbergen, xiii. 157,
159

Brandis, Dr., on the hill culture in
Burmah and E. Bengal, xvii. 53
on poison juices of the Anharis in B,
Burmah, xvi. 178
Brass river, W. Africa, ii. 83 •
 town, visited by Burton (1861.),
vi. 66
Brassey, T., obituary notico of, 1871,
xv. 260
Bratt, Mr., cited on gold diggings in
Guiana, ii. 156
Brattelid, the first town in Greenland,
ruins of, v. 92
Brava, Somaliland, E. Africa, iii. 209,
x. 98
seized by the Egyptians, about 1875.,
xxii. 448
view near, xvii. 341
 , Rio, Madeira, fall of, ii. 369
Brazil, admiralty survey, i. 146, 407
atlas of, xiii. 311
attempts of, to close Amazon river,
iii. 97, viii. 62
Bates' work in, ix. 245
 work on, vii. 169
current along coast of, iv. 239
early name for (Verzino), xvi. 354
Emperor of, Hon. Corresponding Mem- '
berof R.G.S., 1864., book presented
by, ix. 29
Member of International Congress at
Antwerp, 1871., xvi. 133
present at evening meetings of R.G.S.,
xv. 365, xxi. 505, 535, speech by,
367
explorations in, (see Amazons, Bates,
Markham, S. America, Wallace, etc.),
x. 254
general map of, commenced, 1871.,
xv. 303
Martius' work on, i. 169
maps of, presented to R.G.S., xv. 365
mountain districts of, Wallace on,
viii. 61
native community of free negroes in,
vi. 52
Osborn on the opening up of, xv. 379
railways in construction in, I860., iv.
175
Report of Province of the Parana,
Vereker, vi. 74
Southern, and Eastern Provinces of the
Rio de la Plata, Hinchliff s explora
tions in, 1863., viii. 220
surveys in, ix. 247, xv. 303
Brazilo-Bolivian frontiers, 1868., xii. 340
Brazilo-Paraguayan frontiers, (1872.),
xviii. 120
Brazuelo, Hondo, branch of the Putomayo
river, xxi. 578
Brazza, Lt. Count de, expedition of, up
the Ogowe river, W. Africa, 1876.,
xx. 442, xxi. 473, xxii. 13. 377

BRK-1HU

65

Breadalbane, Marquis of, obituary notice
of, 1863., vii. 131
Breadalbane, ship, drift course of, in Arctic
ice, (1856.), i. 25
Breaksea Island, N. S. Wales, lights
on, port of call for homeward-bound
steamers, ii. 268
 Spit, Queensland, admiralty survey
near, xiv. 308
Breeze river, Congo region, xix. 86
Bre'ga, Egypt, latitude of, and wells at,
xx. 357
Breithamerkr Jokull, Iceland, advance
of, xx. 22
Brekofsky Island, delta of Yenisei river,
Siberia, xxii. 107
Brelum, Siam, geographical position and
inhabitants of, vi. 81
Bremer, Adm. Sir G., cited on Port
Essingtou, iii. 88, 91
 , Mt., N. Australia, forest o,nd scrub
near, viii. 117
 , River, Queensland, coal-fields on,
xii. 141
Brenner, — , exploration of Dana river,
E. Africa, by, 1806., xvi. 127
Brett, J. W., obituary notice of, 1864.,
viii. 188
Bridge or Basalt Island, or Kihwa, Viet.
Nyanza, flat country near, xx. 42
named by Stanley, xx. 155-6, xxii.
389
Bridgett, R., Eastern Siberia and the
Amoor (1868.), xiii. 365
Bright, Sir C. T., on proposed over
land telegraphic communicatiou with
India, v. 222
Synopsis of the N. Atlantic surveys of
the Fox under Capt. Allen Young,
(1861.), v. 70
Brilliante river, Brazil, railways along,
1872., xx. 455
Brine, Capt.. L., expedition up the Sikiang
river, S. West China, under McCle-
verty, 1859., iv. 191, v. 197; remarks
on the same, v. 238
On the Ruined Cities of C. America
(title only), xvii. 67
On the Voloanic eruption of Santorin
island (1866.), (visit of H.M.S. Racer),
x. 317
Brinjga diwan (pass), route through, to
Ilohi, xi. 9
Johnston at, xi. 10
Brisbane, Gen. Sir T. M., encouragement
afforded by, to exploration in Australia,
ix. 226
obituary notice of, I860., iv. 119
Brisbane, Queensland, i. 325, 342, 368, 496,
vii. 7, 110, 171, xi. 151, 195, xviii. 48
Botanical gardens at, viii. 116
cotton from, sold in London, 18(13.,
vii. 115

Brisbane, Queensland — continued.
development of, viii. 119, 120, 292,
x. 246-7
expeditions and explorations —
Leichhardt's from, to Perth, 1848.,
x. 59, 60
 to Port Essington, 1844.,
iii. 33
Walker's explorations from, vi. 174
extension of mail communication from,
x. 328
geological formation at, xii. 142
observatory founded by Col. Sir T.
Brisbane, iv. 121, 123
prosperity of (in 1861.), viii. 192
sheep from, at Somerset, xii. 321
steamer communication with Singapore,
ix. 77, x. 52
'river, admiralty surveys of, xvii. 256,
xviii. 539, xxi. 436
 river, auriferous promise of, xii. 140
coal deposits on, xii. 141
rock-levels in, showing rise of coast,
vii. 42
Brisk, H. M.S., conveying Speke and Grant
to E. Africa, v. 12
Bristol channel, admiralty survey of,
i. 138
Bristow, H. B., of Cadell's N. Australian
expedition (1867.), river discovered by,
xii.. 262
Bristowe Island, N. Guinea, xviii. 33,
xx. 254
Britannia Cape or Island, Arctic regions,
latitude of, xxi. 118
British Association meetings : —
Dundee, 1867., xii. 7
Norwich, 1869., xiii. 4
Liverpool, 1870., xv. 4
Edinburgh, 1871., xvi. 82-3
Brighton, 1872., xvi. 443, 450, xvii. 7
Bradford, 1873., xviii. 7
Belfast, 1874., xix. 4, 63, xxi. 24
Bristol, 1875., xx. 8, 9, 79, xxi. 24
Glasgow, 1876., xxi. 20, 24, 66
Plymouth, 1877.. xxii. 9
 Burmah, British and native rule con
trasted, as to results in, Fytche, 1867.,
xii. 198
Crawfurd on, xii. 204
progress of geographical knowledge of,
Crawfurd, 1868., xii. 264
Trade routes between, and W. China,
Coryton, xix. 204
use of " Antiaris " poison in, xvi.
178
 Columbia (see also Vancouver Id.),
admiralty surveys of, iv. 155, v. 176,
vi. 136, vii. 142, viii. 191, ix. 222,
i. 219, xi. 194, xii. 244, xiii. 280,
xiv. 306, xv. 265
and Proposed Emigrant Route from
Pembina to Vale, Kelly, vi. 231 V

66

11RI— BRO

British Columbia — continued.
" Benches" of, Begbie, xv. 133
boundary of, (1859.), iv. 35
coal and minerals in, ii. 147, iii. 318,
iv. 172, 253, viii. 85, 91, ix. 17, 307,
xiii. 383
Crawfurd on, ix. 20
expeditions and explorations —
early and other, summarized, 1859.,
Murchison on, iii. 322
Mayne, Palmer, and Begbie's, 1859.,
iv. 33
Milton and Cheadle's, 1862., ix. 17
see Palliser
Geography of, and condition of the
Cariboo goldfields, Palmer, viii. 87
geological formatin ion, iv. 226, 229
glaciers of, xii. 126
gold of, iii. 322-4, iv. 37, 172, 229, 253,
vi. 108, 233, viii. 87, 90
images in, Belcher on, xiv. 118
landslips in, Begbie on, xv. 141
minerals of, vi. 233
mixed population of, viii. 90
pines, etc., of, viii. 92
progress of geographical knowledge of,
1864., vii 215
Routes to and products of, Kelly, vi. 107
soil of, viii. 93
 Commercial intercourse with China,
(I860.), iv. 192, v. 198
British Guiana, coffee-growing in, Craw
furd on, ii. 157
explorations in, Brown's, 1870., and
1872., xv. 122, 304, xxii. 369 ; Holmes
and Campbell's, 1857, ii. 154
gold of, ii. 154
Report on the Kaicteur Waterfall in,
Brown, 1870., xv. 122, 304
Schomburgk's boundary survey of, i. 469
 N. American Expedition (Palliser's),
1857., i. 320, 460, ii. 38, 39, 45, 146, 292,
iii. 122, 219, 317, iv. 35, 73, 76, 169, 228,
231, 252-3
 Settlements, The, in W. Africa
(1861.), O'Connor, vi. 15
Broad Sound, Queensland, iv. 80, 81,
v. 5, 6
admiralty survey, xviii. 539, xix. 409,
xx. 408; and tidal observations in,
xxii. 336
auriferous promise of, xii. 140
Cornish's expedition from, 1861., vi
67,68
geological formation of, xii. 142
settlers on, v. 5, 122
wool from district of, vii, 114
Brodie, Sir B., on Livingstone's Zambesi
and other Expeditions, ii. 131
obituary notice of, 1863., vii. 130
Brodribb, Mr., on N. Australia as a wool-
producing land, vii. 177, cited on the
same, x. 89

Brodrick, Hon. G. C , on Public School
Prize Medals, (Study of Geography in
Schools), xv. 236, xvi. 289, xx. 373;
(China), xviii. 491-2, xix. 363 ; (Nile),
xxi. 403; (N. Africa), xxii. 302
Broikow Island, Siberia, latitude of, x,
234
Broken Bay, N. S. Wales, admiralty survey
of, xii. 245, xvii. 256
 river, Queensland, geological forma
tion of the district, xii. 143, xviii. 90
Bromby's Island, N. W. Australia, i. 501
Bromd, volcano, Banda Islands, xii. 327
Brooke, Sir A. de Capell, obituary notice
of, 1859., iii. 250
 Sir J. (Rajah Brooke of Sarawak)—
work of, in Borneo, i. 439
obituary notice of, 1869., xiii, 266
Brooking, J. H., obituary notice of, 1869.,
xiii. 270
Broughton, Lord, obituary notice of, 1870.,
xiv. 293
Brown, A., Notes on Rangoon, 1867., xi.148
 , C. B., explorations of, up the Amazon,
(187S.), xxii. 369, in British Guiana, i
(1872.), xvi. 359-60, of the Kaieteur
Waterfall, 1870., xv. 122, 304, xxii. 369
 , J., author of " N. West Passage and
the search after Sir J. Franklin," ii.
291
obituary notice of, 1861., v. 151
 , McLeavy, on Williamson's travels in
Shansi, and on the opium trade and coal
in China, xiii. 35, 36
 ¦.  , Queensland, vii. 83
 , R. (Senior) —
botanical explorations in Australia,
xxii. 427
cited on fossils, etc., in Melbourne gold
mines, i. 454
 plant life of W. Australia,
iii. 54
resultB of his botanical discoveries,
xii. 296
obituary notice of, 1859., iii. 237
 , R. (Junior) —
Exploration in the Interior of Vancouver
Island, 1864., ix. 305
Heights and positions of Principal
Mountains and Hills in Iceland,
(table) xii. 137
Journey across the Cascade Mts. into
E. Oregon and description of Idaho
territory, 1865., xi. 84, 93
On the Formation of Fjords, Canons
and Benches, xiii. 144, cited, xiv. 327
On the Physical Geography, etc., of
the Queen Charlotte Islands, (1866.),
xiii. 381
Brown, Mt., Rocky Mts., ii. 51, height of,
iii. 320, pass in, i. 462
Brownell, Dr., of Petheriok's 1861. expedi
tion, death of, viii. 130

BRO— BUL

67

Brown's Creek, xv. 99
Broyon-Mirambo, P.,' Description of Un-
yamwesi, Territory of King Mirambo,
and the nearest route thither from the
East Coast (of Africa) 1877., xxii. 28
Bru, Iceland, swing bridge at, v. 83
Bruce, J., confirmation of his report on
his travels in AbyBsinia, v. 214, xii. 6
 , Sir F., Chinese policy of, xiii. 182
Brunei, I. K, obituary notice of, I860.,
iv. 123
Bruni, Borneo, i. 206
Brun, Malte, cited on polar currents,
iv. 238
Brunner, — , exploration by, of Middle
Island, N. Zealand, 1846-7., ix. 34
Brun-Rollet, settlements plaoed by, on the
White Nile, 1856., i. 157
Brunton, J., on Kurrachee Harbour,
xi. 30
Notes on the ruins of Brammabad,
Soind-, x. 131
Brrjsa, Turkey-in-Asia, effect of earth
quake of 1854 on courses of rivers near,
ii. 378
Brussels geographical conference, 1876.,
xxi. 16, 60, 394, 395, 407, 475, 476, 497,
601-2. etc., xxii. 22
Bryce, J., on Armenia and Mt. Ararat,
xxii. 169, 185
Bsyb, or Kobosh river, Black Sea, tribes
of, vi. 60
Buam, Russ. Turkestan, ravine, source of
Tchui river, xviii. 250
— - river, and Hills, Borneo, ii. 346
Buban, Mt., Cachar, India, elevation of,
xvii. 52
Bubastis, Egypt, junction of Omar's canal
with the Nile at, iii. 182
Bubboo Pass, Himalayas, elevation of,
xv. 337
Buchanan, Dr. F., mission of, with Col.
Symes to Burmah, 1795, i. 269
 , J. Y. (Challenger expedition), On the
Distribution of Salt in the Ocean as
indicated by tl e Specific Gravity of the
Waters, xxi. 255, 258
 , R., member of Cornish's expedition
in Australia, vi. 68, vii. 7, also with
Landsborough, 1862., and 1865., vi.
68, x. 64
discoverer of Bowen Downs, I860.,
vii. 83 ; of a Salt Lake, x. 64, 65
Buckingham, J. S., obituary notice of,
1866., i. 118
Buckingham Bay, Gulf of Carpentaria,
discovered by Cadell, 1867., xii. 262
Buckland, Dr. W., obituary notice, 1867.,
i. 383
Buokley, — ,rescued from among Australian
aborigines, 1835., ix. 305, x. 60
Bnda, province of Tuat, N. Africa, ix. 313
Buda-Pest, Cape, Arctic regions, xix. 26

Budw, Borneo, rice cultivation near, i. 196
Buenaventura Bay, Colombia, S. America,
i. 466
Buenos Ayres, Argentine Republic, ad
miralty surveys at and near, i. 407,
468, ii. 268
desert plains near, elevation of, xvii. 61
topographical survey of, and map,
(1866.), x. 256
water jurisdiction of, i. 170
Buffalo Mts., Victoria, Australia, i. 4
 river, S. Africa, xiii. 337
Bugeyeya Island, Vict. Nyanza, xx. 147
Bugis natives, vessels and trade of, xii. 326
Bugran river, Afghanistan, valley sur*
veyed by Cooper, 1841., xx. 247
Buha, Nyassaland, i. 76
Buhay, S. Arabia, route via, xviii. 195
Buila river, Congo region, Cameron's
difficulties at, xix. 86
Buist, Dr. G., secretary Bombay Geogr.
Soc. ii. 53 &
The geology, etc., of the Curia Muria
Islands, iv. 50
work of, at Bombay observatory, v. 1 52
obituary notice of, 1861., v. 152
Buiti, Wasegeyu district, E. Africa, New
at, 1874., xix. 322
Bujnurd, Persia, district near, xx. 172
Bukhtarian Mts., Persian Gulf, viii. 19
Buksaah, Wady, Sinaitic Peninsula, old
road via, x. 159
Bukwa, Afghanistan, road from Khor-
Malik to, xxi. 586
Bulama Island, W. Africa, Beechey on,
i. 156 ; O'Connor on, i. 42, iii. 384"
Bul-oho (lake), Tibet, and its borax,
xix. 340
Bulkeley, expedition of, to Behring Strait,
1866., xi. 39
Bulger hill, W. Australia, xiv. 192
Bull Bay, Newfoundland, terminus of the
first N. Atlantic Cable, vii. 143
Bulldog, H.M.S., Survey of, for N. Atlantic
Cable line to America, (I860.), McClin
tock, v. 62, others, v. 70 et seq.
Builen, Fort, on Gambia river, W. Africa,
i. 513
Buller, Mt., Victoria, Australia, i. 4
 river, N. Zealand, Brnnner's journey
down, 1846-7., ix. 34
Bullock, Adm. F., on Japan, charts by
Japanese and on Tsusima Island, vii. 63 ;
obituary notice of, 1874., xviii. 534
 , T. L., A Trip into the Interior of
Formosa, 1873., xxi. 266
Bulloo, Mt., Queensland, sheep pastured
near (1862.), vi. 70
 water, the Viotorian camel expedi
tion at, vii. 38, 39
Bulun - Tokhoi, C. Asia, astronomical
determination of position of, (1874.),
xviii. 562

68

BUL— BUR

Bull's Meadow, Mt. Shasta, California,
xix. 295
Bully Creek, Queensland, x. 65
Bu-Manda, C. Africa, ivory trade route
via, i. 215, 216
Bumaranah, N.S. Wales, vii. 84
Bumbireh Island, Vict. Nyanza, extent
of, xx. 42
Bunarbashi-su (river), A. Minor, identifi
cation of, with the Seamander, iii. 385
Bunder Abass (see also Gombrun), Persian
Gulf, Goldsmid's journey from, 1871.,
xvii. 86
origin of British occupation of, Rawlin
son on, i. 285
Pelly's visit to, 1863., viii. 18, 19, 265
ruler of, viii. 18
value of, as a port, Pelly and others on,
viii. 19, 265
 Dielum, Persia, ruins near, viii. 19
 Khunderoon or Meerazege, Persian
Gulf, cultivation and people of, xi. 38
¦  Marayah, Somali fort, latitude of,
xvi. 150
Bunder-punch-ke-ghattee Mt., or great
and little " E," Himalaya^, height of,
ii. 109
Bunder-Rig, Persian Gulf, ruins at, i. 282
Bungay, (E. Tibet), information on, given
by French missionaries, xiv. 219
Bunjaai, on the Salis river, S. Africa,
ruins of, and tsetse fly near, x. 173
Bunnaroo, W. Australia, xiv. 194
Buonaparte river, B. Columbia, and its
affluents, xv. 140
Bur'aah, Jabal, S. Arabia, xviii. 195, 200
Burbo, Cavalha river, W. Africa, vi. 67
Burcbell, W. J., obituary notice of, 1863.,
vii. 134
Burckhardt, J. L., explorations of, in the
Hauran, ii. 173, 174-5
Burdekin river, Queensland —
affluents of, xviii. 90
auriferous watershed of, xii. 141
country near, i. 495, 498, 499, v. 4
course of, 4, 6, 7
explorations of —
Dalrymple's, (I860.), v. 6, 7, vii. 2, 13,
viii. 110, 112, 113, with others,
vi. 118-9, x. 34
Gregory's journey along (1856.),
i. 325, 342, 368, 495, vii. 9
Smith's exploring expedition to,
(I860.), v. 121, 122
Spitfire expedition to, I860., v, 122-3
Neumayer's (proposed) near, xii. 287
geological formation along, and at head
of, xii. 140, 142, 143
junction of, with Cape river, i. 368
 ¦  St. Antill creek, viii. 112
 Suttor river, xii. 141
Leiehhardt's discoveries on, and route
\via, vii. 9, 37

Burdekin river, Queensland — continueil.
named by Leichhardt, viii. 118
outfall of, v. 4, vii. 13, x. 34
route via, x. 326
settlements on, proposed, vi. 119, estab
lished (1862.), vii. 36
sources of, vi. 119, viii. 113
Burdwood, Stff.-Comm., Azimuth tables
computed by, ix. 223
retirement from the Hydrographical
Department, 1870., xiv. 309
Bureia Mts., E. Siberia, true outline of,
viii. 201
Burel, Somaliland, country described by
Miles, (1872.), xxi. 153
Burgenei, C. Africa, route to, and monn-
tains north of, i. 9, 10
Burges, L., mountain named after, W,
Australia, iii. 39
on exploration of C. Australia, v. 9
 , W., residence of, W. Australia,
iii. 51
Burgoyne, Capt., r.n., drowned in H.M.S,
Captain, obituary of, 1871., xv. 257
 , Lt.-Gen. Sir John, on the award
to Corporal Church, r.e., i. 115
 , S., of the Leichhardt search expedi
tion, 1858., iii. 19
Burhampooter river, see Brahmaputra
Buri peninsula, Abyssinia, people of,
xiii. 221
Buriat Steppe, see Bouryat
Burjpeer hill, India, N.W. Frontier, snow
on, xv. 388
Burke, Fort, (Bourke), Queensland, ii. 94,
vii. 112, 174
Burke, R. O'H., awarded posthumously
gold medal of R.G.S., 1862., vi. 121,
123, Presideut's speech and reply of
the Duke of Newcastle, 124; 174,
ix. 205, xix. 41
 and Wills, W. J., leaders of the
Victorian Camel expedition from
Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria,
I860., v. 8, vi. 167
expedition of —
account of journey northwards, vi. 54,
70
course of expedition, v. 8, vi. 24, 41,
53, 67, 167, 174, 189, 194, Report
of Committee on, vii. 35 ; ix. 75,
226, 230, 301, 302, 303, x. 61,
xii. 295, xiv. 290, xv. 297
discoveries made by, vi. 171, vii. 37,
41, 53, 67, 68-71, xiv. 200, 201
 of a mountain range, ix. 302,
, probably auriferous, xii. 140, 144
results of expedition as regards the
Central desert theory, vi. 54, 58,
x. 230, xii. 295
  , geographical and geo
logical, xii. 140-4, 295, xiv. 200,
201, 203

BUR-BUR

69

Burke and Wills — continued.
expedition of — continued.
results of, other, vi. 174, vii. 6, 10,
42, 111, 113, 174, xii. 287, 289, 295
routo followed by, vi. 54, 70, vii. 9,
10, 12, 14, 15, 169, xii. 140
fate of, vi. 24, 41, 53, 56, 68, 71, 121,
123, 125, 168-9, 170-1, vii. 9, 10, 36,
40, 41, 84, 174, ix. 230, 231, x. 63,
xiv. 290, xix. 29
traces of, found by M'Kinlay, vi. 170-1,
194, vii. 84, 85, 113 ; by Walker,
vii. 6, 37, 112
funeral and memorial to, in Mel
bourne, vi. 70, vii. 37, 173
monument to, in Devonshire, vi. 57
Burke district, N. Australia, Burke's
Land, suggested name for, vi. 70, 1 68,
174, 195
expeditions in, vii. 173
Landsborough in, (1868.), xii. 56,
xiii. 52, 53, 55
pastoral wealth of, x. 248, 326-8
Walker in, (1866.), xii. 54
Burketown, N. Australia, newly settled,
1865., x. 61, xi. 43, Cadell at, 1867.,
xii. 201
development of, x. 248, 328
M'Intyre at, (1866-67.), ii. 43, 227
oldest settlement on Gulf of Carpentaria,
xiii. 52
port of, x. 248
telegraphic extension to, xii. 54, 55
unhealthiness of, (1866.), xi. 43
Walker at, (1866.), xii. 54
Burku, Wady, Sinaitic Peninsula, xiii.
208
Burmah (see also British Burmah) —
American missionaries in, (I860.),
iv. 189
borderlands of, Crawfurd on, xi. 52
—  Lewin on, ib.
Brandis on, xvi. 178, xvii. 53
coal in, vii. 58, xvii. 344
Crawfurd on, i. 271, 272, 273
Crawfurd's embassy to, and others,
ii. 208-9
Expeditions and explorations —
early geographical expeditions and
surveys in, i. 269
Grosvenor's, 1876., xxii. 345
Sladen'a in and from, 1868., xvi. 305,
xv. 172, 343, 362-3
good harbours in, xi. 222
Kachyens of, Sladen on, xv. 347
Karens of, Crawfurd on, vi. 83
Notes on the Geography of, Yule, i.
269,440
progress of geographical knowdedge of,
1878., xxii. 346
route from, to the Shan States,
O'Reilly, vi. 83
state of, in 1867., Brown on, xi. 148

Burmah — continued.
surveys of, etc., 1857., i. 440
 difficulties of, xix. 437, 438
 ¦ incomplete, iii. 268
 (1878.), xxii. 355-6
trade of with China, xv. 164-5, 172,
363
 routes between, and W. China,
Coryton, xix. 264
 and education in, and ethno
logical characteristics of, xi. 148
Burmese route from Assam to the Hoo-
koong Valley (1868.), Jenkins, xiii. 244
Burmo-Chinese frontier and Shan States,
route surveys of, i. 270
railway schemes, xix. 284
rivers and trade, Sladen on, xv. 362
trade communications, Rawlinson on,
xv. 364
Burnes, Sir A., labours of, in India, ii. 304
Burnett, Com., H.M.S. Pioneer, cited on
anchorages at Rockingham Bay.
viii. Ill
on survey of the Great Barrier Reef,
viii. 115
 District, Queensland, Gregory's
journey through, i. 496
 river, Queensland, and region near,
i. 368
Burney, Ven. Archdeacon, obituary notice
of, 1865., ix. 213
Burnt Island Lake, Canada, ii. 294
Burra Bunghal Mts., Himalayas, snow on,
xv. 338
Burra-burra, S. Australia, coal in, xii. 315
copper mines of, i. 455, ii. 29, xii. 315
 range, S. Australia, quartz of, iv. 84
Burrard Inlet, B. Columbia, fine opening
of, admiralty surveys of, iv. 155, v. 176
Bur Sallum, W. Africa, boundarv of,
iii. 378
Brir Sin, King of, W. Africa, treaty con
cluded with, by O'Connor, 1856., iii. 377
Burt, — , of Warburton's Australian
expedition, camel journey by, (1873.),
xvii. 277
Burton, Capt. Sir R. F., xix. 152, xx. 75,
xxi. 235
awarded gold medal of R.G.S., 1856.,
President's speech, iii. 217, reply,
219 ; iii. 301, v. 239, vii. 213
Account of Ascent of Cameroons Mts.,
W. Africa, 1862., and its capabilities,
vi. 177, 187, 238
altitude of Congo at Boma as detern ined
by, xxii. 406 •
(with others) Ascent of the Ogun or
Abbeokuta river, (1862.), vi. 49, 04
on the disturbances in C. Africa, 1871.,
xvi. 104
On the East African Expedition, 1857.,
ii. 52; and on non-English expedi
tions in Africa, ii. 53-4

70

BUR-BUV

Burton, Capt. Sir R. F. — continued.
explorations of —
in Brazil, (1869.), xii. 261, xiii. 311
of Elephant Mt., Batonga Country,
1862., vii. 21, 104
to Mecca and Medina, and Harrar,
i. 159, 176, xxi. 349
in N. America, I860., v. 1
Lake Tanganyika, Ptolemy's Western
Lake Reservoir of the Nile, ix. 6, 1 2,
elevation of, xvi. 131
on the native wares, etc., of E. Africa,
iii. 357
on S. Arabia and its explorers, xvi.
122
on Stanley's explorations of Victoria
Nyanza, xx. 49
On the Ukara or Ukerewe Lake of
Equatorial Africa, xvi. 129, 131
work of, on Iceland, referred to, xx. 416
cited on elevation of Ujiji hills, xix. 145,
150
cited on elevation of Lake Tanganyika,
viii. 262 ; on its volcanic character,
xix. 260
 and Drake, R. T., Explora
tion of the Tuliil el safii, the Volcanic
region east of Damascus, and the
Umm Niran Cave, 1871., xvi. 104,
334, xvii. 18
   and Speke, Capt. J.
H. (q.v.)
on the discovery of Lake Ujiji, etc.,
1858., iii. Ill, cf. 210
on explorations in Eastern Africa, iii.
210, 348
East African journeys of, 1857-8, i.
159, 181, 309, 450, ii. 52, 318, 323.
324, iii. Ill, 210, 217, 301, 347,
348, 352, iv. 40, 175, 182, 251, v. 107,
139, vi. 185, 207, vii. 22, 109, 183,
184, 191, 192, 194, 196, 213, viii. 262,
xi. 239, xvi. 127, 380, xviii. 144. xix.
248, 253, 255, 262, 317, xx. 38, 47,
326, xxi. 233, xxii. 464
Burton Gulf, Lake Tanganyika, named
by Stanley, xxii. 401
Burtt, Corpl., exploration of, near Mt.
Serle, S. Australia, (1859.), iii. 152, 335,
337
Biinijird, Persia, pleasant summer climate
of, i. 360
route to, i. 357
Bury, Lord, on the Rocky Mountain
region, iii. 125
"Bus," sunken Land of, Wallich on,
xvii. 320
Biisa or Busah, on the Niger, alleged
navigability of tho river below, ii. 87 ;
importance of, ii. 98 ; see Boussa
Park killed at, i. 445
Bush Island, Formosa, geological forma
tion of, x. 122

Bush Mand, N. China, rapid formation of,
iii. 59
Bushell, Rev. R., see New, Rev. C. .
 , S. W., Notes of a Journey outside
the Great Wall of China, 1872., xviii,
149
Bushia Valley, Turkestan, elevation of,
and inhabitants, i. 275, 276
Bushir or Bushire, Persian Gulf, battle
near, i. 281
burial jars at, i. 49
chart of, vii. 139
chief port of Persian Gulf, and district
of, described by Pelly, viii. J 9
climate of, i. 289
Colvill's journey from, (1866.), xi. 36
English resident at, i. 285
inhabitants of district of, i. 290-1
as a military base, i. 355
as the natural port of Shiraz, viii. 19,20
Notes on journey from, to Shiraz. Mon-
teith, i. 279
passes near, i. 288, 293, 321
probable former name of, i. 284
routes from, to Shiraz, i. 279, 293
Stalker at, i. 352
suzerainty of, viii. 18
Bushmen of Australia, see Australia,
Aborigines
Bushman and Namaqualand Districts,
Cape of Good Hope, Moffat's journey in
(title only), ii. 77
Busrah, Bussorah or Bassorah, Persian
Gulf, i. 292, 361
caravan route via, viii. 19, 20
cotton of, viii. 21, xi. 158
indigo of, i. 361
Journey to, from Baghdad, (1849-50.),
Loftus, i. 45
telegraphic commnnication to Con
stantinople established from, v. 219,
and extended to Baghdad, 220
Bussa, Niger river, see Busa and Boussa
Bussaaf, Persia, plain of, xi. 37
Bute Inlet, Br. Columbia, viii. 85, 91
glaciers at, xii. 126
terminus of Canadian Pacific Railway
viii. 92, xii. 122-4
Butler, Maj., on the forests of Canada and
on dealing with Indians, xx. 299
 , Rev. G., cited on Public School
examination in Geography, xvii. 233-4
 . Rev. P., obituary notice of, 1868.,
xii. 230
Butte Valley, California, Alkali desert of,
xix. 295 ; European settler in, xix. 295
Butterworth or Goa river, S. Africa, i. 511
Buttes, the, of Oregon, described, xi. 87
 , Mt., California, xix. 297
— -, the Three, N. American boundary
line, country near, geological formation
and tribes of, xx. 292-3
Buvaau river, S. Africa, xiii. 337

BUX-CAL

Buxton, Sir E. Fowell, on the African
Exploration Fund, xxi. 497
seconding resolution regarding the
Slave Trade, xxi. 610
 , Sir E. N., obituary notice of, 1859.,
iii. 256
Buyantu river, Mongolia, affluent of the
Jabkan river, source and course of, xvii.
188
Buzgush Mts., Persia, KhanikofFs ex
plorations in, (1862.), vi. 163
Buzimani river, feeder of Lake Sankorra,
Congo region, xx. 125
Bwera plateau, Nile region, xxii. 396
Bweyu or Boyya, Zanzibar, curious beach
at, xx. 72
Byain Martin Channel, Arctic regions,
i. 22
ice in, iv. 8
stream or tide in, i. 24, iv. 8
Byelaws of R.G.S. (see Wells), Lee on,
xiv. 277
Byin, Umzilas' military Kraal, S. Africa,
xix. 117
Bylandt, Count, on Dutch and English
naval exploits, xvii. 106
Bynoe creek and river, the main branch
of the Flinders river, Carpentaria,
Casuarina trees on, xiii. 54
land near and navigability of, xii. 57
Byron Bay, Greenland, v. 96
river debouching at, v. 66

i'

Caballa, W. Africa, and its chief, xvii. 128
Caballo Mts., New Mexico, geological
formation of, xxii. 274
Cabango, S. E. Africa, Livingstone at,
1855., i. 92, 315
Cabecera del Mar, inlet, Patagonia,
xv. 41
Cabongra river, Victoria, Australia, i. 3
Cabal, Affghanistan ; —
difficulties of route vi§, to India, i. 298-9
Elphinstone's journey to, 1808., x. 1 39
Mirza's journey from to Kashgar, 1868.,
xv. 181
route to from Khokan, iii. 145
Cachabi river, Ecuador, iii. 94
Cachar distriot, Assam, Eastern boundary
of, xvii. 54
 Hills, Earthquake in, 1869., Godwin-
Austen, xiii. 370
Cadastral Survey, United Kingdom, pro
gress of, vi. 140, vii. 144, viii. 195
Cadell, Capt., exploration of N. Australian
Coast by, 1867., xii. 261-2
On the country E. and N. of the Grey
and Stanley Ranges, vi. 55, xii. 201
opens the Murray river to navigation,
1853., iii. 338-9

Cadiz Bay, Spain, riVers entering and
currents in, xv. 91
Caffuriout, Nile region, xx. 360
Cagayan Sulu near Borneo, Account of,
Chimmo, xv. 384
Cagmar, Nile region, plain near, xx. 359,
an oasis in wet season, 360
Caia, Zambesi river, native fish-curing
works at, iii. 364
Caillance, wreck of, at Camden Harbour,
x. 42
Cairo, Egypt, i. 447 ; date of annual rise
of Nile at, iii. 211
Caiora, S.C. Africa, i. 76
Cairoan, Tunis, a holy place, vi. 214
Cajabamba, Ecuador, landslip at, and
effects, xxi. 560
Calabar, (see also Old Calabar), W. Africa,
climate of, and missionaries in, (1872.),
xvi. 137
Calabash Kay, Belize, geological formation
• at, xii. 343
Caiagouk Island, see Curlew Island
Calcutta, climate of, v. 127, xi. 65, 77
harbour of, xi. 221-2
as a market for Australian sheep, x.
328
as a metropolis, xi. 220
rainfall of, x. 64
in relation to the Trigonometrical Sur
vey, i. 370
Caldera, Chile, proposed railway from,
across the Andes, iv. 45
Caldwell, Dr. H. C, c.s.n., Notes of
exploration of the Isthmus of Darien,
(1856.), i. 484
Caledonia Bay, Isthmus of Darien, in
connection with projected canal, i. 69,
88, 484, vi. 77
good harbour of, ix. 279
maps of, erroneous, i. 486
 river, Isthmus of Darien, i. 88
Caledonian Canal, Scotland, dimensions
of, iii. 189 ; locks on, i. 06
Calheta, Madeira, meteorological observa
tions at, ii. 371
California, advantages of opening mail-
route in, vi 234
biundary between, and Oregon, xix. 2! 15
earthquake in, (1865.), xi. 94
geographical work of U.S.A. in,
xv. 273-4; xvii. 272
gold in, xi. 96, xix. 293-4 ; early expec
tations of, (1578.), i. 469
hot wind of, i. 35
lofty passes to, across Rocky Mts., ii.
124
loss of, by England, 1837-42., iv. 36
Modoc Region -of, Simpson, (1875.),
xix. 292
quicksilver mines of, iii. Ill
wheat cultivation in, xi. 96
Whymper's reports on, cited, xiii. 285

72

UAL— CAM

California, Gulf of, rock-salt on shores of,
xix. 306
Calipo village, Formosa, xix. 515
Oalistoga, California, geysers near, xix. 294
Callao, Peru, geographical position of,
i. 469-70
route from, across the Andes,Hutchinson,
xviii. 204
temperature at, xii. 318
Calmuck migrations from the Volga to
Lake Balkash, 1771., xi. 166
Calneh, see Niffar
C.ilutzo Lake, Tibet, discovered by Bogle,
1774., xix. 332
Cambille, S.C. Africa, i. 75
Cambira, S.C. -\fiica, i. 75
Cambodia, Ashburton on, vi. 80
Campbell's work on, referred to, iv. 190
coal in, vi. 81
explorations in, French, (Garnier's),
1868., xii. 136, xiii. 56; McMahon
on, xviii. 463; Rawlinson on, xvii.
263 ; Mouhot'B Travels in, 1859.,
iv. 190, vi. 80
King's travels in, 1959., iii. 365
French settlement in, I860., iv. 190,
vi. 82
great river of, (Mekong, q.v.), i. 270,
xiv. 344
political condition of, i. 13., iv. 216
vi. 82
ruined temples of, iii. 365, ix. 85,
xvii. 263
Visit to the Ruined Palaces and Build
ings of, (1865.), Bastian, ix. 85
Cambridge Bay, Arctic Regions, i. 96
late opening of the fishing season in
1853., iv. 9
 Gulf, N. W. Australia—
colooy at, advocated, i. 256, 449, 458,
iii. 91, v. 57, 59, 206, vi. 168, 171, 172,
viii. 211, ix. 232, x. 38; established,
1856, x. 251
high land near, iii. 334, iv. 82
need tor further exploration near, xii.
291, xix. 55
Camden Harbour, N.W. Australia, x. 34
climate of, x. 250
settlement at, x. 40, 41, 42, 50, 87, 88
Sholl's expedition to, (1867.), xi. 227
Camels, Asiatic, wild, various views on,
xviii. 79-80
introduction into Australia advocated.
by Fitzroy, iii. 89
used in Burke and Wills' expedition,
(I860.), v. 8, 57
 in Giles's expedition, 1875, xix. 484
 in McKinlay'a expn., (1861.),
vi. 170, vii. 84, 115
 in Ross's expn., (1874.), xix. 56
 in Warburton's expn., (1873.),
xix. 44, 46, 316
variety suited to Australia, xix. 5, 6

Cameron, Capt. C. D., (Consul Cameron),
on the Caucasus, vi. 5
On the Ethnology of the Caucasus
(abstract), vi. 59
obituary notice of, 1871., xv. 259
 , J., On the Islands of Kalatoa and
Puloweh, ix. 30, 31
 , Lt. V. L., r.n., presented with Gold
Medal of R.G.S , 1876., President's
speech, xx. 368, reply, 369
astronomical observations of, xx. 133,
441
discovery of the Lukuga outlet, Stanley
on, xxii. 397, Cameron's diaries cited,
398-9
Examination of the Southern half of
Lake Tanganyika, (1875.), -Vlarkham,
xix. 246
expedition (proposed) into Africa, 1872.,
xvii. 14
journal of Livingstone East Coast
expedition, 1873., xix. 136
letters on progress of above, xvii. 169,
xviii. 69-74, 468
 • on the report of Livingstone's
death, 1874., xviii. 176 et seq.
¦  on journey from Tanganyika to
the W. Coast, 1875., xx. 118
progress of (1874.), xix. 10, 246; 1876.
452, 492, xx. 12, 13,117, 132, 164,18a
return of, xx. 234, 274
 , meeting of welcome, 1876.,
xx. 303
results of his expedition, xx. 325-7,435,
xxi. 11
On his journey across Africa, Baga-
moyo to Benguela, 1873., xx. 304
on the African Exploration Fund,
xxi. 607, xxii. 468
— Elton's maps of Africa and on
railways in Africa, xxii. 253
— native reports of the Albert Nyanza,
xx. 475
 , Major, of the N. American Boundary
Commission, 1872., xx. 276
on Manitoba and the Canadian Indians,^
xx. 297
 , Mr., determinations by, of positions
in Madagascar, xix. 191
Cameroons Mts., W. Africa, vi. 177
Ascent of, and Report on, Burton, 1862.,
vi. 49, 238
desirable as a sanatorium, vi. 49, 65,
and as a colony, 65, 66
early explorations of, vi. 238
greatest elevation in, iv. 72, xvii. 154
source of the Qua river in, xx. 226
true volcanic hills of, viii. 248
 river, ii. 34; freedom from bar at
mouth, ii. 229
probable sources of, xx. 226
Camfield Creek, C. Australia, Gregory's
camp at, vi. 10, 11

CAM— CAN

73

Caminho de Torrinha, Madeira, temper
atures observed at, ii. 369
Camoganti, Isthmus of Darien, gold at,
i. 78
Camp Hill, S. Australia, ii. 22
Campana, Ecuador, Geological Notes on,
1862., Wilson, vi. 248-9
Campaspe river, affluent of the Cape
river, N. Queensland, xii. 142 '
Campbell, D., successor of Mclntyre in
i Leichhardt search expedition, xi. 6, 227
 , Dr., on the pass of Mukinath and the
Chinese mission to Kathmandu, xiv.
214
on travels in Tibet, xii. 166
 , Hon. (Sir) G., on Australian horse-
breeding, xiv. 205
on communications between India
(Assam) and China, xi. 258
on the Geography and Climate of
India, in reference to the best Site
for a Capital, xi. 54
on the relation between forest destruc
tion and rainfall in India, xiii. 82
on the rivers of Cutch, xiv. 123
on Markham's paper, Travels in Tibet,
xix. 345
on trade routes between British Bur
mah and China, xix. 286
on Wakkhan, xviii. 437
 , J., r.n., Geography and Hydrography
of S.W. Africa (1856.), i. 310
 , Lt.-Col. Neil, obituary notice, 1 857.,
i. ass
 , R., see Delany, and Africa. Western,
 ¦, Sir C, on Nangking and the rebels,
i. 341
 , W. K., see Holmes, Sir W. H., and
Caratal
 , see Thomson and Campbell
Campbell Is., Torres Straits, i. 80
Campo de Inhoho, typical barren desert
spot in Brazil, xx. 461, 462
Campiiyas river, Amazonian region, tribu
tary of the Putomayo, xxi. 572
Cana, S. Cruz de, Isthmus of Darien,
gold mines near, i. 78
 river, ib.
Canabc' river, Paraguay, feeder of the
Ypoa Lagoon, xx. 498
Canabek or Kanabek Island, W. Africa,
O'Connor on, i. 42, 43
Canada (see British Columbia, British
North America, etc., etc.)
advancing prosperity of, 1857., i. 264
climate of, compared with that of S.
Manchuria, xiii. 31
dislike to connection with U.S.A., in,
xx. 297
geological survey roport, 1858., ii.
293-4
government exploration in, to Red river,
1857-8., iii, 126, v. 202

Canada — continued.
government exploration under Hind, in
the West of, 1860.,iv. 171
mileage of railways and canals in,
(1858.), ii. 342
rivers of, "Mares " of, described, xvii. 134
seasons in, viii. 92
Canadian Pacific Railway (see Palliser's
explorations) —
forecasts of, iv. 233, 253, v. 202, vi. 108
route for, settled, 1876., xx. 296
Canara, N. and S., Madras Presidency,
- cultivation in, vii. 96
Canary Islands, visited by Vespucci,
iii. 389
Cancoso Mt., Persia, latitude of, xii. 127
Candahar, Afghanistan, country near,
i. 298 ; see also Kandahar
Marsh's journey to India via, 1872.,
xxi. 582, 587
Candelaria Mt., Ecuador, xxi. 562
Candia Island, sea-depths near, i. 405
Candolle, M. de, on the award of R.G.S.
gold medal to Dr. Thompson, x. 180
Canelds, Ecuador, gold mines at, iii. 96 ;
meteorological observations at, iii. 94
Canklem, Shan village, xx. 235
Canning, Lord, i. 85 ; on the Indian
trigonometrical survey and discovery
of coal in Kashmir, iv. 30
Canoa Island, N. Guinea, natives of,
D'Albertis, xx. 347
Canoe Creek, B. Columbia, width of valley
at, xv. 140
 river, Rocky Mts., ix. 19
Canons, cauBe of formation of, Bell on,
xiii. 141 ; Brown on, 144, 146
Canoona, N. Queensland, auriferous pro
mise of district, xii. 140, 142
Canterbury province, N. Zealand, Alps
of, viii. 56
gold and coal in, viii. 57
Surveys of Mts. in, 1861-3., Haast,
viii. 56
Canton, China, iii. 86
desirability of English occupation of,
i. 340
Excursion to the West of, Oliver, 1861.,
vi. 85, 227
massacres at, ii. 207
Memoir on Neighbourhood of, Davis,
1857., i. 330
paper factories near, v. 241
temperature at, v. 125
trigonometrical survey of, 1858., ii. 267
 province, increasing wealth of, I860.,
v. 51
 river (Si- or Chu-Kiang), ascent of,
and N. affluent, Bickmore, xii. 51
admiralty survey of, iii. 267, vii. 142
Oliver's journey up, 1861., vi. 85
piracy on, i. 333, 339-40
probable best entrance to, v. 241

74

CAP— CAR

Capaue, S.C. Africa, i. 75
Cape Breton Island, maps, etc., of, I860.,
iv. 156
Cape Coast Castle, W. Africa, country
near, Reade on, xiii. 357
Settlement at, O'Connor on, vi. 15 ;
Wolseley on, xviii. 293
snails of, xiii. 293
Cape Colony (see Good Hope, Cape of)
Diamonds discovered at Hope Town
in, 1867., Tennant, xii. 322
Hottentots from, with Speke, v. 11, 12,
13, 14
Moffat's survey in, (1858.), ii. 320
voluntary aid to Speke's E. African
expedition, I860., from Government
of, v. 14
Cape Point, S. Africa, lighthouse set up
on, I860., iv. 153
Cape river, N. Queensland, i. 368
discovered by Leichhardt, xii. 140
 Gold Field, area and position
of, xii. 138, 141, 142, 143
Cape Town Farm, Qua river, W. Africa,
xx. 225
Cape Verde Islands, discovery of, xii. 247
Capella, Mr., wind chart of Equatorial
Atlantic and currents in same, vii. 51
Capitan, Sierra, highest mountains in N.
Mexico, altitude, length and geological
formation, xxii. 275
Capper, R., letter on ivory trade of Congo
river, xx. 132
Capricorn, Cape, N. Queensland, admiralty
survey near, xvi. 321
Caqueti river, Peru, viii. 61 ; see Japurd,
Caqueza valley, Guiana, i. 252
Carabane, W. Africa, French settlement
on the Casamance river, i. 44
Caracoles, Bolivia, silver mines of, xxii.
47
Carapana, Ecuador, mouth of the Gara-
parana river at, xxi. 572, 574
Caratal, B. Guiana, gold mines of, Holmes'
and Campbell's expedition to, 1857., ii.
154
Caravaya province, S. Peru, forests of,
xviii. 213
gold of, etc., Markham on, v. 224
Rivers San Gavan and Ayapata in, ex
plored by Raimondy, 1864., xi. 102
C'ardwell settlement, Queensland, ix. 77 ;
founded, 1864., x. 248 ; Dalrymple on.
x. 33-4
telegraph extension to, x. 328, xii. 54-5
Carew, Mr., station of, at Euroomba,
Queensland, iii. 19
Carey, Carey's, or Gary Islands, Arctic
regions, ix. 182 ; birds of, i. 53, xx. 59
departure of Arctic expedition from
xx. 59
Carguairazo Mt., Ecuador, elevation of,
xxi. 556

Caribana Point, Isthmus of Darien,
xii. 64
Caribean Sea, floor of, Duncan on, xxii. 74
 , Islands of, wheat-supply from,
i. 252
Cariboo district, B. Columbia, cinnabar
in, vi. 233
described, vii. 88-9
gold-diggings in, Mayne on, vi. 109
Goldfields of. Palmer, viii. 87
Cariduro Creek (Eyre Creek), traces of
Burke and Wills found at, by McKinlay
(1861.), vii. 85
Carimata St., Indian archipelago, ad
miralty survey, xxi. 434
Carlisle Bay, Santa Cruz Islands, murder
of Goodenough at, 1875., xx. 394
Carlsen, Capt., awarded gold) watch of
R.G.S., 1873., xvii. 226, President's
speech and Hochechild's reply. 232
circumnavigation of Novaya Zemlya
by, 1871., xvi. 361-3
Carlton House Fort, Brit. N. America,
i. 462, ii. 45, 149 "
Carmichael, Mr., of Giles' W. Australian
expedition, 1873., xvii. 277
Carnarvon, Earl of, on receiving Patron's
gold medal of R.G.S., for Palliser, 1859.,
on the progress of British Columbia,
iii. 221
 Settlement, Gulf of Carpentaria,
formed, 1867., xi. 227, xiii. 52
Carnbee, Baron P. MelviU von, obituary
notice, I860., iv. 135
Carnegie, Comr. Hon. J., report on the
new settlement of Somerset, Cape York,
1864., ix. 76, 77
Carpentaria, Gulf of, X. Australia, v. 56,
vi. 173, vii. 84, xii. 313, xiii. 55
climate, i. 81, 83-6, 192, 456-7, 500,
vii. 113, 114, 175, viii. 121, 255-7,
xii. 315, 321
coast, marshy, vii. 87, xx. 108
colonisation of region, progress of,
i. 79, v. 57, vi. 13, 167, 171, viii. 113,
114, 121, x. 52
 proposed, (1863.), vii. 170, 175
¦  , various opinions on, i. 343, 497,
ii. 321, iv. 84, viii. Ill
 effected (1865.), x. 61, 62, 64, 220,
248, xi. 227, xii. 290
country near, iii. 90, 91, v. 59, vii. 6. 7,
8, 174, ix. 232, x. 77, 249
 , pastoral possibilities of,
iii. 86, 87, x. 88, xii. 58
depth and density of water of, i. 260,
xii. 317
ns entrepot for Indo-Australian horse
trade, xiv. 206
expeditions and explorations —
Burke and Wills, (I860.), vi. 171.
vii. 36. 37, 41, 53, 67, 68. 71. 110.
169, 173, xiv. 200. 201

CAR— CAS

75

Carpentaria, Gulf of, N. Australia — contd.
expeditions and explorations — contd.
Chimmo, (1856.), i. 173, 255,, 309,
325 343
Cornish, (1862,), vi. 67
Gregory, (1856.), i. 171, 189-90, 191,
229, 261, 342, 367, 493, ii. 8, 10, vii. 6 1
Landsborough (1862.), vii. 3, 10, 38,
111 ; do., 1868., xiii. 52
Leichhardt; 1846., vii. 15, 85
Mclntyre, (1863.), ix. 301, xi. 5, 226
M'Kinlay, (1862.), vii. 176-7
Mitchell, towards (1845-6.), xii. 141
Stokes, (1837-1841.), vii. 87, 116
Stokes to Landsborough, progress of,
i. 84, vii. 116
Stuart, (near), I860., v. 55, 56 ; (to),
vi. 10, 11, 14
Walker, (1863.), vii. 173
geology of, Fitton on, i. 501, 502;
ii. 210, ix. .232
influence of winds of, xii. 317
islands in, geological formation of, ii.
211, 214
last traces of Leichhardt found near.
vii. 175, ix. 303-4, xiv. 190 '
low lands at head of, iv. 82, 96
Malay fishermen in, i. 338, ii. 211
maps of, sent home, 1862., vi. 194
mountains near, vii. 4
natives of, i. 258, ii. 212
Notes on the District of. Lamb., x.
325 (cf. 248)
Physical Geography of, Wilson, ii. 210
proposed penal settlement at, i. 80, 82,
83, 172, 192
prospects of route to, ix. 303
rivers flowing into, iii. 32, 157, vii. 41,
85, 112, 114, viii. 118, x. 33, 59,
326-7, xii. 56, 57, 138, 139
routes to and from, i. 34, v. 6, 55, vi. 70,
vii. 9, 12, 40, 41, 42, 83
sea-cucumbers of, i. 338
telegraph extension to, xii. 54, 55
tide in, vii. 4
vegetation of, i. 368, 492, 497
watershed of, i. 501, vii. 14, xii. 139
Carpenter, Dr. W. B., Comparative Tem
perature of the Atlantic and other
Oceans, xv. 73 et seq.
On the Gibraltar Current, the Gulf
Stream, and General Oceanic Circu
lation, xv. 54-88, 191, letter on, from
Sir J. Hersohel, 211
Further Inquiries on Oceanic Circula
tion, xviii. 301
Summary of Recent Observations on
Ocean Temperature, made in H.M.S.
Challenger and U.S.N. Tuscarora . . . ,
xix. 493
On the Temperature of the Deep Sea
Bottom . . ., xxi. 2S9
cited ou Oceanic Currents, xvi. 84, 323

Carquenes, Straits of , California, depth of,
xiii. 148
Carr, L. (U.S.A), on the American journey
up the Yangtse in 1854., iii. 168
 , Comm. W., obituary notice of, 1856.,
i. 119
Carrizo, Mt., New Mexico, described by
Goad, xxii. 276
Carron, Mr., temperature observation in
the Gulf of Carpentaria, i. 84
Carron river, N. Australia, xiii. 52
Carthage, Tunis, ruins of, Davis' work ou,
iv. 206 ; ruins described, vi. 213
Cartajo, New Grenada, S. America, i. 466
Cartography, Foreign, 1864., viii. 198
Cartwright, S., obituary notice of, 1865.,
ix. 213
Carson, Kit, authority on American travel,
i. 327
CarBOn Valley, Nevada, U S.A., v. 2
Cartacorbo, S.C. Africa, i. 75
Carter, D. cited on the geological for
mation of the Curia Muria Islands,
iv. 53
Caruera, near Tete, S.E. Africa, ferrugi
nous spring at, ii. 366
 Mt., S.E. Africa, wheat on, iii. 104
Carwar Head, protecting Sedashgur Har
bour, vii. 97
Casas Grandes, Arizona, xix. 304
Casca river, tributary of the Paraguay
river, xviii. 119
Cascade Point, N. Guinea, xx. 1 02
 or Coast Range Mts., B. Columbia,
viii. 87
aspect of, iv. 232
climate near, viii. 92
geological formation of, iv. 229
journey across, into Oregon, 1865.,
Brown, xi. 84, 93
position and elevation of, xi. 80-1
railway survey of, 1868., Xii. 121
rivers piercing, ix. 19
trend of, xi. 93
volcanic origin of, xi. 94
Casai or Loke river, Congo region (see also
Easai and Kassahe) —
Livingstone on, 1854., i. 6, 11, 56, 311,
315
Magyar cited on, xvii. 30
Macqueen on, i. 12
Pogge cited on its relation to the Congo,
xxi.. 203
trend of course of, i. 93
Casamance river, W. Africa, Visit of
O'Connor to, (1855.), i. 43
Casella, Mr., on the height of Mt. Hood,
xi. 95-6
Cashmere or Cashmir (see also Kashmir),
i. 276
elevation of, xiii. 11
rain in, xi. 65
Casini Island, X.W. Australia, x. 39

76

CAS— CAZ

Casinka Mt., C. Africa, Mme. Tinne"s party
near, 1863., viii. 11, 14
Casope, Greece, Descripti on of the Ruins of,
Collinson, vi. 106
Caspian Sea, i. 306, iii. 3
alleged recession of, xvii. 163
dew on shores of, dangerous, iii. 7
expeditions to —
Abich's, (1864.), viii. 204
Baer's. (1858.), ii. 280, xxi. 424
level of, i. 307, iii. 388
Physical condition of, Carpenter, xviii.
308
Russian posts on, 1859., iii. 387
salt rocks in, i. 307
shallowness of, and shifting depths in,
iii. 393
shells of, compared with those of the
Volga valley, i. 417
proposed canal to unite with Sea of Azov,
iv. 198f-9
 Russian explorations in this
connection, I860., v. 193, vi. 160,
viii. 206
Russian survey expedition to district,
measurement of Demavend by, I960.,
v. 194
 Gates, views on identification of,
xx. 167
Oassabe river, Congo region (see also
Casai, Kasai, and Kassabe), i. 12
Ladislaus' journey near, (about 1849.),
i. 246
Pogge's views on, xxi. 203
Cassala (Kassala) Abyssinia, described,
x. 282
Cassange', Congo District, i. 248
wax and ivory of, xx. 131
 river, Livingstone at, (1855.), i. 6, 11,
159
 valley,! 311
Cassia river, S. China, explored by Bick-
more, 1866., xii. 51
rapids in, xii. 52
Cassiquiare river, Venezuela, affluent of
the Amazon, i. 251, 252
exploration of, by Spruce, 1853-4., viii
221
Castien's Islands, Arctic regions, xiii
159
Castlereagh river, N.S. Wales, discovered
by Sturt, xiv. 289
" Castilian," merchant ship, voyages of, via
N.E. passage of Torres Straits, vi. 136
Castries Bay, Tartary, i. 406
Caswell's Tower, Arctic regions, xiii
372
Cat Island, Bahamas, claimed as Columbus'
landfall, i. 94
 , Gulf of Mexico, tides at, Evans
on, xvi. 73
Catamaroa district, Argentine Republic,
Poncel cited on viii. 219

Catastrophe, Cape, S. Australia, admiralty
survey near, xviii. 539, xix. 409, xx. 408,
xxi. 435
Cater Cape, Arctic regions, animal life near
i. 53
Cathay, (China), Notices of, Yule, x. 270
Catherine, Jebel (Mt.), Sinaitic Peninsula,
height of, x. 159
Catinna river, affluent of the Zambesi,
potable water in, i. 316
Cato Bank, Coral Sea, admiralty survey of,
iii. 267
light placed on, vi. 199
Cauca Valley, Colombia, S. America,
wealth of, ix. 278
Caucasus, The (see also Kasbek) —
Bode's travels in, I860., iv. 187
Cameron on, vi. 5, abstract of paper by,
on Ethnology of, vi. 59
Cossacks of, origin and organisation of,
vi. 5, 59
Dagistan and the Lesghi tribes of, Bode
on, iv. 91, 245
Journey in, aud ascent of Kasbek and
Elbruz, 1868., Freshfield, xiii. 66
Marshall on, vi. 105
population table for, 1862., vi. 62
Russian conquest of (I860.), iv. 196
savannah-like region near, i. 308
trade of, (1861.), vi. 6
Cautley and Falconer, explorations of, in
the Sewalik Hills, (1858.), ii. 303, 304
Cauvery river, S. India, area drained by,
xiii. 74, affluents of, 78, 81
Cavalla or Cavalho river, W. Africa,
Liberian expedition up (I860.), iv. 185
Missionary journey up, report of large
river at source of, Hoffman, (1861.),
vi. 66
Cavally, W. Africa, colony of liberated
negroes at, (1855.), i. 99
Cavanagh Ranges, W. Aut-tralia
Forrest at, 1874., xix. 58
Giles' camp at, xix. 313
Cave Island,V. Nyanza, named by Stanley,
xxii. 389
Cavendish Island, Bay of Bengal, vi. 208
Cavravassa falls, Zambesi, see Kebrabassa
Caxamarca, Peru, railway-line construction
to, (1873.), xviii. 211
Cayambe, Mt., Ecuador, elevation of,
xxi. 557
Jameson's journey to, (1862.), vi. 188
Cayley, Dr., exploration of the Karakash
route to Yarkand by, 1868., xviii. 112-3
journey from Leh to Yarkand, 1868.,
xiii. 202
on the Yarkand exploration, 1870.,
xv. 24
Cazembe, E. C. Africa (see Lunda), i. 245
country near, xi. 238
geographical position, etc., xiv. 16,
xvii. 67

( '\'A— CHA

77

Oazembe, E. C. Africa — continued.
Lacerda's (and other) expeditions to,
1798., etc., xi. 235, 237
Livingstone on, xi. 238, xvii. 67
malachite of, i, 247
Pereira's expedition to, 1786, xi. 235
slave trade of, viii. 257
Cazvin, Plain of, Persia, iii. 3
abortive irrigation operations in, iii. 6
Cecilia falls, C. America, xii. 33
Celebes Island, E. Indian Archipelago,
non-volcanic, vii. 207
pirates of, ii. 213
 Sea. depth and temperature of,
xxi. 316-17
Central Lake, Vancouver Island, Brown
on, ix. 308
— — Mt. Stuart, C. Australia, vi. 194,
vii. 11, xviii 570
latitude of, xvii. 277
M'Kinlay's explorations near, 1862.,
vii. 113
region near, xix. 51
Centre Island, N. Zealand, natives of,
ii. 356
Centreville, Oregon, xi. 93
Cerain Island, E. Indian Archipelago —
coral.on coast of, xii. 334
praus of, xii. 326
trade of, xii. 326 ; with the Arru
Islands, ii. 168
 Laut, xix. 517
Cerboli, Monte, Tuscany, borax of, viii.
41
Cerredo, Torres de, Spain, height and geo
logical formation of, i. 426
Cerro de Pasco, Peru, silver mines of,
xv. 304, xviii. 204, 205
Ceylon, admiralty survey of, ii. 266,
iii. 266, 268, v. 174
currents off, Heathoote on, vi. 114
Tennant's work on, published, (I860.),
iv. 203
Chaab Arabs, Monteith on, i. 361
Rawlinson on, i. 351
Chab. Persia, canal to, and vessels on,
i. 293
Chabhana-Karahissar, Asia Minor, ex
plored by Tchihatchef, 1858., iii. 370
Chachapoyas, Peru, viii. 60
Cha-ohin, N.W. China, Wylie at, (1868.),
xiv. 181
Chaco or Tucuman district, Paraguay,
xx. 499
disputed possession of, xviii. 120
exploration in, Jacques, 1855., i. 468
extent of, xx. 500
Indians of, xviii. 123
level plain of, xx. 494
Chad or Tsad Lake, N. 0. Africa, xi. 49
affluents of, i. 443, xxi. 492
country near, i. 441
difficulty of exploring, i. 442

Chad or Tsad Lake — continued.
expeditions and explorations —
Barth's, before 1856., i. 113
Denham and Clappertou's, 1822., iii.
355
partial drying up of, viii. 258, 260
river-bed draining surplus waters of,
xix. 5
Chadda, Tchadda, Tsadda or Benue (q.v.)
river, W. Africa, i. 445, 446
expeditions aud explorations —
Baikie's, 1856., i. 16, 155-6
 , 1854, ii. 227
Laird's, (1854-8.), i. 114, 155, v. 161
Vogel's (1856.), i. 114
fish in, Vogel on, ii. 34, 35
junction of. with Niger, and town at con
fluence, ii. 85 •
trade along, i. 215, prospects of, vii. 70
Vogel on, i. 31
Chadyr Kul (Lake), E. Turkestan,
(see also Chatirkul), xviii. 416
elevation of, xviii. 422
size, shape, aud position of, xviii. 423
Chaga Island, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 147
 Promontory, ib. xx. 157
alleged channel behind, xxii. 389
Chagannor (Lake) Mongolia, ruined city
at, xviii. 154
Chagan-Tokoi river, W. Mongolia, source
of, xvii. 188
Chagga E. Africa, New's journey to, 1871.,
xvi. 167, referred to, xxi. 449
Chaglyk-bulak, Altyn Tagh Mts., C. Asia,
•elevation of, xxii. 344
Chagos Islands, Indian Ocean, mail route
via, i. 81.
Chagra, Kashmir, last inhabited spot en
route for Yarkand, xxi. 326
Chagres, Isthmus of Darien, anchorage of,
ix. 279
Chahilston, C. Asia, ruined house at, as
boundary between Yarkand and Sirikul,
xv. 190
Chahuil country, Tibet, streams in,
xxi. 342
Chaillu, du, see Du Chaillu
Chai-tang, N.E. China, coal mines of,
xvii. 297
Chaix, Prof. P., On the depths of Swiss
Lakes, xxii. 456
On the Federal Map of Switzerland,
iv. 243
Hydrography of the Valley of the Arve,
i. 483
Limnimetric and Meteorological
Observations in Switzerland, 1871.,
xvii. 204
Travels in Mexico, I860., iv. 173
Chakansur, Persia, chief district of Outer
Sistan, xvii. 89
Chak-caka, salt lake, Tibet, the third
Pundit at, (1868.), xiv. 210

78

CHA-CHA

Chakmak Forts, E. Turkestan, xviii. 416,
position of, Trotter on, xviii. 419
Chala, sweet lake, E, Africa, unmapped,
xvi. 170, 171
 Point, E. Africa, ii. 54, 55
Chaldean remains, described by Loftus,
i. 45
Chalkude pass, Thian Shan Mts., Russian
Turkestan, xiv. 224
Challenger, H.M.S., departure of, 1872.,
xvii. 17, 257 ; do., and objects of
voyage, xvii. 57
progress of work of, xviii. 11, 535, 540-
47, xix. 410, xx. 409, xxi. 436-8
results of expedition, Evans on, xxi. 66,
69
Observations on Distribution of Salt in
the ocean „ Buchanan, xxi. 225,
258
Temperature survey of the Atlantic by,
Carpenter, xviii. 354, observations of,
on Ocean temperature, ib., xix. 493
Chama or Shuia Lake, C. Africa (see
also Bangweolo), iii. Ill, xi. 237
Chambers, J. (see also Finke), head-station
of, S. Australia, ii. 19, v. 58, 104
assistance given by, to Stuart's expedi
tion, I860., ix. 233
thanked by R.G.S., v. 105, 106
obituary notice of, 1863., vii. 134
 R., on glaciers in Greenland, vii. 78
Chambers' Creek, S. Australia, v. 55, vi. 8
country near, v. 57
Stuart's depot at, I860., ix. 233
 mine, S. Australia, v. 124 .
Chambezi river, E. 0. Africa, xi. 23S
before and after entering Lake Bang
weolo, xiv. 8
the head-stream of the Congo, Cameron
on, xx. 324
Livingstone on, vii. 67, xii. 176, xvi.
438, its course, and other names,
xviii. 263
native statement concerning, xi. 238
not the Zambesi, xvi. 438
volume of, rise, course and outfall of,
Stanley on, xxii. 404
Chambo river, Ecuador, affluent of the
Pastassa river, xxi. 557
falls of, xxi. 560
valley of, xxi. 561
Chamopa, S. C. Africa, cheapness of ivory
at, i. 75
Chamoriro river, S. C. Africa, fordless,
i. 75
Champain, Maj. J. U. B., on the Famine
in Persia, (1872.), xvii. 95
Champion Bay, W. Australia, i. 366,
iii. 34, 53, xix. 57, 310, 316, 481, 483,
484, xx. 370, xxi. 460
admiralty survey, xviii. 539, xix. 408
coast near, x. 49
good land norlh-cast of, xix, 489

Champion Bay, W. Australia— continued. ¦
as a harbour, xx. 408
Meteorological observations at, iii. 48
natives' shields at, iii. 40
Stow's boat-voyage to, 1865., x. 34
Champlain, Lake, U.S.A., elevation of,
ii. 341
Chamuconde, Nyasaland, i. 76
Chancellor, R., discover of sea route to
Archangel, White Sea, (1578.), xxii. 101
Chanchamayo, Peru, xiii. 133
richness of valley of, xviii. 204
Chanchcumo (sic pro Chang Chenmo, q.v.),
i. 274
Chando, Kham Territory, Tibet, A6ia,
musk from, sold at Lhasa, xii. 163
Chandless, W., presented with Gold Medal
of R.G.S., 1866., x. 176, Presdent's
speech, 180, Long's reply, 181
on his exploration of the tributaries ot
the Amazon river, 1868., xii. 339
Exploration of the river Aquiry, 1865-
6., xi. 100, 109
 of the Madre de Dios river (1864.),
xxii. 43
 of the river Purus, 1864., x. 103;
Markham on, xv. 375
work of, as traveller in S. America,
Markham on, x. 105, xi. 106, xiv. 324
Chandore Range, S. India, xi. 73
Chandwara, C. India, elevation of, xi. 57
Chang-ehen-ho, N.E. China, fair at, vi. 226
Chang-Chenmo pass and valley, Tibet,
i. 274, xviii. 112,. described by Hay
ward, xiv. 44
elevation of, ib.
geological formation of, Forsyth on,
xviii. 114
last letter of A. Schlagintweit sent
from, 1857., iii. 144
 river and route, xxi. 328
Cayley on,1870., xv. 25
Shaw on, xiv. 135
 route from Leh to Yarkand, xiv. 41
 advantages of, for trade, xiii. 13
 valley, alkali plain of, dust storms
on, xxi. 40
route via, to Ilchi, xi. 9
Chang-chia-kow, or Kalgan, China,
described by Bushell, xviii. 151-2
Chang-chou, S.E. China, silk manufactory
at, xviii. 171
Changhua, Formosa, xxi. 261
pass near, xxi. 262 t
Chang La, pass, Tibet, elevation of,
xi. 32 ; do. and route via, xviii. 112
Chang Lang Pass, Tibet, elevation of,
xiv. 41, 44
 valley, hot springs of, 275,
xix. 43
Chang-luor, Tibet, x. 166
Chang-po-shan, Mt., Manchuria, Manchu
race .at, xvi. 207

CHA— CHE

79

Chang-shan Island, China, iii. 61
 sandbank, iii. 64
Chang-t6, S. Central China, described by
Margary, xx. 188
Chang Thang district, Tibet, salt-mines,
of and sheep of, xiv. 42, 43
 plain, Tibet, xi. 9, xiv. 209
Chang-Tong-Chen, W. China, trade of,
vi. 222
Chan-i-chou town, W. China, xx. 200
Chan-i valley, W. China, xx. 201
Chan-nam-ling, Tibet, position of, xix.
331
Channel Islands, admiralty survev,
viii. 190, ix. 219, 221, x. 217, xi. 191,
xii. 240, xiii. 275
geological changes in, x. 332
Chanta-buri, second seaport of Siam,
iv. 216
Chao-c-Tun, Formosa, plain between, and
Posia, xxii. 58
Chao naimam soume Hotun, or Shangtu,
ancient Mongol capital, ruins of,
xviii. 156, 158
Chaow-hwa, district and city, N. China,
xiv. 176
Chaou-teen-kwan pass, N. China, xiv.
177
Chaou-ten-yeh, N. China, boat traffic of,
xiv. 177
Chapeau river, B. Columbia, vi. 109
Oha-ping-ho, river, W. China, xiv. 172
Chaplin, Lake (salt), B. N. America,
vii. 102
Chapman, J., Notes on S. Africa, 18(10.,
v. 16, 19, 20
obituary notice of, 1872., xvi. 314
Chapoo Port, S. China, dangerous estuary
of, i. 335
Chaprot valley, Gilgit, forts in, xiii. 130
Chapta pass, Tibet, xxi. 335
Chapuslu, Persia, elevation of, xx. 171,
passes near, xx. 170
Characene, Turkey in Asia, Greek settle
ment at mouth of Euphrates, i. 355,
361-2
Charactagh river, Persia, course of, xi. 37
Charchand, E. Turkestan, gold in,
xvi. 244
latitude of, and surroundings, Forsyth
on, xv. 23
position of, xvi. 242, 244, Polo on, and
Trotter cited on, xxi. 29
Chargot Lake, Tibet, affluents and
effluents of, xxi. 333
Charjui, Russian steamer-ascent of the
Amu Daria to, 1877., xxii. 342
Charles, Point, N. Australia, x. 35
Charley, Warburton's Australian native
boy, xix. 47-8
Charling river, E. Turkestan, xiv. 66
Chartered Company for the Niger region
proposed, 1863., Wilmot, viii. 53

Chawagh, E. Turkestan, jungle and game
near, xviii. 427-8
Chase range, 8. Australia, ii. 18
Chashma-i-Ali, Persia, sacred place,
xx. 166
 Gilas spring, Persia, xx. 170
Chatarkun river, Gilgit distriot, xiii.
130
Chatirkul (lake) Trans-Naryn country,
Russian Turkestan, elevation of, xiv.
226 ; extent of, and absence of outlet
from, Osten-Sacken on, xiv. 227; see
alio Chadyr Kul
Cha-to, N. China, fine dry bridge near,
xiv. 244; fortified town, xviii. 150
Chattachur, Mt., Lushai district, elevation
of, xvii. 52
Chatterton, Sir W. A., obituary notice,
1856., i. 119
Chaunco, Rio, Patagonia, xv. 41
Chauveau, Bishop, map of Indo-Chinese
frontier sent by, 1871., xv. 173; efforts
of, to cross Yunnan, xv. 346
Chaw-wang Ho canal, N. China, xiv. 29
Cheadlo, Dr. (see also Milton)
on the "benches" of B. Columbia,
xv. 141, 145
on the navigable rivers of B. Columbia,
xii. 125
Che-chow-fu, N. China, iii. 59
Check-mun or Golden Mt., N. China,
xiv. 244
Chef, see Keph
Che-fow, N. China, climate, trade and coal
of, iv. 58, 59
value as a port, iv. 60
 harbour, islets in, iii. 59
 Point, ib.
Chehel Chesmeh, Persia, numerous springs
at, iii. 10
Che-ho (river), N.W. China, affluent of
the Han river, xiv. 182
Cheh-Toh-Shan, W. China, grassy uplands
of, xxii. 267
Chekanoffsky's explorations on the Lena,
etc., (1875.), xx. 407-8, xxi. 448
Che-kiang province, E. China
chief town of, xiii. 175
cotton cutters in, xiii. 249
Gardner's journey in, 1868., xiii. 170
sea-barrier of, xiii. 177, its origiu,
xiii. 250
silk-district, population of, i. 337
Chekodai Bay, Formosa, difficulty of land
ing at, viii. 25
Chelagskoi, Cape, Siberia, ruined ' yourts '
at, xi. 89
Chelicut, Abyssinia, xiv. 165
Chen-nan-Chow, S.W. China, xx. 205
ChSn-ning Chou, S. China, pass near,
xx. 196
Chenooda Station, Nile Region, mutiny of
Baker's men at, 1864., x. 11

80

CHE— CHI

Ch'en-yuen-Fu, S. China, bridge at, and
gorges near, xx. 191
Chenab, or Chundra river, Trans-Hima
laya and India, mountains near, viii. 38,
source and course of, viii. 39, xv. 339
Chen-ch'i-Hsien, C. China, river at,
xx. 191
Cheng-te-fu district, N. China,
capital of, xviii. 163-4
extent of, and wealth, xviii. 162
river valleys of, xviii. 163, 164
Cheng-Tu W. China, rice cultivation of,
etc., xxii. 264 ; see Ching-tu
Chen-keang-foo, E. China, iii. 167
Cheoeque, Patagonia, toldas of, xv. 48
Chepignana, Isthmus of Darien, i. 484-5
Chepo river, Isthmus of Darien (see
Bayanos river), settlement of, nariow-
ness of land at, ix. 277
Cheps, Tunis, harbour and ruins at,
vi. 214
Cherbourg, France, cost of breakwater at,
iii. 199
Chercaouieh Canal, Egypt, labour needed
to keep clear, iii. 200
Chercheud, see Charchand
Chessboard Rock, Formosa, described,
x. 127
Chester, Lt., and Capt. Banner, explora
tions of, in New Guinea, Murchison,
xv. 302
 ¦ Ascent of the Fly river, 18 iii.,
xx. 254, 260
Chetah, capital of Trans-Baikalia district,
xiii. 369
Chetang, Tibet, view of the Brahmaputra
river from, xxi. 341
Chereme, capital of Kordofan, wells at,
xx. 360
Cherkey, Caucasus, vineyards of, iv. 247
Cherry Island, Arctic region, iee near,
i. 29
Chesney, Gen., obituary notice, 1872.,
xvi. 301
Ch, yne, Capt., on N. Polar exploration,
xviii. 18
Cheysimbee, near V. Nyanza, elevation
of table mountain at, xx. 41-2
Chiamdo, see Chando
Chiang-ting, E. China, the Yung river at,
xiii. 171
Chia-siang, see Loong kiao
Chia-yii Hsien, city, C. China, xx. 185
Chibin (canal), the, Egypt, iii. 200
Chibisa's, Equatorial Africa, cataracts, and
University mission station at, xxii. 234
Chibok river, Assam, affluent of the
Summessary river, xvii. 40
Chiboque district, W. Central Africa, hos
tile tribes of, i. 56
Chicago, U.S.A.. rise of, i. 264
Chichik-Dawan (pass), E. Turkestan, road
from, xv. 190

Chichiklik pass, Pamir region, xiv. 66
Chichira river, Assam affluent of the
Brahmaputra, xvii. 40
Chicholi, C. India, lead-vein near, xv. 283
Chicla, Peru, elevation of railway tunnel
near, xviii. 210
Chico, Rio, Argentine Republic, affluent of
Rio Grande, xvii. 59
Chico, Rio, Patagonia, Indians of, xv. 42
Chicova, S.C. Africa, i. 248
cataracts of Zambesi at, v. 130
coal at, ib.
speed of Zambesi near, v. 129
Chidleigh, Cape, Labrador, latitude of,
ix. 131
Chigneyr Su (river) and branches, Kur
distan, xi. 97
Chihli or Chi-li province, Chin»,
commerce of, and outlet for, iii. 63
described by Bushell. xviii. 153
dreary aspect of, iii. 7l
geological formation of, iii. 67
meteorological observations in, and
climate of, iii. 80
physical changes in, iv. 62
Chihombo river, W.C. Africa, i. 11
Livingstone at, 1856., i. 159
Chihuahua, Mexico, Apaches of, xix. 305
silver work near, iii. 109
Chikapa river, W.C. Africa, i. 11
Chikuldar Hills, C. India, elevation ete
of, xi. 68
Childers, H., m.p., on cotton cultivation in
Australia, (1861.), v. 127
Chile, S. America, coal in, xvii. 66
Essay on, Rosales, ii. 371
Explorations in, 1858., ii. 297; 1864.,
viii. 218
Cox, 1862., viii. 160
English, ix. 246
Fitzroy on, 1864., viii. 161-2
government surveys of, xix. 450
Journey across the Southern Andes of,
Cox, 1862., viii. 160
mail routes to, Hoseason on, 1856., i. 85
railway in, across the Andes, projected
by Wheelwright (I860.), iv. 47, 174
 gradients and curves of, iv. 45
Chile', river, Peru, railway viaduct over,
xviii. 213
Chiloe Island, Chile, viii. 160
Chiloweela, Lake Nyassa, lofty mountains
at, xxi. 229
Chiluana Island, S.E. Africa, population
of, xxii. 128
route from, to Mashonaland, Erskine on
(1874.), xxii. 131
Chimalapa river, Mexico, course of, i. 70
Chimbai, Russian Turkestan, position and
tribe of, Soboleff cited on, xix. 427-8
Chimbo Valley and Passes, Ecuador,
xxi. 558
dirty inhabitants of, xxi. 559

CHI— CHI

81

Chimborazo, Mountain, Ecuador —
cinchona collection at foot of, viii. 221
height of, xxi. 556
journey from, over Central Andes in
search of cinchona seeds, Cross, (1865.),
ix. 277
Chi-milk-i-mean, B. N. America, gold
mines of, geographical position of,
iv. 229
Chi-ming-shan, Mtn. peak, N.E. China,
geological formation, temple, and coal
at, xviii. 150
Chi-ming-yi fortress, N. E. China, gorge at
xviii. 150
Chimmo, Capt. W. —
Account of Cayagan Sulu near Borneo,
xv. 384
 of the Search for the N. Australian
Exploring Expedition under A. C.
Gregory, 1856., i. 255,325, 327
opens the Beagle's well, ii. 14
letters left by, on Albert river, ii, 379
opinion of, on N. Australia, controverted,
i. 327
Soundings and Temperatures in the
Gulf Stream (1868.), xiii. 92
surveys by, on D'Entrecasleaux Reef,
New Caledonia, i. 173
Visit to N.E. Coast of Labrador, 1867.,
xii. 195
China (see Formosa, Manchuria, Mangi,
Mongolia, Tibet, Peiho river, Yang-
tszo river, Yellow river, etc.) —
admiralty surveys, i. 144, ii. 266-7,
iii. 270, iv. 153, v. 174, vi. 135, vii. 139,
141, 193, ix. 223, x. 218, xi. 192,
xii. 241, xiii. 277, xiv. 305, xvi. 321,
xxi. 433, xxii. 335
in connection with Australian trade,
i. 453, ii. 28, iii. 271, ix. 77, 234,
xii. 314, 317
break-up of, as Empire, Strangford,
1866., xi. 11
British commercial intercourse with,
I860., iv. 192, v. 198
Canton, Hong Kong and the East Coast
of, 1857., Davis, i. 330, 440-1
caravan routes via Esmok, v. 46, 47
and the Chinese, agriculture and food
of, etc., Gill, xxii. 257-9
Christian missions in, Parkes on, vi.
92-4
Christians along the Yang-tse river,
vi. 87
climates of, xiv. 242
coal in, extent of area of, Lookhart on,
xviii. 174; (and iron), ii. 202-3, 204,
307; iii. 63, vi. 3, 88, 95, 218, 219,
224, vii. 27, x. 157, xi. 262, xii. 52 ;
(and opium) xiii. 35, 36; xiv. 24, 31,
-, 84, 138, 143-4, 168, 177, 182-3, 243,
244, xv. 173, Richthofen on, 294 ; xvi.
210, 213, 215, xvii. 160, 186, 296,

China — a
297, xviii. 150, 174; (and iron), xix.
281, 285, xx. 192, xxi. 265
Coast of, Sherwill's map, iv. 192-3
copper mines of, xv. 164
cotton cultivation in, Gardner on,
xiii. 249
desirability of communication with the
S.W. provinces from Rangoon, Sprycr
on, v. 45
early travellers to, and in (see Cathay),
Strangford on, x. 277
effects of ignorance of geography in,
xvi. 214
emigrants from, ii. 308, iv. 191
to Australia, iv. 194
to California, ii. 206
to Cochin-China, i. 337
to Formosa, viii. 24-5
wide distribution of, i. 337-8
expeditions and explorations in —
Anderson's, (to Yunnan), (1868.),
xvi. 347
Barton's, see Sarel's, infra
Bickmore's, (interior) 1866., xii. 51
Brine's and others' in, 1861., v. 197,
238
Bushell's, (outside Great Wall), 1872.,
xviii. 149
Cooper's, (W. China and E. Tibet),
1868., xiv. 335; (Yunnan and
borders), xv. 163, 173-4
Cottam's attempted, via Assam, etc.,
into Yunnan, 1876., xxi. 590
Dickson and others' (C. China), 1861.,
vi. 166
Elias', (W. Yunnan), 1875.. xx. 234
friars' (Odoric's and others'), 14th
cent., x. 271, 273
Gardner's, (Che-kiang)1868.,xiii.l70,
182, 249, 250
Gill's, (Western China), 1877.,
xxii. 255
see Gamier
Grant's (across Gobi Desert), (1862.),
vii. 27
Keppel's, (Yang-tsze) 1869., xv. 292
Lamprey's, (N. China) 1861., xi. 259
Margary's, 1874., xx. 1S4, 208 ; 1875.,
xix. 390-3
Markham's, (Shantiing)1869., xiv.137,
295
Mesny, see Gill, supra
Michie's, (Gulf of Pechili, etc.), 1859.
iv. 58
 (to Manchuria) (1862.), vii. 25
Morrison's, and others, 1861-2, Parkes
on, vi. 165
Oliver's, (West of Canton), 1861.,
vi. 227
Richards' and Slossin's, I860., vi. 165 ,
218
Richthofen's, 1871-2., xvii. 296 a

82

CHI— CHI

China — continued.
expeditions and explorations in — contd.
Russian explorations in, 1874-5.,
xx. 421. xxi. 21
Sarel's, (Yang-tse), 1861., vi. 2, 85,
xv. 173
Siaden's, (S.W.), 1868., xv. 172, 343,
362-3
Swinhoe's, (Kalgan district), 1868.,
xiv. 83
 (Yangtse), 1869., xiv. 235
Williamson's, (Shansi province),
(1866.), xiii. 35
exports and imports of, i. 338-9
flora of, Dyer on, xxii. 435-9
French coast surveys, i. 423
 missionaries in, Robinson on
(I860.), vi. 4
future Russian and French competition
in, Login on, (1861.), v. 54
Geographical and Commercial notes on
the East Coast of, Osborn, 1858..
iii. 55, 64
Gladstone on, (1862 ), vii. 33
gold ;(etc.) of, xi. 13, xiv. 169, 244,
xv. 164, xvi. 209
government of, in 1862., Parkes on,
vi. 90-1
Great Plain of, area of, iii. 63
 Wall of (q.v.), journey outside,
1872., Bushell, xvi'ii. 149
Palladius cited on, xvi. 208-9
Swinhoe on, 1868., xiv. 83
Whyte on, xiv. 246
magnetic dip in, xxii. 214
Mahomedan rebellion in, and results,
(1865-73) Lookhart on, xv. 174,
Elias on (1870.), xviii. 76
Man-tsze caves in, xiv. 169
Marco Polo and other early travellers
iu and to, (13th cent., etc.) Yule and
others cited on, x. 227
mines and wells of, v. 53
Morrison on travelling in, xii. 171
natives of, universally yellow-coni-
plexioned, ii. 219
Notes of a Cruise in the Gulf of
Pe-che-li and Leo-tung, 1859., Mickie,
iv. 58
opium growing and trade in, i. 338,
(1862.) vi. 91-2; xvi. 213, xix. 286
passes into, from Assam, v. 48
periodic winds of, xii. 316
population of, i. 80, iv. 191
in relation to Australia, i. 83, 172, 453
note, 456, 459, iv. 195
progress of geographical knowledge of,
ii. 305, iii. 292, iv. 191 , v. 197, vi. 164,
(since foundation of R.G.S.) ix. 236 ;
(and its outskirts), x. 235, xv. 292,
xix. 444, xxi. 477, xxii. 344
railways in, prospects of, xii. 53
religion of, xiii. 172

China — continued.
Richthofen'sjourney in,187I -2., xvii. 296
 work on, xxi. 477
rivers of, see Hoang-ho, Yang-tsze, etc.,
etc.
changes in, Murchison on, xiv. 37
Chinese notices of, Edkins, iii. 375
disappearing, in, xx. 214
Osborn on,txiv. 33-4
routes, in, to, and from —
tea-traders', xiii. 14
to, through C. Asia, Rawlinson on,
xi. 164-5
Trans-Siberian route to, Parkes on,
vii. 30
trade routes between W., and British
Burmah, Coryton, xix. 264
 and India, Alcock on,
xiv. 353 note
Cotton on, xi. 255
Jenkins on, xiii. 248
M'Cosh on, v. 47
Montgomery on, xiii. 198
Sprye on, v. 45 et seq.
Russian extension towards, I860.,
iv. 196, xi. 166
 gain of Kirin province, (1858-60.),
vii. 29
size of country, xviii. 492
slave-trade in, xv. 165
Taeping rebellion, area of, Parkes on,
vi. 89, 90
Taouist pagodas in, xiv. 174
telegraphic communication with, across
Siberia, viii. 203
trade with N. Guinea, vi. 43
trade routes to, from Ganges valley,
Alcock on, xiv. 353 note
Treaty ports in, reason for opening,
xiv. 243
in the thirteenth, fourteenth and
fifteenth centuries, Yule, x. 270
veracity of Hue's statements on, vi. 95
China, Central,
Dickson and others' journeys in, 1861.,
vi. 166
commerce of, iii. 76 ; outlet of, iii. 63
 North, admiralty surveys, xvi. 321
demand for rice in, iii. 76
journey in, Lamprey's, 1861., xi. 259
mineral wealth in, iii 77
 , Southern (see also Brine), Dr. Legge's
journey in, (1861.) vi. 166
 West, " loess " formation of, xvii. 297
state of in 1868., xii. 262
China and Japan, Oliphant's book on
Elgin's mission to, 1857-9, iv. 204
China Seas, admiralty surveys in, i. 405-6,
iii. 269, xi. 192, xii. 241, xiii. 278,
xv. 268
depths and temperatures in, xxi. 316-7
soundings in, results of, iii. 58
submarine earthquakes in, iv. 62

CIII— CHO

83

Chiha Straits, X. Guinea, xviii. 27
importance of, to navigation, xviii. 2S
voyage of the Ellangowan to, 1876.,
Macfarlane, xxi. 350
Chinese gold-mines in Australia, i. 453
note
 labour for Australia, vii. 89, vii. IIS,
120,211, ix. 22,23
 labourers in Australia, I860., iv. 192
 Names, the Transliteration of, Smith,
xxi. 580
 Notices of their own Great rivers,
Edkins, iii. 375
Chinese Tartary, journey through Ala-tu
and.Ao-tu Mts., Atkinson (1846.), iii.
127
Kropotkine's journey to, (1863.), x. 233
Notes on, Osborn, xi. 162, 166
Smyth's expedition (proposed), 1861.,
vi. 7
 Turkestan, xi. 6
Chino-Burmese frontier, surveys of, i. 270
Chincha Islands, Peruvian coast, depth
of guano on. Peacock on, xiv. 117
Chinchoo or Zayton of Marco Polo, S.E.
China, Phillips on, xviii. 171-2
Chin-choo river, C. China, tributary of
the Han river, rise of, xiv. 181
Chingasora river, Equatorial Africa, old
gold workings at, xv. 150-1
Ching-oh'i-Hsien, S.W. China, country
near, described by Margary, xx. 195-6
Ching-foo, (see also Ching-tu) capital of
Seehueu province, W. China, xi. 258
Ching-kiang-fu, (see also Chin-Kiang-foo),
N.E. China, iii. 57
Ching-Ping, N.E. China, fine walled city,
vi. 223
Ch'ing-p'iug Hsien, C. China, coal at and
Mantzu ravages near, xx. 192
Ohiug-Ting-Foo, N.E. China, walled city,
game at, and cotlon culture, vi. 225
Ching-tu, capital of Szechuen, China (see
also Cheng-tu and Ching-foo), xix. 284 ;
described by Wylie, xiv. 169
 plain, xiv. 35, 170
Chinhai, E, China, seaport of Xingpo,
xiii. 177
Chink escarpment, C. Asia, xvii. 294,
xix. 423
elevation of, and mountains near, xvii. 90
as a Russian frontier, xvii. 163
Chin-kiang-foo, N.E. China (see also
Ching-kiang-fu) —
forts of, iii. 169
port and trade of, xi. 263
rebels at, i. 341
C'hinqueco river, Argentine Republic, S.
America, xvii. 63
Chin - 'sha river, Chino - Tibet border,
xxii. 269
Chios, Greek Archipelago, effects of earth
quake of 1866. ou, x. 322

Chiouga Endoulicq Island, Bijuga group,
W. Coast of Africa, unvisited, iii. 381
Chipchip, Formosa, Chinese town and
military station at, xxi. 264
level of, geological formation at, and
river near, xxii. 55
Chippendall, Lt., r.n., explorations of,
towards Albert Nyanza, (1875.), xx. 12
Chiptyk Pass, Russian Turkestan —
elevation of, and position, xvi. 350
Chire, Rio, Equatorial Africa, ii. 364,
366; see Shire
Chireguelo, Paraguay, yerba-mate cultiva
tion at, xx. 497
Chiri, Patagonia, vegetation at, xv. 45
Chirigui Lagoon, C. America, auchorage
at, vi. 112
Chiring Dunduk Monastery, Tibet, visited
by the Pundit, 1873., xxi. 331
Chiringoma district, near the Shire river,
Equatorial Africa, ii. 364
Chistagh peak, Bolor Mts., E. Turkestan,
elevation of, xxi. 138
Chitata river, Ecuador, xxi. 567
Chitesi's, Lake Nyassa, xxii. 242
Chitral, N.W. Indian frontier, elevation
of, xvi. 260
to Faizabad, Havildar's or Sapper's
journey, 1870., xvi. 253, 339
in 1870., xv. 11 et seq.
Munphool Meer Moonshee on Gilgit
and, xiii. 130
native names for, position of, and routes
to, xiii. 133
route followed through, by Mahomed
Anin, Schlagintweit's guide (1862),
xiii. 122
 ¦, robber-infested to, from Dir,
xvi. 254
slave trade of, xv. 181
Chitral pass, Hayward on, xiii. 16, P*
Leitner on, xviii. 117
 or Kunar river, source of, xiii.
130-1
 Valley real route between and Tibet,
xv. 22
Chittagong, British Burmah, boundary oi,
xvii. 54
Chittiboi Lake, N.W. Indian frontier,
source of Chitral river, xiii. 31
Ch'iung Chow, W. China, bridge over the
Min river at, xxii. 265
Chiwunuko Bay, Uganda coast of Vict.
Nyanza, xui. 392
Chiwyu, Lake region, Africa, death of
Pocock at, 1875., xx. 137
Choaspes river, see Kerkhat
Chobsen, N.W. China, position of, Prje-
walsky's journey to (1872.), xvii. 292
Chobe' river, S. Cent. Africa, i. 56, 240,
iv. 63
probable connection with the Cubango
river, i. 245

84

CHO— CHU

Chobe' river — continued.
tributary. of the Liambige river, ii. 354
Choco, district, New Granada, i. 466
Chocwa, limit of navigation of the ZambeBi,
iv. 27
Chois, Mexico, iii. 109
Chokanah river, E. Turkestan, tributary
of the Kashgar river, xviii. 425; Bid
dulph on, xx. 486
Cho-la, (pass), Sikkim, explored by Blan-
ford and Edgar (about 1875), xix. 341
Cholok river. Asia Minor, see Tcholok
Chombaka river, Nyassa district, xxii. 243
Chombi Mt., Nyassa district, elevation of,
xxii. 242
Chom-gompa, Tibet, site of, xix. 339
Cbomoraug Range and Pass, Tibet, eleva-
t on of, xiii. 187, 194
Chona Jung, Tibet, trade of, xxi. 343
Chon-Su (river), Turkestan, described by
Kostenko, (1876.), xxi. 127, 128, 130
Chontales district, Nicaragua, mountains
in, xii. 32
 mines, xiii. 62, wealth of, xii. 47
Chontongo village, between Benguela and
Mozambique, Equatorial Africa, i. 75
Choo-ho (river) affluent of the Han river,
C. China, rise, course, etc., of, xiv. 182
Choomalari Mt., Himalayas, xii. 166;
geographical position and elevation of,
i. 346-7 ; see Chumulari
Chouga Mts., Mongolia, xviii. 80
Chowra-onta fall, Curiebrong river, Br.
Guiana, xv. 129
Chowsam Goliain's journey to reach the
French missionaries in Tibet, 1869.,
xiv. 216
Chow-ya-tsze, C. China, xiv." 174
Christiania observatory, exact geographical
position of, determined, 1847., iv. 242
Christchurch, N. Zealand, ix. 33
Christianstadt Harbour, W. Indies,
admiralty survey, i. 407
Christie, Capt., journey in Beluchistan,
xvi. 219
Christison, Dr., cited on diet for travellers,
i. 327
Chopi, Nile region, Karuma falls of the
Nile at, 'vii. 221
Chor Hoti Ghaut, pass into Tibet, x. 166
elevation of, x. 168
Chosan, Korea, trade of, with Tsusima,
ix. 299
Chosiea, Peru, elevation of, xviii. 207
Christy, H., obituary notice, 1865., ix. 215
Chu river, Russian Turkestan —
connection of, with Lake Issyk-kul,
ix. 273
Veniukoff on, v. 192
 Valley, Russian Turkestan, xiv. 221
Chuaka Inlet, Zanzibar, bays of and
villages on, xx. 72-3
Chubbun, C. Africa, ii. 34

Chubut river, see Chupat
Chuche, El, Arenal pass, Ecuador, fine
views from, xxi. 559
Chucunaque river, Isthmus of Panama,
course of, xii. 68
Chuck valley, near Attock, N.W. India,
earthquake in, 1853., Waugh on,
xiii. 371 note
Chuh-ke, C. China, rivers near, xiv. 184
Chfih-shan, C. China, xiv. 184
Ch'u-hsiung city, C. China, xx. 205
Chukche tribes, N.E. Siberia, see Tchouk-
chi
Chuke, N.W. Africa, xx. 78
Chukhang Valley, E. Turkestan, ridge
dividing from Tawung valley, xxi. 343
Chukyd Bhutang, Tibet, a large town,
xxi. 342
Chulim river, W. Siberia, iron ore near,
xx. 419
Cliuma, Equatorial Africa, i. 78
Chumah, xviii. 176, 182, 508, and Susi,
Livingstone's " boys," xviii. 222;
awarded bronze medals, 1874., xviii.
495
present at R.G.S. meeting, xviii. 300
and Jacob Wainwright, xviii. 182,
221-2, 254, 300
Chumbi Valley, Tibet. Parijong and other
passes leading to, xix. 338, 341
Chumulari, sacred Peak, Tibet, elevation
of, xix. 332 ; see Choomalari
Chumun, Afghanistan, spring at, xxi. 588
Chung King or Ch'ung Ch'ing, city,
W.C. China, xiv. 237 ; described by
Barton, vi. 87
commercial station on the Yang-tsze-
kiang, xiv. 168
foreign missionaries and Christians at,
vi. 3
hostility to English at, 1861., vi. 4
region described by Gill, xxii. 256
trade gorg"e of four provinces, xii. 338
 route to Yunnan and Kweichow
from, only temporary, Cooper, xix. 284
visited by Swinhoe, xiv. 238-40
water-route to, xiv. 176
Chung . Terek, E. Turkestan, camping
ground, xviii. 418
Chung-tu, Mongolia, ruined palace of,
xviii. 151
Chungu river, Equatorial Africa, scene of
Lacerda's death, xvi. 11
Chiin-shan island, E. China, xx. 137
Chuntodong Lake, Tibet, elevation of,
xix. 338
Chunyu or Chungu, Equatorial Africa,
bitter water at, xxii. 384
longitude of, fresh water at, xViii. 72
Ghupanga, width of the Zambesi at, ii. 364
Chupat river, Patagonia, alleged sources
of, xv. 47
Welsh settleri at, (1864.), viii. 162

mr— CLE

85

Chu-po, walled oity, N.E. China, vi. 219
Chuprang, Tibet, duties of the Jongpon
of, xiii. 184-5
Chuiquanaqua river, Isthmus of Darien,
Spanish fort at, i. 78
track-chart of, i. 88
 valley, pass in, Wyse on, xxii. 368
Chuquisaca, Bolivia, harvest at, xxii. 49
Church, Col. G. E., on the railways of
Peru, xviii. 29; work in connection
with same, xviii. 216
work of, in exploring the Madeira river,
etc., xv. 376
 , in opening up Bolivia, xxii. 48 .
Church, Corporal of Vogel's expeditions,
watch presented to, by^R.G.S., 1856.,
i. 82, 114
Church Missionary Society (see also Mis
sionary Societies), aotivity of, in
Africa, xvi. 126, xix. 323, xxi. 14, 61,
xxii. 15
expedition to Victoria Nyanza, 1876-7.,
Hutchinson, xxi. 498
Churchill, Fort, B. N. America, i. 21
 , H. A., on Livingstone, xii. 22, .180-1 ,
xv. 115
 Lord A., on Africa, ex-slave colonies
in, and cotton cultivation, iv. 221
on colonization of N . Australia, v. 60
— cotton-cultivation in Australia, iii.
89, v. 126
Chusamoolo Island, Lake NyaBsa,
coast near, xxi. 229,
great depth at, xxi. 232
Chusan Islands, off China, i. 334, 335
admiralty surveys of, iii. 270
Chu-sangpo river, Tibet, described by
Pundit 3., xiv. 210
Chn-sin, 0. China, important trade centre,
ii. 208
Chusuljong, Tibet, elevation of, xiv. 338
Chutrum, N.W. frontier, India, road from,
viii. 36
Chutteesgurh district Central India, de
scribed by Temple, x. 81-2
Ohuy-teng-cha, Formosa, country near,
xi. 170
CiaUli, Comm., on the Movement of Waves,
ii. 328
Cibola, see Civola
Ciegos, rin de los, Argentina, S. America,
souroe and course of, and other names
of, xvii. 58
Cimarron Agency, New Mexico, Ute
natives of, xxii. 279
Cinaloa, Mexico, lowlands of, iii. 108
Cipanga, on the Zambesi, iii. 101
Circassia, people of, described, ix. 92
Cis-Anna Mts., Siberia, elevation of and
orossing by Neumann, (1868.), xxi. 214
OisoauoaBian Region, importance of, as
highway to China and India, i. 306
Civola, Arizona, Seven Cities of, xix. 302

Clackamas river, Oregon, affluents of, xi.
82
Clarence, W. Africa, freed slaves at, ii. 228
 river, N. S. Wales, admiralty survey
of, xv. 267
coalfields of, xii. 141
 strait, N. Australia, i. 32
 Persian Gulf, viii. 266, wood
trade of, 267
Clarendon, Earl of, K.G., obituary notice
of, 1871., xv. 253
Clark, Sir James, Bt.. m.d., obituary
notice of, 1871., xv. 256
 River, N. Australia, i. 495
Clarke, Capt. Claude, journey across E.
frontier of Persia (I860.), v. 196. vi. 184
 Capt. F. C. H. (see Neumann)
Report on Congress of Orientalists, St.
Petersburg, 1876., xxi. 204
(Russian) Voyage to Uzbegistan in
1671-2., xxi. 218
 Lt.-Col. : see Richards and Clarke
 Rev. W. B.,
Auriferous and other Metalliferous
Districts of N. Queensland, xii. 138
discovery of gold by, iii. 339, ix. 229
note
geological work of, vi. 175
On the Search for Leichhardt, and the
Australian Desert, iii. 87, 91
On the Winter of 1855 in N. S. Wales
(letter), i. 5
cited on Leichhardt's route, iii. 334
note ; on the rise of the S. Australian
coast level, vii. 42
 River, N. Queensland, iii. 88,
xviii. 90
auriferous rocks along, xii. 138, 143
geological formation near, xii. 140
Clarke's Peak, Queensland, i. 4
Clarkson, see Dempster, Clarkson and
Hann
Claro, Arroyo, Paraguay, elevation of,
xx. 494
 , river, Chile, xvii. 62
Clava, Inverness, cairns of, xiii. 211
Clavering Island, Arctic Regions,
traces of Esquimaux on, found by
German Polar expedition, 1870.,
xv. 106
Clav, R., on the Trans-Andean railway
(Peru), xvii. 66
 , Sir W., Bt, obituary notice of, 1869.,
xiii. 273
Clavoquot Sound, Vancouver Island,
viii. 86
Clayton river, S. Australia, xv. 97, 99
Clear Lake, California, xix. 299 ; Indians
of, xix. 299
Cleghorn, Dr., on forest destruction in
relation to rainfall in India, xiii. 81
cited on the water returns of Tanjore
district, xiii. 78,

86

CLE— C()C

Clerk, Rt. Hon. Sir George, obituary
notice, 1868., xii. 228
Cleveland of Bagulpur, tamer of the
Sonthals, xix. 331
Cleveland Bay and Cape, Queensland,
v 4. 7, 123. x. 328
_;,- l.,gi,-,al form ,t>»n of. xii 143
a se, oml-rate harbour, xii. 56
telegraph extension to, xii 54
Climate of countries bordering on Lake
Victoria Nyanza 1861-2., from Speke
and Grant's observations, Galton, vii. 221
Clinton County, Queensland, pastoral in
character, v. 122
Cloates, Point, W. Australia, x. 47
Cloneurry river, Queensland, xvi. 139
fossils from delta of, xii. 112
gold probable at head of, xii. 144
Cloudy Bay, N. Guinea, difficult naviga
tion of, xxi. 356
Clowes, Rev. G., Journev to Western
Shores of the Dead Sea, 1863., viii. 279
Clutha river, Otago, N. Zealand, viii. 47,
gold-fiud on, vi. 71
Clyde, Firth of, geological discoveries
of Thomson in, 1834., xxii. 309
- — ¦ river, N. S. Wales, Hume and
Berry's expedition from, 1822., xviii. 532
Coal, occurrence of, in —
Africa, East, i. 248, ii. 321, 365, iii.
105, xvii. 356
 , Central, v. 130
 , South and South-East, i. 314, v.
130, xii. 268, xvii. 300, 356, xxii. 121
America, North (general), xx. 293, 296
 ¦  -, British, ii. 147, iii. 318, iv.
172, 230, viii. 85, 91, ix. 17, 126, 307,
xx. 239, 293, 296, xiii, 383
 , South —
Chile, xvii. 66
Ecuador, xxi. 560
Peru, xviii. 205
Arctic Regions, i. 105, vii. 101, xix. 27
¦  and Greenland, xx: 56, 58, 62-5
Asia —
Afghanistan (probable), xx. 245
Arabia, S., xv. 320-1
Aral Sea district, viii. 206
Assam, xii. 334
Borneo, i. 193, 207, 439, ii. 309, 345,
iii. 300
Burma, vii. 58, xv. 344
Cambodia, vi. 81
Central Asia, xi. 13, xvi 406, 409,
xviii. 252
China, ii. 202, 203, 204, iii. 63, 363,
vi. 3, 95, 218, 219, 224, vii. 27. x.
156, 157, xi. 262. xii. 52, xiii. 35,
36, xiv. 24, 25,31, 84, 138, 143, 144,
160, 177, 183-4, 243, 244, 281, xv.
173, 294, 296, xvi. 210, 213, 215,
xvii. 160. 186, 296, 297, xviii. 150.
174, xix. 285, xx. 192, xxi. 265

Coal, occurrence of, in — continued.
Asia, — continued.
Formosa, v. 203, viii. 24, 26, xi. 172,
xvii. 155, xxi. 262, 265-6, xxii. 55,
60
India, xv. 283
* Japan, v. 203, vi. 204, xvi. 215, xviii.
232
Kashmir, iv. 30
Manchuria, ii. 307, xiii. 30-1, 37,
xvi. 215
Mongolia, xvii. 192, xviii. 174
Persia, xvii. 94
Russian Asia, viii. 206
Saghalien, i. 143, xiii. 365
Siberia, v. 191
Turkestan, xviii. 249. 252
Australasia — ¦
N. S. Wales, xii. 141, 315
New Zealand, iii. 339, viii. 57, xi. 228
Queensland, xii. 138, 141
South Australia, xii. 315
Tasmania, iii. 340, vi. 175
Europe, Russia, Southern, viii. 206
Coango or Quango(g,.o.)river, W.C. Afrioa,
Livingstone at (about 1856.), i. 311, his
account of, 315
Cuanzo river, W. Africa, wheat grown at,
iii. 105
Coast Range Mts., California, xix. 293
Cobango trading station, S. Africa, i. 11
Livingstone at, 1856., i. 159
Cobboras Mts., X. S. Wales, i. 4
Coburg Peninsula, N. Territory, Australia,
vii. 171
Coca river, Ecuador, xxi. 557
Cocaya river, Ecuador, affluent of the
Putomayo river, xxi. 572 ; floods of,
xxi. 579
Cocassura, S.C. Africa, i. 75
Cocussilmba, S.C. Africa, i. 75
Cocha Huaya Lake, Peru, xi. 174
Cochin, Madras, ship-building at, vii. 96
Cochin-China, admiralty surveys, in com
plete (1859.), iii. 269
Chinese immigrants in, i. 337
claim of, to allegiance of Cambodia, iv.
216
exclusive use of Mekong river, by, i. 13
French designs on (1862.), vi. 82;
annexation of, v. 47 note
road, archaeological remains on, ix. 85
Cockburn, A. S., Notes on the Geography
of the Belize river, xii. 72 ; on the
Physical Features of Belize (1867.)
xii. 341
 Sound, W. Australia, admiralty
survey, xvii. 257, xviii. 538
Cocks, R. T., appointed Treasurer of
R.G.S., (1864.), viii. 121
Coeksoomb Hills, S. Australia, ii. 16
Cocoa-nut Island, Torres Straits, i, 8Q, 8

COO— COL

87

Coco-Chacra, Peru, elevation of, xvii. 207
Codfish Island, New Zealand, whaling
and sealing station, ii. 356
Ccele Syria, Turkey-in-Asia, elevation
of watershed of, v. 172
Coepang, or Koepang, Timor Island, i.
1*9, 256, 260, 262, 341, 342, 491, ii. 8,
9, 15 ; geological formation and mineral
wealth of, iii. 369
Coetohangia, C. Africa, Petherick's visit
to, I860., v. 35
Coffin, Capt. — , u.s n., claim of, to tho dis
covery of the Bonui Islands, i. 63, 173
Coga river, S. Africa, i. 511
Cogoon river, Queensland, Leiohhardt's
last letter sent from, 1848, i. 322, x.
59
Coguem, S.C. Africa, i. 75
Coimba, large town, S. Centr. Africa, i. 75
Ooimbatore, or Coimbatur, Madras, and
the Cauvery river, xiii. 79
trade-outlets of, vii. 96
Cola, W.C. Africa, xix. 79
Colchester, Adm. Lord, obituary notice of,
1868 , xii. 226
Colchis, Trans-Caucasia, alluvial plain of,
vi. 6
Cold water river, Labrador, source of, viii.
50
Oolebrooke, H. T., explorations in con
nection with the height of the Hima
layas, ii. 303
 and Crawfurd, explorations in con
nection with the height 'of the Hima
layas, and discovery of fossils by, viii. 41
Coleman river, Queensland, course of,
xviii. 96
Coles, J., on Napier's observations for the
height of Demavend, xxii. 218
Colesberg, S. Africa, drying-up of streams
at, ii. 159
Coliabone Hills, Dominica, W. Indies,
elevations in, xx. 230
Collao district, Peru, xviii. 212
early inhabitants of, xv. 369
parallel to plateau of Gt. Tibet, xix.
330
Collaroy Sound, Queensland, v. 6
Collingwood Bay, New Guinea, fir-like
trees of, xix. 233
 , Dr., Boat journey across the Northern
end of Formosa, (1867.), xi. 167
Collins, Gov., first settlement of Victoria,
Australia, under, in 1803 , ix. 228
Collinson, J., Explorations in C. America,
1867., xii. 25
on the harbours of C. America, xii. 48
•  , Adm. Sir R., awarded Gold Medal,
1858., ii. 231, 236, President's speech,
237, reply, 238
on Antarctic exploration, xiii. 120
on Ai'ctic exploration, etc., in 1861., v.
199 note ; proposed, in 1865. and

Collinson, Adm. Sir R. — continued.
on Arctic exploration— continued.
previous, ix. 117, xix. 36, 476, 479,
xxi. 281-2; difficulties of, xix. 220
animals in Greenland, xv. 113
ice barrier north of N. America, i. 30
Kane's Arctic explorations, ii. 199
M'Clintock's search for Franklin,
iv. 9
polar ice and the Spitzbergen route
to the Pole, xvii. 105
probable course of Franklin, i. 23, 26
routes for reaching the N. Pole, xiii.
168-9
Smith Sound route to the Pole, xviii.
18
 ice aud tidal rise and fall,
xvii. 181
on ascents of Kilimanjaro, vi. 50
on astronomical observations in geo
graphy, ii. 360-1
on Formosa, viii. 25
on the Livingstone Search and Relief
Expedition, 1872., xvi. 165
on the navigation of the Yangtse river,
etc., ii. 203, iii. 167
on the Patagonians, xv. 50
on Toynbee's paper, ix. 282
 and others, Hints to Travel
lers, xvi. 1-78
 Lt.-Col. T. B., Description of the
Ruins of Cassope, vi. 100
on the Amur river, iii. 93
Collololab, Abyssinia, oasis of, animal life
at, x. 280, 281
Colombia, United States of, S. America,
Mosquiera's work on, x. 255
Colombier Point, New Guinea, xxi. 356,
358
Colon, see Aspinwall
Colonia Thereza, Brazil, railway survey
in, 1872.. xx. 455
Colorado, U.S.A., Physical Geography of,
Bell, xiii. 140, 142
 river, area of basin, xiii. 140
bore of, xix. 305
, canons of, xiii. 147, xv. 38, xvii. 273,
xix. 305
navigation of, xix. 305
Colston, Col. R. E., Survey itinerary, Debbe
to El Obeyad, 1875., xx. 357
Colquhoun, Chevalier de, obituary notice,
1856., i. 119
— -, Mr., cited on Petherick and on the
Soudanese slave-trade, viii. 150
 , Sir R. G., k.c.b., obituary notice,
1871., xv. 255
Columbia, Cape, Arctic regions, most
northerly known land, xxi. 1 1 6
supposed opening north of, Xares on,
xxi. 100
 river, X. America (sie Snake Fork)
ix. 19, xi. 81, 81

88

(XIL- CON

Columbia river — continued.
absence of current in, xv. 143
"benches" or terraces of, ix. 21, xv.
134
country near, i. 266
falls of, xi. 85
gold near, iv. 76
Hector on, iv. 74
Japanese crew carried over to, by
current, x. 172
nick of, iv. 232
passes leading to, iii. 123
trend of stream, iv. 229
volcanic traces at mouth of, xi. 95
Columbus, the Landfall of, Becher, i. 94 ;
Ditto, Major, xv. 210
Columns, Cape of, Arctic regions, xix.
30
Oolvill, W. H., Land journey along shores
of Persian Gulf, . . . (1866.), xi. 36
Colville, Mr., on attitude of Hudson's Bay
Co. to Palliser's expedition, iv. 233
Comeda?, hill country of, C. ABia, identified
with Darwaz and Roshan, xxi. 137
Comet River, Queensland, Australia,
i. 342, 368
junction of, with the Mackenzie river,
i. 325, 496
 downs, Queensland, wool of, etc.,
, x. 62, 63
Comorin, Cape, S. India, i. 370
rainfall at, x. 266
Comoro Islands, Indian Ocean, de Horsey,
(1864.), viii. 274 (see Great Comoro)
ethnology of, Hildebrandt on, xxii. 447
Compance river, W. Africa, i. 42
Comparative Temperatures of the Atlantic
and other Oceans, Carpenter on, xv. 73
et seq.
Compiegne, Marquis de, obituary notice
of, 1877., xxi. 425
Comux Harbour, see Augusta, Port
Concan, the, Bombay, India, rainfall of,
xi. 63
Concepcion, Paraguay, hills near, xx. 495,
palm clad, 497
Conception Bay, Newfoundland, examined
for Atlantic Cable purposes, 1863.,
vii. 143
 river, C. America, gold from, i. 78
Conchas village, Brazil, elevation of,
xx. 456
Concordia, Fort, Timor, ii. 9
Condolence, Address of, presented by
R.G.S. to H.M. the Queen, on the death
of the Prince Consort, 1862., vi. 40
CWdnrasto, Mt., Ecuador, rivers flowing
by, xxi. 557
Conducia river, S.E. Africa, Arab state
ment as to source of, iii. 116
Congo Basin, W. Centr. Africa, Geo
graphical Sketch of, Stanley, xxii. 382
— Kingdom, extent of, xix. 94

Congo or Zaire river, (Livingstone, of
Stanley), W. and W.C. Africa, (see
also Lualaba, Luapula, etc.), i. 449
Ascent of, 1857., Hunt and Moresby,
ii. 317, 374, iv. 69
Bedingfield on, iv. 66
Behm, on Livingstone's exploration of
the Upper, (1871.), xvii. 21
at Boma, elevation according to Burton,
xxii. 406
cataracts on, xxii. 161
characteristics of, Grandy on, xix. 103
explorations and expeditions —
Bastian's (1858.), ii. 318
Grandy's, 1872., xix. 11, 88 et seq.
Hunt and Moresby's, see Ascent, , above
Livingstone's (1871. et seq.), xvii. 21
Skene's, 1856., i. 156
Stanley's, 1877., xxii. 10, 152, 302
Tuckey's, 1815-16., i. 7, 310, iv. 68,
69, 72, xvii. 23, 31, xx. 128
identity with Lualaba river, Behm
cited on, xvii. 12, on, 21 et seq.
 probable, xix. 75
 certainty of, xx. 12S
Livingtone on, ix. 9
mouth of, latitude of, xxii. 404
 , turbid sea- water at, i. 413
rapids of, ii. 317, iv. 72
rise and fall of, xvii. 29
sources of, ii. 324
 , and hydrographical features,
Campbell on, i. 310-312
 , Livingstone on, xviii. 209
 , Magyar cited on, xvii. 30
tributaries of, i. 6, 7, 12
upper river, the Kasai according to
Pogge, xxi. 203
 , Livingstone's exploration of,
1871., xvii. 21
volume of, xvii. 27
watershed of, ii. 57
Congress of Orientalists, St. Petersburg,
1876., Report on, Clarke, xxi. 204
Congreve, Lt. C. R. : see Johnston and
Congreve
Conolly, A., travels" of, in C. Asia (1829-
31.), Rawlinson on, viii. 271-2,
xx. 177-8
* cited on Meshed-i-Misriyan, xx. 180-1
Connor and Pitt's Station, Queensland,
i. 325, 342. 496
Con-Quel-a-Ken, village, C. Africa, v. 32
Consacunti and its Indians, Colombia,
xxi. 574
Consort, the Prince, Pr. Albert of Saxe-
Coburg-Gotha ; death of, 1861—
address of condolence presented to
H.M. the Queen on, by R.G.S., vi. 40
Lord Ashburton on death of, vi. 73
obituary notice of, 1862., vi. 127
Constable, Capt., i,n., on Kurraehee Har
bour, xi. 30

CON— COP

89

Constance Island, N. Guinea, and its
natives, xxi. 354
Constantinople, i. 304, corn supplies of,
1758., i. 302, 303
water-supply of (1865.), ix. 109
 and Bussorah, telegraph line be
tween, established, v. 219, extension
of, 220
Constitution, Cape, Greenland, discovery
of, 1854, ix. 47
latitude of, ix. 48
position of, ii. 360, iii. 147
probable error in mapping, ii. 200
 Hill, S. Australia, ii. 16
Continental Geography, summary of pro
gress in, 1858., ii. 275
Continents, Comparative Antiquity of, as
indicated by the Distribution of Living
and Extinct Animals, Wallace, xxi. 505
 , trend of, xxi. 507
Conway, Cape, Queensland, vi. 117
Conybeare, Rev. W., obituary notice of,
1858., ii. 243
Cook, Cape, Siberia, tribes eastward of,
xxi. 213
Cook, Capt. J. —
Antarctic Explorations of, xiii. 114,
119-20 ; furthest point reached by,
ix. 94 ; views of, ix. 95
Eastern Australia discovered by, 1770.,
i. 452 note, ix. 226
first landing in, xii. 296, xiv. 198
visits to Endeavour Bay, xviii. 101,
and river (1770.), xviii. 539
furthest north reached, by, xix. 176
Xew Caledonia discovered by, i. 459,
iii. 91
at Sulphur Island, Pacific Ooean, i. 63
surveys of, vi. 136
 , Banks, and Solander, first landing
of, in Australia, (1770.), xii. 296
 , Mt., New Zealand, viii. 49
elevation of, vi. 72, viii. 56
lake sources in, viii. 214
Cook's Peak, White Mts., New Mexico,
xxii. 275
 Straits, Torres Straits, vi. 200
 , N. Zealand, viii. 56
Cooley, W. D., Journey of Joachim Rodri
guez Graca to the Muata ya Nvo,
i. 92
On the Travels of Portuguese and others
in Inner Africa, viii. 255
cited on the geography of C. Africa,
iii. 304, vii. 193-4
 Nile sources, iii. 306 note
Cooraassie, Ashanti capital, W. Africa, the
golgotha at, xviii. 295
road from, to Assinie, xiii. 354
Cooper, Fort, Queensland, vi. 13, 68
Cooper, T. T., journey from the Yang-
tsze-Kiang to Tibet and India, 1868.,
xiii. 306, xiv. 335, xix. 284

Cooper, T. T. — continued.
" On the Chinese Province of Yunnan
and its Borders, xv. 163, 173-4
ou the course of the Tsanpo and Ira-
waddy rivers, and on Tibet, (1869.),
xiii. 392 (letter)
on the navigation of the Yang-tsze
river, and on opium culture, xiv. 242
on the trade between China and Bur
mah (1868.), xv. 363
on trade routes from Burmah to China
via Bhamo, xix. 285 •
Travels in Eastern China and Western
Tibet, 1868., xiv. 335
French missionaries on, xiv. 215
Rawlinson on, xv. 171-2
death of, 1878., xxii. 287
 and life-work, Alcock on, xxii.
346
Cooper or Cooper's Creek, Centr. Australia,
called also Barcoo, and Victoria River,
iii. 25, 157, 334, v. 8, vii. 7, 9, xii. 289,
xv. 97
aborigines of, xi. 44 ; funeral mounds
of, along, iii. 33
affluents of, vii. 112
Burke and Wills' expedition at, 1861.,
vii. 35 ; depot left by, vii. 36-7, 139
deaths of Burke and Wills, vi. 41,
53, 54, 57, 68, 69, vii. 84, ix. 230 .
character of country near, iii. 27-30,
155, vii. 84
described by Burke, vi. 70
discovered by Sturt, 1844., ix. 230,
xiv. 290
disposal of waters of, iii. 31, 156
district north of, ix. 232
Howitt's explorations near, 1861-2.,
vi. 194, vii. 36-7, 38, 113
Lake Torrens an expansion of, iii. 32
loose horses at, iii. 88
remains of Gray found at, vii. 175
rivers near, ix. 303
route to, sought, ix. 301
 . Warburton's, see Jarvis river
Coorg, S. India, Effects of Forest destruc
tion in, Bidie, xiii. 74
trade of, vii. 96
Coorong, S. Australia, salt basin of, xv. 98
Coote, Sir Eyre, journey in Syria, I860.,
iv. 187
Copacabana peninsula, Lake Titicaca,
xviii. 214
 river, Chile, iv. 47
Cope, W., obituary notice of, 1872., xvi.
315
Copiabo river, Chile, Wheelwright's
engineer work on, after 1834., iv. 47-S
Copperfield river, N. Queensland, tribu
taries of, geological formation of region,
xii. 143
Coppermanna, S. Australia, missionaries
at, 1870., xv. 99, 100

90

COP— COU

Coppermine river, Arctic America, deer,
etc., found near, by Franklin's party,
i. 53
Coprales river, see Diz
Coqui's journey from Origstadt toDelagoa
Bay, J846., iii. 373
Coquimbo, Chile, mining methods in vogue
at, (1874.), Verney on, xviii. 220
Coquito river, Columbia, S. America,
i. 72
Cora, Corro, (Mts.), Paraguay, elevation of,
xx. 495
 , Guido, ascentof Mt. Kudusi, Albania
by, (1874.), xix. 422
Coral formation, Rawlinson on, xvi. 394
 reefs, formation of, Belcher on,
iv. 85-6
 , Queensland coast (see Barrier
Reef), Jukes on, iv. 80 2, 86
Coral Sea, admiralty surveys of, iii. 267,
271, iv. 154 ; charts, vi. 136, 199, 200
Coramba fort, Brazil, i. 467
Corazon, Mt., Ecuador, elevation of,
xxi. 556
Cordilleras of Centr, America, i. 88
elevation of, at Cape Marzo, i. 64
opening in, for railway, xii. 42
 of Panama, alleged crossing of, by
native canoes, ix. 277
 of S. America, gold in, iii. 96
minerals of, xvii. 66
passes in, viii. 161
¦  ¦  of Patagonia, xv. 44
 •  ¦ of Peru, gradients of, xviii. 206 ;
ravines in, xii. 127
Cordillera, Eastern, of Australia, i. 455,
ix. 226, xii. 139, xiv. 199
explored by Strzelecki, (1839.), i. 456
geological formation of, i. 470
Cordillerita of Paraguay, mineral wealth
of, xviii. 124
Cordova, Argentine, proposed railway via,
across the Andes, iv. 45
Corea, see Korea
Corentyn river, Guiana, explored by
Brown, 1871., xvi. 360
Corfu, Island of, extent of, and population
in 1862., vi. 106
Corimba river, S. Centr. Africa, i. 75
Coringa, Madras, mouth of the Godavery
river at, vii. 96
Corisco Bay, W. Africa, beauty and banks
of, v. 109
Spanish possession, 1843., i. 228
Corner, A., Journey in the Interior of For
mosa, (1875.), xix. 515
Tour through Formosa, from South to
North, (1876.), xxii. 53
Cornish, E. B., and Buchanan, Journey
from Queensland towards the interior
of Australia (1862.), vi. 67-8
expedition of, in interior of Australia
(1862.), vii, 7

Cornish Creek, Queensland, aborigines of,
x. 64
Cornwallis Island or Land, Arctic regions,
animal life of, i. 54
Franklin's voyage round, (1845.), iv. 7
 Port, Andaman Islands, good harbour,
vi. 42, deei i water at, 116
Coroado Indians of Brazil, location of,
xx. 455
Coromandel Coast, Bay of Bengal, currents
along, Heathcotc on, vi. 114
Corn Islands, O. America, described by
Pim, vi. 113
Corrientes, Paraguay, barranca of, xx,
500
Corrientes, Cape, Patagonia, Bragg's
explorations near, 1857., i. 468
Corsali, Andrea, cited on a Southern Con
tinent, (1545.), xvi. 354
Cortez, Port, C. America, geographical
position and harbour of, iv. 173
Coryton, J., Trade Routes between Burmah
and W. China, xix. 264
Cosanga, torreut, Ecuador, xxi. 563
Cosano river, Ecuador, xxi. 568
Cosi river, see Bhutia Cosi
Cosseir, Upper Egypt, geographical posi
tion of, iv. 180
Cossyah Mts., N.E. India, longitude of,
x. 240
Costa, Cerro, Paraguay, xx. 495
Costa Rica, Centr. America, fine country
of, xii. 46
survey of, 1858., ii. 296
Cotacachi. Mt., Colombia, S. America,
elevation of, xxi. 556
Coteau du Prairie, B. N. America, eleva
tions of salt lakes on, vii. 102
Cothcal, Maj., visit of, to E. Africa, ii. 54
Cotopaxi, Mt., Ecuador,
effect of volcanic eruptions of, xxi. 564
elevation of, and rivers rising in,
xxi. 557
Cottam, H., Overland route to China, via
Assam etc., across the Irrawaddi river
into Yunnan, 1876., xxi. 590
Cotton cultivation : see Africa, Australia,
Manchuria, etc.
Cotterill,'H. B., On the Nyassa, and journey
thence to Zanzibar, 1876-7., xxii. 233
Cottesloe, Lord, vote of thanks to Rawlin
son for annual address, 1876., xx. 375,
the reply, 376
Cotton, Gen. Sir A., On Communication
between. India and China on the line of
the Burhampootra and Yangtse, xi. 255,
259
Cotton's Island, N.W. Australia, i. 501
Cottonwood river, B. Columbia, 'benches'
of, xv. 134
Couesnon river, France, course of, changed
by the storm of a.d. 705., x. 334-5
Council Bluff, B- N, America, iv, 232.

COU— Cit A

91

Countess of Warwick's Island, Arctic
regions', coal on, 101
supposed relics of Frobisher's expedition
of 1571., found by Hall, 1868., viii. 99
Court. S., on the mouth and tides of the
Peiho river, 1858., iii. 84
Sailing directions, Shanghai to the
Gulf of Pechili, iii 55,84
Courtenay river, Vancouver, navigation
of, ix. 307
Courtown, Ireland, absence of tidal rise
and fall at, i. 176
Cow-cow-ing, W. Australia, salt lake near,
i. 30, 31
Cowicheu Harbour, Lake, and River,
Vancouver, described by Brown, ix. 306
Cowine, W. Australia, salt lake near,
ix. 112
l.'owle, Mr., at Camden Harbour settle
ment, 1864., x. 40
Cox, Capt., r.n., admiralty surveys of
Australian Coast, vi. 135, vii. 142,
viii. 192, x. 221, xix. 409
retirement of, xi. 194
 , Don G., Journey across the Southern
Andes of Chili, . . . 1862., viii. 160
Coymbra, S. Australia, water at, x. 129
Cracknell, W. J., telegraph superinten
dent, Queensland, x. 62
report on telegraph work in Queensland,
1867.. xvii. 54
Cracroft, Cape, Arctic Region, reaohed by
Hayes, xii. 104
Cracroft, Com., en., obituary notice of,
1866., x. 215
Cradoo Waters, (Koradu), near Lagos, W,
Africa, vi. 64
Cratieh, Cambodia, Cataracts at, xiii. 307
Craven, A., Natural history expedition to
Mpwapwa, grant to, from African ex
ploration fund. 1877., xxii. 19
Crawfurd, J., viii. 34, xi. 21
Descriptive Dictionary of the Indian
Isles (tevimo), ii. 142
on the Andamanese, vi. 46
— the Arru Islands and their trade,
ii. 170-1
— Baikie's Niger settlement, vii. 67
— Bickmore's travels in China, xii., 53
— Bokhara and the Russian advance
in Asia, viii. 273
— Borneo, i. 206-7
 and its mines, vi. 84
— British Burmah, xii. 264
 Columbia, ix. 20 .
— Burmah, i. 271-2-3
 , borderlands of, xi. 52
— Cambodia, vi. 81
 and ruined cities in, ix. 86
— Cape York, and its climate, iii. 90, 91
— China, ii. 208-9
 , opening-up of, i. 337
*  and the Yang-tse rjver, ii. 2Q5

Crawfurd, J. — continued.
on coffee-growing in Guiana, ii. 157
— the commercial importance of the
Bay of Bengal, vi. 102
— communication between India and
China, xi. 258
— the Congo river and its produots,
iv. 71
— cotton-growing in Queensland, v. 125
—  , the development of, in
India, ix 84
— the dwarfs of W. Afrioa, x. 84
— the effect of altitude and climate on
the colour of natives, ii. 219
— early colonization- of Greenland,
ix. 102-3
— the Gypsies, unknown in C. Asia,
i. 41
— Graham's journey in the Desert
East of the Hauran, ii. 180
— guano deposits of St. Kitt's etc,
iv. 57
— Indian and other indigo, i. 361
— the Indians of the Amazon vallev,
xi. 110
— the Karens of Burmah, vi. 83
— Livingstone's alleged death, xi. 146,
xii. 24 ; enquiries concerning, his
travels, i. 246 ; his alleged safety,
xii. 5
— Madagascar, its people and speech,
vii. 69, x. 56
— the Mahanuddy and Indian cotton,
ix. 82-3
— the Malay Archipelago, vii. 210
— Mesopotamia and its cotton, xi. 159
— the Moa of X. Zealand, vii. 181
— Natal, xi. 19
— N. Guinea, ii. 184, and its races,
iii. 359, 361
— Albert river, Australia, unsuitability
of, for colonization, i. 263
— N. Australia and its capabilities,
vii. 87-8 ; pastures in, ix. 22-3
— N. E. Australia, iv. 84-5
— " Oriental Negroland," vi. 99
— sheep-farming in Australia and
elsewhere, vii. 115-116, x. 87
— Persia, and its cotton-culture, viii. 21
— plant-life of the Murchison river,
iii. 54
— the proposed Arctic Expedition of
1865., ix. 63
 Panama ship-canal, ix. 280
 railway across the Isth
mus of Kraw, vii. 60
 •  Steamer route via Torres
Straits, i. 80, 85
— Puloweh Island, ix. 31
— the Pundit's journey in Tibet,
xiii. 170
— the Red Sea and other telegraph
schemes, v. 223

92

CRA— CUM

Crawfurd, J. — continued.
on Siam, i. 14, iv. 216, 217
—  , Schomburgk's travels in, etc.,
v. 119
— Stuart's C. Australian expedition,
vi. 14, 15
— the travels of George Ludwig von
 , x. 152
— trees in relation to rainfall, x. 268
— tropical climates as affecting
Europeans and sheep, viii. 120, con
troverted by Kinkel, 121 ; in reference
to Australia, x. 87
— the Turks in Asia, xi. 12
— Wilson's paper on the N. Australian
expedition, ii. 215; author's reply,
216-7
— Yule's Notices of Cathay, x. 278
— Yunnan and its products, v. 51
— Zambesi river and Quilimane,
i. 317-8 ; its navigation, (and on
wheat and other culture), iii. 104-5,
iv. 21
death of, xiv. 204
obituary notice of, 1868., xii. 234
Crawford, R., On a projected railway
across the Andes from the Argentine
republic, xvii. 57
Creek Town, W. Africa, xx. 224
Crepee country, W. Africa, cotton culture
of, xviii. 192
Crescent Island, Arctic regions, ice at.
iv.8
Crescent Lake, Oregon, xi. 89
Crespigny, Lt. C. A. C. de, r.n.,
exploration of Borneo, 1856., i. 205,
439, iv. 193
On Northern Borneo, xvi. 171
On the rivers Mukat and Oyah in
Borneo and their aborigines, xvii.
133
Crete, Island of. admiralty survey, ii. 264,
iv. 149, v. 171
Spratt's work on, reviewed, ix. 252
Cretin, Cape, N. Guinea, coast-line near,
xix. 231
Crevaux, Dr., Journey acrossTucumuraque
Mts. and down the Jary river, 1878.,
xxii. 369
Crimea, the, need for geological study of,
Murchison on, vii. 124
Crimson Cliffs of Beverley, Arctic region,
ix. 50
Crocodile Islands, N. Australia, ii. 12
 Lake, Egypt, old canal via, iii. 182
Croft, Capt. J. A., exploration of the Volta
river, W. Africa, 1872., xviii. 183
Croker, Cape, N. Australia, ii. 10,
xi. 11
Croll, J., cited on Gulf Stream, xv. 81
on Thermal Oceanic circulation, xviii.
388
Ocean Temperature, xv. 68 note

Cromane, Ashanti-land, the one horse at,
iv. 186
Gross Bay, Nova Zembla, latitude of, and
ice on, ix. 170
Cross river, W. Africa, affluents of,
xx. 225
Becroft's ascent of, (1843.), xvi. 136
falls on, xx. 229
tribes near, xx. 224
Walker on, xvi. 135
Cross, R., Journey from Chimborazo to
Bogota across the Central Andes,
(1865.), ix. 277
travels in S. America, Markham on,
xxii. 46
Crow Wing, Minnesota, ii. 150
Crowdy Head, N. S. Wales, admiralty
survey of coast near, vii. 142
Crown, Capt., on receiving Gold Medal of
R.G.S. on behalf of Adm. Boutakoff,
1867., xi. 181
Crown Prince Rudolph Land, Arctic
Region, xix. 29, extent of, xix. 32
Crowther, Bishop, on Mahommedanism in
Africa, xxi. 496-7
Notes on the River Niger, xxi. 481
on the trade of the Upper Niger,
xxi. 498
Crozet's Island, Antarctic Region, value
of, as a, meteorological and observing
station, xiii. 116
Crozier, Cape, Arctic region, traces of
Franklin found at, iv. 4
 Island, Arctic region, i. IS
 Mt., Kerguelen Island, xviii. 545
Crucero, Peru, elevation of, \ . 224
Cruces, Cerro de dos, Paraguay, curious
form of, xx. 495
Cruttenden, Lt., I.N., travels of, in Arabia,
1834-36, xv. 330-31
Crystal Mts., or Sierra del Crystal, W.
Africa, (Congo region), anonymous
journey to, iv. 72
rivers rising in, v. 109
unexplored, (1862.), vii. 104 ,
Cuba, West Indies, i. 94
admiralty surveys of, ii. 269, v. 177
Cubango river, S.W. Africa, source and
course of, i. 245
Cubitt,W., obituary notice of,] 864., viii. 187
Cuenca, districts bordering, New Granada,
S. America, i. 466
 Province, Ecuador, iii. 94
historical interest of, elevation and
temperature, xxi. 557, 558
Cuesta Blanca tunnel, Peru, elevation of
xviii. 208
Culiacan, Mexico, silverwork and natives
of, iii. 109
Cullen, Dr., On the Isthmus of Darien,
i. 78
Cumana mouth of Zambesi river, potable
water in, i. 316

CUM— DAC

93

Cumberland Gulf, Arctic regions, xiii.
375
 Inlet, hilly land near, iv. 96
 Strait, Arctic region, coal on, i. 105
Cumbre pass, Paramilla Mts., Chile, eleva
tion of, and drawbacks, iv. 48, xvii. 65
Cunard, Sir E., obituary notioe of, 1869.,
xiii. 217
Cundinamaroa, New Grenada, 8. America,
wheat supply from, i. 252
Cunene river, S.W. Africa, i. 245
debouchment of, xi. 235
expeditions to, Andersson's, 1856., 1858.,
i. 160, ii. 352
Green, Hahn and Rath's, 1857., i. 55,
ii. 320, 350
probable course of, etc., iv. 63, 65, 182
Cunningham, Allan, Australian explora
tions of, 1829., ii. 313, ix. 226, xiv. 199,
203
 Island, N. Australia, ii. 13
Cupica Bay, or Port, Colombia, S.America,
proposed canal to, i. 65, 69, Humboldt
on, i. 70
 Isthmus of, remarks on, Illingworth,
i. 86
Curama river, Venezuela, value of, ii. 155
Curarai river, Ecuador, drainage area of,
xxi. 557
winding course of, affluents of, and out
fall, xxi. 568
Curia (or Kuria) Muria Islands, off S.
Arabia, geology, etc., of, Buist, (i860.),
iv. 50, 187
Curielrong river, B. Guiana, fall on,
xv. 129
Curiosity Peak, Queensland, i. 185, ii. 8
Curitiba, Brazil, capital of Paran£
provinoe, vi. 74
German population at, xx. 467
Miranda railway concession, route for,
explored from, 1872., xx. 455
Curlew Island, Bay of Bengal, as a sea
coast Sanatorium, Macpherson, vi. 208
geographical position of, vi. 209
 river, W. Australia, xii. 261
Currents) see Agulhas, Amazon and
other rivers, Arctic, Atlantic, Eastern
Archipelago, Eastern Seas, Equa
torial, Gibraltar, Greenland, Gulf
Stream, Kuro Siwo or Black Stream
of Japan, Labrador, Mediterranean ;
Admiralty Surveys, Mozambique,
Ocean Currents, Oceanic Circulation,
Polar and South Polar or Antarctic,
Spitzbergen, etc. —
Along the Coast of Greenland, Irminger,
i. 51
Charts of the N. Atlantic by Findlay,
Murchison on, ii. 329
in Bab-el-Mandeb Straits, xviii. 306
in the Bosphorus and Dardanelles,
xvii. 254

Current(s) — continued.
ice-bearing, results of meeting, xiv. 378
and Ice-drifts on the coasts of Iceland,
Irminger on, v. 225
Karaboghaz, of the Caspian Sea,
xviii. 311
round North of Madagascar, x. 114
 N.E. Coast of S. America, Mann,
vii. 50
in Sea of Azov, i. 306
— Sea of Marmora, ii. 264
— Seas between England and India,
Toynbee, ix. 281, further remarks on,
ib., x. 338
Surface, Bay of Bengal, during the S.W.
Monsoon, Heathcote, vi. 104, 114
and Tides, effect of, on climate of N.
Australia, xii. 318-9
warm, influence of, on the North Cape,
v. 225
and winds, Permanent effects of, Mur
chison on, i. 414-7
Currone, W. Australia, xiv. 192
Curtis Island, off Queensland, admiralty
survey, xvi. 321
 , Port, and district, Queensland, i. 323,
496, iv. 79; refounded, v. 14, 121,
ix. 232, x. 328
admiralty survey near, xv. 267
good harbour, vicissitudes of, v. 121-2
natives of, i. 256
shifting shoals near, xvi. 320-1
Cutoh, the Runn of, N.W. India, and
neighbouring district, Frere, xiv. 120,
123
earthquake of 1819. in, xiv. 121
Tidal observations of Baird in, xxii. 352
Cutchee, plains of, Beloochistan, xvi. 220
Cutonge, S.C. Africa, i. 75, 76
Cuttaok, Port «f, Bengal, (see Pooree),
ix. 81
rainfall of, xi. 64
trade of, ix. 82
Cuvier, Cape, W. Australia, x. 48
Ouyaba province, Brazil, i. 467
 river, affluent of the Paraguay river.
xviii. 119
Cuyuni river, B. Guiana, explored by
Holmes and Campbell, 1857., ii. 154
Cuzco, Peru, situation of, xv. 370
Cyclones, the formation of, and tracks
pursued by, Parish, i. 37
Cypre'es Mts., B. Columbia, geographical
position, and description of, Palliser on,
iv. 73
Cyrus river, Caucasus, valley of, vi. 6
D
Daba, important town, Western Tibet,
visit of Capt. Bennett to, I860., x. 165
Dacca, railway from Calcutta to, in con
struction, v. 50

94

BAD— DAM

Dadur, Indian frontier, plain near, xxi. 588
Daedalus reef, Red Sea, light set up ou,
1862., vi. 133
Daenab Island, White Nile, v. 29
Dafat, Mount, Abyssinia, elevation of pass
in, xii. 299
Dafeta, Africa, vi. 47
Daffela river, at Lake Jipe', E. Equatorial
Africa, viii. 6
DagS, river. Upper Burmah, xii, 336
Da Gama, Vasco, discovers the route
round the Cape of Good Hope, I486.,
i. 237, his pillar at Melinde, xvi. 126
Daghestan, or Dagistah, Caucasus, Baron
de Bode on, iv. 91, 245
Marshall on, vi. 105
snowy mountains of, xiii. 68
tribes of, vi. 61
Dahar el KMdib, Mt. Lebanon, visited by
Washington and party, I860., v. 17
Dahna, the, Arabia, Palgrave on, viii.
104
Dahomey, West Africa, Amazous of,
xviii. 293
erroneous reports concerning, Burton
on, vi. 66
Gerard's proposed journey, to, vii. 70
human sacrifice in, xviii. 298
once part of Yoruba, vi. 65
Daigul, first village in Badakshan,
xvi. 256
Daily Telegraph, the, munificence of, in
equipping Stanley's expedition, 1875.,
xx. 14
Daintree, Mr., expedition of, in Australia,
Queensland (1868.), xii. 141
on the Geology of Queensland and
Western Australia, xix. 489
on Geological features in auriferous
districts of Australia, xii. 142-3
on gold districts of Australia, xii. 138
un gold at the head of Flinders river,
xii. 141
•  Mountain, Queensland, geological
formation of, xviii. 93
Daka, South Africa, Frewen on, xxii. 223
Dakar, W. Africa, annexed by the French,
1858., ii. 289
Dak-korkor, Western Tibet, annual fair
at, xiv. 208
 Camp, described by Pundit, xiv. 209
Dakwah Mountain, Syria, view from,
xvi. 114
Dul, Nile Cataract, i. 507
Dalai Lama, of Lhasa, in 1811., Manning's
account of, xix. 337
Dalai-Nor, Lake, Mongolia, visited by
Raddle, ii. 278
Dalatang plain, Tibet, country near,
xxi. 342
D'Albertis, Signor, explorations of, in
New Guinea, xix. 242-4
life of, on Yule Island, xx. 108

D'Albert's, Signor — coidinued.
journey up Fly riter, New Guinea, xx,
254, 258, 259
remarks on the natives and products of
the Fly river, New Guinea, xx. 343
Dalde race, Mongolia, xviii. 84-6
Dale point, North Australia, tide at, ii. 13
Dalgetty, Mount, West Australia, iii. 41
Dallas, Mr., on the Hudson's Bay Com
pany, and exploration in British
North America, ix. 20-1
on Korea, ix. 300
on navigation of Saskatchewan river,
xii. 125
on Oregon, xi. 94
on the Terraces and Benches of British
Columbia, ix. 21, xv. 145
 , Hon. G. M., United States Minister,
on award of Founder's medal to Bache,
1858., ii. 235
Dalles, the, Columbia river, xi. 92
Dallesar river, North- West Provinces of
India, navigable, xvii. 52
D' Almeida, Barrington, on the swamps of
New Guinea, xx. 109
Dalrvmple, — , annexation of Bulama by,
1792., i. 42
¦ — -, G. E., Commissioner of Crown
Lands, Queensland,
Expeditions of —
in North-East Australia, v. 4
to Burdekin river, 1859-60., v. 122-3
overland from Port Denison to Rock
ingham Bay, 1863-4., viii. 110, 118,
x. 33, 247
with Scott in North-East Australian
Coast ranges, 1863., x. 33
official report of settlement of Port
Denison, vi. 113
result of expedition, 1S59., vi. 118
on the establishment of Card well settle
ment in North-East Australia, and
discovery of a new route over Coast
ranges to Valley of Lagoons, 1864.,
x. 33, 51
on geological formation of Mt.
M'Connell, Queensland, xii. 142
on the lower course of Burdekin river,
vii. 2
Daly river, Australia, explored by Cle-
land, xvii. 278 ; land near, xiv. 197
 , Sir D., Governor of South Australia,
xi. 46
Dalyell, R. A. O., Earthquake of Erzerum,
1859., vi. 62
Dam, village and river, Tibet, Pundit's
route from, xxi. 339
Dama, hill fort, Syria, viii. 30
Roman remains at, viii. 30-1
Damara Land, Africa, ii. 350, v. 17
desiccation of, i. 245
elevation of, i. 60
Damargidda, India, i. 370

BAM— BAR

95

Damas, Pass de laB, Andes, viii. 218
Damascus, Syria, elevation of, v. 172
great age of, ii. 225
journeys to and map of, Porter, i. 7
volcanic region of, explored by Burton,
1871., xvi. 104
Damietta, Egypt, coast survey near, i. 405
mouth of Nile river, latitude of, xxii. 391
shelter on East side of, iii. 205
Damit, Kyan residence in Borneo, ii. 343
Damooda river, India, watershed of, xi. 58
Damot, Abyssinia, Blanc's journey to,
(1868.), xiii. 39
King Theodore's camp at, x. 296
Dampier, Expedition of, to New Guinea,
ix. 260
 Land, Australia, i. 502
Dams, remarks on formation of, C. R.
Markham, xvi. 138
D&n, Wady, Syria, Roman bridge near,
viii. 30
Dana, Professor J. D., Honorary Corre
sponding Member Royal Geographical
Society, 1863., viii. 43
 river, East Africa, see Tana river.
Danaar, or Senegal, Kingdom, W. Africa,
i. 514
Dandaragan, West Australia, iii. 51
Dang Forests, India, natives of, xix.
438-9
Danger Point, Australia, admiralty sur
veys of, 1866., 1868., 1869., 1870.,
x. 220, xii. 245, xiii. 281, xiv. 308
loss of H.M.S. BirlcenUad off, 1856.,
i. 142
Dango, Daghestan, taken by Russia,
1832., iv. 250
Dangrfi Yum Cho, Lake, Tibet,
extent of, xxi. 337
pilgrimages to, xxi. 336
Dauiell, Dr. W. F., obituary notice, 1866.,
x.,214
Daniel's tomb, at Susa, i. 221
Danube, river, i. 306
death of Burke on, vi. 125
delta of, admiralty survey, 1858,
ii. 264
Stephenson's opinion on, iii. 203
freedom from Bilt, how secured, iii. 310
formation 'of mouths of, Stokes on, I860.,
iv. 201
routes from, to the Black Sea at Kus-
tendji, Spratt, i. 94
1  , Lower, Stokes on, iii. 206
Darab, Abbott's journey to, i. 321
Darahgar, or Deregor, region, Persia,
xx. 170-1
Napier in, ib.
Gill on, ib.
Darak, capital of Chab Sheikh's territories,
Persia, i. 292
Daraiit-Kurgan, fort, on Kizyl-Su river,
Pamir, xxi. 131

Daraht-Su, river, Pamir, course of,
xxi. 131
Darchan, Tibet, position of, xii. 153
Darchando, China, tea of, xii. 163; see
Ta Chien-lu
Dardanelles, admiralty survey, 1857., i.
405 ; currents in. xvii. 254
Dardistan, Trans-Himalaya, xx. 490
area and inhabitants of, described by
Hayward, xv. 11 et seq.
Leitner's researches and archseological
collections in, xvii. 287
Dar es Salaam (Dar Salam), or Mozozima,
East Africa, harbour at, explored, J.
Kirk, xi. 35
road-making at, 1878., xxii. 373
On the country between, and Kilwa,
Elton, xix. 110
Dare Wady, Syria, old bridge at, viii, 30
Darfur, territory, Eastern Soudan, ii. 79
description of country, x. 292-3
reconnaissance of, by Khedive's ex
pedition, xxi. 65
Dargo, river, Victoria, i. 3
Dargonelly, Paroo river, Australia, ix,
302
Dariel road, Caucasus; xiii. 67
Darien, Gulf of, Central America, (see also
Panama) forecasts of commercial
future, i. 466
winds at, i. 72
 Isthmus of, t'ullen, i. 78; see also
Kelly and Panama
Exploration of,
by Caldwell, 1856., in reference to
canal prospects, i. 484
by de Puydt, 1861. and 65., xii. 63,
69, 134
by Gisborne in connection with pro
posed canal, v. 158-9
survey of, by Gisborne, i. 88
 , by Paterson, i. 88
Mail and possible canal route via, i. 81,
84
Darjeeling, India, rains and climate of,
xi. 67 1 trade wares of, xii. 163
Darkut or Darkote, Pass, Trans-Himalaya,
route via to Yassin, xv. 1 1 ; dead body
of Hayward found at, xv. 121
Darling, Sir C, Governor of Victoria,
1865., x. 61
 , General, Governor of New South
Wales, 1827., xiv. 288 ; his encourage
ment of Australian Exploration, ix. 226
 District, N. S. Wales, ix. 303
 Downs, N. S. Wales, i. 84, x. 247
discovery of, xiv. 199
fossil Marsupialia-from, iii. 159
geological formation of, iii. 31
 Range, N. S. Wales, geological formiv
tion of, viii. 45
land near, iv. 83
trend of, 82

96

DAR— DAV

Darling River, or Barwan, N. S. Wales,
iii. 25, iv. 83, vii. 40, 84, 112, 174, xiv.
204
affluents and feeders of, i. 31, vii. 14,
xiv. 199
debouchement of, xii. 288
discovery of, by Sturt, 1828., ix. 227,
xiv. 289, (accompanied by Hume),
xviii. 533
Exploration of —
Burke's expedition along, vi. 53, 69,
169, departure of Burke and Wills
from, vii. 35, Wright's delay at, 39 ;
country near, taken up, 1862., vi.
55, 70, 168
starting point of Leichhardt search
expedition, 1866., xi. 227
Mclntyre at, ix. 301
voyage up, by Randell (I860.), iv. 94,
Murchison on, 194
fit for cotton culture, v. 126
geology of, iv. 96
migrations of birds on, Sturt's deduc
tions from, v. 59
navigability of, iii. 338, iv. 97, 194
rainfall on, vii. 113
size of, x. 87
steamers used on, xv. 99
temperature of, vii. 175
tributary of Murray river, iv. 254
Darnley Island, Papuan Gulf, London
Missionary Society Station at, xx. 105
MacFarlane at, xxi. 350
natives of, xx. 346
rocky nature of, xx. 107
Darr, river, Australia, x. 64
Dar Salam, see Dar es Salaam
Dart, H.M.S., detailed to assist Living
stone, i. 57
Darii, Syria, viii. 30
Darunga, see Duringar
Darwaz, region, Central Asia, Meyendorf
cited on, xvii. 113
Darwin, C, cited on atolls, xii. 343
observations of, on board the Beagle,
xii. 322
theory of coral reefs used bv Jukes,
iv. 86
works on South America, ix. 244
 Mount, New Zealand, rivers rising
in, viii. 214
 , Port, N. Australia, x. 221, xiv. 195,
xv. 96
colonization of, xv. 298, 299
as entrepot for horse trade with India,
xiv. 206
Goyder's survey near, 1869., xiv. 190
harbour at, xiv. 198, xvii. 278
proposed horsebreeding at, xiv. 205
Dasht, or Sir-i-Dasht, Persia, lead mines
at, xvi. 262 ; see Dusht
Dasht - i - Alai. steppe, Pamir, limit of,
xxi. 134

Dashtie, country, Persia, xi. 37-8
Dasso, village, Mustakh range, Trans-
Himalaya, viii. 36
Da-toun, town, China, other names of,
xviii. 78
Da-toun-he, river, China, source and other
names of, xviii. 79 ,
Datu Cape, Mountain, Borneo, i. 200
Dau'an, Wady, Arabia, fertility of, and
warlike character of inhabitants, xv. 330
Daudai, native name for New Guinea, q.v.
Dau-Kara, Lake, Asiatic Russia, xix. 15,
426
Daulat Beg Uldi, valley, Kashmir,
xx. 490-1
Dauphine", Alps of, F. F. Tuckett, vii. 43,
glaciers and passes in, 45
Daussy, Pierre, obituary notice, 1861.,
v. 153
d'Avezac, M., obituary notice of, 1875.,
xix. 383
David, Abbe Armand, travels of, in China,
xix. 444
Davis, F., with Stow's Australian boat
expedition, x. 35, 37
 , James, with Stow's Australian boat
expedition, x. 35, 51
 , Staff-Commander J. E.,
assistance given by, to Capt. A. Young,
and North Atlantic Telegraph Ex
pedition, v. 78
on Antarctic discovery, and its connec
tion with the Transit of Venus, 1882.,
xiii. 114
on Antarctic explorations, xiii. 121
on Morrell's Antarctic voyage, xiv. 152
et seq.
on deep sea observations, ix. 282-3, 284
on Northern flight of Arctic birds in
Spring, xiii. 166
on routes for proposed North Polar
Expedition, 1865., ix. 151-3
on routes to the Pole, xii. 110
obituary notice, 1877., xxi. 421
 , Sir J. F., on the Chinese, and their
emigrations, iv., 59-60
on the neighbourhood of Canton and
Hongkong, and the East Coast of
China, i. 330, 440-1
on the State of the Yang-tse Keang
valley, before and after the rebel
occupation, iii. 164
Davis Straits, Arctic regions, i. 28
coal in, i. 105, vii. 101
deep sea soundings in, xx. 61, 65
Greenland current in, i. 61
icefloes in, measured by Belcher, iv. 108
ice-movements in, v. 76-7
microscopical organisms of, xx. 57
observations on weather, wind, and ice
in, Adams, 1875., xx. 160
Resolute recovered in, 1855, i. 3
sea bottom in, iv. 103

DAW— DEE

97

Dawson, Lieut. Llewellyn S., appointed
leader of Livingstone relief expedition,
1872., xvi. 157 ; Markham on his quali
fications, 161, on his appointment,
xvi. 166 ; agreement between, and
Rev. C. New, 1872., xvi. 428; letter
from, on progress of Expedition, xvi.
381 ; instructions to, from President and
Council of Royal Geographical Society,
xvi. 417 ; official report of Expedition,
xvi. 419; instructions to Lieut. Henn,
on transferring command of expedition,
xvi. 421; enquiries sent to, xvi. 430-
replies from, 431 ; censured by Royal
Geographical Society, xvi. 432; error
committed by, Rawlinson on, xvii. 8
 Range, Queensland, iii. 20
 River, Queensland, i. 325, 368, 496,
iii. 18, 19, 20
aspect of country on route from, to
Warrego river, iii. 30
coalfields of, xii. 141
good route along, x. 62
Dayman Island, North-East Australia,
viii. 115
Dayspring, Baikie's steamer, lost near
Rabba, Niger river, ii. 88-90
DeadmanRock, Cornwall, dangers of, i. 422
Dead Sea, the, Palestine, animal life of,
Richardson on, i. 224
exploration of shores of, H. Poole, i. 221
(journey to) Western shores of, Rev. W.
Clowes, 1863., viii. 279
level of, xix. 165, below Mediterranean
Sea, v. 172, xiii. 362
specific gravity of, various statements
concerning, i. 224, and other points
concerning, viii. 281
Deane, Charles, of the North Australian
Expedition, 1856., i. 186-7, 342, 490,
ii. 7, commended, i. 500
Debaba, Lake, Africa, ii. 221
Debbe, Nile river, itinerary from, to El
Obeyad, Colston's survey, 1875., xx.
357
i latitude of, ib.
De Blaquiere : see Blaquiere, Lord de
Deboa, Lake, W. C. Africa, xx. 78
[ De Bougainville, discoverer of Aurora
Island, S.W. Pacific, 1768., xvi. 389
Debra Tabar, or Debra Tabor, Abyssinia,
Beke's visit to, xii. 16
European prisoners at, x. 298
De Brazza, see Brazza, Lt. Count de
Debrooghur, Assam, xiv. 217-8
[i Debsang, plateau, Trans-Himalaya, de
scribed by Dr. Thompson, xv. 179
De Castries, Bay, Gulf of Tartary, harbour
, of, xiii. 366
Deccan, the, India, climate of, xi. 66, 68-
70
described by Campbell, xi. 60
Deception, Mount, South Australia, ii. 17

Deoigala, Dr., report of, cited on volcanic
activity at Santorin, x. 322
Decima, semi-Dutch Colony, Bay of Na
gasaki, Japan, vi. 201
Decken, Baron C. von der, awarded
Founder's Gold Medal, 1865., viii.
165, Murchison's speech on, 167, Mb
reply, 168
expeditions of: journey in Africa, 1861-
2, xvi. 127 ; African Explorations, in
contemplation, 1863., vii. 198 ; 1864.,
ix. 5 ; in East Africa, 1865., x. 28, 32,
54; to Kilimandjaro, I860., iv. 180,
v. 209, vii. 198, viii. 245; 1861., R.
Thornton on, ix. 15 ; letter on his
East African expedition, 1865., x. 28 ;
Murchison on African Explorations
of, viii. 2-4, 245 ; repulse of his first
African expedition, v. 209
Honorary Corresponding Member, 1863.,
viii. 4, 44
on the Snowy Mountains of Eastern
Equatorial Africa, 1863., viii. 5
report on disasters to his East African
expedition, 1865., Lt. Chevalier von
Schickh on, x. 91
death of, and of Dr. Link, Col. Playfair
on, x. 109
traces of fate of, xi. 155
obituary notice, 1866., x. 206
Dedele, village, New Guinea, xxi. 357
Dee Mountain, Queensland, Copper at,
xii. 144
Deebay Mountains, Shan States, xv. 360
Deep Sea Bottom, Temperature of, and
conditions determining, Carpenter, xxi.
289, historical sketch of, 293, general
results of investigations, 297
 Exploration, proposed expedi
tion, 1872., xvi. 240; Despatch of the
Challenger under Capt. G. S. Nares,
Dec. 1872., xvii. 257 ; progress of
CAoZtenger expedition, 1874-5., xix. 410;
return of Challenger, 1877., xxi. 436
 Investigations, of Prof. Agassiz,
South Atlantic and Pacific Oceans,
xvi. 331
  Observations, H. Toynbee,
ix. 281, discussion on, 282 et seq.
 Soundings, Admiralty co-opera
tion, ix. 3
of the Valorous in Arctic Regions, 1875.,
xx. 65
in China Seas, 1858., iii. 58
of the Cyclops, 1857., ii. 330
in North Atlantic, etc., Capt. Osborne
on, v. 102 ; for North Atlantic Tele
graph, McClintock on, v. 62
for reefs, difficulty of avoiding errors in,
Wallich on, xvii. 319
in South Atlantic, v. 174
by Staritzky, xvii. 295
summary of, I860., iv. 152

98

DEE— DEN

Deep Sea Temperature, relation of, to that
of surface, Carpenter, xxi. 298
De Fuca Strait, Vancouver Island, ii. 487,
ix. 307
Degraves and Co., claims near Fowler's
Bay, S. Australia, a. 129
De Grey and Ripon, Earl, on Stuart's
Central Australian Expedition, 1861.,
vi. 15
  River, Australia, vi. 172,
xix. 446, affluents of, xviii. 571
De Haven, Capt., drift of his ship, Arctic
Regions, 1850-1., i. 23
Den Bakri, Pass, Sistan, PerBia, xvii. 87
Dehbid Mountains, Persia, xvi. 263
Dehing, river, Upper Burmah, xii. 336,
xiii. 245
Dehistan (see Meshed i Misryan), Persia,
xx. 180-2
De Horsey : see Horsey, de
Dehra Dun, India, Trigonometrical Survey
at, i. 370, xix. 443
Dehriid, village, Persia, xx. 168
Deir, Wady el, Peninsula of Sinai, convent
at, xiii. 208, 210
Dek Ids., Tana Lake, Abyssinia, xiii. 45
Delagoa Bay, Coqui's journey to, 1846.,
iii. 373
Erskine at, 1871., xix. 112
* Hall on desirability of making English,
xvi. 101
meteorology of district round, i. 60
Portuguese settlement at, xvi. 97
rivers entering, xix. 118
route from, to South African Interior,
Erskine on, xiii. 338
De Lagree, explorations in Yunnan,
xiii. 307, xviii. 463
journey of, up the Me"kong to Esmok,
1866-7., xix. 278-83
Delambre Island, W. Australia, x. 47
Delany, Dr., Travels in West Africa
(I860.), iv. 218
Delargy, Capt, visit of, to New Guinea,
xiv. 323, xv. 302
De la Zouche, Lord, obituary notice of,
1874., xviii. 530
Delgado, Cape, xxi. 588, position of, in
relation to Rovuma mouth, vi. 36
Delhi, India, geological formations near,
xi. 57
siege of, ii. 216
Delim, Persia, i. 292
Delisser, E. A., Journey into the Interior
of Australia, north-west of the Great
Bight, 1865., x. 129
Delia Torre, Cape, Eastern New Guinea,
xix. 234
De Long, travels in Japan, xviii. 236
Demai, river, Upper Burmah, xii. 336
Demalang, village, Tibet, xii. 151
Demavend, Mount, Persia, iv. 253
Khanikoff s ascent (1857.), i. 433

Demavend, Mount, Persia — continued,
Thomson and Kerr's ascent, 1858., iii.
2, Murchison on, 291
R. G. Watson's ascent (1861.), vi. 103
height of, iii, 292, as measured by
Russian surveys, v. 194, Napier's
observations to fix same, 1877., xxii.
216, various determinations of same,
Coles on, 218
 , Town, PerBia, hot baths at, iii. 12
Dembea, or Tsana, Lake, Abyssinia, Beke
on, viii. 262 ; Blanc's journey, xiii, 3'J
fertile region of, xiii. 41
fishing and shooting at, x. 299
outfall and shrinkage of, viii. 259
position of, xiv. 162
Demchok, Trans-Himalaya, pass near,
xiii. 192
Demersay, great work of, on Paraguay,
v. 204
Dempster, C. E. and A., Clarkson, and
Harper, exploration in West Australia,
vi. 11, its results, 59
Denham, Capt., H.M.S. Herald, surveys
by,
of Australian coaBts, iii. 267
of Coral Sea, vi. 136, Murchison on, 195,
and on the voyage of the Herald,
1852-61., 197-200
at Lord Howe Island, xxii. 139
on the north-west route through Barrier
reef, vi. 198-9
Denial Bay, South Australia, ix. 75,
admiralty survey of, 1878., xxii. 336
Deniliquin, New South Wales, iii. 338
Denison, Sir William Thomas, Governor
General of Australia, i. 490, v. 5, and
North Australian Exploration, i. 190,
366, 369, ix. 232, and development of
North Australia, i. 456
photographs of Australian fossils sent
to Royal Geographical Society by,
iii. 159
on the rainfall of Madras in relation
to trees, x. 267
obituary notioe, 1871., xv. 256
Denison, Port, Queensland, iv. 79, vii. 14.
112, viii. 110, x. 62
coast near, vi. 117, and at, 118
distance from Cape York, 119
fine country round, vii. 13
development of, x. 249
discovery of, 1859., iv. 79 ¦
expeditions to and from—
Jardine's, to Cape York, 1864., x. 32,
Macdonald's, 1864., x. 247; reached
by McKinlay, vii. 85, 176
meteorological observations at, x. 327-8,
table of, 329
northern limit of Australian coalfields,
xii. 315
official account of settlement at, Dal
rymple, 1861., vi. 13, 24

DEN— DIA

99

Denison, Port — continued.
overland route from, to Valley of
Lagoons, viii. Ill
proposed expedition from, to the Interior,
1868., xii. 292
route to, x. 64
settlement at,' v. 122, " splendid little
port," 123
steam communication required, viii. 119
town of Bowen at, x. 65
tclegraphio extension from, xii. 54
Walker at, 1862., vii. 175
Denmark, early settlers from, in Green
land, v. 91
geographical progress in, i. 150-1
telegraphic concession granted in Ice
land, iv. 101
Densu, river, Akem district, West Africa,
xx. 476
D'Entrecasteaux Group, Islands near N.
Guinea, position fixed by Moresby's
expedition, xix. 226
 reef, New Caledonia, i. 173
Deodanga, Mountain, India, various names
of, Waugh and others on, 1856., ii. 102
Deopani, Cascade, India, xxi. 594
Deosai, see Weosai
Deosia, North- West India, viii. 35
Deotiba, Mount, Himalayas, elevation of,
xv. 338
Depot, Cape, Arctic regions, xiii. 159
 creek, Victoria river, North Australia,
ii. 7
 hill, West Australia, in salt region,
ix. 112
Depuch, Island, West Australia, iii. 53,
v. 4
De Puydt, L., Explorations in the Isthmus
of Darien, 1861. and 1865., xii. 63, 69,
further remark, 134
Der'a, Syria, possibly ancient capital of
Bashan, viii. 30
Derbend, village, Persia, salubrity of, iii. 4
Derbuchek, river, Eastern Turkestan, (see
also Telbachuk), tributary of Kashgar
river, xviii. 425
Derby, Earl of, obituary notice, 1870.,
xiv. 297
 ,  , on Brazil, xv. 380
Derdj, North Africa, ix. 314
Deria Numuk, or Bekhtagan Lake, salt
Lake, Persia, xvi. 362
Derwazee, Central Asia, hilly region,
x. 152
Derwent river, Tasmania, estuary of, seen
by Denham, vi. 198
Desaguadero, the, outlet of Lake Titicaca,
Peru, xviii. 214-5
Desang, river, Upper Burmah, xii. 336
Deschutes, river, Oregon, affluents of,
xi. 82, oourse of, 84, sources of, 89
Desert, the Great Salt, N.E. Africa, Mun-
zinger'.s journey across, 1867., xiii. 219

Desert of Australia, see Australia
Desful, Persia, (see also Dizful), i. 292
Desheripgay, Tibet, palace of Teshu Lama,
xix. 333
Desolation, Cape, Arctic regions, xx. 56
Despatches and Letters relating to the
last journey and reported death of Dr.
Livingstone, Dr. G. E. Seward, and Dr.
Kirk, 1866., xi. 124-44
Desperadoes of New Mexico, Goad on,
xxii. 280
De'v&dhuhga, native name of Mt. Everest,
Himalayas, i. 348, caravan route by,
349
Deodorak, glacier, Caucasia, ix. 24],
xiii. 69
Devil Rock, South Atlantic, expunged by
Pullen's soundings, 1868., v. 174
Devil's Peak, South Australia, ii. 17
Devine, Capt., assistance of, to North
Australian Expedition, 1856., ii. 10, 14
Devitt, river, New Guinea, xxi. 355
Dewalaghiri, Mount, Himalaya, ii. 112-3
Dewangiri, Northern border of Assam,
trade routes through, xix. 341
Deyer, Persia, woman-governor of, and
trade of, xi. 37
Deyrsim Dagh, Mountains, Turkey-in-
Asia, and passes, traversed by Taylor,
(1868.), xi. 97
Dhaker, town, Arabia, xvi. 117
Dhala', Jabal, Yemen, sandstone plateau
and fort on, xviii. 199
Dharwar, India, elevation of, xi. 60
Dhejen, town and monastery, Tibet,
xxi. 540
Dhiban, Syria, monolith of, xvi, 333
Dhok-la, pass, Tibet, xix. 340
Diabekr, Turkey-in-Asia, description of,
R. I. Garden, xi. 159
route to, from Erzerum, J. G. Taylor,
(1868.), xii. 302
Diablo, Mountain, California, survey of,
xxii. 368
Diadeen, district, Turkey-in-Asia, volcanic
formation near, xiii. 243-4
Diage, village, Central Africa, xix. 86
Diagrams, loan of, by Geographical Society,
arranged, 1877., xxi. 408-9
Diamante, river, Andes Mounts., South
America, xvii. 63
Diamentin, river, tributary of Paraguay
river, South America, xviii. 119
Diamond Head, Oahu Island, Hawaii,
extinct volcano, xii. 309
 Peak, Cascade range, N. America,
extinct volcano, xi. 84, snows of, 89
Diangounte, West Central Africa, xi.
200
Diarmal, Diarmul, or Nanga Purbut,
Mountain, Kashmir, description of,
iv. 31, elevation of, ib. ; Vigne on,
x. 308-9

100

DIB— DJU

Dibeneh Su, or Tigris river, Asiatic
Turkey, ix. 37
Dibin Country, see Zululand
Dickinson, J., obituary notice, 1869.,
xiii. 270
Dickson and others, travels' of, in China,
1861., v. 160
Dickson, Lake, Vancouver Island, ix. 308
Dictionary, A Descriptive, of the Indian
Isles and adjacent countries, Crawfurd,
review, ii. 142
Diego Garcia, Island, Indian Ocean, sea
route via, i. 79, 86
— - Suarzez, Bay, Madagascar, ix. 290,
timber of, xi. 51
Diegos Bay, Congo river mouth, i. 311
Dielli, Portuguese Settlement on Timor
Island, ii. 10
Difley, river, Palestine, crocodiles in,
ii. 283
Digur La, pass, North-Western frontier,
xiv. 41
Dihing, see Deking
Dihong, pass, into Tibet, described by
MoCosh, v. 48
 river, tributary of Brahmaputra river,
v. 48
Dikomo, Lake Nyassa, xxii. 242
Dilail, district, North-West provinces,
colossal image of Buddha at, xv. 22
 river, tributary of Indus river, xv. 13
Dilaram, ruined town and post station,
Afghanistan, xxi. 486
Dilijam, pass, Caucasus, description of,
vi'ii. 275
Dilke, A. W., On the valley of the Iii, and
the Water System of Russian Turkestan,
xviii. 246, following remarks, 253
 , Sir C. W., obituary notice, 1869.,
xiii. 269
Dillon, Dr. H. G. (sic), on East Coast
Livingstone search expedition, xvii. 170
 . Dr. W. E., death of, 1873., xviii. 281,
282, Cameron on, xx. 308
Dilolo, Lake, Central Africa, xx. 130,
Cameron near, 319
 river, Central Africa, i. 449
Dinder, river, Abyssinia and Nile region,
explored by Baker, a. 6, 293
tribes of, 293
tributary of Blue Nile, vii. 80
Dinding Island, Malacca Strait, admiralty
survey of, 1876., xxi. 434
Dingri, or Tingri, Maidan, plain, Trans-
Himalaya, xii. 148
Dinpa, river, Iceland, source and course
of, xx. 22
Dionpauee, river, Upper Burmah, xiii.
245
Dir, district and town, North-West pro
vinces, the Sapper at, xvi. 254
 river, affluent of Panjkora river,
xxii. 354

Direction, Cape, Queensland, Australia,
geological formation at, xii. 143
Dirk Hartog's Island, West Coast Aus
tralia, x. 48
Dir-ou-illes, rocks, Jersey, description of,
x. 331
Disco Bay, Arctic regions, xx. 57, 58
 Island, Arctic regions, coal deposits
on and near, i. 105, vii. 101
described by Markham, xx. 57
fossil plants of, xvi. 236
mahogany drifted to, i. 62
mountains on, elevation of, xx. 62
Discovery, the, Arctic Winter quarters of,
1875., Stephenson, xxi. 106
 Bay, game at, xxi. 107
Stephenson on, ib.
valuable harbour, Nares, xxi. 279
Disraeli, Rt. Hon. B., m.p., letter to, from
Rawlinson on Arctic exploration, 1874.,
xix. 415, his reply, 39, 416; letter on
New Government Polar Expedition,
1874., xix. 39
 , Mount, New Guinea, xix. 234
Distance, Mount, South Australia, ii. 26,
187
Diu, Island, West Coast India, traders of,
at Lorenco Marques, xvi. 99
Divide, the Great, of America, geology of,
Hector on, xx. 300
Diz, river, Persia, the ancient Coprales,
i. 219
Dizful, or Desful, Persia, i. 219, 292
heat at, 359
products of, 360
route to, 361, 362, 363, in relation to
military operations. 356-7
 river, Persia, i. 357
Djagga, district, Central Africa,' absence
of donkeys at, cultivation and cattle
of, von der Decken on, viii. 8
poisonous fly at, 6
rainy season in, 7
Djaman-dabun, pass, Russian Turkestan,
Osten-Sacken on, xiv. 225
Djasaktu-Khan, Central Asia, xxii. 52
Djeladjil, C. Arabia, gardens of, viii. 105
Djemman Daria, part of the Syr-Daria,
Russian Turkestan, xviii. 250
Djenike, defile, Turkestan, xxi. 134
 river, affluent of Kizil Su, xxi. 134
Djin-Ho, Turkestan, xviii. 247
Djour. country, C. Africa, vi. 19
Petherick at, 1858., v. 32, his journey
through, 1862., viii. 139
tsetse fly in, and iron of, v. 35
 river, C. Africa, natives of, viii. 264;
source of, vii. SO; stormy region near,
viii. 15
 and Niarc Niam countries, position
of, in Poncet's map, vi. 19
Djulfa, Northern Persia, mountain ranges
of, xxii. 183

DJU— DOU

101

Djupirogr, Harbour, Iceland, v. 73, tides
at, 74
Dnieper river, Russia, sidewise movement
of, xx. 499
Doaheng, village, Formosa, xxi. 259 '
Dobbin Bay, Arctic regions, discharging
glacier in, Nares on, xxi. 280
Dobbo, Arru Islands, trade, etc., of, ii.
169
Dobrudscha, Roumania, Mountains of,
districts near, iii. 207
Dobson, river, New Zealand, source of,
viii. 214
Docker river, North Australia, ix. 202
Dodabetta, Mountain, Southern India,
elevation of, xvii. 288
Dodbah, North-West Provinces, junction
of Dir and Panjkora rivers, xxii. 354
Dodd, G., obituary notice, 1865., ix. 215
Doengo Engai, or Ddenyo Ngai, Mountain.
East Africa, height of, vi. 51, xvi. 128 ;
snow-capped, i. 9
Doffoo, Volta river, West Africa, town
'destroyed, 1869., xviii. 187
Dogdo river, Siberia, xxi. 214, rise of,
215
Dogra tribe, Kashmir, atrocities of, xv. 13
Dohur Desert, Arabia, crossed by Palgrave,
1862-3., viii. 65
Dokhergan, permanent gipsy settlement,
Northern Persia, i. 41
Dol, France, submerged trees in marshes
of, x. 335
Dolben, Commr., ascent of Volta river,
West Africa, 1861., vi. 49
Dolena, valley and stream, Afghanistan,
rock inscriptions and galleries of, Lynch
cited on, xx. 245
Dolo, plain, Abyssinia, xiv. 165
Dolgan tribes of Northern Siberia, See-
bohm on, xxii. 109
Dolonnor, town, Mongolia, description of,
Bushell, xviii. 155-6
elevation of, and sandhills near, 155
Lama temples near, 158-9
trading mart at, 149
Dolo-Nor (sic), Mongolia, xviii. 77
Dolphin reef, Bermuda, iv. 83
 and Union Strait, Arctic regions, set
of current in, iv. 9
Doma, West Africa, Haussa language
spoken at, xxi. 493
Dombey, Cape, North Australia, x. 37
Dome Mountain, North Australia, i. 184,
227
 ,  , New Zealand, elevation of,
ii. 355
Domesday book, photozincographic repro
duction of, vii. 146, viii. 196
Dominica, Island, West Indies, Discovery
of a boiling lake in, H. Prestoe, (1876.),
xx. 230
great storm at, 1872., xvii. 256

Don, river, Southern Russia, only river in
Russia not joined to others by canals,
iv. 198
Cossacks of, vi. 59
delta of, i. 306, 404
Oliphant on, i. 307
sideward movement in, xx. 499
 , Queensland, vi. 118 ; auriferous
promise of district of, xii. 140
Donaldson, Rev. J. W., obituary notice,
1861., v. 155
 , Sir Stuart, en the growth of towns on
the Murray, New South Wales, iii. 338
on the importance of Leichhardt's ex
pedition, vii. 15, 16
obituary notice, 1867., xi. 189
Dondo, West Central Africa, great fair of,
iv. 70
Donetz, Southern Russia, coalfields of,
viii. 206
Donga, Mountain, West Africa, i. 310
Dongola, Abyssinia, geological formation
at and near, xiv. 165
 , Nile Region, i. 507 ; Twyford's visit
to, 1856., i. 447
Dongolani Seriba, Upper Nile, xx. 67
Ddnkia, or Powhauri, Mountain, Sikkim,
i. 350
 pass, elevation and position of,
xvi. 347, xix. 337, 342, Blanford's cross
ing of, 1871., xvi. 347, xix. 337, reached
by Hooker, Campbell, and others, 1849.,
xix. 337-8
Donnet, Dr., on health of men in Arctic
Expeditions, ix. 63
Donoughmore, Earl of, on the possible use
of camels in Central Africa, viii. 9 : on
the respective drainage of the Bahr
el Ghazal, and of the White Nile, 18
on the Mahanuddy river and Indian
cotton, ix. 83-4
obituary notice, 1866., x. 212
Doo river, on confines of Assam, v. 49
Dor, country, Central Africa, geological
formation of, v. 38
Petherick's journey in, I860., v. 36, 37, 38
Dora pass, Hindoo-Koosh, crossed by the
Sapper, xvi. 257-8, elevation of, 259
Dorey, New Guinea, iii. 358
Dorkia, monastery, Tibet, xix. 340
Dorre Island, West Coast Australia, x. 48
Double Island, Torres Strait, i. 80
Doubtful Bay, mouth of Glenelg river,
North-West Australia, x. 86
Doughty, C. M., on the summer motions
of glacier streams in Southern Norway,
1964., ix. 109
Douglas, B., Coasting charts of Australia,
iv. 155, 194
 Road and Pass, British Columbia,
xv. 135
Doui, Saghalien Island, latitude of, and
Russian Penal Station at. xiii. 365

102

DOU— DPG

Doulat-abad, Persia, xvii. 87
Doume", on Ogowe river. West Central
Africa, latitude of, de Brazza at, 1877.,
xxii. 13
Douwademeh, Arabia, viii. 104
Dove Glacier, Wilczek Land, visited by
Austro-Hungarian Arctic expedition,
1874., xix. 27
 Island, Torres Strait, i. 80
Dove', cited on Open Polar Sea, with other
authorities, Beechey, i. 28-30
Dover Strait, special admiralty survey,
1871., xv. 262
Dowaicama, cataract, B. Guiana, South
America, ii. 154
Dowasir,Wadi, Arabia, course of, Palgrave
on, viii. 104-5
Downs, Bay of, Arctic Regions, latitude
of, xix. 35
Dragon Lake, Formosa, Corner on abo
rigines of, xxii. 56, on geographical
position of, 61
Dragon's Head, Formosa, geological forma
tion of, Corner on, xix. 515
Drah, river, Morocco, description of, ii.
376
Drake, C. F. T., Map of Trachonitis dis
trict, Syria, xvi. 104, 105
death of, 1874., xix. 430
obituary notice, 1875., xix. 395
Drakenberg Mountains,South-East Africa.
iii. 373
elevation of, xi. 18
pass down, into Imperani's country,
xiii. 321
trend of, xv. 148
Dras, river, tributary of Indus river,
xi. 32
Dressrianaya, river, Siberia, xxi. 21 8
Drew, F., Letter on the death of G. W.
Hayward, xv. 117
on what constitutes a Mountain range,
xvi. 409
on the Yarkand Mission, xviii. 437
Dring, Jibbul, Persia, geological formation
of, xi. 37
Dromedaries, (see also Camels), used by
Australian Expeditions : see Leichhardt
Search Expeditions
Drummond, Mr., on discovery of sweet
potato convolvulus in Australia, iii. 37
 , Mount, copper mines, Australia,
xii. 144
 , Point, South Australia, admiralty
survey near, xviii. 539
Drury, Captain B., e.n„ Pandora surveys
on Australian station, 1856., i. 83 ;
return of, ib.
on salubriousness of North Australia,
iii. 88-9, aud fertility of same, 90
Druz, Jebel-ed, explored by Graham, 1 857.,
ii. 174-5
Dryander, Mount, Queensland, vi. 117

Dryness, causes of, in certain arid districts,
T. Hopkins, i. 58
Dua, village, Khotau, coal of, xi. 13
Dubayat, West Africa, description of,
xvii. 124
Ducane, Capt., on Gregory's Expedition
in Western Australia, v. 127
Du Chaillu, P. B., on the dwarfs of Equa
torial Western Africa, x. 84
African explorations of. Murchison on,
v. 211-2 ; proposed expedition, 1863.,
Murchison on, vii. 107, 204-5, letters
from, 1863., viii. 52, partial failure
of, and results of expedition, 1863.,
x. 32, 53 ; account of his second journey
into Equatorial Western Africa, 1863.,
x. 71, Murchison on, 80 ; letters on
proposed expedition to Interior of
Africa, 1864., viii. 265, ix. 14
Geographical features and natural His
tory of a hitherto unexplored region
of West Africa, 1856-9., v. 108
Gorilla sent by, from Western Equa
torial Africa, ix. 4, encountered By,
x. 74
testimonial presented to, 1866., x. 170,
182, Murchison's speech, 182, his
reply, 183
Ducie and Frere Capes, New Guinea,
country between, xix.-231
Duck Island, Central America, xii. 40
 Islands, Arctic Regions, latitude of,
xiii. 373. tides at, xix. 222
Duckett, Sir George, obituary notice,
1858., ii. 249
Duckponds, Queensland, x. 64, and Whist
ling Duck Holes, 65
 Creek, South Australia, ii. 26
Dud Cosi, river, Himalayas, probable
sources of, ii. 108
Dudinka, Siberia, Seebohm at, xxii. HI
Dufaure, Island, New Guinea, harbour in,
xxi. 357
Dufferin, Earl of, on (proposed) Arctic
expedition, 1865., ix. 63
elected President of Royal Geographical
Society, 1878., Alcock on, xxii. 379
expedition of, to Jan Mayen, Arctic
Regions (1856.), ii. 273
Duffle', or Dufli, Nile Region, xx. 53
Nile near, xix. 324, xxi. 48, 49, 50
position of,fixed by astronomical observa
tions by Colonel Mason-Bey, xxii. 229
view of Nile from, xix. 324
Dufla expedition, N.W. India, 1874-5.,
account of, and geographical results of,
xx. 424
Dufour, General, Honorary Corresponding
Member, 1863., viii. 43, obituary notice,
1876., xx. 385
Dugald river, Queensland, xi. 45
Dugel, Australian Aboriginal Policeman,
exploration of Murchison and other

DUK-DYX

103

rivers by, iii. 34, 35, 36, 40, 47, 48, com
mended, 53
Duke, Mount, North Australia, i. 230, 231
 Town, Old Calabar river, West
Africa, xvi. 136-7
 and Aua Landing, xx. 225 '
Dukinfield, Sir Henry, obituary notice,
1858, ii. 243
Dulti, Benue river, West Afrioa,
xxi. 491
Duma river, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 41, area
drained by, 155
Dumbrek, or Khahfatly-Chai, river, Asia
Minor, branches of, identified with
Homer's rivers, iii. 385
Dumo, town, Uganda, Stanley at, xxi. 466
 country, Victoria Nyanza, mountain
spurs from, running into the Lake,
xxii. 392
Duinphu, or HoU Sangpo river, Tibet,
source and outfall of, xxi. 338
Duna, (gee also Dana and Tana), river,
Eastern Equatorial Africa, source and
outfall of, viii. 7
Duna, valley, Persia, rivers of, iii. 7
Duncan, George, on the currents in the
Bay of Bengal, vi. 102
on the navigation of the inner route
of the Great Barrier reef, viii. 121
 , Professor P. M., on the Formation of
the main Land-masses, xxii. 68
Dundas, Rt. Hon. Sir David, obituary
notice, 1877., xxi. 427
Dunedin, New Zealand, ix. 33
Duuga, large town, Zanzibar, description
of, xx. 73
Dungarvan Harbour, Ireland, shoaling of,
iii. 62
Dunkin, E., Computation of Baker's ob
servations of Elevations, 1864., x. 25,
26,27
on Du Chaillu's astronomical observa
tions, x. 83
on the frequent omission of readings
of Barometer and Thermometer in
Sextant observations for the deter
mination of Latitude and Longitude,
viii. 155
Dunn, T., of Gregory's Leichhardt Search
Expedition, 1858., iii. 19
Dunsmore Creek, near Cooper Creek,
Australia, vii. 84
Dunsterville, Commander E., retired from
Hydrographical Department, 1870.,
xiv. 309
Dunya Buzurgu, Persia, rift in, due to
earthquake, vi. 64
Duperrey, Capitaine, Honorary Corre
sponding Member, obituary notice, 1866.,
x. 210
Dupuis, M., expedition of, to Tonquin,
1872., xix. 283
visit to Yunnan, and its results, xviii. 464

Dura, district, Mesopotamia, plain of,
Selby on, xi. 156-7
Durah, pass, Chitral, xiii. 132
Duringar, (Darunga), village, Persia,
xx. 171
Durkiit pass, into Yassin, xviii. 439
Duruma, East Africa, death of New at,
1875., xix. 323
Duruz Haurah, Jebel, Syria, Burton on
modern conditions in, xvi. J06-7
D'Urville, Capt. D., French Antarctic
Expedition under, 1840., ii. 171, xiii. 1 15
Dushak Mountains, Persia, xxi. 585
Dusht district, and Khor Dusht river,
Persia, xvi. 139 ; see Dasht
Dutch agricultural methods, in the East,
Crawfurd on, ii. 143
 discovery of Australia, 1627., xxi.
186 \
 in regions East of Spitzbergen,
1622., 1707., and onwards, xvii. 99
 expeditions to New Guinea, ix. 260
 Islands, Gulf of Siam, iv. 215
— — possessions and trade, in Indian and
Philippine Archipelagos, I860., iv. 193
 Settlements, former, traces of, in
Formosa, xiv. 79
 and steamers in Eastern Archi
pelago, in relation to Australia, vi. 119,
vii. 119, 120
 voyages, early, in Spitzbergen Seas,
Jansen's deductions frdm, as to Ice
between Greenland and Nova Zembla,
ix. 163
Dutchman's Stern, Hill, South Australia,
ii. 17-18
Duthumi, Hills, East Central Africa,
passes in, xx. 305
Dutton, F. S., x. 250 ; communicates letter
from Captain Cadell, of South Aus
tralian Exploring Expedition, xii. 201
on horse-breeding in Australia, xiv.
205-6
on proposed Livingstone Search Ex
pedition, 1872.,' xvi. 149
Duveyrier, H., Honorary Corresponding
Member,- 1863., viii. 43
expeditionof, in the Sahara,1861.,vi. 178
Dwalagiri, Mountain, India, i. 345, 346 ;
height measured by Colebrook and
Crawfurd, viii. 41
Dwina, river, Russia, sidewise movement
of, xx. 499
Dychtau, mountain, Caucasus, elevation
bf, xiii. 71
Dyer, W. F. Thistelton, on plant distribu
tion as a field for geographical research,
xxii. 412
Dyke Acland Bay, New Guinea, xix. 233
Dynamics of Earthquakes, Mallet citedOD,
iii. 286
Dyngjufjoll Mountain, Iceland, active
volcano, xx. 26

104

DZA— EDG

Dzayul, district, Tibet, murder of Krick
and Bourry in, 1855., xiii. 394
roads from, xiv. 215
Dzeya river, Amoor district, Russian
religious exiles on, and their agriculture,
xiii. 367
Dzo river, South Africa, iv. 64
Dzungaria province, North-West China,
Russian advance in, xvi. 261

E

" E " Mts. great and little, see Bunder-
punch-ke-ghattee
Eagle, South Australian exploring steamer,
xii. 201, discoveries made by, 261, 262
Eagle Hills, Br. N. America, ii. 150
 Point, N. Guinea, aspect of sea and
land at, xxi. 358
Eales, Dr., exploration of the Ogun river,
W. Africa, with Burton, 1861., vi. 49, 64
Earl, G. W., member of the N. Australian
expedition, i. 10
Earth, geological and astronomical con
siderations on, Duncan on, xxii. 91
Magnetism of . . ., Evans, xxii. 188
Surface of, Former and present Physical
Changes compared, Murchison, 1869.,
xiii. 311
Earthquakes, (see Santorin) —
Dynamics of, Mallet cited on, iii. 280
Erzeroum, 1859., vi. 62, xiii. 244
Iquique, 1854., xii. 130
failure of predictions of, in Peru, 1869.,
Jerningham, xiv. 85
and their study in Switzerland, Volger's
observations, iii. 279
Earthquake wave at Samoa on the day
of the earthquake in Ecuador, 1868.,
Turner, xiii. 57
East Cape, N. Guinea, coast-line near,
xix. 231
East Indian Colonies, value of North
Australia to, i. 35
Easter Island, or Rapa Nui, A Visit to,
Palmer, xiv. 108, 119
Eastern Archipelago (see also Malay) —
admiralty surveys of, (revised), iii. 267,
xv. 267, xvi. 321, xvii. 255, xviii. 539
in relation with Australia, i. 79, 456,
vi. 58, 174, vii. 87, 88
Bickmore's travels in, (1868.), review,
xiii. 289
Dutch trade in, viii. 119
lofty Islands of, as areas of condensa
tion, i. 58
and N. Guinea, trade between, Wallace,
vi. 43
wind and currents of, iv. 239
Eastern Australia (see also Queensland) —
early discovery in, ix. 226
geological distinctness of, xii. ]3!i

Eastern Barrier Mts., Australia, xv. 97
 coast of N. Australia, physical
character of, i. 498, aud climate, 499
 Desert of Syria, geological history
of, xvi. 108
¦  Fields, Torres Straits, i. 80
 labour for Australia, (see China, E,
Archipelago, etc.), vii. 87, 88, 89
 seas, currents of, explained by Dr,
Young's, theory of undulations of light,
Hodgkin on, vi. 103
¦  • Turkestan, see C. Asia, Chinese
Turkestan, Kuen Lun Mts., Thian Shan
Mts., etc., etc.
Eastwick, — , on the alleged recession of
the Caspian Sea, xvii. 163
Eaton, F. A., Journey from Nazareth to
Bozrah of Moab, 1863., viii. 29
Ebi-Nor Lake, Russian Turkestan, xviii.
248
Ebo river, W. C. Africa, ii. 34
Ebro river, de Mesa's physical and hydro-
graphic labours on, x. 232
Ebury, Lord, on Livingstone's African
expeditions, ii. 132
E-Ching, China, see I-Chang
Echizen province, Japan, silk and cutlery
of, xviii. 236
Ecrehous Islands, Jersey, described,
x. 331
Ecrins, Mts., Dauphine', elevation of,
Tuckett on, vii. 44-5
Ecuador, S. America —
affluents of the Amazon in, viii. 59
earthquake at, 1868., Turner on, xiii. 57
explorations in,
Pritchett's, 1856-7., iii. 93, iv. 174
Pritchett's, Spruce's, and Jameson's,
I860., summarized, iv. 174
Simson's, (1877.), xxi. 556, xxii. 44
Geological notes on Campana in, 1862.,
Wilson, vi. 248 ; cf. a. 105
main highway of, described by Simson,
xxi. 559
pium flies of, xxi. 580
sugar cultivation in, xxi. 563
Ede, Tel, ruins of, Turko-Persian frontier,
i. 45
Eden, garden of, xviii. 266
Ed Deir, Jebel, Sinai, ravines in, xiii.
210
 , Wady, Convent at, ib.
EdesBa, Turkey in Asia, English Crusaders
as rulers at. ix. 39
Edgar (see Blandford and Edgar), cited
on trade between China and Tibet,
1874., xix. 343
Edgcumbe, see Edgecumbe
Edge, Capt. T., explorations of Spitz
bergen by, 1616., xvii. 98
Edge Island, Spitzbergen, German ex
ploration to, 1870., xv. 306
sea horses on, xvii. 98

EDG— ELE

105

Edgecumbe Bay, Queensland, x. 65
 , Mt, Queensland, sheltered bay
near, iv. 79
Edh'ra, Syria, possibly the ancient capital
of Bashan, viii. 30
Edinburgh, work of Col. James at the
Royal Observatory at, i. 135
 , Bishop of, (Rt. Rev. — Cotterill,
d.d.), on his son's journey in Nyassa-
land, xxi. 245-6
 , H.R.H. the Duke of, elected Hon.
President of R.G.S., 1875., xix. 366.
459
on Cameron's journey across Africa,
xx. 303, 328
Edkins, Rev. J., Chinese Notices of their
own great rivers, iii. 375
on the neighbourhood of Peking,
xviii. 174
Edmonton, Fort, Saskatchewan river,
Br. N. America, iii. 122
Education, On the Place of Geography in,
Hale, xvi. 450
Edward river, S. Australia,- navigability
of, iii. 338
Edwards, C, beche-de-mer fisher, an
authority on the navigation of the
Barrier reef, xi. 151
 , F., of Stowe's boat-party, Australia,
, x. 35.
 , F., on the Brazilian province of
Matto Grosso, xx. 468
Edwin, Lieut., r.n., with Jardine at
Endeavour river, xi. 150
Efiat, W. Africa, (Tom Shot's Point),
described, xvi. 136
Efik country, W. Africa, and its rivers,
xvi. 135
Ega, on the Amazon, Bates resident at,
xxii. 45
Egau, Egga, Eggan, or Egba, W. Africa,
a large town on the Niger, ii. 86
ivory mart of, ix. 73
trade of, xxi. 498
religion at, iv. 221
trade routes meeting at, Crowther on,
xxi. 494-5
visited by Gambier, 1863., viii. 53
 by Knowles, 1864., ix. 73
woods of, iv. 220
Eggil, Turkey-in-Asia, old name of,
and Assyrian inscriptions at, ix. 36
Egine, W. Afrioa, viii. 106
Egmont, Mt., N. Zealand, cone of, viii.
56
Egypt (see also Africa, Khedive's expedi
tion, Mediterranean, Nile, Red Sea,
Suez Canal, etc.), v. 12, 13
admiralty surveys, see Mediterranean
attitude toward slave trade, (1862.),
vii. 47
early ancient and modern canal pro
jects in, iii. 181-2

Egypt— continued.
"elastic" frontiers of, Said Pasha on,
vii. 126
geographical position of, iii. 177
hot wind of, i. 35
Lower, date of Nile rise in, x. 295
delta, how created, x. 283
mineral wealth of, Graham cited on,
iv. 180
Pyramid of, Piazzi Smith's work on the
Great, xi. 223
Railway from Alexandria to Cairo,
constructed by R. Stephenson, 1855..
iii. 193
Upper, maps of, presented by the Prince
of Wales, xx. 14
Eide Point, Faeroes, sandbank near, v. 73
Eiklut, Abyssinia, geological formation at,
xiv. 165
Einnasleigh rivor, N. Queensland, xii. 140
143
Eisan, town, Arabia, xv. 323
E Kar Tang, Formosa, cultivation near,
xxii. 54
Ekaterin-Nicolski, Siberia, Russian mili
tary station at, xiii. 367
Ekoi country, W. Africa, Walker's visit to.
1875,, xx. 224
Creek, cataract entering, xx. 226
Ekpogi or Foo, on the Niger, W. Africa,
ix. 73
EkrekuMts., B. Guiana, S. America, ii. 155
Ek-sourasi, or Paradise district of Kokand,
xxii. 341
Elarone river, S. Africa, mountains near
and latitude of, xix. 127
Elbruz Mt., Caucasus, Ascent of, Freshfield,
1868., xiii. 66
Elburz Mts., Persia, viii. 19
trend of, xx. 174
Visit to, and ascent of Demavend,
Watson, (1861.), vi. 103
 exploration of mountains X. of,
Thomson and Kerr, 1858., iii. 2
Elchi, see Ilchi
Elder Range, S. Australia, water-parting
S.E. of, ii. 18
Elder, Hon. T., xv. 962, 97, aid given to
Australian exploration by : to Warbur-
ton, xviii. 571, xix. 8, 51, 446, to Giles,
xx. 430, to Ross, xx. 447
El Dorado, as located in 16th century
belief, xxii. 45
El Eis or Eleis, last Egyptian settlement
on the White Nile, 1857., v. 28, Mme.
Tinne' at, viii. 12
Elephant Island, Lake Nyassa, xxii. 238
Elephant Mountain, W. Africa, explored
by Burton, 1862., vii. 104
Elephants, Makolonkoan or dwarf, in the
Kalahari desert, v. 17
 used in African travel and by
Hannibal, xix. 492

106

ELE— ENC

Elephant's river, S. Africa, explored by
Elton, xix. Ill
Elevara village, N. Guinea, population of,
xx. 331
Elgin and Kincardine, Earl of, on Yeddo
in Japan, v. 133-4
his mission to Japan, 1857-9, iii. 168,
work on, by Oliphant reviewed, iv. 204
obituary notice, 1864., viii. 181
Elias, Ney, awarded gold medal, 1873.,
xvii. 225, 229, 231
Journey to new Course of Yellow River
in 1868, xiv. 20, comment on, Murchi
son, xv. 295
¦ — — through Western Mongolia, 1872.,
xvii. 184
on Prshewalskij's explorations in Mon
golia and N. Tibet, 1870-3., xvii. 76
A'isit to the valley of the Shueli, W.
Yunnan, 1875., xx. 234
Elizabeth Creek, Queensland, found by
Hann, its geological formation, xviii.
91
 reef, N.S. Wales, admiralty survey,
great value of, xxii. 336
 river, S. Australia, iii. 153
Ell Creek, Queensland, good land near,
xii. 57
Etlangowan, missionary steamer, given by
Miss Baxter, xx. 92-3, cost of maintain
ing, xx. 272
Visit of, to China Straits, N. Guinea,
Maefarlano, (1877.), xxi. 350
Ellenborough, Earl of, obituary notice,
1872., xvi. 313
Ellesmere, Earl of, Ex-President R.G.S.
cited on the Bonin Isles, i. 173
death of, Murchison on, i. 309
obituary notice, 1857., i. 377
 (son of foregoing), obituary
notice, 1863., vii. 133
Ellesmere Land, Arctic regions, aspect of,
xxi. 276
 Range, N. Australia, supposed trend
of, and geological formation, i. 502
Ellice, Fort, on Beaver River, Br. N.
America, ii. 146
Elliott, C, obituary notice, 1856., i. 394
Elliot, R.-Adm. Sir C., Proposed explora
tion of the River Orinoco, etc., i. 251,
comments on by O'Connor, 278
on Wallich's plan for examining the
Atlantic sea-bed, vii. 56
 , Kynynmond, one of Warren Hastings'
"young men," xix. 331
Elliott, Point, N. Australia, coast near,
xix. 197
Ellis, Capt.W., master of the Lily schooner,
explorations of, in the Gulf of Carpen
taria, xii. 56, 57, xiii. 52
 , Rev. W., On Ankova, Central pro
vince of Madagascar, and on the Royal
or Sacred Cities, 1861., x. 55

Ellis, Rev. W. — continued.
on Madagascar its ethnology and
language, x. 58
Elmina, W. Africa, Reade on, xiii. 357
Elobe river, W. Africa, cataract of,
vii. 105
Ellyria, GE. Africa, valley of, described
by Baker, x. 11
Elphinstone, Hon. E. Mountstuart, journey
oftoCabul, 1808., x. 139
death of, iv. 29
obituary notice, I860., iv. 124
Elsey, J. B., surgeon of the N. Australian
expedition, i. 367, ii. 5, 8, ix. 232
Elsey Creek, N. Australia, i. 367
Elton, Capt. J. F., On the Country between
Dar-es-Salaam and Kilwa, title only,
xix. 110
exploration of the Lunpopo river and its
affluents, 1870., xv. 154, xvi. 89
maps by, praised by Cameron, xxii. 253
death of, 1878., xxii. 232, 248
obituary notice, 1878., xxii. 306
Stanley's tribute to, xxii. 252
Walker's tribute to, xxii. 250
Elton Lake, near the Caspian Sea,
xviii. 311-2
Elton, W. J., On the Coast of Morocco,
ii. 375
Embarah tribe, S.W. Africa, locatiou of,
i. 245, iv. 72
Embombo Swamp, W. Africa, depth of,
xix. 87
Embomma, Embona or' Embnurina now
Borna, Congo river, W. Africa
cataracts at, ii. 317, and current, 374
natives at, 375
products of district, iv. 68
slave trade at, iv. 67
Emery Point, N. Australia, coast near
xiv. 197
Emesa, see Hums, Tell
Emin Pasha, (Dr. Sclmitzer), journey of,
to Uganda, xxi. 465
journey in Equatorial Lake Region,
Africa, 1877., xxii. 372
Emma Creek, S. Australia, xix. 56
Empugnan village and Mt., Borneo,
i. 194
Emshin Dagh, Mt.. Turkey in Asia,
xvi. 223
Emu Plains, N.W. Australia, good soil at,
i. 228
Enaera or Enarea, Abyssinia, coffee of,
iv. 28
information given of (by Pere Leon),
iii. 209
Italian missionaries at, ii. 53
river near, x. 100
Encounter Bay.'S. Australia, ii. 29
Lake near, ix. 227, xiv. 289
En'coge, Congo region, W. C. Africa,
xix. 83

END— ERZ

107

Endatsien fort, Tigre', Abyssinia, geology
of district of, xiv. 165
Endeoan Mashiir, Persia, i. 292
Endeavour, Capt. Cook's ship, 1770.,
xviii. 539
Endeavour river, N. Queensland,
admiralty survey of mouth of, viii. 115,
xviii. 539
course of, xviii. 105
explored by Hann, xviii. 100-1, 105-6
 by Jardine, xi. 149, 152
geological formation near, etc., xii. 143,
xviii. 106
suitable for colonization, viii. 119
source of, xi. 149
Enderby, C, on Morrell's Antarctic voyage,
xiv. 154
Note on Sabrina Land, etc., ii. 171
obituary notice, 1877., xxi. 427
 Island, N.W. Australia, x. 47, xiv.
154-2
 Land, Antarctic, discoveredby Biscoe,
1830-3., ii. 171, xiii. 115, xiv. 1S4-5
 , Messrs., public debt to, in relation
to Antarctic discovery, xiii. 155, xiv. 145,
xxi. 427
Endermo or Endomo or Moraran, Yesso,
Japan, natural harbour, xviii. 227, 228
 Volcano, Yegso, Japan, active in 1865.,
x. 170
Eng-cheng, or Yung-chun-chow, China,
sugar manufacture at, xviii. 169
Engineers' Group, Islands near N. Guinea,
free channel near, xix. 229
England and home coasts, admiralty
surveys of, i. 138, ii. 258, iii. 261, iv. 145,
v. 166, vi. 131, vii. 137, viii. 189, ix. 219-
20. x. 216, xi. 190, xii. 239, xiii. 274,
xiv. 303, xv. 261, xvi. 315, xvii. 253,
xviii. 535, xix. 405-6, xx. 404, xxi, 431,
xxii. 333
•  and N. America, trend of Mountains,
i. 503
 , Wales, and Ireland, geological survey
of, iii. 275, vii. 146, viii. 196
English Bank, Rio de la Plata, i. 407
 Company's Island, N.W. Australia,
i. 501
 Prisoners in Abyssinia, 1864., Blanc
on, xiii. 47
 Whaling captains, Arctic explora
tions of, 1872., xvii. 266
Engombo Peak, W. Africa, xix. 86
En-moa river, Siberia, affluent of the
Anadyr, xxi. 216
Enns river, Southern Alps, fall of, ii.
370
Enterprise ship, used in Arctic expeditions,
i. 24
Entrance Island, N. Australia, i. 33, ii. 9
Gregory's mark at, found by Chimmo,
i. 260-1
Malay fishing depot at, ii. 12

Eiitre Rios province,Argentina, S. America,
undulating lands of, viii. 163
Enzilli, Ghilan, Persia, iii. 391, lake of,
392-395, seaport of the region, iii. 394
Equatorial Current, the, course of, and
effects, v. 26
depth of, xviii. 393
effects of, on Jan Mayen, ii. 255
freshness of, xxi. 258
'set of, off Formosa, Collinson on, viii. 26
velocity of, xviii. 393, xx. 412
 line, Africa, greatest rains confined
to, viii. 258
Erbain, El, ruined monasterv, Sinai,
xiii. 210
Erebus and Terror, see Franklin, etc.
further search for, proposed by Stokes,
i. 94-7
traces of, i. 19-21, comments on, 21-25
Erech, see Wurka
Eredia, M. G. de, (supposed) Portuguese
discoverer of Australia, 1601., xvi. 352
Erhardt, Rev. J., Central Africa, reports
concerning, collected at Mombasa . . .
with a new map of the country,
(1855.), i. 8, (map) ii. 55, criticisms
on the foregoing by MacQueen,
i. 12
proposed journey, to Lake Nyassa, 1868.,
i. 93, 158 ; cited on same, i. 8, 93
valuable work done in conjunction with
Rebman, viii. 260
Eric the Red, xvii. 319
Erie Canal, U.S.A., levels of, ii. 340-1
Eri van, Trans-Caucasia, i. 280, iii. 18
permanent gipsy settlement at, i. 41
Erman, Prof. A., obituary notice, 1878.,
xxii. 320
Ernest Mt., Torres Straits, Australia,
elevation of, i. 80
Errub Island, Torres straits (Australia)
xx. 19, origin of natives of, 94
Erskine, Major, on the goldfields of Sofala.
xix. 133
 , St. Vincent, Excursion to the mouth
of the Limpopo river, 1868., xiii. 320
exploration of the Limpopo, xvi. 97-8,
and discoverv of its true mouth.
xiii. 318, xvii* 297
journey to Umzila, S. Africa, 1871.,
xix. 110
Remarks on the proposed African Tele
graph route, 1877., xxii. 224
Ersterling, S. Africa, gold reef at,
xxii. 120
Brtib, oasis of, N. Africa, ix. 313
Ertjek Lake, Kurdistan, poisonous waters
of, xiv. 313
Eruna, N. Guinea, see Cape Possession
Erzerum, Turkey in Asia, Earthquake of,
1859.. Dalyell, vi. 62
earthquake at (about 1866.), xiii. 244
elevation of plateau of, vi. 62, xxii. 1

108

ERZ— ETH

Erzerum — continued.
geographical position, geological forma
tion, etc., vi. 62
journey from, to Diabekr, Taylor,
(1868.), xii. 302
sources of the Araxes river near,
xxii. 169
sources of the Euphrates near, iii. 370
Treaty of, decision as to Mohamrah,
i. 286,354
Erzindjan, or Erzingian, Turkey in Asia,
iii. 370
true position of, determined, xi. 98
visited by Palgrave, (1872.), xvi. 223
Erythrseans, the, distribution of, i. 281
Escape Cliffs, N. Australia, xi. 46
abandoned settlement at, xii. 202
Eschscholtz Bay, Behring Straits, mam
moth ivory of, x. 234
Escoces, Port, C. America, proposed canal
to, i. 65, 88
Esdraelon, Plain of, (Jezreel), Syria,
viii. 29
Eshegibi, stream, S. Africa, absence of
outlet to, xix. 115
Esk river, Cape York district, Queensland,
explored by Jardine, 1865., xi. 151
Esmeraldas Province, Ecuador, Geological
notes on Campana in, J. Wilson,
vi. 24S-9, x. 105
 river, Ecuador, course of and bar in,
x. 107, drainage area of, xxi. 557
Esmok, Es-mau, or Sz'mau(2.«.), Yunnan,
China, a deserted city, 1869., xiii. 308
Crawfurd on, v. 51
Davis on, ib.
Lookhart on, v. 52
proposed government expedition to,
1861., v. 216
Sprye's information concerning, v. 46-7
visited by Lagree, 1867., xix. 280
Espirito Santo Island, most northerly of
New Hebrides group, xvi. 389
Espiritu Santo, Cerro del (Mountains),
C. America, gold mine in, i. 78
Espy, Mt., S. Australia, iii. 336
Esquimalt Bay, Vancouver Island,
fine harbour of, iii. 126
development of, 1864., viii. 191
Forbes on its advantages, viii. 84
future of, Moody on, viii. 91
tides at, Evans on, xxi. 73
Esquimaux race, ability of, to live where
others cannot, iv. 6
accounts of Franklin's traces found by
i. 19, 22, 23, 25
aid given by, to Kane, i. 18
of Baffin Strait, Osborn on, xvii. 180
of Greenland, derivation and migrations
of, Markham on, ix. 89
migrations of, Nares on, xxi. 1 05
traces of, in 1822.. xv. 108
of Humboldt glacier, ruinsleft by, xii. 105

Esquimaux race — continued.
of Labrador, ix. 134
Esquimaux Christianized, at Hopedale,
xii. 196
of Lancaster Sound, ix. 65
of Mackenzie river District, ix. 125,
127-8
of N. America, xxi. 282
of Rawling's Bay district, traces of,
Feilden on, xxi. 284
of Smith Sound, ix. 49, xix. 221
distribution of, ix. 49-51, 61, 62-3, 65
dogs of, characteristics of, xix. 215, 221
information from, on the ice of the
X. American continent, i. 30
Lubbock on, ix. 102
Markham on, ix. 103
number able to live together, xvii. 182 -
Owen on, ix. 100
with the Arctic expedition of 1875., xx. 58
 Bay, Labrador, elevation of hills at,
ix. 131
fish of, ix. 133
inhabitants, ix. 134
temperatures at, ix. 132
 Islands, Labrador, v. 66
 Lake, ix. 128
Essington, Port, N. Australia, i. 32, 323,
vii. 15, ix. 227, xiv. 200
abandoned settlement of, i. 83, 256, 452,
456, ii. 214, iii. 342, v. 206, vii. 171,
ix. 22, x. 59, xiv. 204
aborigines of, x. 42
climate of, i. 83, iii. 88, x. 328, xii. 318
Drury and others on, iii. 88, 89, 90, 91
fine harbour of, iii. 88, 91, 342
fit for cattle-breeding, iii. 90
geology of district, Jukes on, iv. 95-6
healthiness of, or the reverse, various
statements, iii. 88, v. 206, ix. 23,
xii. 320
land near, ii. 216, iv. 83
Leichhardt's expedition to, 1846..
iii. 30, 33, vii. 85, ix. 229, x. 85
nearly taken possession of by the French,
1838., iii. 89
needed as a naval station, iii. 91
rainy season at, iv. 84
temperatures at, xii. 318
well-watered, iii. 89-90
Estacado, Llano, or Plains of Texas,
Indian hunting ground, xxii. 279
Estcourt, Maj. Gen. J. B. B., obituary
notice of, 1856., i. 120
Esteros, the, marshy region of Paraguay,
xx. 496
Estola, Sierra de, Isthmus of Darien,
source of Tanela river, xii. 65, 67
Ethel Creek, C. Australia, xix. 50
Ethiopia, E. Africa,
alluvial plains of, Beke on, vii. 116
ancient extent of, and gold mines of.
Livingstone on, xviii. 256

ETII— EXA

109

Ethiopian Nile Delta, Beke on, vii. 116
region, animals of, Wallace, xxi. 511
Eth Thai Wady, Sinai, xiii. 207
Eth Thebt, Jebel, Sinai, and its valleys,
xii. 191
Etosha, salt pan, S. Africa, ii. 350
Eucla, S. Australia, settlements near,
xix. 482, 489
Eugene city, Oregon, latitude of and wild
distriot near, xi. 86
Euge'nie Islet, N. Guinea, size of, etc.,
xxi. 355
Eulaaus river of the Greeks, Determina
tion of, Loftus, i. 219
Euphrates river, or Murad Su, Turkey-in-
Asia, (see also Hindieh Canal) —
branches of, i. 293, 354, xxii. 169
course of and changes in, i. 46, 163, 286,
292
explorations of —
Taylor's journey to the source of,
Lynch, xiii. 243 „
TchihatchePs journey to sources of,
1858., iii. 370
in flood, i. 45
Greek settlement at mouth of, i. 355,
361-2
as irrigating agent of Mesopotamia,
xi. 156
mouths of, Rawlinson on, i. 286 et seq.
muddy bar at, i. 252, 355, and shoal,
357
waters belonging to Turkey-in-Asia,
i. 353
Bouroes of, iii. 370, xiii. 243
 of some of its tributaries, xii. 303
summer temperature of, i. 361-2
 Valley, cotton of, viii. 21
—  railway, prospects of, xvii. 281-2
Euroomba station, Queensland, iii. 19
Europe, geographical progress in, i. 134,
ii. 275, iii. 286, iv. 196, v. 188, vi. 157,
vii. 148, 151, viii. 198, ix. 237, x. 228,
xi. 196, xii. 251, xiii. 296, xiv. 313, xv.
272, xvi. 327, xvii. 263, xviii. 550, 5,51,
xix. 421, xx. 416, xxi. see 447, xxii. see
337, 339
 , Historical Map of, Sprumer, 1859.,
iii. 286
 , meteorological observatories in, in
creasing number of, (1857.), iii. 279
 , mountain chains of,' Duncan on,
xxii. 72
 , Northern, in the glacial period,
Murchison, vii. 151
 , number of geographical societies in,
1874., xix. 421
 , telegraphic communication with
Australia, x. 61
European States, List of principal Maps
of, (1858.), ii. 381
Euxine, the, see Black Sea
Evans Bay, N.E. Australia, viii. 114, soil

at, viii. 117, water at, i. 256, viii. 116,
117
Evans, Capt. F. J. O., an officer on the
Fly, iv. 80
Admiralty surveys, summaries of,
xviii. 535, xix. 404, xx. 402, xxi. 431,
xxii. 333
Australian explorations of, referred to,
ii. 313
on Brunner's exploration of Middle
Island, N. Zealand, ix. 34
Magnetism of the Earth, xxii. 188
on New Guinea, viii. 120, xx. 354
desirability of exploring, viii. 120
on explorations in, xx. 270
on the Fly River of, xx. 108
on the natives of, xix. 241, xx. 270
Physical Geography at sea, xxi. 66,
comments on, by Alcook, xxi. 24, 26
Variation Chart prepared by, iii. 273
work of, in Torres Straits referred to,
iv. 80, viii. 120
 , Mt., Vancouver I., Brit. N. America,
elevation of, ix. 308
Evaporation, relation of, to Rainfall and
River Supply, Carpenter, xviii. 325
Evelyn, Col., on the relation between
ooeanic and atmospheric currents,
xiii. 233
Everest, Col. Sir G., v.p. of R.G.S., i. 370,
ii. 210
on Climate as influenced by Latitude,
i. 86
on the progress of the Great Trigono
metrical Survey of India, i. 350, 372,
iv. 32
on Wilson's journey in X.W. Australia,
ii. 212
obituary notice of, 1867., xi. 185
Everest, Mt., i. 350, iv. 31
Waugh (and others) on, ii. 102-15
 and Mt. Deodanga,
geographical position of, Hodgson on,
i. 345-8, Waugh (and others) on, i. 345
elevation of, the highest Himalayan
mountains, i. 371, ii. 299
 and glaciers of, Schlagintweit on,
iii. 366
Everett, Hon. E., obituary notice of, 1865.,
ix. 207
Evianda, W. Africa, i. 75
Evolution in relation to Geography,
Strachey, xx. 79
Ewen, W. Africa, natives of, xx. 225
Examinations of Public Schools in Geo
graphy
inception of the Scheme, 1868., xii. 203
resultB, and Prizes awarded, in 1869.,
xiii. 254; 1870., xiv. 251; 1871., xv.
222; 1872., xvi. 276 ; 1873., xvii. 211,
217; 1874., xviii. 472-3, 491; 1875.,
xix. 363, 526 ; 1869-1875., xix. 524-5 ;
1876., xx., 372, 517 ; 1869-1876., xx

110

EXA— FAL

Examinations of Public Schools in Geo
graphy — continued.
results and Prizes awarded — continued.
514; 1877., xxi. 365, 374,401; 1869-
1877., xxi. 362-4; 1878., xxii. 300,
482; 1869-1878., xxii. 478-9
Exertion Hill, S. Australia, ii. 16
Exeter Sound, Arctic Regions, ladies
wintering at, (1867.), xii. 101
Exhalations, Bay of, Santorin, Greek
Archipelago, cleansing effect of gases
in waters of, s. 229
Exmouth Gulf, W. Australia, iii. 53, x. 49
pearl-fisheries at, xix. 489
'rivers flowing towards, xii. 261
Exploring, pleasures of, Hann on,
xviii. 96-7, 105
Eyatenah Creek, S. Australia, ii. 19
Eyre, E. J., afterwards Governor of
Jamaica, awarded gold medal, 1843.,
ix. 228, xvi. 299, xix. 41, protector of
Australian aborigines, xii. 295
Australian explorations of, referred to
generally, i. 367, ii. 26, 185, 186, 313,
iii. 31, 335, iv. 83, 94, 254, v. 10, 125,
vi. 56, 171, ix. 226, 228, 232, xii. 295,
xiv. 200, 203, 288, xv. 8, 296, xvi. 299,
xix. 482
cited on Australian matters —
on the Coast, line of S. Australia,
i. 367, iv. 95, xiv. 200, xix. 482
on the desert found by him, ii. 28
on hot an'd cool winds, ii. 192, iv. 78
on Lake Torrens, ii. 16, 188, iv. 168-9,
routes to same from the N., ii. 193,
views refuted, vii. 88
on saline lakes, iii. 155, 157
on salubrity of Australia, iii. 155
views of, on Spencer Gulf, con-
. troverted by later discoveries, vi. 57
friendship of Murchison with, xvi. 299
Eyre Creek, Australia, Sturt's, see Jarvis
river, iii. 31, 156, or Cariduro, vii. 85
 Lake, S. Australia, Ross on, xv. 97,
98,99
report of large river falling into, ix. 75
proved to be the Victoria, xii. 289
Ross eir.ee! on the region of, xv. 297
 , Mts., N. Zealand, snow-covered,
ii. 355
Eyria, peninsula, S. Australia, ii. 313
elevation of water-shed of, xii. 288

Fabo, trading station, Nile region
xvii. 306
Fajrb'e Islands, exploration in I860., Rae
v. 80
harbours in, McClintock on, v. 62
proposed telegraph stations on, iv. 101
v. 94

Faeroe Islands — continued.
seasons iu, v. 77
Young's- report on, v. 70
Faga, C. Africa, i. 8, rivers of, 12
Fagrima, Jebel, volcanic hills near the
Nile, xx. 67
Fahey, J., of the N. Australian expedition,
i. 186, 189, ii. 7, 8
Fahil, Syria, probably Pella, ii. 224
Fahruj on the Azizabad river, Seistan,
xvii. 87
Fa-hian, Chinese traveller, his route into
India, xv. 22
Faid, Arabia, viii. 64
Faidherbe, Col., Hon. Corresponding
Member of R.G.S. 1864., viii. 44
knowledge of Senegal region possessed
by, xi. 200
Fairbairn, Sir W., obituary notice, 1875.,
xix. 402
Fairburn, Mr., exploration by, of W.
Australian rivers, with F. T. Gregory,
1858., iii. 34, 48, 51, commended, 53
Fairfax Harbour, N. Guinea, xxiii. 26
gold-bearing quartz at, xix. 230
London missionary Station at, ib.
poor land near, xx. 267
plumbago seam at, xx. 331
— -, Mt., W. Australia, x. 49
Fairview Station, Queensland, x. 62
Fairy, Port, Victoria, admiralty survey
of, xv. 267
Faizabad or Fyzabad, chief town of
Badakshan, xiv. 66
the Havildar's journey to, through
Chitral in 1870., Montgomerie, xvi.
253
the Mirza on, xv. 181
the Sapper at, 1870., xvi. 257
town, district and river, Biddulph on,
xviii. 425
 river, Shaw on, xx. 486
Fala, Abyssinia, battle of and results,
xiii. 50
plateau of, xii. 300
Falaba, W. Africa, xvii. 122 ; Report on
Expedition to, 1872., Blyden, xvii.
117
Reade at, xviii. 360; his journey to,
1869., and its results, xiv. 185
King of, friendly to England, xvii. 125
Falconer, Dr. H. (see also Cautley)
explorations of, in the Himalayas, ii. 303,
304
on the Himalayan glaciers, viii. 38
obituary notice, 1865., ix. 202
Falealili, large native town, Upolu
Island, Navigator Group, xxi. 145
Falealupu Cape, Savaii Island, Western
point of the Navigator Group, xvi. 141
Falkland Islands, S. Atlantic, admiralty
survey of, i. 140
British colony at, viii. 162

FAL— FER

111

Falkland Islands, Challenger observations
at, on sea-level and magnetism, xx.
414, 415
compass variations at, xx. 415, xxii.
214
harbours of, i. 146, iv. 175
Sullivan cited on their capacity for
stock-raising, viii. 219 (note)
Faloro, Upper Nile, elevation of, xx. 67
Fallian, valley, Persia, beauty and fine
climate of, i. 361
Falmouth Harbour, Antigua, packet
station for W. Indian line, survey of, in
progress, 1863, vii. 144
Fan Lake, C. Asia, results of AbramofFs
explorations, xv. 288
Fan and Moreau, MM., deaths of, in
Tonquin, (1874.), xix. 16
Fandravasana, Madagascar, slope of,
xix. 185
Fangaloa Bay, dangerous harbour of,
Upolu Island, Navigator Group, xxi. 145
Fangan, on the Niger, ii. 90
Fanning river, Australia, xii. 140
Fanny Springs, Australia, v. 104
Faqualit village and tribesmen, C. Africa,
v. 32
Farabana, W. Africa, population and
position of, xiii. 353 ; xiv. 186
Faragan, lake of, Nile Region, Petherick
on, viii. 135
Farahantsana falls, Ikiopa river, Mada
gascar, importance of, Mullens on,
xix. 184
Faraday, M., proposed memorial to,
xiv. 20
Farah river, Persia, cliff-fort above,
xvii. 89
Faro river, Equatorial Africa, affluent of
Binue", Barth cited on sources, course
and current of, xxi. 491
Farouk, Wadi, Arabia, viii. 104
Fars, province, Persia, inhabitants of,
i. 280
Farewell, Cape, Greenland, ii. 201, xx. 56
aurora borealis near, iii. 120
current near, i. 61, 62
ice of, v. 76, 77
position of, iii. 120
as a telegraph station, v. 95
 , New Zealand, desolate coast
near, ix. 34
Farunumo, N. Guinea, Stone's farthest,
1875., xx. 269
Fashoda. on the Nile, Egyptian station
established, 1864., xv. 95
geographical position of, xv. 95, xviii.
132
naked natives near, xxi. 49
Fashoro on the Nile, latitude of and
tribes of, xx. 67
Fatchio, chief town of Tsusima Island,
Japan, population of, vii. 61

Fatiko or Fatuka, Upper Nile,
Baker at, xviii. 306-7
elevation, temperature, soil, inhabitants,
xviii. 56-7
geographical position, etc., xviii. 140-1,
144
Fattatenda, W. Afrioa, limit of naviga
bility of the Gambia river, xx. 78
Fatshan, S. China, large unwalled city,
vi. 227
Fatu Creek, S. China, Oliver's expedition
up, 1861., vi. 227
Faulad Muha], Persia, xx. 166
Faulkner on the Livingstone search
expedition, xii. 89
Fawng Teng river, S. China, sugar-mill
on, vi. 228
Faxe Bay, Iceland, freedom of, from
drift-ice, v. 63, 78
Young on, v. 74, 75
Featherstonhaugb, on the region under
explorationiby Palliser (Br. N. America),
1857., ii. 15
Fedchenko, description of ruins in Sa
marcand (extracts), xv. 393
travels in Turkistan, published, 1874-5,
xix. 425
— - Lake, see Kutban-Kul
Feel, Ras El, Mt., Abyssinia, country
near, x. 292
Feeluk, Ras, E. Africa, soil of plain near,
xvi. 150
Feilden, Capt., on Arctic animal life past
and present, xxi. 284
Feilding, Col. Hon. W., translator, see
Malay : Incidents of Travel
Feiran, Sinai, oasis of, xvii. 327
old road near, x. 159
 Wady, xii. 190
Fei-seen-kawan, W.C. China, hamlet and
pass of, xiv. 177
Felix, Cape, Arctic Regions, ice-set on
iv". 8
Fellahiyah, Persia, river and place
i. 295
Fellows, Sir C, obituary notice, 1861.
v. 157
Felou, W. Africa, cataracts of the Senegal
river at, xi. 200
Fenoarivo river, Madagascar, coast at,
xiv. 360, 373, 374, xix. 195
town described by Holmes, xiv. 366
Fenwick, on the cotton from the hinter
land of Sedashgur Harbour, vii. 97
Ferghanah, Russian Turkestan —
explored by Ujfalvy, 1877., xxii. 340
road from, to Lake Kara ku], xiii.
344
Fergusson Island, D'Entrecasteaux group,
named by Moresby, xix. 226
Fergusson, James, on the housing of
R.G.S. at 1, Savile Row. xiv. 358
on ruins in Cambodia, ix. 86

112

FER— FIS

Fergusson, Sir J., Governor of N. Aus
tralia, xiv. 205
Fergusson, Sir W., examination and veri
fication of the body of Dr. Livingstone,
1874., xviii. 447
Fernandez, J., journeys of, in Africa,
before 1450., i. 238
Fernando Po, W. Africa, described by
C. Livingstone, xviii. 513
discovery and subsequent history of,
Hutchinson on, ii. 227-8
Thomas at, xvii. 154
Vogel's proposed journey to, i. 216
Fernando Vaz, or Camma, river, W. Africa,
one of the mouths of the Ogowe river,
v. 109
its tributaries, iv. 183
Ferntree Gullies, Australia, i. 3
Ferrah Amba range, Abyssinia, watershed
of, xii. 298
Ferreira, Joao B., journey in Bihe', W.
Africa, Cameron on, xx. 321
Fertile Belt, Rocky Mts., extent and aspect
of, xx. 293
Fesa or Fessa valley, Persia, Mts. near,
xvi. 262
Abbott's journey to, i. 321
Fez or Fes, Morocco, ix. 312
Fezzan, N. Africa, slave-trade abolished
in, 1856., i. 114
Fiakarana, Madagascar, market near,
xx. 110
Fianarantsoa, Madagascar, geographical
position of, Mullenson, xix. 191
population of, xix. 193
Fidonisi or Serpent Island, Black Sea,
admiralty survey of, i. 403
Field, C. W., The Atlantic Telegraph,
i. 216
Fifteen Mile Creek, S. Australia, ii. 20
Figaniere, Comm. J. C, Honorary Corre
sponding Member R.G.S., viii. 44
Notes on the Language of S. Africa,
viii. 105, errata, 157
Fiji Islands, admiralty survey of, i. 407,
xx. 409, xxi. 436, xxii. 336
annexation of, by Great Britain, xxi. 40
British government mission to, See-
mann (1862.), vi. 96; referred to,
vii. 182, xvi. 391
Commercial resources of, Bensusan,
vi. 96, 97
corrections to charts of, 1873., xviii.
539
Crawfurd on, vi 99
Forbes on, xxi. 140
importance of, as naval station, Belcher
on, vi. 100
Pritchard on, vi. 98
Report of exploration of Rewa river
and tributaries, Na tite Levie, Mac-
donald (title only), i. 508
Finch's mine, S. Australia, v. 124

Fincke, — , expedition with Baker in
Search of the Central Saline Lake of
Australia, v. 105
liberality to explorers, vii. 135
to Stuart, ix. 232-3
cited on colonizing Van Diemen's Gulf
vii. 170
Fincke river, South Central Australia,
proposed depot near, xii. 292
Fin(c)ke's Spring, S.C. Australia, vi. 8
Findlay, A. G., on the African Lakes
district and the Nile, xi. 250, xiv. 17,
xvi. 411
Current Charts of the N. Atlantic by,
value of, ii. 329
on Graah's observations on the Green
land currents, i. 62
on the Gulf Stream, xiii. 102, 111, 231.
241, xv. 88
on Lake Tanganyika, and its outlets,
xvii. 32, xviii. 146
On the Probable Course followed by
Sir J. Franklin's expedition, i. 21
on the proposed Australian expedition
of 1872., xvii. 57
Statistical Maps of Australia by, ix. 224
on the Work of R.G.S.. in 1861-2.,
vi. 179
obituary notice of, 1875., xix. 381
Fine, Oronce, old map by, supposed to
show Australia, xvi. 353
Finland, Nordenskiold's map of, and
views on erosion in, viii. 236-7
Finlay, J., carpenter, N. Australian ex
pedition, death of, i. 189, 261
Finlayson Islands, Arctic Regions, wood
found at, showing set of current, iv. 9
Finniss, — , his opinion favourable to
Adam Bay settlement, Australia, xii.
202
 River, Australia, sources of, xiv. 197
 Spring, S. Australia, iv. 93, vii. 113,
xv. 97, 99
Finisterre Mts., N. Guinea, highest peaks
in, xix. 234
Fipa country, near L. Tanganyika, Africa,
xvi. 438, xvii. 13, xxii. 398
Firozabad Pass, Persia, i. 290
Firiizkuh, Perso-Turcoman frontier, road
to Shahrud via, xx. 166
Firando, early English factory in Japan
at, iii. 297
Firefly, vessel, wrecked and salved in
Torres Straits, vi. 173, vii. 3, 8, 36, 37,
173
Fires, Bay of, Tasmania, admiralty survey
of, xxi. 436
Fish Bay, Curlew Island, Bay of Bengal,
¦ vi. 208
Fisherman Islands, opening in Barrier
reef near, xviii. 26
Fisher's river, Vancouver Island, affluent
of Lake Dickson, ix. 308

FIS— FL1

113

Fish Town, W. Africa, visited by Burton,
1861., vi. 66
Fischer and Denhardt's East African
expedition, carrier pigeons carried by,
1876., xxi. 473
Fitton, W. H., On the Structure of N.W.
Australia, i. 501
referred to, on the geology of N\
Australia, i. 457, ii. 214
Fittre or Fitri Lake, C. Africa, ii. 34, 221
Fitzallan, — , botanist of Smith's ex
pedition to the Burdekin river, Aus
tralia, v. 123
Fitz Maurice Point, N. Australia, x. 326-7
 River, N. Australia, alligators in,
i. 184, ii. 5; head of, i. 171, 190, 225;
probable source of, 231
Fitzroy, Admiral, gold medallist, ix. 215
on areas of condensation (Hopkins'
theories), i. 59
Beagle expedition (q.v.), viii. 161, xii. 322
on introduction of Camels into Australia,
iii. 89
on the canal (proposed) between the
Atlantic and Pacific Oceans at
Panama, i. 65
on the district explored by Cox 'in
S. America, viii. 161
on the mail routes to Australia,- i. 81
on Maury's meteorological observations,
v. 24, and work, ix. 153
meteorological investigations on the
home coasts, iii. 278
progress, v. 183, vi. 142
on Parish's theory of Cyclones, i. 36
on the proposed Arctic expedition,
1865., ix. 120
qualifications and work of, Murchison
on, viii. 161
S. American sailing directions, I860.,
iv. 156
his work in S. America, ix. 243-4
on Wheelwright's engineering works
in, 1834-60., iv. 47
surveys by, their importance, xv. 300
obituary notice of, 1865., ix. 215
Fitzroy Downs, Australia, geology of,
xii. 141, 142
gold prospects on, 141 ; iron of, 144
 Range, Australia, i. 186, 228
 River, N. Australia, i. 498, ii. 313,
N.E, iv. 79, N.W., v. 3, 4, N, 6, 9
vii. 6, xix. 446, 488
access up vaUey of, to interior, viii. 118
admiralty' survey, xxi. 436
second largest in Australia, vii. 13
settlement on, v. 122, vi. 24, 194, x. 62,
249
valley of, suited for cotton-growing,
vii. 115
Walker in region of, 1862., vi. 194
Fjiords, Canons, and Benches, the forma
tion of, R. Brown, xiii. 144

Fjiords of S. Greenland, Taylor on, v. 90
Flattery, Cape, Cape York Peninsula
Queensland, climate of, xii. 315
geological formation near, xii. 143
latitude of, i. 230
Fleming, Rev. F., Journey across the
rivers of Br. Kafraria and thence from
the Great Kei to the Gnabaka river,
with sketches of fossil remains, i. 511
Fletcher, — , on the San Francisco river,
Brazil, ix. 30
Fletcher's Creek, N. Queensland, xii. 141
Geological formation on, xii. 142
Fligely, Cape, Arctic regions, latitude of,
xix. 28 ; polynia near, 31
Flinders, Capt.,
cited ou the coast of the Australian
Bight, i. 230
 fitness for colonization of
region visited, i. 327
 Gulf of Carpentaria, i. 83, 85
 geology of N.W. Australian
coast, i. 501
 of N. Australia, ii. 214
Sweers and Bountiful Islands of, i. 258,
259
expeditions of, referred to, i. 263,
iii. 90, iv. 78, 80, vi. 136, ix. 227,
xi. 227, xii. 201, 291, xiv. 203
Flinders Island, Bass's Strait, admiralty
survey, xxii. 336
Flinders Lake, Australia, iv. 78
Flinders Passage, into the Gulf of Papua ,
xviii. 37
Flinders Range, S. Australia, ii. 17, 18
Flinders river, N. Queensland, i. 494,
497, vii. 40, 112, x. 326
aborigines of, xi. 44
affluents of, vii. 6
crossed by Gregory, i. 367
chief heads of, xii. 141
country near, i. 494, vii. 83
easy road from, to the Darling river,
vii. 40, 112
fine country near, vii. 41, 112
fossils from, xii. 142
found fordable, by Leichhardt, vii. 86
geology of shores of, xii. 144, xviii. 91
gold near, xii. 141
mouth of, bar across, vii. 4, 14
 ¦ explored by Landsborough, 1867.,
xii. 5, 6
 reached by Burke and Wills,
vi. 10, 168, 174, vii. 36
 reached by M'Kinlay, vii. 176
 traces of Burke and Wills found
at, by Walker, vii. 4, 6, 7, 37, 112,
174-5-6
. navigability of, vii. 4, 114
ascertained by Norman, vii. 4, 8
road connecting with the Pacific, x. 34
route to N. Queensland by valley of,
x. 51

114

FLI— FOR

Flinders river, N. Queensland — continued.
settlements on, ix. 303
source and course of, xii. 140
traces of Leichhardt on, ix. 304, a. 59,
60,85
variation of water in, ix. 303
wool-growing along, ib.
Flinders' Well, Sweers Island, i. 259-60,
ii. 14
and inscriptions thereat, 15, vii. 3
Floeberg Beach, Arctic regions, bird life
of, xxi. 277 ; glaciers of, xxi. 104 ; pack-
ice of, xxi. 102
Floebergs, xxi. 443
Flood, J., of Gregory's N. Australian
Expedition, ii. 5, 6, 10
Ascent of Albert River, X. Australia,
1857., by, xxx. 378
Flora, the Northern, characteristics of,
Thistleton-Dyer, xxii. 421, 422-6
¦  Southern, xxii. 421, 426-32
 Tropical, xxii. 421, 432
Floraville, Queensland, death of F.
Walker at, 1866., xii. 54
Flores Island, Java Sea, ix. 30
discovered by the Portuguese in 1511.,
xvi. 354
Florida Keys, U.S.A., telegraphic cable
from to Havana, 1866., xiii. 103
Fly, H.M.S. (see Australia, admiralty
surveys, and Blackwood), iv. 80, 82,
83
survey of coast of N. Guinea by, ix. 260
Fly river, N. Guinea, Ascent of, Mac-
farlane, 1876., xx. 253
D'Albertis, cited on, xxi. 459
distinct from the Baxter river, xx. 107
natives of, xviii. 45
• — - and products of, D'Albertis, 1876.,
xx. 343
nutmegs near, xx. 334
Flora, Mt., W. Australia, xiv. 194
Fog Bay, N. Australia, xiv. 197
Fogara, N. Africa, caverns at, ix. 313
Foggara, Abyssinia, cotton of, xiii. 47
Fohu, the warm south wind in Switzer
land, xii. 262
Fokada, Abyssinia, geological formation
of the plain of, xiv. 164
Fokien province, China, inclusive of
Formosa Island, viii. 28
nautical population of, i. 334
piracy in, i. 339
Fole river, S. Africa, mapped by Living
stone, xiii. 135
Foley's Creek, Vancouver Mand, affluent
of Cowichen Lake, ix. 306
Fonseca, C. America, geographical posi
tion, and good harbour of, iv. 173
Fonseca, Gulf of, O. America, huge har
bour in, xii. 46
Foo-Chin-Che, N.W. China, large town,
vi. 225

Foo-chow on the Yangtse river, China,
" xiv. 168
Foo-chow-fu, S. China, treaty port, i. 334,
iii. 85 ; dragon boats of, xxi. 263
Foogamoo, fall on the Rembo river, W,
Africa, x. 74
Foong-Wung-Ching, Manchuria, seaport,
geographical position and business of,
xiii. 28
Foot Doong river, Burma, course and
elevation of, xvii. 43
Forbes, Com. C. S., r.n.
Western Shores of Volcano Bay, Yesso
(Japan), 1865., x. 169, 172
obituary notice of, 1877., xxi. 428
Forbes, Dr. C, Vancouver Islaud, its
Physical Geography, Climate, and
Mineral resources, viii. 83
Forbes, D., work of, in S. America, ix. 245
Forbes, Litton, The Navigator Isles,
xxi. 140
Forcados river, W. Africa, new channel
to Warre discovered in, C. Livingstone,
xiv. 167
Forchhammer, Piof. J. G., Honorary Cor
responding Member of R.G.S.. viii. 44
cited on the composition of Sea-water,
x. 341
obituary notice, I860., x. 203
Foreign Office commendation of Expe
dition in search of Livingstone, xvi. 186
Foreland Sound, Spitzbergen, constant
fog in, xiii. 156
Forelands Island, Spitzbergen, ix. 311
Forest Destruction in Coorg, effect of,
Bidie, xiii. 74
 in the Western Ghauts, effect
of, on the Water Supply, Markham,
x. 266
 Region of the Peace River, Br. N.
America, fertility of, xx. 299
Forests in connection with Hydrology, im
portant papers on, read at the Brighton
meeting of the British Association,
referred to, xvii. 20
Fori Island, or Cataracts of Aufina, on
the Nile, Gessi's expedition at, 1876.,
xx. 470
Forlong, Capt., see Fraser, Capt.
Formosa Bay, E. Africa, viii. 3
river running into, viii. 7
Formosa Island, China, viii. 23
admiralty surveys, iii. 270, xii. 241
aborigines of, x. 126, xvii. 156, Allen
on, xxi. 258, 260-1
 Bullock on, xxi. 267
¦  Murchison on, viii. 28
 Parkes on, viii. 26
Chinese irrigation works in, xxii. 55
coal of, v. 203, viii. 24, 26, xvii. 155,.
xxi. 262, 265, xxii. 55, 60
earlier history, viii. 26
extent of, xxi. 258

FOR— FRA

115

Formosa Island, China— continued.
explorations of, see Allen, ' Bullock,
Corner, Hughes, Kopoch, Swinhoe
George Psalmanazar's forgeries concern
ing, viii. 24, xvii. 156
Journey through, from Tamsui to Tai-
wan-fu, 1875., Allen, xxi. 258
North, dangerous sands on coast of,
xxi. 260
 Notes on the Rivers in, Kopsch,
xiv. 79
Notes on, Swinhoe (1863.), viii. 23 (cf.
209), xvi. 357
additional, x. 122
opened to foreign trade (1862 ), vi. 166,
viii. 209
Physical Geography of, Corner on,
xxii. 61
pith plant of, and its uses, xxii. 419
progress of geographical knowledge of,
1864., viii. 209, 1872., xvi. 357
Southern, Notes of a journey in, 1871.,
Thomson, xvii. 144; Visit to Tok-e-
Tok, Chief of the Tribes of, Hughes,
(1872.), xvi. 265 (cf. 357)
Tour through, from South to North.
(1877.), Corner, xxii. 53
Trip into the Interior of, 1873., Bullock,
xxi. 266
Zoology of, x. 127
Fornen, town in Ghilan, Persia, iii. 391
Forrest, A., brother of John Forrest, Aus
tralian explorer, xix. 311, 312, 446
Forrest, J., awarded gold medal, 1876.,
xx. 368, 370, 371, 430
explorations of, iu Australia —
in search of Leichhardt, xiv. 322, xix.
482, 488 ; (into the Interior of W.
Australia), Nicholson, xiv. 190
from W. to S. Australia, 1870., xv. 8,
296, xvii. 19, 277
proposed to C. Australia, 1872.,
xvii. 20, postponed, xvii. 277
in W. Central Australia, 1874.,
xix. 57, 445, 481, xxi. 461
Lowther on, xx. 371
Rawlinson on, xx. 370
Journey across Australia from Cham
pion Bay, W. coast, to Peake
Station on the Telegraph Line,
1874., xix. 57
 across Western Interior of Aus
tralia from Murchison river to
Peake station, 1874., abstract,
xix. 310, full paper, 481
Forsyth, Sir T. D., On the Buried cities
in the Shifting Sands of the Great
Desert of Gobi, xxi. 27 ; on his ex
pedition to Yarkand and Kashgaria,
1870., xv. 23, its result, Murchison
on, xv. 6, 287 ; do. of 1873., xvii., 286,
letters on, xviii. Ill etseq., 439; do.,
with remarks by Rawlinson, xviii.

414 et seq., geographical results of.
Trotter on, xxii. 287; mission to
Russia, 1870., and its success, xiv. 317
On the Transit of Tea from N. India
to E. Turkestan, xiii. 198
report on Trade routes between Tibet
and C. Asia, xiii. 11
on trade and trade routes to China
from the West, xxi. 138
on Trotter's work and that of others
at high elevations on the Pamirs,
xxii. 288
Forsyth Islands, N. Australia, ii. 14
Fort Creek, Oregon, waters of, xi. 91
 Point; N. Australia, country near,
xiv. 197
 ¦ William, Lake Superior, ii. 40
Fortaleza, Brazil, elevation of, xx. 460
Forteau, Belle Isle, Labrador, mission
aries at, ix. 136
'Fortescue Straits, X. Guinea, xviii. 27
 river, N.W. Australia, good lands
near, vi. 172
source of, xix. 53
Fossil Bones from the Alluvial Strata of
the Zambesi Delta, Kirk, viii. 131
Fossilbrook Creek, Australia, geological
formation near, xviii. 87, 1 07
Foster, — , sole white companion of
MacDouall Stuart, iii. 336
Former territory, Nile region, viii. 135
Fouchan, Korea, held by Japan, 1865.,
ix. 297
Foulepoint, Madagascar, port of, described,
xiv. 364
Foulis, Dr., Report on Lord Howe Island
cited, xxii. 138 et seq.
Foulke or Fulke, Port, Smith Sound,
Arctic regions
animal life at, xvii. 179
Hayes at, ix. 182, his observations made
at, 184, 185, his winteriug - place,
xxi. 274
Fouque, — , Report on the Volcanic Erup
tion at Santorin Island, x. 322
Foveaux Strait, N. Zealand, character of
coast north of, ix. 34
Foweira, falls of the Nile near, xxi. 49
the Nile navigable from, xix. 109
Fowler, — , on the Suez Canal, xiv. 104
 , J., on surveys into Darfur, etc.,
xxi. 6l
Fowler's Bay, S. Australia, v. 124, ix. 75,
x. 129, 130, xv. 296
bad lands near, v. 125
Fox, Gen. C. R., obituary notice of, 1873.,
xvii. 246
Fox, the, vessel of Young, in the N.
Atlantic telegraph survey, iv. Ill, 251,
v. 70
Fra Cristobal Oscura Mts., New Mexico,"
geological formation and peaks of,
xxii. 274

116

FRA— FEE

Fraenckel. — , Dutch resident at Sour-
baya, hospitality of, to N. Australian
expedition, ii. 15
France, see Senegal, Tonquin, etc., see also
French, infra
admiralty surveys of, ii. 288, iv. 148
American coast surveys made by, i. 423
geographical progress, 1858., i. 422,
ii. 288, cf. iii. 291
Geographical Society of, N.W. African
expedition sent by, xxi. 474
cited on Senegal, viii. 241
its interest in Arctic exploration,
xii. 98
presents its gold medal to Sir S. W.
Baker, xi. 154
 to Livingstone, i. 422
—  •  to Lieut. E. Mage,
xi. 200-1
— ¦  to the Schlagintweit
brothers, iii. 291
work of, 1864., viii. 219
lost monasteries and ancient towns in,
x. 336
maps by French officers, ii. 288
maps of, i. 146, ii. 288
Carte lithologique des Mers de, by
Delesse, xiii. 285
maritime survey, i. 147, iv. 201, vi. 136
Vast losses of Land on the W. coasts of,
within the historical period, Peacock,
x. 329
Francis, Fort, B.N. America, ii. 41
Francq, — de, on Changes iu the Surface
of the Globe, Murchison on, ii. 325
Frankfurt Cape, Arctic regions, latitude
of, xix. 28, 33
Frankincense district of Africa, see Bird-
wood and Somaliland
Franklin, Cape, Arctic regions, i. 106
 Harbour, S. Australia, why so named,
iv. 78, admiralty survey of, xvi. 320,
xvii. 257
Franklin, Lady, awarded gold medal,
I860., iv. 109, 111, 251, letter on
receiving, iv. 114
Arctic search expedition of, its pro
gress, ii. 2H0, iv. 7, 9, 10, 12
Maps of Japan presented by, vii. 62
on the proposed N. Polar expedition of
1865., ix. 148
Franklin, Sir John, in Australia, iv. 78
on Arctic temperatures, his journal
cited, 1818., xiii. 167 note
date of death of, iv. 4
explorations of, in X. America, game,
fish, and minerals found by, i. 53, 264
 , in Arctic regions, Esquimaux de
scriptions of, i. 19, iv. 3, and traces
of, i. 19, 21
Hall's search for traces of, I860., vii. 99
Kane's, 1852-4., i. 17, 111
Rae's, 1851., i. 22, 1854., i. 23, xix, 2.12

Franklin, Sir John — continued.
fate of, probable cause, xix. 36, 211
proposed further search for, i. 94-5
plan for, by Pirn, i. 209, 214
proposed statue to, iv. 115, unveiling of,
1866., xi. 6
search expedition of 1853-4., i. 1, x. 85,
and results, xix. 212, 213
summary of his career, iv. Ill
Franks, A. W., on Easter Island, its in- "
habitants and their images, xiv. 118
Franz Josef Land, xix. 177, Arctic regions,
discovery of, Payer on, xix. 28
early voyages in the direction of,
xix. 178
ice-bergs of, xix. 32, 33
Fraser, Capt., and Forlong, Capt.,
Proposed route across the Isthmus of
Kraw, vii. 58.
Fraser, J. B., obituary notice of, i. 120
Fraser, M., Account of Warburton's Aus
tralian expedition, 1874., xix. 483
Fraser or Frazer river, Br. N. America
admiralty surveys of, iv. 155, v. 176
alleged pass vid, i. 266
benches of, or Valley Terraces, Begbie,
xv. 133, Murchison on, ix. 20 '
described, ix. 18, 19
examined by Palmer, iv. 33
fork of, ix. 19
geological formations along, Begbie's
theory on, xv. 140
gold near, ii. 50, 268, 293, iii. 322
sketch-map of gold reefs in, published,
iii. 272
Indians of, and wages, iv. 34
navigability of, Richardson, vi. 235
comparative safety of, iv. 227
outfall of, coast at, viii. 87
 shores of and course of, viii. 88
 winter at, viii. 90
rapids of, xii. 124, 126
route vid, to Cariboo, vi. 108-9, viii.
121-2, 124
Upper, navigability of, xii. 123
winter climate of, vi. 232, viii. 90
 river nick, Cascade Range, B.N.
America, iv. 232
Fraserpett, Madras, India, desirability of
' preserving forests at, xiii. 79
Frazer, Cape, Grinnell land, Arctic
regions, xix. 213
Esquimaux ruins at, xii. 105
fossils from, ix. 185
latitude of, iii. 148
meeting of tidal waves at, xviii. 14
surveys of, by Hayes, ix. 186
Frederickshaab (or hope), Greenland
Esquimaux of, v. 89
glacier near, xiv. 157
ice action on fjiord at, xiii. 149
Fred's Pass, N. Australia, valley and lands
near, xiv. 197-8

FRE— PRE

117

Freeling, Capt. A. H.
exploration to Lake Torrens, ii. 60
on latest Australian explorations,
ii. 185 et seq.
Freeling, Mt., S. Australia, ii. 26
country near, ii. 187, 191
- — Spring, S.C. Australia, v. 104
Freeman, — , on Lagos as a door to com
merce, vi. 17
Freeman or Tkyinen Strait, Spitzbergen,
German expedition at, 1870., xv. 306
Freetown, SierraLeone, mortality at, i v. 21 9
Fregaezia das Conchas, Brazil, the Tibagy
river at, and geology of the valley,
xx. 457
Frehel, Cape, Brittany, devastation by
the sea at, x. 334
Fremantle, Capt. the Hon. E. R., on
Ashantiland, its people, climate, etc.,
xviii. 296
Fremantlo, Capt., r.n., and the removal
of the Pitcairn islanders, i. 61, 77
Fremantle, Sir T., on the removal of the
Pitcairn islanders, i. 6 1
Fremantle or Freemantle, W. Australia,
x. 35, 50, xviii. 571
Fremont, Gen., gold medallist, authority
on American travel, i. 327
Honorary Corresponding Member, viii.
44
Fremont, Oregon, xi. 90
Fre'mont Peak, Rocky Mts., elevation of,
iii. 319
French (see also France, supra) —
annexation of Cochin China, v. 47
Atlantic telegraph, laying of, xiv. 306
expeditions in Africa, de Brazza's and
others, 1877., xxi. 473-4
— — up the Cambodia river and under
Gamier, xiii. 307
 in Senegal, 1863., xi. 200-1
Missionaries in Tibet, letter from, 1869.,
xiv. 215
French river, Canada, course and impor
tance of, ii. 294
Frere, Cape, N. Guinea, described by
Moresby, xix. 233
Frere, G., on limits of the English claims
on the E. Coast of Africa, xvi. 101
on Newchang, xvi. 216
Frere, Sir H. Bartle E.—
Honorary degree conferred on, by
the University of Cambridge, 1874.,
xviii. 408
ohoBen President, 1873., xvii. 310;
acceptance of office, xvii. 322
annual address, 1874., xviii. 493, 497 ;
opening do. (1873.), xviii. 4
mission to Zanzibar concerning the
slave trade, xvii. 14
on Africa and African exploration —
Ashanti expedition and its results,
xviji. 286, 293

Frere, Sir H. Bartle E. — continued.
on Africa and African exploration — cont.
Baker's Nile expedition, xviii. 68
Lieut. Baker's observations, xviii.,
143
Cameron's exploration of Lake
Tanganyika, xix. 259
Crofts' expedition up the Volta,
xviii. 193
Defoe's ' Captain Singleton,' xvi. 99
Elton's exploration of the Limpopo
river, xvi. 99
Gordon's expedition and character,
xx. 13
on the International Committee for
the exploration arid civilization
of C. Africa, xxi. 18, 60
Livingstone and the expedition in
search of, etc., xiv. 17, xvi. 145,
148, cf. xviii. 6, xvii. 157 et seq.,
323-4, 334, 342
(death) xviii. 131, 149, 176, 183,
221-3, 255, 300
(funeral) xviii. 176, 183, 243,
445
(grant to children of) xvii. 323-4,
xviii. 176
(last days and letters), xviii. 243-4,
254 255-67
(servants of), xviii. 182, 221-2, 254,
300
Price's journey to Lake Tanganyika,
xxi. 246
Stanley's alleged treatment of
natives, xxi. 60
on Arctic exploration, xviii. 553
on Asiatic subjects —
Dilke's paper on Russian Turkestan,
xviii. 252
Mekran, xvi. 220
Millingen's journey to Yemen, xviii.
202
on Australia —
discovery of gold in, xviii. 520
progress and exploration in, 1 873- 4 ,
xviii. 570
Warburton's explorations in, xviii.
183, 286, 570
on Madagascar, xxi. 174, and the
Johanna Islands, xix. 203
on Murchison's illness, xv. 233
on New Guinea, xviii. 47, 49
on Oceanic Circulation (Carpenter's
paper), xviii. 301
on Peruvian railway works, xviii. 217
on Rawlinson's illness, xvii. 322
on the Runn of Cutch and Neighbour
ing Region, xiv. 120, 123
on the Suez Canal, xiv. 103
on Zanzibar and the East Coast of
Africa, xvii. 343
remarks at evening meetings, xiii 22,
xvii. 34:0, xviii. 240,, 281

118

FRE— GAF

Frere, Sir H. Bartle E. — continued.
remarks on presenting Public Schools
prize medals, xviii. 491
 on presenting medals, xv. 234, 2^41,
xviii. 487
resignation, acknowledging vole of
thanks on, xviii. 494
Rawlinson on, xviii. 493
Freshfield, D. W., on Mt. Ararat and its
glaciers, xxii. 185
Journey in the Caucasus and Ascent of
KaBbek and Elbruz, 1868., xiii. 66
Freshwater Bay, Cape York District,
Australia, viii. 116
Frewen, R., Notes on Daka and Pan-
damatika on the Zambesi, 1877.,
xxii. 223
on the work of the African exploration
fund, xxii. 473
Friederich's Koog, Holstein, land gained
from the sea at, ii. 283
Friedrichsthal, Greenland, Moravian mis
sion at, xv. Ill
Friendly Islands, S. Pacific, xxi. 140, 141
Fritsche, Dr., travels of, in Mongolia,
xviii. 560
Frobisher Strait, Arctic regions, proved
to be a bay, . . . Hall, vii. 99
Frome, Capt., Australian explorations of,
referred to, ii. 60, 185, 188
Frome river, S. Australia, sources of, and
course, ii. 17, 20
Fuca, Strait of, Vancouver Island, ii. 487,
ix. 307
Fuohow, S. China, (see also Foo-chow),
black tea mart, iii. 85
 N. China, xiii. 28 ; coal near, xiii. 31
Fudhlee, territory, Arabia, xvi. 117
Fuerte, El, Mexioo, described, iii. 109
Fnga, C. Africa, Burton and Speke
iii. 210
Fuh-shan, important mart, interior
China, ii. 208
Fuji-yama or Fusi-yama, volcanic mtn.,
Japan, iii. 299
Ascent of, by R. Alcock, I860., v. 132
by Gubbins, 1872., xvii. 78
by Jeffreys (1875.), xix. 169
beauty of, xix. 171
compared with Mt. Shasta, xix. 294
elevation of, xvii. 81, xix. 173
Forbes on, x. 172
Fukra, Syria, temple at, ii. 225
Fuku-shima, post-town on the Xakasendo
road, Japan, xvii. 81
Fulah or Pulo race, W. Africa, xxi. 493
Fum river, N.W. of Cooper's Creek,
Australia, xv. 99
Fumbiua Mts., W. Africa, xxi. 490
Fuchal, Madeira, meteorological observa
tions at, ii. 368-9
Fundy, Bay of, Newfoundland,
admiralty surveys, etc.. in, i. 407-S,

at,

of

iii. 273, iv. 156, v. 176-7, vi. 137, vii. 143
x. 219, xi. 194
Fureya, Jebel, Sinai, xiii. 210
Furious, H.M.S., voyage along E. coast of
China, 1858., iii. 55 et seq.
Furrah territory, and river, etc, Afghan
istan, Marsh on, xxi. 585
Furriman, Persia, waterless road to
xxi. 584
Fury Beach, Arctic regions, Franklin's
cache at, found untouched, 1851,, i. 22
Markham's visit to, 1873., xviii. 17
Parry's expedition, traces of, found at
ib.
Ross's note-book found at, i. 26
Ross's visit to, xviii. 17
Futa Jallo on the Niger, Fullah settle
ments at, xxi. 493
Futa Toro, on the Niger, Fullah settle
ment at, xxi. 493
Fusi yama, see Fuji-yama, supra
Fynney, F. B., Geographical and
Economical Features of the Transvaal
xxii. 114
Fytche, Gen. A.
On British Burmah under British and
Native Rule, xii. 198
Cambodia river (Mekong), the progress
of the French expedition up, xii. 136
on the opening of the Irrawaddy (Ira-
wadi) river, xv. 362
tour on circuit in Taoof and Morgui
provinces, vii. 58 <;
Gaba Shambyl, Fouaer, Nile region.
reached by Petherick, viii. 131
waters near, viii. 135
Gabendie district, Persia, extent of, xi. 38
Gabbei, frontier town of Bornu, C. Africa,
position of, i. 15, ii. 31
Gaboon river, W.C. Africa
Du Chaillu's explorations of (1864.),
viii. 244
French enterprise at estuary of, 1862.,
vi. 178
missionary station at mouth of, explora
tions from, iv. 72, v. 212
navigability of, v. 109
rapids of, in Crystal Mountains, dis
covered by Reade, 1861., vii. 106
Gabriel, E., on Livingstone's journeys,
i. 11, 56
obituary notice of, 1863., vii. 135
Gabul village, Assam, latitude, etc., of,
xvii. 40
Gabulu, or Gavuru, river, S.E. Africa,
latitude of, dwellers on, and outfall of,
xix. 122
Gadeis, Ain, Sinaitic Peninsula, explored
by Holland, xxii. 456
Gafsa, Tunis, wool manufacture of, vi. 212

GAG— GAL

119

Gage Road, W. Australia, admiralty
survey of, xviii. 538
Gage, Sir W. H., obituary notice, 1864.,
viii. 182
Gagur river, India, lost in sands, xix. 437
Gaifi, see Fagrima
Galapagos Islands, Pacific Ocean, perma
nent East wind in, i. 59
Galatz, Roumania, marshy district near,
iii. 207
Gale Point, Arctic Regions, xx. 60
Galipia, Tunis, near Cape Bon, castle at,
vi. 211
Gall, James, On a New Projection for a
Map of the World, xv. 159
Galla oountry, E. Africa,
area of, x. 99
supposed source of the Sobat in, v. 30
work of Italian missionaries in (1857.),
ii. 53, 54
Gallala Falls, Congo river, ii. 374
Galle, Point de, Ceylon, admiralty survey
of harbour, and proposed breakwater at,
iii. 266
Gallego river, Spain, affluent of the Ebro,
x. 232
Gallegos, Rio, Patagonia, and its
" benches," xv. 41
Gallilee, Sea of, streams feeding, xvii. 328
Gallinas Mountains, New Mexico, de
scribed by Goad, xxii. 276
Gallows Reef, E. of New Guinea, Moresby
on, xix. 229
Galooka, E. Africa, cannibals at, xvii. 338
Gait, F. L., Notes on the Climates of the
Maranon, xvii. 138
Galton, F., ii. 215, Gold medallist of
R.G.S., vii. 201
on the Albert Nyanza, x. 22
on Baines' geographical achievements,
xv. 158
on the bona-fides of Morrell, xiv. 154
on Burton's views of the African Lakes,
xvi. 130
on Cameron's African journey, xx. 132
Qn the Climate of Lake Victoria
Nyanza, vii. 225
on the Congo river, xvii. 31
on Denham and Clapperton's expedition
to Lake Chad, 1822., iii. 355
on Du Chaillu's journeys, and the
physical geography of W. and C.
Africa, v. 110
on the effect of winds on the waters of
lakes, xix. 262
on Elton's expedition up the Limpopo,
xvi. 100
on Erskine's paper on S. Africa, and
on the climate as suited to white
colonists, xxii. 134
on Exploration of Arid Countries, ii. 60
on the Gambia river and its rain-
supply, viii. 260

Galton, F. — continued.
on the Gibraltar Current, xv. 90
on Green and Hahn's journey in
Ovampo land, ii. 353
on Hahn's explorations in S. Africa,
i. 55
Hutchinson's ' West Africa,' abstract of,
ii. 227
Instrumental Instructions to Petherick,
v. 96
on Kilimanjaro, and Burton and Speke's
expeditions, iii. 116
on Lake Nyassa, and the rainfall of
Equatorial Africa, viii. 26U
on Lake Tanganyika, ix. 10
on the Lakes described by Burton aud
Speke, iii. 355-6
ou Livingstone —
African Travels of, and on Hottentots,
i. 244-5
progress of, xv. 209
\roung's expedition in search of,
xvii. 56
on the Magnetism of the Earth, xxii. 216
on Maps of Africa, i. 93
on the Meteorological observations
of Speke and Grant at Karagwe,
vii. 225
on the Meteorology of S. Africa, i. 60
on the Nile sources, vii. 110
on observations (Watson's) for the
height of Demavend, vi. 104-5
 of ocean currents, xxi. 257
on Peney's travels in Africa, vi. 19
on the Prizes for Public School Ex
aminations in Geography, xv. 234,
xvii. 226, 232, xviii. 491, xx. 372,
xxi. 401, xxii. 300
on the progress of geography in Africa,
v. 208, vi. 175
on a proposed search for Leichhardt,
i. 327
resignation of office as Hon. See. to
R.G.S., 1863., vii. 201
on the services of Admiral Smyth to
R.G.S., xxi. 402
on Stereoscopic Maps from models of
Mountainous countries, ix. 104-5
Sun Signals for Travellers, iv. 14
on taking levels in Africa, xiv. 18
on Thistelton Dyer's paper on Plant
Distribution, xxii. 411, 445 note
on tree-destruction in relation to rain
fall in S. Africa, ix. 108
on Uganda, quickest routes to, xxii.
472
on the value of native reports in geo
graphy, xvi. 130
on von der Decken's expedition to
Kilimanjare, vi. 51
on the West African cold eurrentf,
ix. 283
on West African trade, vii. 68

120

GAL— GAR

Galton, F. — continued.
Hints to Travellers (joint author),
xvi. 1-78
Galuffi's furthest, Nile District, also
Peney's furthest, 1861., vi. 19
Galvez, Sr. Don Pedro (Peruvian Min
ister) on the development of Peru,
xviii. 217-8
Gamassou river, Abyssinia, xiii. 43
Gambia river, W. Africa, iii. 377
British colony on, i. 513
cotton cultivation in valley of, iv. 222
natives of, and settlement en, i. 513,
514, and trade of, 517
navigation of, vi. 16
proposed Trade route from, to Tim-
buctoo, Cooper, xx. 78
rainfall on, Galton on, Viii. 260
settlement on, O'Connor, vi. 15
visit to the King of Bur Sin, to the
North of, O'Connor, 1856., iii. 377
Gambier, Lt., r.n., explorations of, up the
Niger, 1863., viii. 53
Gammon Creek, S. Australia, ii. 20
Gams, S. Africa, position of, ii. 158
Gamuda, Tunis, ruined city, vi. 214
Gana, Jose' Diaz, explorations of, in
Bolivia, 1870., etc., xxii. 47
Gandi, Peak, Isthmus of Darien, xii. 65
Gandiko town, Zhibu district, on the
Xiger, xxi. 489
Gando, W. Africa, powerful chief at,
ii. 99
Gangdisri, Mt., see Kailas
Ganges river, India, in dry .and wet
seasons, ii. 214
flow of, in flood, xx. 324
inundations of, i. 14
fnouths of, (Sunderbunds), admiralty
survey of, (1859.), iii. 268
  , position of, how caused,
vi. 115
plain of, and its rain-supply, xi. 64
source and course of, viii. 39
trade outlet of, viii. 21
tributaries of, i. 371, explorations of,
xix. 441
watershed of, i. 371, xi. 58
Gangri-Goorgiap, Trans-Himalaya, al
leged source of the Indus, xiii. 194
Ganguellas races of W.C. Africa, location
of, xx. 320
Gani-ma, Tibet, fair of, xxi. 329
Ganjah, C. Africa, population of, xvii. 121
Ganjam, Bay of Bengal,
currents off, vi. 115
' survey, progress of, i. 162, 370
Gankera division, south bank of the Ni°-er
xxi. 489
Gannett, H.M.S., Visit of to N.E. coast
of Labrador, 1867, Chimmo, xii. 195
Gantheaume Bay, W. coast of Australia
limestone hills at, x. 49

Ganyami river, S. Africa, alleged TranB.
vaal boundary, gold near, xv. 152-3
Gaphan, N.W. frontier of India, twin crests
of, elevation of, xv. 338
Garaparand river, Ecuador, S. America,
largest tributary of the Putomayo,
xxi. 572
Garbo, Nile region, latitude of reached
by Ulivi, iii. 305
 cataract, on the Nile, position of,
iii. 209
Garchethol, Tibet, its ruler, xxi. 331
gold near, and Khampa tribe, xxi. 333
Garda, Lake, Italy, moraine of, viii. 40
Garde, Greenland, foundation of, v. 92
Garden Island, Zambesi river, low water
near, I860., v. 129
Garden, B. I., Description of Diabekr,
1856., xi. 159
Gardiner, Col., journey to the Alai,
xiii. 1 5, xxi. 138
Gardner, C. T., Notes on a journey from
Ningpo to Shanghai, 1868., xiii. 170;
Notes to the same, 249-51
on inscriptions from Hangchow, xiii. 182
 , S., Notes on the condition of the
Gipsy population of Moldavia, i. 37
— — Mr., travels in C. Asia, about 1836.,
cited, x. 141
Garmasai Valley, N.W. Indian frontier,
xv. 13
Garmsil Valley, Afghanistan, surveyed by
Patterson, xx. 247
Garnaiah, Nile Region, dwelling and
cultivation near, xx. 360
Garnet Creek, Queensland, poor soil near,
xviii. 93
 Island, off N. Guinea, deduction
from brackish water near, xix. 234
Gamier, Lt. F. (see also Delagre'e), Gold
Medallist of R.G.S., xvii. 263
French expedition up the Mekong river
under, 1868., xii. 136, xiii. 56, 307,
xix. 281 ; work on, referred to,
xvii. 263
geographical results of the journey,
xviii. 463
cited on rivers of the Yangtsze lime
stone district, xx. 214
obituary notice of, 1874., xviii. 514
Garo Hills, Assam, On the, Godwin-
Austen, xvii. 36
G&rtokh, W. Tibet, flying survey to, by
Pundit, 1866., xii. 154
gold-fields east of, xiii. 184
Indus river at, xix. 344
iron bridge at, xiii. 185
latitude, longitude, and elevation of,
xiii. 192,194
Moorcroft's journey to (1810.), x. 137, 166
tribes paying tribute at, xxi. 329
Garry, Cape, Arctic regions, whales at,
xviii. 17 "

GAR— GEO

121

Garry Forts, B.N. America, i. 462, ii. 44,
xx. 275
 Island, Arctic regions, animal life
of, i. 54
Gasooigne, or Gascoyne, river, W. Aus-
• tralia, i. 366, iii. 37, 44, 45, xix. 316,
446, 447
affluents of, iii. 50
country near, v. 9
course of, iii. 38-9, 49, 50
expeditions to, F. Gregory's, 1857.,
iii. 34, vii. 16
floods of, iii. 45
good land near, iii. 52, 53
mouths of, iii. 43, 47
source of, xix. 53
tobacco, etc., found along, iii. 46
 Upper, xii. 290
Gash or Mareb river, Abyssinia,peculiarity
of, x. 282
Gaspar Strait, E. I. Archipelago,
admiralty survey of, vi. 134
Gatore, Gibel, (Mt.),Tunis, flints of, vi. 212
Gaulonitis, province, Syria, Eaton in,
(1864.), viii. 29
Gaurisankar, see Mt. Everest
Gautavik Harbour, Iceland, soundings in,
v. 73, 74
Gauto-La (pass), Trans-Himalaya, hot
spring near, viii. 37
Gawler, Col. G. K. H., vii. 17
advice to Eyre, ix. 227
on Central Australia, iv. 78, cited, 82,
83 ; further remarks, 84, 86, v. 9. 10,
his views justified, vii. 179
on conflicting descriptions of Lake
Torrens, ii. 28-30, 191
on expeditions in Australia —
Goyder's, 1857., ii. 28-30
Macdonnell's, 1859., iv. 94-5
Stuart's, I860., v. 57, cited, 105, further
remarks, 106, vi. 14
on intercolonial communication in
Australia, vi. 13
summary of Australian discovery,
(1857,), referred to, ii. 313
obituary notice of, (1870.), xiv. 301
Gawler, East, S. Australia, death of
MoKinlay at, 1872., xvii. 278
 Plains, S. Australia, fine grass on,
xv. 96
 Range, S. Australia, ii. 189, iii. 335,
waters of, xii. 289
Gaza, Syria, Palgrave's journey from,
1862-3., viii. 63
Gazaland, S. Africa, and its Chief, xxii. 128
Erskine's travels in, 1873-5., xxii. 127
Gazan Valley, Trans-Himalayas, road in,
xxii. 353
Gbe'be, Ghebe, or Igbebe, Niger river,
ii. 85
Crowther's mission at, vi. 23
• Haussa language at, xxi. 493

Gobi, Caucasus, xiii. 69
Gedge, Dr., of Baker's Nile expedition,
death of, xv. 163
Gee, B. W., on cotton cultivation in India
and Australia, v. 126-7
Geelong, Victoria, Australia, settlement
at in 1827., xviii. 533
Geelvink or Geelondk Bay, N. Guinea,
discovered by the Dutch, iii. 360
hill formation at, xii. 334
trade of, with the Eastern Archipelago,
vi. 43
Gegha, Tibet, fair at, xxi. 330
Geh-kong, near Amoy, China, probably
the Cay-kong or Zaytonof Polo.xviii. 170
Geis Mts., Bornu, W.C. Africa, petri
factions at, Rohlfs on, xi. 35
Gelabbing, see Churchman, Mt.
Geledi river, E. Africa, marsh termination
of, xvii. 342
Geleti, Egypt, plains and hills near,
xx. 358
Gellabat, or Metemma, capital of Darfur,
Africa, x. 292-3
Gem, Tunis, amphitheatre near, vi. 214
Gemlik, Gulf of, Asia Minor, i. 303
Genanah on the Juba, Somaliland, xvii.
342
Genava, S. Persia, ruins, near, i. 282,
probable old name of, 284
Geneva, Lake of, deep water observations
of Chaix in, xvii. 207, xxii. 456
in relation to the Rhone, viii. 40.
Geognostic Sketch of the Western Portion
of Timor, Muller, iii. 368
Ge'ographe Bay, S.W. Australia, admiralty
survey of, xx. 408, xxi. 435
Geographer, the real, described by
Hamilton, iv. 129
Geographical Committee of Portugal,
work of, in Africa, xxii. 15
 and Commercial notes on the N.E.
coast of China, Osborn, iii. 55, 64
 Congress, International, Antwerp,
1870., report on, Ommaney,xvi. 132
Paris, 1875., programme for, xviii. 453
 Department of the India Office, work
of Markham and Saunders at, xv. 284
 discoveries, and the route of civilisa
tion, xv. 298-9
 national prestige attached to,
Petermann on, xix. 180
 Education (see Public Schools Prize
Medals), letter of R.G.S. on promoting,
in schools, 1871., xv. 230
 and Ethnological Section British
Association Oxford meeting, I860., see
British Association
 exploration different from mere
travel, iv. 181
 features and Natural History of
hitherto unexplored region of WeBt
Africa, Du Chaillu (1856-9.), v, 108 '

122

GEO— GEO

Geographical fellowships, memorandum
from R.G.S. to the Universities of Oxford
and Cambridge, 1874., xviii. 451
 Knowledge, Review of the Progress
of, since the foundation of R.G.S. ,
Murchison, ix. 223
 notes on Siam, Parkes, i. 13
 of the Khedive's Expedition
to C. Africa, 1870-3., J. A. Baker,
xviii. 131
 observations on Western Africa,
Delany and Campbell, iv. 218
 • Positions in the Valley of the
Amazon, Rochelle, xvi. 271
 Science,its connection with Geological
Science, Murchison, xii. 275, xv. 311
 and Scientific results of the Khedive's
expedition to the Lake district of Africa,
1874-6., xxi. 63
 Sketch of the Nile and Congo Basins,
Stanley, xxii. 382
 Societies, Continental, number of, in
1874., .xix. 421; progress of, 1878.,
xxii. 305 (for individual societies, see
under place-names)
 study in Schools (see Public Schools
Prize Medals), various speakers on,
xv. 236-7
 verification of history, value of
Bishop of St. Asaph on, i. 482
— — ¦ work, waiting to be carried out,
1865., ix. 257
Geography of the Bed of the Atlantic
and Indian Oceans, and Mediterranean
Sea, Osborne, xv. 28
 of Borneo, Wallace on, i. 200
 of Central Africa, Observations on,
Macqueen, iii. 208
 and Climate of India, in reference to
the best site for a Capital, Campbell,
xi. 54
 , comparative, value of, Murchison
on, i. 482
 , Geology in relation to, Formation of
Main Land Masses, Duncan, xxii. 68
 , Names of Places in, Ross-King,
xix. 134
 . its Place in Education, Hale on,
xvi. 450
 in Russian Universities, ii. 281
 in Schools, see Public Schools Prize
Medals
Geography, Physical, dependence cf, on
Geology, Murchison, xiii. 311, xiv. 327
 , summaries, i. 412-7, ii. 325,
iii. 277
 of the Lower Indus, Tremen-
heere, xi. 22
  of the Malay Archipelago,
Wallace, vii. 206
 and Climate of Natal, Mann,
xi. 18
 of Paraguay, Johnston, xx. 494

Geography, Physical at Sea, Evans,xxi. 66
 value of, Murchison on, iv. 255
 Scientific, annual Grant by R.G.S. for
promotion of, founded, 1876., xx. 509
 , Scope of, Strachey on, xvi. 443
Geological changes in the Miocene period;
Wallace on, xxi. 515
 expedition to the West coast of
Otago, N. Zealand, 1863., Hector, ix.32
 notes on Campana, Ecuador, 1862.,
Wilson, vi. 248-9
•  problem of C. Australia, Jukes on,
iv. 96-7
 Survey of India, see India
 of the United Kingdom, pro
gress of, i. 409, iii. 275, v. 182,
vii. 146, viii. 196
 of the West Indies, iii. 276
 Surveys in the United States,
xvi. 329
Geology, Strachey on, xvi. 446
of Australia, xxii. 72, 73, Wallace on,
xxi. 529, 533
of S. Australia, Selwyn on, v. 242
of Borneo, Wallace on, i. 201
in relation to Geography, Duncan,
xxii. 68 ; Lyell and Hutton cited on,
xxii. 69 ; Murchison on, xii. 275,
xv. 311 ; to Physical Geography,
Murchison on, xiii. 311, xiv. 327; to
Plant Distribution, Dyer on, xxii. 441
Geometrical Projection of Sphere, i. 421
Georg Ludwig von  , his spurious
travels in the Pamirs, Murchison on,
x. 236; Rawlinson on, x. 134, 165,
xiii. 18, xvii. 110, 111; Veniukoff on,
xiii. 343
George, Capt. C, r.n., Curator of Map
Department of R.G.S., resignation of,
1877., xxi., 408
Notes on the Height of the Victoria
Nyanza, xx. 159
on the Thermometer, B. W., used bv
S. W. Baker, 1864., x. 25, Table, 26"
George, Fort, Br. Columbia, climate at.
vi. 232
 -, Lake, S. Australia, Hume's journey
from, to Port Phillip, xviii. 532
 river, S. Australia, ii. 20
 Town, Br. Guiana, meteorological
Observations at, 1829-33., i. 76
 Volcano, Aegean Islands, x. 324
 Waters, mouth of the Glenelg
river, N.W. Australia, x. 86
George's Bay, Tasmania, admiralty sur
vey of, vii. 142
Georgia, Transcaucasus, described, viii.
275
Marshall on, vi. 105
social relations in, in 1831., vi. 61
 , Gulf of, Vancouver Island, ii. 51,
viii. S5
Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, ii. 294

GER— GHU

123

Geral, Serra, Brazil, rainfall of, xx. 459
Geraldine Mines, Murohison river, W.
Australia, i. 30, iii. 34, 49
sheep taken north from, xii. 290
Gerard, Jules, lion slayer, vi. Ill ; journey
of (proposed) to Dahomey, (1863.),
vii. 70 ; its progress, vii. 197
journey in Kasso, letter on, xi. 79-80
death of, xi. 79
Gerardmeer, Vosges, origin of, viii. 236
Gerharty, — ,, police trooper, explorations
of, near Streaky Bay, Australia, iii. 152,
335
German African Society, established 1876.,
xxi. 394 ; scope of, xxii. 14
 attempts to reach the N. Polar circle
from the Atlantic, Osborn on, xvi. 227
 Arctic or North Polar expeditions,
(proposed) under Petermann, 1868.,
xii. 98 ; Murchison on, xv. 8
under Kolde wey, 1869-70., Murchison
on, xv. 307 ; 1871., xvi. 85 ; results
of, Petermann on, xix. 173
 Congo expedition, 1S74., xviii.
576
 expedition in the Nile region,
xx. 14, 16, 441, xxi. 470
 to Siberia, 1877. , xxi. 447
 in W. Africa, under Giiss-
feldt, baffled, xx. 14; under Lenz
and Pogge, xxii. 18
 Ocean, sudden rise of, at Heligoland,
1858., iii. 372
Germania, Cape, Arctio regions, latitude
of, xix. 31
Germany, geographical progress and pub
lications, see Annual and Opening
Addresses, passim
Germeli tchai or Lycus river, Asia Minor,
alum mines near, iii. 370
Gerongsi river, E. Africa, outfall of, and
navigation on, xix. 123
Gers, N. Africa, springs at, ix. 313
Gerstenberg, J., on the Amazons river and
its affluents, x. 107
on Ecuador, Peru, and the Amazon 9
river, iii. 96-7
on a German settlement on the eastern
slopes of the Andes, viii. 62
on opening up of communication be
tween the Atlantic and the Andes,
xv. 379
on the proposed Panama ship-canal,
ix. 279
on Pirn's Nicaragua Canal or railway
scheme, vi. 77
on the Trigonometrical Survey of
India in relation to the introduction
of useful plants, iv. 33
GesBi, Romolo,
circumnavigation of Lake Albert
Xyanza by, 1876., Baker on, xx. 471,
Stone on, 470

Gessi, Romolo — continued.
On the Circumnavigation of the Albert
Nyanza, 1876., xxi. 50
Gessi, Romolo, and Matteuci, expedition
of, to S. Abyssinia, (1878.), xxii. 378
Getohiser, Persia, elevation of, iii. 6
Geumushtepe, near the Caspian sea, ruins
of Alexander's wall near, Vambe'ry at,
1863., viii. 268
Geves river, W. Africa, natives of, iii. 380
Geylum plain, Patagonia, xv. 48
Ghadames, or Ghadamis, desert city, X.
Africa, Bonderba's visit to, iv. 184
Rohlfs' visit to, 1864., ix. 250, 312
trade of, with C. Africa, vi. 17, with the
Mediterranean, i. 215
Ghadir Abu Sarwal, Syria, a wady,
xvi. 109
Ghaffaf, Wadi, Yemen, Arabia, cultiva
tion in, xviii. 201
Ghakooch, frontier village of Kashmir.
xv. 389
Ghansi, S. Africa, drought at, v. 17
Ghareeya, S. Arabia, pilgrimages to,
xvi. 120
Ghat, N. C. Africa, Bonderba's expedi
tion to, and elevation of, iv. 184
Ghats, the Western of Bombay Presidency,
climate and elevation of, xi. 67
Ghattat Bey, Isthmus of Suez, sand found
about low-water level at, iii. 200
Ghaz Lake, or Pamir Kul, river flowing
from, xviii. 435
GhazawaU, Derb el, Syria, xvi. 114
Ghebe, see Gbebe or Igbebe
Gheisk, Sea of Azov, disadvantages of, as
a port, i. 308
Gheit Habban, S. Arabia, stream of,
xv. 325
Gherba, cataract on the Nile, latitude of,
iii. 213
Ghilan, Persia, notes on, Abbott, (1859.),
iii. 390
Ghirin, or Girin, Manchuria, fertile dis
trict of, explored by Russians, ix. 242
ruins in, xvi. 207
Ghirza river, N.W. frontier of India,
rise and course of, xv. 12, 13
Ghiz river and pass, source of the Kash
gar river, Pamir region, xviii. 435
Ghoder, capital of the Owalee district,
S. Arabia, xvi. 117
Ghokcheh Lake, Erivan, elevation of,
viii. 275
Ghorbund river and valley, Afghanistan,
xx. 242
Ghorian fort, on the Heri Rud, Afghani
stan, xxi. 585
Ghulbat, or Rohib, Bay, Helaniyah Island,
Curia Muria group, described, iv. 51
Ghurundel, Wady, Simitic Peninsula,
fertility of, xii. 190
wells of Moses near, xiii. 206

124

GIA— GLA

Giachuroff camp, Trans- Himalayas, eleva
tion of, xiii. 186
Giantze : see Gyanze
Gibbe Klaike, S. Africa, new kraal of No
Bengule, xv. 153, latitude of, 154
Gibbs, Lt. J. E., of the Indian Trig-
nometrical Survey, death of, (1878.),
xxii. 347
Gibel, Ras el, Tunis, described, vi. 210
(Gibraltar, Straits of,
.Current in, i. 147; Carpenter on,
xviii. 307, 327-34, temperature of,
xxi. 303 ; Carpenter and Calver's ob
servations on, xv. 261 ; Herschel on,
xv. 211-2 ; Laughton on, xviii. 384
depths in, i. 147, iv. 152, xxi. 303
surveyed, I860., iv. 149
•Gibson, — , settlement of, at Streaky bay, '
iii. 337
 of Giles' second expedition, lost in
the desert, xix. 53
Gideen, Mt., Abyssinia, geological for
mation of, xiv. 163
Gifford, Earl of, obituary notice of, 1863.,
vii. 132
Gila river, Arizona, (U.S.), xix. 302, course
of, 306, former dwellers on, 304, Indians
of, 303
Gilead, Mt., (Jebel Ajtun) Syria, ascent of
by Beke, 1862., vi. 195, 196
Gilbert Range, Queensland, xii. 55
 river, Labrador, coast near, xii. 195
 , Queensland, i. 325, 501, x. 326,
xii. 55, xiii. 33
course of, xii. 140
.goldfields near head of, xii. 138, 143
Gregory's journey up, i. 367, 494
Landsborough's expedition up, xiii. 53
named by Leichhardt, i. 494, viii. 494
outfall of, xii. 138
physical character of shores, i. 498
well-watered region near, i. 54
' width of, xiii. 55
Giles, E., expeditions to Lake Amadeus,
etc. Australia, 1872., xiii. 277, xix.
8, 51, 58, 313, 314, 447, 488, 1875.,
xx. 430-1
•Gilgit, N.W. Indian frontier —
elevation and position of, Hayward on,
xv. 11 et seq.
Hayward's journey to, 1869., xiv. 107
 in, 1870., xv. 12, 14, 16, 17
location of, Vigne on, x. 308
 fort, described by native explorer,
xv. 389
— - river, affluent of the Indus, and its
feeders, xiii. 130
elevation at junction with the Indus,
xxii. 352
— — Valley, elevation of and life in,
xv. 13
 • and Chitral, notes of, Munphool Meer
Moonshee, xiii. 130

Gill, T. and W., station of, S. Australia,
ii. 19
help given by, to Goyder's expedition,
1857., ii. 27
— — , Capt. W. J., r.e., career of, Rawlin
son on, xxii. 283
journey with Baker, to Persia, 1873.,
xviii. 559
Travels in W. China and E. Borders of
Tibet, 1877., xxii. 255, 284-5 ,
 , Rev. W. Wyatt, on missionary en.
terprise in N- Guinea, xx. 272
Three Visits to N. Guinea (1872.),
xviii. 31
on the natives of N. Guinea, xx. 333
Gilliott river, Queensland, xi. 226, Mc
lntyre at, xi. 42, his death at, 1866.,
44,45
Gillies, Gillis, or Gilles Land, Arctic
regions,
Austrian expedition to, 1871., xvi, 231
discovery of, ix. 176, xvii. 99
Lamont on, ix. 155
latitude of, ix. 176, and true position,
xix. 177
Gilliss, Lt., u.s.N., Astronomical Ex
pedition to Southern Hemisphere,
1849-52., i. 168
Gillmore, Mr., discovers traces of Leich
hardt, xvi. 224
Gillodar Plain, Persia, xi. 38
Gilma, Tunis, large ruins at, vi. 215
Gilolo, Malay Archipelago,
configuration of, vii. 207
proper restriction of name, ii. 143
Gilteerung, Tibet, x. 166
Gipps, Sir G., Gov. Gen. N.S. Wales, and
the discovery of gold in Australia,
ix. 229, xvii. 295, xviii. 520-1
Gipps Land, S. Australia, i. 3, xv. 266
discovered by Strzelecki, 1840.,xviii.521
Gipsies, see Mekran, and Moldavia
Giraffe, . Bahr al, (river), branch of the
Nile,
Petherick on, v. 30
 at, 1862., viii. 129
Girdi, Afghanistan, tribes and monuments
of, xx. 245
Giridi, E. Africa, x. 100
Girisk, Fort, Afghanistan, xx. 247, xxi. 587
Gisborne, L., on Hopkins' and Shaffner's
Arctic papers, iv. 1 06
on the Interoeea-nic Panama Canal
scheme, i. 69, 485-6
Survey of the Isthmus of Darien, i. 88
obituary notice of , 1861., v. 158
Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., M.P., on Arctic
exploration, xviii. 553
on China, vii. 33
on Du Chaillu's journey in W. and C.
Africa, v. 112
founder of Port Curtis, Queensland,
1846,., v, 121

GLA— GOt

125

Gladstone, Mt., N. Guinea, xix. 234
 township, Queensland, i. 496, v. 122
auriferous fields near, vii. 42, xii. 140
stock-farming at, x. 328
Glascott, Comm. A. G., obituary notice of,
1872., xvi. 315
Glen Roy, Scotland, benches of, compared
to those of B. Columbia, xv. 133 et seq.
Glenelg, river and port, S. Australia,
admiralty survey, xii. 245, xv. 266
 river, N.W. Australia, i. 34, ii. 211,
xix, 488
explorations of, Grey and Lushington's,
1837-8., ix. 228
Martin's, 1863., x. 86, 87
Sholl's, (1867.), xi. 227
named by Grey, after the Colonial
Minister, (1837-8.), ix. 228
Glenton Island, N. Guinea, lovely view
from, xix. 226
Globe, the, changes in the surface of,
Murchison on, ii. 325
Glommen river, Norway, affluent of,
viii. 110
Gloucester, N.S. Wales, i. 124
 Island, Queensland, iv. 79, vi. 117
x. 65
, aspect of, vi. 118
Glover, Capt. Sir J., r.n.
expedition up the Niger (1857.),
iii. 311
Geographical notes on the country
between the Volta and Niger, 1873.,
xviii. 286
Gnabaka river, S. Africa, fossil remains
near, i. 511-12
Gnalthamthangla Mt., Himalayas, ii. 109
Gnombo ferry, E.O. Africa, i. 9
Goa or Butterworth river, R Africa, i. 511
Goad, T. W., Lt. Wheeler's explorations
in New Mexico, 1877., xxii. 272
Goalpara, Assam, climate of plains of,
xvii. 36
Goaseoran river, Honduras, as a com
mercial highway, ii. 296
Goat Island, Pacific Ocean, xxii. 136
Gobi Desert, C. Asia, aridity of, ii. 76
Buried Cities in the Shifting Sands of,
Forsyth, xxi. 27
Chinese traveller on, 1221., xxi. 30
climate of, xiv. 246, 249
commencement of, xiv. 245
elevation of, xiv. 246
expeditions across —
Forsyth'B, 1870. and 1873-4. (inci
dental), xxi. 27
Grant's, 1862., vii. 27
Whyte's, 1869., xiv. 243
flow of Yarkand river to, xiv. 57
lake of, and legends, xv. 24, 186
only towns in, xiv. 249
people of, xiv. 247, 250
position of, xvi. 404

Gobi Desert — continued.
routes across, xvii, 186, 286!
sauds of, xiv. 248, xviii. 443, xxi. 27
wilderness rather than desert, xvii. 286
wind in, xiv. 249
Gochol river, Abyssinia, x. 100
Godor-i-Beidar Pass, Persia, elevation of,
xvii. 91
Godavery river, C. India, navigation of,
vii. 96
progress of trigonometrical survey, 1871.,
xv. 278
watershed of, xi. 58
 , Upper, plains of, xi. 72 ; survey
of, for irrigation, xiii. 87
Godhavn, Greenland,
last letters of Franklin expedition from,
1845., i. 23
mean winter temperature at, xx. 59
meteorological observations of Hayes
at; expedition of I860., is. 184
Godjam, Mt., Abyssinia, xiii. 41
Godley Glacier, N, Zealand, rivers rising
in, viii. 214
 river, N. Zealand, waterfalls of,
viii. 56
" God's Hill," Patagonia, tradition ofy
xv. 44
Godwin Austen, Capt. H. H., see Austen
Gogra, Trans-Himalayas, distance of, front
Maliksha Plain, xv. 25
Goja, Abyssinia, xiii. 41
Gok, Persia, geological formation near,
xvi. 264
Gokcha, Lake, Armenia, effluent ofy
xxii. 169
Gokhar pass, Tibet, elevation and position
of, xxi. 340
Golcheeka, N. Siberia, trade at, xxii. Ill
Gold Coast, W. Africa, absence of horses
on, xiii. 354
scanty population of, xiii. 358
 Harbour, Queen Charlotte Islands;
Br. Columbia, gold of, xiii. 385
Golden Eagle, barque, brings settlers to
Somerset, N. Australia, ix. 77
Golden Gate, San Francisco, California;,
depth of Channel of, xiii. 148
Golden Gully, Queensland, gold diggings
at, xii. 142
Golden Monastery, Tibet, visited by the
Pundit, 1866., xii. 152
Goldfields of Cariboo, Palmer, viii. 85
 of Tuapeka, N. Zealand, Thomson,
vi. 71
Goldi district, Manchuria, furs of, xvi. 2104
Goldie, A., Journey in interior of New
Guinea, 1877., xxii. 219, (Alcock on) 363
Goldie river, N. Guinea, xxii. 223
Goldsmid, Maj.-Gen. Sir F. J. —
Exploration from Kurrachi to Gwadur
along the Mekran Coast, 1861-2.;
vii. 91

126

GOL~ GOR

Goldsmid, Maj.-Gen. Sir F. J .—continued.
Journey from Bunder Abass to Mashhad
by Seistan; . . . 1871., xvii. 66, 95
Notes on Bower's 'Route from Shahrud
to Astrabad, etc.,' xvii. 193
On Capt. the Hon. G. Napier's joui-ney
on the Turcoman frontier of Persia,
1874., xx, 166
Golubef, Capt., travels and hypsometrical
observations of, in C. Asia, 1859.,
iv. 197
Golownin, Capt., imprisonment of at Mat-
sumai, Japan, 1811-3., xviii. 234
Goma, E. Africa, lofty shores of L. Tan
ganyika in, xxii. 403
Gomana, E.C. Africa, tiade of, x. 100
Gombe', W. Africa, i. 155, 442, ii. 31
position of, i. 15
 rivers, C. Africa, two distinct streams.
xix. 142
Gombrun, or Bunder Abbass (q.v.,), S.
Persia, old British factory at, i. 285
Gonassery river, Assam, xvii. 37
Goncalves, Sr. G., village of, in Bihe',
West Africa, xx. 320-1, cultivation at,
324
Gondokoro on the Nile, v. 12, 20, 21,
xix. 321
cataracts at, iv„ 225
described, x. 8
district south of, mapped bv Petherick,
viii. 149
elevation of, xi. 242, 243 ; Behm on ,
xvii. 22, xx. 127
Gordon's station at, abandoned, (1875.),
xxi. 56
hills near, iv. 41
latitude of, x. 7, xvi. 187, xviii. 53
Nile elevation at, vii. 110; rise of, at,
iii. 357
proper time to reach, v. 20
¦Report on the Nile above, . . , Kemp,
(1875.) xix. 324
seasons at, vii. 226
Blave trade of, xviii. 53
Gougola river, West Africa, a branch of
the Benue river, i. 443, ii. 31
Gonnewarra river, N.S. Wales, probably
the Neville, vi. 55
Good Hope, Cape of, i. 55, 57, ii. 1£,
iii. 53
admiralty survey, xi. 194, xii. 244,
xiii. 281, xiv. 306, xv. 205, xvi. 318,
xvii. 256
expeditions and explorations (see also
S. Africa) —
Moffat's journey in Bushman and
Namaqualand districts of, (1S57.),
ii. 77 (title only)
Swedish expedition north from, 1857.,
ii. 54
magnetic changes at, 1608-1840., Evans, I
xxii. 204, 215

Good Hope, Cape of — continued.
sheep and wool of, improved by Sir G,
Grey, iv. 71
Steam communication between England
and Australia vifi., Stokes, i. 79, cf. 83
et seq.
voyage round, of Vasco da Gama, 1486.
i. 237
Good Hope, Fort, Br. N. America, ix,
125
Goodenough, Com. J. G., obituary notice of,
(1876.), xx. 392
Goodenough Bay, N. Guinea, waterfalls
at, xix. 232
 Island, named by Moresby, xix. 226
 Mt., elevation of, xix. 227, 232
Goodiyah, Arabia, salt-marsh of, the
watershed of Wady Akab, ii. 283
Goodwin Sands, i. 422
Goold Island, off Queensland, viii. 112, 113
Goolshab, Pamir region, C. Asia, x. 151
Goongoona, Abyssinia, geological forma
tion near, xiv. 164
Goorasse, Abyssinia, the Atbara river at,
x. 282
Gooriel, Russian Azerbijan, jungle at,
viii. 275, 276
Goose Lake, California, xix. 299
Goram Island, E. I. Archipelago, ii. 1IJ7
trade of, with the Arru Islands, ii. 168,
traders of, vi. 44
Gorda, Punta, Belize, C. America,
described by Cockburn, xii. 341
Gordon, Co)., with Forsyth's Kashgar
mission, on his own expedition across
the Pamir, 1874., xviii. 429, 438; refer
ences to, xxii. 287, 289
¦  , Col. C. G. (see also Gessi, Khedive,
etc.), xiii. 182
aid offered by, to C.M.S. in Egypt,'
xxii. 251, 253
appointed Govr. Genl. of the Soudan,
(1877)., xxi. 465
at Gondokoro, 1874., xviii. 575-6
Nile expedition of, 1874-5-6., xix. 12,
40, 182, 324-6, 455, xx. 11 et seq.,
50, 442-3
results, xx. 473; xxi. 15, 56, 163,
xxii. 371
on Gessi's voyage round the Albert
Nyanza xx. 470
The Khedive's expedition to the Lake
Districts (of Africa), 1874-6., xxi. 56
Observations on the Nile between
Dufli and Magungo, xxi. 48
Ou the Victoria Nile between Magungo
and Foweira, xxi. 49
 Maj.-Gen. Sir W., on Kurrachee
Harbour, xi. 31
Gore Point, N. Australia, xii. 56, 57
Gorgi rapids on the Nile, xx. 51
Gorgon Bay, Nicaragua, discovered by
Pim, (1862.) vi. 75, 112

GOR— GRA

127

Gorhud river, Baluchistan, vii. 117
Gori, on the Niger, xxi. 487
 river, V. Nyanza, xx. 41, 155
Mountains north of, xxii. 389
Gorillas, distribution of, in Africa, ix. 4,
x. 74
Du Chaillu on, xvii., 32
Livingstone on, xviii. 276
Gorloff, Gen., on the Russian occupation
of Kulja, xviii. 252
Gorongozi river, S. E. Africa, outfall of,
xxii. 131
source discovered by Erskine, 1872.,
xvii. 298
Gorongozo, Mt., Equatl. Africa, Living
stone on, i. 315-6
Erskine cited on, xix. 126, 133
Gosa, S.E. Africa, Uinzila's kingdom,
extent of, xix. 112
Gosainthah, Mt., Himalayas, i. 348-9,
ii. 108
Goschen, Strait, D'Entrecasteaux Islands,
xix, 226
Goschtantau Mts., Caucasus, xiii. 68
elevation of, xiii. 71
Goshen, Land of, see Toumilat
Goshi, Cape or headland, V. Nyanza,
xx. 155
islands near, xxii. 389
Gosse, W. C, expedition to Lake Amadeus,
S. Australia, 1873-4., xviii. 571, xix. 8,
51, 54, 313, 314, 484
Gossier, Arabia, xv. 330
Gotaena on the Nile, irrigation at, v. 28
GouMts., Alai district, C. Asia, elevations
of and glaciers in, xxi. 132
rivers piercing, xxi. 133
Goulburn Island, N. Australia, natives
of, ii. 11
•  Plains, N.S. Wales, discovered by
Hume, (1817.), xyiii. 532
 river, Viotoria, Australia, xiv. 199
Gould, Mr., researches of, on Birds of
Australia, xii. 296
Gournbi, W. Africa, tribes of, x. 83
Gourlay, Capt. of the Tom Tough with
A. C. Gregory's N. Australian expedi
tion 1855., i. 189, i. 5
Gova, on the White Nile, v. 29
Government and the Arctic Expeditions,
see the latter
 aid to Livingstone, Livingstone
Search expeditions, and Speke, see those

Govind, Govind Khala, or Juba river, see
Juba
Gowen, J obituary notice, 1863., vii.
134
Gower, Mt., Lord Howe Islands, Pacific
Ocean, xxii. 136
Gowhatty, Assam, xix. 341
Goya, Paraguay, S. America, curve in
the Parana river near, xx. 500

Goyder, G. W.—
expedition into interior of S. Australia
I860., iv. 93, vii. 11
on the results of Giles' second expedi
tion, W.C. Australia, xix. 52-3
Report on country between Mt. Serle
and Lake Torrens, 1857., ii. 16-28;
29, 60, 186-7, 188-9, 191-2, vii. 11,
xiv. 206
Survey by, of Neighbourhood of Port
Darwin, Nicholson on, 1869., xiv.
190
Goz el Han, on the Nile, probable water
supply at, xx. 359
Gozerajup, Abyssinia, Baker's journey to,
1861., x. 280
hill near, x. 282
Graah, Capt. d.n. cited on Greenland
currents, i. 62
Grace, Vice-Adm. P., obituary notice of,
1859., iii. 254
Graca's journey to Muata ya Nvo, Cent.
Africa, Cooley, i. 92
Gracias a Dios, Cape, C, America, coast
near, vi. 112
 Lagoon silting up, ib.
Grafton, Cape, Queensland, geological for
mation near, xii. 143
Graham, C. C, on Amalekite ruins and
traditions, &c, in the Sinaitic penin
sula, xii. 193
Exploration in the desert East of the
Hauran, Syria . . . (185S.), ii. 173 ;
Murchison on, ii. 298
journey to Cosseir and Thebes, 1859.,
iv. 180
on Eaton's journey in El Lejah and on
his predecessors, viii. 31
on Santorin Island, x. 122
 of the Messenger, Gregory's N. Aus
tralian expedition, ii. 10, 11, 12
Graham Island, Queen Charlotte group,
Br. Columbia, xiii. 382
Land, Antarctic Ocean, discovered by
Biscoe 1830-3., ii. 171
Gran Chaco, S. America, need for further
exploration in, Markham on, xxii. 41
 Quivira, New Mexico, pueblo of,
Goad on, xxii. 277
Granada, New, S. America, republic of,
how formed, iii. 93
Grand Bassam, W. Africa, French factory,
xiii. 356
 river, and town, xiii. 357
Grand Canal, China —
blocked by rebels 1842-3., ii. 206
effect of blocking-up of, iii. 86, iv. 00,
xi. 263
ice-bound, I860., vi. 206
state of, in 1868., xiv. 22
uses of, in 1793., ii. 362-3
value of, i. 339
Wylie on, xiv. 36 ._

128

GRA— GRE

Grand Falls, Missouri river, U.S.A., limit
of river-navigation, ii. 339
 Manan Islands, Nova Scotia, admir
alty survey of, i. 408
 Paul Mts., W. Africa, geological
formation of, Delany on, iv. 21
 Pelvoux peak, Dauphine, (France),
ascents of, and altitude, Tuckett, vii.
44-5
 Teton; Mt., U.S.A. America, ascent
of, and elevation, xvii. 272
 Trunk Railway, Canada, opened,
(1857.), i. 264
 Turk Island, Bahamas, claimed as
the Land-fall of Columbus, i. 94
¦  River, Colorado, canons of, xiii. 140
Grande, Rio, S. America, rise and course
of, Crawford on, xvii. 58
 W. Africa, tribes along, and
value of, iii. 380
Grandidier's determination of positions in
Madagascar cited, xix. 191
Grandy, Lt. W. J., r.n., leader of the
Livingstone-Congo Expedition (q.v.),
, 1872-3-4., xvii. 13
on the Congo, xix. 104
letter on departure of expedition,
xvii. 56
 on progress of expedition, 1873.,
xvii. 324
Report of Proceedings of expedition,
1874., xix. 78 et seq.
 cited in reference to Congo
region, xix. 453
results of the expedition, xix. 11
Grant Bay, Vict. Nyanza, xxii. 392
Grant, C. M., Route from Pekiu to
St. Petersburg vid Mongolia, (1862.),
vii. 27
 Capt., journey of, in Beloochistan,
(n.d.), xvi. 219
Grant, Capt. J. A. (see Speke and Grant) —
awarded gold medal, 1865., viii. 165
on the African Exploration fund,
xxii. 471
on the importance of African explora
tion, xxi. 614
on Gordon's Nile expedition, xix. 326,
xx. 474
on Lake Tanganyika and its fresh
water, xvii. 160
on the lakes of Africa, xvi. 410,
xviii. 146
on Livingstone's progress and prospects,
xv. 209
ou Mme. Tinne's journey up the Nile,
viii. 17
on Manyema land and the sources of
the Nile and Congo, xvii. 32
on Munzinger's Abyssinian expedition,
xiii. 224
on New's paper on the Pangani river,
xix. 322

Grant, Capt. J. A. — continued.
on Public Schools Prize Medals, xxii. 301
on the Rua tunnel-dwellings, xvi. 387
on the shores of the Victoria Nyanza,
xix. 261
on Stanley's exploration of the Vict,
Nyanza, 1874., xx. 34
on Stanley's African explorations,
xxii. 409
on his travels with Speke, and discovery
of Nile sources, vii. 223
on telegraphic extension in Africa
(Alexandria to the Cape), xxi. 616
Grant, Capt. W. O, obituary notice, 1862.,
vi. 129
 , Lt.-Col. W. G, Description of Van
couver Island, 1857., i. 487
 Sir Hope, on opium and coal in
China, xiii. 36
 , Harper and Anderson, aid given
by, to Warburton's expedition, 1874.,
xviii. 571, xix. 49
 and Phillips, head station of, S.
Australia, ii. 18
Grant Island, Qua river, W. Africa, xx. 228
 , Mt. U.S. Arctic region, musk-ox
grounds of, xxi. 276
Grants (see also Awards), Annual, by
R.G.S. for Scientific Geography founded
1876., xx. 509
Grass, on African rivers, native names for,
Cameron on, xix. 254
Grass Islands, Volta river, xviii. 185
Grassy Hill, N. Australia, xi. 150
Gravalanda river, Iceland, xx. 27
Grave, W. Africa, Croft on, xviii. 1S6
Gravitation doctrine, confirmation of, by
Froude's investigations, xxi. 321
Gray, — , of the Victorian Camel Expedi
tion, 1861., vii. 35, death of, 36, remains
of, discovered, 84, 113, 175
 Capt. David, expedition of, to Green
land, 1868., xii. Ill
letter on the above, xii. 196
on Smith Sound, xix. 222
cited on ice off Greenland, xix. 178
 Comm., r.n., death of, about 1875.,
xx. 406
 Dr. J. E., obituary notice of, 1875,
xix. 400
 H., meteorological observations of,
at Champion Bay, W. Australia, iii. 48
Great Antill Creek, Queensland, viii. 112
 Australian Bight, S. Australia,
xv. 296
elevation of watershed of, xii. 288, 289
explorations of, see Eyre and South
Australian exploration
geology of district, xv. 297
need for fuller exploration of, xii. 291
region beyond explored by Delisser,
1865., x. 129
water supplies of, xii. 290

GRE— GRE

129

GrcatBarrier Reef, Queensland coast, vii. 3
inner channels, admiralty survey of,
xiii. 282
navigation inside, vii. 172, xi. 151; do.
and coral formation of, xii. 313, 314
 Basin region of N. America, area of,
Bell on, xiii. 140
Great Britain (see countries included under
that designation) —
admiralty surveys of, see England
geological survey of, i. 409, iii. 275,
iv. 275, v. 182, vii. 146, viii. 196
ordnance surveys of, i. 134, 408, ii. 271,
iii: 274, iv. 158, v. 179, vi. 139,
vii. 144, viii. 194
Great Circle Sailing.Bergen's and Berger's
methods reviewed, I860., iv. 206
 Comoro Island, Indian Ocean, vol
canic activity of, xvii. 350 ; do., 1875.,
xix. 203
 Coteau of the Missouri river, described
by Anderson, xx. 287
 Falls, Zambesi river, i. 244
 Fiord, Spitzbergen, strait from, to the
eastward, ix. 311
 Fish Bay, S. Africa, aridity of dis
trict, i. 60
 River, Br. N. Amerioa, tide of,
and fish in, iv. 8, 9
 interior basin of unknown Australia,
Neumayer on, xii. 287-8
 Kei river, S. Africa, course of,
i. 511-12
tributaries of, ii. 371
 Pamir, C. Asia (see also Pamirs),
elevation of, xviii. 436
 Plains, U.S.A., described by Ander
son, xx. 284-5-6
prairie Are on, xx. 289
 Salt Lake, Utah, U.S.A., xiii. 142
increasing inflow to, xxi. 366
route across N. America vid, i. 263
 , S. Australia (see also
Amadeus, Lake), ii. 190-1, xvii. 571
 Sandy Island, Queensland, admiralty
survey of, vii. 142, xiv. 308
 Strait, admiralty soundings in,
x. 220, xiii. 282
 Scarcies river, W. Africa, xvii. 117,
121, source of, 122
 Shoshow, or Salmon falls, Snake
river, U.S.A., xi. 92
— — WaU of China (q.v.), condition of, in
I860., as seen by Richards and Slossin,
vi. 165, 220
date (probable) of, at Feng-Kanlu,
xviii. 152
mountains and passes near, vii. 25
Swinhoe on, xiv. 83
Greece, boundary of, delimited by Baker
and others, 1830., iv. 118
sites of Battle of Sellasia, etc., deter
mined by Jochmus, i. 481

Green, F. O, see Anderson and Green
 , C. H. Hahn, and — Rath, Expedi
tion in search of the Cunene, ii. 350
 Col. M., on Beloochistan and Kelat,
xvi. 220
Green Harbour, Spitzbergen, Swedish
Arctic expedition at, 1872., xvii. 16
 river, U.S.A., canons of, xiii. 140, n
tributary of the Colorado river, xi. 92
Greenland —
animal life on coasts of, i. 53 ; Osborn
on, xv. 112
 and natives of, xv. 108
Aurora Borealis in, Tayler on, iii. 117
coal in, x. 56, xx. 58, 62-5
coasts of, xviii. 14 ; N.E. trend of, dis
covered by Inglefield, 1852., xxi. 274 ;
near Smith Sound, Nares on, xxi. 275
colonies in, Danish, ix. 51
early, xv. 102, 103
the first, ix. 89
Norse visits to, early, ii. 373
Scandinavian, vii. 102
the Lost, Rawlinson on, xvii. 269;
site of, determined, Major, xvii. 312,
321
• Current (see also drift ice and ice-move
ment, infra), xiii. 227, Graah on, i. 62
Currents and Drifts on Coast of,
Irminger, v. 225
Discharge of water from interior of,
through springs underneath the Ice,
Rink, vii. 76 ; Murchison on, 152
drift ice (see ice, infra), nature of, v. 227
East, ice along, extent of, Nares on,
xxi. 99; report of Koldewey on,
1869-70., xv. 308
expeditions and explorations (to, and
from, to the Pole) :
Baok on, xvi. 237
Osborn on, ix. 16
Bradford's photographic expedition
along W. coast of, 1870., xv. 309,
xvii. 319
English expedition of 1872., report of
R.G.S., xvi. 364-5
German arctic expeditions 1869-70.,
description of, xv. 106, 308
Gray's expedition to, 1868., xii. Ill
Kane's coast exploration, 1850., i. 17,
iv. 238-9, xxi. 274
Rae's expedition in, I860., v. 89
Yon Otter's expedition to, 1871.,
xvi. 86
Whymper's expeditions to, 1866.,
x. 257; 1867, xi. 159-60., xii. 9;
1872, xvii. 16
Young's survey for the N. Atlantic
Telegraph, I860., v. 75
fiords of, various opinions on ice action
in, xiii. 149
 South, Tayler, v. 90
glacial ice of, xv. 113 K

130

GRE— GRE

Greenland — continued.
glaciers of, v. 25, 93, xix. 62, xx. 57-9,
xxi. 275, 280
ice on coast (8 months of the year),
v. 69, xiii. 227
icebergs of, v. 93
ice formations in, Rae on, v. 26 ; Rink
on, ii. 295
ice-movement in sea near, iv. 108
ice of seas of, Tayler (cited by Young),
v. 76
Latrobe on, vii. 101
M'Clintock on, v. 65
migrations of Esquimaux in, xxi. 105
Origin and migrations of the Esquimaux
of, Markham, ix. 88, 103
and Neighbouring Lands, Physical Geo
graphy and Elevation of, R.G.S.
publication, 1875., xix. 421
northerly currents near, xiii. 227
as part of route for N. Atlantic tele
graph (see also Expedns., supra),
iv. 101
proposed telegraph station on, v. 96
results of exploration of, 1868 onwards,
Petermann on, xix. 174-5
Richards on, xvi. 237
ruins in, v. 92, xvii. 319
South, fiords of, v. 90 ; glaciers of, v. 25
temperature in, etc., Latrobe, vii. 101
West, currents up coast of, v. 67
meteoric iron on coast of, xvi. 86
Greenough river, W. Australia, fertile
lands at mouth of, iii. 47
Gregory, A. C, Gold medalist, 1857.,
. 343, 345, 365, 457, xix. 41; appointed
surveyor of Crown Lands for Queens
land, I860., iv. 92; discoverer of. Lake
Moore, i. 31
explorations and expeditions of, ix. 226,
xiv. 203; in N.W. Australia (1854-6.),
as leader N. Austr. expedition, i. 5,
10, 32, 50, 171, 183, 225; Chimmo's
search for, i. 255, 309, 324-5, 341,
365, 369, 457, 490, ii. 3, 28, 29, 212
311, iii. 333 ; Flood's search, ii. 378,
iv. 254, v. 2, 6, 57, 59, 105, 145,
vi. 10, 24, 174, 189, vii. 14, 16, 37, 87,
89, 177, ix. 230, xx. 390; N. and N.E.
Austr. expeditions, (1855. et ' seq )
i. 32, 183, 324, 341, 490, vii. 4, 121,
and forecast of gold in, xii. 140-1 ;
in search of Leichhardt(1857.), iii 1 8,
87, 156, 158, 333-4, v. 2, 6,58, 59, 105,
145, vi. 10, 24, 189, 194, vii. 9, 14,
16, 37, 40, 121, ix. 231-2, x. 59, 951 ;
Western Australian expeditions re
ferred to, (1846-8., etc.), i. 10, 171,
365, 457, ii. 313, iii. 333, iv. 254, v. 2
16, 37, xiv. 191, 164
on geological formations, in Australia
xii. 140-1, 143
on saline lakes, near Victoria river, iv. 97

Gregory brothers (collectively) services of,
to W. Australia and to Australian ex
ploration, iii. 54, iv. 254, vi. 58, 189
 • C. F., assistant to A. 0. Gregory in
N. Australian expedition, 1857., iii. 19;
23, 335
 Capt. J., Report on Catholic Mission
aries in Tibet, (1870.), xiv. 215
 F. T„ gold medalist, 1862., vii. 16,
37, 119, 121, ix. 232, xix. 41, 48; early
explorations of, referred to, v. 2, 3;
expeditions and explorations, (W.
Australian rivers), 1858.,' iii. 34, (N.W.
of W. Australia), 1860-1., v. 2, 9, 121,
126, 206, 208, vi. 11, 12, 54, 58, 167,
171, 189, 195, vii. 37; other expedi
tions, xii. 287, 288, xiv. 200, 203 ; fossils
collected by, viii 33
 H., of the N. Australian Expedi
tion, ii. 5, 10, 11, 34, 324, 500, ii. 5, 6, 7,
iii. 20, vii. 178, ix. 232
Gregory, Port, W. Australia, x. 49, 50,
xx. 408
 river, Queensland, x. 327
geological formation along, xii. 144
unhealthy station on, xi. 42-3, 45
Gregory's Bluff, Queensland, xviii. 88
 Victoria river, S. Australia, ii. 30
Grenada, (Island) W. Indies, admiralty
survey of, iii. 273, vi. 137
chart of, iv. 156
Grenadier's Cap, Iceland, geological
formation of, v. 64
Grenadine Islands, W. Indies, admiralty
survey, v. 177
Gresik, Java, pilots from, xii. 325
Grey, — , of Burke and Wills' expedition,
1861., vi. 67, death of, 68, 69, his body
found, 194-5
 Earl, abandons Port Curtis, v. 121
 de, receives gold medal on behalf
of Capt. Speke, 1861., v. 140 ; see Ripon,
Earl de Grey and
 R. W., obituary notice of, 1870.,
xiv. 298
 Sir G.,
Australian exploration with Lush-
ington, 1837-8. referred to, ii. 189,313,
iii. 43, 53-4, 155, ix. 228, x. 86-7
Governor of Cape Colony, (1858.), iii. 53
improvements in sheep and wool of
Colony effected by, iv. 71
on the E. African expedition, v. 13, 14
on the images of Easter Island, and of
New Zealand, xiv. 118
on the Makololo country, S. Africa,
iv. 66
on the true name of, Rapa Island,
xiii. 91
Grey Range, N.S. Wales, iii. 157
exploration near, vi. 51
geological formation of, xii. 139
 river, W. Australia, source of, xxi. 53

GRE-GUL

131

Grey Town, W. Indies, admiralty survey,
i. 407
Greytown, Nicaragua, harbour silting up,'
(1861.), vi. 75, xii. 27 i
Griffith Island, Arctic regions, animal life
of. i. 54
Griffiths — cited on the Irawady river,
xiv. 348
Grimslathir farm, Iceland, xx. 26
Grindstone Bay, C. America, xii. 38, 41
Grinnell, C. (see also Hall), obituary
notioe of, 1870., xiv. 300
- — Henry, obituary notice of, 1874.,
xix. 385
Grinnell Land, Arctic regions, bays on the
S.-E. coast, of little use, Nares on,
xxi. 279
discovered by Inglefield, 1852, xxi. 274
glaciers of, xxi. 280
proposed American expedition to, 1860. ,
iv. 168
stones of, and human relics on, xviii. 14
Griqualand, S. Africa, development of,
Barkly on, xxi. 613
Griqua Town, S. Africa, reached by
Moffat, ii. 78
Grobogan, Java, mud-volcanoes in, ii. 144
Groote Island, N. Australia, ii. 13
Grosvenor Expedition, see Baker, Bushell
and Gill
Grote, G., obituary notioe of, 1872., xvi.
312
Guacipata, Guiana, described, ii. 156
Guadarramma Mts., Spain, non-glacial
depressions in, viii. 232
Guamue's river, S. America, head-waters
of the Putomayo river, xxi. 570
Guanacas plateau, Central Andes, cold of,
ix. 278
Guarapuava, Brazil, vi. 74
Guardafui, Cape, E. Africa, geological
formation of, and products, Hilde-
brand on, xxii. 446
return current of, Heathcote on, vi. 114
various names for, xvi. 152
Guatemala, C. America, indigo of, i. 360,
363
Guatin-la pass, Sikkim, explored by
Blanford and Edgar, xix. 341
Guayacuru river, S. America, tributary of
the Putomayo river, xxi. 572
Guayaquil, chief port of Ecuador, iii. 94
Simson's journey from, to the Napo,
(1877.), xxi. 556
 Bay of, xv. 369
Guayas rivers, two distinct streams, drain
ing West slope of Andes, xxi. 557
and valley, xxi. 558
Guban district, Perso-Turkish frontier,
i. 292
Gubbins, J. H., Asoent of Fuji Yama,
1872., xvii. 78
Guddabi, AbysBinia, x. 291

Gudong (village), Borneo, i. 194
Gudru, E. Africa, Italian missionaries at,
ii."53
Gue'rin Gulf, Manchuria, xi. 254
Guernsey, supposed changes of level in,
Peacock on, x. 337-8
Gugeba, W. Afrioa, position of, i. 15
Gugti camp, Tibet, xiii. 185
Gugti-la (pass), Tibet, elevation of,
xiii. 186
Guiana, British, (see also Orinoco) —
admiralty coast survey, xiv. 306, xv. 214,
xvi. 318
expeditions and explorations :
Brown's, (1872.), xvi. 359
Holmes' and Campbell's, 1857.,
ii. 154
Sohomburgk's, 1835 et seq., ix. 244-5
gold mines of, at Caratal,.ii. 154
Kaieteur Waterfall in, Report on, Brown,
1870., xv. 122, 304
mountain district of, Wallace on, viii. 61
Roraima mountain in, elevation of,
Sawkins on, xv. 131, 305
rainfall tables for, i. 76
Guinea Coast, W. Africa, variation of
sea-level along, Evans on, xxi. 73
 Gulf of, currents in, x. 342
Guiner, S. Cent. Africa, i. 57
Guion, Point, N. Australia, xii. 201
Guisr, El., plateau of, Sinaitic peninsula,
iii. 187
Gujara, Teneriffe, astronomical and other
observations at, by Piazzi Smith, 1856.,
i. 412
Gujeba, W. C. Africa, Vogel at, 1856.,
i. 155
Gukunswa, Formosa, missionaries at,
xxi. 263
Gulabek, Persia, mission encampment at,
iii. 4
Gulf Stream, and analogous bodies of
warm ocean water, Nares's Report on
Challenger expedition, xviii. 543
causes of, iv. 238
course of, i. 28 ; capricious, Maury on,
vii. 51 ; first discovered by Nantucket
fishermen, v. 22 ; at the Faeroe
Islands, v. 72 ; near Iceland, v. 78
 and velocity, Maury cited on,
i. 177
changeable limits of, v. 22
channel of, i. 418
edge of, xxi. 258
effects of, xxi. 75 ; Evans on, xxi. 75 ;
Von Heuglin on, xv. 307
 on the Arctic regions, iv. 235
 on the Polar Sea, ii. 195
Evidences of, in High Latitudes in the
North Atlantic, Irminger, xiii. 226
Findlay on, xiii. 102, 231, xv. 88
fogs caused by, Newfoundland Coast,
v. 26

132

GUL— HAD

Gulf Stream — continued.
furthest northerly limit of, ix. 57,
xiii. 158
and General Oceanic Circulation, Rela
tive Thermal Influence of, Carpenter,
xviii. 365
hydrography of, Murchison on, xiii. 108
increased speed in 1867., xii. 59
Osborn on Maury's theory of, xv. 29
Soundings and Temperatures in,
Chimmo, xiii. 92
surface temperature of, Carpenter,
xviii 401
Thermal Work of, Carpenter, xviii. 393
•  influence of, Bent cited on, xv. 88 ;
Carpenter on, xviii. 365
traces of, in the White Sea, ix. 120
transformation of, in Arctic Seas, ix. 139
velocity of, i. 177, ii. 329, xii. 59
off West Spitsbergen, xvii. 97
Whitley on, xiii. 229
wood borne by, to Iceland, v. 100
Gulf Stream of Japan, see Kuro-Siwo
Gulsha river and defile, C. Asia, xix. 123
Gumbun, or Koumbun, Lamasery, Hue's
viBit to, Tibet, xviii. 83
Gumri, Daghestan, seized by Russia,
(1832.), iv. 250
Gumuchhane, Asia Minor, iii. 370
Gunck, Asia Minor, ruins of Camana
Pontica near, iii. 371
Gundagai, N.S. Wales, iii. 338
Gundak river, India, tributary of the
Ganges, course explored by a trained
native (1875.), xix. 441
Gungongo, W. Africa, xix. 81
Gunigga, S. Africa, drought at, I860.,
v. 17
Gunnbjorn's Skerries, off Iceland, Major
on, xvii. 315; Walker on, xvii. 319,
321
importance of, xvii. 270
Gunong Api volcano on Lontor Island,
E. Indian Archipelago, xii. 324-5,
ascent of, by Biokmore, 328, earlier
ascents, and eruptions of, 329
Gunst, Dr., Visit to unexplored parts on
the N.W. of Madagascar, (1865.),
ix. 289
Gurbos, Tunis, hot alum baths at, vi. 212
Gurgan river, Perso-Turkish frontier, fine
plain near, xx. 173
Gurmsali, Tibet, x. 167
Gurnev, H., obituary notice of, 1865.,
ix. 211
Gurr, plains of, N. Africa, ix. 312
Gursafid, Persia, grazing grounds of,
xx. 166
Gurso, uncharted Somali town, xvi. 152
Gurundu Mts., C. Asia, Kostenko on,
xxi. 134
Guzerat, India, rainfall of, xi. 62
survey work in, xxii. 357

Guysboro' Harbour, Nova Scotia, ad
miralty survey, iii. 272
Gwaii, or Tobacco, river, C. Africa, head
waters of, visited by Baines, 1862.,
xv. 150
Gwadur, Baluchistan, the Alam Bater of
Ptolemy, vii. 92
Telegraph survey to, from Kurrachi,
18.61-2., Goldsmid, vii. 91
 route to, from Kurrachi, Walton
on, 1863., vii. 117
Gwaloo river, S. Africa, alleged Trans
vaal boundary, mining permit for,
granted to Baines, 1869., xv. 153
Gwaninga river, S. Africa, i. 511
Gyakharma Peaks, Tibet, elevations of,
xxi. 335
Gyangze, or Giantse, Tibet, xii. 151.
xix. 333

Haast, Dr., drawings of N. Zealand
glaciers, ix. 34
explorations in, and map of N. Zealand
Alps, 1871., xv. 300
 and discoveries in N. Zealand
summarized by Murchison, viii. 214,
215, xi. 238
On the Southern Alps of N. Zealand,
(surveys, 1861-3.), viii. 56, and on the
death of H. Whitcombe, 57-8
Haast Glacier, N. Zealand, viii. 47, 214
Haay Island, N.W. Australia, x. 47
Habarofka river, Siberia, xxi. 214
Habban, Arabia, Miles at, xv. 325
Habitagua, Mt., S. America, elevation of,
xxi. 565
Habo, an uncharted Somali town, xvi. 152
Habr-Gir-Hajis, Somali territory of, visited
by Hildebrandt, 1878., xxii. 446
Hachioji, Japan, hill road to, xvii. 80
Hack, Mt., S. Australia, ii. 16, 20
Hack, Stephen, explorations of, in S. Aus
tralia, (1857.), ii. 27, 189; comments on,
Gawler, ii. 192 ; results of, Murchison
on, ii. 313 ; Latest communications on
Australian exploration, 1858., ii. 185-189
Hadan, W. Africa, May's journey to
(1857), iii. 311
Hadfis river, Abyssinia, Beke on, xii. 15
Haddon, J. L., On Animal and Mechanical
means of overcoming Geographical
Obstacles to African trade, xxii. 251
Haddington, Earl of, obituary notice of,
1859., iii. 251
Hadeed, Jebel, Sinaitic peninsula, xii. 191
Hadid, Djebel (Iron Mountains), Marocco,
xv. 221
Hadramaut region, Arabia, frankincense
harvest of, xvi. 151
history of, and dialect used in, xv. 329

HAE— HAM

133

Hae-tsze, hunting ground outside Pekin,
x. 156
Hafash Mts., Yemen, xviii. 200
Hafoon, or Hafun, Ras, E. Afrioa, an
exjanct volcano, described by Frere,
xvii. 346
geological formation of, Hildebrandt on,
xxii. 446
land near, xvi. 152
mission station at, xvii. 345
old name of, xvi. 153
Hagar el Bint, Sinaitic Peninsula, fissure
in, vi. 237
Hagong-oho Lake, Tibet, no apparent
outlet of, xiv. 210
Hahn, C. H. (see Green, Hahn, and Rath),
Journey of, in S. Africa, i. 55 ; Beechey
on, i. 160
Hai-Ching, Manchuria, cotton of, xiii. 30
geographical position of, xiii. 28
Haidinger, W. von, on the value of geo
graphical knowledge, i. 51
obituary notice of, 1871., xv. 254
Haik Lake, Abyssinia, xiv. 162
Hail, capital of Jebel Shomer, Arabia,
viii. 64
population of, and description of, by
Palgrave, viii. 69
Hainan Island, S. China, partly surveyed,
1859., iii. 269
Haine Anua, the Woman's Land, N.
Guinea, xxi. 356-7
Haines river, E. Africa, x. 100
Haiti, W. Indies, French survey of, i. 423
Hajiguk pass, Hindu Kush, elevation of,
xv. 181
Hajjee-Koi, Asia Minor, mines of,
xvi. 223
Hake, C, of Stow's West Australian boat-
party, x. 35
Hake'r, Wady, or Rio de San Pedro, E.
Africa, described, xvi. 150
Hakka Chinese immigrants, villages of,
in Formosa, xxi. 259
Hakluyt Head, Spitzbergen, ix. 48
Hakodadi (Hakodate), Yezo, Japan, ad
miralty survey of, 1859., iii. 267
climate of, vi. 201, xvi. 202
exports of, xviii. 230
position of, xviii. 228
rock of, xvi. 201
a treaty port, xviii. 238
 first opened as a whaling port,
1854., xvi. 188
 Harbour, Hodgson and Nicholson on,
v. 115
Hakoni lake, Japan, xvii. 78, xix. 172
 passes, xix. 171, how guarded, v. 132
 town, xvii. 78
Halai, Abyssinia, high tablelands of,
xii. 16; water-parting at, xii. 117
Haldervig, Faeroe Isles, explored by
Young, v. 72-3

Hale, Mt., W. Australia, iii. 37, xix. 57,
310, 131, 484 ; land near, 50, 53
Hale, Rev. E., On the Place of Geography
in Education, xvi. 450
Hale o ka la crater on Maui island, Sand
wich Isles, described, xii. 309
Haifa, Wady, Nile region, cataract of,
i. 506-7-8 ; railway south of, xxi. 61
Halford, Rev. T., obituary notice of, 1857.,
i. 391
Halifax, Nova Scotia, fine harbour of,
iii. 126
Hall, Capt. Basil, r.n., cited on the Loo-
choo corals, iv. 85
 ; Capt. C. F. (of U.S.A.), (see also
" Polaris "), expedition in search of
Franklin's ship, I860., v. 199
Frobisher St. proved to be a bay, and on
the fate of five men of the Arctic
expedition in Elizabeth's reign, vii. 99
Polaris Arctic expedition, 1871., Ward
and Tuttle on, xv. 382-3 ; progress
of, xvi. 85
furthest point north reached by,
xix. 29, 214
success of, xix. 29, 174, 214, xxi. 275
 , Dr. George, obituary notice of, 1856.,
i. 121
 , Capt. V., Description of Rapa Island,
xiii. 83
 , Adm. Sir W. H.,
ou Collinson and Kellet's survey of the
Yang-tsze river, xiv. 243
on the Limpopo river, xvi. 100
on Maxwell's exploration of Korea
(1816.), ix. 298-9
on the natives of S. Afrioa, north of
Delagoa Bay, xiii. 341
on the Peiho river, iii. 85
Hall Basin, Arctic regions, ice in, Nares
on, xxi. 279
 Island, Arctic regions, journey of
Austro-Hungarian Arctic expedition
along, 1874., xix. 25
 Point, N. Australia, ii. 12
Hallam, Henry, (historian), obituary notice
of, 1859., iii. 241
Hallila Bay, Persian Gulf, i. 281
Halloran's Station, N. Australia, sheep on,
xii. 57
Hals, Iceland, geographical position of,
v. 64, temperature, etc. of, 85
Halys river, see Kizil Irmak
Ham river, China, affluent of the Yang-
tsze, xv. 294
Hamanaki, Yezo, Blakiston's visit to,
xvi. 189-90
Hamaruwa, Benue river, W. Africa, i. 442
expedition to, proposed, i. 445
Haussa language spoken at, xxi. 493
mountains iu district, xxi. 491
slaves from, xxi. 490
sultan of, ii. 32

134

HAM-SAN

Hamas Gorge, Abyssinia, elevation and
vegetation of, xii. 115
Hamburger Bay, Spitzbergen, ix. 311
Hamd-Allah, Niger district, chief town of
Pulo Empire, xxi. 493
Hamel, Dr., obituary notice of, 1863.,
vii. 126
Hamersley, M., of Forrest's expedition
into the interior ofW. Australia (1869.),
xiv. 193
Hamerton, Col., at Zanzibar, 1857., ii. 53
Hamerun district, Persia, trade of, x. 38
Ham-gu, W. China, features of, xix. 278
Hami, C. Asia, Potanin's route to and
from, 1877., xxii. 52
Hamilton, A., on trade with the Western
interior of Africa, xviii. 193
 , Arthur, of Stow's W. Australian boat-
expedition, x. 35 ; commendation of,
x. 51
— — , Capt. R. V., on Arctic ice, ix. 62
on the coast of Labrador between Blanc
Sablon Bay and Cape Harrison,
ix. 131
on Esquimaux dogs, xix. 221
on Morrell's AutarcticVoyage, 1823., and
the advantage steam will confer on
future Arctic explorers, xiv. 145, 155
Open Water in the North Polar Basin,
xiii. 234, 242
 , Col., exploration by. of the Orinoco,
1837., i. 255, land owned by, in Br.
Guiana, ii. 155
 W. J., on fossil bones found by Dr.
Livingstone in S. Africa, ii. 159-60
on the gradual elevation of lands,
ii. 176
on Jochmns' canalisation scheme for
Asia Minor, i. 304-5
on the proposed search for Leichhardt,
1857., i. 326
on Nassick, xi. 74
on railways in India and in the Andes,
iv. 49
obituary notice of, 1868., xii. 220
 , W. R., ex-President of R.G.S.,
obituary notice of, I860., iv. 126
 , — , on the delta of the Danube,
iii. 207-8
 and Hake, of Stow's N.W. Australian
boat party, x. 35
 and McMinn, of the same party,
scientific labours of, x. 51
Hamilton Inlet, Labrador, depths near,
v. 95
described, iv. 104
explored by M'Clintock, I860., v. 65, 66
•  Island, Arctic regions, northerly ice-
drifts near, i. 55
 , Port, on island off Korea, why so
called, iv. 59
Hamma de Tozer, el, Tunis, hot baths and
good water at, iv. 214

Hamman, or Gulaba, Turkey in Asia,
ruins of, i. 45 ; Rawlinson on, i. 47
— — Faroun, Jebel, Sinaitic Peninsula,
hot springs of, xii. 190, temperature of,
xvii. 327
 Leef, Tunis, hot baths of, vi. 211
 Zreeba, Tunis, hot sulphur bath of,
vi. 212
Hammel's Range, W. Australia, vi. 172
Hammond, Capt. A. S., on the Parana
mail route, i. 85
 , W., obituary notice of, 1856., i. 222
Hamoun lake, Seistan, vii. 160 ; described,
xvii. 88
Hampton, — , Governor of W. Australia,
encouragement given by to exploration,
xii. 261
Hamra, Yemen, route to, xviii. 201
Han, city and department, China, described
by Wylie, xiv. 170
 , or Han-keang, river, C. China
(see also Ham), course of, iii. 170,
xiv. 35
sources of, xiv. 179
tributaries of, xiv. 178, 181-84
Hanapepe valley, Sandwich Isles, geo
logical features of, xii. 309
Hanchung city, C. China, xiv. 35, water-
route to, 179
Hanfila, Bay and Village, Red Sea coast,
xiii. 219
Hangan lagoon, or river, Nile region,
feeders of, viii. 135, 140
Hang-chow Bay, China, breakwater in,
iii. 376
 city, E. China, i. 335
antiquity of, xiii. 173
bridge near, ib.
capital of Che-Kiang Province,
xiii. 175
egre at, iv. 62
Gardner's journey to, 1868., xiii. 176,
182
additional remarks on, 249-50
inscriptions on pillar and tablet at,
xiii. 176, 182
West Lake outside, described, xiii.
178-81
Hanglip Mts., S. Africa, elevation of,
ii. 371 ; trend of, xxii. 119
Hanifeh, or Henifeh,Wadi, Arabia, viii. 65,
Bub-surfaoe waters of, viii. 104-5
Han-Kiang (river), Korea, ix. 297
Hankow, city, C. China,
distance of, from mouth of Yang-tsze-
Keang, iii. 162-3, vi. 92, xiv. 168
great size of, ii. 204
importance of, ii. 202, 208, iii. 170,
iv. 61, 62
Journeys to: Barton's (see Sarel and
also Blakiston), 1861., vi. 3, 88
Bickmore's, 1866., xii. 51
Wylie's, from Ching-too, xiv. 168

HAN— HAR

135

Hankow City, C. Ghinu — continued.
Journeys from, to Tali-ta, Margary's,
1874., xx. 184, letter on, 208-12
as a mart for commerce, ii. 305
Hockley on, xi. 264
Lookhart on, ii. 202, iii. 85
Oliphant on, iii. 162
Parkes on, vi. 164
naval survey from, to Yo-Chow, vi. 95
opium trade of, vi. 92
Parkes on, vi. 88, 92, 164
population of, iii. 165, 296
Yaog-tse-kiang at, vi. 3, 92
water supply of, vi. 95
Hann, W., exploration of, in N. Queens
land, 1 863., xviii. 87, 572
 & Co., cattle station of, on Fletcher's
Creek, Queensland, xii. 141
Hannah, Lt, explorations in the Pathkoy
Pass, v. 49
Hannay, Col., cited on the Irawady,
xiv. 348
Hannek, cataract on the Nile, i. 507
Hannoi, or Kechs, capital of Tonquin,
arrival of Dupuis' expedition at, 1872.,
xix. 283
Hansa Cape, Arctic regions, xix. 26
Hansa, ship of German Arctic expedition,
of 1869., frozen near Sabine Island,
xv. 109, and crushed by ice, 110
Hanson, Consul, on Africa, its population
and the proposed coloured colonies
from America, iv. 221, and on cotton
cultivation in, 222
on Livingstone's expeditions and the
secret of his success, v. 131
on Sierra Leone, and cotton cultivation,
iv. 42-4
Hansteen, Prof. Christopher, obituary
notice of, 1874., xviii. 517
Hanway, Jonas, at Bandar-i-Gez, Caspian
Sea, 1743., xvii. 195
Han-yang city, C. China, ii. 202
Hapachiao, Mongolia, stream near,
xviii. 155
" Happy Valley," Queensland, at head of
Barcoo river, xii. 288
Harad, Sumatra, Thomson on, xx. 222
Haramat, Abyssinia, geological formation
of the plain of, xiv. 165
Haramatchyda, Japan, xix. 169
llarami pass, Kurdistan, xi. 97
Haramosh Mts., Kashmir, geographical
position of, viii. 36
Haramuk, or Karamuk. Mt. and pass,
xxi. 124
Haran, Dr., r.n., on the climate and
geological features of Somerset, N.
Australia, ix. 77-9
Harapoulac river, Mongolia, xviii. 155
Harar, E. Africa, Burton's expedition to,
from Zayla, i. 159, 176
a map of, xxi. 65

Harar city, ur Hurrar, seized by E^ypt
1873., xxii. 446 ^
Haraz Mts., Arabia, xviii. 195, 200
monkeys in, xviii. 196
Harcourt, Capt. A. F. P., on the Hima
layan Valleys, Kooloo, Lahoul, and Spiti,
xv. 336
 , Rear-Adm. O. Vernon, obituary notice
of, 1864., viii. 183
 , Rev. Wm. Vernon, death of (1871.),
Murchison on, xv. 316
Hardwicke, Mr., of Delisser's Australian
exploring party, 1865., x. 130
Hargreaves, E. C, first opens up gold
diggings in Australia, 185]., iv. 229
on the non-auriferous character of the
Rocks of W. Australia, viii. 32, com
ments, 33, 34
Harik, Arabia, caravans from, viii. 65,
valley beyond, 105
Harkiang Mts., Tibet, xii. 158
Harman, Lt. H. J., r.e., explorations in
the Assam valley, and survey (1877.).
xxii. 355
Harmsen, Dr. E,, Sudden rise of sea at
Heligoland (1858.), ii. 372
Harper, G, explorations of, in N.W.
Australia with Dempster and Clarkson,
1861., v. 11, 12,59
 , Mr., on his journey across New
Zealand, in 1857., viii. 49
on his brother's expedition to Titihai
Head, Middle Island, New Zealand,
ix. 34
Harrah, el-, desert, Syria, geological
features of and inscriptions at, ii. 174,
178, 179, 181, xvi. 108
Hanan, village, Palestine, Beke's visit
to, 1862., vi. 195
Harraza, Gebel, Upper Nile, results of
reconnaissance at, xx. 359
Harris, Capt. F. W., obituary notice of,
1856., i. 122
 , Sir W. cited on the rivers of W.
Africa, x. 100
 , — , on the harps usedinW. Africa.x. 83
 , — , S ur veyor (see also Babbage),;ii. 191
Harris River, N. Queensland, ice in, in
September, vii. 89
Harrison, Cape, Labrador, v. 96, latitude
of, ix. 131, deep water at, v. 66
 Lake, Br. Columbia, ' benches ' near,
xv. 135
explored by Mayne, Palmer, and Beg
bie, (1859.), iv. 33
route vid, vi. 109
Hart, — , meteorological observations of,
as to cyclone warnings, xviii. 49
Hartebeest river, S. Africa, survey deter
mining mouth of, ii. 158
Hartinger reef, Iceland, v. 73
Hartley Hill, S. Africa, gold workings
at, latitude and elevation of, xv. 151

136

HAR— HAY

Hartstein, or Hartstene Bay, Greenland,
Arctic regions,
Hayes at, I860., ix. 182
warm current in, Nares on, xxi. 275
Harut river, Perso- Af gh an frontier, moving
sands near, xvii. 91-2
Harvard Mt., Colorado, elevation of,
xv. 274
Harvey Bay, N.E. Australia, coral reefs
of, iv. 81
Harwich, admiralty surveys of, xvii. 253,
xviii. 536
Hasa province, Arabia, caravans from,
viii. 65
mountain boundary of, viii. 104
— — river, Arabia, source of, viii. 104-5
HaBan, Wady, S. Arabia, cotton cultiva
tion near, xvi. 118
Hasbeiya Mt., Syria, height of, iii. 288
note
Haschin, Wady, Upper Nile, Wells at,
x. 358
Hasiki Island, Curia Muria group, guano
of, iv. 50, described, 52
Hasiewood, E., On Ecuador and the
Amazon river, iii. 97
Hassanawi, Wady, Upper Nile, well of,
xx. 358
Hassanekber village, Persia, iii. 6
Hassanyeh tribe, Nile region, location
and customs of, v. 28
Hastings, Warren, and his trained ad-,
ministrators, xix. 331
Hat Creek, B. Columbia, beaver-dams on,
xv. 140
Hate village, S. Cent. Africa, i. 75
Hathur, or Nabi-SMib Jebel, Yemen,
stream rising in, xviii. 198
Hau river, C. China, xiii. 181
Haug, Mr., on the proposed search for
Leichhardt, i. 326
Haul-off Rock, W. Australia, admiralty
survey near, xxii. 336
Hauran, Gebel, Syria, the ancient Alsa-
damus Mons., i. 8
exploration in, by Burton and Drake,
1871., xvi. 104, 324
by Eaton, (1864.), viii. 29
by Graham, (1858.), ii. 173, 297
, by Porter, (several, previous to 1855.),
i. 7, 162
by various persons, ii. 173-5
Fezzy Bey's map of, i. 8
identified with Bashan by Porter and
Graham, ii. 175, 298
position of, viii. 29
volcanic hills of, xvii. 328
Hausa or Houssa land, W. Africa,
ii. 79
Baikie's journey to, 1862., xi. 49
language of, general use of, in W. and
N. Africa, Crowther on, xxi. 492-3
trade from, with Lukoja, vi. 23

Hauta, E1-, S. Arabia, desert region near,
xvi. 116
Hautajwa Hill, landmark for the har
bour of Zanzibar Island, xx. 69
Havana, Cuba, Poey's appointment as
Director of the Meteorological Obser
vatory at, i. 55
telegraphic cable to, laid, 1866.,
xiii. 103
Have, Le, sandbank, Bay of Fundy, true
location determined, iv. 156
Haverfield, Mr., S. and S.E. Australian
exploration of (about 1862.), vi. 55, 168
Havildar, see Sapper
Hawaii, largest island in the Sandwich
group, xii. 306, climate of, 307, craters
in, 310
Hawaiian Archipelago, volcanic formation
of, xii. 308
Ha wash river, Abyssinia, xiii. 221
Hawdon, Mr., S. & S.E. Australian ex
ploration of, vi. 56
Hawea Lake, N. Zealand, explored by
Haast, 1863., viii. 214
Hawkes, Cape, Arctic regions, xii. 104,
reached by Hayes, 105
Hawkesbury river, N.S. Wales, admiralty
survey of, xvii. 256
Hawkins river, X. Zealand, sources of,
viii. 214
Hay, Cape, N. Australia, i. 32, x. 37
Hay, Capt. J. S., On the District of
Akem, W. Africa, xx. 475
 Maj.-Gen. Murray, on Dr. Living
stone and his expeditions, ii. 122
 Lord W., Explorations of, in Northern
India, vii. 132 note •
proposed new route to British India,
1863., Murchison on, vii. 162
Haycolom, town, S. Cent. Africa, i. 75
Hayes, Dr. Isaac I., awarded Patron's
Gold Medal of R.G.S., 1867., xi. 178,
180, President's speech, 182, reply of
Hon. C. F. Adams, 183
Arctic expedition of, 1860-1., v. 199,
xxi. 274-5 ; Osborn on, xii. 104
furthest northerly point reached by,
xix. 214
Scientific results of Arctic expedi
tion, 1860-1., iv. 181
On Rink's criticism of Kane's Arctic
expedition, (1853-5.), letter, iii. 146
Hayes Point, Arctic regions, grounded ice
bergs near, Nares on, xxi. 279
 Sound, Arctic regions, aspect of
and glaciers near, xxi. 276
mountains north of, free from ice-caps, ii.
traces of Esquimaux settlements at,
Feilden on, xxi. 284
Hayman, master of H.M.S.S. Salamander,
at Annan river, Cape York, N. Aus
tralia, xi. 152, at Endeavour river,
xi. 150-1

HAY— HEL

137

Hay's Station, N. Australia, i. 495
Hayter Island, N. Guinea, canoes of,
xxi. 359
elevation of, xviii. 27
extent of, xix. 225
taken possession of by Moresby, (1874.),
xviii. 49
Hayward, G. S. W.—
awarded Founder's Gold Medal of
R.G.S., 1870., xiv. 270, 279, Raw
linson's speech, 281
explorations of, in C. Asia, Forsyth
on, xiii. 198 ; letter on, 1868., xiii. 9 ;
route map by, xiii. 16, and itinerary,
16-17 ; Rawlinson on, xiii. 15 ; Shaw
on, xiii. 201
 in E. Turkestan, 1869., letter
on, xiv. 40, and on his proposed
journey to the Pamirs, 41
Journey from Leh to Yarkand and Kash
gar, and Exploration of the Sources
of the Yarkand river, 1868., xiv. 41
journey to Gilgit, the Pamirs and the
Oxus, 1869., letters on, xiv. 107, 1870.,
xv. 10-18, Murchison on, xiv. 106,
316, referred to, xviii. 112, 123
murder of,
letter on, 1870., F. Drew, xv. 117,
and sepoy statement on, 120
Murchison on, xv. 4, 285
Rawlinson on, xv. 18
Sapper's account of, xvi. 255
remarks on Mahomed Amin's Routes
from Jellalabad to Yarkand, xiii. 122
Hayward Hill or Bluff, S. Australia, road
at, ii. 19
Hazarah-jah, district, Afghanistan, ruins
in, and probable coal in, xx. 245
Hazareebagh, India, elevation of, xi. 57
Hazelius, J. A., obituary notice of, 1872.,
xvi. 299
Hazeroth, see Huthera, Ain
Hazm, El, Syria, geological formation
and inhabitants of, xvi. 108-9
Hazu, Assam, trade routes to, and annual
fair at, xix. 341
Heang-ho river, C. China, affluent of the
Han, rise and course of, xiv. 183
 tsze river, C. China, affluent of the
Han, xiv. 181
 yang-chang town, C. China, position
of, xiv. 170
Heaphy, Mjr., a pioneer in the explora
tion of N. Zealand, ix. 34
Heard Island, Indian Ocean, explored by
the Challenger, xviii. 544-5
Heath Island, N. Guinea, extent of,
xix. 225
position of, xviii. 27
small islands near, xxi. 359
Heathcote, Lt. J. A., i.n., On Surface
Currents of the Bay of Bengal, during
the S.W. Monsoon, vi. 101, 114

" Heavenly City," N. China, trade of,
vi. 219
Hebron, Palestine, elevation of, iii. 228
note
Hecate, Point, N.E. Australia, settlement
established near (1864.), x. 34
Hecla Cove, Spitzbergen, good harbour
at, latitude of, ix. 119
 and Fury Gulf, Arctic region, i. 107,
v. 199
 Mt., Iceland, a, non-extinct volcano,
v. 64 ; schists of, xiii. 158
Hector, Dr. J., geologist, etc., to Palliser's
Expedition in Br. N.America, 1857-9.,
i. 321, 461, ii. 39 et seq., 147 et seq., 292,
iv. 73, 74, 170, 172, vi. 108, 234, 236,
viii. 49, ix. 33; discovery of passes
through the Rocky Mts. by, and by
Palliser, 1859., ii. 122 et seq., 219,
excellence of survey, 318-9 ; Murchi
son on, viii. 49, ix. 33
On explorations by Palliser in Br. N.
America (joint author), 1859., iv. 228 ;
and on its gold districts, 229, 231
ou geological formations along the
Boundary, Br. N. America, xx. 299
on progress of geographical knowledge
of Br. N. America, (1861.), v. 200
cited on the wealth of Br. Columbia,
iv. 74
Expedition to the West Coast of Middle
Island, N. Zealand,(Otago province),
1863., viii. 46-7, ix. 32; cited on
the glaciers of Otago, viii. 222
Murchison on, vi. 72, 108, vii. 180,
viii. 213, ix. 33
Heights, Determination of, from Observa
tions of Atmospheric Pressure chiefly
in the Interior of Continents, A. B uchan ,
xiii. 360
Helaniyah Island, Curia Muria group,
animals of, iv. 54
geological formation and geographical
position of, etc., iv. 51, 53
population of, iv. 56
Helena, Mt., peak of, American coast
range, xxii. 368
 , Grand Duchess, Strait of, xix. 519
Heliardalsheden, Iceland, elevation of,
v. 231
Heligoland, sudden rise of the Sea at,
(1858)., Dr. E. Harmsen, iii. 372
Heliopolis, see Baalbek
Hell, H. de, ou Jochmus' proposed canal
communication in Asia Minor, i. 304
Heller, Prof., and others, travels of, in
C. America, (1858.), ii. 285
Hellet Donagla, on the Nile, viii. 129
 Kaka, residence of Viceregal deputy
on the Nile, viii. 12
reached by Petherick, viii. 129
Helmund river, Afghanistan, affluents of,
xx. 243, xxi. 586-7

138

HEL— HIC

Helmund river, Afghanistan— continued.
canal communication with, xvii. 88
ford of, xxi. 587
sources of, xx. 247
¦  ¦ valley, Lynch's journey in, 1841.,
xx. 242-8
Patterson's survey of, about 1842.,
xx. 247
Helpman, Lt., expedition of, in W.
Australia, ix. 232
Helvellyn and other Westmoreland moun
tains, heights of, i. 222
Hely, H., search expedition for Leich
hardt and report of his death brought
by, i. 322, iii. 20, 30, 87, 88, x. 59
Hemans, G. W., on elevations in the
Isthmus of Darien, xii. 71
Heneage, E., question on architecture in
E. Syria, ii. 177-8
Hcnifeh, Wadi, see Hanifeh
Henn, Lt., xvi. 419, 420, 421, 436
instructions to, by Lt. Dawson on hand
ing over command of Livingstone
Search Expedition, 1872., xvi. 421
instructions given by him to C. Living
stone, xvi. 422
letter from New, resigning from the
expedition, xvi. 423
Official Report of the Expedition, ib.
et seq.
Hennessey, J. B. N., on Mt. Everest, ii. 1 10
Hennessy, Sir J. Pope, Governor of Sierra
Leone, letters from and to C. Living
stone, xvii. 132
Ilenno Valley, Patagonia, Indians of,
xv. 44
Henriques, Mr., on the African Explora
tion Fund, xxii. 470
Henry the Navigator, Prince of Portugal,
his interest in geography, i. 238
Major's Life of, referred to, xii. 246
Henshaw, town, W. Africa, xx. 227
Hen-To-Ho, river, X. China, headwaters
of, vi. 224, outfall of, 225
Henty, Mr., expedition of, in Australia,
referred to, ii. 313
Heongsan, Formosa, a large town, xx. 260
Herald, H.M.S.—
Australian surveys by, ii. 268, iii. 267,
v. 5
Pacific Ocean Surveys of, 1852-61.
Denham, vi. 195, 197
¦  trading vessel, visit to Manacusi
river, W. Africa. 1857., iii. 160
 Island, Arctic regions, discovery of,
by Kellett, 1849., xii, 107, xix. 176
furthest polar land reached, 1868., xii. 98
search for land beyond, by Rogers,
1854., i. 16
Herat, Afghanistan, Marsh's journey to
India via, 1872., xxi. 582, 585
Rawlinson on, i. 297-9
Vambe'ry at, 1863., viii, 269-70

Heraz or Laur river, Persia, affluents of,
iii. 11, source of, iii. 4, 8, and course,
5,6
Herbert, Capt., explorations in the Hima
layas, ii. 302-3
 Mr., Colonial Secretary of Queens
land, proposer of settlement at Rocking
ham Bay, vii. 14, 170
Herbert river or creek, Queensland,
cascade of, x. 34
valleys of, v. 6
Herdubreid, or Herdubreitb, Mt., one of
the highest in Iceland, v. 84; snow
capped, xx. 27
Herya, steel boat given by Harrow boys
for use on Lake Nyassa, xxii. 233, 238
launched, xxii. 234
run aground and got off, xxii. 239-40
Hermit Range, S. Australia, v. 126
Hermon, Mt., Palestine, i. 8
admiralty survev of, (1861.), v. 172
height of, iii. 288 note, xvii. 328
Hermoso, Cerro, S. America, non-volcanic
peak, xxi. 556
Hern Islets, off Labrador, v. 65
Herschel, Major, cited on results of the
reduction of Pendulum observation in
India, xxii. 351
 , Sir J. F. W., on Dr. Carpenter's
paper on Oceanic Circulation, xv. 211
On a New Projection of the Sphere,
ii. 174
cited on the mutability of Terrestrial
Magnetism, xxii. 203-4
death of, 1871., Murchison on, xv. 315
Hervey Bay, Queensland, admiralty sur
vey of, viii. 192, and near, xiv. 308,
xv. 267 ; coalfields of, xii. 141
Hestoe Fiord, Faeroe Islands, caves and
tides at, v. 72
Heuglin, Baron Theodor von —
exploration of Spitzbergen, 1870., with
Count Zeil, xv. 8, 306, xvii. 100
journey in W.Abyssinia, (1858.), ii. 284;
in search of Vogel' s papers, I860.,
v. 210
Letter to Capt. Speke on his expedition
near the Kosanga river, 1863., viii. 264
on the progress of Mnie. Tinne''s C.
African expedition, viii. 12, and' on
her death, 1863., viii. 264
Hewett, Lt. J. F. N., On the Joloffs of
W. Africa, (1857.), i. 513
Hia-liao, Formosa, scenery near, xvi. 267
Hiao, country, E. Africa, vi. 21
Hiarana river, Madagascar, xiv. 360
crocodiles in, xiv. 364
sudden rise and fall of, xiv. 361
Hibbariya, Syria, ruins at, ii. 225
Hibohero Hills, E. Africa, elevation of,
xvii. 338
Hicacos, Point, Honduras, soil of and site
of proposed new city, xii. 341

HtC— HIN

139

Hickson, W. E., On the Climate of the
N. Pole and on Circumpolar Navigation,
x. 137, 156
High Knoll, St. Helena, temperature at,
iii. 364
High Veldt district, Transvaal, extent,
elevation and climate of, xxii. 116-7
Hih-lung-keang, river, C. China, affluent
of the Hau, xiv. 179, 184
Hih-shwuy-ho, river, C. China, source and
course of, xiv. 172
Hikwa lake, Xyassaland, a salt-pan,
xxii. 245
Hilda river, N. Guinea, navigable for
steam-launches, xix. 229
Hildebraudt, J. M., On his Travels in
E. Africa, 1875. et seq., xxii. 446
Hill, 0. H., Boat journey up the Wami
river, E. Africa, (1873.), xvii. 337
 Saml. S., obituary notice of, 1870.,
xiv. 299
 W., on the soil of Albany Island,
Queensland, viii. 116-17
 , on sport in Lord Howe Island,
xxii. 140
Hill Tipperah, E. Bengal, its chief and
boundaries, xvii. 54
Hilliard, C. H., Notes on the Manacusi
or King George River, W. Africa,
1857., iii. 160
Himalaya Mts. (see also Deodanga,
Godwin-Austen, Mt. Everest, Pundit
Nain Singh, Schlagintweit, Trans-
Himalaya, Waugh, etc.) —
annual rainfall of, xiv. 127
as " areas of condensation," i. 58
borax of, viii. 41
Chinese caravan routes through, iii. 171
contiguous ranges, Saunders on,
xiv. 137; Shaw and others on,
xvii. 397 et seq.
elevation of, xx. 493
extension of, xi. 56, xix. 439
fossils of, viii. 41-2
geographical position of, i. 345-50 ; see
extension, supra
glaciers of, iii. 366-7, viii. 37, 38, 42,
221
lakes in, both few and small, iii. 367,
viii. 39
loftiest summit in (Mt. Everest) dis
covered by Col. Waugh (q.v.), i. 371
main watershed of, ii. 300, xix. 330 ; the
Pundit at, xxi. 342
not impassable by troops, Forsyth,
xxi. 28
orography of, Duncan, xxii. 89
Osborn on explorations of, xiii. 202
rivers rising in, ii. 300, iii. 366-7,
viii. 39; courses of, xiv. 126-7,
xix. 330, xxii. 342
road along crests of, xii. 173
Schlagintweit on geological formation,

Himalaya Mts. — continued.
height, glaciers, rivers, etc., of,
iii. 336-7
temperature in, viii. 39-41
Waugh's survey, i. 345, 370, and
Hodgson's, 345 (cf. ii. 102, 299)
width of, xx. 493 ; average, at narrowest,
xix. 344
Yule on, xxi. 136
Himalayan Provinces, survey of, Walker
cited on, xix. 439
 Valleys of Kooloo, Lahoul, aud Spiti,
Capt. A. F. P. Harcourt, (1871.),
xv. 336
Hinchinbrooke Island, Queensland, ad
miralty survey at, xi. 195
Hin-chow, N. China, fine paved city,
vi. 222
Hind, H. Y., Expedition up the Moisie
river to the edge of the Tableland of
Labrador Peninsula,, viii. 50
expeditions into the W. of Canada,
I860., summary of, iv. 171
on lakes having two outlets, viii. 51
Map of Saskatchewan river, Correction
of an Error in, Earl of Southesk,
xx. 362
Hirid, Prof. J. R., Probable Occultation
of Stars by the Moon in E. Africa in
1878-9., xxii. 64-5
Hindieh or Hindeean Canal of the
Euphrates, i. 45, viii. 18
Hindostan, see India
Hindotash diwan (pass), route via, to Ilchi
Hindu-Chinese countries, progress of geo
graphical knowledge of, summarized,
1860.,iv. 189
 Kush Mts., ii. 300
boundary of the Aral basin, iii. 388
Carter's surveys in, (1871.), xv. 203
elevations in, xvi. 260
glaciers of, xvi. 256
Hajiguk pass in, xv. 181
Hines, Rev. H. K, Ascent of Mt. Hood,
Oregon, U.S.A., 1864. and 1866., xi. 80
Hingenhaut, N.W. Provinces, India,
cotton of, ix. 84
Hinggan Mts., Mongolia, trend of,
xviii. 157 ; see Khin-an
Hinghan or Bureya Mts., E. Siberia,
xiii. 367 ; see Khin- Jhan
Hing-gau, city, C. China, silk of and
trade in, xiv. 183
Hinglaj, Mekran, telegraph difficulties
near, and elevations in, vii. 94-5
Hinka, Lake of, borders of Manchuria,
gold in, xvi. 215 ; see Khinka
Hinnom, Valley of, Syria, level of, v. 172
Hinlopen Strait (see also Waigat), also
called the Southern Gate, Arctic
regions, ice at, ix. 309, xiii. 159
navigators of, ix. 311
petrifactions found on shores of, ib.

140

HIN— HOJ

Hints to Travellers, by Adms. Back and
Collinson, and F. Galton, xvi. 1-78
Hiogo, Japan, Alcock's visit to, 1861.,
vi. 205
a treaty port, visited by Watson, 1873.,
xviii. 238
Hisn Ghorab, S. Arabia, ruined town of
and inscriptions at, Miles and others
on, xv. 320
Hissar, Bokhara district, Russian ex
pedition to, 1875., xx. 419
 , Persia, i. 292
Hissik Chaka, Tibet, wild horses at,
xxi. 231
Hiu Kang-boe, village, Formosa, cultiva
tion at, aud near, Corner on, xxii. 54
Hiu-tsung-ssu temple, Mongolia, inscrip
tions at, Bushell on, xviii. 158
Hivondro river, Madagascar, xiv. 36.0, 368
 town, crocodiles at, xiv. 364, de
scribed, 368
Hivondrona river, Madagascar, chain of
lagoons near, xxi. 164
Hjaltelm, Dr., Great volcanic eruption in
Iceland, 1867., xii. 58
Ho Bay, Formosa, Custom House at
xxi. 60 ; sulphur springs near, ib.
Hoai-king-f u, China, coal of, xiv. 31
Hoaugo, Hoang-ho, Hwang-ho, or Yellow
River, N. and N.E. China, (see also
Yellow River) —
changes in course of, ii. 201, 202, 203,
306, iv. 63
Chinese authorities cited on, iii. 376
effects of, iii. 57, 76, 86
suggested cause of, Macgowan on,
iv. 62
course of, iv. 60
length of, and area of basin, ii. 207
new mouth of, 1861., iv. 61 : do., 1863.,
vii. 141
occasional clarity of its waters, iv. 62
Hobagi, Wady, Nile region, wells in.
xx. 358
Hobart Town, Tasmania, admiralty survey
of port of, vii. 142
magnetic observatory at, xxii. 193
Hobong, Assam, silver hills near, xxi. 592
Hobson Bay, chief port of Victoria,
Australia, admiralty survey of, xx. 408
Hobson, Comm., on his discovery of
Franklin relics, i v. 11 ; in King William
Land, 113
Ho-chin, or Ho-king city,W. China, looted
in the Mahommedan rebellion, xiv. 343
 plain, W. China, iron mines of,
xv. 164
Ho-chow river, navigable tributary of the
Yang-tse river, vi. 2
Hochschild, Baron, Swedish Minister, on
receiving gold medal for Capt. Carlsen,
circumnavigator of Spitzbergen, 1873.,
xvii. 232

Hochschild, Baron — continued.
on receiving Gold Medal for Prof.
Nordenskjold, 1869., xiii. 257
Hockley, J. M., R.N., Notes on the Yangtse-
Kiang with corrections of existing
Charts, (1867.), xi. 261
Hodeida, see Hudaidah
Hodgkin, Dr. T., on the aborigines of S.
Australia, i. 263
on African exploration, and on the
death of Schonlein, i. 55
on the Buddhist ruins at Ongior,
Cambodia, vi. 81
on Cardena's route for proposed Panama
ship-canal, iv. 280
on currents in the Bay of Bengal, v. 103
on the Indians of B. Columbia, etc.,
ii. 51, iv. 36
on N. Australian harbours, iii. 90
on the physical geography of N. Africa,
viii. 153
on the progress of geographical know
ledge in W. Africa, 1861., v. 210
on the proposed N. Atlantic cable,
iv. 107
on steam-ships for Arctic exploration,
- i. 26
On superficial geological appearances in
N.W. Morocco, ix. 24
on travels of Dr. Delany and E. Camp
bell in W. Africa, iv. 218
obituary notice of, 1866., x. 213
Hodgkinson, Mr., of the S. Australian
ex pedition in search of Burke and Wills,
vi. 170
Hodgson, B. H., On the Himalayas and
Mt. Everest, i. 345
his views controverted by Waugh,
ii. 102
his work in that region, ii. 302-3
- — , P., Account of four excursions in
the Japanese Island of Yesso, (1861.),
v. 113 ; on Hakodate, v. 115 ,
Hodson's track, Queensland, poison-plant
along, x. 63
Hoffman, Rev. C. C, Missionary joumey
up the Cavalha river, W. Africa, and
report of a large river near sources of,
1861., vi. 66
Hofhuf, or El Hufhuf, Arabia,
citadel of Kot near, viii. 66
saturated soil near, viii. 101
Hofs Jokull, Iceland, xx. 29 ; rivers rising
from, v. 86
Hogg, John, obituary notice of, 1870.,
xiv. 298
Hohambe town, S. Cent. Africa, i. 75
Hohenlohe Island, Arctic region, latitude,
xix. 29, 33
Hoja-t-ab " tuga," the, aspect of the Muk-
su Valley at, xxi. 133
Hojree territory, S. Arabia, Himyaritic
inhabitants of, xvi. 121

HOK— HOP

141

Hokianga Bay, N. Zealand, admiralty
survey of, i. 406
Hokitika, N. Zealand, gold found in, xi. 228
 river, sources visited by Whitcombe,
viii. 38
Hokow, W. China, on the Yarlong river,
coal of, 1868., xvii. 186
ferry at, xiv. 336
Holcombe, Capt., murdered by the Nagas,
1875., xx. 423
Holden, Dr., travels of in S. Africa, I860.,
v. 18
Holding, Rev. J., Notes on the Province
of Tanibe', Madagascar, (1870.), xiv. 359
Holland, expedition from, to Jan Mayen
and Nova Zembla, 1878., xxii. 338-9
foreign possessions, maps of, by Baron
Melvill von Carnbee, iv. 135
new maps of, I860., iv. 201
Holland, Rev. F. W., Notes on Travels in
the Peninsula of Sinai, 1865., x. 158
On the Peninsula of Sinai, 1867.,
xii. 190, 194
Recent Explorations in Peninsula of
Sinai, 1868., xiii. 204; report on,
1878., xxii. 455
Table of Observation for Heights in the
Peninsula of Sinai, xiii. 252
 , Sir Henry, death of, 1873., Frere on,
xviii. 12
obituary notice of, (1874.), ii. 250
Holmes, Sir W. H., and W. Campbell,
Expedition to explore a route by the
rivers Waima, Barama, and Cuyuni, to
the Caratal goldfields, and thence by
Upata to the Orinoco, 1857., ii. 154
Holman, J. B., the Blind Traveller,
obituary notice of, 1858., ii. 250
Holmwood, F., on the African exploration
fund, and on Gongorona forest,
xxii. 470
on the character of pastoral tribes in
Africa, xxii. 472
on the exploration of the Kingani river
and on the tribes thereon, xxi. 499-502
Majwara's account of the Last Journey
and Death of Dr. Livingstone
(forwarded by), xviii. 244
Hoist, Prof., Surveys in Norway, 1779-
1859., (transl. by Dr. Shaw), iv. 240
Holsteinborg, Arctic region, reefs at,
xx, 56, 64
Holyhead, N. Wales, tides at, Evans on,
xii. 73
Homathioo river, Br. Columbia, valley of,
xii. 122
Home Bay, Arctic regions, coal of, i. 105
Homie, on the Volta river, W. Africa,
geological formation near, xviii. 186
Homogataki, volcano, Yezo, xviii. 228
Homos Yurea river, Siberia, mammoth
found in outfall of, xxi. 214
Honan province, N.C. China, hostility of

natives to foreigners, xiv. 235 ; overflow
of Yellow river in, 1851., xiv. 21
Honduras, C. America, discovered by
Vespucci, 1497., iii. 389
Lake of Yojoa in, iii. 106
projected railway across, ii. 295, 296;
report on', summarized, I860., iv. 173
 Bav, railway possibilities of, xii. 46
 Gulf of, silt in," xii. 341
Hong-kang, Formosa, Chinese fishing
station, xvi. 266
Hong Kong, S. China, admiralty survey
for lighthouse at, i. 406
development of, 1857., i. 333
Honolulu, Bishop of (see also Staley), on
Panama and its healthfulness, xii. 47
— — Harbour, etc., of, xii. 306
temperature at, xii. 307
Honorary Corresponding Members of
R.G.S. in 1864., viii. 43-4
Honse, Dr. S. R.,his map of Siam referred
to, i. 13
Honu, W. Africa, ii. 87
Hooboo tribes of W. Africa, cruelties of,
and district occupied by, xvii. 123
Hood, Mt., Oregon, U.S.A., ascent of, 1864.
and 1866., Rev. H. K. Hines, xi. 80
elevation of, xi. 83-4, Casella on, xi. 95-6
eruptions of, xi. 93, 94
 , or Hula, Point, N. Guinea, river near,
xx. 266 ; discovered by Lawes, xxi. 460
products of, xx. 267, 335
Hood, T., on Queensland and New Zea
land, vi. 24-5
on prospects of colonizing in N. Aus
tralia, vii. 89
Hooghly River, Bengal, tides of, i. 74
Hooker, Mt.,Rocky Mts., height of, iii. 125,
320
pass near, i. 462
Hooker, Sir J. D., botanist, on his ascent
of the Atlas Mountains, 1871., xv. 212,
217, 336
on the vegetation of the Arctic regions,
xvi. 236
Travels in E. Tibet, ii. 303
cited oh Australian flora, xxii. 427-8, 430
 Sir W. J., botanist, obituary notice,
1866., x. 195
Hooker's Plateau, Victorian Alps,
Australia, i. 4
Hookoong Valley, Upper Burmah, amber
mines and petroleum springs of,
xii. 334
Notes on the Burmese route to, from
Assam, H. L. Jenkins, 1868., xiii. 244
Hoo-Wei, see Tam-suy
Hoop Iron Bay, N. Guinea, natives of,
xix. 236
Hope, Capt. C. W., R.N., on Rapa Island
as a meteorological station for the S.
Pacific, xiii. 90
Hope Island, Arctic regions, xvi. 232

142

HOP— HSI

Hope Lake, S. Australia, vii. 84
dried up, xv. 99
route vid to N. Australia, xiv. 198
 , Mt., W. Australia, iii. 44
 ¦ Reach, Albert river, N. Australia,
vegetation near, ii. 379
 River or Spring, C. Australia, v. 104
 Town, Cape Colony, discovery of
diamonds at, 1867., Tennant, xii. 322-3
Hopedale, Labrador, Christian Esquimaux
at, xii. 196
Hopeful, Mt., S. Australia, ii. 24
Hopeless, Mt., N.S. Wales, ii. 22, vi. 69,
194, vii. 7, 36, 38
geological formation near, iii. 29
limit of exploration of 1856., ii. 185, 188
settlement near, iii. 29
Hope's Monument, hill, Arctic regions,
glacier near, xiii. 373
Hopkins, Evan, on the Bayanos river and
Isthmus of Panama, ix. 278
 T. T., On the Causes of Dryness in
certain Arid Districts, i. 58
On the Fine regions of the Trade
Winds, ii. 357
On a possible Passage to the N. Pole,
iv. 100, full paper, 234
Hor, or Hor Pa, Tibet, district and
natives of, xvi. 402, xxi. 343, 349
Horizontal convection movements in Seas,
Local effects of, Carpenter, xxi. 312
Hormeimeleh, C. Arabia, birthplace of
the first Wahabee leader, viii. 65
Hormuz, see Ormuz
Horn, Cape, S. America, goods sent via,
i. 466
ice-streams round, ix. 282
length of passage round, i. 73
mountains near, iv. 240
Snow's examination for harbour near,
I860., iv. 175
Hornsund Tind, (Mtn.), Spitzbergen, ele
vation of, xvii. 15
Horsburgh, Cape, Arctic regions, Land
and Island discovered near, E P
Philpots, 1865., xiii. 372
Horse Shoe Flat, N. Australia, alligators
of, ii. 8
Horsey, Capt. L. de, r.n., on the Comoro
Isles, (1864.), viii. 274
Hoseason, Capt., e.n., on the navigation
of Torres Strait, i. 81; letter from, on
Torres Strait and the Panama mail
route, i. 84-5
Hoskins, Lt. A. H. H., on the non-
identity of the rivers Quilimane and
Zambesi, i. 316
Hoskyns, Capt. R., b.n., of the Hydro-
graphical department, death of, 1873.,
xviii. 548
Hossan, Gebel, Nile region, pass near
xx. 358
Hota, S. Arabia, Miles at, 1870, xv. 324

Hotham, Cape, X. Australia, vii. 82
 , Mt., S. Australia, i. 4
Hottentots on the Orange river, Galton
and Livingstone on, i. 244, 245
 from Cape Colony, in Speke's guard,
v. 11, 14
 of Twas, S. Africa, hunters of dwarf-
elephants, v. 17
Houghton, Lord, on the Abyssinian expe
dition of 1867., xii. 17
on the Bishop of Honolulu's paper on
the Sandwich Islands, xii. 312
on Kurdistan, xii. 305
on the opening of the Suez Canal, 1869.,
xiv. 88
on proposed Arctic expedition, 1865.,
ix. 101
Houran Island, Bijuga group, W. Africa,
unvisited by white men, iii. 381
Hovas of Madagascar, tribal distribution
of, etc., xix. 201
Hovell, W. H., on the climate of the Gulf
of Carpentaria, i. 85, 86
 and Hume, expedition of, in N.S.
Wales, 1827.. ii. 313, xiv. 199
Howakil Bay, Abyssinia, xii. 114
Howara, 'Ain, Sinaitic Peninsula, pos
sibly Marah, xiii. 206
Howard, Mr., r.n., report on Adam Bay
settlement, N. Australia, xi. 46
 on Rada's journey on the Amazon,
xv. 379
Howe, Cape, N.S. Wales, admiralty sur
veys at and near, x. 220, xiii. 281,
xiv. 308, xv. 266, xvi. 320
mountains near, xii. 314
Howitt, A. W., of the Victoria search ex
pedition for Burke and Wills, vi. 68,
70, 194
left at Cooper's Creek, (1862.), vii. 7,
36,42 ; brings the remains to Victoria,
vii. 37 ; his report from Mt. Hopeless,
vii. 38
meets M'Kinlay at Adelaide, vii. 83
recalled, vii. 113
Howr or Howair, Wady, S. Arabia, district
near, xvi. 117
described by Miles, xv. 327
Howlett, Rev. F., Partial Ascent of Urn
Shamur in the Sinai Peninsula, 1857.,
vii. 42
Howorth, H. H., on Khotan, its rulers,
ruins, and monsters, xxi. 43-4
Howshabee district and tribe, S. Arabia,
xvi. 119
Howta, El, capital of Lahej, S. Arabia,
xvi. 119
Hsiao Lan river, Mongolia and region
beyond, xviii. 159-60
Hsein-ku-shan temple, E. China, de
scribed, xiii. 172
Hsin Chou, S.W. China, and region,
described, xx. 192

HSI— HUM

143

Hsin T'i on the Yang tsze, described,
xx. 186
Hsing-ho-Cheng, or Kara Hotun, ruined
city, Mongolia, xviii. 154
Hsuan-hua-fu, Mongolia, city, surround
ings, and manufactures of, xviii. 151
 valley, xviii. 153
Huacaybo, Mexico, copper mines of, iii. 110
Hualalai, volcano, Hawaii, eruption of,
1800., xii. 310
Huallaga, river, Peru, tributary of the
Amazon
course of, viii. 59
explored by Spruce, 1855-6, viii. 221
sources of, xv. 369
Huancavelica, Peru, quioksilver mines at,
xviii. 205
Huang-ku-tun, or Poro Hotun, Mongolia,
position of, xviii. 1 62-3
routes from, to imperial hunting
grounds, xviii. 161
Huanlajaya, Peru, silver ore of, xii. 128
Huasacoalco river, Mexico, course of,
determined by Humboldt, i. 70
Hufiscayaou, river, Ecuador, xxi. 568
Hue, Abbe, predicts change in course of
Yellow river, xiv. 31
travels of, in C. Asia, etc., v. 46
veraoity of, confirmed, vi. 95
 controverted, xviii. 82
Hudaidah, Al, Yemen, route from, to
Sana'a, described by MiUingen (1874),
xviii. 194
Hudson, Henry, explorer of Spitzbergen,
1607., xvii. 98
Hudson's Bay, proposed route from, across
N. America, i. 263-5
rivers flowing to, iii. 126, vii. 74-5
 ¦ Company, in relation to routes
through Br. Columbia, i. 263-6
in relation to knowledge of the Rocky
Mts., iii. 125, iv. 233, ix. 20-1
rule of, various comments on, xx. 297-
301
terms of its grant, vii. 74-5
 Territory, area and climate of,
ii. 337
 River and Lake Ontario, divide
of the Alleghany plateau between,
ii. 340
Huehuetoca, Mexico, the Desague or canal
of, Humboldt on, i. 70
Huescar, Sierra Sagra de, Spain, height
and geological formation of, i. 426
Hiigel, Baron C. A. von, obituary notice
of, 1871., xv. 255
Hugh Springs (or river), C. Australia,
vi. 8; proposed depot near, xii. 292
Hughenden, Queensland, xii. 141
Hughes, Capt., and Mr. Elder, joint de
frayers of cost of Warburton's W.C.
Australian expn., 1873-4., xviii. 571,
xix. 8, 51

Hughes, T. F., Visit to Tok-e-Tok, Chief
of the Eighteen Tribes, Southern For
mosa, 1871., xvi. 265
 Prof. W., on the offer of Prizes for
Geography made by R.G.S., xii. 209
obituary notice of, 1877., xxi. 429
Hu-hein-Chou, island in the Yang-tse
river, xx. 185
Hu-hu, on the Yang-tsze, first reached
by a foreign vessel, 1854., iii. 168
Huima cataract, V. Nyanza, xxi. 52
Hula, see Hood Point
Huleh, Lake, Syria, ii. 225
Hulls, C, of Stow's N.W. Australian
boat-party, x. 35
Humacho, Tibet, the Pundit at, xxi. 331
Humaita, Paraguay, healthy situation of,
xx. 500
Humaya river, Honduras, as a commercial
highway, ii. 296
Humbi, Equatorial Africa, Cameron's
difficulties at, xx. 322
Humboldt, Baron A. von
on the Atrato Canal, i. 63, 69
the ' Cosmos ' of (4th Vol.), Murchison
on, ii. 285, iii. 18
cited on the Cupica Bay and Napipi
route across Panama, i. 65
 on the general configuration of
S. America, i. 470
 on height of Mt. Ararat, iii. 18
instruotions given by, to the Novara
expedition, 1857., i. 43
cited on the Orinoco, etc., i. 251
on the Schlagintweits' journey in Tibet,
i. 437, cited thereon, 277
cited on the volcanic origin of the Kueh
Luen Mts., i. 277
obituary notice of, 1859., iii. 224
 Foundation, letter from Sabine to
the President R.G.S., iv. 45
Humboldt Bay, C. America, i. 65, 66, 72
 Glacier, Greenland, ii. 201„289
discovered by Kane, ii. 195
feeders of, ix. 48
icebergs derived from, xxi. 280
latitude of, ix. 46
Humdallahi, capital of Macini district,
W.C. Africa, xx. 78
Hume, H., Australian explorer, (see also
Hovell), ii. 313, xiv. 199
Rawlinson's tribute to his services,
xix. 51
obituary notice of, 1874., xviii. 532
Hume river, N.S. Wales, memorial on, to
Mr. H. Hume, xviii. 533
Humeira, El, Syria, intermitting foun
tain at, ii. 222
Humphery, Mr., of Gregory's N. Aus
tralian expedition. 1857., ii. 8
cited in praise of Wilson's work, ii. 311
Humr, Wady. Sinaitic Peninsula, inscrip
tions at, xiii. 207

144

HUM— HWE

Hums, Tell, or Emesa, Syria, ii. 225
Humta Pass, X. India, elevation of,
xv. 337
valleys connected by, xv. 340
 Spurs, elevations near, xv. 338
Hu-nan, or Hoonan, Province, S.C. China,
coal and iron in, ii. 202, xi. 262
coal-flelds of, xv. 294
geological formation of, xx. 189
tea of, xi. 262, xv. 294
Hun-chun, Manchuria, position and popu
lation of, xi. 253
Hundes, Tibet, Rydall's observations
made at, (1878.), xxii. 354
Hune Island, Bijuga group, W. Africa,
unvisited by white men, iii. 381
Hungarian race, C. Asian cradle of,
viii. 268, xxii. 289-90
Hung-tsiang-tszi, Manchuria, rock and
legend of, xvi. 209
Hung-tsze Lake, China, in relation to the
Yellow river, xiv. 21
Hunt, C. C, Expedition ... to E. of
York District, W. Australia, 1864.,
ix. Ill
 Comm. J., on his ascent of the
Congo, 1857., ii. 374
 and Moresby's ascent of the
Congo, 1857., ii. 317, iv. 69
¦  , Rt. Hon. G. Ward (First Lord of
the Admiralty), on the Arctic expedi
tion of 1875., xix. 219
Hunter river, N.S. Wales, admiralty sur
vey at, xvi. 320
 N. Zealand, source of, viii. 214
Hunza,orKunjut, district, Indian frontier,
described, xiii. 131
and its people, Hayward on, xv. 11
territory, position of, xv. 185
 Nagar, or Nagri, river, tributary
of the Gilgit river, xiii. 130; source of,
and outfall, xv. 13
Hunan, China, coal of, xi. 262
Huon Gulf, N. Guinea, clothed natives of,
xix. 234
Hupeh Province, C. China, minerals, tea
and manufactures of, xi. 262
Hurka river, Manchuria, source and
course of, xiii. 32, 33
volcanic region near, xvi. 352
Huron Lake, N. America, geological for
mation between, and the Saguenay
river, ii. 293
Hurrur, see Harrar
Hurunui river, N.
course of, viii. 49
Husavik, Iceland, mimosa wood cast
aBhore at, by the Gulf Stream, xiii. 229
Husha, Jebel, Syria, xix. 167
Hushi river, tributary of the N. Indus,
viii. 34, 35
Hussan Boghra Khan, tomb of, in the
Gobi Desert, visited by Forsyth, xxi. 39

Zealand, source and

Hutchinson, E., Secretary of the C.M.S..
on Ashanti and the W. African Coast,
xviii. 298; extent of trade therein,
xviii. 194
on C.M.S. work up Binue river,
xxi. 495-6
 missions at Kisulidini, and
on the death of New, 1875., xix. 323
on the death of Livingstone, xviii. 182
on the deaths of Smith and O'Neill in
Uganda, (1878.), xxii. 251
on the proposed C.M.S. Mission to
Uganda, xxi. 50, 60
on the Victoria Nyanza expedition of
C.M.S., 1876-7. xxi. 498, 612, xxii. 36
on the Victoria Nyanza and the rivers
near, xxii. 408
 , T. J., Journey through parts of the
Salado Valley and across some of the
Argentine Provinces (1864.), viii. 163
 , Capt. J., r.n., of the Australian
Admiralty coast survey, death of,
xiv. 307
Huthera, Atn, Syria, identical with
Hazeroth, xii. 191
Hutt Plains, N. Australia, fertility of,
i. 367
 river, N. Australia, x. 49
Hutton, — , cited on the relation between
geography and geology, xxii. 59
Huxley, Prof., on the Ainos of Japan,
x. 170
on the biology of the Gulf Stream,
xiii. 109-11
 of ocean-beds, xv. 37
Huzrut Begum, shrine of, Gobi desert, and
ruins near, visited by Forsyth, xxi. 34
Hval Fiord, Iceland, explored by Young,
I860., v.' 74-5
Hvide Bay, Spitzbergen, ix. 311
Hvita river, Iceland, source aud fall of,
v. 86
lakes and boiling springs in valley of,
v. 87
Hwan, city, C. China, the river Min at,
xiv. 167
Hwang-ho, see Hoango-ho, and also Yellow
river
Hwang-kwo-su, S.W. China, old bridge
at, xx. 196
Hwang-leen-shwuy river, C. China, tribu
tary of the river Han, xiv. 184
Hwang-pu river, E. China, course of,
iii. 375-6
Hwang-sha-keang, river, C. China, rise
and course of, xiv. 176
Hwang-sha-yih, town, C. China, xiv. 179
Hwang-yaug-ho, river, C. China, rise and
course of, xiv. 183
HWei river, E. China, bed of, taken by
Yangtse-kiang, iii. 376
Hweli chouen, S. China, Garnier at,
xix. 281-2

HYD— ICE

145

Hydah people of Queen Charlotte Islands,
N. America, xiii. 386
Hyde Bay, Arctic regions, near Cape
Parker, xiii. 372
Hydrographical Office, summaries of work
done by, 1858., ii. 271 ; 1859., iii. 274 :
I860., iv. 157; 1861., v. 178; 1862.,
vi. 138 ; 1863., vii. 144 ; 1864., viii. 193 ;
1865., ix. 223; 1866., x. 221; 1867.,
xi. 196 ; 1868., xii. 245 ; 1869., xiii. 282 ;
1870., xiv. 308: 1871., xv. 269; 1872.,
xvi. 322; 1873, xvii. 258; 1874.,
xviii. 535; 1875., xix. 413; 1876.,
xx. 415 ; 1877., ' xxi. 438-9 ; 1878.,
xxii. 337
 Survey of Ladoga Lake, Andreyeff,
1857., (transl. E. D. Morgan), xiii. 375
Hydrography of the Valley of the Arve,
Chaix, i. 483
Miihry's papers on, cited, xvi. 326
Hydrometric measurements of Swiss
rivers, Chaix, xvii. 204-7
Hykelzye, Afghanistan, i. 299
Hyndman, H. M., proposed vote of censure
on Stanley's alleged treatment of na
tives, xxi. 6, 58
Hypsometric charts and observations in
Switzerland, Ziegler's and others,
Murchison on, ii. 287
Hypsometrical Observations on the Cen
tral Alpine Chain of Switzerland,
Ziegler, (1S73.), xvii. 207
Observations in Paraguay, 1874., of
Keith Johnston and Lieut. Congreve,
Report on, Straohan, xx. 504-5
Hyrcanian desert, C. Asia, Vambe'ry's
journey across, viii. 268 (cf. xxii. 289-
90)
Hyoung Yaou, S. Manchuria, cotton of,
xiii. 30

I

Iandraimbaki, Madagascar, river near,
xix. 192; rounded hills of, 190
Iarindrano district, Madagascar, xix. 191,
well-watered, 192
Iatsifitra, crater, Madagascar, xix. 188
Ibadan town, W. Africa, xxi. 487
Ibara tribes, Madagascar, xix. 200
looation of, Shaw's visit to, 1876.,
xxi. 157
Ibari Nkutu river, W. Africa, identical
with the Kwango, an affluent of the
Lualaba, xxii. 406
Ibarra, Ecuador, S. America, elevation and
temperature of, xxi. 558, volcanic
phenomena at, xxi. 557
Ibetanineha, Madagascar, royal residence,
xxi. 158
Ibety, granite Mts., Madagascar, xix. 190 ;
granite mass at, xxi. 157

Ibi Gamin glacier, Kuen luen Mts., height
of, i. 438
Ibibio, W. Africa, natives of at Odiit,
xx. 224
Ibitipaue, conical hill, Paraguay, xx. 495
Ibn Batuta, travels of, in China, x. 272,
276-7
Ibo, town, W. Africa, native population
of, i. 76 .
Ibokee, W. Africa, trade of, xvi. 136
Ibrahim, Tel-, Mesopotamia, Bewshcr's
journey to, 1862., xi. 155
legend connected with, xi. 157
Ibrahimeya, or Afuddo, on the Nile, lati
tude of, xv. 162, xviii. 139, 140
I§a river, see Putomayo
Icaria, identified with Kerry (Ireland),
xvii. 317
Ice —
action in Siberia, etc., Murchison, x. 234
formation of, in Greenland, Rink on,
ii. 195
icebergs, Belcher on, iv. 107 ; Shaffner
on, iv. 104
 drifts and currents on Coast cf
Iceland, Irminger, v. 225 ; off Spitz
bergen, xix. 178
polar, constantly changing character of,
Petermann on, ix. 115
Ice Fiord, Spitzbergen, ix. 511, abundance
of animal life on, ix. 155
geology of, xiii. 154
ice of, ix. 156
Ice Haven, Novaya Zemlya, Barentz's old
house at, found by Carlsen, 1871., xvi.
361
Iceland, admiralty survey for N. Atlantic
Telegraph vid, I860., v. 61 et seq., 100
Bright on, v. 73
Currents and Ice-drifts on the Coast of,
Irminger, v. 225
Danish concession as to telegraphic use
of, iv. 101
discovery of, by Gardar, 863., ii. 372
explorations, see progress of geographi
cal knowledge, infra
French surveys, i. 423
geyser mounds of, iv. 97
Great Volcanic eruption in, 1867.,
Hjaltelm, xii. 58
Heights and positions of the principal
Mts. and Hills of, R. Brown, 1867.,
xii. 137
influence of the Gulf Stream on,
xiii. 227
McClintock on; v. 63 et seq.
population, education, etc., v. 64, 88
produce etc., v. 89
progress of geographical knowledge of,
xx. 416
Rae's journeys in, I860., v. 81
Rae on travelling in, v. 103, xx. 30-1
rivers, shores, and ice of, v. 63 L

146 2CE-ILC

Iceland — continued.
seasons in, v. 78
surveys of, by Allen Young, v. 73
trees in, v. 101
volcanoes of, v. 64
eruptions of, 1867., xii. 58
West coast of, freedom from fogs, v. 78 ;
freedom from ice, v. 230
Young on, v. 73
Icepole Point, Arctic regions, xiii. 374
Ichaboe Island, Antarctic regions, guano
discovered on, by Morrell, abt. 1823.,
xiv. 155
Ichang, on the Yangtse river, breadth of
river at, vi. 3 ; geographical position
of, vi. 2
gorges at, vi. 86, xv. 293
observations in river at, xi. 266
navigation .of river, practically ceasing
at, xiv. 168 ; difficulties beyond, Swin
hoe on, xiv. 236
Dawson and Stokes cited on, 240, 241
rapids of, xiv. 16», xv. 292
Ichinor Lake, Mongolia, described by
Bushell, xviii. 154
Icy Cape, Arctic regions, latitude of,
reached by Capt. Cook in 1778.,
xix. 176
wild birds of, i. 54
Icy Sea, Arctic regions, aspect of (1834.),
v. 230
Ida, Mt., Asia Minor, iii. 385, 386
 , Mt. or Psiloriti, Crete, survey and
altitude of, iv. 149
Idaho city, Oregon, in 1866., xi. 93
 Territory, described by Brown,
xi. 84, 85
Idda, or Iddah, on the Niger, ii. 85,
ix. 75
district near, ix. 72
Hausa language predominant at,
xxi. 493
river and cliffs of, xxi. 484
Ido, W. Africa, ruins of, ii. 95
Ifare Indian river, B.N. America, ix. 127
Iffney, Morocco, ii. 375
Ifontsy, Madagascar, described, xiv. 369
Igalikko Fiord (see Julianshaab), Green
land, early settlements on, v. 92
explored by Rae, I860., v. 89
old Nordisker ruins at, v. 75
Igaon village, W. Africa, limit of naviga
bility of the Ogun in dry seasons, vi.
65
Igara, or Egara oountry, W. Africa (see
Idda), ii. 85
Igbegbe, or Gbebe, W. Africa, vi. 23 ;
Haussa language at, xxi. 493
Igbira district and people, W. Africa,
xxi. 488
Igbira Panda, see Igbira
Igbo country, W. Africa, ii. 84
Igengi district, V. Nyanza, xx. 146

Ihangiro, Southern, Mts. of, E. C. Africa,
xxii. 396-7
Ihankiana, volcanic cone, Madagascar,
xix. 188
Ihdsy, chief town of Ibara in Madagascar,
xxi. 157-8
 river, Madagascar, course of, xxi.
158
Ijanah, Tell, Syria ruins at, and bearings
of, xvi. 106
Ijaye, W. Africa, C.M.S. station at, ii. 95
ijebu Country, W. Africa, Bedingfield's
journey to, 1862., vii. 105
Ikala, Madagascar, xix. 192
Ikelemba river, C. Africa, flowing side by
side with the Lualaba in one bed,
xxii. 406
Iki, Lake, probably Livingstone's Lake
Lincoln, xvi. 435, 438, xvii. 12, 14, 60,
71, xx. 124, 312
Ikiopa, or Ikopa, river, Madagascar, x. 57
course of, xix. 196, 197
embankment near, xx. 110
falls of, xix. 184
junction of, with the Betsiboka, xix.
199
voyage down by Maynard, 1874., xx. 113
Ikira district, V. Nyanza, xx. 148
Ikling village, Afghanistan, Btone pillar
at, xxi. 486
Ikling Joce river, Afghanistan, xxi. 586
Ikongo, Madagascar, fortress' rock of,
xxi. 158
King of, invites missionaries to visit
him, 1874., xxi. 155-6
Shaw's journey to, 1874., MullenB on,
xxi. 155
Ikongo Hill, Madagascar, xxi. 161
Ikot Mba, W. Africa, Mission Station at,
xx. 224
Ikpit, W. Africa, natives of, xx. 225
Ikiinetii, Cross river, W. Africa, xx. 224
Ikusherni, W. Africa, plain of, xxi. 487
Ilafy, Madagascar, sacred city, x. 56
woods of, xix. 185
Ilala, Equatorial Africa, near Lake Ban-
gweolo, death-place of Livingstone 1873.,
xviii. 245, xix. 11
Ilala, Young's steamer on L. Nyassa,
xxi. 225
Halangma District, Madagascar, xix. 191
Ilara, W. Africa, small town of, ii. 95
Ilchi, or Elchi, capital of Khotan, i. 275
early visit to, xi. 7
elevation, xi. 10
Johnson's journey to, from Leh, 1865.,
xi. 6, xiii. 14, xiv. 231, xxi. 27
position of, xi. 10, xiv. 60
route via deserted and why, xi. 219
ruins discovered near and ornaments
found in, Forsyth on, xxi. 38
Schlagintweit's journey to (reported),
1857., ii. 301, iii. 171

iLE-IND

147

Ilek river, C. Asia, xxi. 138
Ilhalutanda, near Tete, S. Cent. Africa,
cultivation at, ii. 365
Una Muinha, Zambesi river, salt manu
facture at, ii. 364
Ilka Mozambique, Zambesi river, ib.
Hi, Chinese ^Tartary, insurrection in,
(1866.), xi. 13
Osborn on, Xi. 162-3
routes to, controlled by China, iii. 145
Hi, or Tekes, river, Russian boundary near
the Thian Shan Mts., ix. 239
its tributaries, ii. 280
valley of, Dilke on, xviii. 246, 253
Venuikof on, v. 192
Iliniza, Mt., Ecuador, S, America, eleva
tion of, xxi. 556
Ilirgun, W. Africa, decayed town of,
ii. 95
Ilium of Homer, site of, discovered,
Chevalier, iii. 385
Illampu Mt., Andes oi Bolivia, elevation
of, xii. 128, xxii. 42
Illimani Mt., Bolivia, xii. 128
asoent of by Wiener, (1878.), xxii, 369
elevation of according to Minchin,
xxii. 42, 369, according to Wiener
and others, xxii. 369
Illingwortb, Adm., remarks on the Isth
mus of Cupica, i. 86
cited on the Raspadura Canal, i. 66
Illinois Canal, U.S.A., level of, ii. 340
Illoa fiord, Greenland, as a shore station
for the Atlantic cable, v. 95
Illuidlek Island, Arctic regions, latitude
of, xv. Ill
Ilorin, W. Africa, ii. 90, described by
Delany, iv. 219
population of, xxi. 487
situation of, and importance of, May on,
ii. 91-2
Imahazdny, hill town, Madagascar, forest
near, xxi. 159
latitude of, xix. 190
Imamgu-ali, village, Turkestau, popula
tion of, xx, 171
Imanandaza, Madagascar, country near,
xxi. 167
falls and rivers near, xxi. 16S
Imanga river, Madagascar, xxi. 1 66
Imano, Madagascar, population of,
xix. 193
Imbabura Mt., Ecuador, S. America,
elevation of, xxi. 557
Imerinmanjaka, Madagascar, sacred city,
x. 55
Imeritia, Russian province formerly Per
sian, xiii. 275, woods of, 276
Imeretian tribes of the Caucasus, suggested
negroid ancestry of, vi. 6
Imbasdabe', Madagascar, xxi. 155
Im-Pembis river, S, Africa, Umbigo's
kraal on, xv. 150

Imbauzinho River, Brazil, xx. 465
Imbeela river, S. Africa, xv. 150
Imerina province, Madagascar, x. 55
geological formations in, xix. 186
Johnson's explorations in, (1877.),
xxi: 171
passes, plateau, etc., xix. 183
population, cultivation, etc., xix. 184,
193
volcanic peaks near, xix. 186
Imperadorski Gavan, or Port Imperial
harbour, Tartary, position of, i. 406
Imperial Russian Geographical Society,
see Russia
Impey river, W. Australia,
affluent of the Murchison, iii. 35, 54
Inamehana, Madagascar, sacred city,x. 56
Inanam river, Borneo, source of, xvi. 172
Inane village, S. Cent. Africa, i. 75
Inbabali or Zavora river, S.E. Africa,
xix. 115
Incuisilla river, S. America, tributary of
the Putumayo, xxi. 572
natives of, xxi. 574, 577
wood-cutting on, ib.
Inculuzane river, S. Africa, tributary of
the Limpopo, xiii. 332
Independence, Cape, Greenland,
Kane's furthest point, i. 18
true position of, iii. 147
India or Hindustan (see also Himalayas,
etc.) —
alphabets used in, ii. ISO
ancient and modern trade routes to,
iii. 171, 183, 186, 196, v. 50-1, vii. 60
Archaeological Survey of, (1871.),
xv. 283
borderlands of, see Chitral, Dardistan,
Gilgit, Kashmir,Lushai, Trans-Hima
layas, etc.
in relation to Australia, i. 80, S3, 86,
172, 456, ii. 28, 213, iv. 120, v. 106,
vii. 12, 37, 116, 174, 178, viii. 193,
ix. 234 ; communication with same,
x. 220-1, xii. 291, 314, 317 ; steam
ditto, viii. 119 ; telegraphic com
munication established, 1870., xv. 299
British, extent of, I860., iv. 188 ; popu
lation of, i. 80
Central, rains in, xi. 63
 provinces, total area of, x. 242
Cinchona cultivation in, x. 243 ; intro
duction of, by Markham, xv. 379
coal in, xv. 283
Cooper's journey to, from the Yang-
tze-Kiang vid Tibet, 1867-8., xii. 336
desert, causes of, xi. 64
difficulty of opening route from, vid
Burma, to China, xv. 173
direct telegraph to, Notes on, Rawlin
son, v. 219
earthquakes in the Cachar Hills, 1869.,
Godwin-Austen, xiii. 370

148

IND— IXD

India or Hindustan — continued.
Forest Destruction in Coorg, effect of,
Bidie, xiii. 74 ; in Western Ghauts,
Markham, x. 266
Geography and Climate of, in reference
to the best site for a Capital, Camp
bell, xi. 54
gipsies in, i. 41
Government's aid to Speke's East
African expedition, I860., v. 14
Great meridional arc of, Basevi's ob
servations on, xv. 280
Hay's explorations in Northern India,
vit. 133 note
heat of, its causes, vii. 116
hot winds of, i. 35
Inland navigation of Travancore,
Markham, xi. 78
Meteorological and Tidal observations
in, xv. 283, xix. 443
Monsoons, rainfall, and climate, Camp
bell, xi. 61, xii. 316
Mt. Everest, i. 345 ; and Deodanga,
Waugh, and others, ii. 102 et seq., 299
Mountains of, Duncan on, xxii. 73
.  in relation to water-supply,
V. 125
Mustakh Range, Godwin - Austen on
glaciers of the, 1860-1., viii. 34
Mutiny in, effects of, iii. 371
Navy, survey of Persian Gulf by
iii. 268, vi. 133
 abolition of the service, Murchi
son, 1863., vii. 163 ; its consequences
to coast surveys, xxi. 451-2
Ocean, in relation to heat of the
peninsula, vii. 116
Overland communication between India
and China, M'Cosh, v. 47 ; by |the
Burhampooter and Yangtse, Cotton,
xi. 255
 journey to, in 1872, via Meshed,
Herat, Candahar, and the Bolan Pass,
Marsh, xxi. 582
pendulum observations of Archdeacon
Pratt in, xxii. 176
periodic winds of, xii. 316
Progress of geographical knowledge of,
ii. 299, iv. 187, vii. 161, viii. 208,
xv. 275, xvii. 19 ; of India and adja
cent countries, since foundation of
R.G.S., ix. 235
project for further admiralty surveyB of,
vi. 134
proposed new capital for, Murchison on
Campbell's suggestions, (xi. 54),
xi. 219
proposed new route to, by Lord John
Hay, 1863., Murchison on, vii. 162,
cf. note 133
race distribution in, xi. 71
railway developtnent in, iii. 386, xi. 71
railway to, Rawlinson on, xvi. 337

India or Hindustan — continued.
rainfall and trees, Cleghorn on, xiii. 81
rise of land from plains to Himalayas,
xvi. 409
routes to, and distance from England,.
iii. 190-1
 from, to China, M'Cosh, v. 47;
Cotton, xi. 255
Russian approach to, Lawrence on,
xx. 492
Murchison on, xiv. 319
Rawlinson on, xv. 198-9
seaports of, calmness of sea on coast
of Narakal, viii. 209
only four, properly so-called, xi. 26
Remarks on, Macpherson, vii. 95
scope for European settlers in, Login
on, v. 53
Southern, geology of, Murchison on,
x. 269
Surface currents of the Bay of Bengal,
Heathcote, v. 114
Surveys of ;
admiralty, (and see Indian Navy,
supra) vi. 133
archaeological, xv. 283
geological, iii. 277, xv. 282
marine, xv. 278, xvi. 346, Taylor's
plan for, xviii. 549 ; resumed,
xix. 413, xxi. 451
Memoir on, by Markham, referred to,
xv. 275
Revenue, xv. 276, 280, xvi. 345,
xvii. 291, xviii. 566, xxi. 454
Topographical, x. 239, xv. 279, 281,
287, xvi. 343, 345, xvii. 288,
xviii, 565, xix. 438, xx. 423, xxi.
453, xxii. 355, 357, 358
Trigonometrical, i. 161, 370, ii. 302,
iv. 31, v. 196, vi. 183, viii. 208,
x. 239, xii. 146, (methods of training
workers for), xv. 203-4; xv. 278,
(Markham's memoir on) xv. 275 ;
xvi. 343, (Rawlinson on the value
of) xvii. 55; xvii. 287, xviii. 564,
xix. 432, xxi. 452, xxii. 347, 350
Tidal Observations, xv. 283, xix. 433,
xxii. 352
Upper, rainfall of, xi. 64 ; trees in relaj
tion to rainfall in, x. 268
Western Ghauts of, effects on water*
supply of Destruction of Forests in,
Markham, x. 266
 , rivers of, Frere on, xiv. 123
wheat grown in, iii. 106
winds, see hot winds, Monsoons, and
Periodic winds, supra
India and China, communication between)
by the line of the Burhampooter and
Yangtse, Cotton, xi. 255
 and England, Specific gravity, tem
perature and Currents of seas between
Toynbee, ix. 281

1XD— IN J

149

India and Turkestan, trade routes be
tween, Rawlinson, xiii. 10
India Office, establishment of a Geo
graphical department at, xv. 284
India Island, N Australia, xiii. 54
Indian Archipelago, (see also Eastern
Archipelago and Malay Archipelago)
admiralty survey of, xxi. 433
in relation to Australia, i. 80, ii. 28,
193, 214
Chinese labour for, iv. 31
Descriptive Dictionary of, by J. Craw
furd, reviewed, ii. 142
geology of, iv. 79
influence on winds of region, xii. 316
labour from, for Australia, vii. 89
as naval point d'appui, ii. 312
progress of geographical knowledge of,
iii. 299, iv. 193
shallow seas of, their effect on local
temperature, xii. 318
volcanoes in, ii. 9, iv. 79
Indian Harbour, Labrador, good anchorage
at, v. 65
Indian Head, Queensland, admiralty sur
vey near, xiii. 282, xiv. 308
Indian Ocean (see also Bay of Bengal) —
admiralty survey in, i. 143
Australian rivers falling into, xii. 288
cold water at bed of, xxi. 75
deep sea soundings in, ii. 266
depths in, xvii. 295
floor of, Duncan on, xxii. 73
geography of the bed of, Osborn, xv. 28,
40
as a heating agent, vii. 116, 171, 178
hurricanes of, i. 37, 79
proposed steamer route across, Hoseason
on, i. 84; Leslie on, i. 86 ; Stokes on,
i. 79
specific gravity of, ix. 281
winds in, ii. 358
Indian reservation, N. America, location
of, xix. 292
Indian river, C. America, great valley of,
xii. 32
Indian Tickle Harbour, Labrador, fish in,
xii. 196
Indigirka river, Siberia, xxi. 214
Iudo-China, Gamier's travels in, 1868.,
xvii. 263, xviii. 463, xix. 281
overland commerce of, M'Cosh on,
v. 47
overland trade-routes, xv. 173 ; Allcock
on, xiv. 353 ; Harcourt on, xv. 347
Indo-European telegraph line, route for,
Rawlinson on, viii. 20
Indore, C. India, elevation of, xi. 57
Indus river, xiii. 186
affluents of, viii. 34, 37, 224, xiii. 130,
xv. 178, glacial affluents, viii. 38
Alexander the Great, hjs expedition
Jo, xxi. 185,

Indus river — continued.
course of, change of, and date, i. 221 ;
native information on, xiii. 195
— — through the Himalayas, viii. 39,
x. 143, xiv. 126
 true, Hayward on, xv. 13
crossing of, by tribesmen, infringes treaty
of 1846., xv. 16
delta of, xi. 24 ; Murchison on, xi. 221
at exit from Kashmir, iv. 31
frozen, near Leh, 1873., xxii. 198
gold in, traces of, xiv. 212, xvi. 401
lower, Physical Geography of, Tremen.
heere, xi. 22
the Pundits' journey down, 1865,,
xiii. 191, 193
ruins along old bed of, x. 131
sideway movement of, xx. 499
source of, ii. 300, x. 168, xiii. 194, xv,
178, 200
 visited by Falconer, 1838., ii. 304
survey of, by the Mullah, 1876,,
xxii. 852
trade outlet at Kurrachee, viii. 21
trigonometrical survey along, i. 371
velocity of, xiv. 208
Inflexible, H.M.S., in Torres Straits,
i. 84
Ingezi lake, C. Africa, vii. 219
Inglefield, Adm., Arctic expedition of,
1852-3., i. 2 ; and discoveries, xix. 213,
xxi. 274
on Osborn's proposed Polar expedition
(1865.), ix. 63; routes for same,
ix. 149
on the use of steam in Arctic explora
tion, xiii. 169
cited on an open Polar Sea, i. 30
Ingolfsholde, Iceland, ocean depths near,
v. 63
Ingpara or Inkpara river, W. Africa,
xx. 224, 226
Ingur river and valley, Caucasus, xiii. 69
Ingwavuma river, S. Africa, xiii. 337
Ingwempisi river, S. Africa, xiii. 337
Inhamatuze Island, Zambesi river, ii. 364
Inhambane Bay, S.E. Africa,
coco-nut trees of, xjx. 113
Portuguese settlement at, xxii. 128
Zulus from, iii. 101
 river, S.E. Africa, affluents of, xiii, 341
Inhampura river, S.E. Africa, (see also,
Limpopo), xiv. 98
debouchment of the Limpopo by, iii. 375,
xix. 110, 111
Inhamudendundo district, on the Zam-.
besi, ii. 364
Inhan-ha swamp, Africa, source of the
Congo river, xvii. 30
Inhasuja, Zambesi river, native huts at,
built on stakes, ii. 365
Injerabeer, Abyssinia, white sandstone
mountain,, xiii. 43

150

INL— IRR

Inland Seas, temperature and currents
of, Carpenter, xviii. 306
Inn river, S. Alps, fall of, ii. 370
volume of, xvii. 206
Inner Passage, Torres Straits, opened up
by Nares, 1866., x. 220, value of, 221
Inrhar, N. Africa, ix. 313
Inshabaraka, W. Africa, Pogge's furthest
point, 1877., xxi. 473
Inkskip, see Richards and Inskip
Inspection Hill, Sweers Island, Queens
land, ii. 14
Instructions for taking Meteorological ob
servations, issued 1861., v. 181
Instruments, Reward for the best Reflect
ing, v. 145
International Commission of Exploration
and Civilisation of Africa, initiated
by the King of the Belgians at Brus
sels, 1876., xxi. 16, 19, 60, 407, 476,
497, 601
Alcock on, xxii. 11, 22
first expedition despatched by, xxii. 12
International Congress of Geography-
Antwerp, 1870., xvi. 83; Report of,
Ommanney, xvi. 132
Paris, 1875., programme for, xviii. 453
etc., xix. 59, 134, xx. 8
Invaravarana Mt., Madagascar, geological
formation of, xxi. 157
Investigator, H.M. Survey S., ascent of the
Niger by, 1864., Knowles, ix. 72
Investigator, H.M.S., inscriptions left by,
at Sweers Island, Queensland, i. 259,
ii. 15
Investigator Islands, S. Australia —
admiralty survey, xix. 409
 roads, Sweers Island, Queensland,
ii, 14, vii. 3 ; an important harbour,
xi. 227
 Strait, Queensland —
good harbourage in, vii. 14
suited for settlers, viii. 19
Inyak Island, Delagoa Bay, English claim
to, xiii. 341, xvi. 101, xix. 120
Inyampabimpale or Sable Antelope river,
S.E. Africa, size of, xix. 115
Inyanbone river and affluent, S.E. Africa,
xix. 115
Inyansuna district, S.E. Africa, xix. 115
Inyantombe river, boundary of Umzila's
country, S.E. Africa, xix. 114, 115
Inyarhime, or Lavoro, river, S.E. Africa,
partly navigable, xix, 121
Inyati, S. Africa, Baines at, 1869.,
xv. 152
Inyorka's or Serpent Town, S.E. Africa,
inhabitants of, xv. 156
Iody, Madagascar, high peak of, xix. 190
Ipapame'na, Madagascar, King's residence
at, xxi. 158
Ipikari, N. Guinea, friendly chiefs at,
XX. 267

Ipswich, Queensland, Gregory's start from,
1858., iii. 18
Iquique, capital of Tarapaca, Chile,
xii. 128
earthquake at, 1854., xii. 130
latitude and longitude of, xii. 128
meteorology and trade of, xii. 129
 and other nitrate and guano ports,
xii. 127
 Island, Chile, geological formation
of, xii. 130
Irak province, Persia, high lands of, iii. 3
Iramba, Equatorial Afrioa, Stanley in,
1874., xx. 140-1
Iran (Persia), plateau of, i. 290
Irangara Island, Victoria Xyanza, natives
of, xx. 154, xxii. 395
Irbid (Arbela), Syria, caverns of, ii. 225
Ireland, admiralty surveys, i. 139, ii. 262,
iii. 264, iv. 148, v. 168, vi. 132,
vii. 138, ix. 221, xiii. 274, xiv. 303,
xvi. 316, xviii. 536, xix. 405, xx. 404,
xxi. 432, xxii. 333
geological survey of, vii. 147
ordnance survey, v. 179
sea level round, i. 76
Ireland's Eye, Arctic America, heavy
polar ice near, xxi. 99
Irharhar, Wady, Cent. Sahara, the Niger
of Pliny, ix. 79
Irieni district, Vict. Xyanza, xx. 146
Iris river, or Yezil Irmak, Turkey in
Asia —
affluent of, iii. 370
explored by Tchihatchef, 1858., iii. 371
Irkutsk, capital of Siberia —
American commodities at, iii. 92
described by Bridgett, 1868., xiii. 370
telegraph open at, 1863., viii. 203
Irminger, Adm. C. (Danish Navy) —
On the current along the Coast of Green
land, i. 61
Curreuts and Ice-drifts along the coast
of Iceland, v. 225
On the Evidences of the Gulf Stream in
High Latitudes in the N. Atlantic,
xiii. 226
Iroba Island, Vict. Nyanza, xxii. 395
Iron, W. Africa, small town of, ii. 95
Iron Gate, near Darband, C. Asia, visited
by a Russian expedition, 1875., xx. 419
Iron Gates, Danube river, iii. 206, shallow
ness of in autumn, 207
Iron Gates of the Niger, ii. 98
Iron Rapids, Tibagy river, Brazil, hostile
natives near, xx. 455
Irrawaddy river, Burma —
course of, Cooper on, xiii. 392
longitude of, at Prome, i. 270
navigability of, xv.- 172, xviij. 464,
xix. 288
old trade route via, xix. 282
passes opening to, y. 49, 5Q

IRR— 1T0

151

Irrawaddy river, Burma — continued.
routes between, and Yunnan, Cottam
on, xxi. 592 ; Elias on, xx. 237
Sladen on, xiv. 354, xv. 343
and its sources, Anderson (1870.),
xiv. 346
source of, in Tibet, xiv. 219
survey of, i. 269-70
tribes of, xx. 237
Valley of, described by Elias, xx. 235
Irtish river, Siberia, affluent of the Obi,
oourse of, xviii. 561
the Black, affluent of Lake Nor Tsai-
san, ix 41, xviii. 561
the Upper, Pavlinofs measurement of
altitude on, xv. 291
the White, or Lower, course of, ix. 41
Irving, E. G., m.d., obituary notice of,
1856., i. 122
Irwin river, W. Australia, iii. 34, 51
mineral region near, xix. 489
Isaac river, Queensland, x. 62
coalfields of, xii. 141
head-waters of, v. 6
Isabel Cove, N. Guinea, natives near, and
their carvings, xxi. 359
Isabella, Cape, Arctic Regions, xx. 60
Hayes' journey to, 1853-4., ix. 183
Isahnambo, Madagascar, well - watered
valley of, xxi. 157
Isandra district, Madagascar, xix. 191
Isahdrandaliy, Madagascar, xxi. 165
Isangula cataract, Congo river, reached by
Stanley, xxii. 161
Isfairam defile, C. Asia, river in, xxi. 131
Ishkaman, or Karambar, Pass, C. Asia —
leading to Mastuj, xviii. 439
practicability of, xix. 14
 river, C. Asia, affluent of the Ghirza,
xv. 13
Ishkishen, the Oxus at, xvii. 113
Ishogo land, Equatorial West Africa,
dwarf tribes of, Du Chaillu on, 1863.,
x. 77
Iskardo Basin, Trans-Himalaya, pass
leading to, viii. 37, probably an ancient
lake, viii. 35
starting point of trigonometrical survey
of the region, viii. 34
Iskardo Mts., Faiooner's explorations in,
ii. 304 '
Iskari, or Ishikari, river, Yesso I., Japan —
Ainos of, xvi. 201
coalfields of, xviii. 232
mouth of, and breakwaters at, xvi. 195,
xviii. 233
salmon fisheries of, xvi. 197, xviii. 231
settlements on, xvi. 195
sources, xvi. 201
fskender Kul (lake), Zerafshan Valley, C.
Asia, xiv. 233
[skill, Jebel, Tunis, hot baths, etc. at,
vi, 314

Island Head, Queensland, admiralty sur
vey, xviii. 539
Island Reach, Albert River, N. Queens
land, ii. 378, 380
Isle Royale, Lake Superior, Palliser at,'
1857., ii. 39
Isluga, volcano, Bolivia, xii. 128
Ismail Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, cited on
- the Suez Canal, xiv. 98
Ismailia on the Nile, founded by Baker,
1871., latitude, longitude, and elevation
of, xviii. 138
Isok, in the centre of the Mustakh glaciers,
Austen at, viii. 35
Ispahan, Persia, Layard at, i. 294
Israelites, suggested route of, in the
Sinaitic peninsula, xii. 192, xiii. 214
Issyk Kul, or Issingul, Lake, C. Asia —
affluents of, ii. 280, dried up, xi. 214
brick ruins found in, by Kolpakovsky,
xiv. 320,
elevation of, iv. 197, and theories on
Dilke, xviii. 249, 250
exploration of, Humboldt on, i. 433
by Semenof (1858.), ii. 280
by Venuikof, (1861.), v. 192
 and the Chu river, ix. 273
Italy- Alpine glaciers in plains of, viii. 226
 Lakes of, Falconer on origin of,
viii. 39, 40
decrease in magnetic force in, xxii. 215
expeditions (see also progress, infra)
Antinori's to Shoa, 1875-0-8.,
xxi. 474, xxii. 14, 378
Gessi's and Matteucci's to Abyssinia,
1878., xxii. 378
Italian geographical society, establish
ment, 1867., and growth of, 1869.,
xiii. 296-7
progress of, xiv. 313, xv. 272, xvi. 328,
xviii. 551, xiv. 422
number of members, 1878., xxii. 305
maps of, i. 148-9, 423, 427, ii. 288,
iv. 202
progress of geographical knowledge in
(see Geographical Society, supra),
i. 427, ii. 289, iv. 205, xiii. 296,
xvi. 328, xviii. 551
Itampolo river, Madagascar, lagoon formed
by, xxi. 164
Itasy Lake, Madagascar, xix. 184, volcanic
traces near, 187, xxi. 165
Itenes, Itenez, or Guapore river, S.
America, course of, xviii. 119 note
gold-bearing affluents of, xxii. 49
Iti Island, N. America, supposed discovery
by Vespucci, 1498., iii. 390
Itie'y river, Niambarra province, C. Africa,
course of, vi. 18-19
Itondy river, Madagascar, branch of the
Manambolo river, vegetation along,
xxi. 168

152

ITR— JAM

Itra Lake, C. America, apparent lack of
outlet to, iii. 106
Itsiatbsika, town, Madagascar, Hova fort
and governor at, xxi. 164
Ituru district, Lake region, Cent. Africa,
xx. 137
 Mts., Cent. Africa, Nile sources in,
xx. 148
Ivahy Valley, Brazil, explored in 1872.
" for railway purposes by Bigg-Wither,
xx. 455
Ivatom£sina, Madagascar, traces of Arab
influence at, Mullens on, xxi. 161
lvily, Madagascar, cattle of, xxi. 157
Ivinheima river, Brazil, railway survey
on, 1872., xx. 455
Ivdhibe' Mt., Madagascar, granite of,
xxi. 157, description of, 158, splendid
aspect of, 161
tribes round, xxi. 163
Ivohidroa, Madagascar, xxi. 156
Ivbhimarina, Madagascar, population of,
and market at, xxi. 158
Ivohitr&mbo, Madagascar, elevation of, and
forest near, xxi. 165
Ivdhitrdsa hill and village, Madagascar,
elevation of, xxi. 160
Ivoko hill, Madagascar, elevation of, and
volcanic country near, xix. 187-8
Ivory trade of C. Africa, Vogel, i. 215
Iwatsuki, Japan, described, xvii. 82
Iwu Liui Mts., Manchuria, Palladius on,
xvi. 209
Ixixini river, S. Africa, source and course
and outfall of, i. 511, 512

Jabakan river, Mongolia, sources and
tributaries of, xvii. 188
Jabbok, river, or Wady Zerka, Syria,
xix. 166 ; Beke at, 1862., vi. 196
Jabboo, W. Africa, cotton cloth of, iv. 2S
Jaborem, Bulama Island, W. Africa, i. 42
Jaca, E. Africa, ruins at, visited by Hilde-
brandt, 1875., xxii. 449
Jacireta Island, Parana river, S. America,
cataracts near, xx. 498
Jackson Bay, N. Zealand, viii. 49
 Cape, Arctic regions, astronomically
determined position of, .ii. 360, iii. 147
•  , Port, N.S. Wales (see also Sydney) —
admiralty surveys of, ii. 268, iii. 267,
vi. 198, xxii. 336
finest harbour in Australia, iii. 8S
first settled, xiv. 198
growth of, vi. 56, xiv. 199
 River, N. Zealand, source of, viii. 47
Jacob river settlement and whaling station,
N. Zealand, ii. 356-7
Jacoba, C. Africa, caravan route for ivory
vid i. 215

Jacob's Creek, S. Australia, ii. 23
Jacques, see Page
Jacobshaven, Disco Island, glacier dis
charging into, xx. 57
Jaeedur, Persia, route vid, into the
interior, i. 357
Jael, Wady, Somaliland, and its in
habitants, described by Miles, (1872.),
xvi. 153
Ja'-far-abad, Persia, and country near,
xx. 170
Jaffa, Cape, Australia, admiralty survey
near, xv. 266
 , Syria, old drainage drifts at,
xvii. 332
Jafneh, Tell, Syria, table mountain and
cairn of, xvi. 106
Jagga river, E. Africa, vi. 49
 district, E. Africa, see Djagga
Jaguri Hazarahs, Afghan border,
mountain country of, history of, xx. 243
Jah&n numa, lofty mountain, Persian
borderland, xx. 167
Jahi village, Borneo, swiftly flowing
'stream at, i. 194
Jahjah, Wady, Syria, outfall of waters of,
xvi. 108
Ja-jarm, Persia, raiders of, xx. 172
Jakan, Cape, Arctic region, land reported
North of, i. 16
Jaliba river, W. Africa, Pulo empire
N.W. of, xxi. 493
Jalk, Baluchistan, position of, xvii. 92
Jalon river, Spain, affluent of the Ebro,
x. 232
Jam, plain of, Southern Persia, xi. 38
Jamaica (see also W. Indies), admiralty
surveys of, xix. 408, xx. 407, xxi. 435,
xxii. 335
Jambeer channel, W. Africa, iii. 380, 384
Jamberra country, Nile region, Africa,
Poncet's ivory depot at, vii. 78
Jambourk, W. Ceutral Afrioa, xx. 78
James, Col. Sir Henry, applies photo-zinco
graphy to map-work, (I860.), iv. 160
head of Topographical Department,
War Office, (I860.), iv. 158
cited on results of the Ordnance survey
of Great Britain, i. 135; Report on
the same, ii. 229, 271 ; on progress of
the same, vi. 139, vii. 144 ¦
 , Maj., cited on Kokan and the routes
to it, x. 149
 , W. M., on amending regulations as
to evening meetings, xxii. 295
James Bay, Br. N. America, iii. 126
 , Island, Cross River, at the junction
of the Great Qua river, W. Africa,
xx. 225
 Mount, W. Australia, form of, iii. 39
¦  Range, W. Australia, v. 57
Jameson, Dr., explorer of the river Napo,
1861., ix. 245

JAM— JAR

153

Jamiata De, Cent. Asia, mountains in,
xix. 441
Jamieson, Robert, obituary notice of,
1861., v. 160
Jana country, Nyasa region, E. Central
Africa, towns in, i. 76
Jandiayacu, Eouador, forest near, xxi. 568
Janella, rio, Madeira, fall of, ii. 369
Jane's Tableland, N. Queensland, geo
logical formation near, xviii. 106
Jang Nyenchhen-thangla Peak, Tibet,
probable elevation of, xix. 339
Janglache, Tibet, on the Tsampu, river
traffic at, xix. 338
Jan Mayen Island, Arotio Ocean —
Dutch Expedition to, 1878., xxii. 338-9
effect of Equatorial Current on, ii. 255
former whale-fishery at, ix. 166
ocean currents near, ix. 179
visited by Lord Dufferin, (1856.), ii. 255,
273 ; by Scoresby, (1817.), ii. 255
Jansen, Capt., Notes on the Ice between
Greenland and Nova Zembla from
the Records of early Dutch voyages,
ix. 163
On the praotical result of Maury's ob
servations, v. 24
Japan —
admiralty surveys of, i. 143, iii. 267,
270-1. vi. 135, vii. 139-141, viii. 193-4,
x. 218, xi. 192-3, xii. 242, xiii. 277-8,
xiv. 305, xv. 268, xvi. 321, xvii. 277,
255, xviii. 538, completed, xix. 405,
407, xx. 406, xxi. 434, xxii. 335 ; of the
Inland sea of, xiv. 305 ; of the coast of
Yezo, xvi. 188, 358, xviii. 234, 235
Aloock on, vii. 62
coal of, v. 203, xvi. 215, xviii.. 232
communication with Australia desired,
ix. 234
excellence of native charts of, vii. 62
expeditions and explorations in (see also
Fuji)—
Alcock' s, (I860.), in Nipon and ascent
of Fuji Yama, v. 132; (1861.),
Nagasaki to Yeddo, vi. 196
Blakiston's in Yezo, (1872.), xvi. 188
Elgin's mission to„1857-9., Oliphant's
work on, reviewed, iv. 204
Gubbins' ascent of Fuji-Yama,(1872.),
xvii. 78
Hodgson's journey to Yedo, (1861.),
v. 113
Laurence's journey to Yedo, (1872.),
xvii. 80
M'Clatchie's journey in Mushashi,
(1872.), xvii. 82
Oliphant's visit to Tsusima Island,
(1863.), vii. 61
Satow's, xviii. 236
Watson's, in Yezo, 1873., xviii. 226,
236
geysers in, x. 169

Japan — continued.
gold in, xvi. 201
Hodgson on, v. 113, 115 •
Japan and the Japanese, their civiliza
tion and religion, etc., A. Wylie on,
v. 116 '
Japanese in Formosa, 1622., viii. 26
mineral and other wealth of, xviii. 241
native survey of, vii. 140
Nicholson on, v. 115
Oliphant, L., on, v. 114, vii. 01
plains in, xix. 169
progress of, Parkes and Alcock on,
xvii. 84-5
 social, Watson on, xviii. 238
summary of geographical progress for
1859,, iii. 297; I860., iv. 193; 1861.,
v. 198 ; 1863., vii. 167 ; 1866., x. 245 ;
1872., xvi. 357-8; 1873., Watson on,
xviii. 296, 235
surveys of, xviii. 235
trade with, and ports open in 1815.,
ix. 261
treaty ports of, 1874., xviii. 238
volcanoes of (see Fuji), Forbes on,
x. 172
water ejected from, its supposed
source, Macgowan on, iv. 62
work of R.G.S. in, 1861-2., vi. 182
.Japan Sea, currents in, xvi. 202
depth of, xvii. 295
Staritzky's explorations in, 1866-71.,
xvii. 295
Japura, or Caqueta, river, tributary of the
Amazon, S. America, xxi. 570, explora
tions of, xxii. 45-6, by George of
Spires, 1536., and others subsequently,
xxii. 45-6
Jarava river, Peru, tributary of the
Amazon, viii. 58
Jardine Creek or MaoAdam river, N.E.
Australia, xii. 141
affluent of the Flinders, vii. 83
coal at, xii. 142
 or Jardine's river, Queensland,
x. 33, xii. 143
Jardine, F. and A., brothers, explorations
of, in Queensland, 1864., x. 5, Richard
son's account of, x. 32 ; results of, x. 51,
247, xii. 140
 , J., Description of the District of
Cape York, Australia, x. 85, cited on
the same, 248-9
Exploration of the Annan and Esk
rivers, near Cape York, Australia,
1865., xi. 151
 of the Endeavour river, Cape York
Peninsula, Australia, 1865., xi. 149 ;
traces of, xviii. 96
Jarvis, — , station of, at Mt. Margaret,
Australia, xii. 292
Jarvis river, C. Australia, xv. 97, joined by
the Waite, 98, and by the Trurcur, 99

154

JAR— JER

Jary river, S. America, described by
Crevaux, xxii. 369
Jasper Creek, N. Australia, explored by
Gregory, 1855., i. 229, 366, ii. 6
 House, British Columbia, scenery
near, ix. 18
 Range, N. Australia, i. 229 •
Jatahy, on the Tibagy river, Brazil,
xx. 460
cataracts near, 465
decayed military colony, xx. 463
Jats, the, of India, see Gypsies
Jauf country, Upper Nejed, C. Arabia,
described by Palgrave, viii. 64
desert tribes of, viii. 63
salt, and horses of, xviii. 197
Jauja province, Peru, explored by Pardo,
(J862.), xviii. 204
Jaulan, basalt district, Syria, xvii. 328
Java, Island of, E. Indian Archipelago,
(see Crawfurd), xvi. 354
communications with Australia desired,
iv. 79, xv. 299
coral in seas near, iv. 81
decay of rice trade in, i. 273
elevation at which wheat will grow in,
iii. 105
Dutch surveys of, iii. 269, vi. 136
fertility of, etc., Crawfurd on, vii. 211
geological formation of, vi. 84
hills in, ii. 9
isotherms in, xii. 318
mud volcano in, ii. 144
passage to, shortened by Maury's sail
ing directions, v. 24
population of, i. 80, ii. 310, vi. 84, vii. 8,
211
sheep of, vii. 115
size of, vii. 21 1
trade of, with New Guinea, vi. 43
trees and rainfall in, x. 268
Java Minor, the Six Kingdoms of Marco
Polo identified . . . from ancient Malay
Annals, J. T. Thomson, xx. 215
Java Seas, Dutch Charts of, vi. 136
Javali Mines, C. America, xiii. 62
Javary river, S. America, Peruvian-
Brazilian exploration of, by bouudary
commissions, xi. 226, xii. 260, 340
Jave In Grande, supposed early name for
Australia, xvi. 353
Jaxartes, or Syr Daria, river, C. Asia
Boutakoff's exploration of, xi. 114
¦coal found near, xvi. 409
Rawlinson on, xi. 116
Russian steamers on, 1867., xi. 114, 202,
xvi. 409
Shaw on, xvii. 164
tributaries of, xviii. 424
valley of, possibilities of cultivation in,
xi. 13
Jayrud-Palmyra Valley, Syria, geological
formation of, xvi. 108

Jayrud-Palmyra river, Persia, rise and
course of, iii. 4, 5
Je'ba, W. Africa, Baikie's encampment at,
ii. 90
 river, W. Africa, slave trade on,i. 42;
town on, iii. 380
Jeba', Syria, ancient name for, ii. 224
Jebeliyah, Jurzat, or Kibbiah Id., Curia
Muria Is., iv. 51, described, 52, guano
of, 50
Jeblet Hills, Morocco, remarkable geo
logical formation of, viii. 153
Jeddo, Japan, see Tokio and Yeddo
 Mountains, W. China, wall-like
aspect of, xiv. 335
Jefferson, Cape, Greenland, bearings of,
ii. 360, position of, iii. 147
 -, Mount, Cascade Range, Oregon,
snowy peak of, xi. 84
Jeffreys, G., on the bed of the N. Atlantic,
xv. 39
Jeho river, N. China, hot springs at,
source of, xviii. 163
Jehol or Je-ho-ting or Cheng-te-fu, city,
described by Bushell, xviii. 163-6
Macartney received by Chinese Em
peror at, 1793., xviii. 149, 165
Jehriin, Persia, Abbott's journey to, 1850.,
i. 321
Jejeebhoy, Sir Jamsetjee, Bt., obituary
notice of, 1878., xxii. 329
Jejuy river, Paraguay, navigability of,
xx. 498
Jekep temple, on Mansurwur Lake,
xi. 121
Jelep-la, pass, Sikkim to the Chumbi
Valley, xix. 498
Jelezin Bank, Sea of Azov, current near,
i. 306
Jellalabad valley, the gate of Turkestan,
xiii. 16
Jen-Choey-Sun, N. China, busy city of,
vi. 226
Jenkins Bay, N. Guinea, xxi. 360
Jenkins, H. L., journey from Assam to the
Hookoong Valley, 1868 , xiii. 244
Jenkyn, Rev. Dr., obituary notice of,
1859., iii. 250
"Jenny Orwell" (vessel) visit of, to
Camden Harbour, W. Australia, 1865.,
and unfavourable report on, x. 87
Jerba Island, Tunis, commercial acute-
ness of the inhabitants, vi. 212
Jerm valley, source of the Kokcha river,
xv. 181
Jermuk, Jebel, Syria, elevation of, xvii. 326
Jemingham, Hon.W. G. S., On the failure
of earthquake predictions in Peru, 1869.
xiv. 85
Jerride, El, Tunis, desert tract, described,
vi. 211
Jerry, Australian native with Hann's
expedition, xviii. 87, 94, 95, 99, 1QQ

JER— JOM

155

Jerusalem, meteorological register kept at,
1848-60., by Dr. M'Gowan, v. 173
Robinson's explorations in 1838., 1852.,
ii. 224
 views on the Church of the Holy
Sepulchre at, ii. 226
Jervia Bay, N.S. Wales, admiralty survey
of, xii., 245; explored by Hume and
others, 1818., xviii. 532
 Cape, S. Australia, admiralty survey,
xiv. 307
geological formation at, v. 243, viii. 33
 Island (N. Guinea) geological forma
tion of, xx. 105, 107
London Missionary station, xx. 105
Jervis, Lt.-Col. T. Best, obituary notice
of, 1857., i. 390
Jesus Maria, Mexico, mine at, iii. 110
Jewni, Mekran, outfall of the Khor Dusht
river, xvi. 139
Jhelum river, Punjab, India, rains near,
xi. 64
Jiachan, on the Indus,
course of the Indus near, xiii. 194-5
3rd Pundit at, xiii. 190
Jibiana, Caucasus, unfriendly natives of,
xiii. 70
Jicarilla Mountains, New Mexico, gold
found in, xxii. 275 ; low elevation of,
timber and game on, 276
Jikioku pass, Japan, xviii. 81
Jiling, Tartary, (the same as Siling),
geographical position, and description
of, xiv. 209 ; trade wares of, xii. 163
Jinga, native name for N. side of Vict.
Nyanza, xxii. 390, described by Stanley,
391
Jinoft district, Seistan, Persia, and its
inhabitants, xvii. 87
Jipe', Jipi, or Yipe, Lake, E. Africa,
vi. 47
affluents of, vi. 49
area of, ix. 15
explored by von der Decken, 1861., vi. 47,
viii. 6
New's journey to, 1871., xvi. 168
position of and shallowness, vi. 48
Jita Ravine, Abyssinia, road across,
xii. 299, precipice above, 300
Jfvaro, natives of Ecuador, S. America,
characteristics and location of, xxi. 566
Jiwe" la Singa, Equatorial Africa, quaint
boulders at, xx. 307
Jkanga, E. Africa, sugar culture near,
xxii. 451
Joal, sea-port of Biir Sin, W. Africa,
iii. 377
Jobie Island, N. Guinea, vi. 43 ; explored
by Dr. Meyer, (1873.), xviii. 47
Jochmus, General, On the Battles of
Sellasia, Marathon and Thermus,
i. 481
Proposed communication in Asia Minor

Jochmus, General — continued.
between the Lake of Sabanja, the
River Sakaria, and the Gulf of Nico-
media, i. 301
Johanna Island, Comoro Group off E.
Africa, beauty of, xix. 203 ; described by
Hildebrandt, xxii. 447-8; Livingstone
at, I860., vi. 20; missionaries left at,
1861., v. 131; volcanic character of,
xix. 188
John Day's river, Oregon, area watered
by, xi. 84
Johng-Lam, or Whor-Lam, Chinese road
along creBt of Himalayas, xii. 157
Johnson, W. H„ awarded gold watch,
1875., xix. 361-2
at evening meeting, 1875., xix. 347
Journey from Leh to Ilchi, (1865.),
Rawlinson,xi.6. 13,Murchisonon, 218
Meteorological observations taken by,
at Leh, 1873., with remarks by Mont
gomerie, xvii. 197
work of, as an explorer and surveyor,
Montgomerie on, xix. 344, 362
cited on width of the Himalayas,
xix. 344
Johnston, A. K, awarded gold medal,
•1871., xV. 234,247,250
on the African exploration fund,
xxii. 472
elementary Atlas by, and other similar
works, xiii. 290
Index geographicus, viii. 197
new edition of National Atlas, iii. 284
Notes on the Physical Geography of
Paraguay, xx. 494
 on Rev. T. Wakefield's Map of
Eastern Africa, xvi. 125
works of, xiv. 311
obituary notioe of, 1872., xvi. 304
 , K., and Congreve, C. R., Hypso
metrical Observations in Paraguay,
1874., Strachan's report on, xx. 504
Johnstone Lake, B.N. America, saltness
of, vii. 102
Johnstone, Sir ,T. (V.P.), obituary notice
of, 1869., xiii. 272
Johnstone'B straits, Vancouver Id., good
anchorage at, viii. 85
Johore, Malay peninsula, general progress
in, 1866., x. 163
Joiner Bay, Arctic, use of grounded bergs
in, Nares on, xxi. 279
Jokull-dalr, Iceland, farms of, destroyed
by lava, 1874., xx. 27
Jokulsa river, Iceland, xx. 26
Jokulsa Axarfiordr, river, Iceland,
described by Rae, v. 84
— — Eystri. river, Icelang, v. 86
Jolloffs of W. Africa, Hewett, i. 513
Jomard, French Egyptologist, cited on
the rivers of Arabia, viii. 97
obituary notice of, 1863., vii. 124

156

JON— JWA

Jones, Capt. Felix, on Mesopotamia,
xi. 158, and the Median Wall, 159
on the Sinaitic peninsula and his explo
rations therein with Welbey, about
1830., xii. 192
Jones Sound (Arctic), ice scarce in,
xvii. 175, open to the west, i. 106
 Strait (Arctic), tides in, xvii. 177
Jong river, W. Africa, Gerard drowned
in, xi. 79
Jongh-a-jong to Kirong, route from Nepal
to Tibet, closed, 1875., xix. 342
Jonquiere Bay, Saghalien Island, off E.
Siberia, Russian convict settlement
near, 1809., xiii. 365
Joo-ho, village and river, N. China, rise
and course of latter, xiv. 183
Jordan river, Palestine, Beke's journey
over, 1862., vi. 195
fish of, i. 222-3
fords of, vi. 196
Lynch's visit, 1848., and use of metallic
boats, i. 422
singularities of its course, Warren on,
xix. 165
tributaries and peculiar features of,
xvii. 328
valley of, elevation at water-parting,
xvi. 328
Jordan, W. Leighton, cited on the Gulf
Stream, xiii. 111-12 : his work on Vis
Inertise in the ocean referred to,
xii. 250
Jordan's Nullah, Vict. Nyanza, xx. 158,
xx. '11
Jornada de Muerto, plains of, New
Mexico, why so called, xxii. 276
Jdruba (see also Yoruba), W. Africa, pro
posed road through, ii. 87
Jorullo volcano, Mexico, eruption of, in
1759., ii. 144
Joseph Henry Cape, Arctic, depot of
Arctic expedition at, 1875., xxi. 113,
geological formation of, 445, ice at, 116
Jostedal-brse glaciers, Norway, Doughty
on, ix. 109
Joweir village, S. Arabia, position of, as
regards the sea, xv. 321
Jow Pooi Mountains, border of Bengal,
Tanner's expedition to, 1872., xvii. 50
Ju monastery, near Lake Mansarowar,
Tibet, xiv. 211
Juan Dias, Isthmus of Darien, gold-bearing
soil at, i. 78
Juanda Station, Queensland, Australia,
iii. 19
Juba, or Jub, river, E. Africa, viii. 3,
xvii. 342 ; called Govinda Khala,
x. 100
cataract of, x. 91
expeditions to and explorations of —
American proposed search for mouth,
ii. 54

Juba, or Jub, river — continued.
Angelo's journey up (1836.), x. 113
Von der Decken's proposed explora
tion up, 1862., vii. 23; wreck of his
steamer in, 1865., x. 29, 32, 54, 90,
xi. 155
non-auriferous, xii. 272
region west of, unexplored, xxii. 385
Somalis of, s. 96 et seq.
Jubbulpore, C. India, climate of, etc,
xi. 69
Jiidf, Jebel, Persia, associated with tho
Noachic Ararat, iii. 292, xxii. 185
elevation of, iii. 292
Jukes, Prof. J. Beete, iv. 79, 85, 86
on coral formation on the coast of
Australia, iv. 80 ; harbours of same, ib.
physical structure of Australia, iv. 82
deductions from his views by Earl
Grey, iv. 195
views controverted by Gawler, v. 9
cited on the dryness of Australia, iv. 195 ;
on the geology and flora of the same,
xxii. 428 ; on the formation of the
Banda Archipelago, xii. 333
Juliaushaab or Igalikko Fiord, Greenland,
iv. 1 04, v. 89
Esquimaux and other inhabitants of,
iv. 105, v. 90
explored by Young, I860., v. 75, 77
ice at, I860., v. 67
trade, etc., of, v. 90
Jullunder Doab, Punjab, India, well-
watered, xi. 64
Jumah Merikani's camp, see Kilemba
Jumb, the, sandstone dyke, Queensland,
x. 65
Jumlan Mt., Yemen, Arabia, geological
formation of, xviii. 197
Jumma, Mt., Borneo, elevation, geological
formation of, and tribes near, xvi. 173-4
Jumnotri Peaks, the three "E" peaks,
Nepal Mts., glacier near, ii. 109
Junction Creek, Queensland, xviii. 107
Jundoul, Wady El, Nile district, antelopes
at, xx. 359
Jundul district, Trans- Himalaya, position
of, xvi. 254
Junin, great plateau of, Peru, geological
formation of, xv. 131
Junk-Ceylon, Island, formerly comprised
in the Kingdom of Ava, 16th century,
i. 270
Juno, H.M.S., removes the Pitcairn
Islanders (1856.), i. 61
Jur, see Djour
Jurien Bay, W. Australia, poor harbour of,
admiralty survey of, xix. 408, xx. 408
Juru& river, Brazil, explored by Chand
less, 1867., xii. 340, xxii. 45
course of, xii. 340
Jwar. India, news, of Schlagintweit from,
1857., iii. 144

KAB— KAK

157

"K 2. peak, Karakorum Mts., elevation of,
x. 163
Kab, E1-, Nile region, ruins at, Colston
on, xx. 357-8
Kabarda, Caucasus, Russian influence
over natives of, vi. 60
Kabla, El, Morocco, source of Soos river
at, ii. 375
Kabo, country, W. Africa, see Webo
Kabogo Cape, Lake Tanganyika, beauty
of shores near, xix. 252
mapped by Cameron, 1874., xviii. 468
Speke at, 1858., iii. 113, 351
Kabuire district, S.C. Africa, near L.
Bangweolo, xiv. 10
Kabul rker, Afghanistan, Markham on,
xx. 242
Kachyen, or Kakhyen, Hills, Burmo-
Chinese frontier, intractable natives
of, xix. 288
distribution and history of, Elias on,
xx. 237-9
Margary's journey over, 1875., xx. 211 ;
Sladen's, 1868., xv. 172
trend and extent of, xv. 346
Kaddeh, Outer Sistan, Persia, almost the
only town in the region, xvii. 89
Kadiaro Mt., E. Africa, vi. 47
elevation determined by Thornton,
1861., ix. 15
tribes of, ib.
Kadissieh, S. Persia, famous battle of,
i. 283
Kadjo town, Jolloff district, W. Africa,
i. 514
Kaduku river and port at mouth of, X.
Zealand, discovered by Dr. Hector,
1863., ix. 33-4
Kaduna river, W. Africa, drainage area
of its affluents, xi. 49
Kafessa, Ras, headland on Lake Tan
ganyika, reed-canal near, xix. 253
Kaffa, E. Africa, ii. 56
' coffee of, iv. 28
reached by an Italian priest, about
1857., ii. 53, xviii. 51
white race south of, iii. 209
 , Sea of Azov, as a commercial
outlet, i. 307, 308
Kaffu, or Kafoor, river, Unyoro, affluent
of the Nile, vii. 221, x. 15, 16
Kafraria, British, rivers of, Fleming's
journey across, 1853., i. 511
Kafiristan or Kiaffiristan, C. Asia, wine
made in, xiii. 346
Siah Posh natives of, their alleged
Greek origin, xviii. 117
Kafoor, see Kaffu
Kafue river, S.C. Africa, i. 240
confluent of the Loangua river, v. 128,
and feeder of the Zambesi, vi. 26

Kafue river — continued.
X). -Livingstone's journey beyond, 1861.,
vi. 34
source of, Livingstone on, xvi. 440
Kagehyi, or Kagei, port on Vict. Nyanza,
xx. 142
latitude, etc., of, xx. 143
missionaries at, 1877., xxi. 503
slave-trade centre at, xx. 146
Kagee, a walled city, Formosa
missionaries at, xxi. 264
visited by Corner, (1877.), xxii. 54, 55
Kagei, see Kagehyi
Kagera or Kitangule river, or Alexandra
Nile, see Kitangule river
Kagoshima, Japan, medical schools
established at (1874.), xviii. 239
Kagnombe, or Antonio, King of Bihe',
Portuguese W. Africa, Cameron on,
xx. 320-1
Kaguru hills, E.C. Africa, pass between
them and the Nguru Mts., xxi. 239
Kagwe', furthest place reached by Speke
and Grant, 1861., vii. 24
Kagyor, C. Asia, overwhelmed by sand,
about 970., xviii. 442
Kahanda Lake, W. Africa, one of a chain
of small lakes, xx. 125
Kahoolawe, or Kahului, Island, Sandwich
Group, xii. 306, earthquake at, I860.,
xii. 309
Kaian district, Seistan border, Persia,
capital of, xvii. 89
 , old town of, visited by Goldsmid,
1871., xvii. 90
Kai-chow, Manchuria, cotton of, xiii. 30
geographical position of, xiii. 28
Kaieteur waterfall, Br. Guiana, Report on,
1870., Brown, xv. 122; Murchison on,
xv. 304
tradition of, xv. 125
Kaiigiri, cataracts of, falling into the Alb.
Nyanza, x. 18, xxi. 52
Kail, village, S. Arabia, Miles at, 1870.,
xv. 323 ; ruins at, xv. 324
Kailas, or Gangdisri, Mt., on the borders
of Tibet, xvii. 37, xix. 329 ,
Ascent of, by Godwin Austen, 1869.,
xvii. 38
part of the Karakorum range, ii. 300
pilgrimages to, as a sacred mountain
xxi. 336
sources of the Indus and other rivers,
in, ii. 300, xv. 200
visited by Capt. H. U. Smith, 1865.,
xi. 119
Kairwan, see Cairoan
Kai-yik-kwan rocks, on the Si-kiang
river, S. China, v. 240
Ka-ka, on the Blewflelds river, C.
America, charms of, xiii. 61, 63
Kaka, Nile region, Shilluk village and
market, v. 29

158

KAK— KAN

Kakebeka falls, White Fish river, B.X.
America, ii. 41, swamps near, iii. 125 •
Kakapo Lake, N. Zealand, source of
Kaduku river, ix. 33
Kakee, S, Persia, described, xi. 37
Kakhk, Seistan border, Persia, shrine at,
xvii. 90
Kala river, W. Africa, palms near,
xix. 80
Kala'at, Syria, well near, bearings of,
xvi. 113
Kalague, Equatorial Africa (see Karagwe),
Livingstone on an undiscovered lake
at, 1856., i. 244
Kalahari, or Karriharri, Desert, S. Africa,
desiccation of, i. 60 ; Wilson on,
ix. 106
dwarf elephants of, v. 17
Kalai Island, near Tete, E. Africa, tusks
as gravestones at, i. 317
Kalai-sefid, S. Persia, described by Mon-
teith, i. 292
Kala me hongo river, affluent of the Lua
laba (Congo) river, xx. 125
Kalans river, Caucasus, source and course
of, iv. 199
Kalatoa Island, E. Indian Archipelago,
described by Cameron (about I860.),
ix. 30
Kalbak fiord, Faeroe Isles, elevation of
land at, v. 80, good anchorage in, 81
Kalee river, W. India, Mountains of
region, ii. 302
Kaleh-i-dokhter, ruined fort near Kerman,
Persia, xvi. 263
Kalgan, or Chang-chia-kow, X. China, de
scribed by Bushell, 1872., xviii. 151-2
described by Whyte, 1869., xiv. 245
latitude of, xiv. 246
route from, to Kurin, xvi. 249
 to, described by Bushell,
xviii. 150
Russian trade of, Grant on, (1862.),
vii. 27 ; Swinhoe on, 1868., xiv. 84-5 ;
Whyte on, xiv. 249
 Mts., geological formation of,
xviii. 152-3
¦  pass, into China, xviii. 77
elevation of, xiv. 246, xviii. 151
Kalias river, Borneo, Kbijoe tribe of,
xvi. 176
Kalifatly-chai, or Dumbrek river, Tur
key in Asia, Tchihatchef on, iii.'385
Kalrnat river, Baluchistan, difficulties
near, in wet season, vii. 92
Kalomo river, C. Africa, perennial,
granite found near, vi. 32
Kalongwisi Island, at junction of Lukuga
and Luvwa rivers, xx. 309
Kalsar Bum i dunya, see Pamir Kul
Kam, province, Tibet, xiii. 394 ; rivers of,
xix. 329
Kama river, S.C. Africa, i. 240

Kamaiba, B. Guiana, cascades arid ele
vation of, xv. 131
Kamalafi, W. Africa, and its king
xvii. 124
Kamalondo, or Kamarondo, Lake(s), Cent.
Africa, Livingstone on, xvi. 435, 438 ;
origin of, Stanley on, xxii. 407
 river, affluent of the Lualaba,
xx. 404
Kamara river, E. Asia, its timber trade -
ii. 153
Kamassi Island, Vict. Nyanza, natives of,
xx. 154
Kamati river, S. Africa, source and course
of, iii. 373
Kambia, W. Africa, Blyden on, 1872.,
xvii. 117, possibilities of district, 121-2
Kamchatka, explorations of, ,
Abaza and Bulkley, 1866., xi. 39
French and Russian, (1859.), iii. 271
Japanese (early), x. 172
Wrangell's, from the Lena, i. 29
Kamet Peak, Garhwal Dist., N.W. Pro
vinces, India, as a fixed point in Burveys,
xiii. 194
Kaministoquoiah or Kammistoquoia river,
BN. America, ii. 40 ; swamps near and,
tributaries of, iii. 125
Kamiru district, V. Xyanza, southern
limit of, xx. 158
Kamisheva Point, Sea of Azov, rivers and
currents near, i. 306
Kamlun, or Karam, river, S. Chinese
borders, mountain sources of, xxi. 593
Kammcni river, Siberia, affluent of the
Orlofka, xxi. 216
Kamorondo river, see Kamalondo and
Lualaba
Kampot, seaport in Cambodia, iv. 216
Kamrman valley, Persia, elevation, etc.,
of, iii. 7
Kamwawi, Congo district, Cameron's
difficulties at, xv. 313
Kamyle, Wady, Sinaitic Peninsula,
xiii. 20S
Kanabak, or Canabek, Island, W. Africa,
O'Connor's visit to, 1855., i. 42 : 1857.,
iii. 380
Kananaski pass, Rocky Mts., discovered
by Palliser's expedition, 1858., iii. 123
Kanangwala, Congo district, cotton of, and
superior natives of, xix. 81
Kanawat, Syria, the ancient Kenath,
ruins at, found by Burton and Drake,
1871., xvi. 105
Kambari river, Gilgit district, affluent of
the Indus, xv. 13
Kanchang, Himalayas, ii. 108
Kanchanjinga, or Kinchinjanga, Hima
layas, lofty peak of, i. 348; elevation,
i. 371, ii. 108 ; geology of, iii. 366
Kancheion Bay, Siberia, point where
Neumann reached the sea, xxi. 217

KAN— EAR

159

Kanchi, Turko-Pefsian frontier, routes to
and from, xx. 173
Kandahar valley and city, Afghanistan,
routes to and from, xx. 247, survey and
plan of, by Fraser-Tytler, 248 ; see
Candahar
Kandakampa, Iceland, old volcano, xii. 58
Kandavu Island, Fiji, correction to chart
of, xviii. 539
Kandeish district, Bombay, India, climate
and diseases of, xi. 68
Kandilan Mts., Persia, vi. 163
Kane, Dr. E. Kent, (of U.S.A.) awarded
R.G.S. gold medal, 1856., i. 82, 359,
President's speech, 111, Dallas' reply,
112
Arctic explorations of, 1853-5., Nares
on, xxi. 274 ; Osborn on, ix. 47 ;
Richards on, xix. 213
criticized by Rink, ii. 195 : Bache's
letter on Rink's criticism, ii. 359;
Hayes on Rink's criticism, ii. 146
cited on Arctic temptation to dwell with
Esquimaux, i. 95-6
 on probable open Polar Sea,
iv. 238-9
obituary notice of, 1857., i. 397
Kane, Cape, Arctic regions, latitude of,
xix. 28
 Sea, Arctic regions, floating ice
bergs of, xxi. 280
Hayes' exploration in, 1861., xxi. 274
navigation in, Nares on, xxi. 278
Kanga Peak, E. Cent. Afrioa, xxi. 239
Kangai Mts., Mongolia, geological forma
tion of, xvii. 187
Kangaroo hills, York district, W. Aus
tralia, elevation of, ix. 112
 Island, S. Australia, admiralty
survey, xiv. 307, xv. 266, xvii. 257,
xviii. 539 '
¦  Point, N. Australia, i. 33, 34, 171,
184, ii. 5, 380
expedition sent to, ii. 225
islands near, ii. 378
Kanglanamo Mt., Sikkim, elevation of,
ii, 108
Kangra district, Punjab, area of, xv. 336
Kangyakewa, Congo district, inscribed
tree at, xix. 88
Kanibatam, C. Asia, almonds of,
xviii. 409
Kanieti river, Latooka district, E.C.
Africa, area drained by, x. 12
Kano, W. Africa, ii. 33
Baikie's journeys in, (1862.) and results,
viii. 10, xi. 49
caravan route via, i. 215
chief emporium of region, vi. 17
Vogel at, 1854-5., i. 443
Kanoa, Abyssinia, lovely views near,
xiii. 42
Kanowie, S. Australia, plains beyond, ii. 18

Kanpu river, see Lohit
Kansala or Kausalo, rapid of the Zam
besi at, i. 248, v. 129
Kansa Tong Mts. (Blue Mts.), Lushai
district, India, trend of, xvii. 49
Kansu province, N. China, Dalde races
of, and others, xviii. 84, 85
' Mahommedan supremacy in, xv. 168
Mountains of, xviii. 79
Kantow, Formosa, divide of the Tamsuy
river at, xi. 168, 169
Kanyaka river, S. Australia, large station
near, ii. 18
Kanyamatimba river, S. Africa, old Ma-
shuna gold-workings found at, (1868.),
xv. 151
Kanyenye district, E. Africa, also called
Gt. Ugogo, latitude and elevation of,
xviii. 73 ; rising plateau near, xx. 306
Kanyoka, Congo district, locale of,
xx. 316
Kanzas river, U.S.A., drainage area of,
ii. 338
Kao Siah, village, Formosa, elevation at,
and natives at, Corner on, xix. 515-16
Kapakpa, see Round Head
Kapaloo, Kashmir, geographical position
of, viii. 35
mountains near, and elevation of, etc.,
x. 163
Kapanda Station, S. Australia, meeting of
Stuart and McKinley at, vii. 83
Kapembwe river, affluent of the Congo,
xxii. 404
Kapokan Mt., Borneo, elevation and
geological formation of, ii. 346
Kappa, C. Asia, new goldfields of, (1872.),
xvi. 244
Kapuas river, Borneo, see Pontianak
Karaboghaz, backwater, Caspian Sea,
evaporation current of, Carpenter,
xviii. 311
Karachi, see Kurrachee
Karadagh Mt., Elburz chain, elevation
of, and ascent by Napier, 1874., xx. 169
Kara daria river, C. Asia, alleged course
of, xxi. 130
Karagam glacier, Caucasus, xiii. 69
Karagime Lake, Equatorial Africa,
vii. 21?
Karagwe, Karague, or Karagwah (see
also Kalague), Equatorial Africa,
vii. 190
antelopes of, swamp-walking, xix. 261
cattle of, iii. 357, xxii. 396
elevation of, vii. 185
latitude of, x. 18
longitudinal mountain ridges of,
xxii. 396
meteorological observations of Speke
and Grant at, Galton, vii. 225
mountains of, Nile sources in, xx. 148
mountain valley of, vii. 219

160

KAR— KAR

Karagwe, Karague, Or Karagwah — cont.
Rumanika, king of, Speke's letter to,
1862., vii. 228; Stanley on, xxii. 152
Speke in, 1862., vii. 185
Stanley in, 1876., xxi. 466-7
under the rule of Mtesa, xx. 150
Kara Hissar, Turkey in Asia,
historical identification of, Taylor,
xi. 98
minerals of, and volcanic phenomena,
xvi. 223
Karahokha, town, S.W. Chinese borders,
described by Sladen, 1868., xv. 357
Kara Hotun city, see Hsing-ho-Cheng
Karak Island, Persian Gulf, i. 294
health of Europeans at, i. 363
as naval depot, i. 297
Karakash pass, Khotan, C. Asia, i. 96,
xv. 25
elevation of, xiv. 135
 , Karagash, or Jade river, C. Asia,
i. 274, xiii. 14, 202, xv. 25
course of, and jade of, x. 238, xvi. 401 ;
Schlagintweits on, ii. 301
•  , early, Shaw on, xiv. 127
 and source, explored by Hayward,
1868., xiv. 46, 48, 50
lake feeders of, Shaw on, (1870.),
xv. 177
route viS,, to Yarkand, various explorers
of, xi. 10, xiv. 46, xviii. 112
— — town, i. 276
Kara Kazan, Turcoman frontier of Persia,
supposed source of Atrak river at,
xx. 172
— — Kazyk pass and torrent, C. Asia,
elevation of, Kostenko on, 1876.,
xxi. 135
 Khanak, E. Turkestan, xx. 485
 Kol, Bokhara, Pazukhin at, 1671.,
xxi. 219
Russian settlement at, and pass near,
1874., xviii. 256
Karakoram, Mongolia, name of, Grant on,
xvii. 191 ; Rawlinson on, xvii. 192
Karakorum Mts. —
elevation of peaks in, ii. 38, viii. 36,
224, x. 163, 239, xiv. 54
glaciers of, xiv. 54, explored by Fal
coner, 1835., ii. 304
name of, Shaw on, xv. 178-9, xvi. 399,
xx. 491
¦  Pass —
crossed by Johnson, 1865., xi. 9, 10
 by the Schlagintweits, 1856.,
i. 273, 274, 276, ii. 301, xi. 7
 (first) by Thomson, xi. 7
elevation of, i. 274, viii. 224, xi. 9, 10,
xxii. 289
Forsyth on, 1873., xviii. 112, 114, possi
bility of crossing, 224
mountains, cast of, viii. 34; south of
xi. 14

Karakorum Pass — continued^
Shaw on, xiv. 134-5, and others on, 136
Shaw's travels in region of, (1870.),
xv. 178-9, 289
valley leading to, described by Shaw,
xx. 490-1
Kara Kul (lake), Turkestan,
described by Kostenko, 1876., xxi. 125-6
drainage of, and outlet, Biddulph on,
1874., xviii. 431
 , Forsyth on, 1877., xxi. 139
native information on, Shaw on,
xx. 488-9
Karam, see Kamlun
Karam, or Karam Pani, river, S.W. Chinese
borders, affluents and rapids of,
xxi. 593
Kafamabily, Madagascar, alligators at,
xx. 113
Karambar Sar (lake), Karambar valley,
Wakhan, xv. 13
Karamuk, Great, C. Asia, road to, and
Russian exploration, 1876., xxi. 133;
see esZso Haramuk
 Mts., and pass near, xxi. 134
Karange Island, Mtangata river, E. Africa,
xx. 75
Karangotak, Chinese C. Asia, gold, etc.,
of, xi. 13
Karanuron Daban (pass), Altai Mts., used
by Potanin, 1877., xxii. 52
Kara Sea,
ancient trade route via, Wiggins'
attempts ' to open, Seebohm on,
xxii. 102
contemplated exploration by Wiggins,
1875., xix. 421
ice of, and explorers of, i. 29
summer conditions in, as found by
Norwegian explorers, xix. 175
Karashar, town, Chinese O. Asia, Chinese
power broken at, 1866., xi. 14
 and river, xvi. 404
Kara Su Valley, Turkey in Europe,
lakes in, i. 94
 river, or Lycus, E. Turkestan
(see Taylor, J. E.), Shaw on, xx. 486
Karataghin or Karategin, C. Asia,
hilly district of, x. 152
inscriptions on road to, Schuyler on,
xviii. 41
position of, xvii. 110
rivers in, Russian exploration of,
xxi, 133
Karatau, Russian Asia, coal at, viii. 206
Kara Tazghun river, E. Turkestan, course
of, Mirza Haidar cited on, xx. 485
Karawal fort, C. Asia, strong position of,
xv. 190 ¦
Karbendi, C. Africa, Livingstone's death
at Ilala near, 1873., xviii. 245
Kardong or Khardong pass, C. Asia,
iii. 144 ; elevation of, xiv. 41

KAR— KAS

161

Karen races of Hindu Chinese countries,
O'Reilly cited on, iv. 189
Karghalik, E. Turkestan, described .by
Hayward, 1868., xiv. 60
elevation of, xiv. 62
ForByth on, 1873., xviii. 115-6
i population of, 1870., xv. 24
trade of, xiv. 128
Kariba, basalt dyke on, the Zambesi river
at, v. 129
Karka monastery, Tibet, native informa
tion on, xxi. 331
Karkang La (pass), Tibet, used by Pundit,
1865., xxi. 342
Karkara, river, C. Asia, tributary of the
Hi river, ii. 280
Kar-Kara-Usu river, affluent of Ebi-Nor
Lake, Russian Turkestan, xviii. 248
Karlyk-tagh Mt. and pass, C. Asia,
xxii. 52
Karo, N. Guinea, river at, xx. 266|
Karowal pass, Tibet, xiv. 41
Karriharri, see Kalahari
Karokwe, on the Kwakwa river, E. Cent.
Africa, xxii. 233
Karsas, Morocco, Rohlfs at, 1863., ix. 313
Kar-Tang-A, Formosa, cultivation near,
Corner on, xxii. 54
Knruina Falls, Nile, elevation at, xi. 242
Gordon on, xxi. 49
latitude of, Baker on, x. 8, 14, 18, 19
Southern limit of navigation, xx. 38
Speke on, vii. 221
 river, falling in L. Magungo, x. 18, 19
Karuh, or Karoon, river,
Arabs of district, viii. 18
canal from, to Persian Gulf, i. 361
delta of, i. 291, changed course of,
consequences, 292, 354
Layard's journey along, (1842.), i. 294
Monteith's ascent (1810.), i. 292
Rawlinson on, i. 288-9, 291-2; at
Sinister, i. 359, difficulties of naviga
tion of, at Ahwaz, 360
Karyan-gwina bay, Lake Tanganyika,
Arab trade at, xix. 253
Kasai, or Loki, river, W. Africa (see also
j Kassabe), cascades of, i. 315
':' Kasam, Ayn, Syria, fort at, xvi. 113
 -, Bir, Syria, aspect of region near,
xvi. 112
Kasamba river, Congo region, affluent of
Lualaba, xx. 125
Kasampo, Formosa, described by Thom
son, xvii. 147
Kasansagara river, Lake Tanganyika,
i xxii. 401
Kasaton-toge pass, Japan,* view from,
, xvii, 81
Kasbeck or Kazbeg Mt. , Caucasus, viii. 276
elevation of, xiii. 66
Freshfield on his ascent of, 1868., xiii. 66
! glaoiers of, ix. 241-2

Kasenge Island, Lake Tanganyika,
xviii. 256, xix. 249
Cameron at, 1874., xx. 309, 310; his
mapping of, xviii. 468
Speke at, (1857)., iii. 112
Kash river, Russian Turkestan, tributary
of the Hi river, xviii. 249
valley of, xviii. 248
Kashfrrftd or Mash-had river, Turko-Ptr-
sian frontier, head-springs of, xx. 170
Kashgar or Kashgaria, city and district,
Cent. Asia,
Atalik Ghazee of, xiv. 66-69, xvi. 405,
overtures of Brit. Govt, to, 406,
xviii. 415 et seq.
climate of, xv. 198
death of A. Schlagintweit at, 1858.,
iii. 172, xiv. 6, 69
described by Forsyth, xviii. 225-6
 ¦ — — Hayward, xiv. 67
 the Mirza, xv. 196-8
desert of, and buried cities in, visited
by Forsyth, 1874., xviii. 440, 442-3
disturbances in, 1857-8, iii. 144-5
elevation of, xiv. 69 108, 231
explorations into, xvii. 19, 286
Forsyth's mission to, 1873. et seq.,
xv. 6, xvii. 286, xviii. 414, xxii. 289 "
Hayward's, 1868., xiv. 40, 41
Mirza's, 1868., xv. 181
Shaw's, (1870.), xiv. 104
Valikhanof's, 1859., vi. 162, xiv. 231
 from, Biddulph's, 1873-4., xviii. 425
great mart of, xi. 7, 8
inhabitants, the Mirza on; xv. 196-8
number of, x. 147
latitude of, iii. 172, xiv. 69, 228-9
Mts. of, Forsyth on, xviii. 446; Mirza
Haidar's views on, xx. 482-3
properly a district, not a town, xv. 13
region around, xiv. 69, xv. 191
religious strictness in, xxi. 28
results of Russian scientific mission to,
1872., xvii. 19
rivers of, curious features of, Shaw on,
xx. 486
route, dosed by China, iii. 145
two cities of, described by Trotter,
xviii. 416-17
 daban Mts., great size of, Osten-
Sacken on, xix. 225
 Prince of, (Mirza Haidar) on the
Geography of E. Turkestan, Shaw,
xx. 482
 River, or KaBhgar Daria, and its
affluents, xix. 69, 70, 71, 227-8,
xviii. 435, xx. 488
source and course of, xviii. 435
Veniukoff cited on, (1861.), v. 192
Kashmir, or Cashmeer, border tribes of, in
1869., xiv. 108
geographical position, 16th century
account of, xx. 483 M

162

KAS— KAV

Kashmir, or Cashmeer — continued.
Ibrahim Khan's journey from, to
Yarkand, 1870., xv. 387
inhabitants and ruler of, 1866., xi. 7
ruler's sphere of influence, xiv. 74
progress of geographical knowledge of,
vi. 183
rain in, xi. 65
trade wares of, xii. 163
trigonometrical survey of (Montgom-
erie's), Canning on, 1859., iv. 30
  and papers on, (I860.),
iv. 187
 Valley of, Survey and Physical
Configuration of, Purdon, 1859.,
iv. 31
— '¦ — and Tibet, government survey, 1857.,
ii. 38
Kash Rud river, Afghanistan, drying up,
1872., xxi. 586
Kasigo river, E. Africa, plain near,
xxii. 248
Kasim, Arabia, frontier Wahabite pro
vince, plains of, viii. 65
stone circles of, Palgrave on, 1864.,
viii. 81
Kasongo's country, C. Africa, Cameron
on, xx. 314
Kasr el Hayr, Syria, geological formation
of, xvi. 108
Kassabe, or Loki, river, W. Cent. Africa
(see also Kasai), xvii. 11, 30
source passed by Cameron, 1873., xx. 319
streams flowing to, xx. 125
Kassala, E. Sudan, described by Rassam,
1865., x. 296
Kassali or Kikonya, Congo region, xx. 121,
124
floating islands in and fish, Cameron
on, 1873., xx. 315
Kassin, TurkeBtan, and its Tadjik inhabi
tants, xxii. 341
Kasso district, W.C. Africa, Gerard at,
1864., xi.-79
Kastek pass and river, Russian Turkestan,
Russian works in, xiv. 221
Kasuku, Congo region, affluent of the
Lualaba, xxii. 405
Kata, in Khiva district, C. Asia, Russians
at, 1871., xxi. 219
Katagum, C. Africa, Marauding tribe of,
ii. 31
Katak, Gobi Desert, ruined city, Mirza
Haidar cited on, xxi. 31, skeletons
in, 37
Katal-i-Nadari, Persia, xx. 169
Katanga, Congo basin, copper-mines of,
xiv. 9-13, xvi. 438, and malachite of,
xviii. 256
mineral wealth and game of, xx. 124
wax -caravans for, xx. 320
 river, Vict. Nyanza, lily-leaves of,
in dry season, iii. 352

Katangar river, Siberia, mammoth tusks
from, xxii. 112
Katau, N. Guinea, river and village at
mouth of, xx. 95, 254
D'Albertis' visit, 1876., xx. 343
Mullens on, 1875., xix. 242
natives of, xviii. 32, 36, 37, xx. 105, 343
Kathif, Arabia, watercourse of, source of
viii. 104-5
Kathmandu, Nepal, i. 350
Chinese advance on, 1792., xix. 342
embassy from, to Pekin, ii. 107
longitude uncertain, 1857., ii. 114
nameless peak near, i. 347-8
routes from to Lhasa, xii. 148
Kativo or Kawa Doong river, Upper
Burma, cascade and valley of, Tanner
in, 1871-2., xvii. 45-6
Katla Mt., volcano, Iceland, still active,
I860., v. 64
Katogo Island, Lake Tanganyika, culti
vation at, xix. 253
Katombela, W. Coast Africa, place where
Cameron emerged, 1875., xx. 118
position of, Cameron on, xx. 323
Katonga river, V. Nyanza, v. 15
outfall of, from the Lake, xxii. 392
Stanley on, xx. 41, 158, his journey
along, xxii. 394
 valley, land in and near, Speke on,
vii. 226
Katooka cascade, A: Nyanza, xxii. 227
Katrine, Loch, deep water of, Buchan,
xvii. 73
Katsaoka river, Madagascar, course of,
xix. 184, 199
Kattam Karafi, W. Africa, mountains
north-east of, ii. 100
Kattara Lake, Congo region, xx. 124
Kattrina mouth of the Zambesi, iv. 24, 25
Kattywar, Bombay Presidency, topogra
phical survey of, xxii. 357
Katiil, Turko-Persiau frontier, xx. 173
Kauai, Sandwich Islands, xii. 306, de- ';
scribed, 309
Kauar, Sahara, fanaticism at, Rohlfs on,
1866., xi. 34
Kaufmann Peak, Alai district, near Kizil
Su river, xxi. 123
Kaukaban, S. Arabia, cliff fortress, Mill-
inger on, xviii. 198, 199
Kaulbars, Baron, surveys by, in the Thian
Shan Mts., 1870., xiv. 319
Kaur, Jebel, S. Arabia, lofty mountain,
• xvi. 117
Kautabah, El, South Arabia, religion of,
xvi. 122
Kavalee, (Kavali's), Albert Nyanza, am-
batoh-growth near, xxii. 226
geographical position determined by
Mason Bey, xxii. 229
Kavi, V. Nyanza, source of Gori river,
xx. 155

KAV— KEL

163

Kavirondo bay, V. Nyanza, mountains
near, xx. 155
Kavogo Island, Lake Nyasa, mountainous,
i. 9
Kawagoye, Japan, commerce of, xvii. 82
Kawaguchi Lake, at the foot of Fusi
Yama, Japan, xvii. 79
Kawang river, Borneo, souroe of,
xvi. 172
Kawara river, see Niger
Kawele, capital of Ujiji, Livingstone's
stores handed over to Cameron at,
xix. 154, xx. 309
Kayan river, Borneo, a branch of the
Sadong river, i. 198
Kave, Sir J. W., obituary notice of, 1877.,
xxi. 429
Kaye'li Bay, Burn Island, Malay Archi
pelago, coral at, (indicating gradual rise
of land), xii. 334
Ka Yeug Chen, China, important town,
vi. 226
Kay La (pass), Tibet, elevation of, xi. 32
Kayouth, B. Columbia, the Fraser river
at, vi. 109
Kazamba Lake, C. Madagascar, charm
of, xix. 187
Kazan, Russia, geological formation at,
i. 416-17
Kaze, or Kazeh, E.C. Afrioa, v. 11, 12, 15
Arab mart at, iii. 302
Cameron on, xviii. 178
Kazembe Country, Cent. Africa, copper of,
iii. 357; see also Cazembe
Kazeran, S. Persia, Abbott's journey to,
1850., i. 321
plain of, military importance of, Mon-
teith on, i. 321
stalactite cave at, ib., i. 322
strong and stony passes at, i. 292
Kazvin, see Cazvin
Ke' Island, Malay Archipelago, vi. 43
boat-builders of, 44
geological formation (probable) of, ii. 165
trade wares of, ii. 169
Kea-ho, or Keih-shwuy-ho (river), W.
Central China, course of, xiv. 184
Kea-ling-keang (river), W. Central China,
and affluents, xiv. 174, 175
course of and navigability, xiv. 176, 179
Wylie on, xiv. 35
Keamaree Island, India, off Karachi, xi. 25
Keaou-chang-pa, W.C. China, hills and
river of, xiv. 178
Keate, R. W., obituary notice of, 1873.,
xvii. 251
Kea-ting, W. Central China, trade centre
at, and wax-trees of, xiv. 168
Kebokwe, Congo district, well-wooded and
well-watered country, products of,
xx. 319
Kebrabassa, E.C. Africa —
cotton of, Kirk on, vi. 26

Kebrabassa, E.C. Africa — continued
falls and rapids of Zambesi at, Kirk at,
1861., viii. 261
 Livingstone on, i. 248, iv. 19, 20
situation of, v. 128
Keohs, see Hanoi
Keckwick, Mr., Stuart's companion in
C. Australian expedition, I860., v. 55
Kedirie, or Kaliemaas river, Surabaya,
Javaj ii. 9
Kednor, S. Arabia, ruins at, Miles on,
1870., xv. 322, 324, 325
Kee, Spiti valley, Punjab, monastery of,
Harcourt on, xv. 343
Keelbottom Creek, Queensland, Australia,
xii. 140
Keeling Island, Indian Ocean, admiralty
survey of, iii. 268
Keelong, or Kelung, Formosa, xvi. 266
caves of, x. 122
coal of, xvii. 155-6
 near, xi. 172, xxii. 60
 trade of, viii. 26
Collingwood on, xi. 167, 172
meteorological observations in, Corner,
xxii. 61-2
sulphur pits, explored by Kopsch, 1867.,
xiv. 81
Keen, China, described by Wylie, xiv. 174
 Valley, C. Asia, the Mirza on,
xv. 190
Keenaponsau Harbour, Cagayan Sulu
Island, near Borneo, E. Archipelago,
good anchorage at, xv. 386
Keen-kO, the, W.C. China, curious position
of, and antiquity, xiv. 176
Keen-mun pass, W.C. China, tablets at,
xiv. 175
Keen-mun-kwan, W.C. China, busy and
noted place, xiv. 175, 176
Keen-mun-shwuy river, W.C. China,
xiv. 175, 176
Keen-shwuy river, W.C. China, xiv. 175
Kefer Jiiz, Turkey in Asia, identification
of, with Tigranocerta, by Taylor, (1865).,
ix. 39
Keffil, Turkey in Asia, inundation of, i. 48
Keh-Yuriah river, Siberia, lake-source of,
xxi. 214
Keih-heang-poo, W.C. China, temple at,
and legends of, xiv. 173
Keis, or Kenn, Island, Persian Gulf, i. 284
Keith, Mr., on the true wealth of Peru,
xviii. 219
Kej, Persia, elevation of valley, xvii. 94
Ross on situation of and population, etc.,
xvi. 139, 140
Saunders on, xvi. 221
Keksholm, Lake Ladoga, Russia, geo
logical formation near, xiii. 378
Kelat, Baluchistan, boundary as regards
Persia determined by Lovett, 1871.,
xvi. 218, 219, xvii. 18, 19, 282-3

164

KEL— KEP

Kelat, Baluchistan — continued.
and other cities, Pottinger's journey to,
xvi. 219
Kelkeet Plateau, Turkey in Asia, traces
of glacial action on, xvi. 223
Keller, survey of the rapids of the Madeira
river, S. America, by, (1867-8.) referred
to, xv. 304, xvi. 358, 376
Kellett, V. Adm. Sir H., k.o.b., Arctic
explorations of, 1847-51., i. 16 ;. 1849.,
xii. 107, xiii. 294, xix. 176; 1855.,
vessel found, i. 3
cited on land in the Polar Sea, xii. 98
survey (with Collinson) of the Yang-
tsze river, 1842. and 1844., iii. 167, 294,
xiv. 243
 of the Pailon de San Pedro, Ecuador,
iii. 96
obituary notice of, 1875., xix. 393
Kelley, F. M., On the Atrato and Truando
river, as a Canal route, i. 63, Beechey
on, 167, Murchison on, ii. 296-7
Kelly, W., British Columbia, routes to and
products of, vi. 107
Proposed emigrant route to Yale, B.C.,
from Pembina, vi. 231
Kelfna, S. Arabia, disappointing inscrip
tions at, xv. 326
Kemeih, N. China, coal outcrop near,
xiv. 84
Kemmis, Mr., companion of Landsborough
in Queensland, 1892., vi. 68
Kemp, J., Report on the Nile above
Gondokoro between Regiaf and Dufli,
1875., xix. 324, 325
Kendaji, on the Niger, difficulties of navi
gation near, i. 114
Kendall Creek, N. Queensland, natives of,
and vegetation near, xviii. 96
Kenia, Mt., E. Africa (see Erhardt, Krapf,
Rebman, Thornton, etc.) —
Expeditions to,
Hildebrandt's (fails to reach), 1878.,
xxii. 373
von der Decken's (proposed), 1863.,
viii. 3
height, discussed
vi. 51
lakes and rivers issuing from, viii. 3, 7
snow-capped, iii. 211, 213, 304, iv. 89
Keninimu, N. Guinea, aspect of district,
and tribes of, xx. 268
Kenn reef, Torres Straits, light on, due
to Denham, vi. 199
Kennedy Channel, Arctic regions —
difficulty of crossing, xxi. 118
diminishing sea-life of, xxi. 276
explored by Hayes, 1861.,ix. 186, xxi. 275
geological collection from, made by
Hayes, ix. 185
Kane's supposed open Polar Sea at,
xix. 213
summer navigation in, xxi. 278

iii. 116, 213, 304,

Kennedy District, N. Queensland, v. 123
climate of, x. 327
ports for, (1864.), v. 7, viii. Ill
prosperity of, vi. 118
settlers for, 1861., vi.,13, xi. 42
watershed of, x. 62
 Mt., W. Australia, vi. 12
expedition to by young settlers, vii. 16
 Range, Vancouver Id., elevation of
ix. 306
 or Pebbly Range, W. Australia,
iii. 42 ; geological formation of, iii, 44,
xviii. 91
 river, Queensland, x. 85
explored by Carnegie, 1864., ix. 77, 79
geological formation at head and mouth
of, xii. 143
headwaters of, xviii. 106
probable gold at, xii. 143
 or Stewart, Queensland, xviii. 97,
features of, 98, 99
pasture land near, xi. 151
 Mr., Governor of W. Australia, 1858.,
iii. 42, vii. 11, 16
expedition of, in Tasmania, 1864.,
ix. 306
on exploration and development of his
province, vii. 16, 17
exploration of, in N. Queensland, i. 6
34, ii. 313, iii. 22, 88, vii. 169
results of, viii. 118, xiv. 203, xviii. 89,
91
traces of, sought, ii. 4 ; found, iii. 26,
31
 , on the fate of Sir J. Franklin,
iv. 12
Kennedy, Sir A. E„ on Winwood Reade's
journeys in W. Africa, 1869., xiii 359
Kennedy's Height, Australian Alps, i. 4
 Station, (No. 19) Queensland, vii. 41
Kennolly, Mr., on the passage of the Red
Sea, by the Israelites, xii. 193
Kennish, Capt., and others, Panama ex
ploration of, 1855., i. 64, 69
Kenpu, or Dihong river, Eastern boundary
of Tibet, xix. 329
Kent, Duchess of, death of, 1861., v. 119
 , J., on the N. Australian expedition,
1855., i. 10
on the region explored by Walker in his
search for Burke and Wills, 1862.,
vii. 42
Kenyon, J., obituary notice of, 1857.,
i. 392
Keppel, Adm. Sir H.,
expedition up the Yang-tsze river to
Ichang, 1869., xv. 292
cited on Port Essington, ix. 22
Keppel Bay, Queensland, x. 247
admiralty survey of, vi. 117, ix. 223
wool from, 1864., ix. 23
 Islands, Queensland, admiralty sur
vey near, xvii. 256

KEP— KHA

165

Keph, or Chef, Tunis, mines and climate
of, vi. 212
Kerasun, Asia Minor, mountains near,
oherry trees imported to Europe from,
iii. 370 ,
Kerbulak Lake, Turkey in Asia, slope of
the Ust Ust Plateau towards, xix. 423
Kere Lake, N. China, xviii. 155
Kerek Mts. near Ismailia, on the Nile,
xviii. 139
 Syria, elevation of, iii. 288
Kerepunu village and district, N. Guinea,
xxi. 352-3
Kerguelen Island, Indian Ocean, " Chal
lenger" at, 1873., xviii. 544-5
value of as meteorological station,
xiii. 116
Keria river, C. Asia, northward course of,
ii. 301
Kerkhah, Persia, the ancient Choaspes,
i. 219
 river and valley, route via, i. 290, 357
pastures of, 291, 362
Kermadec Islands, S. Pacific, survey of,
by Denham, vi. 198
Kerman and its valley, Persia, described
by Lovett, xvi. 263
wool of, xii. 170
Kermanshah pass, Persian Kurdistan,
i. 290; route to, i. 357
Kerb Loombah, ravine and glacier, Tibet,
viii. 37
Kerote, Nile region, Gordon's station
founded at, 1876., xxi. 57
Kerr, Lord Walter, see Demavend and
Thomson
Kerretch, or Doab river, Persia, rise and
course of, iii. 4, affluents of, 5
Kerrie, ou the Nile, Gordon's station at,
and rapids of, xx. 12, xxi. 57
Kerry, Ireland, the Icaria of Zeno's map,
xvii. 317
Kertch peninsula, Crimea, volcanic phe
nomena of, i. 305 ; Russian trade route
via, 307, drawbacks of, 308
Kerung, the, or Western Ghat, Nepal,
i. 349
Kessler, J., on Madagascar and its lan
guage, x. 57
Kesulli, uncharted Somali town, xvi. 152
Ket and Chutim rivers, W. Siberia, Rus
sian expedition to, 1875., xx. 419
Ke-Tow pass, W.C. China, xiv. 179
Keuh-yuen-ho (river), W.C. China, tribu
tary of the Han river, xiv. 184
Keuyung arch, China, characters in
scribed on, xvi. 216
Keu-yung-kwan, barrier in pass to Kalgan,
Swinhoe on, xiv. 83
Keweve, Congo district, forest near,
xix. 95
Kewfoo, N. China, tomb of Confucius at,
vi. 165

Keyi, W. Africa, large town of, ii. 91
Kezing, Tibet, pastures of, xxi. 332, 333
Khabarofka, E. Siberia, described,
xiii. 367, longitude of, 365
Khabis, Persia, position of and orange
culture at, xvi. 264
Khaimah, Al, Mts., Arabia, xviii. 200
Kbairabad, Persia, hills near, and salt
lake at, xvi. 263
Khalkhal district, Persia, woodcutters
from, iii. 392
Khalamba-la (pass), Tibet, elevation of,
xix. 339
Kham, or Nyahrong country, Tibet,
location and robber people of, xii. 164
Khambabarehe, Tibet, the Brahmaputra
at, xii. 152
Khambala Mts., Tibet, crossed by Pundit,
1866., xii. 152
 pass, view from, xii. 159
Khamil, C. Asia, Chinese power broken
at, xi. 14
Khampar natives of Tibet, xxi. 329, de
scribed, 330, trade of, ib., wealth of, 333
Khamti district, Assam, Cottam's journey
through, 1876., xxi. 590-1
- — - Mts., supposed source of Irrawady in.
xiv. 346
Khanabad, C. Asia, x. 152
Khaneh-i-Duzdi Rud (river), Persia,
course of, xvii. 87
Khanikoff, N, Honorary Corresponding
' Member of R.G.S., 1863., viii. 43
ascent of Demavend by, 1854., i. 433
explorations in Khorassan, 185S.,
iii. 289, I860., iv. 198
On Geography in Asia (transl. by
Hodgkin), 1862., vi. 162
on Sir H. Rawlinson's critioisms of the
MS. travels of G. L. von  in
C. Asia, (letter), a. 301, Strangford's
remarks on the foregoing, 315
visit to Samarcand, 1841., viii. 274
Khanki, C. Asia, visited by Pazukhin,
1671., xxi. 219
Khan Tengri Mt., highest point of the
Thian Shan range, xviii. 249
position of, xiv. 319
Khar Plain, Turko-Persian frontier,
xx. 167
Khargalik. see Kargalik
Khargeh, El, oasis of, Egypt, Schwein-
furth cited on, xix. 4
Kharlaki, or bar in the Bolan pass,
xxi. 588
Kharput Plain. Turkey in Asia routes to,
Taylor on, xii. 302
Khartum, on the Nile, i. 507
altitude of, determined by Peney,
iii. 306, v. 210
exploration from, of M. Thibaut under
auspices of Mehemet AH, 1839-40.,
ii. 222

166

KHA— KHU

Khartum, on the Nile — continued.
Lesseps at (1857.), i. 447
Petherick at, 1857-8., v. 20, 21, 27
Mme. Tinne' at, 1862., viii. 11
latitude of Nile at, x. 279
Khasi Hills, C. India, geological peculiari
ties of, iii. 277
Khatai divan (pass), Tibet, elevation of,
xi. 10
Khatif, El, Persian Gulf, irrigation near,
viii. 101
Palgrave's visit to, 1862-3., viii. 63, anct
description of, 66
ruler of, viii. 18, 19
Khebi, W. Africa, Basle missionary station
at, xviii. 291
Khedive of Egypt, expeditions to C. Africa,
(see Africa, exploration : Baker, Gor
don, etc.)
summary of geographical and scientific
results, xxi. 63
Khezail marshes, Turkey-in-Asia, i. 45
Khin-an Mts., Manchuria (see also
Hingan), rivers rising in, xvi. 205
Khin Jhan Mts., E. Siberia, geological
formation of, iii. 288
Khing Kharra valley, Turco-Persian
frontier, xx. 166
 plateau, elevation, xx. 166
Khinka, or Kinka, lake, Manchuria,
xi. 253, extent of, 254, good land near,
xiii. 365
Khirbat el Bayza, Syria, old Roman post
at, xvi. 109
Khiu-shi, or Kuts' Kiang, or Tchitom-
chu, river, probably the Irrawaddy,
Yule on, xx. 240-1
Khiva, Khanate of, C. Asia, in 1856-60.,
Kule'wein on, v. 192
expeditions to,
Abbott and Thompson, viii. 269
Russian, 1671., xxi. 219 ; 1873., mili
tary, xvii. 285, xviii. S, results of,
563
Vambery, viii. 267, and others, 271
hostile to English, 1858., iii. 145
military condition of, in 1850., iii. 388
Notes on, Rawlinson, xvii. 162, 165,
Mitchell and others on, 163
Khobdo, or Kobdo, Mongolia, described by
Elias, 1872., xvii. 190
routes to, xvii. 189
Russian travellers at, (1862-70.),
xvi. 350; (1871), xv. 291; 1877.,
xxii. 51
true position ascertained by Venuikoff,
xvi. 350
Khodjend, Russian Turkestan, xvi. 350
Khoja Amran hills, Afghanistan, pass in,
xxi. 587
Khokand, or Kokand, C. Asia,
described by Schuyler, 1873., xviii. 409,
412-13

Khokand, or Kokand — continued.
death of A. Schlagintweit near, 1857.,
iii. 259
road to, from India, xviii. 430
routes to, etc., (1861.), James cited on,
x. 149
 out of, iii. 145
Ujfalvy cited on, xxii. 340
 district, A Month's journey in, 1873.,
Schuyler, xviii. 408
 Mountains, xvi. 399 ; passes in, x. 152
Khoko,' East Central Africa, enormous
trees at, xx. 306
Khol, Nile region, Petherick's journey to,
1863., viii. 5
Kholm, rich and fertile district of, C. Asia,
xxi. 139
Khooch Khomar, village, Persia, flax of,
xi. 38
Khoor, Persia, prevalent mists at, iii. 18
Khorassan, Persia, break in mountain
line at, iii. 3
great salt desert of, crossed by Clarke,
I860., v. 196
Khanikoffs expedition to, 1858., iii.
289, I860., iv. 198
horses of, Moorcroft's journey to pro
cure, 1810., x. 137
Khor Butt valley, Gwadur, telegraph line
viS,, vii. 117
 Dusht river, Persia, xvi. 139
 Malik, hill road from to Bukwa,
Seistan,' xxi. 586
Khore Ze-arad, Persian Gulf, river near,
xi. 37
Khormuj plain, river, and town, Persia,
described, xi. 37
Khorremabad, Perso-Turkish Frontier,
route via, i. 357
Khotan (see also Ilchi), district, C. Asia,
i. 275, 276
explorations in, early, xi. 7
Johnson's, 1865., xi. 6, xxi. 27
a Pundit's, xxi. 37
the Schlagintweits', 1856., i. 273
gold of, xi. 13 ; and silk of, xvi. 406
Howorth, H. H., on its rulers, ruins,
and monsters, xxi. 43-4
jade of, xi. 13
Khan of, 1866., xi. 8
mountains near, ii. 301
Polo cited on, by Forsyth, xxi. 28 et seq.
Rawlinson on real name of, xxi. 44-5
route to, vid Noh., xxi. 327 .
ruins S.W. of, mention of, as cities,
16th century, xxi. 31
brick tea from, xxi. 33
rings and coins from, xxi. 38
Khubr Valley, S. Arabia, inhabitants and
cultivation of, xv. 326, well at, 328
Khulsoe, near Le', Ladak, bridge at, over
the Indus, xvii. 198
Khurgoshe, C. ABia, lake at, x. 151

KHU— KIM

167

Khush-yalak Mts., Turco-Persian frontier,
xx. 173
Khuzistan, Persia, i. 357
produce of, and military value, i. 360
route from, to Shiraz, i. 356
Khwaling, Kolab district, C. Asia, x. 152
Kiachta, Siberia,
journey to, Grant's, (1862.), vii. 27-8
 Whyte's, from Tientsin, 1869.,
xiv. 243
latitude and longitude of, xiv. 249
rhubarb of, xxii. 419-20
route via, between China and Russia,
xxi. 22
Russo-Chinese trade at, xiv. 249,
xvi. 207
tea and wool trade, xiii. 369
Kiama, on the Juba river, E. Africa,
x. 97
Kiando, or Kiamdo, independent province
of Tibet, xiii. 394
Kiang-hung State, Chino-Burmese bor
ders, Lagre'e's journey in (1 867,),xiii. 307,
xix. 280
McLeod's journey to, 1837., v., 47,
xiii. 308, xix. 275
Kiangsi province, China, described,
xiii. 181 ; manufactures and timber of,
xi. 262
Kiang-tung, S.W. China, language at,
xix. 279
Kian-oui and other plains in Yunnan,
xv. 164
Kia-tung (or ting)-foo, S.W. China, chain
suspension bridge at, xii. 337, xxii.
265
silk of, xv. 363
wax culture at, xxii. 265
Kibella, village, Congo region, Africa,
xix^ 81
Kibibi Island, V. Nyanza, xx. 148
Kibuga, East Africa, Arab information on
region near, iii. 352
Kicking Horse Pass, Rocky Mountains,
found by Palliser's expedition, 1858.,
iii. 123
Kichu Sangpo, or Lhasa river, Tibet,
ascended by the Pundit, 1866., xii. 152
Kidette, branch of the V. Nyanza, xvi.
439 '
Kidilo river, W. Africa, xix. 80
Kido, N. Guinea, natives of, xviii. 38
Kidudwe, Nguru district, E.C. Africa,
xxi. 239
Kidunda, East Africa, v. 12
Kielung, Lahoul valley, Punjaub, culti
vation by Moravian missionaries at,
xv. 341
Kien-chuen plain, Yunnan, S.W. China,
iron mines of, xv. 164
Kiengma, Burmo-Chinese Frontier, Shan
traders to, xix. 285
Kihwa Island, see Bridge Island

Kijoto, or Kioto, Japan, xvii. SO; the
southern capital, xviii. 238
Kikassa river, W. Africa, native accounts,
vii. 107
Kikembo, Congo region, gorge near,
xix. 92
Kikoka, E. Africa, French missionaries
at, xx. 304
western outpost of Zanzibar, xxii. 384
Kikumbulyu, E. Africa, xxii. 451
Kila Panja, point of junction of arms of
Upper Oxus, xviii. 428
Kilauea, pit-crater of Mauna Loa, Hawaii,
discovered, xii. -310, eruption of (1859.),
311
Kilbin Rabat, village, E. Turkestan,
xx. 485
Kilema, E. Africa, von der Decken at,
vi. 47 ; hostile chief of, ix. 16
Kilemba, Congo State, camp of Jumah
Merikani, xx. 315
, Kilembella, Congo district, king of. and
cultivation at, xix. 93
Kilia, branch of the Danube, iii. 207
Kilimandjaro Mt., E. Africa (see Krapf) —
elevation of, discussed, iii. 115, vi. 41,
48, 50, 177, viii. 2
Murchison on, iii. 304, 306
expeditions to —
Erhardt and Rebmann, iii. 115
New, 1871., xvi. 162, 167, 168, 170
Von der Decken, I860., iv. 180, vi. 41,
and partial ascent of, 47, 48, xvi.
171 ; Pelly on, vi. 50; Thorntou's,
with the above, vi. 47
extinct volcano, viii. 248
geological formation near, i. 450, viii. 3
lake, west of, iii. 115
plant on, identified with one on the
Cameroons, xxii. 416
snow-capped, i. 9, iii. 208, 213
two peaks of, viii. 6
Killibassi Mt., E. Africa, tribes of, ix. 15
Kilong pass, Tibet, elevation of, xxi. 335
Kiltie river, Abyssinia, Agaw territory
beyond, xiii. 42
Kilvaron, N. Guinea, xix. 521
Kilwa or Kiloa, E. Africa, (see also
Quiloa) —
admiralty survey of, Kirk ,on,
xxii. 453-4
dangers of, ii. 55
distance of, from Lake Nyassa, vi. 21
route from, to interior, i. 9
 Kisiwani, E. Africa, visited by Burton
and Speke, 1859., iii. 349
 Kivingi, E. Africa, navigation at,
Kirk on, xxii. 454
Kilwaru Island, E. Archipelago, entrepdt
for trade between New Guinea and the
E. Archipelago, Wallace on, vi. 43 ;
water on, ix. 32
Kimalenso, W. Africa, xix. 82

168

KIM— KIN

Kimalo, village, Congo district, xix. 88
Kimandi, Equatorial Africa, latitude and
elevation of, xviii. 72 *
Kimanis river, Borneo, source of, xvi.
172
Kimbalungan river, Borneo, sources of,
ii. 347
Kimbandi, West Central Africa, beeswax
caravans in, xx. 320
Kimborat Mt., Equatorial Africa, Don
Angelo cited on, iii. 213
Kim-gim, or Gt. Peledon river, N.E.
Siberia, sources of Anadyr, xxi. 216
Kimpanga, village, W. Africa, cultivation
near, xix. 88
Kimwera Lake, W.C. Africa, position of
uncertain, xx. 124-5
Kina Balu, or Kinibalu, Lake, Borneo,
ii. 345, vi. 83
 Mt., Borneo, alleged ascent attempted
by white men, ii. 346
alleged white race of, i. 205
elevation of, vi. 83, xvi. 178
rivers rising among hills of, xvi. 172
Kinajy, military station, Madagascar,
xix. 198
Kinarut river, Borneo, dialect of natives
on, xvi. 172 ; source of, ib.
Kin-cha-kiang, large river, rising in Tibet,
xiii. 393 ; Cooper on, xiv. 242, 336 ; see
also Kin-sha and Yang-tse
Kinchinjanga, see Kanchanjinga
Kin-chow, S. Manchuria, geographical
position, xiii. 28
 W. China, country near, vi. 86
Kinchu, S. Manchuria, cotton of, xiii. 30,
gold of, xiii. 31
Kindamba swamp, Congo district, xix. 86
Kinday, or Pemba, Harbour, E. Africa,
described by Livingstone, xi. 15
Kinegda, port, Saghalien, discovered by
Staritzky, xvii. 295
King, Adm. P. P., discoverer of Pine
Islands, N. Queensland, v. 123
explorations and surveys, Australian
coasts, i. 366, vi. 136, viii. 193
 1831., and generosity to Fitzroy,
ix. 216
geological investigations of, i. 501-2
obituary notice of, 1856, i. 123
 D. O., Travels in Siam and Cambodia.
(1859.) iii. 365
 J., sole" survivor, 1862., of Burke and
Wills' expedition, vi. 68, 69, 70,
vii. 35-6; awarded a gold watch by
R.G.S., vi. 121, 124, 169, 174, vii. 10,
111, and remunerated, vii. 37
 Lt.-Col. W. Ross-, On the Names of
Places in Geography, xix. 134
— — -Rev. S. W., obituary notice, 1809.,
xiii. 271
Kingani, or Rufu, river, E. Africa.
xxii. 384

Kingani, or Rufu, river — continued.
exploration of, Holmwood, xxi. 499
fish in, xxi. 501
game and tsetse fly of, Kirk on, xv. 207
land near, iii. 210
tribes along, xxi. 499 et seq., 502
useless for navigation, xx. 61, 499
King-chu, N. China, pagoda at, vi. 225
King-chu-foo, S. Manchuria, geographical
position and trade of, xiii. 27
Kiug-Chung, China, pagoda at, vi. 224,
trade of, 225
King George's _ river, or Umcomogaz,
S. Africa, rise and course of, Erskine
on, xix. 117
 . or ManacuBi river, W.
Africa, Notes on, 1857., Hilliard,
iii. 160
  Sound, W. Australia, ii, 16,
iv. 95, xiv. 200, 316, 468
admiralty survey near, xx. 408, xxi. 435,
xxii. 336
telegraph-line from, to Adelaide,
xix. 482
King-Hien-Tien, China, trade of, vi. 226
King-ho-kow, at mouth of Yang-tsze river,
xiv. 236
King Island, off Victoria, Australia, ad
miralty survey, xvi. 320, xvii. 257,
xviii. 539
King (or Kong) Karl Land, Spitzbergen
archipelago, discovered 1617., and later
visits to, xvi. 85, xvii. 16
King Oscar Land, Arctic regions, named
by Payer and Weyprecht, xix. 32
King's Bay, Spitzbergen, geological for
mation of, xiii. 157
 ¦  ness, Spitzbergen, geological
formation, ix. 311
Kinglo, or Majin, Tibet, Pundit at, xiv. 210
Kingo village, Congo District, Africa,
xix. 86
Kingombo, W. Africa, Grandy at, xix. 79
King's Sound, N.W. Australia, survey
near needed, xix. 55
King-tah-chin, important inland Chinese
mart in the Yang-tse plain, ii. 208
King William Laud, Arctic regions,
Franklin's party seen at, 1850., i. 19,
25, iv. 3, 4, 5, 113 ; relics of same
found by Hobson, iv. 113
•  Town, Cape Colony, i. 511-12
 William's Range, W. Africa, elevation
of, ix. 72
Kinibatangan Lake, Borneo, xvi. 172
Kinjabo, W. Afrioa, xiii. 354, key of the
interior, 355, 356
Kinka Lake, see Khinka
Kinkel, Dr. G.,on a carved head from the
desert east of the Hauran, ii. 176-7
on X. Guinea and its races, iii. 360
on wool-growing in ancient Egypt and
in Australia, viii. 121

KIN— KIR

169

Kin-Ian hill, W.O. China, celebrated
temple on, xiv. 184
Kin-neu-yih, C. China, village at Woo-ting
barrier, xiv. 179
Kinsanga village, Congo district, xix. 87
Kin-san-poo, N. China, vi. 222
Kin-sha-kiang (river), borders of Yunnan,
Garnier's exploration of, 1868., xiii. 56 ;
see alsp Kin-oha
Kin-Bhan-poo, China, Wylie at, xiv. 172
Kin-tang, city, W.C. China, xiv. 170
Kintano, Congo district, xix. 92
Kinufee Mts., Nile region, xviii. 139
Kinyori, near Lake Tanganyika, Came
ron's discomforts at, xix. 252
Kioerlighed Bay, Spitzbergen, ix. 311
Kio-fu-sien, China, city of Confucius de
scribed by (J.) Markham, xiv. 139, 143
Kio-Kiong, Formosa, hills and streams
near, xxii. 55
Kiong Kiang, see Mekong
Kioto, see Kijoto
Kipaseha Mts., Madagascar, granite ridge,
xix. 190, xxi. 157 ; Pillans on, xix. 202
Kipopotue village, E. Africa, xxii. 451
Kirchner Range, Queensland, gold bear
ing district near, Clarke on, xii. 143,
144
explored by Hann, 1873., xviii. 94 '
physical features of, xviii. 87-9
Kirgan, C. Asia, iii. 173
Kirghis, or Kurgiz, district, C. Asia,
Russian explorations in, viii. 206
Kirghiz Janjal, near the Kirghiz pass,
elevation of valley at, xiv. 52
 Pass, Kuen Luen Mts. , xiv. 50
elevation of, 51, 52
Kiria, ruined city, in the Gobi Desert, C.
Asia, Forsyth on, xx. 27
to Charchand and Leh, itinerary to,
Shaw, xvi. 243
gold, etc., near, xi. 13
images found at, xxi. 37
position of, fixed by Johnson, xi. 10
Kirianga, Madagascar, converging moun
tains near, xix. 190
Kirimba, E, Afrioa, routes from, to the
interior, i. 9
Kirin, province, Manchuria, ceded to
Russia by China, 1858-60., vii. 29
 town, capital of Central Manchuria,
described, xiii. 33
Kirk, Dr. J., appointed Government
Medical Officer at Zanzibar, 1866.,
x. 262
Ascent (with Livingstone) of the
Rovuma river 1861-2., ix. 284, 285
on aridity of S. Africa, ix. 108
On Baikie's journey from Bida to Kano
(W. Africa), 1862., xi. 49
disagreement between Livingstone and,
1871.,
Rawlinson on, xvii. 10

Kirk, Dr. J. — continued.
on E. African exploration and mission
parties, 1877., xxii. 19
Examination of Lufigi river Delta, E.
Africa (1873.), xviii. 74
On Fossil Bones from the alluvial strata
of the Zambesi Delta, viii. 151,
154
Murchison on, viii. 151, 246
On a new Harbour (Dar Salam) opposite
Zanzibar (1866.), xi. 35
on Recent Surveys of the E. coast of
Africa, 1877., xxii. 453
Report on Natural Products and cap
abilities of the Shire and Lower
Zambesi Valleys, I860., vi. 25
Reports on African Expeditions —
letters on reported death of Living
stone, 1866., xi. Ill, and on last
journey of, 129-142, 143
 on supposed safety of the Bame,
1867., xii. 50, 63
cited on progress of the same, xv. 116,
335
letters on the same, 1871., xv. 206-7,
and on Stanley's search for, xvi.
102, 103 ; 1872., xvi. 225
cited on Livingstone and Stanley,
1872., xvi. 373, 375, et seq.
on second report of death of Living
stone, 1874., and on native opinions
on Lakes A. Nyanza and Tangan
yika, xviii. 145
letters on the Livingstone Search and
Relief Expedition (to Earl Gran
ville), xvi. 375, 436; (to R.G.S.),
xvi. 383, 384, 386
on the, progress of Cameron and of
Stanley, 1875., xix. 492
on success of Price's waggon-journey
to Lake Tanganyika, (1877.),
xxi. 241
on routes into C. Africa, ix. 288
on the Uganda mission to the Sultan of
Zanzibar, 1871., xvi. 186
Visit to the coast of Somaliland, 1873.,
xvii. 340
 to the Mungao Distriot near Cape
Delgado, 1877., xxi. 588
on his voyage on Lake Nyassa, 1861.,
viii. 260
 Mrs., letter on supposed safety of
Livingstone, 1867., xii. 50
Kirkaig Lake, Scotland, xix. 257
 river, slow current of, at outset, ib.
Kirk's Range, E.C. Africa, ascent of, by
Livingstone, xii. 175
Kirman Desert, Persia, road over, xvii.
87
Kirong, on the road to Lhasa, xii. 148;
route to, via Jongh-a-jong, closed,
xix. 342
 pass, Nepal xix. 338

170

KIR— KIZ

Kirrie, Equatorial Province, Africa, geo
graphical position of, determined by
Mason Bey, xxii. 229
Kisa Island, Malay Archipelago, Chris
tianized inhabitants of, as settlers
for N. Australia, ii. 217 note
Kisanji, W. Africa, region beyond, to
coast, described by Cameron, xx. 323
Kisewa Lake, Nyassa district, Africa,
described by Cotterill, 1876., xxii. 243
Kishin Singh, Pundit, exploration work
done by, 1877., Forsyth on, xxi. 348
Kishm Island, Persian Gulf, naval station,
i. 296-7 ; Pelly's visit, 1863., viii. 18, 19,
265, 266 ; Rawlinson on, 267 ; ruler of,
i. 282, viii. 18, 19 ; siege of, 1625., i. 284
Kisi-chang Island, Gulf of Siam, good
harbour at, iv. 215
Kisigau, Rabai, East Africa, food mart
at, xvi. 168
Kisiiindi, or Kisulindi, C.M.S. Mission
at, xix. 323
Kismayo, East Africa, fine harbour at,
xvii. 342
Kisogawa river, Japan, navigation and
course of, xvii. 80-1
Kisokwet, E. Africa, robber tribe in,
xviii. 72
Kissalala, Woolwa district, C. America,
natives at, xiii. 58, proposed route to, 62
Kistna river, Madras, irrigation works
connected with, vii. 96
Kistufell Mt., Iceland, xx. 26
Kisuvulungo river, Congo region, affluent
of the Lualaba, xx. 125
Kiswere Harbour, Mungao country, E.
Africa, extent of, xxi. 589
Kitanda, or Kitata, S. of L. Tanganyika,
Africa, copper of, xi. 240
Kitange, E. Africa, beauty and elevation
of, and mountains above, Stanley on,
xxii. 384, described by Price, 1876.,
xxi. 239
 river, xxi. 240
Kitangule, or Kitangura, river, E. Africa,
called also Kagera and Alexandra
Nile (q.v.), v. 15, xx. 159
affluent of V. Nyanza, vii. 185, 190,
xx. 154, 159
source and course of, vii. 219, Stanley
on, xx. 36
 and outfall of, xxii. 393
Speke on, 1859., iii. 352
volume and depth of, xxi. 466, iu the
dry season, Stanley on, xxi. 468
Kitchener, Lt., r.e., suiveys for Palestine
Exploration Fund, 1875., xix. 430
Kithima Hills, East Africa, xvi. 16S
Kitsamby river, Madagascar, falls of,
xxi. 168
Kittafiny river, W. Africa, visited by
O'Connor, 1857., iii. 379
Kittara Kingdom, Vict. Nyanza, vii. 190

Kitui, East Africa, desert between, and
the Tana river, xxii. 451
native superstitions as experienced , by
Hildebrand, xxii. 451
Kiu-Kiang, C. China, tea-trade of, Hock
ley on, 1863-65., xi. 264
Kiuk-kiul, brackish lake, Eastern Turk
estan, i. 274, hot springs of, 275
Kiu La (pass), Tibet, elevation of, and
crossing of by Pundit, 1873., xxi. 327
Kiungani, University Mission Station,
E. Africa, route to, described by Bell
ville, 1875., xx. 69
Kiveru, or Kweru, Island, Vict. Nyanza,
xx. 154, xxii. 38
Kivingi, E. Africa, trade of, xi. 143
Kivira river, Central Africa, Speke on,
iii. 356
course of, ib., v. 15, supposed to be the
White Nile, iii. 352
Kivo lagoon, feeder of Lake Tanganyika,
xvii. 72
Kivory, Madagascar, cattle of, xxi. 157
Kiwa Island, V. Nyanza, xx. 148
Kiwai Island, N. Guinea, inhabitants of,
xx. 352, pigeons of, 346
Kizart river, Soukul district, Central
Asia, tributary of the Kashgar,
xiv. 222
Kizil, village, E. Turkestan, xx. 486,
desert slope on, road near, 487, iron
furnaces at, xviii. 225
 Boi river, E. Turkestan, Shaw on,
xx. 486
 Dagh, Mts., Asia Minor, source of
Kizzil Irmak in, xi. 97
 Daria (river), probable source of,
• xxi. 124
 Irmak or Halys river, Asia Minor,
iii. 389; true source found by J. E.
Taylor, 1867., xi. 97
•  ¦ jilga valley, Tibet, Hayward on,
xiv. 46
 korum, Tibet, watershed of, i. 274
 Kul (lake), Central Asia, Kostenko
on, xxi. 124
 Kum region, C. Asia, sandy desert
of, explored by CharoBhohu, 1872.,
xvii. 293
Severtseff cited on, xix. 427
Kizyl Kurgan, Central Asia, road from
to Gulsha river, xxi. 122
 Kurt, soft day mountains, C. Asia,
xxi. 123
 pass, Tibet, elevation of, xiv. 46
 Su (river), or Kashgar river (q.v.),
C. Asia, affluents of, xxi. 425
Biddulph on, 1874., xviii. 426
Kostenko on, 1876., xxi. 123, 124, 133
Trotter on, 1873., xviii. 417
— — Yart Mts., C. Asia, elevation of,
Hayward on, xiv. 66, magnificent ap
pearance of, 70

KIZ— KOL

171

Kizyl Yart Pass, practicable for artillery
Biddulph on, xviii. 432
road to, xviii. 430, described by Kos
tenko, xxi. 124-5
 Plain, watershed of C. Asia,
Biddulph on, xviii. 431, 435
Kizimikas, Ras, Zanzibar, xx. 71
Kizim Tchik, Russian Turkestan, ravine
of, Dilke on, xviii. 247, 248
Kizliar, Caucasus, Cossack settlement at,
and population of, vi. 59
Klamath Fort, Oregon, U.S.A., xi. 86, 90
 Lake, Great and Little, xix. 299
lower, xix. 298
marsh basin of, xi. 91
 river, source of, xix. 295
Kiang Sang or Thang Sang hill, Lushai
district, N.E. Frontier of India, eleva
tion of, xvii. 49
Klaproth, J., in connection with the
travels of George Ludwig von  ,
Rawlinson on, xviii. 425, xx. 240-1
theories of, as to the Irawady, cited,
xiv. 346
Klingkang Mt., Borneo, river rising in,
i. 201
Kloong Doong or Dilesser river, Lushai
district, India, course of, xvii. 43
valley of, xvii. 45
Klubbin Hill, Faeroe Isles, elevation of,
x. 80
Knight Islands, Greenland, near Hol-
steinborg, xx. 64
Knoblicher, Dr., cited on the width of the
White Nile at Loquek, iii. 209
Knowles, Lt. O, Ascent of the Niger in
H.M.S.S. Investigator, 1864., ix. 72
Koari tribes of N. Guinea, Stone on,
1875., xx. 268-9
Kobbe Bay, Spitsbergen, Swedish expe
dition at, 1868., xiii. 157
Kobeleff Liarhan river, Siberia, affluent
of the Anyui river, xxi. 216
Kobi, Caucasus, xiii. 67, 69
Kobi desert (see also Gobi), hot winds of,
iii. 80
Kobotoke" pass, near Yedo, Japan, mul
berry trees of district, xvii. 80
Ko-Daikoka-Sima, Japan, seaweed fishery
of, xvi. 190
Koei-dabo Lake, Sudan, Africa, latitude
of, ii. 221
Koepang Bay, Timor, Malaysia, geologi
cal formation and mineral wealth of,
iii. 369 ; see also Coepang
Kofi Robert Farm, Qua river, W. Africa,
xx. 230, and Landing, 228
Koflan Koh, Azerbijan, Persia, permanent
gipsy settlement, i. 41
Kogar Point, Iceland, soundings near, v. 73
Kohala Mt., Hawaii, elevation of, xii. 310
Koh-i-Deh-Murd Mt., trend of, Persia,
xvi. 262

Koh-i-Gantai Hills, Afghanistan, stony
and low xxi. 587
Koh-i-Kwaja Mali Mt., Persia, trend of
and trees on, xvi. 262
Koh-i-Naushadur, volcanic peak, Seistan,
Persia, xvii. 93
Kohistan of Kabul, reports on, referred to
by Markham, xx. 242
 pass in, and rivers riBing in, xxii. 354
Kohistanee Baba pass, Seah Koh Mts.,
rivers rising in, xxi. 586
Koh-i-Tung-Chal Mt., Persia, routes near,
xvi. 263
Kohl's "History of the Discovery of Maine,"
noticed, 1870., xiv. 311
Kohna Shahr, ruins of, near Kashgar oily,
Forsyth on, xxi. 39
Koh Rud hills, Persia, xvi. 263
Koh-sichiang, Siam, marbles of, iv. 215
Koijarti river, Russian Turkestan, source
of, xiv. 222
Koi-lago, native name for N. Guinea, xx. 96
Koi-su rivers, the three, in Daghestan,
Caucasia, iv. 245, tribes along, 248
Kokcha river, Badakshan, C. Asia, sources
and course of, xv. 181
Ko-keen-tseuen, W. Cent. China, well of,
xiv. 173
Kokema river, West Africa, affluent of
the Kwanza river, xx. 320
Ko-ko river, Congo district, xix. 87,
sinuosity of, 88
Kokod city, Tibet, native information on,
xxi. 331, Trotter on, 332
Koko Nor Lake, Tibet, animal life near,
xvii. 292
described by Prshewalsky, xviii. 79
determination of latitude of, by Prshe
walsky, xviii. 83
and the rhubarb of Kiachta, xxii. 419-
20
 inhabitants of district, xviii. 85
Kirghiz statement concerning tribes and
ruins of, xxi. 32, temple at, and
dangers of visiting, 33
Kok Rabbat, E. Turkestan, geological for
mation near, effect of, on river system,
xx. 486-7
Kokschuls Mt., C. Asia, explored by
Kaulbars, 1869., xiv. 319
Koksoo, or Koksu, or Drawoot Pass, C.
Asia, x. 152
route vid Haramuk to Kokand, Kostenko
on, 1876., xxi. 134
Kokumi, Yezo Island, Japan, hot springs
of, xvi. 201, 202
Kokura, capital of Bouzen, Japan, fortifica
tions of, vi. 203, importance of, 204
Kola Peninsula, Arctic regions, death
of Sir Hugh Willoughby on, 1554.,
xxii. 101
Kolab, district and town of, Central Asia.
x. 152

172

KOL— KOR

Kolaima Flat, W. Australia, iii. 43
Kolat Dagh Mts., Asia Minor, MiUingen
on, xvi. 223, 224
Koldewey Cape, Franz Josef Land,
latitude of, xix. 28
Koldewey, Capt., Leader of German Arctic
expedition, 1868., xix. 174
do., 1869., xv. 102 etseq.
cited on improbability of finding an open
Polar Sea, xvi. 229
Kolobeng, E. Africa, Livingstone at, 1843.,
elevation of, etc., xviii. 500, 501
Kolodyne river, Lushai country, N.E.
India, mountains near, xvii. 49, 50, water
shed of, 45
Kolonkureh, W. Africa, native fighting at,
1872., xvii. 120
Kolwah, most fertile district in Mekran,
Persia, xvi. 140
Kolym, or Kolyma, river, E. Siberia, cold
region, and ico near, i. 29, xxi. 213
Komalan, or Komalan Ting, Formosa,
x. 124, xxi. 258
Komanartaki, or Komano-taki, volcano,
Yezo Island, Japan, xvi. 201 ; eruptions
of, x. 170
Komayli, or Koomaylie, Abyssinia, road
near, xii. 114, 115; elevation and scenery
of; xiv. 163
Komba territory, W.C. Africa, x. 73
Kombora Mts., East Africa, elevation of,
xx. 77
KomboThang, Tibet, near Lhasa, xxi. 340
Kometr Daban (pass), C. Asia, xxii. 52
Ko-mun Island, Cambodia, active volcanoes
on, and geographical position of, vi. 81
Kompoonda, or Mpoonda, or Mapunda,
Lake Nyassa, xi. 125, 127, 128, 132, 139
Kompot, Cambodia, coal mines near,
vi. 81
Konar-Tukht pass, Persia, i. 293
Kondi or Livingstone, Mts. and country,
East Central Africa, elevation of,
xxii. 243, pass in, 244
Konduehi, E. Africa, arrival of Burton and
Speke at, 1859., iii. 349
Kone Mts., East Central Africa, latitude
' of S. end of, xiv. 9
Kong Mts., Sierra .Leone, vi. 239
geological formation of,iv. 219
Liberian expedition to, I860., iv. 184
Konglong, Burmo-Chinese frontier, Shan
traders to, xix. 285
Kongone river, a mouth of the Zambezi,
xxii. 223
Bedingfield on, iv. 24, 25
Livingstone's exploration of, iv. 19
Kongoroni village, Zanzibar, xx. 72
Kongra-lama pass, Tibet, elevation of,
xix. 337, 342
reached by Campbell and others, 1849.,
xix. 337, 338
true position of, xix. 342

Konomar or Komanartaki volcano, Japan,
x. 170
Konstantinov Kamen peak, Russia in
Europe, position of, i. 430
Koobijwanna, W. Australia, F. Gregory's
starting-point, 1858 , iii. 34
Koolangsoo Island, in Amoy Harbour, E,
China, i. 334
Koolanobbing, W. Australia, xiv. 194
bones of white men at, xiv. 191
latitude of, ib.
Koolie, South Africa, drought at, I860.,
v. 17
Kooloo Valley, Himalayas, described by
Harcourt, (1871.), xv. 336-338, climate,
340, 364, cultivation in, 341, 364, phy
sical features, religion and customs of,
and temples of, etc., 342-3
Koolunooldee, Chinese Turkestan, road
past, xiv. 52
Koombekine Lake, W. Australia, xiv. 191
Koomdsta Glacier, C. Asia, Shaw on,
xv. 178
Koondah Mts., Madras, India, bursting of
dam in, xvi. 138
explored by Markham, 1866., x. 245
Koongrad, Russian Central Asia, fertile
region of, Vdmbery on, viii. 268
Koonur river, Kafirstan, xvi. 255
Koonzum Pass, into Spiti, Punjaub, India,
elevation of, xv. 340
Koor river, Trans-Caucasia, viii. 276
Koorliatto, N. Australia, camp of Victorian
Camel expedition at, vii. 36, 38
Kootaine, Kootenais, Kootenay, or Kutanie
Pass, Rocky Mts., i. 462, ii. 51, xx. 294;
found by Palliser's expedition, 1858.,
iii. 123
Koo-Yea-Thua, city,N. China, vi. 219
Koo-Yoon, village, S.W. China, at source
of Taping river, xv. 358
Koo-yuh PasB, W.C. China, xiv. 180
Koozichan district, Asiatic Turkey, moun
tains of, xii. 303
Kopsch, N., NoteB on the Rivers in
Northern Formosa, 1867., xiv. 79
Koranko country, W. Africa, Fulbe tribes
in, xxi. 494
Korata, Abyssinia, xiii. 44, described, 46 ;
sport at, x. 299
Kordofan, E. Soudan, Arab tribes in,
v. 28
reported on by Khedive's expedition,
xxi. 64
 Gebel, hills and baobab trees of,
xx. 361
Korea or Corea —
admiralty surveys of, iv. 154, v. 174,
vii. 141, xx. 406, xxi. 434, xxii. 335
described by Young (1865.), ix. 296,
others on, 297-300
first colonization of, and feudal system
in, xvi. 208

KOR— KRU

173

Korea or Corea — continued.
French and Russian (marine) surveys
of, iii. 371
geographical position and trade of, etc,
Murchison on, ix. 259
inhabitants, characteristics of, xvi. 216
Lindsay's visit to, 1832., iv. 59
probable development of, Parkes on,
xvi. 214
trade of, with Pekin, ix. 298
travelling methods in, x. 155
Koreopoffsky, Siberia, Nordenskiold's
trade depot at, xxii. 102
Koriak volcano, Kamchatka, elevation
of, xvii. 295
Koroforo natives, W. Africa, Haussa lan
guage used by, xxi. 493
KoroBko, Nile region, Mehemet AH at,
1820., i. 504
Petherick at, 1861., vi. 18
Kosanga river, Nile region, Africa,
country near described by Von Heuglin,
1863., viii. 264
Kosciusko Mt., Australian Alps, N.S.
Wales, ix. 228; source of Murray
river in, iii. 338
Kosh-Djar pass, Sanlache Mts., C. Asia,
crossed by Semenoff, (1858.), ii. 280
Koshkana-tau Mt., near the Amu daria,
C. Asia, xix. 425
Kosh Gumbaz, E. Turkestan, rest-house
and river at, xx. 486
Koshiu Kaido, the, great road of Japan,
xvii. 79
 Mts., position of, xvii. 82
Koskkar river and Valley, Trans-Naryn
district, C. Asia, xiv. 222
Kosi river, Tibet, affluents of, xvii. 290,
xix. 338
an affluent of the GaDges, source of,
xvii. 290
European ignorance concerning,
xix. 344
Kossogol, Lake of, Mongolia, size of, and
tribes along, x. 238
Kostakos, town, C. Asia, xviii. 409
Kostenko, Capt., Account of the Russian
expedition to the Alai and Pamir,
1876., abstract by R. Michell, xxi. 122
Kot, E. Arabia, citadel at, viii. 66
Kotah Darah pass, Hindu Kush, north
of Chitral, xiii. 16
Kotakota Bay, Lake Nyassa,
Cotterill on, xxii. 238
latitude of, viii. 257
Livingstone at, (1863.), ix. 9
slave depSt at, and slave trade of,
viii. 258, xxi. 232
Kotal Mts. and Pass, near Yassin, N.W.
India, described by native explorers,
xv. 390
Kothal-i-Jiling pass, Persia, xvii, 194
 Vijmanun pass, Persia, xvii. 193-4

Koti, E. Borneo, ruins of, i. 205
Kotlin, on Lake Ladoga, xiii. 376
Kotlotoni, Zanzibar, xx. 74
Kotree, Sind, Tndia, rise of Indus at, xi. 22
Kotro Valley, Persia, extent of, and wild
asses in, xvi. 262
Kotur, Persia, i. 354
Kouloutout, Nile region, i. 506
Kounboum or Gumbum, W. China,
lamassery at, xviii. 83
Koundy river, C. Asia, affluent of the
Muksu river, xxi. 133
Koura, E. Africa, native land of King
Theodore of Abyssinia, xiii. 41
Kourata, city, Abyssinia, see Korata
Kourbadj, Gebel, Nile region, quartz hill
of, xx. 361
Kowamba, Lake, Congo district, xx. 124
Kowana river, S. Africa, course of, ii. 371
irrigation from, ii. 372
Koweit, Persian Gulf, ix. 293; rulers of,
viii. 19
Kowende dist., Lake region, Africa, in
habitants of, dwellings, etc., xix. 147;
mountainous, xx. 308
Kpandaragi, W. Africa, ii. 90
Kpani, W. Africa, ii. 91
Kpong, on the Volta, W. Africa,
xviii. 189, position of, 191
Kra, or Kraw, Isthmus of, Siam, proposed
canal through, iv. 112, or, railway
across, 189
Fraser and Forlong on, vii. 58
 river, described, vii. 58
Kr&'a, Syria, lava torrent of, xvi. 108
Krapf, Dr. J. L., journey of, to Wa-Mbane
and view of Kilimandjaro and Kenia,
Macqueen, viii. 7
cited on snowy mountains in Africa,
, iii. 114-5, 209, 212, 213, xvi. 126
journeys in E. Africa with Rebmann,
Johnston on, xvi. 126
travels of, in E. Africa, published,
iv. 205
Krasnovodsk Bay, on the Caspian, geo
graphical position of, xvi. 349
Russian explorations of, xvii. 293
route to, xvii. 294
Krasnoyarsk, Siberia, Seebohm and Wig
gins at, 1877., xxii. 104, articles found
by, in ancient grsive near, xxii. 112-3
Krokre, or Kekre, W. Africa, Cavalho
river near, vi. 67
Kresta, Siberia, towns, etc., en route to,
xxi. 215
Kri Island, Arru Islands, Malaysia,
ii. 164
Kropotkin, Prince, journey to ¦ Blago-
vestschensk, (1866.), x. 233
Kruk, Seistan, Persia, mountains near,
xvii. 87
Kriit Enim, W. Africa, meaning of name,
xx. 227

174

KSO— KUM

Ksor Ifri, Atlas Mts., N. Africa, palms of,
ix. 313
 es Shuck, end of Atlas Mts., ix. 313
Kuan Hsien, W. China, irrigation dams
at, xxii. 260
Kuang-t'ung Hsien, S.W. China, valley
of, xx. 205
Kuauyin Hill, Formosa, elevation and
position of, xxi. 259
Kuardo, mountain peak near, Mustagh
range, viii. 35
Kua-tung province, S. China, i. 330 ; see
Kwang-tung
Kuban district, Caucasus, fertility of,
i. 308
 river, Caucasus, delta, i. 306, Nogai
Tartars of, vi. 60
 valley, i. 306
Kuchan district, Persia, described by
Napier, 1874., xx. 169, 171-2
Kuchar, E. Turkestan, rock idol and
ruined city near, xxi. 38, tribes of, xv. 25
Kudania river, Afghanistan, course of,
xxi. 588
Kudunia river, W. Africa, ii. 100
Kudusi Mt., Albania, elevation of and
ascent by Cora, (1874.), xix. 422
Kuei-hua-Cheng, frontier city, China,
blockaded by Mahommedans, 1870.,
xviii. 76 ; nature of route to and from,
xvii. 185; town described by Elias,
1872., 186
Kuen-Luen or Kuen-Lun Mts., difficulties
in crossing, viii. 36
elevation of peaks in, xiv. 4S, 52-3
exploration of, by the Schlagintweits,
1856., i. 273, ii. 301, xi. 8
glaciers in, i, 274, 438
Hayward on, xiv. 45
mineral wealth of, xi. 13
origin of, i. 277, xiv. 134
passes in, i. 274, xiv. 52
Shaw on, xiv. 137, xvi. 397, xx. 484, on
origin and shape, xiv. 134, and on
elevation of, 135
starting-point of, Prshewalsky on,
xviii. 80
volcanic origin of, Humboldt cited on,
i. 277
Kufalung, or Kufelong, E. Turkestan,
xx. 491, latitude, longitude, and eleva
tion of, xiv. 56
Kufuna, W. Africa, xvii. 121
Kugger or Gugger river, Punjab, affluents
of, xiv. 123
Kugrang valley, Kashmir, explored by
Hayward, 1868.. xiv., 43
Kugupchu, Gobi Desert, sounding sands
of, Prshewalsky cited on, xxi. 29, 30
Kuh-i-Baba hills, Persia, xx. 172
Kuigluk, Central Asia, iii. 173
Kui Sui or Kiu Siu Island, Japan, de
scribed by Alcock, vi. 203-4

Kui Sui or Kiu Siu Island, Japan — cant.
the southernmost island, xiii. 277
volcanoes of, x. 172
Kuito river, W. Africa, affluents of,
xx. 322
Kujjur district, Persia, source of Shalis
river in, iii. 8
Kuka, town, C. Africa, i. 15, 216, size of,
16
Vogel's astronomical observations for
position at, i. 441, 518
 and Church's meteorological obser
vations at, i. 114
 at, 1854., i. 443, ii. 30
vicinity described by Vogel, viii. 10, 11
Kukerantimy, W. Africa, Basle mission
station at, xviii. 291, mountain and
forest district near, Glover on, 1873., 287
Kuku hills, Nile region, Kemp on,
xix. 324
 Ilikimy, last Chinese settlement
before Gobi desert, xvii. 186
Kukuna, W. Africa, country near,
xvii. 119, and Seracoulie traders at,
xvii. 121
Kulab Valley, Bokhara, fertility of,
xxi. 139-40
Kulayb or Kuleib, Mt., Syria, i 8,
described by Burton, 1871., xvi. 105,
elevation of, 106
Kuldja, R. Turkestan, coal at, xviii. 249,
252
insurrection in, 1866., xi. 14
mineral wealth of, Dilke on, xviii. 249
New, and Old, ib., 247
Russian occupation of, xviii. 252
 region, Prshewalsky's scientific work
near (1877.), xxii. 51
Russian occupation of, 1871., xvi. 404-5
Rawlinson on, xvi. 409 ; xxii. 341
Kulewein, — , cited on Khiva, v. 192
Kulkula ravine, Abyssinia, xii. 300
Kulmut swamp, Baluchistan, vii. 117
Kulshishkun, E. Turkestan, elevation of,
and wild yak of, xiv. 50
Kiim, or Gt. Desert of Kashgar, buried
cities in, visited by Forsyth, 1874.,
xviii. 440, 442-3
 Shahedan or Oordum Pasha, sands
of, xxi. 33
Kuma river, falling into the Caspian Sea,
and its affluents, iv. 199
Kumalo river, S. Africa, affluent of the
Zambesi, xv. 150, No Bengule's iort
near, xv. 152
Kumaon, N.W. Province of India, explora
tions in, ii. 302, 303, iron of, iv. 30
Kumara Mt., Nyassa district, Africa,
viii. 261
Kumayle, Abyssinia, temperature at,
xiv. 159
Kumbwi on the Lualaba, Cameron at.
xx. 311

KUM— KUT

175

Kumkwoshek, or Fa-piu, rock, Si-kiang
valley, China, v. 240
Kunar river, see Chitral river
Kunohinjanga, see Kanchanjinga
Kunda river, affluent of the Lualaba,
xxii. 404
Kunduz, Afghanistan, rich district of,
xxi. 139
Kuneeseh, Turkey in Asia, probably
Kunaxa, Bewsher on, xi. 156
Kung-ohow, China, treaty-port, (1858.),
iii. 86
Kunges river, Russian Turkestan, affluent
of the Hi river, xviii. 249
Kungraad, E. Siberia, fortified town of,
and population, xv. 113-4
Kungwe Cape, Lake Tanganyika, xix. 252
Kunjiit or Hunza district, N.W. frontier
of India, described, xiii. 131, position
of, xv. 185
Kunya river, affluent of the Lualaba,
xxii. 406
Ku-pei-kou pass, China, Bushell on, 1872.,
xviii. 149, 166, orossed by Prshewalsky,
1871., xviii. 77
 town, xviii. 166, honey of, 167
Kupffer, Prof. Hon. Foreign Member of
R.G.S., obituary notioe of, 1866., x. 211
Kuphjnee river, Tibetan Himalayas,
glaciers of, explored by Strachey, 1847.,
viii. 222 note
Kiipro, Caucasus, opening of route to,
iv. 248
Kuran river, W. Persia, the ancient
Pasitigris, i. 220
Kurayeeka river, Siberia, reached by
Wiggins and Seebohm, 1876., xxii. 102,
106, natives of, 108
Kurd Kabul pass, Afighanistan, xx. 242
Kurdistan, bad passes in, i. 288
Christians in, ix. 40
described by Taylor (1865.), ix. 36
explorations in, Taylor's, and discovery
of easy route through, (1868.),
xii. 302-5 ; Murchison on, xi. 222
maps of, referred to, Glascott's, i. 163,
Taylor's, xi. 98
source and course of the Lycus and
other rivers in, Taylor, 1867., xi. 97
Kurds of Armenia, geographical distribu
tion of, and history of the race of, Bryce
on, xxii. 171-2
Kurdoong pass, Kashmir, near Leh,
xviii. 113
Kuril Islands, and neighbourhood explored
by French and Russians, 1859., iii. 271
Kurin, capital of Mongolia, called Urga
by Russians, xiv. 248
Kurkh, Kurdistan, site of, Rawlinson on,
ix. 36, ruins and inscriptions at, ix. 36,
38
Kurmadan glacier, Karakorum, aspect of,
xviii. 115

Kurnafonlee river, Lushai district, India,
drainage area of, xvii. 43
Kurnali river (Upper) Nepal, our
ignorance of, Montgomerie on, xix. 344
Kurnul, Hyderabad dominion, India,
cotton district of, trade outlets for,
vii. 96
Kuro-Siwo, Black Stream or Gulf Stream
of Japan, x. 127
admiralty observations of, 1863., vii. 140
Collinson on, viii. 26
off Formosa, x. 127
Osborn on, xiii. 109
Swinhoe on, viii. 24
velocity and temperature of, xx. 412
Kurrachee or Karachi (q.v.), Sind, i. 161,
1 62 ; future of, as trade emporium,
Crawfurd on, viii. 21
Harbour and Bay described, xi. 24 ;
Murchison on, xi. 221
survey base at, i. 371
telegraph line from, to Gwadur, Gold
smid on, 1861-2., vii. 91, Walton on,
1863., vii. 117
tide-table for, published, 1870., xv. 284
trade of, xi.' 27
Kurreh Kol, C. Asia, lake at, x. 151
Kurtka, fortress, Russian Turkestan,
xiv. 224
Kurum Hopohagai, Siberia, " kitchen " at,
xxi. 214
Kurrun-Sai river, Pamirs, near Zak,
xxi. 125
Kuruman river, S. Africa, drying-up of,
ii. 159
Kurwat road, Mekran, geological forma
tion of hills along, vii. 92
Kushan, China, navigation of Y'angtsze
river at, iii. 167
Kushkana-tau, Russian Turkestan, recent
ruins near, xix. 428
Kusin Tazghun river, E. Turkestan,
course of, xx. 485
Kussonei, Saghalien, latitude of, xiii. 365
Kustendji, Roumania routes between and
the Danube, Spratt on, i. 94
Kutaif, El, Persian Gulf, visits of early
travellers to, viii. 102
Kutanie pass, see Kootenay
Kutanie river, N. America, course of, i. 265
passes leading to, iii. 123
Kutato river, W. Africa, affluents of,
xx. 322
Kutban-kul, C. Asia, called by Ujfalvy
lake Fedohenko, xxii. 340
Kutoh, Gulf of (see Cutch, Runn of),
tidai observations in, xix. 433
Kutemaldy river, Russian Turkestan,
course of, xviii. 251
Kiitha, Turkey in Asia, Rawlinson on,
xi. 157, 158
Kutighat, or Bhairava Langur (q.r.), Mt.,
Himalayas, ii. 107

176

KUT— LAC!

Kutighat or Kuti Pass, i. 349, 350,
ii. 108
Kutlung, Burmo-Chinese borders, Shan
village, xx. 235
Kutna, S. Australia, water-hole, x. 130
Kuvoi river, affluent of the Lualaba,
xx. 125
Kuzluk, W. Persia, leopards of, xvii., 194
Kverkfjoll, active volcano, Iceland, xx. 27
Kwa Hills, W. Africa, vi. 239
Kwaden Hoek, or Hakluyt's Headland,
Spitzbergen, ice near, ix. 166
Kwakasongo, C. Africa, chief of, xx. 311
Kwakwa, or Quilimane river (q.v.), E.
Africa, features of, xix. 143
Kwamkembe, E, Africa, xx. 75
Kwan-keaou-ho river, China, stone bridge
over, xiv. 169-70
Kwang-ning-shan Mts., Manchuria, see
Iwu Liui
Kwango river, or Ibari Nkuti, affluent of
Livingstone's Lualaba, xxii. 406
discovered by Livingtone, xxii. 404
Kwang-tung or Kwan-tung province,
S. China, i. 330
geological formation of, v. 239
Legge's journey up E. River in, 1861.,
vi. 166
Kwang-yin hill, Formosa, elevation and
aspect of, xi. 167, 168
Kwang-yuen, W.C. China, country near,
xiv. 176
Kwan-tung, Manchuria, busy traders of,
xvi. 209
Kwanza river, W. Africa, xx. 126, 320
Cameron's journey to, 317
Kwara, see Niger river
Kweeni river, feeder of Nile, xxii. 391
Kwei Chou, or Kwei Yang, China, climate
of, xx. 199
commerce of, xiv. 168
described by Margary, xx. 194
limit of navigation of the Yangtsze
river, in 1870., xiv. 236, 305
mountains and plains of, xx. 194, 196
pyramids in plain of, xx. 196
visited by Swinhoe, etc., xiv. 236, 237,
xv. 292
Kwei-ling, China, chief town of Kiang-si,
v.240
Kwei-ting-Hsien, city, China, Margary at,
1874., xx. 193
Kwich-pak, native name of Yukon river,
Alaska, xii. 187
Kwihara, Lake district, E. Africa, death
of Dillon near, 1873., xviii. 282
Kwikuruh, capital of Unyanyembe,
Cameron on, xx. 307
Kya river,' Nile region, source of, and
course, Kemp on, xix. 324
Kya Kya La (pass), Tibet, elevation of,
and glaciers near, xxi. 342
Kyangyung, Tibet, x. 166

Kyaring Cho (lake), Tibet, extent of, and
fresh water in, xxi. 337, feeders of, 338
Kyebi, capital of Akem, W. Africa,
xx. 475
Kyendwen, or Denai, river, Burmah,
affluent of the Irrawaddy, xiii. 247
Kylas, see Kailas
Kyonkdweng, gorge of the Irrawaddy,
Burma, xiv. 350
Kyt, or Kytch, Island, (see Misr er Rek),
White Nile, viii. 135, 143 ; Petherick at,
1857., and approximate geographical
position of, v. 32

La'ah, Wadi, S. Arabia, fertility of,
xviii. 200
Laba river, Caucasus, vi. 60
Labba torrent, Abyssinia, xiii. 220
Labele, W. Africa, vii. 105
Labelle rapids of Volta river, W. Africa,
Bonnat cited on, xxi. 475
Labong, Burmo-Chinese frontier, xix. 275
Lahore, Nile region, geographical position
determined by Mason Bey, 1877.,
xxii. 229
mountains near and natives of, xx. 51
 Mt., position of, xix. 324
Labouchere, Rt. Hon. H. H., on presenta
tion of gold medal of R.G.S. to A. C.
Gregory, 1857., i. 369
on Livingstone's official despatches and
on the help given him by the Portu
guese, i. 236
Labrador, admiralty surveys of, iv. 155,
xii. 196, 243, xix. 407, xx. 407,
xxi. 434
climate, geology, and people of, Latrobe
on, vii. 101
coast of, i. 419; between Blanc Sablon
Bay and Cape Harrison, Hamilton,
ix. 131
N.E., Chimmo's visit to, 1867., xii. 195
vapours on, their causes, v. 26
coast current of, i. 62, ix. 132 ; cold
wall of, xxi. 258
Hind's expedition to, viii. 50
ice along shores of, v. 66, xii. 195;
action of, ix. 256
ice-bergs of, iv. 105, 106
M'Clintock on, v. 64
proposed telegraph station at, v. 95
 to Lake Superior, geological forma
tion of district, ii. 293
Labuan Island, Borneo, i. 206
coal mines of, iii. 300
Labuka river, Borneo, sources of, ii. 347
Labul Mt., W. Africa, alleged sources of
the Faro river in, xxi. 491
Lacerda, Dr., Portuguese traveller in
Africa, i. 92, 239
ascent of the Zambesi by, 1798., ii. 316

LAC— LAI

177

Lacerda, Dr. — continued.
expedition to Cazembe, ib., xi. <235, 237
observations for positions by, referred to,
i. 245
travels of, translation announced,
xvii 20 ; value of, iv. 181
cited on the Pereira's journey to the
Cazembe, xi. 235
death of, on the Chungu river, xiv. 11
Lachine, on the St. Laurence river,
Canada, open in winter, xxi. 284
Lachlan river, N.S.Wales, affluent of the
Darling river, xiv. 289
early ideas on, ix. 226
explored by Oxley (1817.), xiv. 199
Lacopede Bay, S. Australia, physical
features of, xv. 266
La Crosse, Lake a la, Br. N. America, ii. 51
Ladakh, Kashmir
Expeditions to, from, and in,
Johnson's, to Ilchi, I860., Rawlinson,
on, xi. 6
Pundit's, 1868., Montgomerie on,
ii. 208
 , 1873., Trotter on, xii. 154,
xxi. 325
Schlagintweits', 1856., i. 273, ii. 299
gold-bearing region near, Shaw,
xiii. 193, xiv. 212
iron of, xiii. 189
plain of, elevation of, xiii. 13
people of, etc., xii. 164 et seq., Shaw on,
1872., xvi. 395
trade wares of, xii. 163
- — and Yarkand, region between, Shaw
on, xv. 175
¦  Mts., elevation of snow-line on,
xiii. 193
Ladenburg Island, Franz Josef Land,
xix. 33
Ladder Hill, St. Helena, temperature at,
iii. 364
Ladi, W. Africa, ruined town, visited by
May, 1857., iii. 312
Ladislaus [Magyar], travels of, in S.W.
Africa, i. 245-6
Lado, or Lardo, on the Nile, Gordon's
station at, 1875., xxi. 56
geographical position determined by
Mason, xxii. 229
mountains of, xviii. 139
Ladoga Lake, Russia in Europe, Hydro-
graphioal Survey of, A. Andreyeff,
1857., xiii. 375
Lady Alice, steamer on the V. Nyanza, see
Stauley
Lady Augusta, steamer up the Murray
river, Southern Australia, 1853., iv. 94
Lady Charlotte Water, S. Australia, xix. 53
Lady Franklin Bay, Arctic region,
believed to be a strait, xviii. 14
proposed settlement, of American
sailors at, (1878.), xxii. 337-8

Lady Franklin Strait, latitude of, xx. 60
Lafoozl river, W. coast of C. Africa,
bridge over, xix. 85
Lagar Flidt (river), Iceland, source and
course of, v. 82-3
Laghnat, N. Africa, elevation of, iv. 184
Lagoons, Valley of, in Queensland,
viii. 110, x. 33
climate of, 111, 113
Dalrymple's expedition to, (1863.),
viii. 110, and route to, x. 34, 51, 247
Lagos, W. Africa, bar of, ii. 229, vii. 107
Bedingfeld on, vii. 107
cotton from, Strickland on, vi. 52
needs of sanatorium at, Burton on, vi. 49
as outlet for C. African trade, Freeman
on, vi. 17
proposed communication from to Rabba,
i. 445, ii. 87
route to, from Lukoja, via Ibadan,
Baikie on, vi. 23
from Boussa, opened by May (1858.),
ii. 317
from the Niger-Benue confluence,
xxi. 486
 river, explored by Skene, (1856.),
i. 156
Lagulung pass, over inner Himalayan
range, elevation of, xix. 338
Laguna, on the Purvis river, Peruvian
steamers plying to Brazil from, (1866.),
x. 106
— — Bay, Queensland, latitude of,
xxi. 436
 Verde, Chilian Andes, level of, iv. 47
Lahauri, or Lahori, pass, Chitral, xiii. 133,
elevations near, xvi. 255
Lahej valley, fertile, though near the
coast, S. Arabia, xvi. 117, 119
Lahijan, Persia, iii. 391
Lahm Sicca, Sinaitic Peninsula, road of,
x. 159
Lahong, Lao States, visited by Schom
burgk, I860., v. 118
Lahore, Punjab, India, the Mirza Haidar
cited on, xx. 483
rainfall of, Xi. 64
Lahoul, or Lahaul, British province in
Kashmir region, graves of northern
invaders in, xvi. 402
trade exaction in, Rawlinson on, xiii. 1 1
valley of, Harcourt on, (1871.), xv. 336,
339 et seq.
Laing, A., on Livingstone and his boys,
xviii. 264
Laing, Major, journey of, to Falaba, W.
Africa, 1869., Reade on, xiv. 185
Laird, Macgregor, exploration of the
Niger by the Pleiad (1854.), i. 114,
155, 445
on the voyage of the Ma Robert up
the Zambesi, 1858., iii. 103
obituary notice of, 1861., v. 160

178

LAI— LAN

Laisia, Formosa, hill near, and Christian
colony at, xxi. 261
Lake, ancient, of Congo basin, Stanley on,
xxii. 406
 , a Boiling, Discovery of, in Dominica,
W. Indies, 1876., Preston, xx. 230
 a Freshwater, action of Surface cold
and heat on, Carpenter cited on,
xxi. 299
 near the Trucur river (S. Australia),
xv. 98, 99
 Pass, Rocky Mts., found by Pallisei's
expedition, 1858., iii. 123
 and river vegetation in Africa, Baker
on (see also Sudd, etc.), xx. 54
 of the Woods, Canada, described by
Palliser, 1856., ii. 46, proposed settle
ment of civilized Indians at, (1859.),
iv. 37
 district, geological formation of,
Seymour on, xx. 298
Lakes of Otago Province, N. Zealand,
McKerrow's survey of, (1864.),
viii. 47, 48
 with more than one outlet (Norway).
Blackwell on, viii. 110; ditto (Canada),
Hind and others on, viii. 50, 51, 52
 region of, in N.E. Australia (see
Lagoons), viii. 110-11
 the Swiss, and Swiss-Italian, varia
tions in level of, Chaix., xvii. 206
¦  near the Zambesi river, ii. 366
Lakhang, Tibet, Buddhist monastery of,
xiv. 208
La Kio or Ta Kio river, see Lan Tsan
La-ko-li river, Formosa, bamboo bridge
over, xvii. 147
saline waters of, 148, town, ib. .
Lak Tsung Mts., E. Turkestan, described
by Hayward, 1868., xiv. 44
Lalokie river, N. Guinea, xxii. 220
La-lung, Formosa, mountains near,
xvii. 147, woods near, 113
Lama Miao, see Dolon nor
 temples near Dolon nor, Bushell on,
xviii. 158-9
Lamansky, M., cited on Russian explora
tions in the Thian Shan region, etc.,
ii. 277, 280., and elsewhere, iii. 288
Esquisse Geographique du Bassin de la
Mer d'Aral, etc., (1858.), (abstract
translation), iii. 387
resignation from Secretaryship of
Imperial Geographical Society of
Russia, I860., iv. 199
La Marca river, Isthmus of Darien, gold
on, i. 78
Lamas of Tibet (see Kailas, etc.), xix. 331
Lamb, G. W., Notes on the Country at the
head of the Gulf of Carpentaria, 1856.,
title only, x. 248, abstraot, 325
Lambay Botel Island, near Formosa,
inhabited by Chinese, viii. 27

Lambert, Cape, W. Australia, x. 44
Lamboo, W. Africa, streams near, xix. 80
Lambri, or Sumatra, Thomson on, xx. 222
Lambton, Col., Trigonometrical Survey of
India by, 1803-23., i. 370
Lammansieri, N. Guinea, beauty of,
xix. 520
Lammay Island, or Little Lewkew, China
Sea, aspect of, x. 127
Lamont, J., on Spitzbergen, xvii. 104, as a
base for N. Polar exploration of 1865.,
ix. 154-6
his first expedition to same, unsuccess
ful, 1865., xvi. 85
proposed expedition, 1869., letter on,
xiii. 225
Murchison on, xiii. 224
progress of, xiii. 293 ; referred to, xxi.
552
Lamoo, or Lamu, E. Africa, Von Schickh
at, 1865., x. 97
war-scare at, 1875., xxii. 448
Lampasuk river, Borneo, source of, ii. 347
Lampoon, Siam, difficult travelling near,
v. 118
Lamprey, Dr. J., Notes of a journey to the
N.W. of Pekin, 1861., xi. 259
Lanai Island, Sandwich Group, xii. 306
Lancaster Sound, Arctic regions, i. 23
open water at mouth of, all the year
round, xiii. 375
whaling at, xiii. 372
Lan-chu, China, on the Yellow river,
position of, and routes to, xvi. 244 ; route
from, to Zaisan, found by Sosnofsky,
(1876.), xxi. 22
L'AneresBe Bay, Guernsey, cromlech at,
x. 338
Landak, or Landik, river, Borneo, i. 201,
ii. 346
"Landat" district of Dominica, W. Indies,
xx. 230
Landells, G. J., of the Victorian Camel
Expedition, v. 8
Lauder, R., explorations of in W. Africa,
1833., referred to, i. 310, ii. 99
first gold medallist R.G.S., 1831.,
vi. 185
Land Masses, On the Formation of the
Main, Duncan, xxii. 68
Landor, H., Notes on the Probable Condi
tion of the Interior of Australia, i. 31
Strzelecki on same, i. 34-5
Landsborough Creek, Queensland, vii. 83
 River, probably the Thomson, vi. 68
 Co., Station on Beans Brook,
xi. 45
Landsborough, W., x. 328, xii. 287
award to, 1863., vii. 120, 122
explorations of, in Australia —
early, references to, vi. 67, 68, vii. 14
1861., with search expedition for'
Burke and Wills, vi. 24', 68, 194

LAN— LAT

179

Landsborough, W*. — continued ,
Explorations of, in Australia — cont.
1861., despatchos on, vii. 3, routes,
4, 5, 6, 8, 10, finds good sheep
country, 8, deductions from his
success, 9, praise of, 15, 89
 official reports, vii. 36, 37, 38, 40
Paper on, vii. 83
results, vii. Ill, 112, 116, ix. 234;
Murchison on, vii, 173, 174, 175-
7, its one omission, 180
1865., Leichhardt search expedition,
x. 62 ; expedition to Port Denison,
viii. 212, ix. 226,230, x. 62
1867., exploration of Flinders river,
xii. 56
1868., exploration near Norman river
settlement, N. Australia, xiii. 52
Journey from Rockhampton to Port
Denison vid Bowen Downs, x. 62
on his expeditions —
to Albert river, vii. 40, 83
to mouths of Flinders river, xii. 56
near Norman river, xiii. 52
on scarcity of reptiles in Australia,
vii. 115, cited 111, ix. 301
on sheep-farming in tropical Queens
land, x. 248
on the suitability of Queensland for
colonization, vii. 115
cited on the Flinders river, ix. 303
¦  on the progress of Queensland,
x. 249
Land's End, England, dangers of, i. 422
Lane, — expedition up the Atrato and
Truando riyers, Colombia, S. America,
i. 63-4
Lang, Mt., Queensland, an extinot volcano,
viii. Ill, 112, 113
Langar, Pamir region, deserted condition
of, xv. 391
 Bulghar Akhund, Gobi Desert, ruins
of, xxi. 35
Lange, Daniel A., on the Suez Canal
Scheme, iii. 201, statement by, 203
Langoven, Spitzbergen, ix. 311
Lang-ping-hien, N. China, described by
Bushell, 1872., xviii. 166
Langshang, navigation of the Yang-tsze
river at, iii. 168
Lang-shwuy-ho, river, W.C. China, source
and course of, xiv. 172
Lang-tai, S.W. China, mountains near.
xx. 197
Langton Bay, N. America, ix. 129
Language of South Africa, Notes on,
Figaniere, viii. 105, errata, 157
Langur, see Deodanga
Lan-ho river, China, rise and course of,
xiv. 183
Lanji Lake (Lake Ulenge of Livingstone),
C. Africa, xx. 125
Lankar or Marseniik L4 (pass), Tibetan

borders, elevation of^ and crossing of,
by the Pundit, 1873., xxi. 326
Lankong, Plain of, Yunnan, S.W. China,
sulphur mines and hot springs of, xv. 164
Lansdowne, Marquis of, obituary notice of,
1863,, vii. 126
Lantsan, or Lan-San-Kiang, (see also
Mekong) river, Tibet, course of,
Cooper on, xiii. 393, xiv. 341, 342, 344
Goneah tribe on, xv. 168
Lanuto, Upolu Island, Navigator Group,
described by Forbes, xxi. 144
Lan-yang-hein, China, first breach in
Yellow river bank at, 1851., xiv. 21
Lao or Laos States (see Shan States), N.
and N.E. of Siam, Parkes on, (1855.,)
i. 13-14
Laoche or Laochia Pass, Himalayas, eleva
tion of, i. 273, xiii. 191
Lao-thie-shan Cape, Gulf of Pechili, N.E.
China, iii. 65
Lao-tsan river, S.W. China, and region,
xii. 338
Laou-Kai, last city in Tonquin, xix. 283
Laou-Yang, Manchuria, coal of, xiii. 30
La Paz, (Bolivia), astronomical observa'
tions at, i. 470
 Argentine Republic, xx. 500
La Perouse, monument to, in the Louvre,
iv. 116, massacre of his boat's crew at
Tutuila Island, xxi. 140, 145
 Strait, E. Asia, distance across,
xvi. 195
La Plata, provinces of, South America,
Parish's work on, about 1830., ix. 244
Laqua, on the Luanga river, Congo region,
xix. 97
Laquie, town, C. Africa, i. 75
Lar river, Persia, trout in, vi. 103
Larcom, Capt., travels of, in Turkestan,
xiii. 15
 Mt., Queensland, and other hills
near Port Curtis, i. 496
Laree Point, Evouga, or Grongo, Mada
gascar, xiv. 375
Largeau, V., expedition from the Medi
terranean to the Gold Coast, W. Africa,
1877., xxi. 474
Lariab, see Tampico
Larnach — , scheme for an expedition
to region of Great Australian Bight,
1865., ix. 76
Laroki, Manumanu or Lily river, N.
Guinea, course of. xx. 266
fertility of land near, xx. 332
tributaries of, xx. 268
Lash Juwain or Kokat district, Afghani
stan, xvii. 89
Lat Valley, Abyssinia, mountains near,
xii. 299
Latacunga, Ecuador, elevation, tempera
ture, and volcanic phenomena at,
xxi. 557

180

LAT— LEE

Latitude and Longitude, Omission of
Barometrical and other readings in
Sextant Observations for Determination
of, E. Dunkin, viii. 155
Latonga river, Upolu Island, Navigator
group, xxi. 143
Latooka dist., Nile region, and mountains
near, described by B iker, x. 11, 12
Latrobe, Rbv. P., on Labrador and Green
land, inhabitants of, and early Scandi
navian settlements in, vii. 101-2
Latrobe Mt., Victoria, Australia, named
by MiiUer, (1855.), i. 4
 river, Victoria, Australia, i. 3
Laube, Dr., of the German N. Polar
expedition 1869., xv. 102 et seq.
Laughton — , on Oceanic currents, xv. 91
Laur river, see Heraz
Laura Valley Persia, mountains of, iii. 5, 6
Laurel Hill, Mt. Hood, Oregon, xi. S L
Laurentide Mts., N. America, extent of,
and geological formation, Hector on,
xx. 300
Laurie, R. H., obituary notice of, 1859.,
iii. 258
Laurijan district, Persia, iii. 4
Lauture, Comte d'Bscayrac de,
Memoire sur le Soudan, reviewed, ii. 220
Nile expedition of, 1856-7., i. 157, 300
 — — proposed, i. 503, abandoned,
Twyford on, 508
Lau-Ye-Miau, on the Yellow river, China,
described by Elias, xiv. 26-7
Lava Beds, California, Modoc battle at,
xix. 299, site described by Simpson,
301
Laval, see Yule Island
Lavoro or Ora river of S.E. Africa, see
Inyarhime
Lavradio, Count, founder of Lisbon Geo
graphical Society, 1867., xii. 15
on Livingstone's Zambesi expedition,
ii. 119
on Portuguese exploration in Africa,
i. 237-9
death of, 1870., Murchison on, xiv. 313
Lawas river, Borneo, cave-dwelling
Peman tribe of, xvi. 176 •
Lawes, Rev. — , letters from N. Guinea,
1876., xx. 354-6
river near Hood Point discovered by,
1876., xxi. 460
Lawrence, O. W., Journey from Kijoto to
Yedo (Japan) by the Nakasenlo road,
1872., xvii. 80
 -,  , and E. Satow, travels of, in
Japan, (before 1874.), xviii. 236
¦  , Hon. A., obituary notice of, 1856.,
i. 125
 , Lord (Sir John), on Badakshan
and Wakhan, and on Russian advance
on India, xvii. 1 15
on E. Turkestan, and the same, xx. 492

Lawson, Mr., on African natives and Euro
pean travellers, x. 118
Lawson Creek, C. Australia, latitude of
and water near, vi. 9-10
 Mt., Kibanga, Equatorial Africa,
named by Stanley, xxii. 394
 river, affluent of Livingstone's
Lualabi, xxii. 406
Lay, H., on China, its resources and rebel
lions, vii. 31
on revenue collection at the Chinese
treaty ports, vii. 32
on Russian activity in C. Asia, xi. 163
Layard, A. H., on Susa, and Southern
Persia, i. 293-6
travels in Persia referred to, i. 288-9
Leach, Lieut., of Brown's Vancouver
expedition, 1864., ix. 306 et seq.
Leach river, Vancouver, affluent of the
Sooke river, ix. 307
Leahy, "E., Visit to the ruins of Sizicus,
Asiatic Turkey, 1857., ii. 376
Leake, — , on Forrest's Australian expedi
tion of 1874., xix. 316-7, and others,
488-9
 Lt.-Col. W. M , obituary notice of
I860., iv. 130
Leal, Fernando da Costa, obituary notice,
of, 1873., xvii. 241
 , Jose' da Silva Mendes, Hon. Corre
sponding Member of R.G.S., 1864.,
viii. 44
Leambye, Leeainbye, Liambai, Liambeji,
or Zambesi river, S. Africa, i. 159, 240
affluents of, i. 245, ii. 354, xx. 125-6 •
channels of, iii. 103
latitude of, f. 6, probably the Zambesi,
7, 11 ,
Livingstone's explorations of, i. 233,
and identification with the Upper
Zambesi, xx. 440 ; its source, ib.
Leared, Dr., on Morocco, xxi. 611
Leather Pass (see also Yellow Head Pass),
Rocky Mts., advantages of, xii. 122
exploration via, by Earl Milton and Dr.
Cheadle, 1862., ix. 17
Lebanon Mts., Syria, Cedars district of,
explored by Washington and others,
I860., v. 171
highest summits, v. 171, 172
journeys to, etc., Porter, i. 7
Lebianoi Cape, Nova Zembla, sea-bottom
near, ix. 171., current near, 172
Lechuiatile, chief of a tribe on Lake
Ngami, S. Africa, I860., v. 18
Lecky, Lt., r.n.r., explorations of, in the
E. Pacific Ocean, 1874., xviii. 540
Ledja, see Leja
Ledovit Sea, Siberia, tribes near, xxi. 215
Lee, Dr. J., obituary notice, 1866., x. 212
 , Mr., hunter, S. Africa, xv. 152
Leeba river, S. C. Africa, latitude of
confluence with Leambye river, i. 6

LEE— LEI

181

Leeuwin or Lewin, Cape, S.W. Australia,
ii. 210
admiralty survey near, xx. 408, xxi. 435
mail route via, i, 81, vi. 199
river near, i, 31
Leewumbu river, E. Afrioa (see Shi-
meeyu) —
in relation to the Nile, xxii. 386
southern feeder of Victoria Nyanza,
Stanley on, xx. 137, fight with natives
near, 138-140
various names of, xx. 142
Lefevre, G. S., on the telegraph route
to Baghdad and proposed extension to
India, v. 222-3
Lefroy, H. M., explorations in interior of
W. Australia, 1863., viii. 45, ix. 112,
xii. 290, xiv. 204-5, 206
 , Gen., on an American Antarctic
expedition under Wilkes, xiii. 121 .
on artificial divisions of Australia, etc.,
xiv, 204
on H. M. Lefroy's W. Australian
explorations, viii. 46, xiv. 204-5
on Punchbowl Lake, Rocky Mts. with
two outlets, viii. 52
on routes aoross N. America, i. 265, and
trade, 266
- — , Lieut., bringing news of Dr. Baikie's
settlements on the Niger, 1862., vii. 67
Lefroy Lake, W. Australia, ix. 112
 Ml, W. Australia, xiv. 204
Legean and Peney, explorations towards
the Nile Sources, I860., v. 210
Legendre Island, off W. Australian coast,
x. 47
Leh, or L^, Ladak,
elevation of, xvii. 197
expeditions to and from —
Cayley's, 1868., xiii. 202
Hay ward's, 1868, xiv. 40, 41 et seq.
Johnson's, 1865, xi. 6
Pundit Nain Singh's, 1873-4, xxi. 325
Schlagintweit's, (1857.), i. 276, 277,
iii. 144
meteorological observations taken at, by
W. H. Johnson, remarks by Mont
gomerie, xvii. 197
monastery at, origin of; xvi. 402
plan of, made by Schlagintweit, i. 277
and its trade, Forsyth on, xiii. 12
to Yarkand, routes from, Hayward on,
xiv. 41
Leichhardt, Dr. Ludwig, awarded Foun
der's Gold Medal of R.G.S., 1846.,
vii. 16, 37, 82, 86, 169, ix. 229, x. 85,
xvi. 295, xix. 41
early expedition of, in N. Australia,
1846,, i. 497, iii. 30, 333-334, iv. 82,
83, vii. 9, and others, 15, 16, viii. Ill ,
112,118, 121, ix. 229, x. 59, 85, results,
325-6, xii. 140-1, 295
expedition of 1847-8., (proposed) route

Leichhardt, Dr. Ludwig^-co»rin»e<l
for, i. 325-6-7, 502, (announced and
probable) route, iii, 21, 23, 25, 33, and
special object, ix. 75, xii. 291, its loss
a loss to science, 297
fate of, i. 323, ii. 29, iii. 30, 34, 337,
x. 154, xii. 287, 292, xix. 56
expeditions in search of, Clarke, iii. 87,
91
Proposed Search for, S. Sidney,
i. 322 ; comments on same, i. 325-
6-7-8
Forrest's, 1869., xiv. 190-5, 322, xix.
482, 488
Gregory's, 1858., iii. 18, 46, 87, 91,
ix. 231-2, x. 59
Holy's, 1852., iii. 87, x. 59
" Leichhardt Search Expedition "
organised by Dr. Mueller, 1865.,
ix. 231-2, 300-5, x. 5, 58, 60, 61, 85,
252, death of leader (Maolntyre),
xi. 5, last letter from, 42, 44, 226,
his successor, xi. 6
traces (supposed) found by various
expeditions, i. 11, iii. 333, vi. 7,
11, 12, vii. 7, ix. 303, 304, x. 59,
.60, xi. 43
cited on auriferous probabilities of
the Kirchner range, Queensland,
Australia, xviii. 87
 on climate of Gulf of Carpen
taria, i. 83-5, and fertility of its coast,
i. 327, iii. 90
 on coast ranges of North Australia,
ii. 214, iv. 95
 on district of Adelaide river,
N.W. Aust., vii. 82
 on elevation of N. Australian
tableland, i. 230
 ou ganyahs of aborigines, xiii. 54
 on geology of Australia, xii. 140,
141, 143, 144
 on Roper river and others, vii. 86,
xii. 201
last letter from, iii. 87
name given by, to mouth of Norman
river, xiii. 52
praises of, vii. 86, x. 328, xiv. 203
Leichhardt District, N. Queensland, fine
grazing-land in, x. 62
 Mt., Queensland, Australia, i. 4
 river (the Roper), i. 367-8, 493-4,
497, vii. 41, x. 326, xi. 226, xii. 56
country near, vii. 83, xi. 42, natives of,
43-4-5
death of F. Walker near, 1866., xii. 54
outflow of, vii. 85
 Station, Burdekin river, Queensland,
latitude of, vii. 2
Leiohhardt's Basaltic Tableland, Queens
land, vii. 13
Leidy Cape, Arotic regions, fossils at,
ix. 185

182

LEI— LHA

Leinonosaki, Japan, described, vi, 204
Leitner, Dr., explorations in Dardistan,
1873., xvii. 287
on Sohlagintweit's and on Forsyth's
journeys to Yarkand, 1873.,
xviii. 116
Leja or El Lejah or Ledja district, Syria,
(see Hauran), xvi. 105
archaeological remains in, Eaton on,
viii. 30-1
geological features of, ii. 173
volcanic hills of, xvii. 328
¦  , Wady, Sinaitic Peninsula, xiii. 209
Lejean, — , expedition up White Nile,
i860., v. 210; do., 1861., unsuccessful,
vi. 18
Leijiin or Legio, Syria, probably Megiddo,
ii. 226
Lemm, Russian mathematician, observa
tions of, in Persia, vii. 159
Lemon, Sir Charles, obituary notice of,
1S68., xii. 233
Lena river, Siberia, district between it
and the Vitima river explored, i. 433
Chekanoffsky's expedition to (1875. and
previous), xxi. 448 et seq. ; his voyage
down, 1875,, xx. 417-8
ice barrier east and west of, i. 29
mammoth found in ice at, x. 234
Lenha, Punto de, on the Congo river,
factories at, iv. 71
river navigable for war-ships up to.
iv. 67
Lenz, Dr. O, African explorations of,
xxi. 472, xxii. IS
Leocadie Islands, off the Coast of New
Guinea, friendly natives at, xxi. 359
Leon, Lake, C. America, in relation to
the proposed Canal, i. 90
 , Pere B. P., cited on the countries
near the Nile Sources, iii. 209
Leonora, Mt., and other hills, Western
% Australia, xiv. 193
Leopold, Port, Arctic regions, bird life of,
i. 53
Ross's ships at, 1849., i. 22
traces of his expedition at, xviii. 16
Leo-Porgyal Peak, Trans-Himalayas,
xiii. 194
Leo-tong, or Leo-tung, or Liao tung,
Gulf of, N. China, iii. 80
currents in, how promoted, iii. 65
Mickie on, (1859.), iv. 58
Palladius on, xvi. 210
Russian frontier close to (I860.), iv. 60
trade of, ii. 203
Lepreux, L'ile des, New Hebrides, de
scribed by Bougainville, 1768., xvi. 389
Lepsius, cited on wool in ancient Egypt,
viii. 121
Lesefa, L. Nyassa, effect of first sight of
Young's steamer on slavers of,
xxi. 229

Lesghi tribes of the Eastern Caucasus
JJode on, iv. 91, 245
Leslie, G. F., remarks on mail routes
between Australia and England, i. 86
Lesseps.M. F. de (see also Houghton), ex
pedition sent by to Panama, 1876.,
xxii. 368
on interoceanic canals, C. American
and Egyptian, 1856., i. 67
on the Suez Canal, i, 160; memoir to
.Said Pasha on same, iii. 186, proposed
lines to be followed, 187, 188; Pirn's
objections, iii. 188 et seq. ; Rennie's
comments, iii. 197
on the White Nile, i. 447
Lessoe-vcerks-vand, Lake, Norway, its
two outlets, Blackwell on, viii. 110
Lesson Island, Eastern New Guinea,
volcano and inhabitants of, xix. 234
Lesungue river, Lake Nyassa, cotton
along, xii. 89
Leuchtenberg, H.I.H. the Duke of, at
meeting of R.G.S., 1867., xi. 252
Leu-cung Island, near Wei-hai-wei, N.
China, iii. 59
Leu-ho river, S. China, xiv. 183, rise and
course of, i84-5
Levant, Englich and French surveys of,
maximum depth of basin of, i. 405
Levi, Prof. Leone, On the Geography
and Resources of Paraguay, xviii. 117
Leviebu river, South Africa, fertile coun
try of sandstone formation near,
xvi. 95
Le Verrier's researches on the measure
ment of arcs, results of, 1854., xv. 300
Levuka Harbour, Fiji, xxi. 144
Lewin, Lt. T. H., Hill-Trip on the Borders
of Arracan, etc., 1865-6., xi. 52
Lewis, Mr., of Warburton's expedition in
Western interior of Australia, 1874.,
xix. 42
 , Rt. Hon. Sir George Cornewall,M.p.,
obituary of, 1863., vii. 128
Lew-she-kow, town and river, China,
xiv. 174
Leycester, Lt., cited on Santorin Island,
x. 120, 229-30
Leydenburg, S. Africa, free territory of,
Bafedis in, x. 173
and gold fields, Fynney on. xxii. 121
healthy plateau of, xix. 117
latitude and longitude of, xiii. 320
rivers rising near, xix. 117
Lhasa or Lhassa, Tibet,
big black dogs of, xiii. 188
Dalai Lama of, xix. 331, in 1811., 337
described by the Pundit, xii. 159
elevation of, xxi. 339, do. (and latitude),
Montgomerie on, xii. 172, Pundit on,
xii. 152, fixed by him, xix. 338
Hue and Gabet at, 1846., xix. 337,
others, 328

LHA— LIM

183

Lhasa or Lhassa, Tibet — continued.
Manning's visit, 1812., xix. 328, 335,
xxi. 346
Pandit's route survey to, from Nepal,
xii. 146, xxi. 325
Nepalese traders at, xii. 338
reason for the exclusion of Europeans
from, xxi. 349
routes from, to Pekin, described, xxi. 340
route to, over the Himalayas, i. 348 ;
xix. 284
silver hill near, xii. 164
 river, affluents of, xxi. 339
Pundit's journey up, 1865., xii. 152
Lhung Nakdo plain, Tibet, elevation
and beauty of, xxi. 335
Chahgpa natives of, xxi. 334
Liagrane (Lenkorane) on the Caspian,
Pazukhin at, 1672., xxi. 221
Liakow Islands, New Siberia Is., lati
tude of, and mammoth tusks found at,
x. 234, xvi. 238
Liambanji river, Cent. Africa, affluent of
the Lualaba, xx. 125
Liambeji river, see Zambesi
Liang-kha, Formosa, rapids near, xi. 171
Liang-wu, China, described, xiii. 173
Lian-Yang, S. Manchuria, cotton of,
xiii. 30, description of, 27, geographical
position, ib.
Liao-ho or Liau-ho river, S. Manchuria,
xvi. 210, rise and course of, xiii. 27,
cultivation along, vii. 26
Liauho river, Mauchuria, new port on,
vii. 26
Liau-tung district, Manchuria, Palladius
on, xvi. 210 ; see Leo-tong
Libebe, South Afrioa, probably wrongly
mapped, iv. 64
Liberia, W. Africa, Dr. Delany's travels
in, about 1858., iv. 218
coast explored by Commr. Lynch, i. 156
geological formations in, iv. 219
Liberian expeditions into Africa (Sey
mour and Ash, etc.) about I860.,
iv. 184, v. 210-11
Library Regulations of R.G.S., viii. 22
Libyan Desert, N. Africa, geological for
mation of, iii. 181 ; oasis in, xix. 4
Lichfield, Bishop of (G. A. Selwyn), on
the Islands of the Eastern Pacific, and
their dialects, xvi. 393
 , Dean of, on the missionary labours
of Bishop Crowther, xxi. 497
Lidgbird Mt., Lord Howe Island, eleva
tion of, xxii. 136
Liebde Bay, Spitzbergen, Swedish ex
pedition at, 1868., xiii. 157, geology of,
xiii. 158
Liebig, Mt. (of Giles), McDonnell Ranges,
C. Australia, xix. 51
Liemba, Lake, S.C. Africa, Livingstone
pn, 1868., xiv. 8, 10

Liende river, S.C. Africa, affluent of the
Rovuina river, Livingstone on, 1862.,
vii. 53
Lien-p'eng or Pu-p'eng, S.W. China,
road from, described by Margary, 1874.,
xx. 205
Lifeboat cove, Arctic regions, where the
Polaris was run ashore, xxi. 275
Li-fan-fu, Mantzu village, W. China,
visited by Gill, 1877., xxii. 261
Lifu Island, E. Pacific, a mere reef,
xvi. 394
 , Mt., L. Nyassa, xxii. 238
Lifugwee, Lake, S. Africa, described by
Erskine, xiii. 323
Lightning Channel, N. of the Shetland
Islands, depth and temperature of,
Carpenter on, xxi. 290
 river, or creek, B. Columbia, benches
of, Begbie on, xv. 134, level of, 135, 144
Liguria, Italy, French maps of coast of,
iv. 201
Lihou, Capt., on the navigation of Torres
Straits in winter, i. 81
Li-kiang, Li-kiang-foo, Hochin, or Hokin,
Yunnan, S.W. China, Cooper on,
xii. 338, 343, in the Mahommedan
rising, 1854., xv. 167
plains of, marble quarries in, xv. 164
scheme for railway via, xix. 284
Likomo Island, L. Nyassa, coast near,
xxi. 229, great depth near, 232
Likone river, C. Africa, a perennial
stream, vi. 32
Likow, town, Formosa, described, xi. 170
Likwa, or Rukwa, Lake, E. Africa, river
draining, xix. 253, and feeding, 138,
intermittent connection of, with L.
Tanganyika, 142
Lila river, affluent of Lualaba, xx. 125
Lilley, Mt., N. Queensland, xviii. 93
Lillie Island, near N. Guinea, xxii. 220
Lilloet, Br. Columbia, benches of the
Fraser river at, xiii. 147, xv. 133, 135,
138-9
elevation of, xv. 144
Lilumbay river, W. Africa, affluent of the
Ogowe river, de Brazza cited on,
xxii. 13
Lily, schooner, used in Landsborough's
exploration of the Gulf of Carpentaria,
xii. 56-7, xiii. 52-3
Lima, Peru, astronomical observations at,
i. 470
extent of, viii. 60
temperature of, xii. 318
Limba, district, W. Africa, xvii. 120
Liman river, E. Siberia, xiii. 366
Limay, river, Patagonia, depth, and rapid
stream of, xv. 48
Cox's descent of, viii. 160
Limba, W. Africa,
Fulbe natives in, xxi. 494

184

LIM— LIT

Limba, W. Africa — continued.
turbulent inhabitants of, xiv. 185,
xvii. 128
Limbong or Limbang river, Borneo,
xvi. 172
ascent of, by de Crespigny, 1857.,
ii. 342 ; map of, sent by him, ib.
tribes along, xvi. 176
Limbong Batu, Borneo, geological for
mation near, ii. 345
Limestone Range, C. Asia, trend of, Shaw
on, xv. 178-80
Liminin Bight river, N. Australia, i. 492
Limited Submarine areas, Thermal Con
ditions of, Carpenter on, xxi. 315
Lira Kee Pan or Limkepo, Formosa,
elevation of, Corner on, xxii. 55
Limmat river, Switzerland, volume of,
xvii. 205
Limnimetric and other Observations in
Switzerland, 1871., Prof. P. Chaix,
xvii. 204
Limpopo or Inhampura river, S. Africa,
cataracts of, xvi. 92
country near, Wilkinson on, xiii. 134
explorations and expeditions in re
gion of —
Baines', 1868., xv. 147
Elton's, 1870., xvi. 89
Erskine's, 1868., xiii. 318, 320,
Mann on, xiii. 339, xvii. 297,
xix. 110,117,119
Vardon's, i. 246
gold along, xii. 269, and near, xv. 147
 bearing affluents of, xv. 152
¦many names of, xiii. 328
Notes on, Dr. Way, iii. 375
true mouth of, found by Erskine, 1868.,
xiii. 318, latitude of, 334, letter on
from Erskine, 340
tsetse fly of, xii. 271, xvi. 96
Linant Bey (Pasha), made Hon. Corr.
Member of R.G.S., 1863., viii. 43
proposition for Suez Canal, 1846.,
iii. 184-6
murder of, 1875., xx. 53
Lincoln, or Iki, Lake, C. Africa, xvi. 435,
438, xvii. 12, 14, 71, xx. 124, 312
how formed, Livingstone on, xviii. 265
named by him, xvii. 68, xviii. 265
Lincoln, Port, fine harbour of great size,
S. Australia, iv. 78
admiralty survey, xvii. 257, xviii. 539
anticipated nature of country near,
ii. 29, 192
Linda river, Iceland, xx. 27
Lindesnaes, Norway, sea and air tempera
ture off, v. 232
Lindi Harbour, E. Africa, xxi. 589
•  river, E. Africa, ii. 54
Lindi river, affluent of Lualaba, xx. 125
Lindsay, H., on Corea, etc,, 1859.,
iv, 59

Lindsay, W. S., and the N.Australian ex-
pedition of 1856., i. 172
Lines of Magnetic Force over the globe,
Evans, xxii. 196
Linga river, Borneo, course of, i. 201
Lingah, Land journey along shores of
Persian Gulf from Bushire to, Colvill,
(1866.), xi. 36
Visit to Port of, Pelly, 1863., viii. 265
ruler of, viii. 18
Lingzi Thang or Thung, Plains, E.
Turkestan,
elevation of, Forsyth on, xv. 23
 Frazer on, xviii. 112
•  • and description, Hayward, xiv. 44
the Pundit's journey over, 1865.,
xxi. 328
watershed of C. and S. Asia, Shaw on,
xv. 178
Link, Dr. (see Decken's last journey), death
of, in Africa, Playfair, 1866., x. 109-111
Linnean Society, reply from, on proposed
N. Polar Expedition, 1865., ix. 156
Linyanti river, S. Africa, i. 244
game near, i. 241
Livingstone meets Portuguese explorers
at, 1842., iii. 363
 on the slave trade at, 1853.,
xviii. 504-5
¦  quits, 1855., i. 233
Missionaries at, failure of, v. 129
Lipalule river or Elephant's River, S.
Africa, affluent of the Limpopo,
xvi. 95, 96
latitude of confluence with Limpopo,
fixed by Erskine, xiii. 321-2, 330, xix.
130
Lipari Isles, Mediterranean, French map
of, referred to, (I860.), iv. 201
Lirima peak, Peru, elevation of, xii. 127
Lisbon, Geographical Society founded at,
1867., by Count Lavradio, xii. 15, xx. 447
Lisewa, L. Nyassa, position of, Cotjerill on,
xxii. 242
Lithang, Chino-Tibetan station and lama
sery, country described by Cooper,
xiv. 337-8
elevation and rainy climate of, Gill on,
xxii. 267
Li-tsin, China, district near the Yellow
river, xiv. 25
Little Ferro, Arctic regions, latitude of,
ix. 176 (note)
¦  Fork Pass, Rooky Mts., found by
Palliser's expedition, 1858., iii. 123
 Hinghan Mts., E. Siberia, scenery of,
xiii. 368
 Horvish Island, Red Sea, wreck of
the P. and O.S. Alma on, 1859., v. 159
 Luta Nzige, Salt Lake, E.C. Africa,
Speke on, vii. 220
 , Mt., N. Queensland, the Flinders
ver Tip,ar vii. 83

LIT— LIY

185

Little Scaroies river, W. Africa, in winter,
xvii. 123
Littleton or Littelton Island, Arctic
regions,
depot of Arotic expedition of 1875.,
xx, 60
ioo at and beyond, ix. 182, xxi. 278
surveys near, I860., Hayes on, ix. 186
Liuche' river, affluent of L. Tanganyika,
xxii. 397
Liverpool river, N. Australia,
admiralty survey, xi. 196
advantages of, xii. 262
Malay fishing station at mouth of,
ii. 12
navigability of, xii. 202
suited for settlement, viii. 121, xii. 262
Livihgstono, C, ii. 83
on the Batoka country (1861.), vi. 32
Discovery of a new Channel through
the Forcados river to the Town of
Warre, 1869., xiv. 167
Letters to and from Gov. Pope Hennessy
on Dr. Livingstone, 1872., xvii. 132-3
obituary notice, 1874., xviii. 512
Livingstone, Dr. David, (see also Kirk,
Livingstone Search Expeditions, Stan
ley, Young, etc.)
roturn and welcome, 1856., i. 233, and
presentation with gold medal of
R.G.S., i. 235-6
presented with gold medal by the Geo
graphical Societv of Franoe, 1857.,
i. 422
awarded gold medal by the King of
Italy, 1873., xvii. 323
 pension from the Civil List, 1873.,
xvii. 323-4
 government aid, xiv. 276, 334,
pension and grant to his family, 1874.,
xviii. 408
alleged death of, 1864., viii. 44
 .  , 1866., xi. Ill, Despatches
and letters relating to, Seward and
Kirk, xi. 124-144; Discussion on,
xi. 144-148
 , 1867., xi. 154-155, 197, and
hopes of safety, 1866., x. 133^4,
xii. 20, 25, 49-51, 63, 76-7, 79,
xiii. 298, xiv. 329, xv. 6, 115, 206, 309,
335, xvi. 379
 , 1873, xviii. 145
 and Stanley's search for, 1871-
2., xvi. 102-3, 225, 373, found by
Stanley, xvi. 416
astronomical observations of, i. 44, 93,
159, 268, 450, xvii. 56, 67, 159-60
 on L. Tanganyika, xix. 249
erroneous views as to the Nile, xxii. 155
expeditions and journeys of—
from Cassange", 1855., i. 11; at Loanda,
i. 159, 248-9

Livingstone, Dr. David — continued.
expeditions and journeys of — continued.
discovers the Casai river, i. 311
Zambesi expedition, 1858., i. 451,
ii. 82, 118 et seq. ; letter from
R.G.S. to the Government on,
ii. 161, 316; 1859., iii. 312, iv.
19; political importance of, to S.
Africa, iv. 29 ; I860., letter on these
journeys, v. 128; announcement of
return, 1864, viii. 154
  ¦ and others, reviewed,
ix. 253
explorations of Lakes Nyasa and
Shirwa, 1859., iv. 87, 181
expedition up the Rovuma river, I860.,
v. 128, 131, 209, 224, 1861., vi. 20,
176, 1862., letter on, vii. 52, Kirk
on, ix. 284, 288, 1865., x. 263, letter
on, xi. 4, 124
exploration of the Upper Congo, Behm
on (1871.), xvii. 21
 plans for, 1872., xvii. 13
objects and results of his African
journeys, xxi. 12, 13
letters from, on his journeys —
on his Congo journey, 1855., i. 6, 92
on the navigation of the Zambesi,
1859., iii. 99, iv. 19
on the exploration of Lake Nyassa,
I860., iv. 87, vi. 20 ; 1861., vii. 18
on the exploration of Lake Shirwa,
iv. 177, 181 ,
on the exploration of the Rovuma
river, 1861., vi. 20 ; 1863., vii. 51-2
on his Zambesi explorations, 1863.,
viii. 256
on his other African journeys, 1866.,
xi. 15; 1867., xiii. 8; 1868., xii.
175-8, 182, xiv. 8, 12, 13, 38
brought by Stanley, 1872., xvi. 429
to Earl Granville, 1872, xvi. 437
to Sir Bartle Frere, 1872., xvi. 440
to Sir R. Murchison, 1872., xvi. 433
to Sir T. Maclear, xvii. 67
to Braithwaite, xviii. 278.
letters from, on —
drying up of streams in S. Africa,
ii. 159, ix. 107
his financial position, xviii. 279
fossil bones in S. Africa, ii. 159-60
Lake Nyassa and other African
waters, ix. 8-10
his meeting with Stanley, xvii. 72
Moffat's journey in Bushmanland and
Namaqualand, ii. 77
native accounts of a great Lake in
the interior of Africa, ii. 57-8
Ptolemy's knowledge of C. Africa,
xviii. 256
the Quilimane and Zambesi (and
other) rivers, i. 315-19
his proposed Zambesi expedition.

186

LIV— LOA

Livingstone, Dr. David — continued.
letters from — continued.
ii. 100, 125, 161, on the navigation
of this river and on tho Shire river,
etc., iv. 19
letters on him and his affairs,
1870., Churchill, xv. 115
1871., Kirk, xv. 206
1K72, Kirk (Stanley's search for),
xvi. 102, 225
1872., Pope Hennessy, xvii. 132
Portuguese help to, acknowledged,
i. 236-7, ii. 119-20
summaries of his progress, various
sources, iii. 312, iv. 177, 181-2, 250,
v. 18, 208, vi. 175, vii. 199, ix. 4, 5,
249, 264, x. 5, 262-3, xi. 4, 197,
xii. 174, 180-1, 280-4, xiii. 5, 25, 29S,
xiv. 38-9, 329, xv. 6, 115, 206-7, 309,
335, xvi. 88, 102, 369, 410, xvii. 9,
298 : summary of his discoveries, 249 ;
xviii. 6, 110-11
death of, reported and confirmed, 1874.,
xviii. 131, 145, 149, 176, letters and
despatches on, etc., xviii. 1S0-1, 182,
221, xix. 10, 11, 103, xx. 308,
Majwara's account of, 244, place of,
182, 246, xix. 1 1 ; offer of funeral in
Westminster Abbey made by Dean
Stanley, xviii. 183
arrival of body at Southampton, xviii.
446, examination and verification of
same, 447
funeral of, in Westminster Abbey,
arrangements for, xviii. 243 ; Report to
Council of R.G.S. on, xviii. 445-6,
cost of, 449-50, mourners at, 450
obituary notice of, 1874., xviii. 497
last journals of, published, 1875., xix.
451
family of, pensioned, xviii. 176, 408
Livingstone fellowship in Geography
proposed, xviii. 452
Livingstone's followers, a correction,
Rawlinson, xx. 183-4 ; medals presented
to, 1875., xix. 458
Livingstone, Mrs., grave of, at Shupanga,
xviii. 509, xxii. 234
 T. S., eldest son of David Living
stone, xvii. 324, xviii. 254
 W. Oswell, another son of the above,
joins' expedition in relief of his father,
1872., xvi. 161
instructions of Lt. Henn to, on transfer
ring command of said expedition to
him, xvi. 422
Livingstone Search Expeditions (see also
Stanley) —
Congo or West Coast Expedition,
initiation of, 1872., xvii. 12, 13
preparation for, xvii. 35
departure of, 1872., xvii. 56
progress of, xvii. 156, xjx. 1}

Livingstone Search Expeditions — cont.
Congo or West Coast Expedition — eont,
progress of, 1873., xviii. 9; letter
from Lieutenant Grandy on, xvii.
324
results geographical and otherwise,
xviii. 576
vote of thanks to Young for aid to,
xvii. 33, xviii. Ill
East Coast Expedition, under Cameron,
preparations for, xvii. 36
letters from Cameron on progress of,
1873., xvii. 334-7, xviii. 69-74, 176
et seq., 468, xix. 75
progress of, xvii. 56, 169, 303, xviii. 9
xix. 10, 136 et seq. ^ .
results, geographical, of, xviii. 576
Royal Geographical Society's (proposed)
Expedition, 1867., xi. 154, 245
address to Government, 1867. re
specting, xi. 154
announced by Murchison, xi. 161, 199
Petherick on, xi. 245-6
President on proceedings of, xii. 25
progress of, Back? on, xii. 76
results of, Murchison on, xii. 280
Rawlinson ou, xvi. 410
Livingstone Mts., Lake Nyassa, magnifi
cent formsandelevationof,xxi. 230, lofty
peak in, 231 ; (or Konde Mts.), xxii. 243
Livingstonia, Lake Nyassa, education of
natives at, xxii. 250
missionary settlement of, xxii. 17
 Harbour, xxii. 235
Livisi, river, E. Africa, Cotterill on,
xxii. 237
Lizard Island, X. Queensland, geological
formation of, xii. 143
Llanganati Mts., Ecuador, S. America,
rivers flowing by, into the Pastassa
river, xxi. 557
said to be auriferous, iii. 94
Llano Blanco Pass, Andes Mts., railway
tunnel piercing, xvii. 63
Llanquilhue Lake, Chile, S. America,
crossed by Cox, 1862., viii. 160
Lloyd, Mr., on the Trans-Andean railway,
xvii. 66
 , Rev. W. V., Notes on the Russian
Harbours of Possiette, Wladiwostock,
Xakhodka, and Olga Bay, coast of
Manchuria, 1866., xi. 253, 255
Loa river, southern boundary of Peru,
xii. 127
Loanda, W. Africa, ix. 9
aspect of country near, i. 243'
cotton of, iv. 67
latitude of, i. 56
Livingstone at, i. 6, 159, 233, 315
trade with Bembe, xix. 83
Loando mouths of the Zambesi, Portu
guese customs-houses established at,
iv,23

LOA— LOI

187

Loangaa or Loangwa river, S, Africa
alternative names of, i. 245, v. 128
connection of with other rivers, i. 240
courses of, viii. 257
crossed by Livingstone, 1867., xii. 176
latitude of, ib.
ruined Arab settlement at, xxi. 228
trees of, vi. 33
tributary of the Zambesi, vi. 26, ix. 9
tributaries of, ix. 9
Loanza swamp, Congo region, Africa,
xix. 93
Loapula river, see Luapula
Lob Nor, Lop Nor or Gobi Lake, E.
Turkestan
affluents of, elevation of, and desert
round, Forsyth on, xv. 23, 24, xxi. 29
oases near, xxi. 29
position of, Shaw, xvi. 242; various
statements on, xviii. 83-4
Prejevalsky's journey to, 1877.,- Morgan,
xxii. 51, Rawlinson on, xxi. 349
 ¦ views ou, cited, xxi. 44, xxii. 343-44
Routes to,- xvi. 243, table of, 247
 via, to Karakashar, xi. 9
a series of swamps, Forsyth on, xviii.
440
Shaw on, xvi. 403
source of its waters, xv. 186
tribes along, xv. 24, xxi. 32
Lobale, S.C. Africa, rainfall at, i. 60 ; see
Lovale
Lobemba district, S.C. Africa, xiv. 10
Lobisa district, S.C. Africa, xiv. 10
latitude of, alleged death-place of
Livingstone, xviii. 182
plateau, elevation and inhabitants of,
Livingstone on, xii. 176
Lobore, C. Africa, latitude of, etc.,
xviii. 139
Lobos Island, Antarctic seas, guano of,
discovered by Morrell, xiv. 155
Loch, J., obituary notice of, 1856., i.
125
Locke, Joseph, obituary notice of, 1861.,
v. 162
Lockhart, W., on coal in China, xiv. 144,
243, xviii. 174, in Manchuria,
xvi. 215
on the coast rivers and trade of N.
China, iii. 85
on Gill's travels, China to India, etc.,
xxii. 283
on Manchuria, its coal and the Russian
expansion in, xvi. 215
on the Manchu and Mongol languages,
xvi. 217
on the opening-up of Japan, xvii. 84-5
on Peking and its neighbourhood,
x. 154, xiv. 250
on places in N. China, their importance
and products, iv. 60-61
on the Victoria river, N. Australia,

Lockhart, W. — continued.
ii. 215, on the Chinese in Australia,
216
on Williamson's journey in Manchuria
and on the opium trade with China,
xiii. 37
On the importance of opening the
navigation of the Yangtse-Kiang, and
on the changes in the bed of the
Yellow river, (1858.), ii. 201, 209,
iii. 170
on the Yellow river and its explorers,
xiv. 36
on Yunnan and its products, xv. 174
Lockhart River, B.N. America, tributary
of the Anderson river, ix. 126
Lockier Range, W. Australia, iii. 39
geological formation of, 49
Loddon river, S. Australia, iv. 93
 Springs, S. Australia, v. 124
Lodeinaya Polia on the Svir, Russia,
Peter the Great's Docks at, xiii. 376
Loendi river, S.E. Africa, confluence of,
with the Rovuma river, xi. 16
Loena river, C. Africa, affluent of the
Liambai river, xx. 125-6
Lofuko or Lufuku river, affluent of L.
Tanganyika, xix. 249, xxii. 401
Loftus, W. K, Journey from Baghdad to
Busrah, 1849-50., i. 45, 47-8
on the Determination of the river
"Euheus," i. 219
obituary notice of, 1859., iii. 259
Lofu river, S.C. Africa, variable depth of,
xiv. 10
Logan, Sir W. E., obituary notice of,
1876., xx. 399
Loge river, Angola, W. Africa, size and
current of, xix. 79
Login, Sir J., on overland communi
cation between India and China, v. 53
Loglai, stream, draining Nongyan lake,
Upper Burmah, xiii. 247
Logone or Loga, C. Africa, visits of
various travellers to, i. 443
Logumba river of Livingstone, entering
L. Tanganyika, xix. 256
Loharano, Madagascar, lagoon near,
xxi. 164
Lohavohitra, Madagascar, gneiss ridges
of, xix. 197
Lohemba Lake, Congo region, Africa, pas
sage of the Lualaba through, xx. 124
Lohit, Lohet, or Kan-pu river, Indo-
Chinese borders, Cottam's journey on,
1876., xxi. 593
tributary of the Brahmaputra, v. 48 ;
French priests murdered on, 1842. or
3., xx. 241
Lohugati or Ruwamba river, Lake district,
Africa, source of, xxii. 393, 396
Loi river, C. Africa, connection of, with
other rivers, i. 240

188

LOI— LOU

Loirez Mts., Persia, other names of, xvi. 262
Lokau, China, port of Tsi Nan Foo,
described by Elias, 1868., xiv. 24
Loke river, see Kasai
Loker river, see Lomame
Loko, Port, W. Africa, disturbances near
and causes, xvii. 117
Lokoya, White Nile beyond, iii. 209
Loma Deseada, the, C. America, in
relation to the proposed canal, i. 88
Lomame, or Lumami river, affluent of the
Lualaba, xxii. 405
affluents of, xx. 124
Cameron's journey along, (1874.),
xx. 124, 312, hostile chiefs on, xx. 121
confluence with the Lualaba, xvii. 10
suurces, Liviugstone on, 1872., xvi. 440
 passed by Cameron, (1874.),
xx. 318
Loman river, Afghanistan, affluent of the
Argandab river, xx. 244
Lombardy, Lakes of, former state of,
Dausse cited on, x. 232 note
Lomgumba river, Congo region, identical
with Lualaba or Lukuga, xix. 77
Lomond, Lake, Scotland,
bottom temperature of, xxi. 301
deep-water do., Buchan, xvii. 73
Londa, Congo region, described, i. 6, 11
Londesborough, Earl of, obituary notice,
I860., iv. 133
London, changes in direction and dip of
magnetic needle at, 1580-1818., Evans
on, xxii. 204
compared with Canton, vii. 26
cotton from Queensland first sold in,
vii. 115
Londonderry, Cape, N.W. Australia, i. 502,
x. 38
London Missionary Society, activity of, in
Africa, 1876., xxi. 14, 242; in the
Pacific, xvi. 391
schooner Surprise of, visits New Guinea,
1871., etc., xvi. 203-4
Long, Captain, new Arctic Land 'seen by,
1868., xii. 99, 254
voyage on Siberian coast, and views
on trade prospects, cited, xix. 176
 , Colonel C. C, Mission to Uganda,
1874., xix. 107, cited on V." Nyanza,
xx. 36, 38
 , Cecil, on presentation of Gold Medal,
to his brother, W. Chandless, 1866.,
x. 181
 ,  , of Ross's North Australian
Expedition, 1870., xv. 98
Longitude, Method for Determining, by
means of observations of lhe Moon's
greatest Altitude, Spottiswoode, v. 234
Longman, W., obituary notice of, 1878.,
xxii. 328
Long reach, Victoria River, North
Australia, ii. 5

Lontar or Great Banda Island, described,
xii. 324, 325, spice cultivation in, 328
Loo, city, W.C. China, on the To river,
xiv. 169
Loo Choo Islands, Japan, and natives,
Hall on, ix. 299
 , coral reefs of, Hall cited on,
iv. 85
Looehoo Fu, trade of, with Formosa, viii. 26
Loo-chow, commercial station on the
Yangtse, xiv. 168
Look-out, Mt., Aravaypa Canon, Colorado
River, vegetation and bird life of,
xiii. 141
Lookover, Mt., X.W. Australia, x. 40
Loomi, river, E. Africa, affluent of Lake
Yipe, vi. 49
Loon, Lake, North America, ix. 127
Loonee, river, Rajputana, India, xiv. 120
Loong-kiao Bay, and town, or Chia-siang,
Formosa, western limit of safety of ship
wrecked sailors, (1872.), xvi. 265
Loota Nzige, see Luta Nzige"
Loovoo, W.C. Africa, xix. 96
Loozi river, W.C. Africa, in flood, xix. 84,
in normal state, 85
Lop Nor, see Lob Nor
Lopere district, S.C. Africa, xiv. 10
Lopevi Island, South West Pacific, active
volcano on, xvi. 391
Lopez, Duarte, map of African lake
district by, 1591., xiii. 299, xviii. 147
Lopra-eaohu or Shubanshi river, Assam,
course of, xix. 330
Loquek, Egypt, width and depth of Nile
at, iii. 209
Lora or Lorere river and valley, N.W.
Indian border, xxi. 587, 588
Lord Howe Island, off S.E. Australia —
Corrie's exploration of, 1876., xxii. 136
Denham's survey of, 1852., vi. 198,
xxii. 139
position of, xxii. 127
Loreneo or Lorenzo Marques, Portuguese
Settlement, S.E. Africa, xvi. 97
JSlton on, xvi. 98-9
position of, iii. 373
Loreto Province, Peru, Raimondy, viii. 58
Lobanzi river, affluent of Lualaba, Cent.
Africa, xx. 125
Lo-shan, China, lotus district, Margary at,
1874., xx. 186-7
Lost river, California, affluent of the
Modoc Lake, xix. 299
Lotko, Chitral, xvi. 258
Lou-ch'i Hsien, China, former timber
trade of, xx. 191
Lougen river, Norway, source of, viii. 110
Louisa Creek, Queensland, good pasture
near, xviii. 91
Louisburg Harbour, Cape Breton, Nova
Scotia, admiralty survey of, 1859.,
iii. 272

LOU— LUB

189

Lotiisiade Archipelago, off New Guinea,
geology of, xii. 143
 reefs, work of the Basilisk on, 1873-
75., xix. 228
Louis Napoleon, Emperor of the French,
pension given by, to Bellot's family, i. 2
Louis Napoleon Cape, Arctic, elevation
of, xxi. 280
Louina river, see Rovuma
Lourenco Marques, see Loreneo
Lout or Modj river, Victoria Nyanza
district, i. 157, iv. 41
Lout, or Lut, saline desert of, Eastern
Persia, orossed by Khanikoff, (1859.),
vii. 160-1
Lou-tse or Salween (q.v.). river, Tibet,
course and various names of, xiii. 393 ;
see also Lu-chiang, etc.
Louzua river, S. Central Africa, affluent of
Lake Liemba, xiv. 10
Lovale country, S.C. Africa, (see also
Lobale), cattle in, xx. 323
geographical position of, xx. 126
ivory plentiful to the east of, xx. 324
large rivers rising in, xx. 319
Lovell, — , on the African Exploration
fund, xxi. 613
Love'n Mt., Spitzbergen, geology of,
xiii. 159
Lovett, Major B., Kelat boundary delimi
tated by, 1871., xvi. 87, 218, 219,
xvii. 18, 19, 282-3
Route from Shiraz to Bam. 1871.,xvi.261
Survey of the Perso-Kelat frontier,
(1872.), title only, xvi. 219
Lovoi, river, near Lake Kassali, Africa,
xx. 121, 125,315
Lovoo village, W. Africa, xix. 87
Lowa river, and affluents of, an affluent
of the Lualaba, Congo District, xx. 125,
possibly the Buri or Uelle, 130
Lowestoft, admiralty Burvey at, 1873.,
xvii. 254
Lower Saskatchewan, or Bow, river,
BritishNorth American expedition (q.v.)
at, 1857., ii. 44, 146, 148, 292
Lowther, J., M.P., on receiving Gold
Medal of R.G.S., on behalf of John
Forrest, 1876., xx. 371
Low-tse or Salween river, Tibet, course of,
xiii. 393
Low Veldt district, Transvaal, area, eleva
tion, climate, mineral wealth, xxii. 117
Loxa Mt., Peru, in relation to the old Inca
tribal divisions, xv. 369
Luabo, river, E. Africa, main outlet of
Zambesi river, i. 248, 312, ii. 364-5
exploration of, by Berkeley, iv. 19
saltness of, i. 316, advantages of as a
harbour, etc., 318
orchilla weed of, vi. 32
 West, expedition to, bv Bedingfeld,
1858., iv. 23

Luajerri, river, affluent of Nile, vii. 221 ;
see Lua-Serri
Luaji river, Congo basin, xix. 88
Lualaba, Kamorondo, or Luapula river,
(see also Chambczi, Congo,) Cent.
Africa, i. 12
affluents of, xvi. 435, xx. 125, xxii, 398,
399, 405
cannibal tribes on, xvi. 433
course of, alleged, xi. 238
drainage area of, xx. 120, xxii. 406
elevation at Nyangwe, xx. 120
expedition down, Cameron's, 1874.,
xx. 311
falls of, xxii. 158, 161, 406
flowing in the same bed with the
Ikelemba, xxii. 406
geographical position of, xvi. 439
identity with Congo, Behm on, xvii. 12,
2 1 et seq. ; Rawlinson on, xvii. 301
Livingstone's Exploration of, xvii. 10,
11, xviii. 256, 265
outlet of Lake Tanganyika into, dis
covered by Cameron, 1874., xix. 75,
probably the Congo, ib., 76
rise and course of, xiv. 8, 9 ; Cameron
on, xx. 124 ; Livingstone on, xvii. 68,
xviii. 268
volume of, in dry season, xx. 324
Lualaba of Livingstone or Luvwa, con
fluence with true Lualaba, xx. 125
Luama, river, affluent of Lualaba, xx. 125,
xxii. 404
affluents of, source and course of,
Stanley on, xxii. 154, 161,403, 105
Luana, village, W.C. Africa, i. 75
Luanda river, affluent of Lusize, C. Africa,
xvii. 72
Luang Prabang, Siam, Mouhot's grave at,
visited by de la Gree's expedition, 1866.,
xiii. 308
monument erected by them thereon, ib.,
xix. 279 '
Luanga river, W. Africa, xix. 97
Luao river, near Lake Moero, S.C. Africa,
xiv. 11
Luapula, or Loapula, river, S.C. Africa,
i. 12, xii. 176
Livingstone on, xviii. 268
rise and course of, xiv. 8
source of, alleged, viii. 257
swamps of, Livingston's death amongst,
1873., xviii. 177, 180
Luaserri or Luajerri (q.v.), river, near
V. Nyanza, Africa, a generic name for
" still " water, xx. 148 ; tide in, xx. 46
Luavo mouth of the Zambesi, ii. 364-5 ;
see Luabo
Lubbock, J., on the Ethnological interest
of the Arctic expedition, 1865., ix. 61 ;
on the Esquimaux, ix. 102
Lubiranzi, river, affluent of Lomame river,
Congo region, xx. 1 24

190

•LUB-LUX

Luburi or LUwuli river, affluent of Lualaba
xx. 125
country near, Cameron on, xx, 318
Lucango, Lower Congo, Grandy at, 1873.,
xix. 102
Lucas, Louis Arthur, obituary notice of,
1877., xxi. 418
Lucenda, see Lunda
Lu-Chiang, river and valley, Tibet, bridge
Over, and miasma of, Gill on, xxii. 271 ;
see Ludzu, Lou-tse, and Nou-Kiang
Luchinga, Congo region, W.Africa, beauti
ful country near, xix. 82
Lu-Chu, N. Chiua, vi. 218
Luchuru, Lake, one of a chain of lakes,
E. Central Africa, vii. 219
Lucrecia, Punta, Cuba, rectification of
geographical position of, 1861., v. 177
Lucy, Lake, Queensland, one of a chain of
lagoons, viii. 112
Ludamar, Senegal R:, Moors of, i. 513,
their religion, 516
Ludzu or Noukiang river, W. China, course
of, xiv. 344 ; region and inhabitants,
Cooper on, xiv. 341 ; see Lu-Chiang, etc.
Lue, Tibet, reached by the Pundit,
1865., xii. 149
Luenda, Central Africa, the Luapula's
course near, i. 12
Luenge or Kafue river, C. Africa, source
of, xviii. 266
Luenja branch of the Zambesi, gold of,
xv. 151
Luero Luta Nzige, see Victoria Nyanza
Luero-lo-Urigi Lake, drained by the
Kitangule river, C. Africa, vii. 219
Lu feng Hsien, S.W. China, road to,
xx. 204
Lufigi or Lufia river, C. Africa, i. 1 2
Examination of, Kirk, 1873., xviii. 74
explored by Erhardt, i. 12; by Roscher,
1858-9., iv. 179
• fertile delta of, xvii. 349
source of main stream of, xix. 143
Uranga branch, drainage area of,
viii. 259
Lufira river, Congo region, xvii. 11
affluent of the Lualaba, xvi. 435, xx. 124
Livingstone on, xvii. 11, 13, xviii. 256,
source of, Livingstone on, 1872.,
xvi. 440
Luft, village on the Persian Gulf, trade
of, viii. 266-7
Lufuku or Lofuko river, affluent of L.
Tanganyika, E. Africa, xix. 249
Lufupa river, Congo region, affluent of
the Lualaba, xx. 125
Lufuzi or Loofoozi river, Angola, Africa,
breadth and current of, xix. 82, bridge
over, 85
Lugerengeri river, E. Africa, xx. 305
Lugwa district, near L. Tanganyika,
Africa, plants near and salt of, xix. 152

Luibi river, affluents of the Lualaba,
xxii. 404
Luihi river, do. ib.
Luilhu river, C. Africa, feeder of Lake
Sankorra, xx. 125
Luisa, Punta da, Congo river uncharted
beyond, previous to 1857., ii. 374
Luisi river, C. Africa, waterfall of,
xxii. 243
Lukazi river, Congo region, branch of the
Lomanii, xx. 313
Luwanan river, Borneo, sources of, ii. 347
Lukelingo or Keringo, Nyassa district, E.
Africa, capital of Hiao, vi. 21
Lukoja Mt., Niger region, elevation of,
ix. 72, 73
Lukoja, Niger river
explorations of, Baikie's, 1861., vi. 22-3 ;
1863., viii. 53, 244
position of, x. 117, xi. 49
settlement, E. Wilmot cited on, x. 117
Lukoji or Lukojo river, affluent of the
Lulua, xx. 125
Lukuga river, affluent of the Lualaba—
its affluents, xix. 256, xx. 310 .
course and fall of, Stanley on, xxii. 397,
404
outlet of L. Tanganyika, Cameron on,
xix. 75, 252, 255, 257, xx. 309
source of, xx. 125, xxi. 467
visited by Stanley, xxi. 467
Lu Lee Ho (river), N. China, xi. 260
Lulindi river, affluent of the Lualaba,
xx. 125, xxii. 404
Lulu rivers, Congo region, affluents of
the Lowa river, xx. 125
Lulua river, Lovale district, C. Africa,
affluents of, xx. 125 ; sources of, and
marshy plains caused by, xx. 319
Luluga, Victoria Nyanza, elevation of,
xi. 242
Lumade, range, Niger region, extent of,
and cultivation on, ix. 72
Lumami river, see Lomami
Lumarli Camp, Tibet, elevated position
of, xiii. 185
Lumbii or Luwika river, Congo region,
affluent of the Lualaba, xx. 125
Lumeji river, Congo region, affluent of
Loena river, xx. 125-6
sources of, Cameron on, xx. 320
Lumkang Pass, near Leh, C. Asia, eleva
tion of, xi. 10
Lunda, or Lucenda, capital of Cazembe'B
district, Cent. Africa, iv. 10, xi. 237
 , or Londa, W. Cent. Africa, i. 6, 11
Lunga river, C. Africa, other names of,
xvii. 68
Lungerengeri river, E. Africa, Cameron
on, xviii. 71
feeder of the Kingani, xxi. 500-1
Lungkeaou Bay and village, Formosa,
described by Swinhoe, x. 124

LUN— MAC

i9i

Lung-li-Hsien, China, road beyond, Mar
gary on, xx. 193-4
Lung-men Kau, China, xiv. 31, 177,
Elias' observation on the Yellow river
at, 1868., xvii. 186
Lungo, Dor country, C. Africa, Petherick's
depot at, v. 38-9
Lungur or Lungur Wakkan, beginning, of
the Pamir Steppe, x. 150, described by
the Mirza, 1868., xv. 183, 185
Limkepo, Formosa, xxi. 264
Lun-kiang Canal, China, xiv. 28
Lupala river, E.C. Africa, latitude of, i. 245
Luquakwa village, Congo region, xix. 93
Luqueia river, Congo region, bridge over,
xix. 82
Luriger, Persia, ruins of, and fertility of
region, xxi. 584
LuriBtan Mts., Persia, trend of, viii. 19
Lurrum Mts., Chitral, pass in, xvi. 254
Lurumbuji river, affluent of the Lukuga,
C. Africa, xix. 256
Lub Beyla, Mekran, pass to, xvi. 140
Lushai district, Indo-Burmese border,
expedition to, of 1871-2., Reports on
by Tanner and Macdonald, xvii. 42,
inhabitants of, xvii. 52
Lusize river, affluent of L. Tanganyika,
xvii. 72
Lut, see Lout
Lutai city and canal, Pechili Prov., China,
iii. 78
Lu-tse river, see Lou-tse, Ludzu, Lu-
ohiang and Nou-kiang
Luta Nzige Lake, (Albert Nyanza)
exploration of, by Baker, vii. 186
 further, desired, viii. 249-50
meaning of the native name, xx. 47
reported by Speke, 1862., vii. 185,
190, 220, 236
Liitke, Admiral, on new land north of
Cape Yakan, xii. 108
on Arctic exploration, xii. 108
Luvijo river, Congo basin, affluent of the
Lualaba, xx. 125
Luvubu river, Congo basin, affluent of the
Lualaba, xx. 125
Luvungiuvi river, Congo basin, affluent
of the Lualaba, xx. 1 25
Luvwa river, Congo basin, confluence of
the Lukuga with, xx. 309 ; see Lualaba
Luwamberri Plain, near the V. Xyanza,
xx. 142, formerly part of the lake,
xx. 41 ; and river, xx. 155
.  River, xx. 41, game, etc., on, xxii. 386
Luwati river, Congo region, affluent of
the Lulua, xx. 125
Luwemba, ivory mart near L. Tanganyika,
viii. 258
Luwembi river, C. Africa, affluent of
Lomame, xx. 124 ; lake near, xx. 312
' Lycia, Asia Minor, explorations in, Fel
lows, 1838., v. 157-8

Lvcus river, Kurdistan, sources and course
'of, Taylor, 1867., xi. 97
Lydia Island off New Guinea, probable
passage south of, xviii. 28
Lyell, Sir Charles, obituary notice of, 1875.,
xix. 385
Lynch, Lt., r.n., cited on the Dead Sea,
i. 222-3
 , Capt. H. B., i.n., obituary notice of,
1873., xvii. 249
 , Comm., u.s.N., explorations of, in
Liberia, (1856.) i. 156
 , General, explorations' of, in Persia
(1841.), i. 290, xx. 241, 242-3
 , Mr. J. K., on the Median Wall,
xii. 158
on the Persian Gulf, its ports and
cities, viii. 19
on rain-storage in W. Australia,
xiv. 205
on the route' discovered by Taylor in
Kurdistan, xii. 304
Taylor's journey to the sources of the
Euphrates, xii. 302
Lynd river, Queensland, i. 326, 495,
vi. 172, xyiii. 107, 572
connected with the Pacific, x. 34
geological formation near, xii. 142, 143,
xviii. 87
gold near, xii. 140
heads of, i. 325, gold likely to be found
at, xii. 144
junction of, with Mitchell river,
xviii. 91-2
named by Leichhardt, viii. 118
unfavourable report of district of, x., 33
 valley, route to N. Queensland by,
x. 51
Lyndhurst, Mt., S. Australia, iv. 93
Lyngmarken Fjeld, Disco Island, elevation
of, xx. 57
Lynslager Point, W.C. Africa, Binue river
at, xxi. 490
Lyons, Societe" de Geographic of, founded,
1873., xix. 421
 River, W. Australia, affluent of the
Gascoyne, iii. 42-5, good land along,
iii. 48, 52-3
Lysral Kiang Mt., Lushai district, con
formation of, xvii. 45
Lytton, B. Columbia, " bench " formations
at, xv. 134, 137-8, 144
M.
Ma'azah, Umm el, Syria, xvi. 112
Mabban, W. Africa, typical African mari
time village, vi. 65
Mabotsa, S. Africa, Livingstone's mis
sionary station at, latitude of and lion
adventure at, 1843., xviii. 500
MacAdam Plains, W. Australia, curious
formation, iii. 38

192

MAC— MAC

MacAdam range, N. Australia, the edge
of the sandstone tableland, i. 184, 225
Macarine, Upper Nile region, wells at,
xx. 359
Macartney, Earl, at Johol, N. China,
1793., xviii. 149, 165
M' Arthur, — , introduction of fine-woolled
sheep to Australia by, vii. 114
MacArthur river, N. Australia, latitude
of, i. 492
Macas, Ecuador, gold mines at, iii. 96
Macassar, trade of, with Arru, ii. 168
Macaya, Peru, earthquake at, 1854.,
xii. 130
Maccaluba, Sicily, mud-volcano at, ii. 144
McCay, Prof., paleontological illustrations
by, to geological maps of Victoria, vi. 175
M'Clatchie, F. R., A Trip in Mushashi
(Japan), 1872., xvii. 82
M'Cleverty, Capt., leader of expedition
up the Si-Kiang river, 1859., iv. 191,
v. 238-9
M'Cleverty Mt., see Nam Wan Hill
M'Clintock, Adml. Sir F. L.,
awarded gold medal of R.G.S., I860.,
iv. 111-4. President's speech, and
reply, iv. 116, further references to,
iv. 166, 251-2
animals found by, during Arctic expedi
tion, i. 54
on the Arctic current, xiii. 243
on Arctic explorations, xvi. 238
Arctic explorations of, 1852., i. 107-8-9
 in search of Franklin, i. 475,
ii. 2, 290, iii. 325, 326, iv. 2, 12, 166
On Arctic Sledge-travelling, xix. 220,
464, 478, cited on the same, ix. 143
on Arctic training for Antarctic Ex
plorers, xiii. 120
cited on the depth of Hamilton inlet,
v. 101
 on foot-travelling in Arctic jour-
. neys, ix. 43
Discoveries by the 1857. expedition in
search of Franklin, iv. 2, 12
German N. Polar Expn., 1869., xv. 102
Ocean Surveys of the Bulldog, I860.,
v. 62, 169, vi. 190, cf. vii. 55, 166
an the results of the Swedish Polar
Expedition, 1868., xiii. 167
 theory of a continent at the N.
Pole, v. 25
M'Clintock Cape, Hall Island, Arctic
regions, elevation of, xix. 25
 Channel, Arctic regions, ice flow of,
iv. 8, 9; rarely navigable, iv. 114
 Island, explored by Payer, etc.,
xix. 33
M'Clure Island, N. Australia, ii. 11
M'Clure, Vice-Adml. Sir R., iv. 2, 112
Arctic explorations of, iv. 10, 13, vi. 180
rescue of, i. 107, 108, 109, 475, 185,
iii. 197, vi. 76

M'Clure, Vice-Adml. Sir R. — continued.
cited on ice of Arctic America, i. 30,
xvii. 175
death of, 1873., xviii. 12
obituary notice of, 1874., xviii. 523
M'Clure's Inlet, N. Guinea, visited by
Meyer, (1872), xviii. 47
MacConnell, Queensland, good land near;
v. 6
 , Mt., Queensland, geographical posi
tion of, i. 368, geological formation of,
xii. 142
M'Cosh, Dr., ou communication between
Assam and China, xii. 256-7
On the various lines of Overland Com
munication between India and China,
v.47
M'Coy, Prof., cited on the gold-bearing
distriot of Australia, ii. 314
Macdevitt,Mt., N. Queensland, named by
Hann, xviii. 107
McDonald, Dr., of the Torch, ii. 378
Exploration of Rewa river, Fiji, (title
only), i. 508
cited on natural history of New Cale
donia, i. 172
 , J. G., exploration of, in Queensland,
1864., x. 247
meteorological observations by, at Port
Denison, x. 327
settlement of, on Gregory river, xi. 42,
45
Macdonald, Maj., Chittagong survey by,.
1871-2, xvii. 42
on the Lushai natives, xvii. 51
MacDonnell Range, S.C. Australia, xix. 51'
altitude of foot of, xix. 49
country near, v. 56-8, xviii. 570,.
xix. 43, 483
water-barrier between N. and S. Aus
tralia near, v. 58
•  river or Creek, S. Australia, ii. 20,
21
course of, ii. 24
discovered by Babbage, ii. 186
feeder of Lake Torrens, ii. 187
valley of, ii. 22
Macdonnell, Sir R., Governor of S. Aus-,
tralia, v. 57, vi. 189, vii. 10
on the attachment of Australia to Eng
land, vii. 15, 17
Expedition of, to interior of S. Australia,
I860., iv. 93, 194, v. 124, vi. 168, 170,
vii. 12, viii. 211
expeditions furthered by, and remarks
on the same by —
Gregory's, iii. 29
M'Kinlay's, vi. 170, vii. 11, 175
Randell's, 1859., iv. 94, 194
Stuart's, 1859., iii. 153, 154, 336, 337,
iv. 77, 78, v. 57, vii. 169, 175, ix. 233
cited on telegraphic extension in Ausj
tralia, v. 143, 205

MAC— MAC

193

Macdougall, G. F., r.n., on the Korea in
1844., and on Quelpart Island, ix. 299
Maoeda, J. J. da Costa de, obituary notice
of, 1873., xvii. 241
Macfarlane, R., Account of the Mackenzie
river district, Canada (1853-57.), ix. 125
.  , Rev. S., xx. 18, 93, 99, 105, 427-8-9,
xxi. 460
Ascent of the Fly river, N. Guinea,
1876., xx. 253
on N. Guinea, its natives, trades, etc.,
and on missions to, xyiii. 48
Voyage of the Ellangowan to China
Straits, N. Guinea, 1876., xxi. 350,460
MacFarlane's Station at Owiandina, S.
Australia, ii. 20
Macfarlane Hill, S. Australia, picturesque
aspect of, ii. 16
Macgillivray, — , cited on aboriginal
seasonal divisions, Australia, xii. 315
on N. Guinea, ix. 260
M'Glashan's Water-Holes, Queensland,
large capacity of, x. 65
MaoGowan, Dr., on the egre in the
Yangtse river, iv. 62
MacGregor, Col, on Afghan Geography
xx. 248
on his journey in E. Turkestan, (1876.),
xx. 174
Macha river, Pamirs, sources of, discovered
by Abramoff, 1870., xv. 288
Machindranath temple, Lhasa, ceremonies
at, xii. 162
Machinga tribes, Nyassaland, Cotterill
on, xxii. 246
Mackan Island, near Korea, harbourage
at, etc., xxi. 434
Mackenzie, Barnston, and others, explora
tions in Br. Columbia, 1861., vi. 110
Mackenzie, Bishop, on the Congo and
Zambesi explorations, (I860.), iv. 71
journey with Livingstone's C. African
Expedition (1861.), and after, v. 31,
vi. 133, 174, vii. 199, 200
 , Rt. Hon. H., obituary notice of,
1876., xx. 402
 , Sir A., exploration of B. Columbia,
1789., iii. 322, vi. 109
Mackenzie River, Br. N. America, Account
of distriot, MacFarlane, ix. 125
exploration of, 1861., vi. 109
fisheries of, i. 53
ioe near, i. 30, ii. 200
latitude of, in relation to colonization,
iii. 126
open water at mouth of, found by
Investigator, ii. 200
outfall of, i. 30, ii. 200, vii. 72
rumours of Europeans seen along, iv. 12
side-wise movement of, xx. 499
winter temperature on, ix. 129-30
  , Queensland, affluent of the
Fitzroy river, i. 498, x. 62

Mackenzie River, Queensland — cont.
coal-fields of, xii. 141
Gregory's journey along, 1856., i. 325,
368, 496
junction of, with Comet river, i, 325,
496
winds prevailing near, xii. 319
M'Kerrow, J., Survey of the Lake District,
Otago, N. Zealand, viii 47-8, 213
M'Kinlay, J., award by R.G.S. to, 1863.,
vii. 6, 81, 115, 120-2, 180, ix. 226
experience justifying sheep-farming in
tropical Australia, x. 248
exploration of Adam Bay district, 1865.,
x. 250, xi. 46
expedition in search of Burke and
Wills, 1862., vi. 170, 194, vii. 7, 11,
37, 83, 84, 113, 115, 169, 173, xi. 227,
xii. 287 ; traces found by and left by,
vii. 113, 175; route taken by, vii.
175-7, ix. 302, xi. 227, xii. 287, xiv.
198, 206; results, vii. 87, 88, 111,
175-7, ix. 230, 234, xii. 140, 295 ; one
omission, vii. 180
cited on copper in Queensland, xii. 144
 on geological formation of Queens
land, xii. 143
 on sheep-farming in N. Australia,
vii. 88
obituary notice of, 1872., xvii. 278
M'Kinlay, Mt., S. Australia, shape of,
ii. 16
 Range, Queensland, geological forma
tion of, xii. 139
probably auriferous, xii. 144
survey needed near, xix. 55
Mackinnon, L., on progress in Australia,
and the results of exploration in the
same, vi. 56-7
Mclntyre, D., leader of Leichhardt Search
Expedition, 1865., ix. 231, 300, a. 60,
61, 252, xii. 287
traces of Leichhardt found by, x. 59, 85
last letter of, 1866., xi. 42-4
death of, xi. 5, 42, 44, 226-7
Maclachlin's Peak, California, volcanic
aspect of, xix. 298
Maclay or Maklay, N. Miklukho,
explorations in Malaya, xx. 419
 in N. Guinea, xvi. 356, xviii. 572,
xix. 244, 517
Incidents of Travel in Papua-Koovay
(N. Guinea), 1873., xix. 517
M'Lean, H., British Consul at Surabaya,
1856., i. 191
Maclear, Cape, Lake Nyassa, beauties of,
Cotterill on, xxii. 235
hard woods of, xxi. 227
Maclear, Sir T., on Astronomical observa
tions made by Livingstone, i. 44, 59,
268, iv. 21 ; cited on the same,
xiv. 12
on heliostats, iv. 19 o

194

MCL— MAD

McLeay, G., of Sturt's Australian Ex
pedition, 1831-2., xiv. 199
cited on the development of the Murray
river region, iii. 338
expedition from Australia toN. Guinea,
1875., xx. 18, 19, 94
M'Leod, A., of Leichhardt Search Expedi
tion, xi. 42, illness of, 43, 45
 , Brigdr., journey of, from Moulmein
into Yunnan in search of a trade route,
1836., iv. 218, xix. .275
 , J. L., iii. 160
geographical work of, at Mozambique,
1858., ii. 321-2
on the navigation of the Zambesi,
iii. 103, iv. 22
Notes on the Zambesi, Quilimane to
Tete, trans, from Portuguese, ii. 363 ;
cited on the same region, iii. 313
scheme for an exploration of the Niger,
(1854.), i. 155
on the source of the Conducia river,
iii. 116
work by, on E. Africa referred to, iv. 205
¦  , Sir D., on the Trans-Himalayan
regions, xv. 363-4
death of, 1872., xvii. 56
obituary notice of, 1873., xvii. 248
M'Leod, Fort, B.N. America, difficulties
of communicating with, i. 215
McLeod's river, B. Columbia, affluent of
the Athabasca river, ix. 18
M'Loughlin,  , member of Leichhardt
search expedition, illness of, xi. 45
Macloutzie river, S. Africa, as a boundary,
xv. 148
McMabon, Lt.-Col. A. P., on French ex
plorations in Cambodia, xviii. 463
M'Millan, Mt., or Castel Hill, Australian
Alps, i. 4
McMinn, G., of Stow's boat expedition,
Australia, x. 35, 37
 W., of the same, x. 35, praised, 51
Macomba, S.W. Africa, small village of,
i. 175
Maconde, Portuguese E. Africa, i. 76
Macora, W. Africa, xx. 78
Macowa Creek, Sabi river, S. Africa,
Erskine at, 1874., xxii. 131
Maopherson, Dr. D., Curlew Island, Bay
of Bengal, as a sea-coast Sanatorium,
vi. 208
 , Mt., S. Australia, springs near,
formation of, iv. 93
Macquarie, Govr., and exploration in Aus
tralia, 1817., xviii. 532
Macquarie, N.S. Wales, i. 124
 , Fort, N.S. Wales, vi. 136
 , Port, N.S. Wales, xxii. 136
 river, N.S. Wales, Oxley's journey
along, 1817., xiv. 199, 288
Sturt's journey along, 1828., xiv. 288,
xviii. 533

Macquaire river, N.S. Wales — continued.
supposed to end in swamps, ix. 226
trend of, xiv. 199
MacQueen, J., vii. 194
on coal, cotton, and wheat in Africa,
iii. 105
Notes on the Geography of C. Africa,
from the researches of Livingstone,
Monteiro, Graca, and other author
ities, i. 12
Observations on the Geography of C.
Africa, iii. 208
on the Lake discovered by Hahn (Onon-
dova), ii. 353
on Lake Nyassa, viii. 262, 263
on the latitude of Tete and other places
in Africa, i. 245
on Livingstone and the rivers of Africa
i. 92-3
on the navigation of the Zambesi, ii. 316
on the Nile sources, iii. 114, 212, 214,
354
cited on the same and on explora
tions in search of, iii. 307
on Lake Nyassa, viii. 262, 263
on the Okovango, Congo, and other
rivers in W. Africa, iv. 72
on Portuguese journeys in C. Africa,
i. 92, iii. 362
 Maps of Equatorial Afrioa
and Lake Nyassa, viii. 262
on the position of Lakes Ujiji and
Ukerewe, iii. 114
cited on Lake Tanganyika, ix. 7
on Von der Decken's expedition to
Kilimanjaro and other explorations,
viii. 6, 7
on the Zambesi and its navigation, ii. 316
obituary notice of, 1870., xiv. 301
M'William, Dr. J. O., on Baikie's Niger
expedition and on health precautions,
ii. 98
obituary notice of, 1862., vi, 129
Madagascar, atmospheric and scenic
beauties of, Mullens on, xix. 185
Boat voyage along the Coast Lakes of
East, Rooke, 1865., x. 54
Central Provinces of, Mullens, xix. 182,
204, 449
Ellis on, and Oliver on, cited by Mur
chison, vii. 69
explorations in, Bishop of Mauritius,
1865., xi. 50
Gunst, 1865., ix. 289
Maynard's, 1874., xix. 196, xx. 110
recent, by Messrs. Johnson, Low,
Moss, Pickersgill, Pillans, Riordan,
Shaw, Sibree, Street, and Sewell
(in 1874.), Mullens on, xxi. 155,
159, 165, 169
Frere on, xxi. 174
geological formations in (see Imerima),
xix. 189

MAD— MAG

195

Madagascar — continued.
Hova military posts in, xix. 197
inhabitants and customs of, xiv. 370-1,
xix. 196, 197, 200, 205
Journey from Antananarivo to Mojunga,
1874., Maynard, xx. 110
lagoons on coast of, xxi. 164
lake country and races of, xix. 196
language of, Crawfurd on, vii. 69, x. 56 ;
Mullens on, xix. 204-5
mountains of, Duncan on, xxii. 73
Notes on, 1862., Oliver, vii. 68
Pillans on, xxi. 173
roc's egg found in, by Grandidier,
xix. 205
slave trade in, Pillans on, xxi. 173-4
two chief routes in, resources and trade
of, xx. 114
vegetation of, in relation to the trade
winds, Maury on, viii, 7-8
Visit to N.E. Province of, 1865., Bishop
of Mauritius, xi. 50
 to unexplored (N.) part of, 1865.,
Gunst, ix. 289
Mn'dan Bala, Persia, turquoise mines of,
xx. 168
Madeira Island, discovery and rediscovery
of, xii. 247
Physical Map of (Ziegler), i. 175, ex
planation of same, ii. 366
Madeira river, Brazil, affluents of, x. 252
explorations of: — Church's, in valley
of, xxii. 42, Church's work on, xv. 376 ;
Keller's survey of rapids, 1870., xv.
304,376; Matthew's ascent of, 1874.,
xxii. 48, 49
length of, ix. 30
Markham on, see Unexplored Parts of
S. America
Madeira-Mamore railway, S. America,
country opened up by, xviii. 220
Madenisana district, S. Africa, v. 18
Madi country, Upper Nile, latitude of,
x. 13 ; the Nile in, vii. 221
Madison, Cape, Greenland, position of,
ii. 360, iii. 147
Madjame or Madjami, Equatorial Africa,
position of, and cold near, iii. 115
source of rivers of, vi. 49
von der Decken at, vi. 48
Madras presidency, climate of, xi. 66
coast surveys, iii. 268, xxii. 356
harbour improvements in, vii. 96
irrigation works in, vii. 96, xi. 63
Observatory of, longitude of, xvi. 344,
xxii. 351
rainfall in, in relation to trees, Balfour
on, ix. 108-9, x. 268 ; Denison on,
x. 267
Madre de Dios or Amaru-mayu river, Peru
and Brazil, affluent of the Amazon,
x. 253
affluents of, xi. 103

Madre de Dios or Amaru-mayu river, Peru
and Brazil — continued.
explorations of, Chandless', 1864-5.,
x. 104, 254, xv. 375
Mancini's, 1868-9., xiv. 325
Markham's, 1854., x. 254
and results, xxii. 43
history of, Markham on, xi. 107
sources of, v. 224
Madre Marian, Abyssinia, wine of, xiii. 47
Madre, Sierra, Mexico, described, iii. 109
Madrid.Geographical Society of, founded,
1876., xx. 447
Madura, Strait of, Java Sea, flat shores of,
ii. 9
Maelen, P. M. G. van der, obituary notice
of, 1873., xvii. 240
Mafia or Monfia Island, E. coast of Africa,
xviii. 74, xxii. 454
Mafizi, V. Nyanza, fewness of natives
beyond, xxi. 500
Mafradah, El, Syria, Burton on, xvi. 112
Magadesho, Magadoxo, or Makdishu, E.
Africa, ii. 54, x. 99, 100, trade of, 101,
xvii. 341
Magalisberg Mts., S. Africa, rivers rising
in, and grazing slopes of, xxii. 119
Magangha district, on the right bank of
the Zambesi, ii. 364
Maganza district, V. Nyanza, position of,
xx. 145
hilly country, elephants in, xx. 154
Magdala, Abyssinia, English prisoners at,
xiii. 49
fall of, 1868., xii. 174
meteorological observations at, Cook on,
xiv. 161
position of, Beke on, xii. 16
Magdala Mts., Abyssinia, elevation of,
xii. 300
Magdalena Mts., New Mexico, altitude
of highest peak in, Goad on, xxii. 274
 river, New Granada, S. America, i. 252
inferior to the Atrato for canalization
purposes, i. 466
Mage,Lt., and Dr.Quintin.(FrenchNavy),
expeditions of, in Senegal, 1863.,
xi. 200
French Geographical Society's gold
medal awarded to, xi. 201
Magellan, Straits of,
admiralty surveys of, x. 223, xi. 193,
xii. 241, xiii. 276, xiv. 304
Chilian colony at, viii. 162
earliest discovery of, xvi. 354
mild temperature of region inland from,
xv. 50
wreck of the Santiago in, xiii. 276
Maggiore, Lake, glaciers feeding, and
moraine of, viii. 40
Magibbi district, S. Africa, elephants of,
xxii. 130
products and tribes of, xxii. 133

196

MAG— MAJ

Magila, E. Afrioa, Universities' Mission
Station at, establishment of, xxii. 373
Journey to, Bellville (1878.), xx. 74
latitude of, xx. 76
mountains near, xx. 77
Magnetic Equator, Evans on, xxii. 196, 202
 needles, observations on, xxi. 187
 observations of the German Arctic
Expedition, (1871.), xv. 107
 Pole, North, discovered by Ross,
1831., ix. 43-4, xix. 465, xxii. 192
route to, via N.W. Passage, iv. 7
Siberian, probable position determined
by Miller, xix. 424
 Poles, latitude and longitude of,
xxii. 196,204
,  Variation Chart of the World, 1871.,
referred to, xv. 269
Magnetical Island, off Queensland, v. 123
Magnetism of the Earth, Evans,
xxii. 188
Magu district, V. Nyanza, an independent
state, xx. 145, 154
slave trade of, xx. 146
Magua, S. Arabia, a Sheraat encampment,
viii. 64
Magubika, E. C. Africa, difficult country
at, xxi. 239
Maguire, Corpl., death of, 1858., ii. 258
Magungo, Nile region, xx. 470
Gessi at, 1876., xxi. 50
' Gordon's station established at, xxi. 57
latitude of, x. 17, xx. 472, xxii. 229
navigability of the Nile up to, ib.
Nile near, xxi. 48, 49
Magyar, L., travels of, in Bihe, W. Africa,
1858., i. 245-6, ii. 284, x. 261
cited on the Loke" or Kassabi river, and
on the source of the Congo, xvii. 30
Mahabee Flats, S. Africa, news of Living
stone obtained from, I860., v. 18
Mahableshwar, Bombay, elevation of,
xi. 61
Mahadeo Valley, near Kylas Hills, India,
xvii. 39
Mahajamba valley, Madagascar, xxi. 170
Mahajillo, or Sakay, river, Madagascar,
falls of, xxi. 168
Mahamanina, Madagascar, Hova fort, and
country near, elevation of, xxi. 162
Mahambo, port, Madagascar, Holding on,
xiv. 365, rice trade of, 373
 river, xiv. 360
Mahanuddy river, Bengal, The Basin of,
Temple, ix. 81
irrigation works near, vii. 95
watershed of, xi. 58
Mahasoa, Madagascar, sugar plantation
and distillery at, xiv. 368
Mahata, V. Nyanza, dense population of,
xx. 157
M&hatsinjo, Madagascar, volcanic region,
xxi. 165

Mahe', Seychelles Islands, described,
iii. 313
Mahela, Madagascar, gold-bearing district,
ix. 289
Malifuz, Arabia, population of, xv. 326
Mahmoudieh Canal, Isthmus of Suez
cleansed, 1856., iii. 204
cost of, in lives, iii. 190
Mahomedabad, Afghanistan, ruins facing,
xxi. 584
Mahomed Amin, Route followed by, from
Jellalabad to Yarkand, xiii. 122
Mahnah (Mahanaim), Syria, visited by
Beke, vi. 196
Mah-loo, frontier town, Tibet, v. 48
Mai, Equatorial Africa, cascades of the
Kasai river at, i. 315
Maidankhana pass, Persia, elevation of,
xx. 170
Maifah, Wady, Arabia, the Moepha of
Ptolemy, ruins at, Badger on, xv. 323,
Miles on, 322
Mai Kassa river, New Guinea, see Baxter
river
Mai-Mai-Chin, Chinese town, Mongolia,
' xiv. 248, raison d'etre of, 249
Mai Mena Valley, Abyssinia, described,
xii. 115
Main, see Wallace and Main
Main Coast range, Cape York, Queensland,
source of Endeavour river, xi. 149
 Dividingrange, Queensland, xviii. 96,
land north of same, 97, scrub on, 104,
105
Mainglon, Cambodia, geographical position
of, xii. 136
Maingshai, China, Shan traders from, at
Moulmein, 1872., xix. 277
Mai Wuhiz, Abyssinia, mountains of,
geological formation of, xiv. 164
Majin district, Trans-Himalayas,
information gathered on, by the Pundit,
xiii. 195, xiv. 210
Majita promontory, V. Nyanza, elevation
of, xx. 154
table-land and mountains of, xx. 41,
xxii. 389
Major, R. H.,
On the Landfall of Columbus, xv. 210
on Lopez' map of the African Lakes,
1591., xviii. 147
on the maps of Africa in Pigafetta's
"Kingdom of Congo" in 1591.,
xi. 246
Site of the Lost Colonies of Greenland
determined, and pre-Columbian dis
coveries of America confirmed,
xvii. 312, 321
cited on the first discoverers of Australia,
xvi. 352
Majwara's account of the Last Journey
and Death of Dr. Livingstone, Holm-
wood, 1874., xviii. 244

MAK— MAL

197

Makalolo or Makololo tribe, S. Africa,
character of, Andersson on, iv. 64, Grey
on.iv. 66, Chapman on, v. 18
Makanjira's village, Lake Nyassa, slave
trade at, xxi. 229
Makapan's Poort or gap, Transvaal,
tragedy of the caves of, xxii. 119
Makarora river, N. Zealand, source of,
viii. 214
Makata, swampy plain of, E. Africa, xx. 305
mud of, xvii. 336
news of Livingstone from, xii. 82
Makdishu or Magadoxo, see Magadesho
Makeae" or Makedi, Nile region, xx. 51, 53 ;
cataracts of the Nile at, vi. 19, xx. 12
Makers toun, Scotland, Observatory founded
at, by Col. Brisbane, 1808., iv. 121-2
Makhook, Spitzbergen, ix. 311
Ma-Kia-Kow, S. Manchuria, coal of, xiii. 30
Maklay, see Maclay
Maklieoora, Nyassa-land, xi. 125
Makolonkoan dwarf elephants of the
Kalahari desert, v. 17
Makorko, Congo region, village infested by
leopards, xix. 86
Makouta country, Congo region, manners
and customs of, Grandy on, xix. 100-1
Makpon-i-Shagran or Shang-rong, ,on
the Husaia river, x. 308
junction of Indus and Gilgit rivers near,
xiii. 130
Makraka, in the Niam-niam country, C.
Africa, viii. 140
river flowing to, xxi. 50
tribes at, xx. 53
Makram, fortified town, Kokand,
xviii. 409
Makundusha Point, Zanzibar, xx. 72
Makuyuni.E. Africa, meaning of the name,
xix. 318
Makyor river, Arru Is., country near, ii. 164
 valley, Christians in, ii. 168
Malabar coast, India, backwaters on,
xi. 78 ; Marignolli's pillar on, x. 275
Malacca, Straits of, admiralty survey of,
i. 162, iii. 268
alleged dangers of, Crawfurd on, vii. 61
currents entering, Heathcote on, vi. 117
Maklay's ethnological expedition in,
1875., xx. 419
population of, i. 80
Malagarazi point, Lake Tanganyika,
mapped by Cameron, xviii. 468
¦  river, affluent of Lake Tanganyika,
xix. 247
affluents of, xix. 139, 142, 247, their
sources, xxii. 386
course of, xvii. 32
length of, xxii. 401
salt prepared along, xviii. 268, 272
source of, discovered by Stanley,
xxii. 396, and floods on, Speke on,
ii. 211, 214, (cited) 306

Malagarazi Valley, route via, to Lake
Tanganyika, xx. 309
Malakund Pass, Swat, elevation of,
xvi. 254
Malan, Persian Gulf, antiquity of, as a
city, vii. 92
 Bay, Persian Gulf, vii. 117
 the, elevation of, and fossils of,
Walton on, vii. 117, 118
Malanna Pass, Himalayas, elevation of,
xv. 337
Malaria, height-limits of, in various
countries, xviii. 207
Malatsy, Madagascar, Hova post, xix. 198
" Travellers' Tree " at, xx. 112
Malay Peninsula, admiralty survey of,
iii. 269
tributary to the King of Siam, iv. 212
Malay Archipelago (see also Eastern
Archip.) —
isotherms of, vii. 116
Physical Geography of, Wallace,
vii. 206, Murchison on, viii. 209
pirates of, ii. 213, 312, x. 42
progress of geographical knowledge of,
ii. 308, v. 19.7, ix. 237
Wallace's work on, reviewed, xiii. 286
Malay labour for Australia, ii. 217,
viii. 211, ix. 22, 23
 ¦ proa wrecked on Sweers Id., i. 259
Malays, traces of, in N. Australia, ii. 12, 13
Malcolm, Capt., r.e., on Japanese maps and
charts, vii. 63
  , R.N., Boat expedition up
Wami river, E. Africa, 1873., Hill,
xvii. 337
visit to Somaliland, 1873., Kirk,
xvii. 340
Malcolm, Mt., S. China, elevation of, vi.
228, native name for, and scenery of,
vi.230
 , W. Australia, named by Forrest,
xiv. 193.
Maldonado, J., exploration of the Ucayali
river, Peru, by, and death of, 1861.,
xi. 103
Malek, desert of, near Bokhara, viii. 270
Malemboa, Masailand, E. Africa, xxii. 451
Mali, Sierra de, Isthmus of Darien,
xii. 65, 67, elevation of, 68
Maligne river, B.N. America, aurora
borealis at, iii. 122
Maliksha Plain, C. Asia, pass leading out
of, xv. 25
Malisaka village and natives, Lake
Nyassa, xxii. 242
Malistan district, Afghanistan, ruined
city in, xx. 244
Malka, Caucasia, Tartars of, vi. 60
Malla, an independent province, C. Africa,
ii. 79, 80
Mallega country and tribe, A. Nyanza,
Baker on, x. 23

198

MAL-MAN

Mallet R., cited on the Dynamics of
Earthquakes, Murchison, 1859., iii. 280
Malo, Nyassaland, grave of Bishop
Mackenzie at, xxii. 234
Malogorogoro, N. Guinea, elevation of,
and mists at, xx. 339, products of, 269
Ma Lombo valley, Congo region, swamp
near, xix. 87
Mal Pais of New Mexico, described by
Goad, xxii. 276
salt basin south of, xxii. 275
Mal Paiz, Hauran district, Syria, as
defined by Wetzstein, xvi. 105
Malta, admiralty survey of, vii. 139
sea-depths near, i. 404-5
Maltzan, Baron von, Geography of
Southern Arabia, (1871.), xvi. 115
Maliidu Bay, Borneo, Visit to, de Cres
pigny, 1857., ii. 343
 and river, tribe of, ii. 345
Malunda river, Congo region, swift current
of, xix. 87
Ma-lung-Chou, C. China, aspect of dis
trict near, xx. 201
Malwa, India, climate of, xi. 69
Mamba river, Madagascar, course of,
xix. 184
Mambi river, affluent of the Ruaha river,
E. Africa, xxii. 248
Mambwe Hills, Africa, rise of Lualaba
river in, xxii. 404
Mamisson Pass, Caucasus, xiii. 69
Mamore river, Bolivia, affluents of, xi. 103
gold in head-valleys of, xxii. 49
journey of Rada and Mme. Rada down,
(1868.), xv. 380
tribes along, xxii. 49
Mamutamlarasa, Nyassaland, i. 76
Mana Pass, Himalayas, elevation of,
xiii. 185
- — — river, Congo region, affluent of the
Lualaba, xx. 125
Manaberry or Vohemarino river, Mada
gascar, described, ix. 290
Manacusi river, see King George River
Managua, Lake, Nicaragua, vi. 75, 76,
xii. 42
Manakoso, Tanganyika region, Africa,
Livingstone at, 1870., xvi. 159, 162
Manambolo river, Madagascar, navigable
possibilities of, xxi. 167
Mananara river, Madagascar, conspicuous
hill near, xxi. 170, size of, xxi. 163
affluent of, xxi. 157
supposed sources of, xix. 199, xxi. 163
Manandriana river, Madagascar, aspect of
banks of, and district near, xxi. 165
Manangoro river, Madagascar, wide mouth
of, xiv. 374
Mananjara river, Madagascar, port of,
xxi. 164
Manankatafa, village, Madagascar, rice
trade of, xiv. 374

Manankazo river, Madagascar, great hills
westward of, xix. 197
Manansatra river, Madagascar, rice trade
on, xiv. 374
Manantana river, Madagascar, barrier in,
xix. 185, rise and course of, xix. 192
Manaos, on the Rio Negro, Brazil, Chand
less at, 1864., x. 104
Manas, Chinese Empire, fighting at, 1874.,
xviii. 427
 valley, Bhutan, trade route via,
xix. 341
Manasu district, V. Nyanza, xx. 145
hilly country with elephants, xx. 154
Manatee river, Belize, geological forma
tion at mouth of, xii. 343
Manchee, Assam, Phungan pass leading
to Burma near, v. 49
Manchuria, area of, Osborn on, vii. 33,
Parkes on, xvi. 214
capital of, (see Moukden), iii. 46
Central, Williamson on, xiii. 31
configuration, climate, cities, xiii. 33
mountains of, xiii. 32
rivers, xiii. 33
Chinese and Russian, Osborn on,
xi. 162
Chinese in, iv. 59
 superstitions in, xvi. 211
coalfields of, xiii. 30, xvi. 215
effect of Chinese immigration in,
xvi. 206
explorations in —
Adkins, (1872.), xvi. 351
Archmandrite Palladius', 1869-70.,
xvi. 204
Barabash's near, (1874.), xviii. 562
Michie's to, (1862.), vii. 25
Mickie's, 1859., iv. 58
Morrison's to, (1861.), vi. 165
two foreigners, ib.
Russian — Kropotkine's, 1864., ix.
242-3 ; and others, xv. 290, xvii. 295,
xviii. 560
gold in, xiii. 30, xvi. 215
inhabitants, wealth and climate of,
vii. 26
 Mantsze or Mantzu, caves
of, xiv. 169 ; Gill on, xxii. 260
Murchison on, x. 235
Parkes on, vii. 29, and on limits of,
xii. 337
language and written characters of,
xvi. 215-6
mountainous coast line, and inland
features of, xiii. 365
NoteB on, Williamson, xiii. 26
Northern, Williamson, xiii. 34
Parkes on, vii. 29
Russian enterprize in, xvi. 215
Russian harbours in, iii. 65, 86, 270,
iv. 154, 157, (1866.), Lloyd, xi. 253
salt-covered mud plain in, vii. 26

MAN— MAN

199

Manchuria — continued.
Southern, Williamson on,
chief cities, xiii. 27
climate, xiii. 26
cultivation, xiii. 30
population, xiii. 29
ports and rivers, xiii. 27, 28
Mancini, exploration of Madre-de-Dios
river, 1868-9., xiv. 325
Mandaiay, capital of Burmah, route from,
to Talifoo, xix. 271
Mandanvatsy, village, Madagascar, mean
ing of the name, xix. 194
rock wall at, xix. 195
Mandara, an independent province in C,
Africa, ii. 79
Mandinga Bay and river, Panama, good
harbour of, ix. 277, 278, 280
Mandridrano, Madagascar, hilly region,
country west of, xxi. 167
population of, xix. 193
Maneroo, S. Australia, i. 4
Manfuleh, Arabia, large town at, viii. 65
Manga Hills, Madagascar, north edge of
Imerina plain, xix. 184
Mangalore, Madras, rainfall at, xi. 63
Manganja country, C. Africa,
explored by Kirk and Livingstone,
1861., vi. 25, 28
highlands of, vi. 28, suited for colonisa
tion, 29
Mangara, E. Cent. Africa, xx. 137
 , S.E. Africa, limit of tide on the
Zambesi, ii. 363
Mangasoavina, Madagascar, xx. 112
Mangaudeh river, Persia, choked naviga
tion of, iii. 395
Manghau on the Sonkoi. importance of,
xviii. 465, as trade depot, xix. 283
Mangi, Southern, (China), Notices of,
Phillips, xviii. 168
Mangka, or Bangka, chief town of For
mosa, Collingwood on, (1867.), xi. 167,
168 ; see Banka
Mangles, Capt. J., R.N., obituary notice of,
1868., xii. 229
Mango, Tibet, headquarters of the Gombo
of Garchethol, xxi. 331
Mango Guror, peak, Mustagh Mts.,
viii. 35
Mangoro river, Madagascar, soil of dis
trict of, xix. 196
Mangrove Islands, Albert river, N. Aus
tralia, ii. 380
Mangrullo, Paraguay, elevation of,
xx. 494
Mangu, Lake, Usambara, Africa, inflow
and outflow of waters of, xix. 320
Manheji, the river, Persian Gulf, boom
aoross, vii. 117
Mania, Mt., Syria, Well-defined peak, i. 8
Mania river, Madagascar, affluents of,
xxi. 168

Manica land, S.Africa, gold-bearing region,
xix. 115
Umzila's views concerning, xxii. 129
Manika river, S. Africa, gold near,
xix. 115
Manila, Philippine Islands, admiralty
survey of, iii. 270
Manime (possibly Manyema), C. Africa,
Livingstone at, 1869., xv. 116
Maningory river, Madagascar, rise and
course of, xix. 195
Manipori Lake, N. Zealand, rivers feeding,
viii. 48
Mauipur (Munipur), advantages of, as
entrepot between Bengal and Burma,
Pemberton cited on, v. 50
route, Assam to the Irrawadi described,
ib.
Manitoba province, B.N. America, climate
and soil of, etc., xx. 295, colonists of,
296, 298, natives of, 297
Manitu Kalun, Mongolia, Manchu military
Btation, xviii. 160
Mankambira's village, Lake Nyassa,
xxii. 240-1
Mann, Dr. R. J.,
Baine's exploration of the gold region
between the Limpopo and Zambesi
rivers, 1868 , xv. 147
on Barometric Observations for eleva
tions, xi. 109
on Erskine's journey to the mouth of
the Limpopo, xiii. 339
 journeys in Gaza Land,
1873-5., xxii. 127
on Nyangwe, xxi. 503
On the Physical Geography and Climate
of Natal, (1866.), xi. 18
on the healthiness of Natal, etc.,
xxii. 134
On Sand-bars at mouths of S. African
rivers, xvi. 138
 , J. A., Ocean currents, N.E. Coast
of S. America, vii. 50
Mann Ranges, S. Australia, xix. 52, 58
latitude of, xix. 313
Manning, T., journey of, to Lhasa, 1812.,
xix. 328, 335, xxi. 346
Mann's Spring, Cameroons Mts. , W. Africa,
elevation and temperature of, and suit
ability for a sanatorium for Lagos,
vi. 243
Mano, W. Africa, latitude of, xi. 79
Manoa Bay, N. Guinea, natives of,
xvi. 204
Manokoso, Equatorial Africa, distance of,
from Ujiji, xv. 336
Manono Island, Navigator group, political
importance of, xxi. 143
Manora Point, Kurrachee, described,
xi. 24
Mansarowar or Mansurwur Lake, Tibet,
xii. 147, hills round, xi. 122

200

MAN— MAR

Mansarowar or Mansurwur Lake, Tibet —
continued.
Observations and surveys of Pundit 3
at, 1868-70., xii. 157, xiv. 211, 212
in relation to the Sutlej, xi. 119, 121-2
sacred Mt. near, xxi. 336
sources of the Indus near, xv. 200
visited by Smith and Harrison, 1865.,
xi. 120-1
Thomson on, xi. 122
Manseriche, Pongo de, N. Peru, course of
the MaraSon river through, viii. 59
Mansey, road from, to Bhamo, xx. 234-5
Mantaro and Apurimac, Journey to con
fluence of, Raimondi (title only), xiii,
112
Man-tsze caverns W. China, xiv. 169
Mantuan Downs, Queensland, good graz
ing district, x. 62
Manua Island, Navigator group,
extreme easterly point of group, .
xxi. 141
tradition concerning, xxi. 147
Manukau Harbour and Bar, N. Zealand,
admiralty survey of, viii. 192
Manukusa, chief in S.E. Africa, location
of, xix. 125
Manumanu, or Laroiki (q.v.), river, N.
Guinea, cascade on, xx. 333
wrongly called Towtow, xviii. 39
— - town, described by Gill, xviii. 40, 43
Manwyne, or Man Yiin, Burmo-Chinese
frontier, expeditions to, xix. 271
Gill at, (1878.), xxii. 271
and inhabitants described by Mar
gary, xix. 289, xx. 210-1, 213
Margary murdered at, 1875., xix. 271,
xxii. 270, 284
Sladen at, 1868., xv. 356
Manyara Bay and district, N.E. corner
of V. Nyanza, xxii. 390
hills of, xx. 42, 157
 Lake, E. Africa, native information
on, xx. 77
Manych river, Sea of Azov, dry in I860.,
v. 193-4, E. and W. waterparting of,
iv. 199
Manyerire Hill, C. Africa, coal at,
v. 130
Manyuema land (see also Manime), Equa
torial Africa,
explored by Livingstone, xvi. 160,
xvii. 10, 11, 68, 69, xviii. 258
giant grasses of, xx. 310
ivory of, xvii. 70
numerous chieftains in, xx. 310
population, habits, and gorillas of,
xvii. 70-3
rainfall of, xvii. 28
smiths among, xx. 311
Man Yiin, see Manwyne
Manzana, Mts., New Mexico, poor land
hear, xxii. 276

Manzanari, Madagascar, visited byRooke
1864., x. 54
Manzanzas, Las, Patagonia, Musters at,
(1869.), xv. 48
Manzonje swamp, Congo region, xix. 87
Mao,. Wadai, C. Africa, Beuermann
murdered at (1866.), xi. 34
Maomba river, C. Africa, i. 1 1
Maoris, indigenous natives.of N. Zealand,
viii. 58
Map office of R.G.S., Government grant
to, xiii. 259, xvi. 292
Maps, Principal, of European States,
(1858.), Tables of, ii. 381
 Stereoscopic, from Models of Moun
tainous Countries, F. Galton, ix. 104
 and Models, utility of, in School,
Wilson on, xix. 69
Mapanga, W. Africa, elevation of, vi. 240
Maponda (see also Kompoonda), Nyasa
region, C. Africa, news of Livingstone
from, (1868.), xii. 85
Mapoota river, S. Africa, geological forma
tion of bed, and oatfaU of, xiii. 337
seizure of English ship in, xix. 120
Mar, Serro de, Brazil, heights of, vi. 74
railway up, xx. 466
Mara river, V. Nyanza, xxi. 41, 155
Marabastadt, chief town of Zoutspanberg
county, S. Africa, gold reef near,
xxii. 120
Maracapata or Araza river, Brazil, affluent
of the Purus, x. 253
Markham's journey by, 1861., v. 224
Maracaya, Serra de, boundary between
Paraguay and Brazil, xviii. 121
Marak Parak, Borneo, geological formation
at, ii. 346
Maralbashee, or Murul Bashee, Cent.
Asia, journey to, from Kashgar, 1873-4.,
Biddulph, xviii. 425 ; ruins near, xxi. 39
Marang Thang, Garo Hills, Assam, eleva
tion of, xvii. 39
Maranoa river, Queensland, Leichhardfs
journey near, 1848., iii. 20, 88, x. 59
Mararion river, or Upper Amazon, Peru,
viii. 59
affluents of, xiii. 133, xxi. 557
Notes on the Winter Climate of, Gait,
xvii. 138
women-explorers of, xv. 377
Marathon, Battle of, Jochmus on, i. 481
 , Queensland, geological formation
at, xii. 141
Maravi Lake, Equatorial Africa, vi. 21
source of the Conducia river, iii. 116
Marawah, Yemen, S. Arabia, reason of its
exemption from all taxes, xviii. 201, 202
Marayah, Bunder, Somaliland, gums of,
xvi. 150, 155
 , Jebel, geological formation of,
xvi. 150
 , Wady, gums of, xvi. 155

MAR— MAR

201

Marble Rocks, S.W. China, described,
vi. 229
March, Persia, iii. 9
Marchant, F. and G., stations of, S. Aus
tralia, ii. 18, 19
Marohottchai river, Asia Minor, outfall of,
iii. 370
Marco Polo and Mediaeval travellers to
China, Yule and others cited on, i. 227
" Marco Polo," by Yule, reviewed, xv. 270
Marcoy's "Voyage a travers FAmerique
du Sud," noticed, xiv. 312
Mare Island, Loyalty group, Pacific
Ocean —
language of, xvi. 393
merely a reef, xvi. 394
Mareb or Marib, Yemen, S. Arabia, the
dyke at, viii. 97 ; bursting of, xv. 334
Arnaud's visit to, 1843., xv. 330
salt from, xviii. 197
 or Gash river, Abyssinia, peculiarity
of, x. 282
Marenga or Marungo, district, near Lake
Tanganyika, xiv. 10, xxii. 398
dome-shaped hill of, xxii. 236
news of Livingstone at, 1867., xii. 21,
22,83
 river, affluent of Lake Tanganyika,
Burton on, ix. 7
Marenga M'Kali plain, E. Afrioa, orossed
by Cameron, xviii. 72, xx. 306
Marere, Nyassa-land, mountains near,
xxii. 238
Mares of Canadian rivers described,
xvii. 134
Margaret, Mt., S. Australia, xii. 292
Ball's expedition beyond, ix. 75-6
Warburton's expedition beyond, ib.
 , W. Australia, named by Forrest,
1869., xiv. 194
Margary, A. R.,
Chinese regard for, Gill on, xxii. 270
expedition of, across China to Burma,
1874-75., xix. 267, 283, 291
extracts from Diary, xx. 184, 208
 letters of, 1875., Teng Yueh
Chow, xix. 288, Manwyne, 289
on Formosa, xvii. 156
murder of, at Manwyne, 1875., xix. 271,
284, 286, 287, 288, 390, xx. 184,
213, 426-7, xxii. 284, 345
obituary notice of, 1875., xix. 389
. Marghilan, Kokand, C. Asia-
Russian settlement at, xxii. 340
Schuyler at, 1873., xviii. 412 1
Maria Havn, Iceland, harbour and salmon
river of, v. 74, 75
Marian (or Mariam) La, pass, and moun
tain, Tibet —
elevation of, xix. 338
watershed of Brahmaputra and Sutlej
rivers, xii. 153
western boundary of Tibet, xix. 329

Marico district, Middle Veldt, Transvaal,
S. Africa, xxii. 117
mineral wealth, etc., of, xxii. 118
 river, Baines' journey beyond, 1868.,
xv. 147
Maridaza, Madagascar, houses and people
of, xx. Ill
Mariensk on the Amur, described, xiii. 366
Marie Range, C. Australia, discovered and
named by Giles, (1873.), xix. 54
Marignolli, J. de, cited on China in 1338.,
x. 272, 274
pillar of, at Malabar, 275
Marimbo river, in the Hova country,
Madagascar, xiv. 375
Mariopol, Sea of Azov, ballast heaps at,
i. 306
Mariposa or San Joaquin river, California,
gold on, i. 78
Mariprieta, Isthmus of Darien, gold-bear
ing soil at, i. 78
Mar Jirjis, Syria, convent of, ii. 225
Marjoribanks, E., obituary notice of,
1869., xiii. 273
 Harbour, Corea, named by Hamilton
in 1832., iv. 59
Marka, Lake, Russian C. Asia, surrounded
by lofty mountains, viii. 206
Marker, Mt., Rocky Mts., pass between it
and Mt. Brown, ii. 51
Markka, S. Arabia, rich plain of, xvi. 117
Markham, Capt. A. H., r.n.,
awarded gold watch by R.G.S., 1877.,
President's speech, xxi. 400, reply, 401
Arctic exploration of: 1873., xviii. 12,
xix. 207, 379; 1875-6., xx. 57-8,
xxi. 96, 101, 446, 541, 543-4, 548-9 ;
furthest north, 1876., xxi. 446, 548
On Sledge Travelling (in the Arctic
regions), xxi. 110
The New Hebrides and Santa Cruz
Groups, S.W. Pacific, xvi. 388
Markham, C. R., vii. 202, 206, xii. 6, 273
on African subjects :
Abyssinia: Early Portuguese expe
ditions to, xii. 11, 273
on explorations in, xiii. 51, by
Jesuits, 223
Geographical results of the expedi
tion to (1868.), xii. 113, 298
(cf. 115)
Dr. Mann's Observations on Bars at
Mouths of S. African rivers, with
remarks on the Formation of Dams,
xvi. 138
Examination of Southern Half of Lake
Tanganyika by Cameron, xix. 246
The Livingstone Search and Relief
Expedition, (1872.), xvi. 158
on Arctic exploration :
On the Best Route for N. Polar ex
ploration, ix. 138, Notes, 158, 162
On Proposed N. Polar Expedition,

202

MAR— MAR

Markham, C. R. — continued.
on Arctic exploration — continued..
1865., and its ethnological interests,
ix. 62-3
On Expedition of 1875., and its
objects, xix. 221 ; and its progress,
xx. 55, xxi. 536, 543, and routes for
future expeditions, 552
On the Discoveries by the Polaris and
Voyage of the Arctic, xviii. 12
On Discoveries E. of Spitzbergen and
attempts to reach the Pole on the
Spitzbergen meridians, xvii. 97
On the Origin and Migrations of the
Greenland Esquimaux, ix. 88, 103
Table of Voyages towards the N.
Pole, ix. 66
On Asiatic subjects :
Afghan Geography, xx. 241
on explorations in New Guinea,
xvi. 203-4, xviii. 46
on Samarcand and the early Spanish
Embassy thither, viii. 273
Travels in Gt. Tibet and trade between
Tibet and Bengal, xix. 327
On the Effects of the Destruction of
Forests in the W. Ghauts on the
Water-Supply, x. 266 ; on the same
generally, xiii. 82
On the Inland Navigation of Travan-
core, etc., xi. 78
on the Mahanuddy and cotton cultiva
tion in India, ix. S3
Memorandum on Indian Surveys,
Murchison on, xv. 275, cf. xxi. 451
On Sedashagur Harbour, vii. 97
work of, in introducing cinchona to
India, iv. 33,vi.l88,vii. 168,x. 243-4
on the Easter Island Images, xiv. 1 16
on Public School Examinations, 1878.,
xxii. 492, and Prize Medals, xxii. 301
on South America :
on the basin of the Amazon, viii., 60, 61,
on explorations of the above, xi. 106
on early explorations of Patagonia,
xv. 49, 51
on Ecuador, iii. 95, 97
on the effect of winds on the vegeta
tion of S. America, xvii. 66
on Pardo's work in Peru, xviii. 220
on the sources of the Purus river,
(1861.), v. 224
travels of, on headstreams of the
Purus river, vii. 168
On the Races of the Peruvian Andes,
and on the communication between
the Andes and the Atlantic, xv. 367
Railroad and Steam Communications
in S. Peru, xviii. 212
The Still Unexplored Parts of S.
America, xxii. 40
work of, in S. American exploration,
etc., ix. 245, x. 253, xiii. 310

Markham, J., Notes on a Journey through
Shantung, 1869., xiv. 137, of. 295
obituary notice of, 1872., xvi. 311
Markland, Leif the Fortunate's name for
Nova Scotia, ii. 373
Marmora, Gen. A. de La, obituary notice
of, 1864., viii. 179
Marmora, Sea of, i. 303
currents in, and density of water in,
Spratt's observations, ii. 264
faulty charts of, ii. 377
varying level of, i. 304
Marny, Barbet or Barbot de, cited on the
former connection between the Cas
pian Sea and the Sea of Azov, v. 193
death of, 1877., xxi. 450
Marocco, see Morocco
Maromballa Mt., S.E. Africa, near the
Zambesi, ii. 364
Maromitamoka river, Madagascar, width
of, xx. 112
Marongo, E. Africa, and district near,
xx. 75, 77
Marongwe tribe of S. Africa, Erskine on,
xxii. 132
Mirovatana, Madagascar, military station,
xxi. 166
Marovoay, Madagascar, important town,
described, xx. 113
Marpo, Trans-Himalayas, Buddhist mon
astery, xiv. 208
Marpech road, Mustuch to Lungen (near
Chitral), dangers of, xv. 184
Marquesas Islands, women of, xiv. 117
Marritt, J., long captive among Australian
natives, x. 60
Marsden, Point. S. Australia, admiralty
survey near, xv. 266
Marseilles, cost of breakwater at, iii. 198
Marsemik La (pass), or Lankar, xxi. 326 ;
see Masimik
Marsh, Capt. H. O, Journey overland to
India, via MeBhed, Herat, Candahar,
and the Bolan Pass, 1872., xxi. 582
 , M. H., M.p.,on meteorological condi
tions in Australia, vii. 86, as affecting
water supply, 87, cited 89
cited on sheep-farming in Australia,
vii. 177
Marshall,  , on Daghestan and Georgia,
vi. 105
Marshall, W. Africa, colony of liberated
negroes, i. 99
 Lagoon, N. Guinea, xxi. 355
Marshman,  , on Red Sea Cables, v. 223
Martaban, Burma, acquired by England
(1852), v. 46
admiralty survey of, i. 269
good harbour of, xi. 222
 Gulf of, currents in, vi. 115
Martha's Vineyard Island, N. America,
and the early Norse discovery of
America, ii. 373

mar-mat

203

Martin, F. 0., oh Use of Elephants in
African travel, xix. 492
 , J., Explorations in N.W. Australia,
1863., x. 86, 87-9
 , M., on Livingstone's Zambesi ex
plorations, ii. 100
Martin Garcia Island, off Paraguay,
channel near, i. 170
Martin's Bay, N. Zealand, mouth of the
Kaduku in, ix. 33
Martius, C. P. von, work of, on Brazil,
i. 169
obituary notice of, 1869., xiii. 263
Maruru, Portuguese station on the
Zambesi, cultivation at, i. 314
Marwa, Equatorial Africa, water at,
xx. 307
Mary river, Queensland , admiralty surveys
of, viii. 192, xxi. 436
auriferous promise of district, xii. 140,
142
good land near, v. 121
Mary Anne steamer, the first to ascend
the Murray river, Australia, iv. 94
Maryborough, Queensland, xxi. 436,
Bowen on, v. 121
geological formation of, xii. 142
Marzo. Cape, Colombia, S. America,
harbour shielded by, i. 64
Masai region, E. Africa,
hills of, xxi. 239
location of, xvi. 129, xxii. 385
natives of, xix. 318, fierce character of,
xxii. 448 ; see Mahumba
routes through, to the interior, i. 9
volcanic district of, xx. 155
Masanga Lake, Equatorial Africa, effluent
of, xxi. 57
JIasawah, or Masowah, E. Africa, ii. 54
geological reconnaissance from, to
Abyssinian plateau, Khedive's ex
pedition, 1876., xxi. 65
Mashabrum or Masherbrum Peak, Mus
tagh Range, elevation of, viii. 34,
x. 163
glaciers of, viii. 34
latitude of, ib.
MaBhhad, see Meshed
Mashakka, chief town of Uddtt, E. Africa,
Speke at, vii. 231
Mashona, Mashoona, or Mashuna land,
S. Africa,
explored by Wilkinson, (1866.), xiii. 135
gold-workings of, visited by Baines,
1869., xv. 151, Swinburne on, 155
Mashonde, Uganda, Speke at, vii. 219
Ma-shwuy-ho river, W. China, commercial
importance of, xiv. 170
Masika, rainy season so-called, S. C.
Africa, Livingstone on, xviii- 271
Masimik pass, C. Asia, elevation of,
xi. 10, xiv. 43, xviii. 112: see MarBemik
Masindi, C. Africa, annexed by Baker for

the Khedive, xviii. 58, fighting at,
59, funeral rites of a king at, 60
station established at, xx. 473
visited by New, 1874., xix. 319
Masindra.no, Madagascar, port of the
Mananjara river, xxi. 164
Masingini, Zanzibar, house, elevation and
view at, xx. 74
Masomone Bay, S. Africa, Bushmen of, as
elephant hunters, xix. 122
Mason Bey, Col., Reconnaissance of Lake
Albert Nyanza, 1877., xxii. 225, Alcock
on, 371, Stanley on, xxi. 394
Masonguil, Madagascar, Gunst at, (1865.),
ix. 291
Masovariakai, Hova fort, Madagascar,
extent of jurisdiction, xiv. 375
Massa river, Morocco, source of, and surf
at mouth of, ii. 375
Massacre Bay, or Asu, Tutuila Island,
Samoa, reason of name, xxi. 146
Massary, Rhodes, destroyed by earthquake
1863., vii. 205
Massis, considered to be the Noachic
Ararat, Bryce on, xxii. 186
Massowah, see Masawah
Massur, C. African name for Egypt,
viii. 7
Masteroud, Egypt, sand below water-level
at, iii. 200
Mastuch, Mastuj, or Mustuj, near Chitral,
xiii. 131, described by the Mirza,
xv. 184
slave trade of, xiii. 133
Masius Mt., Asia Minor, region near,
ix. 39
Masungwe river, C. Africa, Cameron on,
xix. 153
Mataatu Bay, Savaii Island, Navigator
Group, small and often insecure as u
harbour, xxi. 142
Mataba, C. Africa, hills of, vi. 33
Matabeleland, S. Africa, Moffat in, (1859.),
i. 243
Portuguese claim to mining rights in,
xv. 155
Wilkinson on, xiii. 135
Zulu origin of inhabitants of, xv. 149
Matabello Islands, Malay Archipelago,
formation of, Jukes cited on, xii. 333
Matabri, or Matabar, possibly Maabar,
Coromandel Coast, Thomson on, xx. 222
Matafoa, Mt., volcano, Tatuila Island,
Navigator Group, xxi. 146
Matagalpa, Honduras, Indians of, xiii. 58,
mountains of, xiii. 62
Mataka, Nyassaland, xi. 126
described by Livingstone, xii. 175
elevation of, xii. 183
Matampe, Congo region, the Buila river
near, xix. 87
Mataola, volcanic hill, Madagascar,
xix. 188

204

MAT— MAY

Matapen, West Africa, route to, from
Sherbro, xi. 80
Matara, on the Parand river, S. America,
i. 468
Mataracuens, S.C. Africa, i. 75
Matautu, Upolu Island, Navigator Group,
xxi. 144
Matiamvo's district, Londa, C. Africa (see
also Muata ya Nvo), Livingstone in,
i. 11, 159
uncertainty of exact position of, vii. 106
 river, hippopotami in, vii. 107
Mathuf, S. Arabia, ruins at, xv. 327
Matipa Island, Lake Bemba, Equatorial
Africa, xviii. 244
Matitahana river, Madagascar, falls of,
xxi. 160
Matiti, Nyassaland, cataracts near,
xxii. 234
Matooka, Congo region, hill village,
cultivation near, xix. 81
Matsamba, S. Africa, game country near,
Erskine on, xix. 129
Matsiatra river, Madagascar, importance
of, xix. 192
Matsudu, Japan, xix. 170, cultivation near,
xvii. 83
Matsumai, Yezo, scene of Golownin's
captivity, 1811-13., xviii. 234
Ma-tsung-tan, on the Muh-ma river, W.C.
China, xiv. 180
Mattawa river, tributary of the Ottawa
river, ii. 294
Matteucci, Prof., cited on the N. Atlantic
Telegraph route, iv. 107
Matthew, Mt., W. Australia, a conspicuous
summit, iii. 37
Matthews, C. D., on Musters' and other
travels in Bolivia, and on his own ascent
of the Madeira river, xxii. 47
Mattina, above Sana'a, S. Arabia,
xviii. 196
Mattin route, Bhamo to China, used by
Burmese Embassies to China, xx. 212
Matto Grosso, province, Brazil,
opening up of, ii. 297
salubrity of, xx. 455-9
steam communication with, established,
i. 467
Mattol river or marsh, near Delagoa Bay,
S. Africa, iii. 373
Matucana, Peru, elevation of railway at,
xviii. 209
Matuka Island, Fiji, admiralty survey of,
i. 407
Matuki-tuki river, N. Zealand, and its
glacial source, viii. 47, 213
Maud, Baron de, efforts of, to open up the
Amazon, 1851-65., x. 105
remarks on the same, x. 106
Mauat district, N. Guinea, 1872., xviii. 33
natives of, described by Gill, xviii. 35-7
Mauch, K., award from R.G.S., 1872.,

xvi. 276, 284-5, President's speech on
presenting same, 285
discovery of S. African goldfields by,
1867-8., xiii. 136, xv. 158
 of Zimbabwe by, xix. Ill
cited on gold in S.E. Africa, xii. 268
Maues river, affluent of the Amazon,
xii. 340
Mauhlin, S. Africa, elephants of, hunted
by Erskine, xxii. 132
Maui Island, Sandwich Group, xii. 306
crater of, xii. 309
Mauna Kea, volcano, Hawaii, elevation
of, xii. 310
 Loa, volcano, Hawaii, elevation of,
and crater, xii. 310, eruption of, 1868.,
311
Maunza, Congo district, xix. 87
Mauphoo fort, Burma, Harcourt on,
xv. 359
 pass, xv. 172, 354-5
Mauranu, lofty mtn. in Adamawa, W.
Africa, xxi. 490
Mauritius, Bishop of,
Visit to Vohimarina, N.E. province of
Madagascar, 1865., xi. 50
 Island, admiralty survey of, xxi. 433,
xxii. 384
mail routes vid, proposed, i. 79, 81, 86
sugar produce of (1857.), ii. 58
trees in relation to rainfall in, x. 268
Maury Bay, Arctic regions, grounded ice
bergs off, xxi. 279
Maury, Capt. M. F., letter on the Arctic
Expedition of the U.S. Navy, 1854.,
i. 16
on the (proposed) Arctic Expedition
1865. and the possible open sea,
ix. 101, 122
on the cloud-belt of C. America, xii. 45
on the Indus delta and others, xi. 31
investigation of the Gulf Stream by,
i. 177
on ocean currents and their capricious
courses, vii. 51
on the ruins at Park, viii. 7
cited on the winds of N. Australia,
xii. 317
work of, xii. 45, Fitzroy on, ix. 153
 , Jansen on, v. 24
 , Murchison on, ix. 154
obituary notice of, 1873., xvii. 239
Mauvaises Terres, B.N. America, eleva
tion of, xv. 300
sandy plains beyond, xx. 291
semi-desert, described by Anderson,
xx. 288
Mavara archipelago, N. Guinea, un
charted, xix. 518
Mavatanana, Madagascar, quartz hills
near, xx. 113
Ma Viti tribes of L. Nyassa, xxi. 227-9 ;
slave traders, xxi. 233 ; see also Mazitu

MAW— MED

205

Maweni Duruma district, E. Africa,
antimony mines of, visited by Hilde-
hrand, xxii. 449
Mawhera or Grey river, N. Zealand,
settlement at mouth of, viii. 50
Maxenga, Maxinga, or Muchenga (q.v?),
Mts., S.E. Africa, elevation and position
of, i. 245, xi. 236, 237, 245 (and note)
Maxisi, S.E. Afrioa, Laforte's hous3 at,
near Inhambane, xix. 121
Maxwell, Sir W. Stirling, obituary notice
of, 1878., xxii. 327
May, D., r.n., (see Baikie and Niger
expeditions)
expedition with Beecroft up the Niger,
iii. 311
 in Hadan, etc., W. Africa, iii. 311
on the Rovuma river, vi. 36
cited on the Niger, its course, and
geological formations along, iii. 311
Maydir, N. Africa, elevated plain, ix. 314
Mayers, W. S. F., obituary notice of,
1878., xxii. 326
Maynard, J. H., Journey from Antana
narivo to Mojunga, Madagascar, 1874.,
xx. 110
Mayne, Comm. R. O, R.N.,
expedition of, in B. Columbia,1859.,iv. 33
 in Vancouver Island,(1862.), vi. 107
on routes and riches in B. Columbia,
vi. 108
Mayo, Earl of, xiv. 6, at Moulmein, 1872.,
xix. 277, in relation to horse-breeding
in Australia, xiv. 205
Mayor, The Lord (1877.), resolution put
by, concerning the African Exploration
Fund, xxi. 609
Mayotta Island, near Madagascar, volcanic
character of, xix. 188
Mayro.Port of Peru, distance of, from Lima,
xi. 176
Mayumbo river, Congo region, Monteiro
on, xx. 132
Mazagan, N.W. Morocco, geological
formation at, viii. 153, ix. 24
Mazaro, on the Mutu branch of the
Zambesi, iii. 100
mudbanks near, xxii. 233
Portuguese exorbitance at, xxi. 246
Mazaruni river, B. Guiana, xv. 123
Mazattan, Mexico, described, iii. 108
Mazavamba, E. Africa, latitude of, i. 245,
xi. 236
Mazenderan, Persia, lowlands of, iii. 7
Mazeppa Bay, S. Africa, outfall of the
Coga river at, i. 511
Mazgerd, Persia, ruins, etc., near, Taylor
on, xii. 302, 303, 304
Mazinan, Persia, xx. 168
Mazita.(or Majita, q.v.) promontory, V.
Nyanza, xx. 145
Mazitu or Maviti(q.?).), tribe of Nyassaland,
Cotterill on, xxii. 240

Mazotes, E. Africa, elevation aud scenery
of, xxii. 243, 214
Mbareikom, W. Africa, mission station,
natives and cultivation at, xx. 227
Mbatiki Island, Fiji, admiralty survey of,
i. 407
Mboa Maji, route from, to Ujiji, i. 9
Mburuma hills, on the Zambezi, fibre of,
vi. 26
Mbweni, Zanzibar district, Universities
Mission station at, xx. 69
Mdabaru, district, in Ugogo, xx. 306
Mdaghra, N. Africa, oases of, ix. 31
Mdenga ferry, E.C. Africa, i. 9
Meadows, T. T., cited on the population of
"S. Manchuria, xiii. 29
 and Williamson cited on Manchuria,
xvi. 214-5
Meanee, Scinde, Napier's victory at, 1843.,
xiv. 124
Meazza, F., letter on the Trade of Bokhara,
(1864.), ix. 71
Mecoa or Mekka, Arabia, vii. 21, viii. 267-9
Burton's journey to, (1856.), i. 176
Egyptian route to, iii. 182
Maltzan's pilgrimage to, I860., xvi. 115
pilgrim's sea route to, iv. 180
in relation to the Suez canal, iii. 186
Saracen route to, iii. 182
Tunisian rival to, vi. 214
Meoham, Comm. G. F., r.n., Arctic work of,
xix. 477, xxi. 545, 546, 551, obituary
notice of, 1859., iii. 255
Mecomalache river, C. Africa, i. 75
Medangpodo, Tibet, the Pundits at, 1865.,
xii. 148
Medanos, or sandhills, of the Pampas of
S. America
described by Crawfurd, xvii. 60
formation of, Rickard on, xvii. 67
Medhurst, Sir W. H., Note on the French
expedition from Cambodia to Yunan,
1868., xiii. 56
on Gill's travels in China, xxii. 284
Median Wall, Mesopotamia, Bewsher on,
xi. 156, Jones on, 158, Lynch on, 159
Medine, Senegal, the Felou cataracts near,
xi. 200
Medici, Giuliano de', and the discovery of
Australia, (1615.), xvi. 354
Mediterranean Sea, (gee also Suez Canal) —
admiralty surveys and soundings in,
i. 404, ii. 263, iii. 265, iv. 149, 152, v.
170, vi. 132, vii. 139, viii. 190, ix. 221,
x. 217, xi. 192, xii. 240, xiii. 275, xiv.
304, xv. 261, 264, xvi. 317, xvii. 254,
xviii. 536, xix. 406, xx. 404, xxi. 432,
xxii. 333-4
currents in, see Gibraltar current
former communication of, with the Red
Sea probable, i. 224
Geography of the Bed of, Osborn, xv. 28
height of waves in, iii. 397

206

MED— MEL

Mediterranean Sea — continued.
cable attacked by Teredo in, v. 69
level of, iii. 183-4, xiii. 362
Physical Geography of, Carpenter,
xviii. 319
telegraph surveys of Spratt in, (1861.),
v. 171
Thermal condition of, and depths in,
Carpenter on, xxi. 297, 302
Mediterraneo-Caucasian flora, T. Dyer
xxii. 425
Medok la (pass), borders of Tibet, moun
tains beyond, xiii. 193
Meek, Sir J., obituary notice of, 1857.,
i. 391
Meekhsay valley, Persia, river of, iii. 8,
village of, elevation of, iii. 9
Meen, district city, W. China, on the Han
river, Wylie on, xiv. 35, 172, 179
Meen-shwuy; river, W. China, confluence
of, with the Han, xiv. 179
Meen-yang-ho (river), W. China, rise,
course and affluents of, xiv. 170
Megourrha, Nile region, water and cultiva
tion near, xx. 359
Mehai'daan plain, S. Arabia, not the same
as Wadee Tobbaan,xvi. 119
Mehemet Aii at Korosko, 1820., i. 504,
cited on Egypt in relation to India,
iii. 199
expedition sent by, up the Nile in 1839-
40, ii. 100, 140-1, iii. 114, 354
Thibant's narrative of the expedition,
ii. 222
Mehinga, E. Africa, harbour of, xxi. 589
Mehmeel, plain, C. Arabia, well-peopled,
ix. 294
Meiggs, H., railway works executed by in
Peru, xviii. 206 et seq.
Mei-hoo, W. China, strong rapid on the
Han river at, xiv. 182
Meije, or Aiguille du Midi de la Grave,
Mt., in Dauphine', elevation of, vii. 44
Meiron, Syria, ruins at, ii. 224
Meith, Somali-land, Hildebrandt's journey
to, 1875., xxii. 446
Meituwambiji, near the Kingani, E. Africa
Swahili and slave natives of, xxi.
500
Mejdel, Syria, ancient temple at, ii. 225
Mejmad, Arabia, fortified town, viii. 65
Mejerdah river, Tunis, fine bridge over,
vi. 211
Mekerrig, Nile region, dry plains near,
xx. 359
Me-ke-seen-tung cliff, Han river, W.China,
legend of, xiv. 183
Meklong river, and town, Siam, described
by Schomburgk, iv. 211, 214
Mek Nimmur, territory of, Abyssinia, x. 289
Mekong, or Mai Kong, or Kiong-Hing-
Kiang, or Lan San Kiang river, Siam
i. 13, xiv. 344

Mekong, or Mai Kong, or Kiong-Hing-
Kiang, or Lan San Kiang river— cont.
absence of bar at mouth of, iv. 218
explorations of and to
De LagreVs, 1866., xix. 278-81
Garnier's, (1866. and 1868.), xiii. 56
xviii. 463
McLeod's, v. 47
Mouhot on, vi. 80
Mouhot's, iv. 190, vi. 80
 cited on, iv. 190
mouth of in possession of the French
I860., iv. 217
navigation of, 1855., in Chinese hands,
i. 13
other names of, xxi. 338
source and course of, iv. 217
suspension bridge over, xix. 290
trade routes via, xix. 275
Me-koft, W. China, wild tribes beyond,
Margary on, xx. 198
Mekran, Persian Gulf,
coast, explored by Goldsmid, 1861-2.,
vii. 91
gypsies, Rawlinson and others on,
xvi. 221
history of, Rawlinson on, xvi. 219
mountains, mud volcanoes of, Frere on,
xvi. 220; Rawlinson and others on,
xvi. 221
Report on a journey through, Ross, 1865.,
xvi. 139 (title only), 219
Melanesian Sea, bounds of, and depths in,
xxi. 318
Melbourne, Australia, (see Burke and
Wills; also Port Phillip), i. 122, 255,
v. 8, 57, 175, vi. 69, 70, 119, vii. 35,
36, 39, 40, 84, 111, x. 34, xix. 8
development of, vi. 56, vii. 172, ix. 228,
305, x. 60
expeditions from, (see Burke and Wills,
etc.)
Delisser's, 1865., x. 129
Leichhardt search expeditions, 1865.
et seq., ix. 231, 304, x. 85
first colonists in, ix. 228, find Buckley
among the natives, ix. 305 *
funeral of Burke and Wills at, vii. 37, 173
hot winds of, v. 60
Library of, vii. 179
mail routes proposed to, i. 84, vi. 199
mountains of, iv. 82
route from, to Carpentaria opened up
by Burke and Wills, vi. 70
settlers from, for the interior, (1863.),
vii. 85
sheep-trade with, x. 328
Melinde, E. Africa, pillar of Vasco da
Gama at, xvi. 126
Mellacoure, Niger region, Fulbe trado
with, xxi. 494
Melville, J., of the N. Australian expedi
tion, i. 354, 490

MEL— MER

207

Melville Bay, Greenland, birds of, i. 53
dangers of, xx. 59
experience of the Arctic in, 1873.,
xviii. 16
glaciers of, v. 77, Esquimaux beyond,
ix. 49
ice of, v. 76, and navigation in, ix. 159,
161
 , Cape, Queensland, iv. 95
geological formation of, xii. 143
 Island, Arctic regions, ii. 200
ice at, xvii. 176
temperature at, i. 17
 , N. Australia, vii. 171, xv. 298
alleged failure of settlement at, ix. 22,
23; condition of same in 1870.,
xiv. 322
 Peninsula, Arctic regions, ice at, Rae
on, xix. 222
 Sound, Arctic regions, animal life of,
i. 54
field ioe of, i. 22, other ice, i. 23
and the search for Franklin, i. 105
 Strait, N. Australia, admiralty survey
begun, x. 221
Membakut river, Borneo, source of,
xvi. 172
Me-mung-Shwuy river, affluent of the
Tae-ping-ho, W. China, xiv. 170
Menabe province, Madagascar, derelict
condition of, xix. 185
Menai Inlet, Zanzibar, promontory formed
by, xx. 70
Menam river, Siam, xix. 271
Crawfurd on, i. 14
described, iv. 213
lower part, Parkes on, i. 13, 14, 164
mountains separating, from the Mekong
river, xix. 279
Schomburgk's journey up, I860., v. 118
trade route via, iv. 218, xix. 277
Menarahaka river aud valley, Madagascar,
course of, xxi. 157, 158
Menchura ravine, Abyssinia, xii. 300
Menda La (pass), into Assam from Tibet,
difficulties of, xxi. 343
Mendana and his wife in Santa Cruz
Island, 1595., xvi. 388
Mendere su (river), Asia Minor, identified
with the Simois river, iii. 385
Mendi, rope bridge over the Indus at, and
precipice near, viii. 37
Mendoza, Argentina, irrigation at,
xvii. 65
Menggatal river, Borneo, source of,
xvi. 172
Menindie, N.S. Wales, vi. 53, 69
Start's explorations north of, vi. 168
Victorian camel expedition (and others)
at, vii. 35, 38, 39, 42, 84
Mensaleh, Lake, Egypt, level of, iii. 181
Men-Ta-Hein, C. China, ravines near,
vi. 223

Menyerry, Borneo, i. 198, and its natives,
199
Meomboni pool, E. Africa, flat land near,
and low temperature at, xxi. 240
Mer Island, near N. Guinea, dingo found
on, xviii. 46
Mercator's map of 1569., in relation to
N. Guinea, xvi. 354
statue to, at Rippelmonde, Belgium,
xvi. 135
Mercer, Gen., U.S.A., on an inter-oceanic
canal at Panama, i. 89
Mercy Bay, Magellan Straits, wreck of the
Santiago in, xiii. 276
Meredith, — , disappearance of, at Cornish
Creek, Queensland, (1865.), x. 64
Me'iere, " empire " of, Cotterill on extent
of, xxii. 244
Mergen or Merghen, Chinese Tartary,
x. 233, xiii. 34
 , Mts., Manchuria, extinct volcanoes.
i.433
Mergui Archipelago, Burmese coast,
currents off, vi. 117
good harbour of, xi. 222
Meridian, the first, proposed adoption of
same by all nations, Antwerp Geo
graphical Congress, 1871., xvi. 134
longest computed arc of, in Gt. Britain,
i. 135
Merivale, H., cited on relations between
the Australian colonies and the
mother-country, vii. 17
obituary notice of, 1874., xviii. 533 .
 river, Queensland, iii. 20
Merivouli, Greek Isles, town wrecked by
earthquake of 1707., x. 322
Merjan Boghazi pass, Kurdistan, xi. 97
Merka, E. Africa, harbour of, and grain
trade at, xvii. 341
seized by Egypt (1875.), xxii. 448
Moroe, Africa, ancient race of, Rawlinson
on, i. 282 ; lost city of, xviii. 257
Merom, Lake, Syria, elevation of, iii. 288
(note)
Merozalab, Lake, Egypt, difficulty of
canal cutting in, iii. 199
Merrais, Jebel, S. Arabia, a high peak,
tribes dwelling near, xvi. 120
Merriman Creek, Victoria, Australia,
admiralty survey near, xv. 267
Mertwi Kultuk Bay, Caspian Sea,
xix. 423
Meru, Mt., E. Africa, probable elevation
of, vi. 48
 , India, sacred mountain of the
Hindus, v. 198
Merv, C. Asia, xx. 180 ; fertility of, xxi.
139
Pazukhin at, 1671-2., xxi. 221
Meryleft, Morocco, described, ii. 375
Merzuka, Mt., near Dolena Valley,
Afghanistan, xx. 246

208

MES— MET

Mesakin, Tunis, exclusive inhabitants of,
vi. 211
Mesan, on the Zambesi, i. 3 14
Mesen river, N. Russia, sidewise movement
of, xx. 499
Meshed, or Mashhad, capital of Khurrasan,
Persia, Goldsmith's journey to, 1871.,
xvii. 86, 91
Marsh's journey to India via,; 1873.,
xxi. 582
Napier at, 1874., xx. 168
Visited by Pazukhin, 1671., xxi. 221
Meshed-i-Misriyan, or Dehistan, N. Persia,
Conolly cited on, xx. 180
Meshek, or Meshuk, Abyssinia, valley of,
xiv. 166
Meshra er Rek, see Misr
Mesny, ¦  , travels of, with Gill, in W.
China, 1878., xxii. 255
Mesopotamia, ancient cities of, Rawlinson
on, xi. 157, Selby on, xi. 156-7
cotton of, Crawfurd on, xi. 159
explorations in, Bewsher's, 1862., xi. 155
Map of, i. 175
plains of, alteration in, in relation to tree
destruction on, x. 268-9
progress of geographical knowledge of,
1873., and railway projects for,
xvii. 281
Messada,  , Portuguese governor of
Dielli in Timor, ii. 10
Jlfessenger, schooner of the N. Australian
expedition, i. 191, 500
Messinie river, boundary of the Agaw
region, Abyssinia, xiii. 43
Meta river, affluent of the Orinoco,
Venezuela, navigation of, i. 252
rapids of, i. 254
steamboats started on, ii. 297
Metallic Boats,, value of, i. 422
Metemma or Gellabat, N.W. Abyssinia,
market at, x. 292
country near, Blanc on, xiii. 39
tributary to Abyssinia and to Egypt,
Baker on, x. 293, Rassam on, 296
Meteorological office (see Board of Trade),
established, ix. 217
Meteorological observations and Meteoro
logy—
Afrioa —
Abyssinia, xiv. 159-62
Central Africa, rainy season in,
xvii. 28
Djagga district, viii. 7
E. Coast, Frere on, xvii. 352
Equatorial, results obtained by the
Khedive's Expedition, xxi. 66
in relation to vegetation, in Africa
and Madagascar, viii. 7, 8
Sahara, temperature in, ii. 218
America, Central, i. 85
 , North, by Palliser's Expedition,
ii. 48-9

Meteorological observations and Meteoro
logy — continued.
America, North — continued.
in Mexico, Goad on, xxii. 280
Maury's, xii. 45
U.S.A., Blodget's work on, etc., iii. 329
 South-
British Guiana, i. 76
at Iquique, Chile, xii. 129
in the MaraBon region, Gait on,
xvii. 138
of Para district, Maury on, viii. 7
in Paraguay, xviii. 122
in relation to the vegetation of S.
America, Markham on, xvii. 66
Arru Islands and Borneo, Monsoons in,
ii. 170
Asia —
in Formosa, xxii. 62
of India, Meteorological and Tidal
observations in, xv. 283 ; Monsoons
in, xi. 25, 61 et seq., xix. 443
of Malay Archipelago, vii. 208
in Persia, iii. 17
in Syria, ii. 180
off the Sulu Isles, xviii. 345
Australasia (see references under that
head and separate colonies), vi. 55,
vii. 86-7
hot winds, i. 31, 35
Central, i. 32, heat and cold in, ix. 230
North, at Victoria river, ii. 211 ; con
ditions in, i. 81, 83-6, vii. 89, 90,
175, 178, xii. 315, 317, xiv. 197, 198 ;
isothermal lines of, vii. 90, 116,
x. 249
South, for height of L. Torrens, iii. 31
Station established at Rapa, by Hall,
xiii. 87
West, in relation to rivers, iii. 52
Miscellaneous —
Formation of Cyclones . . . , Parish,
i. 36-7
Greenland, Kane's, 1850-1., i. 17
for Heights, Buchan on, xiii. 360
in Iceland, v. 233-4
of Norway, off Cape Lindesnaes, v.
232
progress of Study, Presidents on, iii.
277, iv. 162, v. 183, vi. 142, x. 264
 , report of Committee on,
1866., Murchison on, x. 223
of Red Sea, xviii. 313
required from Army Medioal Officers,
v. 181
in St. Helena, iii. 364
services of Fitzroy to, ix. 217-8
in Switzerland, 1871., Chaix, xvii. 204
system of, devised by Hart, Frere on,
xviii. 49
Winds and currents, permanent effects
of, Murchison on, i. 414
Method for determining Longitude by

MET— MIE

209

observations of the Moon's greatest
altitude, Spottiswoode, v. 234, formula,
235, tables, 236-7
Metondo, near Benguela, South -West
Africa, i. 75
Mevatanana, Madagascar, xix. 198-9
Hova poBts at and near, xix. 200
Mew Rivulet, N. Australia, salt water of,
viii. 116
Mexias river, W. Africa, conneoted with
others, v. 109
debouchment of, iv. 183
Mexico —
boundaries of, iii. 328
discoveries of Humboldt in, i. 70
early Japanese trade with, x. 172
expeditions and explorations :
Chaix's, (I860.), iv. 173
Conch's, (1856.), i. 166
Domenech's, (I860.), iv. 99
Sevin's, (1856.), iii. 108
future of, Belcher on, vi. 77
Geographical Society of, Maury's meteo
rological work for, xii. 45
Meteorological observations in, Goad on,
xxii. 280
progress of geographical knowledge of,
and de Saussure's work on, 1863.,
vii. 168
silver export of, iii. Ill
Southern, Aztec migrations from,
xiii. 142
vertical rocks of, xv. 131
 Gulf of, currents in, ii. 329, iv. 238,
v. 100, xiii. 105
exploration of Vespucci in, iii. 390
floor of, i. 418
navigation of, ii. 338-9
rivers falling into, ii. 338-9, iv. 232
tides in, Evans on, xxi. 73
Mexico, New —
Desperadoes of, Goad on, xxii. 280
explorations in, Wheeler's, Goad, 1877.,
xxii. 272
natives of, Apaches, xix. 305; other
nomadic tribes, > Goad on, xxii.
278-80
Penitents of, xxii. 278
Meyendorf, Baron G. de,Hon. Corr. Memb.
of R.G.S., travels of, xi. 203
obituary notice of, 1865., ix. 207
Meyer, Dr., exploration of Jobie Island
and of N. Guinea by (1875.), xviii. 47,
xix. 244
Mezarib, Syria, station for pilgrims at,
vii. 29, 30
Mezezelbet, Tunis, on the Mejerdah river,
vi. 211
Mfumbiro, Peak, E. Africa,
elevation of, xvii. 31
lake near, xi. 244
Mgongo Tembo, rock, E. Africa, latitude
of, xxi. 502

Mgongo Tembo, rock, E. Africa— conl.
plains near, and feeders of the Nile at,
xxii. 386
Mgunda Mkali, desert and forest region,
E. Africa,
crossed by Cameron, xx. 306
Speke in, vi. 17, vii. 182
Stanley in, xx. 134, 140
Mhow, Bengal, India, climate at and eleva
tion of, xi. 57, 69
Miaco, Japan, Alcock's visit to, 1861.,
yi. 205
Miani, African travels of, and map by,
(1861.), v. 210 ; Murchison on, ix. 265
river ascended by, viii. 249
tree at furthest point reached by,
vii. 214, latitude of, vii. 187, 226, x. 24
Miankilai, chief town of Swat, xvi. 254
Mia-tao Islands off N.E. China, no anchor*
age at, iii. 61
 Straits, iii. 64, shipping in, 65
Michell, J., geographical progress in
Russia, 1862., vi. 159
 , R., Russian Expedition to the Alai
and Pamir, 1876., KoBtenko's account,
xxi. 122
on the Zerafshan valley, etc., xiv. 233
 , T., on Bokhara, its trades, and the
Italian travellers, viii. 273
on the Oxus, Khiva, etc., xvii. 163
on Russian geographical progress, etc.,
1861., v. 190
Michie, A., on the Rovuma, and its trade,
ix. 287
Journey from Tientsin to Mukden,
Manchuria, (1861.), vii. 25
on his journey in Shansi, 1869., xv. 173.
292
 , see Mickie
Michigan, Lake, U.S.A., i. 264, its size,
ii. 337
Mickie, — (? Michie, q.v.), on the Gulf of
Pe-chi-li and Leo-tung, 1859., iv. 58
cited on China and piracy in, iv. 191
Middendorf Glacier, Franz Josef Land,
xix. 29
 Mt., Spitzbergen, elevation of,
xv. 306
Middle Island, N. Zealand, expeditions
and explorations in —
Brunner's, 1846-7., ix. 34
Haast's, 1861-3., viii. 56
Hector's, 1863., viii. 46, 47, ix. 32
 Point, N. Australia, xii. 56
 Strait, Great Andaman Islands,
currents of, vi. 116
Middleton, T., of McKinlay's expedition,
vii. 110, 176, 177
receives gold watch awarded by R.G.S,
to McKinlay, 1863., vii. 120, 122
on his journey with McKinlay,
vii. 114-6
Miembe, Congo region, xix. 85 p

210

MIE-MIS

Mien, forest of, W. China, Polo cited on,
xx. 237
Mien-Chow, N.W. China, city and district
described by Gill, xxii. 264
river at, xxii. 263
Mieomaffo, Mt., Timor, geological forma
tion of, iii. 369
Miers, J. H., on the Pampas, etc., xvii. 65
Mifh&k, S.W. Arabia, elevation of, and
fortifications at, xviii. 195
plateau between, andSana'a, xviii. 197
Mikenes, Morocco, ix. 312
Mikindani, or Mikeridany, harbour, S.E.
Africa, i. 76, x. 263, xi. 15, xxi. 589
Mikro Kaimene Island, Greek Isles, effect
of volcanic eruption on, x. 318
Mila Khatang pass, Tibeto-Assam border,
xxi. 343
Miles, Capt. S. B., Excursion into the
Interior of S. Arabia, 1870., xv. 319,
remarks by Badger on, xv. 328
On the Somali Country, (1872.), xvi. 149
 , Pliny, on Chinese in California, and
on the parallel between the Missis
sippi and the Yangtse, ii. 206-7
on Iceland and its climate, v. 100
— travelling in arid countries, ii. 77
Milford Haven, or Sound, N. Guinea,
viii. 49, 50, ix. 32, coast near, 34
Milh&n Mts., Yemen, S.W. Arabia, trend
of, xviii. 200
Military geography and Topography,
scope of, Wiison, xix. 63 et seq.
Milk river, N. America, gorge of, described
by Anderson, xx. 292
Miller, Capt., on the Bissagos Islands in
1850., i. 43
 , Gen., exploration of, in Cuzco, 1835.,
ix. 245
MiUingen, Dr. C, Notes of a journey in
Yemen, S.W. Arabia, (1874.), xviii. 194
 , Maj., on the Mountains of Kurdistan,
xvi. 223
Milne, Adm. Sir A., on the Arctic expedi
tion of 1875., xxi. 287
on the fitness of naval officers for
command of expeditions, xx. 327
— — , Rev. W. G, on the importance of
Chinese internal trade, ii. 207
Milne Bay, N. Guinea, xxi. 360
Milton, Viscount, and Dr. Cheadle, Ex
pedition across the Rocky Mts. into
B. Columbia by the Yellow Head or
Leather Pass, 1862., ix. 17, 21
obituary notice of the former, 1877.,
xxi. 416
Min river, or Southern river, W. China,
affluent of the Yangtse, ascended by
Wylie, 1854. and later, xiv. 35
bridge over at Chi'ung-Chu, xxii. 265,
at Fouchou, xviii. 169
changes in, noted, 1869., xiii. 278
rise of, course, and trade on, xiv. 168, 169

Mina Reale, Isthmus of Darien, yield and
position, i. 78
Minab, Persia, xvii. 87
Grant's journey to, xvi. 219
Mingan river, Labrador, country near,
ix. 136
Mingrelia, Caucasus, viii. 275
beauty of country and inhabitants, vi. 7
jungle of, viii. 276
Ming-yol Hill, near Kashgar, xviii. 418
Minhassa district, CelebeB, results of
Christianising the natives of, xiii. 290
Mininga, E. C. Africa, healthy and well-
watered, xxii. 38
Minnesota, U.S.A., climate, natives, and
buffaloes of, Seymour on, xx. 299
great snowstorm in, 1873., xx. 280
 river, U.S.A., level of watershed
near, ii. 339
Minussink, E. Siberia, Pavlinof s journey
to, (1871.), xv. 291
Minyoro, Nile region, Baker at, xviii. 58 ;
natives and cultivation of, xviii. 141;
see Unyoro
Minzala Enzody, Morocco, geological
formation at, ix. 26-7
Miquelon Island, off Newfoundland, sea-
action near, i. 311
Miquindane, Mozambique coast, i. 76 ;
see Mikindani
Mira river, Ecuador, iii. 94 ; area drained
by, xxi. 557
Mirage Creek, S. Australia, why so called
ii. 26
Mirale river, Dominica, W. Indies, pre
cipitous hills along, xx. 230
Mirambo, chief of Unyamwezi, xviii. 71,
xix. 140, 151, xx. 140-1
attitude of, towards missionaries,
' xxii. 37
Broyon-Mirambo on, xxii. 32
terror inspired by, xx. 140-1, xxii. 387
 , P. Broyon-, Description of King
Mirambo's country, Unyamwesi, and the
best route thither from the E. Coast,-,
xxii. 28
Mirza, the, explorations of, in C. Asia,
1868-71., xv. 181,198,286
Mirza Haidar (a Prince of Kashgar), on
the geography of Turkistan, Shaw,
xx. 482
cited on buried cities in Khotan, xxi. 31
Mirza Terek or Pas Kurgan fort, C. Asia,
Trotter on, xviii. 418-9
Misanah, ruin, S. Arabia, xv. 330
Mishmee Pass into Tibet from Assam,
described, v. 48-9
exploration of, xi. 257
Mishmi Hills, forest-clad, xxi. 594
tribes of, hostile to travellers, xxi. 590-1,
592
Misingwallah, E. C. Africa, hills near,
six. 146

MIS— MOF

211

Misr er Rek, Nile, geographical position
of, vii. 204
Mme. Tinne's party at, 1863., viii. 12-16
rains at, and game near, viii. 16
trade at, viii. 16
Missalami, on the Nile, desert near,
xx. 357
MiBselad river, region of the White Nile,
Brun-Rollet's exploration of, (1856.),
i. 157
relation of, to the Nile, i. 447
Missions or Candelara district, Paraguay,
xviii. 120-1
Missionary Societies (see also C.M.S.,
L.M.S., and Univ. Mission), in Africa,
Alcock on, xxii. 15, 16, 17
Mississippi river —
are"a of valley, xii. 73
compared with the Yang - tse - kiang,
ii. 207
delta of, Maury on, xi. 31
fall of, along course, ii. 338-9
headwaters of, xx. 275
how fed, viii. 8
navigation, on head of, ii. 337
railroads near, ib.
rainfall of region, xii. 73, xvii. 28
results of steam navigation on, i. 253
sidewise movement of, xx. 499
volume of, viii. 88, xvii. 27, xxii. 105
 Valley, mound-builders of, viii. 52
Missouri river, i. 266
affluents of, xi. 92, their sources,
xx. 287
drainage area and fall of, ii. 339
falls on, ii. 339
Palliser's exploration (1847-60.), i. 460
Upper, course and elevation of, ii. 306
volume of, ii. 149
Miswar, Jabal S. Arabia, position of,
xviii. 200
Mitchell, Sir T.,
Australian explorations of, i. 6, 10,
34, ii. 313, iii. 21, 22, 31, 88, 91,
333, vi. 55, 68, 171, 194, vii. 87,
xiv. 199, 203; northernmost point
reached, i. 6, 323, xii. 141, 318, 495
observations made by, on altitudes,
vii. 180 ; value of, vi. 168
Report on Victoria colony, ix. 228
obituary notice of, 1856., i. 125-6
Mitchell District, Queensland,
Jardine's journey in, 1864., x. 32
Landsborough' s journey through, 1865.,
x. 62
¦  river, Queensland, xviii. 106, 107,
xviii. 572
affluents of, xviii. 91, 96
geological formation on, xviii. 92-3, 95
Hann at (1873.), xviii. 91, 92, 106, 107
named by Leichhardt, viii. 18
i I I pasture near, xi. 151
probable gold near head of, xii. 143

Mitchell river, Victoria, i. 3., sources of, 4
Mitchell's Plateau, S. Australia, bearings
of, i. 4
Mitford, B., on the progress of Japa
xviii. 241
 and Satow, travels of, in Jap
(1867.), xviii. 236
Mitta-Mitta river, Victoria, Australia, i. 3,
sources of, 4
Mjenga, E. Africa, latitude of, and width
of Shire' river at, vi. 21
Mkange', E. C. Africa, in a well-watered
valley, xxi. 238
Mkata swamp, E. Africa, crossed by
Cotterill, xxii. 249
Mkatete or Fort Dinah, C. Africa, near
Lake Mohrya, Cameron at, xx. 314
Mkindo river, E. C. Africa, seasons when
fordable, xxi. 241
Mkomazi river, Equatorial Africa, effluent
of Lake Mangu, xix. 320
Mkotive river, affluent of the Lualaba
river, Congo region, xx. 125
Mkundi river, affluent of the Wami rivei',
E. Africa, xxii. 384
Mkuru, E. Africa, dense forest round,
xxi. 238
Moab, mountains of, viii. 281
work of Palestine Exploration Fund in,
xvi. 333
Moala Island, Fiji, admiralty survey of,
i. 407
Mobooto swamp, Congo region, xix. 87
Mocatta, — , on the African Exploration
Fund, xxii. 475
Mocha, Arabia, real source of coffee so-
called, iv. 28
Moche, E. Africa, New at, 1871., xvi. 169
Moculla, Somaliland, gum-market at,
xvi. 151
Modj or Lut, tributary of the Nile, i. 157,
iv. 41
Modoc Region, California, Simpson,
(1875.), xix. 292, lake, 299
Mddrudalr, Iceland, view from, v. 84
Moero,Lake, Upper Congo region, xvi. 435
affluents of, ix. 9, xiv. S
central line of drainage of, Livingstone
on, xviii. 256 .
described by Livingstone, xiv. 10
effluent of, xx. 309
Moeze, the, Lower Egypt, canal operations
abandoned at, iii. 200
Moffat, Dr. R., in Moselekatse's land,
S. Africa, i. 159
cited on the above region, v. 129
on missionaries, etc., in S. Africa,
xxi. 611
supports Archbp. of York's Resolution,
xxi. 611
 R. (Jun.), Journey in Bushman and
Namaqualand districts of Cape of Good
Hope, (1857.), ii. 77 (title only)

212

MOF— MON

Moffat, R. (Jun.)— continued.
Journey from Namaqualand to the
Orange river, (1857.), ii. 158, 320
 , Mr., member of E. Coast Livingstone
Search Expedition, xvii. 169, death of,
1873., xvii. 9, 10, xviii. 69, xx. 305
Mofo or Mofue, Lake, E.C. Africa, near
Cazembe, ix. 9, xi. 238
how formed, viii. 257
Mogador, Morocco, i. 517, xv. 212
geological formation of, viii. 153
sand encroachment at, ix. 24
 river, geological formation of bed
and shores of, ix. 25
Mogan, near the Caspian Sea, sheep of,
vii. 392
MoghUzi, Djebel (mountains), Arabia,
viii. 99, Palgrave on, 104
Mogoung, N. Burma, jade of, xv. 164
 river, latitude of, Hannay on,
xiv. 348
Moguey river, Isthmus of Darien, probably
named by Balboa, i. 78
Mohammed, Ras, Sinaitic Peninsula,
xii. 191
Mohamrah, Layard on, i. 294
Monteith on, i. 220, 361
 and the Cha'ab Arabs, Notes on,
Rawlinson, i. 351, 362 (cf. 286)
Mohn, Prof., directions furnished by, to
Norwegian Whaling Fleet, and results,
xvii. 16, 100, 265
Mohr, E., reported death (1876.), xxi. 473
Mohrya, Lake, Africa, near Kilemba,
xx. 314
lake dwellings in, Cameron on, xx. 121,
315
Mohtoor, India, elevation, etc., of, xi. 68
Mohuru district, V. Nyanza, flat lands of,
xx. 146
Moi-Chin village, C. Africa, friendly
natives of, v. 32
Moienzi Enzaddi, native name for a river
probably the Congo, xvii. 31
Moila, Congo region, Grandy at, xix. 95, 96
Moisie river, B.N. America, Hind's
journey up (1864.), viii. 50
Moitala or Moitawa river, Equatorial
Africa, course of, lake formed by,
viii. 257, ix. 9
Mojangd, or Mojunga, port, Madagascar,
xix. 200
Arab trade with, xix. 205
Journey from, to Antananariva, May-
nard, 1874., xx. 110
Mahommedan traders at, Frere on,
xxi. 174
results of missionary work at, xix. 204
value of, as harbour, Xx. 114
Mojor, near the Caspian Sea, saltworks at,
v. 193
Mokad Nebi Musa. Sinaitic Peninsula,
xii. 191

Mokanda, Congo region, swamps near,
xix. 96
Mokattum Mts., Egypt, trend of, xxii. 383
Mokteree state, S. Arabia, mountains and
tribes of, xvi. 121
Mokumbo, Congo region, xix. 95
Mola Island, Sea of Marmora, error in
chart near, ii. 377
Molangana Hills, Madagascar, edge of
tbe Imerina Plain, xix. 184
Molda-asu, Russian Turkestan, defile of,
described by Sacken, xiv. 223
Moldavia, Notes on the condition of the
Gipsy population of, Gardner, i. 37
Molesworth, Sir W., obituary notice, 1856.,
i. 126
Molle, port, Peru, geological formation of,
xii. 130
 , Port, Queensland, good but useless
harbour of, v. 123
Molokai Island, Sandwich group, xii. 306
coral formation of, 309
Molonde, S.C. Africa, i. 75
Moltke, Cape, Arctic regions, xv. 116
Molucca Sea, seasonB in, ii. 170
Mombds, or Mombasa, E. Africa, i. 8
Burton and Speke at, 1857., ii. 52
C.M.S. Station founded near, 1844.,
xvi. 126
distance of, from the snowy mountains,
iii. 115
New's journey from Pangani river to,
1874., xix. 317
Mombiti, Equatorial Africa, Stanley's
journey through, xx. 141
Mombo, E. Africa, and its chief Simboja,
xix. 319
Momein, or Teng-Yueh-Chow, fortified
city, S.W. China, xv. 172, 360
Margary at, 1875., xix. 288
railway to, desirable, xix. 270
Sladen on, 1868., xv. 361
Momeli, or Momili, N. Guinea, bush birds
found near, xx. 356
deserted village of, xx. 267
Momovi river, S. Africa, caverns at source
of, xxii. 118
Monangah river, Equatorial Africa, a
headstream of the Nile, xxii. 387
Monarch of the Mountains, Tulul el Safa
district, Syria, xvi. 113
Monarch, ship of N. Australian expedition,
i. 32, 33, 34, 51, 171, 184, ii. 4, 5
Mona Peho's, in Kebokwe, W.C. Africa,
xx. 319
Monda country, C. Africa, the Itiey river
in, vi. 19
Mondego river, Brazil, affluent of the
Paraguay river, xx. 453
Mondo, Equatorial Africa, Stanley's
journey through, xx. 141
Mone, near the Salween river, Burmahj
xix. 272

MON— M ON

213

Monfia, E. Africa, hippopotami and mats
of, xvii. 350
Mongan,  , Consul at Tientsin, cited
on wool of Kalgan, xiv. 85
Monger, G., of Leichhardt Search Expedi
tion, xiv. 191, 195
 , Lake, W. Australia, xiv. 194
Mongo village, Equatorial W. Africa,
elevation of, x. 77
Mongo M'Etindeh Mt., W. Africa, xvii. 154
Mongolia, (see also Gobi desert), Alcock
on, xviii. 173
coal in, Lockhart on, xviii. 174
Eastern, ethnology of, Prshewalsky on,
xviii. 84
explorations in —
Atkinson's travels in, (1859.), iii. 127,
Murchison on, iii. 143
Elias, Journey through W., 1872.,
xvii. 184, xviii. 560
Grant's journey through, (1862.),
vii. 27
Prshewalsky's journeys in, 1876.,
xxii. 343 ; in S.W. xvii. 291
Russian travellers in, xv. 291,
xvi. 350, xviii. 560
gold in, xvii. 192
Grant on, xvii. 191
invasions of Europe from, Rawlinson
on, xi. 164
map of N.-W., by Veniukoff, xvi. 350 .
no real existence, Strangford, xi. 11
Osborn on, xi. 162
Parkes on, vii. 28-31
steppes of, monotony of, xvii. 186,
tribes of, 187
white lead from, xiv. 84
Whyte on division of, xiv. 249
Mong-tsz-hien plateau, Indo-Chinese
borders, elevation of, xviii. 465
Mongray river, W. Afrioa, affluents of,
xi. 80
Monkey Castle, on the Irawady, Wheeler
on, xv. 345
 Point, Nicaragua, fine bay near,
vi. 75, 112, 113, drawbacks of, Omman-
ney on, xii. 48
limestone formation near, xii. 42
Monkhouso Point, Queensland, xi. 151
geological formation near, 152
Monomotapa, S.E. Africa, position of,
xix. Ill
Monrovia, W. Africa, colony of liberated
negroes, i. 99
cattle of, iv. 220
iron in, iv. 219
Mont Blanc, elevation of, xv. 176
Monte Christo brigantine, voyage of,
Cayenne to Paranahiba, and observa
tions on currents in course of, Mann ou,
vii. 50
Monteagle, Lord, obituary notice of, 1866.,
S. 212

Monteiro, J. J.,
on Cameron's journey aorose Africa,
xx. 131
on the Congo in Angola, xix. 104
 proposed Congo expedition, (I860.),
iv. 70
 , Maj. J. M. C.
explorations in the lake district of
Africa, 1831-2., xi. 237
Monteith, Gen. W., on burial jars at
Busbire, i. 49
on Daghistan, iv. 91
— the heights of Ararat and of Dema
vend, iii. 18
— the gipsies of Persia and India, i. 41
— Mohamrah, i. 220, 361
— the Plains of Kazerus and on Shiraz,
i. 321-2
Notes on the route from Bushir to
Shiraz, i. 279, 292
on S. Persia, from a military point of
view, i. 361
— the Suez Canal project, iii. 197
— Susa and Shuster, i. 220-1
Montenegro, maps of, to reoord new
boundaries (1861.), v. 181
Monte Nuovo, Italy, elevation of land at,
ii. 176
Montepa, Colombia, absence of river
pebbles in rivers near, xxi. 570
Monte Video, Uruguay, S. Amerioa, ad
miralty survey near, i. 407
 Viso, Dauphine, vii. 44
Montgomerie, Col. T. G., awarded gold
medal of R.G.S., 1865, ix. 189, Presi
dent's speech, 191, reply, 192
On the geographical position of Yarkand
and other places in Asia, x. 162
Havildar's journey through Chitral to
Faizabad, in 1870., xvi. 253
On the Meteorology of Le, xvii. 197
— Mirza Haidar's account of Kash-
garia, xx. 492, and on other explorers
of that region, 494
native explorers sent, by to Tibet,
xix. 338 et seq.
on receiving a gold watch from R.G.S.
for W. H. Johnson, 1875., xix. 362
Report of the Mirza's Exploration of
the Route from Caubul to Kashgar,
1868., xv. 181
 on Trans-Himalayan explorations
in connection with the Trigono
metrical Survey of India, 1865-7.,
and route survey between Nepal and
Lhassa and along the Brahmaputra
by Pundit, — , xii. 146, letter on same,
172
 on the same during 1867., xiii. 183;
1868., xiv. 207
on the work of native explorers in the
Trans-Himalaya and Tibet, xix. 343
praise of, xiii. 196, 198

214

MON— MOR

Montgomerie, Col. T. G. — continued.
retirement of, 1877., xxi. 453
cited on the watershed of C. Asia,
xv. 200
obituary notice of, 1878., xxii. 317
Montgomery, Sir R., on Nassiok as a
capital for India, xi. 74
on route between China and India,
xiii. 197-8
Montreal Island, Arctic regions, traces of
Franklin on, i. 19, 21, 22
Monunguh river (see also Leewumbu), near
V. Nyanza, xx. 41, area drained by,
xx. 155
Mooaoo Kombo, Equatorial W. Africa,
position of, x. 78
Moody, Col., on Vancouver and its future,
viii. 91
Moogi, on the Nile, xx. 52, 53
hostile natives at, 1857., oppose Gordon,
xvi. 57
Mooi Fang Kiang Mt., Lushai region,
India, xvii. 51
Moola Abdul Mejid, watch awarded for
his journey to Kokand, 1866., x. 176,
President's speech, 183, Strangford's
reply, ib.
Mooiinoo, Upolu Island, Navigator group,
xxi. 144
Moon, Mountains of the, C. Africa,
Burton on non-existence of, ix. 7
Du Chaillu's views, v. 213
existence of, Speke on, iii. 211
geological wearing down of, Speke on,
vii. 221
Grant cited on, ix. 11
Livingstone on, xviii. 266, on latitude
given by Ptolemy, xviii. 277
Murchison on, i. 244, iii. 113, 353
rainfall in, Speke on, vii. 219
Speke and Grant on, v. 15, cited, vii. 192
Sykes on, iii. 213
Moon's greatest altitude, Method for
determining Longitude by observations
of the, Spottiswoode, v. 234 et seq.
Moondah river, W. Africa, navigability
of, v. 109
Moorcroft, — , journey of to Gartok, 1810.,
x. 166; to Khorassan (1819-25.), x. 137
— — and Trebeck, travels in C. Asia
referred to, x. 139
Moore, W., of F. T. Gregory's W. Aus
tralian Expedition, 1858., iii. 34, 36, 40,
45, 47, thanked, 53
Moore, — , on proposed railway in Hon
duras, iii. 107
Moore, — , of Sydney Botanical Gardens,
cited, on Ferns of Lord Howe Island,
xxii. 137
Moore, Lake, W. Australia, i. 31, xiv. 192
 river, W. Australia, i. 366
Moorghabee river, C. Asia, x. 151
Moorish travellers, journey of, to Benguela

across Afrioa, 1853-54., i. 58, 75, 158,
249
Moornaad, Madras, forests near, xiii. 79
Moose Mt., B.N. America, described, ii. 146
 river, B.N. America, tributary of
the Frazer river, ix. 19
Moose-jaw Creek, B.N. America, position
of, ii. 148
Moquis Indians of Arizona, country of,
towns, and characteristics, xix. 302
Mora Creek, Br. Guiana, neutral canal,
ii. 154
Moraisah, Tunis, ruins at, vi. 212
Moramballa and hill, S. Africa, confluence
of Shire and Zambesi rivers at, vi. 27
Cotterill on animal life of, xxii. 234
healthy site, iv. 21
Morea, the, value of Bracebridge's map
of, i. 483
Moreno, Dr. F. P., explorations of, in
Patagonia, etc., 1875-6., xxii. 41, 370
Moresby, Capt. J., r.n.,
Discoveries in Eastern N. Guinea, . . ,
1873^., xix. 225, 243
explorations of, in N. Guinea, 1873.,
xviii. 540, 572
journey with Hunt up the Congo, 1857.,
ii. 317, 374, iv. 69
Recent Discoveries in the S.E. part of
N. Guinea, 1872., xviii. 22
Moresby Island, N. Guinea, elevations in,
xviii. 27, extent of, xix. 225, 226
channel near, free of reefs, xix. 229
 , Queen Charlotte group, xiii. 382
 , Port, or Anuapata Harbour, N.
Guinea, xx. 19
bad land near, xviii. 26, xx. 267
cultivable plants, etc., near, xx. 334
depth of harbour, xviii. 49
geological formation of hills near, Stone
on, xx. 331
harbour described by Moresby, xix. 229
natives and district of, Stone, xx. 330
position of, xviii. 26
settlement at, xxi. 351
unhealthiness of, xx. 338-9, xxi. 351
 Range, N. Australia, latitude of,
i. 230
 Strait, D'Entrecasteaux Islands,
xix. 226
Morley, S., resolution moved by, at Africa
Exploration Fund meeting, xxi. 611
Morning Inlet, Gulf of Carpentaria, N.
Australia, xii. 56-7
Moro, and Moro Morokodo, Nile region,
Petheriok at, viii., 139
Moro Cocha, Peru, copper mines and coal
at, xviii. 205
Moreton Bay, Queensland, ii. 3, 15, vii. 3, 6
aborigines of, i. 499
admiralty surveys at and near, iii. 267,
vi. 198, viii. 211, x. 220, xi. 195,
xii, 245, xiii. 28^

MOlt— MOU

215

Moreton Bay, Queensland — continued.
cattle trade of, ii. 216
coast aspect near, viii. 119, 211, and
diffioult navigation, x. 52
cotton shipped from, vii. 13
expeditions from, i. 5, 10, 33, 50, 171,
190, 368, 490, 500, iii. 318, vi. 24,
vii. 3, 6, viii. 114, ix. 75, 76, 77, 232 ;
Leichhardt's journeys of 1840 and
1847., etc, from, i. 326, iii. 33, 34.
x. 59, 85, xii. 291, xiv. 200
Morrill, a cast-away sailor, found
amongst aborigines at, ix. 305
settlement, and expansion at, i. 80, 145,
xiv. 322, becomes Queensland (q.v.),
iii. 333, vii. 171, ix. 229, x. 246
 Cape, Queensland, xii. 245
 Island, Queensland, i. 32
Morgan, E. D., Progress of Russian
Explorations in Turkestan, (I87O.),
xiv. 229, 234; do. (1878.), xxii. 339
on the Pundit's journey in Tibet,
xxi. 348
translations by, etc., xxii. 51
Andreyeff's Hydrographical Survey
of Lake Ladoga, xiii. 375
Archimandrite Palladius' journey
• through Manchuria (1872.), xvi. 204
Osten Saoken's expedition to the
Trans-Naryn, 1867., xiv. 221
Prjevalsky's journey to Lob Nor, etc.
(ended 1877.), xxii. 51
Mori, Yezo, the Ainos of, xvi. 201-2
breakwater at, xviii. 23
road to, xviii. 227
Mori river, V. Nyanza, xx. 41
area drained by, xx. 155
Moriarty Mt., Vancouver Island, vi. 107
Morkha, El, Plain of, Syria, xii. 190
Morocco, or Marocco, boundary of, as
defined in I860., iv. 149
climate of, xv. 220
coast of, Elton, ii. 375
geological formation of, Hodgkin on,
viii. 153
inhabitants of, Hooker on, xv. 221
Leared on, xxi. 611
Rohlfs' journey, 1863-4., viii. 94-6,
Petermann on, ix. 79
Mordkona, Madagascar, dense forest near,
Mullens on, xxi. 155
Morona river, S. Amerioa, depression in
the Andes near, x. 107
explored by Vargas, 1867., xii. 260
fall of, xxi. 557
Morpeth, N.S. Wales, navigable river at,
xvi. 320
Morrell, Antarctic voyage of, 1823., R. V.
Hamilton, xiv. 145, 155
Galton on, xiv. 154
Murchison on, xiv. 326
Morrill, a cast-away sailor, found at
Moreton Bay, among the natives, is. 305

Morrison, Lt., cited ou his journey across
a lava stream in New Mexico, xxii. 276,
elevation of, viii. 25
 , M. C, exploration of the Yellow
river by, xiv. 37
memorandum by, cited, on travelling in
China and Tartary, xii., 171
obituary notice of, 1871., xv. 285
Morrison, Mt., Formosa, xxii. 57
Morro Paterco, Isthmus of Darien, where
Balboa first saw the Pacific Ocean, i. 78
Mortillet, — , views of, on glaciers cited,
viii. 227-8
Morumbala, on the Zambesi, healthy site
for station, iv. 21 ; see Moramballa
Morumbua, on the Zambesi, the only
diffioult ford at, v. 180
Moscharrif, Djebel, Arabia, viii. 104
Mosco peak, Manzana Mts., New Mexico,
xxii. 276
Moselekatse, S. African ohief, and his
territory, i. 159, v. 16, 18
Mosh, near Kashgar, source of the Kazul
river, xv. 196
Moshabur Mt., near Chitral, elevations
at, xv. 13
 , or Tui, Pass, xv. 12, elevation and
glacier of, xxii. 352
Mosquera, Grand-General, on the Isth
mus of Darien, ix. 278
works on Columbia, x. 255
Mosquito district, C. America, mountains
of, vi. 112
purchased by Pirn for Great Britain,
1861., vi. 75
 Indians, and the treaty of 1861.,
xiii. 63
Wiokham's journey among, (1867.),
xiii. 58
Mossamedes, S.W. Afrioa, Hahn's journey
to (1856.), i. 55
Mossel Bay, Cape Colony, admiralty sur
vey, vii. 139
Mostling, Cape, Greenland, ice-bergs at,
xv. 110
Mosul, the ancient Nineveh, i. 47
Mosyllon, an ancient name for Berbera,
xvi. 152-3
Mo-teen Hills, N.W. China, river rising-
in, xiv. 176
Mouat, F. J., Expedition to the Andaman
Islands, 1857., vi. 41
Mouhot, H., grave of, xiii. 308, monu
ment to, erected at Luang Prabang,
xix. 279
Travels in Cambodia, (1859.), iv. 190,
vi. 80, see 180
Moukden, Mukden, or Shin-Yang, iii. 64
capital of Manohuria, geographical
position and trade of, xiii. 27
Mitchie's description of, vii. 25-6
Palladius on, xvi. 210-11
road to, coal near, xiii, 37

216

MOU— M'TE

Moukden, Mukden, or Shin- Yang— conf.
sea-port of, iii. 64
Williamson at, xiii. 26, 27
Moulmein, Burma,
declining importance relatively to Ran
goon, 1867., xi. 148
journey from, into Yunnan by M'Leod,
1836., in search of a trade route,
iv. 218, xix. 275
routes to and from, xix. 272, 273
Shan tribesmen in, xix., 276
trade in teak-wood from Xiengmai or
Esmok or Zimmay (q. v.), v. 118
Moume, Equatorial Africa, elevation and
latitude of, xviii. 72
Moung-Koo, Burma, caravan starting-
point, xix. 274
Moung-Nan, Shan States, cotton of, xix. 274
Moung-ting, Burmo-Chinese borders, Shan
traders to, xix. 285
Mountain chains of the great land masses,
distribution of, Duncan on, xxii. 72
 ranges, general idea of, xvi. 398 ;
Typical, Spottiswoode, iv. 97
Mountains in relation to Water-supply,
v. 125
Mount Hope Bay, New England, early
Norse settlement at, ii. 374
Mountnorris Bay, S. Australia, admiralty
survey, xi. 196
Mourilyan Island, N. Guinea, elevation of,
xviii. 27
Mouro (or Muiro) Achinto, or Chama,
W. C. Africa, geographical position of,
i. 245, xi. 237
Mouron, C. Africa, reached by Peney,
1861., vi. 18
Mourzouk, N. Africa, Vogel's journey
through, 1853., i. 441, ii. 34, viii. 10
Moussy, Dr. V. M. de, work of, ou the
Argentine Republic, v. 203
Movement of Waves, On the, Cialdi, ii. 328
Moyobamba, capital of X. Peru, viii. 60
Moyoni, Zanzibar, sugar estate at, xx. 71
Mozambique, E. Africa, geological forma
tion of, xi. 36
journey of Moorish traders to, from
Benguela, 1854., i. 58, 75, 158, 249
languages of, viii. 106
latitude of, i. 245
progress in geographical knowledge of,
ii. 321
woods from, iii. 103
 or Agulhas Channel or Strait, i. 57,
admiralty soundings in, (1861.), v. 174
discoloured by the waters of the Zam
besi, ii. 365
 or Agulhas current or currents, course
of, xii. 250, xiii. 109
observations on, M'Leod, ii. 322
specific gravity of, xiv. 378
temperature of, ix. 282, xi. 19
Toynbee on, x. 340, xi. 19

Mozdok, Caucasus, Cossack population of,
vi. 59
Mpabala Islet, in L. Bangweolo, Living
stone at, 1870., xviii. 264
Mpaka river, affluent of Livingstone's
Lualaba, xxii. 406
Mpakwe valley, L. Nyassa, elevation of,
xxii. 236
Mpanga river, Upper Nile baBin, course
and affluents of, xxii. 394
 Sanga, Equatorial Africa, elevation
and latitude of, xviii. 73
M'Pemba, L. Nyassa, an Arab slave dhow
met by Young at, xxi. 227
Mpembeno, E. Africa, trade crossing on
the Rufigi river, xxii. 454
Mpimbi, L. Nyassa, launch of the Herga
at, xxii. 234
M'pimbwe, Cape, L. Tanganyika, geologi
cal formation at, xix. 253
M'Ponda's village, L. Nyassa, slave trade
at, andYoong'sexpedition at,xxi. 227-8,
Cotterill's impressions of, xxii. 234
Mpwapwa, E. Africa,
Cameron at, 1873., xiii. 69, 72, xx. 306
C.M.S. station at, xxi. 498, road to, free
from tsetse fly, xxi. 61
Craven's natural history expedition to,
(1877.), xxii. 19
elevation of, xxi. 234, xxii. 384
latitude of, xviii. 71
missionary explorations from, xxi. 502
suitability for a trader's and traveller's
station, xxi. 243, 248
Mrawoona, W. Sudan, on L. Debou, xx. 78
M'rima, E. Africa, mountains near, iii. 302
M'rooli, Equatorial Africa, capital of
Unyoro, latitude of, x. 15
Emin Pasha at, 1877., xxii. 372
district, Gordon in, 1876., xx. 51, 53,
473 ; his station, xxi. 57
Kaba Rega's defeat at, by Long, 1874.,
xix. 109
Msasi, Equatorial Africa, near the Rovuma
river, Universities' Mission station at,
xxii. 374
Mshala river, affluent of L. Tanganyika,
xxii. 397
length of, xxii. 401
Msossi, Equatorial Africa, capital of
Ukerewe, xxii. 389
Msuwah, Equatorial Africa, park-like
region near, Cameron on, xx. 305
Mtambara river, and other affluents of
L. Tanganyika, xxii. 397
M'tangata river, E. Africa, sheltered
position of mouth of, xx. 75
M'tesa, ruler of Uganda, Equatorial
Africa, vii. 185; attitude of, to
missionaries, Stanley and others on,
xx. 152, xxi. 405, xxii. 37, 152, 372, 381
dominions of (see Uganda), xx. 46, 150,
xxi. 58

M'TE— MUL

217

M'tesa, ruler of Uganda, Equatorial
Africa — continued.
Baker on, xx. 49
Grant on, xxii. 409
Long's mission to, 1874., xix. 107-8, 454
missionaries sent to, (1877.), -xxi. 498
Speke on, vii. 224, 228 et seq.
Stanley on, xx. 148 et seq., cited 470
visited by Emin Pasha, (1877.), xxi.
465
Mtwara Harbour, E. Africa, Mungao
coast, xxi. 589
Mtiwi, near Vict. Nyanza, elevation of,
xx. 141
Mto river, Equatorial Africa, xix. 142
Mtumbo or Mtambo river, Equatorial
Africa, xix. 142
Mua, volcanic peak, Sawaii Island,
Navigator Group, xxi. 142
Muache Stream, E. Africa, xvi. 168
Muache, S.C. Africa, i. 75
Muali, Mts., E. Africa, rivers rising in,
xxii. 450
Mucimhua, town, E. Africa, i. 76
Muanza, V. Nyanza, xxii. 388, 393
Speke at, (1858.), vii. 226, xx. 158
Stanley at, (1875.), xx. 158
 on the position of, xx. 143
Muarimba Hills, E. Africa, water- worn
slopes of, xvi. 168
Muata ya Noo, or Matiamvo, ruler and
region, S.C. Africa, v. 2
Gamitto and Monteiro at, 1832.,
viii. 263
Graca's journey to, 1843., Cooley on,
i. 92
Livingstone's visit to, (1856.), i. 11, 159
Pogge's visit, (1877.), xxi. 203, xxii. 19
power of the chief and its extent,
xx. 130, 440
Reade on the position of, vii. 106
Muchinga river, Congo region, xix. 82
 or Maxinga, Serra, S. C. Africa,
i. 245, xi. 245
Lacerda at, 1798., xi. 236
Monteiro cited on height of, xi. 238
rivers rising in, xvii. 10
Mudir, Afghanistan, near source of
Turuk, xx. 246
Mudla-pina Gap, S. Australia, source of
the Frome river, ii. 17, 20
Mueller, Baron Dr. F. von, i. 10, 11, ii. 5,
6, 7, botanist to the N. Australian,
Expedition, i. 33, 225, 366-7, collec
tions of, their value, 868, 500, goes
to the Albert river, i. 230, 324, 490,
ii. 8, wild rice found by, ii. 217, 312
in relation to expeditions in search of
Leichhardt, etc., ix. 231, 300, 304-5,
x. 5, 60, 252, on collateral advantages
derived from, 61 ; xiv. 191, xvi. 224,
xvii. 277, xix. 8
on the Australian Alps, 1854., i. 3

Mueller, Baron Dr. F. von — continued.
cited on the climate of N. Australia,
i. 457
cited in praise of Wilson, ii. 311, ix. 232
cited on progress of Australian dis
covery, ii. 313
services of, to Australian botany,
xxii. 427
Mugeyer, Persia, ruins of, i. 45
Rawlinson on, i. 47
Mughan, Plain of, Persia, vi. 163
Mughara, Wady, Sinaitic Peninsula,
inscriptions near, and turquoise-mines
at,*Holland on, x.i 158-9
visited by Holland, xxii. 455
Mugrah, Jebel, Sinaitic Peninsula,
explored by Holland, xxii. 455
ruins and implements at, xxii. 456
Muhalala, near Vict. Nyanza, Stanley's
guides desert at, xx. 135
Muhalitch river, Asia Minor, as a trade
waterway, i. 304
Muhammad-bagh, Tureo-Persian frontier,
visited by Napier, xx. 170
Muhdirah Wadi, Yemen, cultivation in,
xviii. 200-1
Muhigane forest, near Benguela, S.W.
Africa, i. 75
Muhma river, W. China, rise, course and
tributaries of, xiv. 180-1
Miihry, — , cited on ocean currents,
xvi. 326
Muhwil, Yemen, cold baths at, xviii. 200
•Muiasse, town, S.W. Africa, i. 75
Muito forest, S.W. Africa, i. 75
Muimbra, Ilha, Zambesi river, native salt
works at, ii. 364
Muinyi Usegbara, E. Equatorial Africa,
xx. 305, latitude of, Cameron on,
xviii. 71
Muiro Achinto or Chama, see Mouro
Achinto
Muiron Island, off W. Australia, x. 47
Muiza's territory, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Mukah river, Borneo, Crespigny on,
xvii. 133
Mukden, see Moukden
Mukondokwa plain, Ugogo, xxii. 385
 or Makata rivef (see also Wami), E.
Africa, xvii. 336
altitude at, xx. 141
missionaries at, xxi. 502
swampy valley of, xxi. 234
views of Cameron on, xviii. 71
valley of, xx. 306
Muk-su river, Cent. Asia, affluents of,
xxi. 32
 valley, described by Kostenko,
xxi. 33
Muktenath Pass, leading into Nepal,
Campbell on, xiv. 214
Mnley-Dris-Serone, Djebel, N. Africa,
Rohlfs' journey through, 1864., ix. 312

218

MUL— MUR

Mulgrave, Mt., Queensland, xviii. 106
geological formation of, xviii. 93
Mulhacen Peak, Sierra Nevada, Spain,
height of, i. 425, xii. 251
Muli river, S.E. Africa, palms on, and
natives of, xix. 120
Mullah, the, exploration and survey of
the Indus by, xxii. 352, Walker on,
353-4
Mullens, Rev. Dr. J., on the Central
Provinces of Madagascar, xix. 182,
204
New Route and Method of Travelling
in C. Africa, adopted by Rev. R.
Price, in 1876., xxi. 233
Recent journeys in Madagascar, (1874.),
xxi. 155
on Macfarlane's exploration of the Fly
river, xx. 271
on missionary investigation in New
Guinea and its native races,
xix. 241-2
on work of the London Missionary
Society in the South Seas, xx. 104,
and on the exploration of the Mai
Kassa river, 106-7
presents Lawes' letter on N. Guinea,
xx. 354
 Macfarlane's letter on Ascent of
the Fly river, xx. 106
Mullens Harbour, N. Guinea, discovered
by Macfarlane, xxi. 358
Miiller, Dr. S., Contribution to the know
ledge of N. Guinea, ii. 181 «
Geognostio Sketch of the West portion
of Timor, iii. 368 (see 300)
MuUeywoon, Isthmus of Kraw, tin mines
at, vii. 58
Mul Seelaimon, Mt., or Blue Mt.,. Lushai
region, India, elevation of, xvii. 50, 51
Muluia, N. Africa, wells of, and tribes
near, ix. 313
Mumps Island, Tibagy river, Brazil, why
so called, xx. 459
Muncola village, Congo region, Grandy
at, xix. 97
Mundo, C. Africa, tribes of, visited by
Petherick, v. 27
 and Baer country, C. Africa, tribes
of, v. 38
Munedjah, Jebel, Sinaitic Peninsula,
xiii. 210
Mungang Mts., S. Australia, i. 4
Mungao District, E. Africa, visited by
Kirk, 1877., xxi. 588
Mungaro, Jimmy, Australian aborigine,
xiv. 191, 192, untruthfulness of, 195
Munghri hill, Garo Hills, xvii. 40
Muugman town and district,' Burmo-
Chinese frontier, described by Elias,
xx. 235-6, market-place of, 237
Mungo Sardyk, Mt., E. Siberia, elevation
of, Radde on, ix. 237

Mungwe river, S. Africa, Baines at
(1869.), xv. 152
Muni river, W. Africa, navigability of,
v. 109
water-fall on, Lenz's journey to (1877.),
xxi. 4V2
Muninim, N. Guinea, poor land near,
xx.. 267
Munphool Meer, Moonshee, on Gilgit
and Chitral, xiii. 130
Munserabad district, S. India, cultivation
in, vii. 96
Munster, Count, on receiving Gold Medal
of R.G.S. on behalf of Baron von
Richthofen, 1878., xxii. 297
do., Dr. Schweinfurth, 1874., xviii. 489
Munzinger, W., Journey across the Great
Salt Desert, from Hanfila to the foot
of the Abyssinian Alps, 1867., xiii. 219
Murchison on, xiv. 329
cited on the geology and hydrology of
S. Arabia, xv. 332
obituary notice of, 1876 , xx. 379
• — — — and Miles, explorations in
Abyssinia, xvi. 115
Muongtong, Burmo-Chinese frontier,
xix. 280
Muongyong, Lagree's difficulties at,
xix. 280
Muong You, State, Siam, Lagree's journey
in, 1866., xix. 279
Mural-Bashi, Gobi desert, ruins near,
xxi. 39 ; see Maralbashi
Muran Weichang, X. China, hunting
ground of Chinese emperors, xviii. 149,
160, tribes surrounding, 161-2
Murayama village, on the slopes of Fuji
Yama, xix. 171
Murchison, Sir R. I., becomes President
of R.G,S., 1856., i. 218, 363, on
election, 364
Addresses —
Anniversary, i. 374, ii. 239, iii. 224,
v. 146, vii. 123, viii. 170, ix. 195,
x. 185, xi. 185, xii. 219, xiii. 259,
. xiv. 287, xv. 252
Opening, i. 309, ii. 1, viii. 1, ix. 2,
x. 2, xi. 3, xii. 4, xiii. 3, xiv. 2, xv. 4
Address to the Geographical and
Ethnographical Section of the
British Association, I860., iv. 250
on African subjects —
on the Abyssinian expedition of 1867.,
xii. 15, 18, 19, 115, 118, 301, on
Blano's expedition, xiii. 47, 51, on
the Emperor of Abyssinia, x. 299,
on Munzinger's travels, xiii. 223-4,
xiv. 329
— the Antiquity of the Physical,
Geography of Inner Africa, viii. 151
— the death of Barth, x. 53
— the discovery of diamonds on the
Orange river, xii. 322

MUR— MUR

219

Murchison, Sir R. I. — continued.
Remarks (African subj.) — continued.
on English prisoners in Somaliland,
x. 101, 103, 116, 161, xi. 4
— explorations and expeditions in
Africa (various ; see also Living
stone and Nile, infra)
Angelo's ascent of the Juba river,
x. 113
Baikie's Niger and Chadda ex
plorations, i. 16, ii. 98, 317, v. 45,
vii. 67, 68, viii. 10, 263, x. 117,
xi. 49
Baker's, x. 22, 295
Burton's, ix. 8, 14, vii. 22
Cooley's studies of, viii. 256
Du Chaillu's, v. 110, 113, 211,
vi. 194, vii. 107, 204-5, xi. 3, 53,
80, 83
General, i. 319, 344, ii. 2, 35, 145,
iii. 103, vii. 21, 24, ix. 2
Gerard's proposed, vii. 70, and
death, xi. 79
Von der Decken's, x. 32, 53, 99, 102,
and his death, 108, 112
— geology in Africa, ii. 160
 of the African lakes, x. 24
— Kirk's discovery of fossil bones on
the Zambesi, viii. 151, 246
— Livingstone's achievements, i. 93,
239 ; 448, welcome to him, i. 233 ;
speeoh when presenting Patron's
Medal, i. 235 ; on presenting
Diploma of Corresponding Member,
ii. 3 ; on Government aid to him,
and his work, ii. 77, 82-3, 101 ; at
the Livingstone festival, 1858.,
ii. 118, 122-5, 128, 136, 141 ; letter
read by on behalf of R.G.S., on
Livingstone's 1858 " expedition,
ii. 161 ; farewell dinner to him,
162 ; on his travels in C. Africa,
iv. 26, 29, 87-8, v. 130, vii. 20, ix. 288;
on rumours of his death, (1864.),
viii. 44, and on his travels, viii. 258,
xi. 17; receives letters from, viii.
256; further rumours of his death,
xi. 112, 144, 146-7, and (proposed)
search for, 154, 161, 230, 237, 245,
xii. 4, 5,20,22-3, 25, 49-51,63, 77 ;
on incorrectness of rumour proved,
xii. 183, xiii. 5, 9, 25, 317 ; on his
travels (1869.), xiv. 2, 17, 18, 38,
145 ; 329, on Government grant to,
276; on his safety, xv. 6, 207,
309; letter received from, 1870.,
xviii. 274
— Madagascar, vii. 69
— the Nile : its sources, watershed,
and explorations of region, iv. 41 ;
Speke and Grant, success of, iii. 114,
352, iv. 90, vii. 21-24, 108-10, 182,
222,226, addresses on,v. 107, vii.213

Murchison, Sir R. I. — continued.
Remarks (African subj.) — continued.
on the Nile; Petherick, etc., on,
vii. 64, 84, 185, viii. 122, 149, 150
on Comte d'Escaysac de Lautare's
Expedition up, i. 301
— Mme. Tinne's expedition up,
1862., vii. 64, 103, 204, viii. 16, 18
— the Nile watershed, xi. 250
— the death of Speke, ix. 2
— the Suez Canal and its opening,
iii. 308, xiv. 88, 314
— the White (snowy) Mountains of
Africa, i. 244, viii. 9
on American subjects —
North America —
on British Columbia, and gold
there, iv. 35, 37, 74, vi. 108, on
railways for, xii. 124, 126
— British N. America, lines of
communication across, i. 264, 267,
ii. 49, iv. 231, vii. 73
— British N. American Expedition,
ii. 49, 151, 152, iv. 234
— the geology of Canada, viii. 239
— Mexico, Sevius' journey among
the mines of, iii. 110
— Mt. Hood, xi. 93
— passes in the Rocky Mts.,
iii. 123-4, 127
— rivers in the Rocky Mts., ix. 20
— routes via Rocky Mts. to B.
Columbia, vi. 108
— the Survey of B.N. America,
i. 320-1
— Telegraphic communication be
tween England and, vii. 55
— Vancouver Island, i. 490, ii. 49,
viii. 86, 94
— Yukon river and Whymper'a
expedition, xii. 188
South and Central America —
on the Andes Mts., viii. 161, 102
 Anguilla (West Indies) guano
deposits, iv. 57
— — (proposed) Atrato Canal,
i. 72, 74, 91, ix. 280
— Belize river, xii. 75
— Brazil, ix. 29, Chandless' Ama
zon Explorations, x. 105, 180,
xi. 106
— the Isthmus of Darien, de
Puydt's expedition, xii. 70, 72
— (proposed) expedition up the
Orinoco, i. 255, 278 ; Holmes' and
Campbell's to same, ii. 157
— Peru, Raimondy's journeys in,
viii. 60
on Arctic exploration, xv. Ill
— the Bellot testimonial, i. 1
— the Hall - Grinnell expedition,
vii. 98-9, 100
— Irjninger's work, xiii. 231

220

MUR— MUR

Murchison, Sir R, I. — continued.
on Arctic exploration — continued.
on Kane's achievements, i. 182, 208,
ii. 197, 201
— Lamont's Spitzbergen expedition,
xiii. 224-5
— Nordenskidld's and others' expe
ditions to Spitzbergen, xiii. 151,
165, 169
— proposed North Polar expedition,
(1865.), ix. 58, 87, 103, 113, 122,
146, 155, xii. 106,112
¦ — • the return of the Resolute by
America, i. 231, 249-50
— Rink's exploration of Greenland,
ii. 197, vii. 76, and the desirability
of further do., xv. 111-2
— Rink's remarks on Kane's sup
posed discovery of the N. coast of
Greenland and an Open Polar Sea,
ii. 359, 361
— the Search for Franklin, i. 26,
211, 213, 215, 329, 487, 510, ii. 2.
iv. 6, 8, 13
— Sutherland's Arctic work, i. 56
— Whymper's Greenland expedition,
xi. 159
on Asiatic subjects —
on the Amur river, ii. 277, iii. 93
— Arabian exploration, (Palgrave's),
viii. 66, 82, ix. 275, (Pelly's pro
posed), ix. 275
— Burma, i. 271, 273
— the Caucasus, ascents of, xiii. 66,
71,73
— Central Asia —
on Geo. L. von  , his spurious
travels, x. 236
— Grant's journey, Gobi route to
Russia, vii. 28
— Hayward's journey, Leh to Yar
kand, xiv. 72, 106, and on his
death, xv. 4, 5, 22
— Kurdistan, xii. 304, American
missionaries in, ix. 39
— Mongolia, exploration in, xiv. 250
— the Pamirs, x. 153
— Russian advance in, viii. 274,
do. in relation to geography,
xi. 163, 166
— Schlagintweit's journeys, Ladak
to Khotan, i. 277, and on his fate,
iii. 171
— Shaw's journey in the Kara
korum district, xv. 289
— Trans-Himalayan and Tibetan
explorations of Montgomerie's
Pundits, xii. 164, 172, xiii. 198
— Vambery's journeys, viii. 267
— Yarkand, x. 161, 163
— change of course in Eastern rivers,
i. 221, ii. 209, (the Hoang Ho),
iii. 87, xiv, 36, 37

Murchison, Sir R. I.— continued.
on Asiatic subjects— continued.
on China, coal in, x. 156, xiii. 36,
xiv. 143; expeditions in, Bick-
more's, xii. 53, Elias's, xiv. 33, 36,
37, Markham' s, xiv. 143, Sarel's,
vi. 4, Smyth's, vi. 7, Swinhoe's,
xiv. 241 ; geology of the Nankin
river, ii. 203, Lake Nor Tsai-san,
ix. 41 ; Russian settlements and
names in, xi. 254; the Yang-tse-
Kiang, iii. 166, xiv. 241, expedition
up, under Keppel, 1869., xv. 292
— Demavend, ascents of, iii. 17
— the " Eulaeus " river, i. 220
— India, xi. 73
geology of, x. 269
glaciers of, viii. 37
Himalaya Mts., iii. 367, xiii. 201,
on naming Mt. Everest, i. 350
the Runn of Cutch, xiv. 122, 124
Sedashagur, the geology of, vii. 98
— Japan, Hodgson's journeys in,
v. 114, 116, x. 170
— Kashmir, Purdon's survey, iv. 31
— Korea, ix. 297, 300, and on an
Aino skull, x. 170
— Malav archipelago, Wallace's ex
ploration of, vii. 205, 210, 212
— Mesopotamia, Bewsher's explora
tions in, xi. 156
— Palestine, Beke's journey in,
vi. 196, Graham's exploration of
the Hauran, ii. 175, 298
— Persia, etc., Goldsmid's march to
Gwadur, vii. 91 ; Monteith's ex
plorations in, i. 280
— Sinaitic Peninsula, Holland's ex
ploration in, xiii. 218
on Australasian and Pacific subjects —
on Australia —
on admiralty surveys, see Addresses
— Australian exploration in rela
tion to geology, iv. 95
— Central Australia, ii. 30, iii. 33,
iv. 86, v. 9, 105
— explorations in Australia :
Chimmo's, i. 262, 263
Dalrymple and Scott's, viii. 113,
121, x. 51-2
Forrest's, etc., xiv. 204
Gregory's, i. 11, 328; v. 121,
vii. 121
Landsborough's, vii. 10, and
others', 121
Leiohhardt's, and Sturt's, and
expeditions in search of the
former, vii. 16
M'Donnell's, v. 127
M'Kinlay's and others', vii. 85
Neumayer's proposed exploration
in S. Australia, xii. 295, 322 ;
Stuart's and others', iii. 154,

MUR— MUR

221

Murchison, Sir R. I. — continued.
on Australasian and Pacific subjects —
continued.
on Australia —
iv. 77-8, v. 57,105, 127, vii. 85,
ix. 22
on gold in Australia, i. 320, ii. 314,
viii. 32, induction from geology
justified, ix. 228, xii. 138-9, 233
— loyalty of Australian colonists,
vii. 2, 17
— the Murchison river, iii. 53
— — Murray and other rivers,
iii. 337-9
— N. Australia, exploration in,
i. 5, 34, 83, 263, vii. 110, 116,
harbour for, iii. 91, proposed
colonisation of, ib., vii. 91, 116,
ix. 22, Rattray's paper on Cape
York, xii. 322
— Queensland, v. 123, x. 51, 52
— S. Australia, and the interior (see
Addresses), iii. 333-7
— Torres Straits, navigation in, i. 80
— W. Australia, v. 9, geology of
(in relation to gold), viii. 32, 45
— Easter Island, xiv. 116, 119
— Fiji botany, (Seeman's), vi. 101
— New Guinea, Chester and Banner's
explorations in, xv. 302, Miiller's,
ii. 183
on New Zealand —
coal in, vii. 181, viii. 49
explorations in, Haast's, viii. 57,
213, Hector and M'Kerrow's,
viii. 213; Hector and Walker's,
viii. 49, 213 ; Hochstetter's, iv. 222
glaoiers in, viii. 57, 213
gold in, vii. 180, viii. 215, xi. 228
Maori chiefs of, iv. 222
— the Pacific Ocean, Denham's sur
vey, vi. 195
— the Sandwich Isles, xii. 312
on European subjects —
on the Arve Valley, i. 483
— — Crimea, need of geological
study of, vii. 124
 earthquake of Rhodes, 1863.,
vii. 205
— geographical publications in
Europe, 1861., v. 188
j— the geological survey of Great
Britain, v. 182
— possible communication between
the Mediterranean and Red Seas,
i. 224
— the Sea of Azov, i. 306
-^ Serpent Island, i. 483
— the volcanic eruption at Santorin
Island, 1866., x. 120
on general topics—
on changes in the surface of the Globe,
ii. 325

Murchison, Sir R. I. — continued.
on general topios — continued.
on death of Admiral Beechey, i. 217-8
 the Duchess of Kent, v. 119
 Lord Strangford, xiii. 66
 the Prince Consort, vi. 40
 Lady Murchison, xiii. 113
— election of the Duke of Edinburgh,
x. 266
— examiners for Geography in
Schools appointed, xiii. 66
— Faraday Memorial fund, xiv. 20
— the Humboldt Foundation, iv. 45
— his illness, xv. 233 (referred to,
xv. 27, 41, 52)
— Maury's achievements, ix. 154
— Pirn's achievements, iii. 197, vi. 76
— Rawlinson's achievements, v. 221
— the presence of the King of the
Belgians, xiv. 275; of the Prince
of Wales, xii. 146 ; of the Queen of
the Netherlands, xiii. 8, of the
Zanzibar princes, xiii. 25
— presenting Gold Medals, etc.,
1857., i. 365, 369,371, 479; 1858.,
ii. 231,233-8; 1859., iii. 215,217-23;
1863., vii. 119, 121; 1864., viii. 165,
167; 1865., ix. 189, 191 etseq.; 1866.,
x. 176, 178; 1867., xi. 178, 180;
1868., xii. 210, 213; 1869., xiii. 253,
256 ; 1870., xiv. 275, 279
— the purchase of No. 1. Savile Row,
xiv. 357, 359, xv. 9
— receiving Founder's medal, xv. 246
(awarded 1871., xv. 234)
 on behalf of Lady
Franklin, I860., iv. 114
— rules as to Visitors, vii. 70-1,
xii. 120
— Spratt's work as a geographer,
ix. 252-3
— stereoscopic maps, ix. 105
— trees in relation to rainfall, ix. 107,
x. 267, 269, xiii. 80-81
— the value of comparative geography,
i. 482
— the Vice-Patronship of the Prince
of Wales, vii. 65
— the visit of the Emperor of Brazil,
xv. 366
remarks at Evening meetings, Vol. i.
to Vol. xiv., passim
resignation, see xv. 233, 239, 241, 246,
(1871.), xv. 213
resume' of services to Geography,
xv. 241, their value, xx. 375
death of, 1871., Rawlinson on, xvi. 81
obituary notice of, 1872., xvi. 293
bequest by, xvi. 132
bust of, replica for R.G.S., xv. 247,
335
Murchison Bay or Creek, Victoria Nyanzaj
xx. 148, 150, xxii. 392

222

MUR— MUS

Murchison falls, Shire river, E. Africa,
vii. 19
•   on the Nile, discovered by
Baker, x. 19
drop of the river at, xxi. 50
 , Mount, or Devil's Peak, B.N.
America, iii. 125, 320, iv. 234, glacier
issuing from, iv. 231
 ,  , N.S. Wales, vi. 194, ix. 303,
elevation of, xii. 288, natives near,
iv. 94
 ,  , W. Australia, i. 34, latitude
of, iii. 35, natives near, xix. 310
— - Range (of Stuart), Northern Terri
tory, S. Australia, i. 230, sandstone
formation, i. 502, western extremity of,
i. 231, v. 56
— — , Range of Mountains, S. Africa,
minerals in, xxii. 120
 river, W. Australia, affluents of,
iii. 37, 42
course of, iii. 37, 41, 50
elevation of iii. 35
expeditions to, Forrest's, 1874., xvii.. 20,
277, xix. 310, 316, 446, 483-4,
xx. 370; Giles', 1873., xvii. 278, xix. 53,
447, xxi. 460, Gregory's 1858., iii. 34
geological formation near, iii. 47, 49, 52
good land near, iii. 53, xix. 57, 310,
487
latitude of, i. 30, 31, xix. 310, 484
mineral region near, xii. 290, xix. 489
Murchison on, iii. 53-4, ix. 228
saline marshes of, ii. 193, iii. 36
sources of, xix. 310, 311
 Rocks, off N. Australia, xii. 201
Murcia, Spain, non-glacial erosion in
mountains of, viii. 232
Murghabi river, C. Asia, how formed,
course of, xviii. 435
Muri Mt., near the Niger, xxi. 190
Murie, Dr., on Lake Tanganyika, ix. 11
on Petherick's Nile expedition, viii. 149
Murnea, S. Australia, ii. 190
Muropue, the, African chief, latitude of
his capital, i. 92
Murphy, Lt., R.A., joins the East Coast
Livingstone Relief Expedition, 1873..
xvii. 157 •
on the death of Livingstone, xviii. 180
Murray, R. Adm. Hon. H. A., letters to,
from Baker, 1862, vii. 78, remarks at
evening meeting, viii. 153
obituary notice of, 1865., ix. 211
¦  , Rev. A. W., on the race-dividing
line in N. Guinea, xviii. 46
 , Sir C, on Russian treatment of
English explorers in C. Asia, iii. 145
Murray Island, N. Guinea, xxi. 220
London Missionary Station at, xx. 105
 river, N.S. Wales and S. Australia,
iii. 155, 339, iv. 83, xii. 289
aborigines of, xv. 96

Murrayriver, N.S. Wales and S. Australia
— continued.
admiralty surveys at, and near mouth
of, xiii. 282, xv. 266, xx. 408
affluents of, iv. 97, 194, xiv. 199
course of, iii. 338, xiv. 199, xvii. 244
debouchment of, xii. 288
depth of water in, v. 9
discovered and explored by Sturt,
iii. 155, ix. 227, 230, xiv. 289, xvii. 244
explorations of (see Hume and Hovell),
Gawler's (1839), v. 9, Randell's,
1853., iv. 94
freedom of shores from fevers, iv. 95
geology of district along, iv. 96
junction with the Darling river,
iv. 194, xiv. 199
navigability of, iii. 337, x. 88, opened
up by Cadell, 1853., iii. 338, vi. 140;
anticipated results, iii. 339
source of, i. 3, iii. 338, iv. 97, v. 207
stock route along, vi. 56
Murrumbidgee river, N.S. Wales, affluent
of the Murray river, iv. 254
course traced by Sturt, xiv. 289, xvii. 244
discovery of, by Sturt, ix. 227, xiv. 199
navigability of, iii. 337, x. 88
size of, x. 87
stock route vid, vi. 56
Murusura river, E. Africa, source of, xi. 235
Murut natives of Borneo, use of Upas
poison by, xvi. 174
Murzuk, N.C. Africa, visited and its
position determined by Vogel, i. 441,
ii. 34 ; see Mourzuk
Musa, Jebel, Mt. Sinai of the Bible,
xii. 192
inscriptions on rocks near, xiii. 207
passes north of, examined, by Holland,

xxii. 455
survey of,

by Holland, (1868.),
xiii. 209-11
Musambe, S.C. Africa, i. 75
Musamwira river, draining Lake Likwa
into Lake Tanganyika, xix. 253, floating
islands in, 254
Musangany swamp, Congo region, xix. 87
Musart pass, Thian Shan Mts., xviii. 249
 glacier, explored by PoltoratBky,
xiv. 231
Muscat, Arabia, district and commerce of,
viii. 69, the Imaum of, his death, 1857.,
ii. 52, iii. 349, his territories, i. 282,
viii. 18, 19, visited by Palgrave, 1863.,
viii. 66
Muse'lo or Tinbue branch of the Zambesi,
i. 313, iv. 24, 25
Musga, N.C. Africa, i. 441
Musgrave, Governor, Governor of
W. Australia, 1874., xix. 314
 Ranges, W. Australia, dry lands
near, xix. 52, 314, water amongst,
xix. 58,313-4

MUS— NAF

223

Mushashi, Japan, A Trip to, in 1872.,
M'Clatchie, xvii. 82
Mushome Mts., S.E. Africa, i. 245
Mushud Mukudus, holy place at Meshed,
xxi. 583
Musindi, Nile Region, important trading-
place, xvii. 306
Muskoka river, Canada, course of, ii. 294
Musquito Flats, N. Australia, i. 189, 225
Mussal Bay, Spitzbergen, open in winter,
iv. 235 '
Mussana and Mussanguo, S.C. Africa, i. 75
Mussendom, Ras, Persian Gulf, coaling
facilities at, viii. 19
Mussoorie, N.W. India, hot weather at,
xi. 66-7
Mussuco, on the Congo, Pardos' factory
at, xix. 103
MuBtagh pass, Trans-Himalaya region,
aBoent of, by Godwin- Austen, 1860-1.,
viii. 36
character, height, and position of, viii. 34
 Range, E. Turkestan, elevations of
peaks in, x. 163, 239, xiv. 54, xx. 492
Glaciers of, Godwin-Austen, (1860-1.),
viii. 34 ; Falconer on, viii. 38
other names for, ii. 300
Shaw on, xv. 178, 180
stream issuing from, xiv. 53
wild scenery of, xiv. 51
 river, xiv. 53, its formation, xv. 180
Musters, Comm. G. C, r.n., awarded gold
watch by R.G.S., 1872., xvi. 276, 284
explorations of, in Bolivia, xxii. 41
 in Patagonia, 1869-70., xv. 305
Notes on Bolivia, (title only), xxii. 40
Year in Patagonia, 1869., xv. 41, 51
Musumbe, Equatorial Africa, visited by
Pogge, 1876., xxi. 203, 472, xxii. 18
Muta Nzige, (see Luta Nzige and Albert
Nyanza), xxii. 394
Mutton Bird Island, off Lord Howe Island,
Pacific, xxii. 136
Mutu Coomara Swamy Modeliar, on
English efforts to suppress the slave-
trade, xvii. 353
Mutu river, affluent of the Zambesi, i. 248,
Baines on, iii. 100
Muwanda district, V. Nyanza, xx. 157
Muxixe, Congo region, xix. 80
Muzart Mts,, E. Turkestan, trend of,
xx. 482 ; see also Musart
Muzoor Su, tributary of the Euphrates,
sources of, xii. 303
Mvue river, E. Africa, when fordable,
xxi. 241
Mvume", tribute station, Ugogo, Equatorial
Afrioa, xx. 306
Mwania Harbour, Mungao coast, E. Africa,
xxi. 589
Mware river, Zanzibar, xx. 73
Mwaru, or Leewumbu, feeder of the Nile
in its early course, Stanley on, xxii. 386

Mwaru Luaserri, a creek on the V. Nyanza
tide observed in, xx. 148
MwattS, see Kimandi
Mweranga, or Thafa, river, Equatorial
Africa, alleged course of, vii. 221
Mweru Lake, Congo region, fed by Lua
pula, xxi. 404 ; see also Moero
origin of, Stanley on, xxii. 407
Myanashi, Japan, hot season resort at,
xix. 170
Myanoshta, Japan, hot season resort at,
xix. 173
Myanatawan river, Canada, course of,
ii. 294
My brother John's glacier, Smith Sound,
Arctic region, Hayes on, ix. 186
Myette river, Br. Columbia, ix. 18
Mymensing Plain, Garo region, India,
climate of, xvii. 36
Mynela, or Muangla, Burmo-Chinese
borders, described by Harcourt, xv. 357-8
Mysore Plateau, S.C. India, cultivation on,
and outlet for, vii. 96
elevation of, xi. 60, and of hills in, 61
lack of trees in, x. 267
table-lands of, xiii. 74
Myvatn Lake, Iceland, lava islands in,
v. 84
 Myutns-orcefi, Iceland, volcanoes
formed over fissure in, xx. 26, outbreak
of 1874 at, xx. 29
Mzanza, Equatorial Africa, level plain
beyond, xx. 141
Mzhet,anoient capital of Georgia, besieged
by Alexander the Great, iv. 248
Mzinyani river, S. Africa, affluent of the
Limpopo, xvi. 91
Mzombe river, Nyassa. land, xxii. 248
N.
Naalsde, Faero Isles, soundings near,
v. 71
Nabal, Tunis, alum mine near, vi. 214
Nabash, El, Syria, ruins at, xvi. 110
Nabet es Djrug, Djebel, N.C. Africa,
elevation and geological formation of,
x. 70
Nablus, (Shechem), Syria, visited by Beke,
(1862.), vi. 196
Nachar Pass, Caucasus, elevation of water
shed near, xiii. 69
Nacauslay, Nah-cal, or Stuart's Lake, B.
Columbia, open spaces on when ice
bound, xvii. 134
Nachtigall, Dr., explorations of, in the
Eastern Sahara, 1869. et seq., xix. 5, 456,
xxi. 481, cited on the Shari river,
xx. 130
Nadali, Persia, ancient architectural re
mains at, xvii. 95
Nafata, stream, Upolu Island, Navigator
Group, xxi. 143

224

NAG— NAM

Naga Hills, India, destructiou of tea-trees
in, xxii. 420, note
routes to Assam through, xiii. 247
Topographical Survey of, xx. 423,
xxii. 361
Nagar : see Nagayr and Nagri
Nagasaki, Japan, Alcock's journey from,
to Yeddo, 1861., vi. 196, 200
bay of, Dutch colony in, vi. 201
engineering factory at, iii. 298, v. 117
harbour, admiralty survey of, iii. 271,
vii. 141, and near, xiii. 277
Protestant worship introduced at,
(I860.), v. 118
a treaty port, xviii. 238
Nagayr, or Nagar, Valley, Trans-Indus,
junotion of glaciers near, viii. 36 ;
see also Nagri
Nagpore, C. India, the rainy season at,
xi. 63
 and Nerbudda provinces, C. India,
area of, x. 242
Nagri, or Nagar, district, N.W. Indian
frontier, described, xiii. 131
Nahoot Guddabi, Mt., Abyssinia, game
near, x. 291
Nahr-Aeesa canal, Mesopotamia, Bewsher
on, xi. 155
Nahuelhuapi Lake, Chile, exploration to
(unnamed), and river supposed to rise
in, ii. 297
Jesuit settlement at, established 1670.,
viii. 162
visited by Cox, 1862., viii. 160, 219
Nai-chu river, Tibet, affluent of L. Tcngri-
nor or Nam-cho, xix. 340
Nain Singh, see the Pundit
Nainatoto Island, N. Guinea, and its
chiefs, xix. 518-19
Nairne, C, of Gregory's expedition to the
W. Australian rivers, 1858., iii. 34, 46,
thanked, 53
Naitong, Tibet, a large town, xxi. 342
Naivasha, salt Lake, E. Africa, xvi. ] 28
Naizar reed-bed, northern boundary of
Seistan, xvii. 88
Najum, Jabal, Yemen, Arabia, geological
formation of, xviii. 197
Nakd plain, the, Syria, geological for
mation of, xvi. 108
Nakab el Hajar fortress, S. Arabia, ruins
of, xv. 322-3
 Kureef, S. Arabia, subterranean
passage at, xv. 326
Nakasendo road, Japan, Lawrence's
journey along, to Yedo, 1872..
xvii. 80
M'Clatchie's do., 1872., xvii. 82
Nakchail Mts., Tibet, crossed by the
Pundit, 1868., xiv. 211
Nakchang Gomnak, Tibet, xxi. 336
 Ombo distriot, Tibet, mountains, in
habitants and cultivation of, xxi. 336

Nakchang Pontod district, Tibet, deserted
gold mines in, xxi. 334
nomads and animals of, xxi. 335
Nak Chu Ka, river, Tibet, xxi. 332, course
of, a mystery, 338, sources of, 333
  Kha, village, Tibet, near
Namcho Lake, xxi. 332, 334
Nakhodka, Manchuria, Russian harbour
at, Lloyd on, xi. 253
Nakhou Tom, ancient capital of Cambodia,
Bastian on, 1865., x. 85
 Vat, temple, Cambodia, Bastian on,
ib.
Nakidimo Bay, V. Nyanza, most easterly
point of the Lake, xx. 146
natives at, xx. 156
.Nakra Valley, Caucasus, pass in, xiii. 70
Nakus, Jebel (Bell mountain), Sinaitic
Peninsula, Palmer cited on, xiii. 215
Nala-Ring-Cho, or Cho-Sildu Lake,
Tibet, described by Pundit 3., apparent
lack of exit, xiv. 210
Naliek, Equatorial Africa, Livingstone
at, (1855.), i. 56
Namakia Peak and Pass, Madagascar,
importance of, xxi. 170
Namaqualand, S. Africa, Moffat's journey
in, (1857.), ii. 77
Nambong, stream, Assam-Burma frontier,
xiii. 247
Nambouk river, Kachyen district, xv. 353
Nambuate river, Equatorial Africa, forest
along, i. 75
Namchik river, Assam-Burma border,
xiii. 245
Namcho or Namtso Lake, Tibet, (see also
Tengri Nor Lake), affluent of, xix. 340
effluent of, xxi. 338
rising ground towards, xxi. 329
robbers from, xiv. 209
route to, xxi. 337
sacredness and situation of, xix. 339
Narnchu, or Nanchu river, see Brahma
putra or Tsanpo
Namecaque river, Equatorial Africa, width
and trend of, i. 75
Namehana, Madagascar, woods of,
xix. 185
Namelio, Equatorial Africa, i. 75
Names of Places in Geography, King,
xix. 134
Nam-ga Valley, Burmo-Chinese frontier,
hills near, xix. 280
Nam Kam. Burma, Shan chief town,
xx. 236
Namlang river, affluent of the Brahma
putra river, xiv. 346
Namling, Tibet, Bogle at, 1774., xix. 333
Namloi river, Burma, De Lagree's journey
down, (1866.), xix. 280
Namoose, Vancouver Island, vi. 107
Namphook, small river, Assam-Burma
borders, xii. 336

NAM— NAR

225

Namphook village, Assam frontier, xiii. 245
Nampoung river, Burmo-Chinese boun
dary, xx. 213
Namroop river and its affluents, Assam-
Burma frontier, xiii. 245
Namtohitai-Oulan-mouren river, affluent
of the Yang-tse river, xviii. 82
Nam Wan Hill, or Mt. M'Cleverty, S.W.
China, elevation of, vi. 228
Namweni, see Ripon Falls
Nam Wun river, S.W. Chinese boundary
at,'xx. 235
Nan-lean-mfln pass, N. China, vi. 224
Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, ix. 307
coal seams at, and copper, viii. 85, 91,
xiii. 383
desired communication with Albernie
Bay, vi. 107
future prospects of, Moody on, viii. 91
Nanda Devi Mt., Himalayas, height of,
i. 437, u. 302
Nandinizana, Madagascar, terrace-culti
vation at, xix. 192
Nanga Parbat, or Dagarmur, or Diarmul,
Mt., Himalayas, elevation of, ii. 334,
xxii. 352, Vigne cited on, x. 308-9
Nang-ganchejong village and fort, Tibet,
xii. 151
Nankiang river, Yunnan, Ludzu tribes of,
xv. 168
Nanking, or Nangking, W. China,
American visit to, 1854., iii. 169
British fleet at, 1842., ii. 202
cotton manufacture of, xi. 262
in relation to the Grand Canal, i. 339-40
Lord Amherst at, 1806., i. 336
Tae-ping troops at, 1851., ,i. 101-2, 341
their ravages, 1853., etc., vi. 86
Treaty of, i. 340
Namungi Island, V. Nyanza, xxii. 390
Nankou or Nankow pass, China,
described by Bushell, xviii. 150, 167
rough road and scenery of, xiv. 244
Nankow town, N. China, xiv. 244
Nanno, W. Africa, river near, i. 245
Nan-sha-ho river, China, broad and
shallow, xiv. 180
Nantin Valley, Burma, described, xv. 359
Nantzu cataract, Alb. Nyanza, xxi. 52
Napier, Capt. Hon. G., Barometric and
Hypsometric observations to fix the
height of Demavend, xxii. 216, Coles'
note on, 218
journey of, on the Turcoman frontier of
Persia, 1874., Goldsmid, xx. 166
 of Magdala, Lord, on Frere's work
hi Bombay, xiv. 122
cited on Abyssinia, xiii. 51
Napipi river, Colombia, S. America
Illingworth's expedition down, 1820.,
i. h7
port near souroes of, i. 70
proposed canal to, i. 65, 69

Naples, coast and other surveys of, (1857.),
i. 428
great earthquake in, 1857., iii. 283
trigonometrical survey of kingdom of,
ii. 289
Napo, Ecuador, gold-fields at, iii. 96
 river, affluents of, xxi. 557-8
as a waterway, i. 252
gold found along, viii. 60
great size of, at Aguano, xxi. 568
Jameson's journey down, 1861., ix. 245
Simson's journey to, from Guayaquil,
(1877.), xxi. 556
Upper, Jesuit control along, and its
effects, xxi. 562
Napoleon I. and the Suez Canal, xiv. 90
Napoleon Channel, Victoria Nyanza,
xx. 147. xxii. 390
Na Qua, N. China, large town near Great
Wall, vi. 224
Narakal, S.W. India, as a sea-port,
viii. 208, calm sea prevalent at, 209
Naralla district, S. Australia, ii. 190
Naran or Angori, Afghanistan, described
by Lynch, (1841.), xx. 244
Nardi, Monsignor Francesco, (Hon. Corr.
Memb. of R.G.S.), obituary notice of,
1877., xxi. 426
Nardin, Perso-Turcoman frontier, duties
of its Khan, xx. 172
Nare river (Queensland), effect of drought
near, iii. 333
Nares, Capt. Sir G., r.n.,
appointed to command Arctic expedition
of 1875., xix. 417, acknowledges
welcome of R.G.S. on its return,
xxi. 96, awarded Gold Medal, 1877.,
xxi. 397,398, 399
Commander of H.M.S. Salamander,
admiralty surveys, Australia, by,
x. 220, xi. 195
commanding H.M.S. Challenger, 1872.,
xvii. 17
On the Navigation of Smith Sound as a
Route to the Polar Sea, xxi. 274
On the North Circumpolar Sea, xxi. 96
on sledge-travelling etc., in Arctic
exploration, xxi. 287
Suez Canal, with Directions for its Pilot
age, 1869., xiv. 75
survey -of the Mediterranean by, xv. 32
Nariehu (see Brahmaputra), xii. 151
Nari Khorsum, or province of W. Tibet,
basin of the Sutlej in, and elevation of,
xii. 157
inhabitants of, xiii. 186, xxi. 327
Narina, S. Australia, easy route via, ii. 19
 road, " gap " on, ii. 20
Narmanshir or Narmushir, province,
Persia, fertile plains of, xvii. 87
lofty mountains near, xvii. 93
Narra and other rivers in the Runn of
Cutch, ancient beds of, Frere on, xiv. 123

226

NAR— NEB

Xarrien Mt., Queensland, vi. 68
Narrows, The, Adam Bay, W. Australia,
x. 34
 , Hamilton Inlet, Arctic regions,
v. 65, 66
 .  of Florida, Gulf of Mexico, rising
point of the Gulf Stream, xv. 70, 78, 82
Naroz Vallev, Persia, chief height in,
xvi. 260
Naryn Fort, Russian Turkestan, pass and
bridge near, xv. 195, xviii. 250
 • Mts., xiv. 223
 river, bridge over, xv. 195
fertile land near, xviii. 410
glacial source discovered by Kaulbars,
(1870.), xiv. 319
tributaries of, xiv. 222
 valley, mountains above, xiv. 222-3
Nash, Llewellyn, Table of Distances on
the River Amazons, xxi. 595, 596-7
Nasmyth, Capt. D. J., obituary notice of,
1872., xvi. 315
Nass river, Br. Columbia,
geological formation of the district, and
rapids on, iv. 226
gold near, vi. 188
Nassau, Cape, Arctic regions, once con
sidered the limit of navigation E. from
Bear Island, xix. 175
 Strait, Arctic regions,
ice in and beyond, ix. 172, 174
tides in, ix. 173
Nassick,Bombay,missionaryseholarsfrom, with Livingstone, xviii. 182, 222, 260,
xvi. 381, 417, 425
suggested site for capital of India,
xi. 72-3, Murchison on, xi. 221, Raw
linson on, xi. 77
Natal, coal and gold of, xii. 268
coast of and river-mouths, xvi. 138-9
countries north of, xiii. 337, their
fertility and salubrity, xix. Ill
expedition in, Sutherland's (1856.),
i. 55, 56, 83, 160
harbour, xi. 20
indigo of, i. 318
Physical Geography and Climate of,
(1866.), Mann, xi. 18
Nation,  , of Hann's N. Queensland
expedition, xviii. 87, 88
Na tite Levie, Fiji, Macdonald's expedi
tion to (1857.), i. 508
Natu Hills and River, Borneo, ii. 346
Natuna Creek, Queensland, Ross's views
on region of, xv. 99
Naturaliste Cape, W. Australia,
admiralty survey of reefs near, xxi. 435
Natwutwa river, S. Africa, in flood, I860.,
v. 18
Naudeh, Persia, plains near, xx. 173
 Valley, cultivation in, xx. 173
Naugot, Kokand, Schuyler's attempts to
visit, xviii. 412

Naukaudah village, on the Daraghaz
stream, Persia, xx. 171
Naumann Range, N. Zealand, rivers rising
in, viii. 214
Nauplia, Greece, effect of earthquake of
1866 at, x. 322
Nauta, Peru, steamship communication
with, iii. 95, xv. 375
true ownership of, iii. 96
Navajo Indians, New Mexico, location,&c,
of, Goad on, xxii. 279
Navarrete, cited on the Landfall of Colum
bus, xv. 210
Navigator Isles, earthquake wave at, 1868,
xiii. 57
Litton Forbes on, xxi. 140
Navy Bay,lBthmus of Panama, C. America,
mail transit from, i. 85
 Board Inlet, Arctic Regions, ruined
government depot at, xiii. 372
Navy estimates, application of, Goschen
cited on, xvi. 235
Nawagai, Trans-Himalayas, road from,
to Abazai, surveved by the Mullah,
1876., xxii. 354
Nawarango, see Alexandra Nile
Nazareth, Syria, Eaton's journey from, to
Bozrah, (1864.), viii. 29
elevation of, iii. 288 (note)
 river, W. Africa, branch of the
Ogowai river, iv. 183, v. 109
volume of, xvii. 26
Nazipur, AsBam, important market-place
at, xvii. 37, 41
Ndara, E. Africa visited by New, 1871,
xvi. 170
N'dara Mt., E. Africa, Hildebrand at,
1877., xxii. 450
Ndeo river, E. Africa, affluent of the
Tiva river, source and course of, and
sugar cultivation on, xxii. 451
Ndi Mt., E. Africa, ascent of, by Hilde
brand (1877.), xxii. 450
Ndoni, W. Africa, an outlet of the Niger
river, xxi. 483
Ndumi, E. Africa, xxi. 238, healthy
position of, xxi. 243
Ndungu Mts., E. Africa, crossed by Hilde
brand, (1877.), xxii. 451
Ndunguni, E. Africa, New's journey
through, 1871., xvi. 168
Nduru, V. Nyanza. xx. 157
Nea Kameni or Neo Kaimene Island,
Grecian Archipelago, volcanio eruption
at, 1866., x. 118, 318
Neales river, S. Australia, feeders and
outlet of, v. 104
Neambara, Bahr Ghazal district, viii. 140
Neangara, Bahr Ghazal district, viii. 139
Nearotic region, distribution of animal
life in, Wallace on, xxi. 520
Nebbeh, or Mt. Nebo, Syria, aud ancient
town of same name, xix. 167

NEB— NEW

227

Nebhaguddy river, Abyssinia, dry bed of,
xii. 114
Nebue, E. Africa, undulating country near,
xx. 76
Neeld, J., obituary notice of, 1856., i. 126
Neeinbucu, Paraguay, an " estero," rivers
fed by, xx. 498
Neemuch, C. India, elevation of, xi. 57
Nefis river, Morocoo, geological formation
of, ix. 25
Nefta, Tunis, desoribed, vi. 211
Negapatam, Madras, port of, vii. 96
Negrais, Burma, good harbour at, xi. 222
 , Cape, i. 162
Negri, Chevalier Cristoforo, Hon. Corr.
Memb. of R.G.S., on Brun Rollet's
journey in Nile region, 1856., i. 157
on Italian Colonies along the Rio de
la Plata, viii. 220
in relation to the Italian Geographical
Society, xvi. 328
Negro Races, distribution of, in the
Eastern Archipelago, &c, Crawfurd on,
ii. 184
Segro, Cabo (Cape), W. Afrioa, xi. 235
— , Rio, Brazil, affluent of the Amazon,
i. 251
its affluents, viii. 160, xi. 109
climate on, iii. 94
explored by Spruce, (1853-4.), viii. 221
 by Wallace (1850-52), viii. 61
 ,  , Patagonia,
exploredbyVillarino(abt. 1782.), viii. 160
supposed source of, ii. 297
Neilgherry Hills, Madras, area of, and
cinchona plantations on, x. 266, xi. 61
cultivation on, vii. 96
dam-building on, xvi. 138
elevation of, and contour, x. 267, xi. 61
 country south of, xi. 55
rainfall of, xi. 62
summer climate of, xi. 63
Nejed, or En Nejd, province of, Arabia,
desert, and tribes of, viii. 64
elevation of, viii. 101
highlands and population of, ix. 293
horses of, Palgrave on, viii. 75-6;
Rawlinson on, viii. 81-2
lack of running streams in, viii. 105
Palgrave's visit to, 1862., viii. 63-4
Pelly's visit to, 1865, ix. 293
virtual independence of, viii. 19
 , S. Arabia, a watering place, xv. 327
Nellore, Madras, irrigation works at,
viii. 96
Nelson, Cape, N. Guinea, natives of,
xix. 233
 Province, N. Zealand, Brunner's
journey from, 1846-7., ix. 34
Nen-Da Mt., near Bathang, China, great
elevation of, xxii. 268
Neot, White Nile, inhospitable villagers
of, viii. 135

Neotropical region, distribution of animal
life in, Wallace on, xxi. 521
Nepal, Nepaul, or Nipal (see also Mt.
Everest), ii. 108, 110, 111
Chinese invasion of, Campbell on,
xiv. 214
closed to the English, (1856.),
i. 346, v. 53, x. 242
passes of, i. 348, 349, xix. 338
strict watch kept on, xix. 335
Pundit's route-survey from, to Lhasa,
xii. 146, 148, xiv. 214, xix. 338
trade routes to, iii. 171
trade- wares of, xii. 163
Nepalgunj, Nepal frontier town, built by
Jung Bahadur, xii. 148
Nepean Bay, S. Australia, admiralty
survey at, xiv. 307
Nepowie Range, S. Australia, geographical
formation of, ii. 21
Nerbudda province, C. India, area of,
x. 242
 river, C. India, course of, xi. 58
 Valley, xi. 58, coal-fields of, xv. 283
Nerchinsk, E. Siberia, gold-mines near,
xiii. 369
Nerqua river, tributary of, the Tsuando
river, Colombia, S. Amerioa, i. 64
Nertscha-Yablonoi-Krebeh river, Siberia,
explored by Ussoltzoff, (1858.), ii. 278
Nesh district, Afghanistan, Fraser Tytler's
survey of, 1842., xx. 247
Netherlands, H.M. the Queen of the,
present at meeting of R.G.S., xiii. 8
Nethow Peak, or Pic de Nethou, Pyre
nees, the highest point in Spain, i. 425,
xii. 251
Netlik, Whale Sound, Greenland, Hayes'
observations at, (1861.), ix. 184
Neuangaran (Creek), S. Australia, road
and region near, ii. 19
Neuohatel, Lake of, Switzerland, Guyot's
soundings of, Chaix on, xii. 456
Neumann, Dr. Carl, The Tchoukot Ex
pedition, (Siberia) 1868., xxi. 213
Neumayer, Dr. G., On a Project for the
Scientific Exploration of Central Aus
tralia, xii. 286, 298
comments by Murchison, xii. 295, 322 ;
by Owen, xii. 295; by Tyndall,
xii. 297
Neva river, Russia, effluent of Lake
Ladoga, xiii. 376
Nevada, Sierra, California, (see also Cas
cades), northern continuation, xi. 80
plateau near, ii. 338, Asiatic parallel
to, xxi. 40
railway to foot of, xix. 293
 State, U.S., formed in 1864., xi. 85
Neville or Booro Pooro river, N.S. Wales,
vi. 55
New, Rev. Charles, agreement made with,
by the Livingstone Search and Relief

228

NEW— NEW

New, Rev. Charles— continued.
Expedition, 1872., xvi. 428, cf. 162,
Dawson on, 381, Kirk on, 383,
387, withdrawal, letter concerning,
xvi. 423 note
journey of, from the Pangani river via
Wadigo to Mombasa, 1874., xix. 317
other journeys referred to, xvi. 127
letters on his ascent of Kilima Njaro
Mt., 1871., xvi. 167, 170, 367
 to Kirk, on the Livingstone Search
and Relief Expedition, xvi. 428-9
mentioned, xvi. 375, 385
death of, 1875, Wakefield on, xix. 323
obituary notice, 1875., xix. 387
New Amsterdam Islands, American whal
ing station as a depfit for Antarctic
exploration, v. 25
Newberry, Mt., Queensland, xviii. 96
New Britain Island, Western Pacific, ad
miralty survey of, vi. 136
 Calabar or Rio Real, W. Africa,
described by Thomas, xvii. 151
New Caledonia, discovered by Captain
Cook (1774.), i. 459, iii. 91 , 342
exploration of ocean near, by the Herald,
1852-61. ,.Denham, vi. 197-8
French coast surveys of, i. 173, 423
 settlement on, and annexation of,
(1853.), i. 79, 173, 459, iii. 91, 342
language of, xvi. 392
negroes of, i. 81, iii. 359, 361 ; their
customs, ix. 32
Newcastle, Duke of,
interest in, and furtherance of Aus
tralian expeditions, i. 11, 193, vii. 121
on the award of R.G.S. gold medal
to the family of Burke (Victorian
Camel Expedition), vi. 124, ix. 205
on receiving R.G.S. gold medal on
behalf of M'D. Stuart, v. 144
obituary notioe, 1865., ix. 205
Newcastle, W. Australia, i. 255, xiv. 191,
195
 Bay, Queensland, good anchorage
in, viii. 114, land near, x. 85
 Harbour, N.S. Wales, admiralty
survey, vii. 142, xi. 195
 Range, N. Australia, i. 230, 231, 368
geological formation, i. 502
watershed of, i. 501
 Water, N. Australia, vi. 11, vii. 82
latitude and longitude of, vi. 10
New-chang (Niu chang, Nu-chang, Nou-
chang, etc.), N. China, xvi. 210, treaty
port, 1858., iii. 64, 86, iv. 60, v. 175,
vi. 135, vii. 33
Frere on, xvi. 216
geographical position and trade of
xiii. 27, 28
importance of, to Russia, Oliphant on,
iv. 60, Osborn on, xi. 162
plain of, xiii. 32

New-chang, N. China — continued.
trade of, Parkes on, xvi. 214
winters in, xvi. 204
New Dongal, Nile region, Twyford at,
1857., i. 301
New England, U.S.A., Norse discovery
of, a.d. 1000., ii. 373
Newfoundland, admiralty surveys of,
iii. 272, iv. 157, v. 101, 176, vi. 137,
vii.l43,viii. 191,ix. 221, x. 219, xi. 194,
xii. 243, xiii. 280, xiv. 306, xv. 264,
xvi. 319, xvii. 256, xviii. 538, xix. 404,
xx. 403-7, xxi. 434, xxii. 335
Banks of, current along, i. 61, iv. 105
depth of water along, i. 418, vii. 57
Franklin's maps found on, i. 22-4
icebergs off, iv. 105, 108
climate of, i. 86
cod-fisheries of, ix. 136
French survey of, i. 423
ice off, 1863-4., ix. 132
Labrador Indians' visit to, 1864., ix. 135
Lapp names for, ii. 373
Norse discovery of, a.d. 1000., ii. 373
telegraphic extension from, to New
Orleans, i. 145
New Granada, S. America, corn of, i. 252
explorations in, (1856.), i. 167
French surveys in, (1857.), i. 423
how constituted as a republic, iii. 93
waterways as outlets for commerce of,
i. 252, 466, ii. 297
work of Bollaert on, referred to, iv. 206
New Guinea or Papua, vi. 136, xii. 313
admiralty survey of, iii. 271 ; 1875, and
previous, xix. 409-10
animal life of, xii. 320
 and vegetable life of, xx. 266, 268,
334-335, 350-356
Ascent of the Fly river, Macfarlane,
1876., xx. 253
climate of, xx. 339, in relation to black
and white race, xx. 342
Coast of, and natives, Nicholls on,
xx. 108-9
Contribution, A, to the knowledge of,
Miiller, ii. 181
coral reefs of, iv. 81
Description of the Natives and district
of Port Moresby, Stone, 1876., xx. 330
Discovery of the Mai-Kassa or Baxter
river, Stone, 1875., xx. 92
Dutch and other explorations of, 1828,
1835, ii. 311, iii. 360, ix. 260, xix. 242
 possessions in, iii. 359
early references to, xvi. 354
Eastern, Discoveries in, 1873-4, (Basi
lisk expedition) Moresby, xix. 225,
243; see below, Explorations, and
South-east
ethnology of, Crawfurd on, ii. 184,
vi. 99 ; others on, xviii. 28-31, 35-41,
48-9, xix. 237-8, xx. 268-9

NEW— NEW

229

New Guinea or Papua — continued.
explorations and expeditions (see above,
Dutch), desired by Evans, viii. 120
Chester's, xv. 302, xvi. 356
D'Albertis', (and other explorers'),
xiv. 323, xv. 302, xviii. 573, xx. 428,
xxi. 459, xxii. 364
Delargy's, xiv. 323, xv. 302, xvi.
356
Gill's, 1872., xviii. 573
Goldie's, 1877., xxii. 219 (paper), 363
Lawes', xx. 354, xxi. 460, xxii. 365
Macfarlane's,1876.,xix. 448,xx. 18-19,
105, 253, 427, xxi. 350, 459
Maklay's, xvi. 356, xviii. 572, xix. 9,
448, Incidents of Travel, 517
Meyer's (1874.), xviii. 573
Moresby's, xviii. 22, 540, 572, xix. 9,
225, 231, 243, 447, xx. 266, 427
Paget's (in the Surprise), 1871.,
xvi. 203-4
Stone's, 1875., xx. 92, 266; 1876.,
xx. 330, 428
Wallace's, iii. 358 ; Frere on, xviii. 47 ;
Markham on, xviii. 46-7
Young's proposed, xx. 356
great bird of, xx. 352-3
gold in, xvi. 204, xix. 243, xxii. 222
knowledge of, in 1865., ix. 260
meteorology of, xix. 234
mission settlements in, xx. 105, deaths
of missionaries, 338
mountains of, (see Owen Stanley), i. 80
non-volcanio area in, vii. 207
Portuguese discovery of, (1526.), iii
361, in relation to the Arru Isles,
ii. 165-7
South-east, Discoveries in, Moresby,
1872., xviii. 22
Three Visits to, Gill, 1872., xviii. 31
Trade between the Eastern Archi
pelago and, Wallace, vi. 43, 197
utility of ponies in, xx. 331
Voyage to, (1858.) Wallace, iii. 358
 of the Ellangowan to China Straits
in, 1876., Macfarlane, xxi. 350
New Hebrides Islands, and Santa Cruz
group, Markham, 1871., xvi. 388
devil-worship in, xix. 237
geology and ethnology of, xvi. 392
New Holland (see also Australia), i. 192,
viii. 183
New Ireland, vi. 136
negroes of, iii. 361
route to China vid, xix. 228
Newman Bay, N. Greenland, Hall's ex
ploration of, 1871., xxi. 275
ioe fields of, xviii. 14
latitude of, xviii. 13
New Mexico, U.S.A., proposed route via,
across America, i. 264
New Orleans, i. 145, canal from, to Lake
Pontchartrain, construction of, i. 91

New Perlican Harbour, Newfoundland,
and Atlantic cable, 1863., vii. 143
New River whaling station, N.Z., ii. 356
New South Wales (see also Australia),
i. 83, 322, 324, vi. 168
aborigines of, iv. 94-5, vi. 56
admiralty surveys of, ii. 268, iii. 271,
vi. 135, vii. 142, viii. 192, ix. 222,
x. 220, xi. 195, xii. 244, xiii. 281,
xiv. 307, of inner waters, xv. 267 ;
xvi. 320, xvii. 256, xviii. 538
advance of population northwards, i. 80,
83, 322, vi. 13, vii. 113, 174
coal in, xii. 141, 315
cold winter in, 1855., i. 5
colonization of, vi. 36, vii. 171, viii. 118,
ix. 226, xiv. 198-9
Cordillera of, xii. 1 39
explorations in and from, (see Gregory
A. C), ix. 229, Hely's, 1851., and
others, x. 59, Kennedy's, i. 6, xviii.
89, Mackinnon's, 1839., and others,
vi. 56, Mitchell's, i. 6, Oxley's, xiv.
199, Randell's (I860.), iv. 94, 194,
Strzelecki's, 1838, etc. xviii. 519 et seq.
geology of, work of Clarke and Strze-
lecki, vi. 175, ix. 229
gold of, i. 453, iii. 339, viii. 32, dis
covery of, by Strzelecki, 1839., ix.
228-9, xvi. 295, xii. 138-9, xviii. 520
hot wind of, i. 32, 35
iron of, xii. 144
Murray river in, length of, iii. 339
natural history of, iii. 341
route from Singapore to, viii. 118
sheep-farming in, x. 327
timber of, iv. 94
wool of, superior quality of, xii. 321
New-tow-shan Hill, N.W. China, xiv. 176
New Westminster, Br. Columbia, clearings
for, vi. 232
climate of, vi. 232, viii. 92
Fraser river at, vi. 235
New Year's Island, N. Australia, ii. 10
New York, mails from, to Panama, i. 85
wishful for improved mail routes, i. 89
New York Herald, munificence of, iu
equipping Stanley's expedition, xx. 13
 Sun, cited, on Stanley's African
discoveries, xxi. 468
New Zealand, water in, iii. 90
admiralty surveys, i. 144, i. 406, ii. 268,
ix. 34
Alps of, viii. 49, 56, 212-14, ix.32,xv. 300
Austrian circumnavigatory expedition,
report on ooal of, iii. 339
colonization and development of, xiv. 1 98
discovered by the Dutch, xxi. 186
expeditions and explorations (see also
Middle Island, below) —
Brunner's, 1846-7., ix. 34
Haast's, 1861-2-3., viii. 56, 57, 214-15
Harper's across, 1 857., viii. 49-50, ix. 34

230

NEW-NIA

New Zealand — continued.
expeditions and explorations — cant.
Heaphy's (1842., etc.), ix. 34
Hector's, W. Coast of Middle Island,
1863., viii. 46, 47, 213, ix. 32-3
M'Kerrow's survey of Lakes of Otago
Province (1864.), viii. 47-8
Thomson's, S. of Otago province,
1857., ii. 354
Walker's, across, viii. 215, v. 213
 along the W. Coast of Middle
Island, 1863., ix. 33, 34
harbours in, scarcity of, viii. 50
images of, Grey on, xiv. 118
Lakes of Otago Province, M'Kerrow's
survey, (1864.)," viii. 47-8
flora of, Dyer, xxii. 429, 430
fossils in, vii. 181
Geological expedition to W. Coast of
Otago, Hector, 1863., ix. 32
 formation of, and fossil remains,
Hood-Hood on, vi. 24-5
geology of, in the Tertiary period,
xxi. 533; mutations of, Duncan on,
xxii. 79
glaciers of, Haast on, viii. 56-7, ix. 34,
xv. 301, McKerrow on, viii. 47,
Murchison on, viii. 214, 221
gold in, Hood-Hood on, vi. 24-5 ; Mur
chison on, vii. 180, viii. 215
 fields of Tuapeka, Thomson, vi. 71
 mines and coal-mines of, xi. 228,
Cookson on, viii. 57
Maori chiefs in England, I860., iv. 222
¦  ¦ natives, viii. 58, ix. 33
Middle Island, explorations of,
Brunner's, 1846-7, ix. 34
Haast's, 1861-2-3., viii. 56
Harper's, 1857., ix. 34
Heaphy's (1842, etc.), ix. 34
Hector's, 1863., ix. 32-4
Richard's, 1848., ii. 34
Stokes', 1848., ii. 34
Walker's, 1863., ix. 33-4
 , mountains of, viii. 56
 , rivers of, viii. 49
migration of natives of, xvi. 393
Mountains of, Duncan on, xxii. 73;
in relation to climate, viii. 48
progress of geographical knowledge of,
1862., vi. 175; 1864., viii. 212; 1867.,
xi. 228 ; 1871., xv. 300
ReconaisBance Survey in the South of
Otago Province, Thomson, 1857.,
ii. 354
rivers of Middle Island, sources of,
viii. 49
rumours of confederation with Austra
lia, etc., 1875., xix. 244
Southern Alps of, Haast, 1861-3.,
viii. 56 ; his researches on, xv. 300
Thomson's work on, pubd. I860.,
iv. 204

New Zealand — continued.
traces of the " moa " found in, by Hector,
viii. 47, 49
volcanic districts of North Island, Mur-
ohison on, xv. 301-2
wool of, superior to that of N. Aus
tralia, xii. 321
Ngambi, W. Africa, Reade at, 1861.,
vii. 106
Ngami, Lake, S. Africa, drought at, 1859.,
v. 16, 17, 18
olevation of, i. 60
expeditions to, Andersson's, (1855.),
i. 160; Livingstone's vid, (1855.), i. 233
feeders (probable) of, iv. 63
Hottentots living near, i. 245
ivory of, i. 317-8
shallowness of, i. 244
tributaries of, iv. 63
waterways connected with, i. 240
Nganhwuy, Eastern China, Taeping rebels
in, vi. 89, tea-district visited by Baker,
1861., vi. 166, by others, vi. 164
Ngardabash river, E. Africa, source of,
xvi. 439
Ngare na Rogwa river, E. Africa, affluent
of L. Baringo, xvi. 439
Ngari, province, Tibet, position of,
xiii. 394
Ngo Chiao river, E. China, tidal wave of,
xiii. 172
Ngomano, town and ford on Rovuma
river, E. Africa, ix. 287
geological formation of plain near, xi. 16
tsetse fly at, xi. 17
Ngombe river, E. Africa, country near, and
course of, xix. 137, 138, affluent of the
Malagarazi river, well wooded, xix. 247
 South, xx. 308
Ngowinyie, (Devil's Peak), S. Australia,
striking aspect of, ii. 17
Ngu Hills, C. Africa, in relation to the
coast, i. 9
Nguru, C. Africa, latitude of, xxi. 502
¦  Mts., E. Africa, granite range of,
xxi. 239, xxii. 384
Nhaga, or Niassa-land, see Nyassa
Nhanja Lake, E. Africa, really Nhionja
river, Macqueen on, iv. 27
Niagara Falls, U.S.A., ii. 339
 river, slow current in early course,
xix. 257
Niagzu Rawang, Kashmir- Tibet borders,
reached by Pundit, 1873., xxi. 327
Niambara and district, Nile region,
C. Africa, Peney's journey to, 1861.,
vi. 18, 19
Petherick's station at, vi. 80 ; see Nyam
Bara
Niam Niam or Nyam Nyam (q.v.) country,
C. Africa, inhabitants of, v. 38, 39
Petherick's visit to, (1857-8), and native
weapons in, iv. 40, vii. 65

NIA— NIG

231

Niam Niam Maharaka, C. Africa, its
boundary, vi. 19
Niandja, or Nianza Lakes, C. Africa (see
Victoria and Albert Nyanza Lakes),
Erhardt on, (1855.), i. 8, 9, 12-13;
Macqueen on, i. 12
Niantago, E. Africa, boa constrictor
killed near, xix. 153
Nicsea, Lake and province, Asia Minor,
i. 303, 304
Nicaragua, and Lake, C. America
Canal scheme connected with,i. 60, 90-1,
xii. 26
explorations, Collinson's, 1867., xii. 25
 and Pirn's, 1863., 1865., 1867.,
and others, ib., et seq.
geological formation near, vii. 42
levels between it and the Pacific,
i. 89
new Harbour in, Gorgon Bay, xiii. 62
Proposed Transit-route across C. America
from, Pim, vi. 75, 112
rectification of coast-line of, Peacock on,
xii. 46
Sketch of, Perry, vi. 74
Nicholls, Mr. Kerry-, on importance of
African exploration, xxi. 614
on Boigu, and on the coast and coast-
natives of N. Guinea, xx. 108-9
Nicholson river, Queensland,
bar at mouth of, vii. 14
forded by Leichhardt, 1844., vii. 86
Macdonald at, 1864., x. 247
outfall of, vii. 114
source of, i. 492
Nicholson, Sir C, iii. 89, vii. 14-15,
viii. 113, xix. 315
at Port Denison, vi. 24
on Australian subjects
Australian federation, xviii. 48
 loyalty, vii. 15
Camden Harbour settlement, x. 87
Dalrymple and Scott's journey in
N.E. Australia, (1863.), viii. 118-9,
120, 211
expeditions in search of Burke and
Wills, and on Leichhardt' s explora
tions, vii. 85
Forrest's W. Australian expedition,
Goyder's survey near Port Darwin,
and the recent progress of Aus
tralian discovery, xiv. 190
Jardine's and Dalrymple's Austra
lian expeditions, x. 51-2
Landsborough's and McKinlay's Aus
tralian expeditions, vii. 115-6
Warburton's Australian expeditions,
xix. 49
Melville Island, ix. 22
native labour in Australia, vii. 89
New Guinea, xviii. 48, xix. 243
N. Australia and its colonization,

Nicholson, Sir C. — continued.
on Australian subjects — continued.
vii. 13-14, 85-7, 89, 116, and wool,
ix. 33
Queensland cotton, vii. 115-6, (letter)
117-9
rivers of Australia, x. 87, 88
cited on colonization of N. Australia,
v. 60, vii. 170-71
on the work of the Palestine Explor
ation Fund, etc., xvii. 333
 Sir F., on Hakodadi Harbour, Japan.
v. 115
Nicol, Nlchol, or Nickol, Bay, W. Aus
tralia, v. 2, 3, 9, x. 44, 45, 47
country between, and Tropic of Capri
corn, xii. 261
explorations from
Gregory's, (F.), (1861.), vi. 54, 172,
vii. 16
Warburton's, 1873., xviii. 570, 571,
xix. 8
pearl fisheries at, vi. 173, xix. 489
settlement at, good progress of, xii. 290
temperature at, vi. 55
Nicola, Lake, and river, Br. Columbia,
" benches " near, xv. 134
Nicolaievsk, E. Siberia, described, xiii. 366
free Russian port, xi, 163
ice in harbour of, xiii. 365
Nicolay, Rev.  ,on proposed exploration
of the Saskatchewan district, i. 265
on Palliser's (and other) explorations
in Br. N. America, ii. 49
Nicomedia, Gulf of, Asia Minor, proposed
canal to, i. 301, 303
 , province and city, Jochmus' canal
scheme for, i. 303
Niebuhr, C, travels of, in Yemen (18th
century), xv. 330
Niende river, E. Africa, affluent of the
Rovuma, ix. 288
Niffar, ancient Calneh, ruins of, Turkey-in-
Asia, i. 45, 46, Rawlinson on itB
antiquity, 47
Nifuat Island, Vict. Nyanza, natives of,
xx. 154
Niga river, W. Africa, source near that of
the Cabalha, trade on, vi. 67
Niger, Nun, or Kawara, Kwara or Quorra,
river, W. Africa, i. 444, ii. 83, ix. 73
admiralty surveys, iv. 183
anomalous rise and fall of, vii. 66
ascent of, by H.M.S. Investigator, 1864.,
Knowles, ix. 72
astronomical tables of Park, found near,
vi. 15
Baikie's work on, (1863.), viii. 4, his
settlement, 263, its progress, ix. 72-4
branches of, see Wari, etc.
confluence of, with the Binue river,
vii. 67, xi. 49, xxi. 485
cotton culture along, iv. 222

232

NIG— NIL

Niger river — continued.
Delta of, explorations of Glover, Golds-
worthy, and the C.M.S., Crowther
on, xxi. 482
development of up-river trade on, i. 114
district traversed by, xvii. 128
expeditions and explorations up —
Baikie's, 1856., (proposal for) i. 16;
i. 155, 156, 182, 209, 444; 1857.,
progress of, ii. 83, 88, 90, 98 ; 1859.,
iii. 310-11, v. 45 ; 1861., vi. 22-3
Becrnft's, 1839., v. 160
Burton's, 1861., vi. 66
C.M.S., xxi. 482
Croft's, (1873.), xviii. 193-4
Delany and Campbell's. I860., iv. 186
Gambier's, 1863., viii. 53
Glover's, 1857., (with Baikie, q.v.),
ii. 335, i. 444, xviii. 286, xxi. 482
Goldsworthy's, xxi. 482
Laird's (in the Pleiad), 1854., v. 160-2
Lander's, 1833., ii. 99
May's, with Baikie, i. 444
Reade's, (1868.), xiii. 353
Vogel's (proposed), i. 216 note, 443
falls of, ix. 74
freedom of, from bar at mouth, and
from surf, ii. 229
geographical notes on district between,
and the Volta, Glover, xviii. 286
geological formation of bed, i. 446
missionary steamer built for, xxii. 38
navigation of, difficulties of, ii. 317 ;
limits of, xviii. 1 94
native reports on, vi. 66-7
Notes on, Crowther, xxi. 481
 , Robinson, x. 116
On its resources as regards legitimate
trade, 1863., Wilmot, viii. 53
outlets of, xxi. 483
Park's erroneous theories concerning,
i. 310
rainfall area of, viii. 260
Report on countries near, Baikie, vii. 66
route vid, for caravans, ii. 219
sources of, ii. 324, vi. 67
superiority of, to the Rovuma, vi. 37
surveys of, v. 173
towns along, xx. 78
tribes to eastward of, xxi. 484
tributaries of, ii. 32
Upper, trade of, xxi. 498
width of, iii. 103
Ni-Hsin-T'ang, C. China, described by
Margary, xx. 188
Niigata, seaport, Japan, xvii. 81 ; treaty-
port, xviii. 236
Niihaw, Sandwich Islands, size of, xii. 306
Nijne Kolymsk, Siberia, fur fair at,
xxi. 215, geographical position of, 218
Nijni Novgorod, Russia, geological forma
tion of Volga banks near, i. 416-17
trade of, with Irkutsk, xxii. 113

Nikko, Japan, tombs of the Tycoons at,
xviii. 238
Nikolsk, E. Siberia, xviii. 562
Ni ksar, Asia Mi nor, visited by Tchihatchef,
1858., iii. 370
Niktin, Russian traveller in Cathay,
x. 278
Nile river (see Nile, White and Blue,
infra, also Atbara, Bahr el Abiad,
Gaza], Giraffe, Gebel, etc.) —
Alexandra Nile or Nawarango, (see also
Kagera), xxi. 467-8 ; source and out
fall of, xxii. 392-3
as connected with the Albert Nyanza,
xx. 443
basin, area of, xvii. 31, xxii. 392
 Geographical Sketch of, Stanley,
xxii. 382
between Dufli and Magungo, On the,
Gordon, xxi. 48, 50
cataracts of, described, i. 504-7, iv. 225
delta, and alluvial formation of,
Baker on, xii. 117
Lange on, iii. 206
Markham on, xii. 300
Murchison on, iii. 308
Spratt, cited on, ii. 265, iii. 198, 265,
308, xiv. 314
Stephenson on, iii. 202
depth of, Pirn on, iii. 179, 180
 of Ethiopian Nile, Beke on,
vii. 116
drainage areas of upper branches,
Donoughmore on, viii. 18
 , central line of, Livingstone on,
xviii. 256
exit from Victoria Nyanza, Stanley on,
xx. 148 '
expeditions to, and explorations 4of (see
also White. Nile, infra) —
Baker's, 1862-3., vii. 21, 46, 64, 65,
78, 104, 109, 183, 187, 190, 223,
viii. 141, 147, 149, 252, ix. 263,
x. 8 ; Khedive's expedition under,
1869 et seq., x. 3, 6, 257, xiv. 4, 330,
xv. 6, 92, 162, 309, xvi. 162, 187,
365, 418, xvii. 15, 161, 305, 310,
xviii. 4„ 11, 50-1, 131, 574-5
Brun Rollet's, 1856, i. 157
Burton's proposed, i. 159 (see Burton
and Speke)
Chippendall's (1875.) xx. 167
d'Escayrac de Lauture's, for the
Khedive, 1856-7., i. 157, 300, 447,
503
early, Murchison on, ii. 324, vii. 188,
193
Egyptian (two), 1840 and 1852, Mac
queen on, iii. 209, Speke on, v. 16
Gessi's, 1876., xx. 471, xx. 470, Gessi
on, xxi. 50 ,-
German, xx. 14, 15, 441, xxi. 470
Gordon's, 1874-6., xix. 40, 182, 324,

NIL— NIL'

233

Nile river— continued.
expeditions to, and explorations of—
continued. 326, 455, xx. 11, 50, 442-3, 473,
xxi. 15, 56, 463, xxii. 371
Khedive's, under- de Lauture (q.v.),
1856., Livingstone on, ii. 100, Twy-
ford on, i. 503
Lejean and Peney's, 1861., v. 210, vi. 18
Long's, 1874., xix. 108, 454
Mthemet Ali's, 1839-40., ii. 100,
140-41, 221, iii. 114, 345, v. 16;
Thibaut on, ii. 222
Petherick's (q.v.), 1857-8., iv. 39, 180 ;
1860-1-2., iv. 222-5, 251, v. 20,
27, 40, 107, 108, 210, vi. 18, 41, 79,
vii. 20, 21, 64, 78, 183, 190, 235,
Viii. 4, 13, 122, 126, 144, 145, 251
Speke and Grant, 1860-3 , iv. 41, 179,
222, 251, v. 11, 12, 16, 108-10, 126,
140, 188, 209, 217, vi. 176, 217,
vii. 20, 108-9, 182-4, 213, 216,
viii. 244-6
Tinne's (1861-62.), vii. 24, 64,78, 103,
109, 183, 196-7, 204, viii. 12, 16,
17, 148-9, 251-2, 264, ix. 248, xviii.1
258
falls of, and general course, i. 504-7,
vii. 192
feeders of (see also tributaries infra),
Maury, viii. 8
fertility of valley of, v. 126
floods of, viii. 18
height and current during, iii. 180-1
manner and results of, xviii. 138
volume during, xx. 324
lake sources of, see sources, infra, and
separate heading Nile Lakes
length of, iii. 179, 180 ; from mouth to
Gondokoro, xi. 245
mouth of (see also delta), admiralty
observations on the Damietta mouth,
xx. 404-5, xxi. 432
native accounts of, xx. 68
navigable course of, x. 18, xx. 37-8
limit of, ascertained, 1875., xxi. 57
obstructed by " sudd," xviii. 131
Pim on, iii. 179-80
Report on, between Regiaf and Dufli,
Kemp, xix. 324
side-wise movement of, Schweinfurth
cited on, xx. 499
slavery along (see Petherick), Murie on,
viii. 150
sources of (see also Nile Lakes, infra),
i. 449
Arab statement as to, ix. 7
Baker on, x. 295, xx. 472
Beke's book on, iv. 204, vii. 110, viii.
252
Cameron, on, xx. 374
discovery-xif, by Speke and Grant, see
Expeditions, supra

Nile river — continued.
sources of — continued.
Du Chaillu on, ix. 14
early Roman searoh for, ii. 324,
vii. 188 ; and other, viii. 193
further exploration needed (1864.),
Murchison on, viii. 249 ; Galton
on, ix. 10, 11
headwaters of, scanty rainfall at,
Maury on, viii. 8.
 -, Stanley on, xxii. 386
Lake Tanganyika, ix. 7, Ptolemy's
Western Lake Reservoir of the
Nile, Burton, ix. 6, 12
 Findlay on, as southern
most or ultimate reservoir, xi. 232,
244, cited, xii. 282
Livingstone's supposed discovery of,
1868., xv. 8, xviii. 266, 277
 on the Nile fountains of Hero
dotus, xvii. 68, 72 ; on the sourceB,
xviii. 258
Macqueen on, iii. 114, 212-3, 214,
354
Murchison on, ii. 35, iii. 352-3; on
Baker's work, x. 257
Pelly on, vi. 51
Rawlinson on Livingstone's journeys
in relation to the Congo and the,
xvii. 11-12, xx. 127, 470
Pigafetta cited on, xi. 248
Ptolemy's statements, see Beke and
Burton
question of, "settled," Dawson and
others on, xvi. 381, 384, 387
rain supplying, viii. 8
snowy mountains near, ii. 324,
xx. 148
southernmost, xi. 232, 244, xx. 145,
xxii. 386, 387
Speke on, iii., 211, 212, cited on, 304,
305, 352-3, iv. 41, 89
Speke and Grant's expedition to, see
expeditions, supra
Stanley on, xx. 48, 142, xxii. 382
Sykes on, iv. 42
Thibaut's searoh for, 1839-40., ii. 222
various searches for, Murchison on,
iv. 25
steamer on, the first, 1876., xxi. 57
tributaries of (see Atbara, Asua, Bahr el
Ghazal, Unyama, etc.), viii. 135
in Abyssinia, Baker on, vii. 80, x. 6,
279, his work on, referred to, xii. 7 ;
Speke on, viii. 259
enumerated by Stanley, xxii. 391
Galton on, ix. 10, 11
Sobat branch, v. 30
volume of, in flood, xx. 324
per second, determined by Petherick,
viii. 141-3, xi. 246
point of greatest, x. 279
in wet and dry seasons, iii. 214

234

NIL— NIT

Nile river — continued.
volume of — continued.
water carried into the sea by, Car
penter on, xviii. 325
water-parting of, Stanley on, xxii. 396
Nile, Blue, Baker's journey down, (1861.),
x. 6, 27
feeders of, iii. 305, ix. 294
latitude of junction of, with White
Nile, x. 279
reasons of its rising, iii. 355
sand-banks of, ii. 222, latitude of one of
them, iii. 213
 , Upper (see White Nile, infra) course
of, mapped, 1865., x. 4
Itinerary from Debbe to El Obeyad on
(sic), Colston's Survey, Stone, xx. 357
 , Victoria, (or Kivira)
Notes on, between Magungo and
Foweira, Gordon, xxi. 49
at Ripon Falls, xxii 390
view down, volume and length of,
xxii. '.391
Nile, White (see also Nile: sources, and
Upper Nile, supra), x. 4, 295
and its affluents, Baker on, vii. 21,
Baker cited on, xii. 7, 8, Macqueen
on, iv. 72, Murchison on, vii. 198 note
at the Bahr al Gazal, tsetse fly near,
iv. 40 ; current at, v. 31
Brun-Rollet's settlement on (1856.),
i. 157
choked by "sudd," xv. 92, xviii. 53,
131
expeditions up (see also Nile, supra) —
Baker's 1870., xv. 92, 162
de Lauture's, 1856., i. 503
early and non-English, v. 27
Mehemet Ali's, 1839., iii. 114
Petherick's, 1857-8., iv. 39, 225, v. 27 ;
I860., v. 20, 21, 1861., vii. 20
R.G.S. proposed (1864-5.), viii. 250,
ix. 248
Thibaut's, 1839-40. (?), ii. 221
TinnC's, vii. 24, 25, 103, 183, 196, 204
falls of, see Karuma falls, Murchison
falls, and Ripon falls
geographical knowledge of, in 1862.,
Galton, vi. 176
latitude of sources of, xvii. 31
Lesseps and others on, i. 447
in relation to the Congo, iv. 72, Stanley
on, xxii. 382
religions of tribes along, x. 12
slave-raiding on, vii. 47, x. 9
sources of, (see Nile : sources, supra)
M'Queen on, iii. 354
Speke on, iv. 41
trade of, Baker on, x. 9
tribes along, v. 28, x. 12
true causes of its rise and fall, iii. 355,
vii. 226, viii. 8
unexplored branches of (1876.), xxi. 58

Nile Lakes, (see under names)
the great, elevations of, xx. 127
Second Great Lake of, discovery of,
1864., Baker, x. 6
Nile Valley, railways in, Fowler ou,
xxi. 61
Nimarah, Syria, old Roman outpost at,
xvi. 109
Ninepin Rock, Torres Strait, channel
near, i. 80
Ninety Mile Beach, Victoria, admiralty
survey, xv. 266, 268
Ninety- Yards- Wide Creek, Kennedy's,
or Palmer Creek, Queensland, xviii. 93,
95
Nineveh, site of (Mosul), Rawlinson on,
i. 47 ; see Birs Nimroud
Ninghan, or Mt. Singleton, see Mt. Church
man
Ning-keang, N. China, xiv. 178
Ning-po, E. China, Gardner's journey
from, to Shanghai, 1868., xiii. 170
mountain-barrier near, ii. 204
a treaty-port, position and trade of,
i. 335-6
Ningri, north of Ladak, the Pundit at,
xxi. 327
Ningtee or Kyan-dwen river, Burmah, as
a tradp route, v. 50
Ninjen Thang La peaks, Tibet, xxi. 340 ;
see Nyenchhen
Nio Island, Greek archipelago, earthquake
felt at, 1650., x. 121
Niobrahat river, U.S.A., drainage area of,
ii. 33S
Niomanzy river, E. C. Africa, xix. 143, 145
Nipe, Cuba, harbour of, i. 94
Nipissing Lake, Brit. X. America, ii. 50 ;
position of, and size, ii. 294
Nipon, Nippon or Niphon Island, Japan—
Alcock's journey in the Interior of,
I860., v. 132
largest of Japanese Islands, vii. 63
native name for the whole of Japan, ib.,
xix. 169
salmon fishing and trade on west coast
of, xvi. 198
tea from, v. 116
volcanoes of, x. 172
Nique Mts., Isthmus of Darien, watershed
between the Atlantic and Pacific,
xii. 68
Niriz, Persia, position of, xvi. 262
Nisab, S. Arabia, tableland of, xvi. 117
Nischu, Kashmir frontier, intense cold at,
xiv. 44
Nishapore, Persia, importance of, i. 298
Napier at, 1874., and turquoise mines
near, xx. 168
Nissa, Parthian capital, Persia, position
of, iii. 6 ; Rawlinson on, xx. 179
Niti Ghaut or Pass, into Tiket, x. 166, xi.
13 ; elevation of, x. 168

NIT-NOR

235

Nittinaht river, Vancouver Island, de
scribed by Brown, ix. 306
Niu Chwang, see New Chang
Niun Kholdengi, volcanic tract, Chinese
Tartary, x. 233
Nive river, Queensland, valley of, iii. 20
Nizambary Island, at the mouth of the
Rovuma river, E. Africa, vi. 36
Njemsi volcano, E. Afrioa, one of the only
two in the country, xvi. 128
Njeea Mts., E. Africa, Nyassa region,
vi. 21
Nkole Kingdom, Lake region, Africa,
position of, vii. 190
N'Koomptch river, Brit. Columbia, fine
gorge of, xv. 138
No, Lake, Nile region, Mme. Tinne at,
1863., viii. 12
Noa Dehing river, affluent of the Brahma
putra, xxii. 362
silt in, xxi. 590
No-Bengule, Matabele chief, xv. 149,
visited by Baines, 1870., 152-3
Nobundi Sobundi glacier, Mustagh Range,
viii. 36
Nodwengu, S.E. Africa, site of Umzila's
kraal, Erskine on, xix. 124, latitude of,
125
Nogal Peak, Sierra Blanca, New Mexico,
as a suf vey station, xxii. 275
Nogara tribes on shores of Alb. Nyanza,
Gessi on, xxi. 54-5
Nogoa river, Queensland, vii. 41 ; good
grazing-land near, x. 62, 63
Nob, W. Tibtt, elevation and extent of
plateau of, Pundit at, (1873.), xxi. 327,
328
furthest point reached by Godwin-
Austen, 1863., xi. 32
population of, xxi. 327
Nolloth, Commr., of the Frolic, letter on
Livingstone and on the Moors' journey
across Africa, 1853-4, i. 57, 58
on the mouth of the Zambesi, i. 318-19
on routes to and from Quilimane, i. 58
surveys made by, ii. 78
 , Port, S. Africa, harbour surveyed,
xv. 265
No Man's Land, S. Africa, latitude of,
xvi. 138
Mann's expedition in, xiii. 341
rivers of, xiii. 341 ; Mann on, xvi. 138
N'ombo, ferry across the Rovuma river at,
ix. 288
Nomi, Japan, harbour of refuge, xvii. 255
Nonda Creek, Queensland, why so named
by Hann, xviii. 90
Nonkulang ridge, Garo Hills, Assam,
xvii. 37
Nonny river, Manchuria, xiii. 34, sluggish
flow of, xvi. 206
tributary of the Sungari river, xvi. 205
Nonoo v ver, N. Guinea, xviii. 38

Nouxanga, S. African chief, headquarters
of, on the Sabi river, xxii. 128
Nonyang, Lake, Assam, xiii. 245, de
scribed, 247
Noondie, W. Australia, remains of white
men at, xiv. 192
Noora T&ii range, C. Asia, Russian ex
plorers on, xiv. 233
Noosa river, Queensland, position of, and
admiralty survey at mouth, xxi. 436
Nootka Sound, Vancouver, potato culture
at, 1838, iv. 35
investigated by Vancouver, (1792.),
i. 489
Nordenskjold fiord, Arctic regions, Sonk-
lar glacier in, xix. 25
Nordenskiold, Prof. A. E., awarded gold
medal of R.G.S., 1869., xiii. 253,
President's speech, 256, Hochschild's
reply, 257
Arctic expedition of, and of Fr. W. von
Otter, 1868., xiii. 151 ; furthest north
point reached by, 1868., xiii. 160,
165
 (proposed), 1872., xvi. 363 ;
of 1878., xxii. 338
on an open Polar Sea, xiii. 165
— voyage to the Obi and Yenisei,
1875-6., xx. 21, xxi. 447, xxii. 102
 Nils, Hon. Corr. Memb. R.G.S.,
obituary notice, 1866., x. 205
Norek village, Garo Hills, xvi. 40
Norfolk Island, i. 123, vi. 198, Pines of,
iv. 80
Removal of Pitcairn Islanders to (1856.),
i. 60, 61, 145, 173
Noria, La, Peru, nitrate trade at, and
railway to, 1868., xii. 128
Noring Cho, Tibet, borax fields of, xxi. 333
Norman, Capt., expedition in search of
Burke and Wills, saves the Firefly,
1861., vi. 173, vii. 3, 8, 37, 173-4;
visits Flinders river, 7, 37, 114;
praised, 8
survey of Albert and other N. Aus
tralian rivers, 1861., vii., 114
 ,  , of Newfoundland, cited on
Hamilton Inlet, v. 65
Norman river, Queensland, x. 326, xii. 57
course of, xii. 140 ; laid down by
Walker, vii. 175
good land near, xii. 58
 settlement, Queensland, Lands-
borough's explorations near, 1868.,
xiii. 52
Norman Lockyer Island, Arctic regions,
as a halting-place, Nares on, xxi. 279
Normanby Mand, N. Guinea, named by
Moresby, xix. 226
 river, Queensland, features of region,
xviii. 99, 100
 and branches, geological for
mation near, xviii. 105, 106

236

NOR— NOT

Normandy, coast of, losses of land along,
x. 332
Norse Island, Spitzbergen, ix. 311
North America, see America, North
 Atlantic, see Atlantic, North
North Cape, ii. 275, cause of its freedom
from ice, v. 225
warm aerial current near, iv. 236
 Circumpolar Sea, On the, Nares,
xxi. 96
 Cornwall, Arctic regions, latitude of,
i. 106, 108, 109
 Devon, Arctic regions, i. 105, geo
logical formation of, 110
devoid of life, xiii. 375
North Island, Gulf of Pe-chi-li, N. China
iii. 59
 ¦ Magnetic Pole, discovered by-Ross,
xiii. 115
North Polar Basin (see Arctic, Pole, Polar,
etc.),
Open water in, Anderson on, xvii. 133 ;
Hamilton on, xiii. 234, 242; Kolde
wey on, xvi. 229 ; Richards on, ix. 213
Remarks on the Open Sea in. White, i. 27
North Polar Expedition, best route for,
Markham, ix. 138, notes to the same,
158, 162
German, 1868., xii. 253, 1869., M'Clin-
tock's report on, xv. 102
Swedish, of 1868., Nordenskidld and
Otter, xiii. 151
 Region or Basin, On the ex
ploration of, Osborn, ix. 42, 64, xii. 92,
111, xvi. 227
North Pole, climate of, ix. 137
possible passage to, Hopkins, iv. 100,
iv. 234
proposed British expedition to, Mark
ham on, (1865.), ix. 88 ; Murchison
on, xi. 5 ; Petermann on, ix. 90, 111
table of voyages towards, ix. 66
 Preparis Channel, Bay of Bengal,
surveyed, i. 162
 • river, China, not the Peiho, iv. 61
North Sea, evidence of glacial action on
shores of, vii. 154
land reclaimed from, ii. 283
tidal system of, and its effects, i. 415
 Somerset, Arctic Regions, i. 19, iv. 2
 Water, Arctic Regions, ix. 159, 161,
xii. 372, xx. 59 ; extent of, ix. 142
North-East Cape, latitude of, iv. 237
 Land, Spitzbergen, xvii. 99, 100,
101 ; fisheries of, ix. 308-9
North-West Cape of (W.) Australia, ii. 15,
iv. 95, 96, x. 47, 48
  Company, passes used by,
iv. 233
  Passage, search for and dis
covery of, i. 153, iv. 112, 114, 115, 166,
251-2, vii. 72, summary of Franklin's
search for, iv. Ill

North-West river, Labrador, cultivation at,
v. 67
 route inside the Barrier Reef,
vi. 199
Nor Tsaisan, Lake, C. Asia, and its neigh
bourhood, Abramoff, (1865.), ix. 40
Northam, W. Australia, Dempster's ex
ploration north and east of, 1861.,
vi. 11, 12
Northbrook, Earl of, mission sent by, to
Kashgar, xxii. 89
Northcote, Sir S., on Abyssinia, xii. 116,
and the Abyssinian war, 119
Northern Seas (see Arctic, North Polar
Basin, etc.), Venetian voyages in, 14th
century, xvii. 268 ; Major on, xvii. 312
Northmen, or Normans, Discovery of
America by, Rafn, ii- 372 ; voyages of,
towards the Pole, ix. 66
Northumberland, Duke of, obituary notice
of, 1865., ix. 199
 Inlet, wintering place of Penny,
(1855.), i. 212
 Islands, Queensland, admiralty
survey of, xix. 409 ; aspect of, v. 123
 Sound, Arctic regions, latitude of,
xxi. 416
Norton Sound, Behring Sea, telegraph
station on, xii. 186-7 ; Whymper's
journev from, to Fort Youkon, 1866.,
xii. 186
Norway (see also Sweden) —
currents along coast, v. 225-6
effect of the Gulf Stream on the harbours
of, xiii. 227 ; how it acts, ii. 329
fiords of, Carpenter on thermal condition
of, xviii. 344
lakes of, i. 109; do., with two outlets
in, Blackwell on, viii. 110
surveys of, i. 150, iv. 200 ; Hoist's,
iv. 240, vi.180
traces of glacial action in, viii. 227
trees of, ii. 171, v. 101
winds prevalent between, and Iceland,
iv. 239
wood from, borne by the Gulf stream,
v. 100
Norwegian whalers and seal fishermen
near Spitzbergen (1864.), ix. 308, xvii.
16, 100-1, 264 (1872.), xix. 175
Nossi Ansamo Island, Madagascar, an
ancient Hova burial-place, xiv. 374
Nossibe Island, Madagascar, volcanic
character of, xix. 188
Nossi Missou Island, Madagascar, ix. 290
fossils found near, 291
No Suna, Cape, Japan, currents near,
xix. 504; depths near, 511
Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland,
admiralty survey of, and discovery of
copper in, (1878.), xxii. 335
Notwani river, S. Africa, country near,
xiii. 134 t :

NOU— NUN

237

Nou-, or Lu-chiang (q.v.), Lutse, or Sal
ween river, Cooper on, 1869., xiii. 393
headwaters of, xxi. 339
tribes along, xii. 338
Nouaer district, Nile region, Petherick in,
1862.. viii. 129-31
Noup Plateau, S. Afrioa, elevation of,
ii. 158
Nourse river, see Cunene
Noursoak Island, Greenland, native dogs
of, xiii. 372
 Peninsula, Greenland, lofty
mountains of, xx. 58, 62, 63 ; strait
near, 62
Nova Scotia, admiraltv survey, i. 145,
407-8, ii 270, iii. 272, iv. 156, v. 176,
vi. 137, vii. 143, viii. 191, ix. 222,
x. 218, completed, 1867., xi. 194
gold in, vi. 137
natives of, ix. 135
Norse discovery of, ii. 373
opening-up of, anticipated, 1859.,
iii. 222
Nova Zembla, or Novaya Zemliya, Arotic
regions, climate of, iv. 238
discovery of, by Willoughby (1553.),
xxii. 101
erroneous mapping of, xix. 177-8
expeditions to —
Austro-Hungarian, 1872., xvi. 223,
224, xvii. 15, xix. 18 et seq.
Carlson's circumnavigation of, and
discoveries in, 1871., xvi. 361,
xvii. 98
Dutch expedition of 1878., its objects,
xxii. 338-9
Hopkins' (proposed) to the Pole vid,
iv. 169-236
Lutke's, 1819-24, i. 29
ioe and ice-barrier near, i. 29 ; between
it and Greenland, Jansen, ix. 163,
and Spitzbergen, l74
mountains of, their elevation, iv. 237
Norwegian fishermen on shores of,
about 1869-74., xix. 175
the Sea about, Jansen, ix. 170 ; Osborn
on, xvi. 234
slow upheaval of, xix. 27
winds prevalent near, iv. 239
Novara frigate, circumnavigation of the
globe, 1857-9; Scherzer's work noticed,
1861., v. 190 ; Hochstetter's map referred
to, vii. 150
Novgorodski, or Possiette, harbour,
Manchuria, described by Lloyd, 1866.,
xi. 253
Nowshera, Punjab, destroyed by flood,
Hayward on, xv. 15
Nqu Mountains, E. Africa, iii. 116
Ntamo, W. C. Africa, the Lualaba river
at, xxii. 40
Nu, Lake, Soudan, ii. 221, its feeders, 222 ;
see No
1

Nuamis, remarkable stone ruins so-called
in the Sinaitic Peninsula, xiii. 211
Nuanebzi river, S. Africa, affluent of the
Limpopo, tribes on, and geological
formation on, xvi. 95
distances of, from various places, xvi. 99
Nubar Pasha, xiv. 83, progressive views
of, xviii. 71, 72
Nubia, desert of, Baker on, xv. 92
rivers of, Baker on, viii. 21
 , Upper, viii. 24
Nubk, Jebel, Sinaitic Peninsula, ascent
of by Howlett, 1857., viii. 43
Nubra, Noobra or Shayok, river, north
fork or branch of the Indus (q.v.),
viii. 38
affluent of, viii. 34-5
glacier sources of, xv. 178, xx. 491
watershed of, xi. 32
 valley, i. 273
hot springs of, i. 275
moraines in, xviii. 115
pass into, xiv. 56
Nubradan, Trans-Himalayas, Buddhist
monastery, xiv. 208
Nuolukayette, Alaska,Russian fur-trading
station, xii. 187
Nuestra Sefiora de la Luz, Island, S.W.
Pacific, xvi. 389
Nufi, see Nupe, infra
Nugahu river, Ecuador, tributary of the
Curarai river, xxi. 568
Nuhete-Cassilura, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Nuin Kholdengi, Siberia, volcanic tract
in, x. 233
Nuju-ku, Japan, xvii. 83
Nukb Hawa Pass, Sinai, xiii. 212
Nuksan, Mt., near Chitral, xvi. 256
 pass, elevation of, lack of wood on,
xvi. 259
Nukus, Russian Turkestan, longitude
according to Dohrandt, xxii. 342
Nnlato, Alaska, Russian fur-station,
xii. 187
Nullabor Plain, W. Australia, devoid of
trees, air-blast on, x. 130
Numadzu, Japan, aqueduct near, xvii. 78
Nun, Cape, W. Africa, Allen cited on,
xxi. 482
 • or Niger river (q.v.) W. Africa, ii. 83,
vi. 66, xxi. 482
Nunohang or Nuchung, Manohuria, a
consular port, iii. 86, iv. 60; see New-
chang
Nundi (Nanda) Devi, or No. 14 Peak,
Himalayas, elevation of, ii. 302
Nuiies, Colonel, valuable information
given to Livingstone by, iv. 26
Nunez river, W. Africa, i. 42, iii. 384
Fulbe natives along, xxi. 494
Ruxton's report on, x. 68
Nunkee river, Burmo-Assamese borders,
trees along, xiii. 246

238

NUP— NYA

Nupe, or Nun, Hausaland, W. Africa,
ii. 79, 86
agricultural organisation in, viii. 66
attempts to visit, 1857., ii. 86, 92
Baikie's journey in, 1862., xi. 49 ; do.,
to its chief town, Bida (1864.), ix. 74
King of, friendly to English, iii. 312;
relations of, with Baikie, 1861., vi. 22
mountains of, elevation of, etc., described
by Baikie, 1859., v. 45
trade routes leading to, xxi. 494
Nupstad farm, Iceland, xx. 22
Niir river, Persia, source of, iii. 4, 8
 valley, iii. 7, elevation of, 9
Nurswar village, Alb. Nyanza, xxii. 226
Nusb, Wady, Sinai, wells and old mines
of, xiii. 208
Nushik glacier and pass, Mustagh range,
position of, viii. 36, 37
Nushinu river, Ecuador, tributary of the
Curarai river, xxi. 568
Nusrutrabad, Seistan, mountains near,
xvii. 87
Nusserabad and other settlements in
Mekran, xvi. 140
Nussewa, or Gnombo, E. Africa, ferry
over the Shire river at, vi. 21
Nutowan river, Borneo, i. 198
Nuulua Island, Navigator Group, xxi. 145
Nuutele Island, Navigator Group,
xxi. 145
Nyahrong, or Kham, north-east of LhasS,
marauding tribe of, xii. 164
Nyam Bara, Upper Nile basin, Petherick's
journey to, viii. 5; see Niambara
Nyam nyam or Niam Niam (q.v.) country,
C. Africa, Beke on, xv. 116
fruitfulness of, viii. 11
Mme. Tinne's attempt to reach, 1863.,
viii. 11, 12, 14
natives of, viii. 264
Nyangetta Swamp, and village, Cameron
at, xix. 93
Nyangue' Point, Zambesi river, i. 314
Nyangwe, C. Africa, Arab price for ivory
at (1876.), xx. 324
Cameron at, 1875., xx. 120, 438
elevation of, xx. 127, 324, 403, xxii. 403
geographical position of, xvii. 71,
xx. 120, xxii. 403
great market at, xx. 326
Lualaba river at, xvii. 121, xx. 324,
xxii. 154-5, 404; fall of the same at,
xx. 311
Mann on, xxi. 503
Nyanza, see Albert Nyanza and Victoria
Nyanza
Nyassa, Nyassi or Nyinyesi Lake, E.
Africa, i. 8, 76, 158, 159
area drained by, iii. Ill
Cooley on, viii. 256, xii. 88, xx. 451
depth of, xxi. 230, 232
discussion on, viii. 258 et seq.

Nyassa, Nyassi or Nyinyesi Lake, E.
Africa — continued.
Erhardt cited on, i. 93, 158
expeditions and explorations,
Burton's proposed, (1856.), i. 159
Cotterill's, xx. 446, 1876-7., xxii. 233
East coast of Africa, expedition from,
(1856.), i. 93
exploration proposed, (1864.), ix. 4
Livingstone's, I860., iv. 87, 1861.,
v. 131, (1862.), vi. 176, 178, vii. 18,
199, (1863.), viii. 44, 253, xi. 131,
233 et seq., xvii. 11
Steere's, (1876), xx. 446
Young's, 1876., xii. 80, 81, xx. 445,
451, 452
Findlay on, xi. 232 et seq.
first steamer on, 1876., xx. 452
fossil bones along, Kirk on, viii. 154
Galton on, i. 60
Godinho or Codinho (1663.) cited on,
iv. 27, xi. 249
length of, xx. 451
letter on, Young, xx. 451
level of, iv. 88
Livingstone on, iv. 87, vii. 53, viii. 253,
ix. 8
mapped by Sances, (1663.), iv. 27
maps of, Cooley's, viii. 256, 258, Kirk's,
viii. 253 note, 258, Livingstone's,
viii. 256, Portuguese explorers',
viii. 256
mountains near, viii. 257, xx. 236, 451
murder of Roscher near, vi. 51
natives on, viii. 259, value of their
information, Kirk on, viii. 262
outlets of, iv. 177, vi. 20, viii. 110, 253,
257
pile villages in, xx. 452, xxi. 229, 230
progress of geographical knowledge of,
1867., xi. 233, 1877., xxi. 472
pronunciation of name, xx. 45
Ravenstein on, vi. 21
in relation with Mungao district,
xxi. 588-9
rivers feeding, vii. 185, viii. 253, 257,
258, xii. 176, xx. 452
 flowing from, iv. 177, vi. 20, 25,
27, 28, vii. 53
sailing vessels proposed for, xxii. 374
scenery of, xii. 88, xx. 452
slavery at, vii. 89, 90, and slave-trade
of, vii. 23, 53, viii. 44, xii. 185, xxi. 588-9
sojourn at, 1876., Young, xxi. 225
Btorms on, xxi. 230, 232
true name of, xviii. 264
tsetse-fly along route to, xxi. 589
vessels building for, xxii. 374
voyage round, 1876., Young, xx. 451
Waller on, xvi. 411
want of knowledge on, vi. 207
Nyassaland (Nhaca), Moorish travellers
in, 1853-4., i. 76

NYE— O'CO

239

Nyeka or Expedition Island, Zambesi
river, Bedingfield's depot on, 1858.,
iv. 24
Nyenchheu-thahght Mts., southern
boundary of Great Tibet, xix. 329,
explored by the third Tibetan, 1871.,
xix. 340, geysers of, 339, rivers rising
in, 330 ; see Ninjen
Nyige Cnowambi of Baker the same as
Tanganyika, xv. 116
Nyinyesi Lake, see Nyassa Lake
Nylstroom river and town, S. Africa,
origin of name, xxii. 119
Nynee Tal, N.W. Indian frontier, iron
bridge over the Sutlej near, x. 169
Nyoung-ben-zeik, ferry near Moulmein,
xix. 285
Nystrom, Senor, J. G., explorations of, in
Peru, 1868., xiii. 310
Nzoma Mts., near Lake Nyassa, xxi. 236

0.

Oahd, Sandwich Islands, xii. 306, crater
of, 309
Oakover river, W. Australia, affluent of
the De Grey river, xviii. 571, xix. 47,
dried up, 48, filled again, 49, sterile
lands near, xix. 483
Oaky Creek, Queensland, xviii. 100
Oates, F., obituary notioe of, 1875.,
xix. 401
Ob river, see Obi infra, also Yenisei
Obba river, W. Africa, ii. 94
Obbo country, C. Africa, general level of,
and tsetse-fly in, x. 12, 13
Obeyad, El, Upper Nile (sic), itinerary to,
from Debbe, Colston's Survey, xx. 357
town, inhabitants and baobab trees of,
xx. 361-2
Obi or Ob river, Siberia
explorations of, early, xxii. 101, Ger
man, (1877.), xxi. 447
Seebohm's journey to, 1877., xxii. 101
 down, ib. 113
Swedish expedition to, under Nor-
denskiold, to open trade at mouth
of, 1875., xx. 21, xxi. 447, xxii. 102
Wiggins' expedition to, 1874., xix. 7,
175, xxi. 447, xxii. 102
side-wise movement of, xx. 499
Obiss, Mt., and others, in N. Guinea,
heights of, xiv. 202
Obitochna Banks, Sea of Azov, volcanic
origin of, i. 305
Obituary notices, i. 117, ii. 239, iii. 224,
iv. 117, v. 147, vi. 127, vii. 123, viii. 171,
ix. 196, x. 186, xi. 185, xii. 220, xiii. 260,
xiv. 287, xv. 253, xvi. 293, xvii. 239,
xviii. 497, xix. 370, xx. 379, xxi. 410,
xxii. 306
Obogoo, W. Africa, sheep at, xviii. 289

Obollah, or Billat, Persian Gulf, ruins of,
and emigrants from, i. 287
Obowe, great fall of, on the Ogowe river,
W. Africa, xvii. 355
Observation Creek, S. Australia, danger
ous road near, ii. 19
Obufie, East Central Africa, seriba and
natives of, xx. 67
Obutong, W. Africa, xx. 228, king of, and
trade in, Walker on, xx. 229
Occasional Harbour, Labrador, capelin
fisheries of, xii. 195
Ocean, the, distribution of salt in,
Challenger observations on, J. Y.
Buchanan, xxi. 255-8
Progress of knowledge of, 1861.-2.,
vi. 190
 Highways, Rawlinson on, xvii. 261
 streams, i. 177
 telegraphy, injuries to cables, xv. 39,
protection of same, 40
Oceans (see Atlantic, Indian, etc. Oceans) —
Agassiz's deep-sea soundings in, xvi. 331
Circulation of, the Gibraltar current
and the Gulf Stream, Dr. W. B.
Carpenter, xv. 04-91 ; letter on,
from Sir J. Herschel, 211
counter-currents, Evans on, xxi. 74
currents, Carpenter's views, Rawlin
son on, xvi. 323 ; Evans on, xxi. 75 ;
Miihry cited on, xvi. 326
Further inquiries on, Dr. W. B. Car
penter, xviii. 301
general, in relation to temperature,
Carpenter on, xviii. 365, xix. 493 ;
Evans on, xxi. 70
in relation to Atmospheric Pressure,
Evelyn on, xiii. 232
on the N.E. Coast of S. America,
J. A. Mann, vii. 50
surface temperature of the N. Atlantic
in reference to, N. Whitley,
xiii. 229
Investigation of, proposed expedition
for, 1872, xvi. 321
new charts of, in 1871, xv. 269
temperature (see aZsocirculation,s?«pra) —
Challenger and Tuscarora observations
on, Carpenter on, xix. 493
at deep sea bottom, Carpenter on,
xxi. 289
influence of large rivers on, Rae on,
xiii. 233
Lee's investigations on, i. 177
serial, between Australia and China,
xix. 412
Thermal conditions of, Evans, xxi. 74-5
Ochema, W. Africa, volcano, vi. 248
Ococalhe, S. C. Africa, i. 75
O'Connell Creek, geological formation of,
xii. 141, 142
O'Connor, Col. L. S., British Settlements
in Western Africa, vi. 15

240

O'CO— OKO

O'Connor, Col. L. S. — continued.
Notes on expedition to the Bijuga
Islands and Kittafiny river, W.
Africa, 1857., iii. 379
on exploration of the Orinoco, i. 254-5
on Trinidad and the Orinoco, i. 278
Report of visit to Bulama Island, i. 42,
156 ; to Casamance river, i. 43, 156
Visit of, to the King of Bur Sin N. of
the Gambia, 1856., iii. 377
Odalguri, Assam, the Pundit's arrival at,
1875., xxi. 343
Od&tha-hraun, Iceland, lava from, xx. 26,
volcanic region of, xx. 22
Odawara Bay, Japan, seen from Fusi-
yama, xix. 172-3
Odaysiyyeh, Syria, Roman outpost, xvi. 109
Oddel, Lake, Cascade range, U.S.A.,
elevation of, xi. 90
Ode, W. Africa, Bedingfield's journey to,
1862., vii. 105, 106, description of town
and inhabitants of, 106
Odemassie or Odoomassie, W. Africa,
described by Croft, 1872.-3., xviii. 189
German missionaries at, xviii. 189-90
gold pits along route to, xviii. 287, 288
Odessa, Russia, position of, and date of
foundation, iii. 207
Odjmeh, Jebel, Peninsula of Sinai, mines
of, xii. 191
Odon Tchalon, Mt., Dahuria, Siberia,
recently extinct animals of, ii. 278
Odoric the friar, and Friar James' travels
in China (1329-30.), x. 273
Odiit Creek, and district, W. Africa, de
scribed by Walker, 1875., xx 224
Ofiord, Iceland, causes of the low tem
perature at, v. 232
Ofu Island, Navigator Group, coco-nut
culture of, xxi. 147
Ofuwi, Cape, Japan, bearings of, xvi. 196
Ogbdmosho, W. Africa, ii. 93
country near and rivers south of,
xxi. 487-8
elevation of, ii. 97
Ogemwe" Lake, W. Africa, communicating
with the Ogowe" river, xvii. 355
Ogle point, Arctic Regions, traces of
Franklin's expedn. at, 1850., i.19, 23
Ogowe (Oggawai, Ogwe, or Ogobai),
Okanda, Ovigui, Nazareth, or Rembo
river, W. Africa,
affluents of, iv. 183, xvii. 29
course of, iv. 72
elevation of, xvii. 23
explorations of,
De Brazza's, 1876., xx. 442, xxii. 13
Du Chaillu's, 1856-9., v. 109, x. 74
Walker's, 1865., x. 128, 1873.,
xvii. 354
falls on, x. 74-5, xvii. 23
mouths of, and outlets, v. 109
rise and fall of, xvii. 29

Ogowe, Okanda, Ovigui, Nazareth, or
Rembo river, W. Africa — continued.
source of, vi. 178, xvii. 29
volume of, xvii. 26
Ogun or Abbeokuta river, W. Africa
xxi. 488
explorations of, Burton and others,
1861., vi. 49, 64
May's (proposed) down, 1857., ii. 96
O'Halloran Hills, South Australia, beauty
and fertility of, v, 126
telegraph route at, xxi. 461
Ohau, Lake, N. Zealand, affluents of,
viii. 214
Ohcoingo, S. C. Africa, river at, i. 75
Ohio river, U.S.A., floods on, how caused,
Maury, viii. 8
mouth of, water-level at, ii. 33S
sources of, ii. 340
Oil rivers, W. Africa,
Burton's journey up, 1861., vi. 66
need of a port for, vi. 65
Thomas on, xvii. 148
Oiwaki, Japan, on the spur of Asarna
Yama volcano, xvii. 81
Ojair, decaying port, Arabia, viii. 102
'Ojmah, El, Peninsula of Sinai, derivation
of name, xii. 193
passes in, examined by Holland,
xxii. 455
Ojogo, N.W. Africa, xxi. 489
Oka river, affluent of the Volga, i. 416
Okair, Persian Gulf, Pelly at, 1865.,
ix. 294
Okamabuti, South Africa, forests of,
iv. 65
Okanagan, Lake, British Columbia, gold
from, iii. 324
Okanagan river, Br. Columbia, benches of,
xv. 134
Okanda river, see Ogowe
Okandu, Rembo, river, W. Africa, affluent
of the Ogowe, iv. 183
Okanshi, large town, West Africa, ii. 91
Okara (Ukara), native name for Vict,
Nyanza, xvi. 439, xviii. 275
Okavango, see Okovango
Okeko or Mdkeko Mt., W. Africa, passage
of the Ogowe through, xvii. 355
Okino village, W. Africa, cataract near,
and cultivation at, xx. 226
Okiri Mt., W. Africa, elevation of,
ix. 72
Okono river, W. Africa, affluent of the
Ogowe, xvii. 355
Okotsk, or Okhotsk, Sea of, North Pacific
Ocean, iii. 92, vii. 165
cold current of, xvi. 202
depths in, xvii. 295
explorations of, French and Russian,
iii. 271, xvii. 295
thermal condition of, xviii. 344, xxi. 308
whaling in, xvi. 188

OKO— OMM

241

Okovango, or Cubango river, S. Africa,
v. 17, Andersson on, iv. 63, 65
latitude of, iv. 63, 65, v. 17
Macqueen on, iv. 72
Oksaldi opening in Kashgar Mts., xx. 489
Okultena Creek, S. Australia, ii. 19
Old Calabar river (see also Calabar), W.
Africa,
exploration of, proposed, 1857., i. 445
Walker's, 1875., xx. 224-5
freedom from surf, and bar at mouth,
ii. 229
 and Cross river, Notes on,
Walker, xvi. 135, Rawlinson on, 368
 and Qua rivers, etc., Notes of
visit to 1875 , Walker, xx. 224
Old Town, W. Africa, hamlets and people
of, xx. 225
Old Woman's Pass, Persia, near Shiraz,
i. 293, 322
Oldham, Prof., geological survey of India
under, ii. 305, iii. 277, iv. 30
geological work of, in Burmah, i. 271,
273
Olea, El, Tunis, thistle culture at, vi. 210
Olenda, village, W. C. Africa, x. 73
Olenek, see Olonek
Olga Bay, Manchuria, Lloyd on, 1866.,
xi. 253
Olga Mt., South Australia, xix. 51
discovered by Giles, 1872., xvii 278
Olinda river, mouth of Zambesi, i. 312
Olip Creek, W. Africa, xx. 230
Oliphant, Laurence,
on the Bayanos river, Isthmus of
Panama, ix. 276, 280 (see also 257)
on Japan, v. 114-5
visit to the Island of Tsusima,
vii. 61, 167
on Korea, ix. 299
on the rivers of Siam and M'Leod's
journey in search of a trade route,
iv. 218
on the Sea of Azov, its commerce and
shoaling tendencies, i. 307-8
on the value of the ports of Chefu and
of Nu-chang, iv. 60
Visit to the Island of Tsusima, Japan,
(1863), vii. 61
Voyage up the Yang-tse-Kiang, 1858.,
iii. 162, 293, vi. 180
on Yunnan tea, etc., v. 52
book by, on Elgin's mission io Chiua
and Japan, 1857-9., referred to, I860.,
iv, 204
cited on Japan and its scientific develop
ment, 1859., iii. 298
cited on the Malay peninsula, etc., iv. 204
Oliphants' river or Lipaluli (q.v.), South
Africa, geological formation along,
xiii. 330
Oliveira, B., obituary notice of, and
bequest by, 1866., x. 216

Oliver, Lt., Excursion to the West of
Canton, 1861., vi. 81, 227, Notes on
country to the West of same, vi. 85
Notes on Madagascar, 1862., vii. 68
book on same, noticed, x. 226
 , Professor, high botanical attainments
of, xxii. 412, 420
Olives, Mt. of, Syria, elevation of, iii.
288 note, v. 172
Ollaobea valley, Peru, Raimondy's journey
down, 1864., xi. 104
Olonek river, Siberia, Russian expedition
to, 1875., xx. 417, xxi. 449
Oloosinga Island, Navigator Group, coco
nut culture in, xxi. 147
Olouka river, Lake Ladoga, Russia, soil
near, xiii. 379
Olsen, Mr., of Kane's Arctic expedition,
i. 17
Oltenitza, Danube river, rarely passed by
sea-going vessels, iii. 207
Olympus, Mt., Asiatic Turkey, effect of
earthquake of 1854. on the region of,
Leahy on, ii. 378
Olympus Range, U.S.A., snow-capped,
viii. 84
Oman, Arabia, viii. 66, Arabs of, xix. 140
described by Palgrave, viii. 69
predominance of its rulers on East
Coast of Africa, xvi. 126
Sabeanism in, Palgrave on, viii. 80,
Rawlinson on, 81
springs of, viii. 105
visited by Palgrave, 1862-3., viii. 63
Wellsted cited on, by Badger, xv. 331
Omanbonde", S. Africa, meteorology of,
i. 60
Omani village, N. Guinea, described by
Lawes, xx. 354
friendly chiefs at, xx. 267
Omashechat, Kordofan, wells near, xx. 359
Ombay island, Christian inhabitants of,
as settlers for N. Australia, ii. 217
Ombelambe" village, C. Africa, granite
mountains near, v. 38
O'Meara, Rev. Dr., on Br. Columbia and
its natives, iv. 75
Omenak Bay, Greenland, glaciers in,
ii. 201
Omeo, town, Victoria, Australia, i. 4
Omguini river, S. Africa, source and
course of, iii. 373
Omiya, Japan, famous Shrine near,
xvii. 82
starting point for ascent of Fuji-yama,
xvii. 78
Ommanney, Adm. E., i. 20, xvi. 84, xxi. 539
on Antarctic voyages, xiv. 155
on Arctio exploration, and routes to the
Pole, ix. 119, xii. 108-9, xvi. 240,
xix. 221, 477, xxi. 283
on currents in the bay of Cadiz, xv. 91
on the co-operation of the Society of

242

OMM— OKA

Ommanney, Adm. E. — continued.
Arts with the African Exploration
Fund, xxi. 609
on the healthiness of the Panama
Isthmus (1867.), xii. 48
on the landfall of Columbus, xv. 211
on the monument to Sir J.
xiii. 121
on the reach of the Gulf Stream,
xiii. 233
Report on the International Geo
graphical Congress, Antwerp, 1870.,
xvi. 132
on the Swedish Polar expedition of
1868., xiii. 166
Omm Sabaa, Arabia, hot spring, viii. 105
Omo river, East Africa, affluent of the
Juba, x. 100
Omorambe K'Omanbonde, S. Africa,
journey up, by Green, Hahn, and others,
1857., ii. 350
Omorabondo river, W. C. Africa, ii. 353
Omoronda river, W. C. Africa, ii. 353
Omsk, Siberia, Atkinson's route vid,
vii. 162
 to Tomsk, rolling forest district,
Seebohm on, xxii. 104
Om Soat, Kordofan, wells near, xx. 360
Omu village, W. Africa, vii. 106
Ondonga, C. Africa, fertile district of
Ovampo, ii. 351, also name of capital
of Ovampo, 353
Ondrussoff Monastery near Lake Ladoga,
xiii. 379
Onega, Lake, Russia, geological formation
of its shores, viii. 238 ; water of, xiii. 379
One thousand Peaks, hill of, Manchuria,
xiii. 32
O'Neill, — , maps of the Victoria Nyanza
by, 1877., xxii-. 408
death of, xxii. 251, 253
Onghin river, W. Mongolia, direction of,
Elias on, viii. 187
Ongior, Cambodia, Buddhist ruins at,
ii. 81
Onibe river, Madagascar, reef in, xix. 185
Onitsha, W. Africa, Baikie's visit to,
1857., ii. 84-5
mountains near, x. 117
Onjiko or Monjiko Mt., W. Africa, eleva
tion of, xvii. 355
Onkaparinga river, S. Australia, geological
formation of its bed, v. 243
Onlange Lake, W. Africa, xvii. 355
Onondova Lake, Ovampoland, S.W. Africa,
ii. 350 ; discovered by Green and
Hahn, 1857., ii. 352
copper mines south of, 354
Ontake San, Bacred mountain, Japan,
xvii. 81
Ontario Lake, Canada, falls of the St.
Lawrence river from, ii. 339
Onza valley, C. Africa, xix. 95

Oodeypore, India, elevation of, xi. 57
Oodong river, Siam, R. C. missionaries at,
iii. 365
Oohooma, village, Zanzibar, cultivation
at, xx. 73
Ookiang (river), China, difficulty of map
ping, xx. 214
Oomast, near Yassin, road via, to Darkot,
xv. 390
Oordum Padshah, C. Asia, desert near,
xxi. 34
sand dunes on road to, xxi. 35
shrines at, xviii. 441, visited by Forsyth,
1873., xxi. 33, 37
story of, xviii. 42
Oorup or Uru, large river, borders of Upper
Burmah, xii. 336
Oosh-Turfan, Chinese Turkestan, a great
mart, xi. 7 ; mountains beyond, xviii. 440
Ootacamund, India, rainfall of, xi. 62, 67
Open Water in the North Polar Basin
Anderson on, xvii. 133
Hamilton on, xiii. 234, 242
Koldewey on, xvi. 229
Richards on, ix. 213
Opening addresses, see under various
Presidents
Ophir of Solomon, Erskine on possible
site of, xiii. 338, xix. 133
Murchison on, vii. 164, xii. 269, xiii. 300,
339
Site of, at Bunjaai, S.E. Africa, Thomp
son, 1863., x. 173
Opium cultivation in Burmah, xix. 286
in China, xiv. 242, xx. 235, xv. 174
— Formosa, xxii. 59
— Manchuria, xvi. 213
— Mongolia, xvii. 185
trade in, with China, xiii. 35, 37,
xxii. 285
Opopo river, W. Africa, mouth surveyed
by Downer (1874.), xviii. 540
Oramba, town, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Orange Island, Arctic Sea, ix. 171, its
size, 172
Orange river, S. Africa, cataract of, ii. 158
diamonds found along, xii. 323
Hottentots living along, i. 244-45
lions along, ii. 78
Moffat's expedition up, ii. 320
mouth of, not navigable, xv. 265
physical geography of, Moffat on,
ii. 1§8
progressive desiccation of its basin,
Wilson on, ix. 106
Orangerie Bay, N. Guinea, anchorage at,.
xxi. 358, scull-carving of natives of,-
xx. 346
Orango Channel, Bissagos Ids., W. Africa,
i. 43, iii. 43
¦  Island, visited by O'Connor, iii. 381, •
384
Oratunga Station, Australia, ii. 19

ORD— OSB

243

Ord, Col., cited on the African slave trade,
xviii. 279
Ordos country, MongoHa, xviii. 77
Ordnance Survey of the United Kingdom,
Reports of, i. 134, ii. 229, 271, iii.
274, iv. 158, v. 179, vi. 139, vii. 144,
viii. 194
Orebak, Iceland, icebergs at, v. 229
Oregon city, U.S.A., position of, xi. 85
^-^- river, and the boundary of Brit.
Columbia, Belcher on, iv. 35-6
-— =¦ state, i. 91, 488
Ascent of Mt. Hood in, 1864-66., Hines,
xi. 81
cultivation in, xi. 96
East, Journey across Cascade Mts.
into, 1865., Brown, xi. 84. 93
lava beds of, referred toby Goad, xxii.276
lost to England, iv. 36
Oregones Indians of the Putomayo river,
S. America, Simeon on, xxi. 573
Orenburg oity, Russia, vii. 159
Orenburg, Government of, v. 195
Routes between, and Tashkend, xi. 41
Steppe of, Kulewein cited on, v. 192
O'Reilly, E., Journey from Toangoo,
Burmah, to the Shan States, vi. 83
cited on the Karens, iv. 189
Orfaan, Arabia, elevated position of,
xvi. 117
Organ Mts., New Mexico, xxii. 275
Oriental Congress at St. Petersburg, 1876.,
geographical papers at, Alcock on,
xxi. 20 ; Report on, Clarke, xxi. 204
 Negroland (so called), defined by
Crawfurd, vi. 99
 region, animals of, Wallace on,
xxi. 513
OrigBtadt, S. Africa, iii. 373
Orihi river, N. Zealand, explored, 1863.,
viii. 214
Orimedonk Cataract, Potaro river, Brit.
Guiana, xv. 125
Orinoco river, S. America,
O'Connor on, i. 278
plains near, viii. 62
proposed exploration of, Elliott, 1857.,
i. 251, 468
towns on, ii. 156
tributaries of, ii. 297, viii. 221
Orizaba (Mt.). Pic of, Mexico, its elevation,
ii. 285
Orkney, Earl of, N. Zeno with (1389.),
xvii. 312
Orkney Islands, departure of Franklin's
expedition from, 1845., i. 23, tropical
drift found on shores of, xiii. 233
Orlofka river, Siberia, and its affluent,
xxi. 216
Ormah, Plain of, Arabia, described by
Pelly, 1865., ix. 294
Ormara, Persia telegraph line to, 1863.,
vi. 117

Ormurkot, India, River beds near, xiv. 123
Ormuz or Hormuz, Persian Gulf, viii. 18
Albuquerque at, vii. 92
conflicts at, between the Portuguese and
English Indian Companies, i. 284-5
past and present, viii. 19, 20
ruins of, viii. 267
tradition as to origin of inhabitants,
i. 292
 valley of, S.W. Persia, i. 361, water
less, 292
Oro Mt., W. Africa, elevation of, ix. 72
Oro river, tributary of the Paraguay,
xviii. 119
Orogol river, C. Asia, great wood near,
xiv. 249
Orontes and Leontes rivers, Syria, water
shed between, v. 172
Oroumieh Lake (salt), Persia, described,
viii. 277 ; see Urumiah
Orovan, C. Asia, xviii. 412
Oroya, as a railway centre for Peru,
xviii. 206, 211
Orpen,  •-, cited on the mouth of the
Limpopo, xiii. 340
Orsarcibe Bay, Yesso, kelp gathering at,
x. 169
Orsk, Russian fortress, terminus of arc of
parallel proposed by Struve, v. 180, 195
Orton, Prof., exploration of Beni river, S.
America, 1874 , xxii. 43
Oru, W. Africa, Haussa language spoken
at, xxi. 493
Oruku, Bassa district, W. Africa, Haussa
language spoken at, xxi. 493
Orumchi, C. Asia, xv. 25; see Urumchi
Osaka, Japan, the centre of commercial
activity, vi. 200, 205
navigable river at, vi. 203
road vid, vii. 167
suitability for foreign trade, Alcock on,
vi. 197
a treaty port, vi. 202, xviii. 238
Osanease, Akem, a small town, W. Africa,
xx. 476
Osawemba Point, E. Africa, depth of
water at, xx. 74
Osborn, Admiral Sherard,
on the Antarctic current, xv. 112
on Antarctic exploration, xiii. 119
Voyages of Morell, xiv. 154
on Arctic exploration, . etc., (1865),
ix. 62, 64, 99, xii. 92, 111, xvii. 182-3,
xviii. 18, 20
On the Exploration of the North
Polar Basin, with a resume" of
recent Swedish, German and Aus
trian attempts to reach the Polar
Circle from the Atlantic, xvi. 227
GrinneU's,1860.,andits results, vii. 100
Kane's, i. 183
On the late (1851 et seq.) Arctic
expeditions, i. 26, 104

244

OSB— OUD

Osborn, Admiral Sherard— continued.
on Arctic exploration, etc. — continued.
on the M'Clintock Franklin expedi
tion, iv. 10
— the new Polar expedition, (1874).,
xix. 40
— - the old colonies in Greenland,
xvii. 319
— an open Polar Sea, xiii. 242
On the Probable Existence of Un
known Lands in the Arctic Circle,
xvii. 172, 183
— Spitzbergen, xvii. 103
on China, its coal and communications,
x. 157
on Elias' map of the Yellow River,
etc., xiv. 33
Geographical and Commercial notes
on East and North China, 1858.,
iii. 55
on North China, iv. 61, vi. 32
— Yunnan, and overland trade
with China, v. 52
Notes on Chinese Tartary, xi. 162, on
the Russian advance in the same, 254
on the rivers rising in N.W. Tibet,
iv. 217
on deep-sea sounding in the N.Atlantic,
v. 101
— the Geography of the Bed of the
Atlantic and Indian Oceans and
the Mediterranean Sea, xv. 28, 40
 Geography and commercial future
of the Sea of Azov, the Putrid Sea,
and adjacent coasts, i. 305, 404
<  Gulf Stream, xiii. 109, 232-
 exploration of the Himalayas,
xiii. 202
 Housing of R.G.S. at 1, Savile
Row, xiv. 359
— Japan and its opening-up, v. 134
— Livingstone, alleged death of, and
safety, xi. 147, 154, xii. 23, 186
 and Baker, xiv. 18
— the physical features of S. America,
xv. 378
 proposed expedition into Corea
(letter cited), ix. 298
 Salween river, i. 272
 Spanish castaways in Patagonia,
xv. 50
 Volcano of Yasowa, S. Pacific,
xvi. 394
work of, in exploration and in pro
moting Arctic research, xviii. 207,
xxi. 536, 552
obituary notice, 1875., xix. 370
— — and Winniett's " furthest North,"
i. 24, 95
Osborne, Cape, Arctic regions, land near,
xiii. 373 ; latitude of, xix. 32
Oscura Mts., New Mexico, sheer west face
of, xxii. 275

O'Sbanassy river, N. E. Australia, geo
logical formation of, xii. 144
Osh, C. Asia, visited by Ujfalvy, xxii. 341
 Tippah district, C. Asia, x. 151
Oshun river, Niger region, W. Africa,
course of, xxi. 488
Osin river, tributary of the Niger, ii. 90
 town, ii. 291
Oskio-kaido (road), Japan, xix. 169
Oskja-gja, volcano, Iceland, xx. 27, 28
Ossetes of the Caucasus, xiii. 69; area
occupied by, vi. 61
Rawlinson on, xiii. 72"
Osten-Sackeu, see Sacken, Osten
Osterde (island), Iceland, sound near,
v. 63, 72, 81
Ostiaks of Siberia, described by Seebohm,
xxii. 108, underground habitations
among, xxi. 44
Ostiones river, Ecuador, S. America,
sources of, xxi. 557
Ostre Horn, Iceland, reefs near, v. 73
Oswell, W. O, companion of Livingstone,
1849. and 1851., i. 240, 245, 318,
xviii. 503, 504
Otago Province, New Zealand, viii. 57;
coal of, vii. 181
expeditions and surveys in,
Hector's, 1863., viii. 46-7, ix. 32
M'Kerrow's, 1863., viii. 47, 48
Thomson's, 1857., ii. 354
fiords on the west coast of, viii. 50
gold in, vii. 180-1, viii. 57
 fields of, Thompson on, vi. 71
a Scotch colony, vi. 175, viL 180; its
mineral wealth, ix. 33
traces of the great Moa found in,
vii. 181
watershed-line in, viii. 49
Otanda, W. Central Africa, Du Chaillu
in, x. 75, 76
Otarunai, port, in Yezo, described by
Blakiston, xvi. 195-6
Otjihako wa Motenya river, S. Africa,
reached by Hahn's party, ii. 352
Otombi (Motombi) Mt., W. Africa, eleva- 1
tion of, xvii. 355
Otomizaka hills, Japan, Gubbins at, 1872.,
xvii. 78
Ottawa river, Canada, its tributaries,
ii. 294
Otter, Fr. von, (see Nordenskiiild and
Otter), expedition of, to Greenland, !
1871., xvi. 86
Otuiti, extinct volcano, Easter Island, '
xiv. 109
Otway, Cape, Australia, admiralty surveys '
near, xi. 194, xii. 244, xiv. 307
xvi. 320 ; latitude of, xviii. 498
Ouan-Chuan-Hsien, W. China, Mantzu
village and tribes near, described by ,
Gill, xxii. 260-262
Oudah river, Siberia, xiii. 369

OUD— OXU

Ho

Oudsk, E. Siberia, solitary Russian post,
xi. 39
Ougia Island, Arru group, ii. 164
Ougonda river and state, E. Africa,
described by Arabs, vii. 23 ; see Uganda
Ougulan, Formosa, missionary station at,
xxi. 262, 263
Ouj, Persia, iii. 9
Oulen-daban pass, C. Asia, xxii. 52
Oumbourineta, N. Guinea, grave of Rajah
at, and oamp of Maklay, xix. 519
Ounartok, Greenland, hot springs of,
xvii. 316, 321
Oural Mts,, see Ural
Ouralsky fortress, Siberia, xi. 41
Ourga, chief town of Mongolia, vii. 28, 30
Ourika river and district, Marocco, de
scribed by Hooker, xv. 214
Ousia, Chinese village in Formosa,
xxi. 263
Oust Oust (Ust Urt) Plateau, C. Asia,
iii. 388
Oututu Tuane, Tahiti, coral barrier at,
' iv. 85
Outrain, Sir B. J., obituary notice of,
(1856.), i. 126
 , Sir J., and the Persian war, (1851.),
i. 351, 355
Ouyah, Brit. Guiana, xv. 123
Ova Kaangara and other tribes, S.W.
Africa, visited by Andersson, v. 17
Ovampo Land, S.W. Africa, i. 55
exploration of, (1858.), ii. 320
 by Green and others, proposed,
i. 160, ii. 350
negroes of, i. 244
Ovenga river, W. Central Africa, head
waters of, x. 73
Ovens river, S. Australia, sources of, i. 4
Overland communication, On the various
lines of, between India and China, Dr.
M'Cosh, v. 47
 route to India, established by Wag-
horn, iii. 192, time occupied by, iii. 195
 telegraph line between Adelaide and
Port Darwin, xix. 481
Overweg, — , African traveller, iv. 1S4,
viii. 4 ; death of, i. 422
Ovifak, Greenland, meteoric stones from,
xx. 57
Ovigui river, Ogowe basin, W. Africa, Du
Chaillu on, x. 74
Ovis nivicola of the Tchoukhot country,
xxi. 216
Ovis Poli of the Pamirs, xv. 16, xviii. 431,
435; of the Thian Shan Mts., xviii. 420
Ovoonda, W. Africa, xix. 88
Owalee territory, S. Arabia, and its
capital, xvi. 117
Owen, R., Table of Pluviometer kept at
George Town, B. Guiana, i. 76
Owen, Prof., on the Andamanese, vi. 44
on Du Chaillu's travels and the gorillas

Owen, Prof. — continued.
of W. Africa, v. 3, x, 1 1 ; cited on,
v. 214
on Livingstone's travels in Africa, i. 245,
and their zoologioal results, ii. 137
— Neumayer's proposed explorations in
Central Australia, xii. 295
— probable zoological gains from the
proposed Arctic expedition (1865.),
ix. 100
— the zoology of Australia, iii. 158-60,
and ou its peculiarities, xii. 296-7
cited on destruction of African ele
phants, xix. 492
 Capt., r.n., errors in his chart of .the
Coast of Africa, Chala Pt., Pangany
river, ii. 54-5; Burton on, vi. 239;
Frere on, xvii. 345 ; Kirk on, xxii. 454
survey, with Vidal, of the Congo mouth,
i. 311
Owen's Anchorage, W. Australia, admi
ralty survey at, xviii. 538
Owen Stanley, or Vetura (q.v.) range, New
Guinea, double peak of, xx. 332
elevation of, xiv. 202, xviii. 23, 44,
xx. 332
and description by Lawes, xx. 355
lovely view of, xxi. 350
protection afforded by, against the S.E.
monsoon, xix. 235
rivers rising in, xviii. 25
termination of, xix. 231
vegetation on, xx. 268
Owiandina Station, S. Australia, ii. 20
Owlakee, Upper and Lower, S. Arabia,
region described, xvi. 117
Owyhee river, Oregon, xi. 86
an affluent of the Snake river, xi. 91, 92
Oxenham, E. L., cited on the floods of the
Yangtsze Kiang, xix. 244, 445
Oxford, Bishop of, (1856.) iv. 256
on Livingstone's Zambesi and other
expeditions, ii. 133
— the removal of the Pitcairn Islanders
to Norfolk Island, i. 60
— Stokes* paper, i. 82
 and Cambridge African mission, site
for station selected, 1861., vi. 20
Oxley, Australian explorer, his expedi
tions referred to, ii. 313, xiv. 199, 288
Oxley's Creek, Flinders river, Queensland,
xii. 141, geological formation, etc., 142
Oxus river (see also Amu Daria, and
Jaxartes)
affluents of, xiii. 20, xxi. 133, at Dast
Tara Tuppa, xv. 181, and elsewhere,
ii. 304
as Afghan boundary, xvii. 109
approaches to, xv. 11
called Darya Panj, xiii. 124
course, and elevation of, xvii. 113, 164
 changed, i. 221, ii. 209, xvii. 162,
xix. 14, 15

246

OXU— PAC

Oxus river — continued.
oourse changed, Murohison on, xi. 204
Napier cited on, xix. 431 ; xx. 176
Rawlinson on, xi. 114-5, xx. 178-9
desert on left bank of, viii. 269
Dohrandt's astronomical observations
in the delta of, xxii. 342
Exploration of the Delta and Mouths
of, 1848-9., 1858-9., Admiral A.
Boutakoff, xi. 113
 Hayward's (attempted), of the
source and region of, 1869., xiv. 107
the Mirza's, xi. 216, xv. 286
Russian, xx. 420
Wood's, xv. 286
importance to general trade of region,
xvii. 116
mountains to the South of, their heights,
Yule cited on, xxi. 128
operation of Baer's Law on, xix. 14
proposed steam-navigation ou, xix. 14
Rawlinson on, xi. 114
rich plains near, Rawlinson on, xxi. 139
Russian advances to, xvii. 162, 285
•  ¦ explorers on, xx. 420
•  frontier on, viii. 271
sources, principal, ii. 280, xv. 286
Hayward's attempted journey to,
1869., xiv. 107
Rawlinson on, xv. 201
Veniukoff cited on, xi. 216
Upper, or Penj (see also Panjah), point
of junction of arms of, xviii. 428
RawlinBon on, xv. 201
sources of, xiii. 350, xv. 185, 201,
286, xxi. 128, discovered by Fed-
chenko, xx. 420, 484,
valley of, mountains near, x. 149
natives of, xx. 16
travellers in, Rawlinson on, xiii. 17
Yule's labours on the geography of,
xvii. 284, xxi. 128
political importance of basin of,
xvii. 116
Oyah river, Borneo, Crespigny on, xvii. 133
Oyama Mt., Japan, elevation of, and
vegetation, xix. 170
Oyata river, Russia in Europe, xiii. 376
Oyo, W. Africa, vi. 219, undulating
country near, xxi. 487
Ozi, Osi, or Ozy river, E. Africa, x. 28
desirability of exploration of, vi. 207
importance of, Galton on, vi. 51
non-auriferous, xii. 272
outfall of, vii. 198
utility of, Gordon's views, xx. 444
P.
Pa-ah-lian, Formosa, village and natives
of, xvii. 147
Pabha-la pass, Trans-Himalayas, eleva
tion of, xin. 18,6

Pabon Island, Patagonia, settlement on
xv. 42
Pacacello, town, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Pacafumira, Nyassaland town, i. 76
Pacalem, town, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Pacamonga, Nyasaland town, i. 76
Pacamussicusa, town, S. C. Africa, i. 76
Pacapieo river, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Pachicosa, Nyasaland town, i. 76
Paehitea river, Peru, Exploration of,
1865., by Wallace and Main, xi. 173 J
by others, xiii. 303
Pachmaree Hills, C. India, elevation of
xi. 58, 68
Pacific Ocean (see also Canadian Pacific
Railway, Challenger, etc., Variation
Charts), v. 4, vii. 30
admiralty survey in, i. 145, 406-7
Atolls of, Darwin cited on, xii. 343
coal-beds of its N. Coasts, xiii. 384
concentration of its waters, Buchanan
on, xxi. 256
connection of, with Atlantic, by water,
vii. 72, 75, 103, Kelley on, i. 63;
by rail, iv. 36, 47, 74-5, 173, 253 ;
(see Atrato, Nicaragua, and Panama)
coral formations of, iv. 85
deep-sea soundings in, xv. 89, xvii. 295
depths and temperatures in, xx. 410,
411 note
dryness of air over, observations needed
on, 358
fauna of bottom, xx. 413-14
floor of, Duncan on, xxii. 74, 76
observations in, Lieut. S. T. Lecky,
xviii. 540
routes from, into interior of Australia,
opened up, x. 34
thermal condition of, xxi. 314
volcanoes in the basin of, Humboldt
cited on, ii. 286
water of, Nares on, xxi. 97
specific gravity of, i. 510, xxi. 256
temperature of, xii. 318, xxi. 314
whalers in, vii. 63
 , North,
depth and bottom contours of, Carpenter
on, xix. 509 ; do. and nature of bottom,
514
depths in, Evans on, xxi. 69
survey expedition of the U.S.S. Vin-
cennes, 1854., i. 16
temperature, low, and its cause, viii. 84
 observations of the U.S.N. Tut-
carora, Carpenter on, xix. 493, 502,
505
 , South,
in relation to the Gt. Barrier reef,
viii. 117
ice movements in, ix. 96
in relation to Torres Straits, i. 172
warm currents and warm wind from,
xii. 318-9

PAC— PAL

247

of,

N.

Pacific Ocean, S. Western,
chart of, by Evans, 1855., i. 407
maps of, by Tilley, x. 222
 Western, vi. 198 .
Pacific Steam Navigation Co., route of,
xviii. 205
Pacimoni river, Venezuela, explored by
Spruce, 1853-4., viii. 221
Paolar, on the Mekong, latitude of,
xix. 279
Padan Aram (Harran), Asiatic Turkey,
Beke on identification of, vi. 195
Padass, district, Borneo, xvi. 172
 river, mias or ourang-outangs
xvi. 176-8
source and course of, xvi. 172
Paderin (and others), travels of, in
Mongolia, 1874., xviii. 560
Padinah, Persia, culminating point of the
hills of Nariz valley, xvi. 260
Padree pass, Tibet, elevation of, x. 168
Padron Point, Congo river, alluvial for
mation near, i. 311
Pae-Khoe Mts., N. Russia, explorations of
(1857.), i. 432
Pagan Creek, S. Australia, ii. 191
Page, Capt., jj.s.n., explorations in Para
guay, 1858., i. 169; of Parand river,
i. 467, ii. 269, iii. 331, iv. 175, xx. 497,
500-1 ; of Salado river, Argentine Re
public, viii. 163
 , D., work by, on Physical Geo
graphy noticed, vii. 147
Paget, A., obituary notioe of, 1864.,
viii. 188
 , Capt., voyage of exploration to N.
Guinea (1872.), xvi. 203-4
Pago-Pago Bay, Tutuila Island, Navigator
group, described, xxi. 146
Pah-ohie-nah, Formosa, duck -boats of,
xi. 169
Paherere, S. C. Africa, i. 76
Pai-oheng-tzu, Mongolia, ruins at.xviii. 154
P'ai-chou village and district, S.W. China,
Margary at, xx. 185
Pailon de S. Pedro, port, Ecuador, iii. 94,
96, geology of locality, vi. 249
Pain Mulk, C. Asia, sand-buried cities
of, xv. 23 ; see also Pein
Painom, town, Tibet, xix. 333
Paira, Nile region, elevation of, xi. 242
Paji, village, Zanzibar Island, xx. 72
Pajimucudo, S. C. Africa, i. 76
Pakohan river, boundary between Tenas-
serim province and Siam, vii. 58, 60
proposed canal near, iv. 212
Pakh, Turkey in Asia, affluents of the
Muzoor Su near, xii. 303
Paklat, Siam, alien inhabitants of and
population at, iv. 213
Paknam. Siam, fortified city, iv. 213
Pa Kwau, E. China, "haul-over'' at,
siii, 173

Palaia (or Paleo) Kameni, Levant, vol
canic eruption at, x. 119, 319
Palambang, Sumatra, grave error in
charting, vi. 135
Palander, Lt., see Swedish North Polar
Expedition, 1868
Palawan Island, Philippines, surveyed,
i. 405, iii. 269, vii. 140
Palsearctic region of Old World, distribu
tion of animal life in, Wallace, xxi. 509
Palaeoorystic Sea, xxi. 544-51, Alcock
on, xxi. 443
Ice of, xxi. 284
Palcazu river, Peru, explored, 1865., by
Wallace and Main, xi. 173, 175
Palembang, see Palambang
Pales, Indo-China, xix. 279
Palestine (see also Syria) —
and Adjacent regions, Biblical Re
searches in, Robinson, Smith, and
others, ii. 223
climates, varying, of, xvii. 328, xix. 164-5
exploration of (see also next heading),
American, xvii. 280, xix. 430
Earl de Grey and Ripon on (I860.),
iv. 150
French, xvii. 280
German, xix. 430; Roth's, 1858 et
seq., ii. 283, iii. 287-8
Mansell's, I860., v. 171
Porter's memoir on, 1 855, i. 7, 166
Heights of Mountains in, Roth (foot
note), iii. 288
Physical geography of, Warren on,
xix. 164
Recent Surveys in, Wilson, xvii. 326,
332 ; see Expln., supra
Survey, methods and work of, Warren
on, xix. 164
Van de Velde's map of, its value,
v. 172, xix. 164
Palestine Expln. Fund, progress of its
work, x. 160, xvi. 87, 331, xvii. IS, 278,
329, 332, xviii. 557, xix. 429-30;
Conder on, xx. 16
and its methods, Wilson on, xvii. 326
Palghat gap, Nilghiri - Anamalli Mts.,
India, x. 266, xxi. 239
Palgrave, W. G.,
Journey from Gaza, through Arabia to
the Persian Gulf, 1862-3., viii. 63.
67, ix. 261; Badger on, viii. 97; re
plies to queries by Badger, viii. 103
Tour in N.E. Anatolia, xvi. 223
on Beloochistan, xvi. 221
on the Hauran, xvi. 114 (see 334)
on Pelly's journey to Nejed, ix. 295-6
on S. Arabia, its races, worship, and
explorers, xvi. 122
Pa-li-miau, N. China, Elias' first ob
serving station, 1868., xiv. 23, 27
Pallacopas, or canal of Alexander the
Great, sought by Lof tag, i. 45

248

PAL— PAM

Pallas, Siberian journeys of, 1772., ii. 278
Palladius, Archimandrite, expedition of,
in Manchuria, 1870., xv. 290
Recent Journey of, translated and
adapted by Morgan, xvi. 204
Palliser, Capt. J., awarded Patron's Gold
Medal, 1859., iii. 215, 219
expeditions of : in Missouri, i. 460 ;
(proposed) in Saskatchewan district
of Br. N. America, i. 264, 266, 320,
460; mentioned, vi. 108, 111, 188,
viii. 40, ix. 33
 progress of, Report on, 1857.,
ii. 38, 39, 45, 146, 292, iii. 122, iv. 35,
73; 1859., iv. 228,252
 results summarized, 1859., iii. 317,
I860., 14, 169
 and Dr. Hector, On the discovery
of Practicable Passes in the Rocky
Mts. (British), iii. 122
referred to, xx. 275, 277, 434
Palm Island, Formosa, important harbour
at, xi. 172; old Spanish forts on,
x. 122
  , N. Australia, i. 186; fresh
water at, i. 226, ii. 5
 Group, Queensland, admiralty
survey of, xi. 195
Palma, W. Africa, ii. 227
Palmanlawas, stream, Borneo, xvi. 172
Palmas, Cape, W. Africa,
settlement of liberated American
negroes at, i. 55, iv. 185, 200, Schon-
lein on, i. 98
suggested source of Niger near, vi. 67
Palmer, Capt., xiii. 205, cited on Jebel
Nakus and its sounding sand, xiii. 215
cited on Jebel Serbal, xiii. 212
 , Lt. H. S., r.e., explorations in the
Fraser, Thompson, and Harrison dis
tricts of British Columbia, iv. 33,
referred to, iv. 170, v. 188
Geography of B. Columbia, and con
dition of Cariboo goldfields, 1864.,
viii. 87
on the inhabitants of Vancouver Id.
viii. 93-4
 , J. L., r.n., A Visit to Easter Island,
xiv. 108, 119
 , Major E., Notes on St. Helena,
iii. 363
 , Prof., xiii. 205, xvi. 332, cited on
Sinaitic inscriptions, xiii. 213, valuable
work done by in Sinai, 217, xvii. 330
Palmer Creek, Queensland, xviii. 107, gold
found near, xviii. 94, gold prospects
of, 95
latitude, and geological formation near,
xviii. 96, 106
Palmerston, N. territory, Australia, near
gold-fields, xvii. 278
 Cape, Queensland, vii. 10, admi
ralty survey near, six. 409, xxii. 336

Palmerston, Lord, i. 95, xiii. 21, friend
liness to Livingstone, xviii. 279, in
relation to the Suez canal, xiv. 95, 103,
obituary notice of, 1866., x. 186
Palmyra, Syria, inscriptions at, ii. 177,
xvi. 105, situation of, and geological
formation near, xvi. 108
Pator, old name for upper Chitral, xvi. 246
Palti Lake, Tibet (see also Yamdokcho
Lake), ring-shaped, visited by Manning
about 1812., xix. 336
Palunu village, N. Guinea, elevation of,
xx. 355
Pamacouba, Nhaca town, S. C. Africa,
i. 76
Pamalombe or Panalombe Lake, S.E.
Africa, xii. 80-1, xxii. 234
Pambala Swamp, Congo district, partly
bridged, xix. 93
Pambani village, E. Africa, xx. 75
Pambete village, L. Tanganyika, latitude
of, determined by Livingstone, 1868.,
xix. 249
Pa-me-Fa, N. China, poor region near,
vi. 219
Pamir, steppe or plateau (Bam-i-Dooneah),
C. Asia, x. 306, 317
comprised in territory of Wakkan,
xviii. 435
eastern crest of, xv. 11, 12, 15
elevation of, xvi. 408, xxi. 131
expeditions in :
Biddulph's (1874.),xviii. 435, xx. 489-
90
Fedchenko's, 1871., xvi. 350
Forsyth's, 1873., xviii. 444, xxii. 289
Hayward's, 1869-70., xiv. 41, 107,
xv. 4, 12, 14, 17, 200
Kostenko's, 1876., xxi. 122
the Mirza's, 1868-9., xv. 184,200,286
— Mollah's, 1865., x, 150
Fifteenth Century account of, Shaw,
xx. 483
game on, xv. 16, xviii. 431, 435
geological formation of, xviii. 431, 435
Khirghiz tribes of, xxi. 137
James cited on, x. 149
Mts. of, Hayward on, xiv. 71, xv. 186
Murchison on, x. 153, 236-8
native name for, xiv. 126
Rawlinson on, xv. 200, xxi. 137; on
Veniukoff s Memoir, x. 134
ridges, trend of, xvi. 400, xx. 489
rivers rising in (see Oxus, etc.), xv. 11,
12, 200, not reaching the sea, Shaw
on, xvii. 164
routes across, x. 149, xiii. 122, xviii. 431,
439 ; note concerning, xx. 16, 17
Southern, Biddulph cited on, xx. 489-90
true connection of highlands of, with
mountains of region, xv. 200
Veniukoffs Memoir on, Rawlinson on,
x, 134

PAM— PAN

249

Pamir, steppe or plateau — continued.
watershed of, xv. 11, 12, 15, 200,
xviii. 43
winter aspect of, Gordon on, xviii. 429,
439
Yule on, xxi. 136
Pamir Kul (lake), Barkut Yassin, or
Kalsar Bam-i-Dunya, C. Asia, xv. 186,
286
called Ghaz lake, xviii. 435
described by native explorers, xv. 391
level ground near, xx. 490
source of the Oxus, xv. 286
 river (Mastuj), xv. 390 note
Pamira, S. C. Africa, i. 76
Pampas of S. Amerioa, i. 169, Burmeis-
ter's travels in, 1857., ii. 285
chief features of, Crawford, xvii. 60
cold winds of, xv. 41
compared with districts in N.W. Aus
tralia, i. 192
dogs of, xviii. 129
extent of, xx. 494
Pamucamba, S. C. Africa, i. 76
Pamudicula, S. C. Africa, i. 76
Pamuganbo, S. C. Africa, i. 76
Pamunabombi, S. C. Afrioa, i. 76
Panalombe, Lake, E. Africa, xxii. 234
Panaloya river, C. Amerioa, drying-up,
1867., xii. 27
Panama, Bay of, as harbour, vi. 77,
ix. 279, xii. 45-6 ; survey of, i. 64
emigrant route suggested vid, vi. 108,
231
Panama, Isthmus of (see also Atrato,
Darien, ete.) —
Chinamen at, ii. 206
climate of, i. 66-7, vi. 76, xii. 47, 48
difficulty of procuring labour at, vi. 76
explorations in, 1858., ii. 296
Caldwell's, 1856., i. 484
Oullen (1856.), i. 78
de Puydt's, 1861., xii. 63, 134
Gisborne's, 1853., i. 88, 484, v. 158
Milla's, i. 8
Oliphant's (1865.), ix. 276
Patterson's, i. 88
Peacock's (survey), 1842., xii. 46
Selfridge's (U.S.A.), 1870., xvii. 274
Wyse's, sent by Lesseps, xxii. 368
geological formation of, Duncan on,
xxii. 74
mail route, i. 81, 84-5, ii. 269, iv. 75,
vii. 103
railway, progress of, i. 65, cost of, in
lives, 66; iv. 47; Gerstenberg on,
vi. 78
ship-canal schemes (see Illingworth)
Fitzroy on, i. 65, 67
Gerstenberg on, ix. 279
Hodgkin on Cardenas' route for,
ix. 280
Hopkins on, ix. 278-9

Panama, Isthmus of — continued.
ship-canal schemes — continued.
Humboldt on, i. 69-70
Kelley and others, i. 63-66
Spaniards near, ii. 215
winds of, iv. 239
Pan de Azucar, Darien, gold-bearing soil
at, Cullen on, i. 78
 hill, Paraguay, limit of the
Yalai guasii palm, xx. 497
Pan-chieh-ta, near the imperial hunting
grounds, Mongolia, xviii. 162
Pan-ohing (or ting), E. China, large city
on the Peiho, iii. 78
Panda, chief town of Igbira, W. Africa,
xxi. 488
Fandamatinka, on the Zambesi, Frewen
on, 1577., xxii. 223
Pandora, H.M.S., Australian survey ship,
i. 83
 , Young's Arctic vessel, xix. 481
Pandoreille, gold mines of, B. N. America,
iv. 229
Pang, district, city, C. China, xiv. 170
Pangain, E. C. Africa, lake, and river
feeders of, xx. 155
Pangalat river, Borneo, source of, xvi. 172
Pang-gam village, Garo Hills, elevation
of, xvii. 39
Pangani bay and town, E. Africa,
xx. 74-5, 77, xxii. 448
harbour and trade of, xvii. 340
 , or Ruvu, river, xx. 77, affluents of,
vi. 49
hills near, iii. 116
journey from, to Mombasa, New, 1874.,
xix. 317
up, Burton and Speke, 1857., ii. 52,
53, 54, 323, iii. 210
Pang-Hean, N. China, fair at, vi. 226
Panghoo Island, Pescadores, aspect of,
x. 128
Pango village, W. Africa, xix. 87
Pangong, or Pangkong, Lake, Tibet
elevation, xi. 219, xvi. 401, xviii. 112
explorations of, Godwin-Austen's(1863.),
viii. 42, xi. 32, 219
Hayward's, near, 1868., xiv. 43
Johnson's route via, 1865., xi. 10
Pundit's, 1873, xxi. 327
feeders of, length of, etc., xxi. 327, 328
saltness of, iii. 367
subterranean outlet from, Forsyth,
xxi. 139
Pahgur Gongman, Tibet, reached by the
Pundit, 1873, xxi. 327
Panimik, Kashmir, hot springs of, j. 275
Paniput, Punjab, great battle of, xii. 171
Panjah, Penj, or Punja river (Upper Oxus),
xv. 308, natives on, Trotter cited on,
xx. 16
souroes of, xv., 185, 201
Panjshir river, Afghanistan, xx. 242

250

PAN— PAR

Panjshir valley, sounding sands near, x. 274
Panjkora river, Chitral, xvi. 254, sources
of, and affluents, xxii. 354
 valley traversed in 1876 by the
Mullah, xxii. 354
Panom Sok, Cambodia, ruined palace at,
ix. 85
Panorma, Turkey in Asia, position of,
ii. 376
Panshantu, Mongolia, military station,
temperature at, xviii. 155
Pansuanrba, town, S.C. Africa, thievish
inhabitants of, i. 75
Panthay race, distribution of, XV. 349
 State, Burmese border, good order
maintained in, xix. 271
Paobe, settlement of Pepohoans, Formosa,
xvii. 146
Paombe river, Madagascar, xiv. 360
Paou-ching, district, city, C. China,
xiv. 179
Paouting, capital of Pe-chi-le province,
visited by Richards and Slossin, I860.,
vi. 165; see Pau-ting
Papa Bay, Savaii island, Navigator group,
xxi. 142
Papache, S. C. Africa, i. 76
Papagos Indians of Arizona, distriot
peopled by, xiii. 143-4, xix. 304
Papakura district, N. Zealand, coal of,
iii. 339
Papandayang, volcano, Java, engulfed,
1772., ii. 144
Papar river, Borneo, source, course and
outfall of, xvi. 172
Papey Island, Iceland, sea depth near,
v. 73, tides at, 74
Papite, Tahiti, increased depth of water
at, iv. 85
Papua (see also N. Guinea) —
Incidents of travel in, 1873., Maklay,
xix. 517
little known of, 1859., iii. 271
Mountains of, xii. 316
Papuan race, blood of, in aborigines of
Torres Straits, advantages of, xii. 313
distribution of, vii. 21
resemblance to aboriginal Australians,
ii. 4
Papuans of N. Guinea, Moresby on,
xix. 238
Paquasi, S. 0. Africa, i. 76
Pari, Brazil, the Guiana stream at,
vii. 51
healthiness of, viii. 61
rains of, Maury on, viii. 7
Paracan Island and Channel, Parana
river, xx. 500
Paracuchici, Colombia, tides at, i. 72
Paraguari, Paraguay, hills and plain of,
xx. 495
Paragnay, coal in, xviii. 125
Detnersay's work ou, y. 204

Paraguay — continued.
explorations in, Page's (U.S.), 1855.,
i. 169, iii. 331
Geography and resources of, Levi,
xviii. 117
Hypsometrical observations of K. John
ston and Lt. Congreve, report on,
Strachan, xx. 504-5
Notes on Physical Geography of, K.
Johnston, xx. 494
 river, affluents of, xviii. 119, xx. 455
course, etc. of, Johnston on, xx. 498
mapped by Day, i. 146, 1760-77., ii. 467
sidewise movement of, xx. 499
slope of banks, xx. 494
thrown open for navigation, 1858.,
ii. 297
importance of free navigation of, to the
State of Paraguay, xviii. 119
Para Lassa Pass, between India and Tibet,
crossed by Schlagintweit, 1857., iii. 144
See also Bara Lacha
Paramatta observatory, N. S. Wales,
founded by Col. Brisbane, 1808.,
iv. 121, 123
Paramilla Range, S. America, passes and
elevations in, xvii. 65
Parana province, Brazil, report on,
Vereker, (1862.), vi. 74
Parana river, S. America, affluents of,
i. 169, iv. 49
aspect of marshes near, xx. 496
barranca of, xx. 500
exploration of, by Page (q.v.) and others,
(1857.), i. 467, ii. 269, iii. 331
Sidney's, of estuary, (1856.), i. 146
Taboada's boat-voyage down, i. 468
falls of, Edwards on, xx. 468
 latitude of, xx. 494, 497
navigation of, i. 170, iv. 49
 importance to Paraguay, xviii. 119
N. and S. boundary, Paraguay and
Brazil, xviii. 121
Plains near, viii. 62
railway surveys near, iv. 174, xx. 455
side-wise movement of, xx. 499
 town, Paraguay, xx. 500
Paranahiba, S. America, reversed ocean
current near, vii. 50
Paranagua Harbour, Brazil, vi. 74
Paranapanema river, Brazil, navigation
possibilities of, xx. 456
Parangla pass, Spiti valley, India, great
elevation of, xv. 340
Pararo, town, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Parasot river, Gilgit distriot, rise and
course of, xiii. 130
Pare, Mt., E. Africa, vi. 47
Pari, Russian post in Suanetia, xiii. 69
Pari-jong, Tibet, Bogle's journey from,
1774., and Manning's visit, 1811.,
xix. 332
openings for trade at, xix. 336

PAR— PAS

251

Pari-jong pass into Tibet, position of,
xix. 332
trade route via, xix. 341
unvisited since 1812., xix. 338
Paringa, town of the Muizas, S. C. Africa,
i. 75
Pario, stream, Persia, xi. 37
Paris, Geogr. Exhibition at, 1874., xx. 7
Geographical Society of, iv. 202, vii. 125
International Geographical congress at,
1875., programme for, xviii. 453,
xix. 59, date, 134
Parish, Capt. A., ii. 269, iii. 87, ix. 246, on
the formation of Cyclones and on the
Tracks they pursue, i. 36
on the Passage up the Peiho with Lord
Macartney, 1793., ii. 362
 Rev. C, visit to the Andaman Isles,
1862., vi. 215
 Sir W., iii. 87, on progress of geo
graphical knowledge in 1860-1., v. 203,
services in regard to geography in S.
America, iii. 332, ix. 244, x. 255, xi. 244,
xv. 50
Parisnath, India, elevation of, xi. 58
as suited for a sanatorium, xi. 68
Park, Mungo, iv. 222, killed at Busa,
(1806.), i. 445, ii. 98, relic of, thenoe,
335, vi. 15
theory as to the Niger, i. 310
visit of, to Segou, W. Africa, xi. 200
Park, Cape, Arctic regions, latitude of,
xiii. 372
Parker, Capt. Hyde, R.N., on the Quilimane
and Zambesi rivers, i. 312
 Sir W., ascent of the Nankin river,
.1815., iii. 167
Parker point, N. Australia, ii. 14
Parkes, Mt., S. China, height of, vi. 228
Parkes, Sir H., v. 134, on the area of the
Tae-ping rebellion, vi. 89
on ascents of Fuji-Yama Mt., xvii. 83
on Barton's expedition up the Yang-tse
river, 1861., vi. 88
on Formosa, its early discoveries, history,
coast, and inhabitants, viii. 26
Geographical notes on Siam, with
map of Lower Menam river, i. 13, 164
journey up the Si-kiang, see Brine
on the Island of Yezo, xvi. 188, 202
on Manchuria, vii. 28-9
 its area, proposed ports in, and
trade, xvi. 214, 216
on progress of geographical knowledge
of China, 1862., vi. 164
 W., on the Indus and Kurraehee
Harbour, xi. 28
Pajkyns, Mansfield, journey in Abyssinia,
x. 290, and confirmation of Bruoe's
tales, xii. 6, 273
Parla, S. Australia, low range near, ii. 189
Paro, Tibet, route via, xix. 341
Paropamisus of the ancients (the Safld

Koh, Afghanistan) mineral wealth of,
xx. 247
Paroo river, N. S. Wales, region of,
ix. 301-2
rivers between, and Cooper's Creek,
ix. 303
settlers on, vi. 55
Parra, L. Tanganyika, Livingstone at,
1869., xix. 249
Parrot, Dr. F., ascent of Mt. Ararat by,
1829., xxii. 177-8
Parry, S., exploration north of Mt. Serle,
S. Australia, iii. 152, 335, 337
Parry, Sir W. E., iv. 10, vii. 100, 101,
xvi. 235, xix. 20, 36, xx. 106, 275, 282
fame of, iv. Ill
furthest point north reached by, 1827.,
i. 18, 152, iv. 234, ix. 45, 92-3, xix.
178, xxi. 76
hunting successes, Parry Islands, i. 54
cited on Arctic temperatures, i. 28,
iii. 148; do., weather, iv. 235
 on aurora borealis, iii. 122, 124
 on ice met with on his expedition,
xv. 383, xvi. 176
 on an open Polar Sea, i. 19, 20, 28,
ii. 200
referred to in relation to the Arctic
current, iv. 238-9
whale fishery at Prince Regent's inlet,
discovered by, xviii. 19
winter spent by, in the ice, 1820.,
i. 214
obituary notice of, 1856., i. 127
Parry, Cape, Arctic regions, latitude of,
ix. 48
 Islands, animal life of, i. 54,
xvii. 179
explored by McClintock etc., 1852.,
i. 108, 109, 153
geological formation of, i. 110
latitude of, xvii. 16
Swedish expedition to, 1868., xiii. 159;
1872., xvii. 179
 Mt., Greenland, latitude and eleva
tion of, i. 18
Parry's Sound, Arctic regions, question of
outlet by, i. 24
Parthia, Rawlinson on, xx. 179
Parung La (pass), Tibet, iii. 357
—  Tso (So) river, iii. 357 ; its relation
to the Sutlej, iii. 357
Paryadres Mts. of Strabo, iii. 370
Parnere, S. C. Africa, i. 76
Pasangan, Basilian Islands. E. Archi
pelago, Malaria at, vi. 77
Thomson on, xx. 215, 221
Pase, Sumatra, Thomson on, xx. 215, 221,
223
Pasha river, Russia, xiii. 376
Pasitigris or Kuran river, Turkey in Asia
(see also Karun), i. 219-20, canal from,
'i. 29g

252

PAS— PEA

Pasley, Gen. Sir C, obituary notice of,
1861., v. 163
PaBmube, town,, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Pasolsk, village and monastery on Lake
Baikal, xiii. 369, 370
Passiett or Possiett (q.v.) Bay, Manchuria,
fishery at, x. 233
Passifuri, S. C. Africa, i. 76
Passim, Plain of, Turkey in Asia, earth
quake at, about 1759., vi. 63
Passimoro, S. C. Africa, i. 76
Passmore river, S. Australia, course of,
ii. 18-19
Pastassa, Pastaea, or Pastaza river, S.
America, affluent of the Amazon,
iii. 94
ascended by Spruoe, 1857., iv. 174,
viii. 221
cascades of, xxi. 562
navigaiblity of, iii. 94
source and course of, xxi. 557, former
course, 563
Upper, Simson's journey via, xxi. 556
Pasto Mt., volcano, Andes, geographical
position and great height of, xxi. 570
Pasuri, Sumatra, Thomson on, xx. 222
Pataohilner Creek, S. Australia, ii. 19
Patagonia, coast survey by Bragg, i. 468
dry climate of, i. 60
effect of introducing horses into, xv. 51
explorations in :
Magellan's, 1520. (and other early
explorers), Markham on, xv. 49,
later explorers, ib., xxii. 46
Moreno's, xxii. 370
Musters', 1869-70, xv. 41, 51, Mark
ham on, xxii. 40, Murchison on,
xv. 305
geological formation of, Duncan on,
xxii. 74'
Indians of, described by Musters,
xx. 44, 46, 49, 51
opening up of, by Chile, iv. 174
Year in, Musters, 1869., xv. 41, 51
Pa-ta ling Mts., China, passes in,
xviii. 150
Patate river, S. America, confluent with
the Chambo, xxi. 557
Patawata Plains, S. Australia, ii. 19
Paterson, Port, N. Australia, aspect of
coast near, x. 36
Pati Aba Mt., W. Africa, ascent of, by
Crowther, 1871., xxi. 486
Patigorsk, Russian bathing place in the
Caucasus, xiii. 71
Patkoi or Pathkoy Mts., Assam border,
explored by Jenkins, 1869., and
by others, xiii. 244
passes in, xii. 334, xiii. 246
Singpo natives in, xx. 237
 Pass, Assam to Burma and China,
explorations of Burnet, and of Hannah.
M'Cosh on, v. 49

Patte or Patteh Mt., Niger region, x. 117;
elevation of, xxi. 485
Patoor and distriot, C. Asia, the Mirza on,
xv. 183
Patras, Greece, effect of earthquake of
1866 at, x. 322-3
Patterson, Lt., survey of the Helmund
river by, and murder of, xx. 247-8
 , Mr., exploration of Darien by, i. 88
Patterson, Port, N. Australia, i. 32, 33, 171,
x. 36
Patteson, Bishop, of Melanesia aud of
Lichfield, xvi. 391, on ethnology of Fiji
groups, 393
Patuama, town, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Paucartambo, Mts. of, S. America, x. 253
explored by Nystrom, 1868., xiii. 310
 river, affluent of the Perene, xv. 304
Paul, Emperor of Russia, expedition sent
by, to Indian frontier, 1801. or 1802.,
xiii. 21
Paul, Mt., Iceland, elevation and geological
formation of, xx. 23
 da Serra, Madeira, meteorological
observations at, ii. 371
Paulo Alfonso falls, San Francisco river,
Brazil, ix. 30
Paulson, Commr., r.n., obituary notice of,
1859., iii. 256
Paunbaum Channel, Indian coast, govern
ment works at, vii. 96
Pauthier, Monsieur, see Cathay, Notices of,
and Polo, Marco
Pau-ting-Foo, N.E. China, Vice-regal
seat for Pechili province, vi. 165, 225,
city and environs described, 226
Pavia or Aullagas, S. Peru, swamp and
salt lake of, xviii. 214
Pavilion Creek, Br. Columbia, dry land
slip on, xv. 141
 Lake, routes from, vi. 109
Pavy, O., (U.S.), projected Arctic expedi
tion, 1871., xvi. 86
Payer, Lt. Julius, (Austrian Navy),
xv. 106, xix. 36, 37
Arctic expedition with Weyprecht,
1871., xv. 301, xvi. 85, 230-1, 360 ;
its results, etc., xxi. 231 ; referred to,
xxi. 285-6, 52-53
awarded Patron's gold medal of R.G.S.,
1875., xix. 347, 358, President's
speech, 359, Beust's reply, 361
The Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedi
tion of 1872., xix. 17
Payer, Port, Arctic region, as » waiting
place, Nares on, xxi. 279
Pazukhin's journey to Khiva, etc., 1671.,
xxi. 218
Peabody bay, Greenland, glacier 'in,
xxi. 280
Peabody, George, associated with Grinnell
in aiding Arctic research, i. Ill, 183,
216, obituary notice of, 1870., xiv. 303

PEA— PEG

253

Peace river, N.W. Canada, as boundary
of British Colombia, viii. 88
climate along, favourable to colonization,
iii. 126
fertile region of, xx. 299
valley of, pass leading to, i. 266
Peacock, Captain, on the guano of the
Chincha Islands, xiv. 117
on the Isthmus of Panama and
neighbouring coasts, etc., 1831. and
1842., xii. 46
 , G., on the proposed inter-oceanic
canal, C. America, i. 66
 , R. A., On Vast Losses of Land on
the Westerly coasts of France during
the Historical period, x. 329
Peak (or Peek) Downs, Queensland,
vi. 68
auriferous fields on, vii. 42, xii. 315
forecast concerning, xii. 140
copper of, vii. 42, xii. 144
geological formation of, i. 495-6
settlers on, v. 122
wool of, x. 62
 Range, Queensland, latitude of,
i. 368
Peake river, S. Australia, xix. 56, 582
latitude of, xvii. 277
 Telegraph station, S. Australia,
xix. 58, 310
distance of, from Adelaide, xix. 486
Forrest's journey to, 1874., xix. 310, 314,
445-6, xx. 370
mulga thickets near, xix. 447
Pearce Point, N. AustraUa, depot of
Gregory at, i. 32, 33, 34, 171, 184,
185, 225, 324, ii. 4, 9
timber of, i. 191
Pearl, Queensland survey ship, xviii. 539
 , Goodenough's ship, 1873., xx. 393
Pearl Cays, W. Indies, coral patches
among, i. 407
 Island, Zambesi river, washed away,
1867., xii. 80
 Rey (sic) Lagoon, C. America, vi. 112
Pebbly Range (Kennedy's), Queensland,
xviii. 91
Pecha-buri, or Petcha-buri, Siam, iv. 189,
vi. 182; bull-races at, iv. 211
extinct volcanoes in, elevations of, vi. 81
Pe^chi-li, Gulf or Strait of, China (see also
Peiho and Yellow rivers)
alleged rising of bed of, Wylie on,
xiv. 36
currents in, how promoted, iii. 65
explorations in (see Parish) :
Mickie's cruise, 1859., iv. 58
Osborn's do., 1858., iii. 55, 293, iv. 191
Vansittart's pirate chase in, (1856.),
i. 144
Frenoh and other surveys of, iii. 267,
270, iv. 153, 193, v. 174, yi. 133
geological age of region, vii. 26

Pe-chi-li, Gulf or Strait of, China — emit.
navigation of, Court, etc., on, iii. 84, 86
new mouth of the Hoang-ho river in,
ii. 203, 306, iii. 86, vii. 141, xiv. 21, 36
Notes geographical and commercial on,
Osborn, iii. 55, 64 (see also 293)
tides in, iii. 61, 67
turbidity of, iii. 66
 Province, China, iii. 78
capital of, vi. 225-6
commercial journey of Richards and
Slossin to, I860., vi. 218
lack of food in (I860.), iv. 61
mountains of, vi. 224
plain of, vi. 225
Pechora, see Petchora
Peckett harbour, Patagonia, wide inlet
near, xv. 41
Pecos river, New Mexico, large drainage
area of, xxii. 274
Pedra Branca, China Seas, the Horsburgh
light on, ii. 267
 Mts., Brazil, xx. 462
Peel, Capt. Sir W., r.n., obituary notice
of, 1859., iii. 254
 , Dr., of Goyder's N. Australian
expedition, 1869., xiv. 198
Peel Channel, Arctic regions, i. 104,
Stokes' desire to search, for traces of
Franklin, i. 95
 Island, Pacific Ocean, annexed in
1827. by Gt. Britain, i. 62, coral
bottom at, xix. 511
 river, Queensland, settlements on,
i. 455
 Sound, Arctic regions, i. 22, 23, 24
searched for traces of Franklin's ex
pedition, i. 25. 96, Pirn's scheme for
further searoh in, i. 210, 212
 Strait, Arctio regions, i. 24, disputed
existence of, ii. 290
permanent ice of, iv. 8
Peel's river, B.N. America, Esquimaux of,
ix. 127
Peelunibee, S. Australia, x. 130
Peeree Bazaar, Persia, bad roads near,
iii. 393, 395 ; see Peree
Peete inlet, Zanzibar, xx. 70, 71
Pegolotti's travels in China, 1340., x. 271
Pegu (see also Burmah) —
acquired by Great Britain, 1852., v. 46,
xii. 199, progress since acquisition,
200-1
British, communication between, and
S.W. China, Sprye on, v. 45, cited
vii. 61
currents off the coast of, vi. 115
history of, Yule on, i. 270
population and products of, i. 273,
xii. 199-201
survey of, i. 269
travels in, O'Reilly's, (I860.), iv, 189,
vi. 83

254

PEG— PEM

Pegu river, of little use to traders, xix. 272
Peh-cha Mt., E. Mongolia, errors concern
ing, xviii. 560
Pei river, C. China, affluents of, xiv.
172-3
Peiho or North river, N.E. China, course
of, iii. 67, 78-9
Court on, iii. 84
current of, and bar in, iii. 69-70
expeditions up: Elgin's, 1858., iii. 56,
292 ; Macartney's, 1793., ii. 362
French naval survey of, 1859., iii. 267
Geographical and commercial notes on,
Osborn, iii. 64
latitude of, and present mouth, xiv. 20
meaning of name, iv. 61
Passage up, with Macartney in 1793 ,
Parish, ii. 362
surveys of, ii. 270, 292
sources of, iii. 67
tides in, iii. 61, 79; observations on, bv
3.M.S. Furious, 1858., iii. 81-3, 84
Pein or Pimo, C. Asia —
city buried by sand, 600 a.d., xxi. 28,
31, 45. See also Pain Mulk
Dosition of, Shaw on, xvi. 242
Pein-Tien-Poo, N.E. China, walled city,
vi. 221
Peitcha Mts., E. Mongolia, passes leading
to, xviii. 77
Pekin, China, iii. 37, iv. 60, 61
Amherst's visit to, 1815., iii. 167
area of, x. 157
canal communication with, cut off,
i. 339, 340
climate of, iii. 63
coal-fields of, nnd coal trade, ii. 307,
x. 157, xiii. 36, xiv. 144
embassy to, from Katmandu, (1822.),
ii. 107
gates of, vi. 222
geology of district, ii. 307, vi. 165, 218
government at, vi. 90
Jesuits at, 1581., vi. 93
a " miserable city," Whyte on, xiv. 243
Notes of a journey to the N.W. of,
1861., Lamprey, xi. 259
Notes on, and its neighbourhood, Lock
hart, x. 154 ; 8fe also vi. 94
old walls of, xviii. 149
Pechili Gulf as road to, iii. 86
population of, x. 157-8
port of, see Tientsin
proposed embassy to, and direct relations
with, discussed, (1857.), i. 272, ii. 204,
208-9, 305, iii. 166
races met in, the Mongolian preferable,
xvi. 216
road to, from Tientsin, iii. 79
trade-route to, across the Himalayas,
i. 348 ; vid Mongolia, Grant, vii. 27,
165 ; from Yarkand, Shaw, xvi. 249
Russian Observatory at, ii. 307, xviii. 77

Pekin, China — continued.
Russian religious establishment at,
ii. 307, xvi. 215
the Taeping rebels near, i. 102, 339,
340, vi. 89
telegraph to, planned, vii. 94
trade of, with Korea, ix. 298
Plain of, coal area of, Lockhart on,
xiv. 144
Pelham district, Queensland, pastoral
character of, v. 122
Peli an Lakes, Queensland, viii. 112-3
Pelile'o, Ecuador, xxi. 562, 568
Pell rapids, Neva river, xiii. 376
Pella, Macedonia, native town of
Alexander the Great, i. 362'
 , S. Africa, Moffat at, ii. 78
 , Syria, refuge of Christians at, after
the siege of Jerusalem, ii. 324
Pellew Islands, N. Australia, ii. 13
Pelly, Lt.-Col. Sir L., vii. 23, on Kiliman
jaro Mt , its height ascertained by Von
der Decken, 1861., vi. 50
on the Persian Gulf in relation to trade,
viii. 18
on his visit to Riadh, Nejed, Arabia,
ix. 295
Rawlinson on his Arabian and other
journeys, and qualifications, viii. 20,
ix. 261, 270, 276, xx. 250
Visit to the Port of Lingah, Island of
Kishm, and Port of Bunder Abass,
1863., viii. 265
Visit to the Wahabee Capital of C.
Arabia, 1865., ix. 293 ; referred to,
xx. 214
Pelusium, said to be now Tinah, in con
nection with the Suez canal, i. 68
latitude of, iii. 177, 265, 309, 398
Pemba or Kinday Harbour, E. Africa,
xi. 15
 Island, near Zanzibar, little known
of, xvii. 349
Pemberton, Capt., explorations of, in
Bhutan, 1838., i. 269, xix. 341
cited on Manipur as an entrepot, v. 50
cited on passes from Tibet to Manass
valley and Assam, ib.
 , Mr., journeys of in Brit. Columbia,
Mayne on, vi. Ill
Pemberton, Brit. Columbia, lakes near,
vi. 109
Pembina, B. Columbia, frontier fort of,
ii. 44
Meteorological and other observations
at, 1857., ii. 48, 49
proposed emigrant route from, to Yale
(B C), Kelly, vi. 231
Scotch colonists at, ii. 151
soil at, ii. 46
 Mt., described by Anderson, xx. 283
 river, coal-beds near, ix. 18, 21
course of, ii. 146

PEM— PER

255

Pembina river — Continued.
gorge of, xx. 283
lakes communicating with, viiL 51
mouth of, ii. 46
Pembo district, Tibet, mountains near,
salt lakes and elevated plateau of,
xxi. 337
Penanangchu river, affluent of the
Narichii river, Tibet, xii. 150
 valley, English journeys in,
xix, 332-3
Penang, Malay peninsula,
good harbour of, xi. 222
meteorological observations at, Belcher
on, viii. 9
rice supply of, whence derived, i. 273
Penar river, MadraB, oanalisation of,
vii. 96
Pendulum Island(s) Arctic region, German
expedition of 1870 at, xv. 103, furthest
north reached by same, xvi. 229;
magnetic observations at, ib. ; open
water seen from, and tidal observations
at, by Gray, (1868.), xii. 197
Peney, Dr., exploration up the Nile, and
death of, 1861., v. 210, vi. 18-19,
vii. 104, 19, 177
information on the Albert Nyanza,
xi. 242
Penipe, Ecuador, bridge at, and coal, etc.,
near, xxi. 560
Penj or Upper Oxus river, Rawlinson on,
xv. 201 ; see also Panjah
Penny, Capt., Arctic explorations of,
i. 53, 105, 212, 231, iv. 200; cited on the
Arctio sounds, vii. 101 ; on open water
in Victoria Channel and elsewhere, i. 20,
22, 30, 109
Penonome, C. America, gold at, i. 78
Penrhissen, Mt., Borneo, height of, i. 198,
200
Pentecost Island, S.W. Pacific Ocean,
discovered by Bougainville, 1768.,
xvi. 389
Pentland, J. B., explorer of Bolivia and
Peru, ix. 244, xviii. 215, death of,
Frere on, 1873., xviii. 12
Pepys, W. H. (chemical experimentalist),
obituary notice of, 1857., i. 394
Perak, Straits settlements, murder of W.
Birch af, 1875., xx. 401
Perrea, province, Palestine, Eaton in,
viii. 29
Percy Island, New Guinea, described,
xxi. 356, vi. 117, admiralty survey at,
xx. 408
Peroy Islands, G. of Carpentaria, natives
and canoes of, Chimmo on, i. 263, pro
tected by the Barrier reef, viii. 117
Peree Bazaar (or Peeree, q.v.), village,
Persia, described, iii. 395
road into Ghilan vid, attempted by
Russian force, iii. 393

Pereira, visit of, to Cazembe, 1798.,
xi. 235, 237
Perene river, Peru, affluents and outfall
of, xv. 304
explored by Wertherman and Whiteley,
1876.. xxii. 43, 369
Pericheff Island, Kanchelon Bay, Siberia,
xxi. 217
Periiig Mts., China, position of, and rivers
rising in, iii. 294
Perim Island, Red Sea, and shoals near,
Admiralty survey of, 1874., xviii. 537
Periyar, see Perryaur
Perlak, "Java Minor," Thomson on,
xx. 217, 222
Perm, Siberia, hilly district near, xxii. 103
Peron Island, near Cape Blaze, N.
Australia, x. 36
Perovski Fort, on the Syr Daria (river),
C. ABia, ix. 239
Perril,  , of Forrest's Australian ex
pedition, 1874., xix. 311, 312
Perry, A., cited on the navigation of the
Saskatchewan river, etc., 1861., xii. 126
 , Comr., u.s.N. and the ownership of
the Bonin Isles, i. 63, 173, 464
 , G. R., Sketch of Nicaragua, (1862.),
vi. 74
 , Sir Erskine, on Calcutta or Massick
as the capital for India, xi. 76
 Sir W., obituary notice of, 1875.,
xix. 403
Perry Cape, Arctic regions, Belcher's
cairn on, iv. 7
Perryaur river, Travancore, India, crossed
by Markham, 1861., x. 245
Perry's range, Queensland, geological
formation of, xii. 142
Persepolis, Persia, Alexander the Great's
route to, from Susa, i. 357
in ancient days, Rawlinson on, i. 283
ruins of, i. 292
 valley, Persia, ruins and lake in,
Lovett on, xvi. 261-2
Persia (see also Azerbijan, India, Mekran,
Seistan, etc.) — ,
Abbott's " Itineraries " in, noticed, i. 164
coal in, geology and fauna of, Blanford
on, xvii. 93-4
cotton in, viii. 21
effect of forest clearances iu, x. 269
explorations or travels in, Abbott's,
1850 (Shiraz to Kazeran), i. 321
Baker and Gibb, 1873., xviii. 559
Clark, I860., iv. 187, v. 196, vi. 184,
Vii. 132
Khanikoff, iv. 253
Monteith (Bushir to Shiraz), i. 279,
292-3, ii. 332
Napier (Turcoman frontier), 1874.,
xix. 431, xx. 166
Thomson and Kerr, (Elbruz and
Demavend, etc.), 1858., iii. 2, 291

256

PER— PER

Persia— continued.
explorations or travels in — continued.
Watson, (ib.), 1861., vi. 103
famine in, 1872., xvii. 95
frontiers of, i. 352 et seq., 436, vii. 161
xvi. 219, xvii. 18-19, 282-3, xx. 166
gipsies in, i. 41
great plain of, viii. 19
high elevations in, xvii. 94
hot wind off, i. 35
irrigation methods in, xiv. 205
Mts. of, vi. 162-3 ; Khanikoff cited on
elevations of, xvii. 193, note
natural highway to, i. 306
nomads of, iii. 10
Notes on Ghilan, Abbott, iii. 390
Notes on Mohamrah, etc., Rawlinson,
i. 351
Outram's campaign in, 1857., i. 280, 351
Parsees originally natives of, ii. 220
progress of geographical knowledge of,
i. 435, ii. 332, iii. 291, iv. 198, v. 196,
vi. 162, 184, vii. 157, 161, x. 237, xvi.
338, xvii. 18, 228, 282-5, xviii. 359,
xix. 430-2
Route from Shahrud, vid Kothal Vij-
manun to Astrabad and Bandar-i-Gez
in, Bower, notes by Goldsmid, 1873.,
xvii. 193
Southern, Geography of, Rawlinson,
i. 280
 geology and physical features of,
xi. 38, surveys, xvi. 328
Persian Gulf, admiralty survey of, iii. 268,
v. 173, vi. 133, vii. 139
ancient Erythraean sea, Rawlinson on,
i. 281
climate of, in relation to health, i. 362-3
cotton-growing capabilities of, Rawlin
son on, viii. 29, 21
depths in, vii. 95
early dwellers along, i. 40
explored by Nearchus, xxi. 185
fire-worshippers of, viii. 80
Geographical capabilities in relation to
Trade, Pelly, viii. 18
geological formations along, i. 220
Land-journey along shores of, Bnshire
to Lingah, (1865.), Colvill, xi. 36
Overland telegraph route to, v. 220,
vii. 94, 163, 166
Palgrave's journey to, 1862-3., viii. 63,
66
pearl-fisheries of, v. 173
railway along, proposed, xvi. 335;
impossible, St. John on, xvii. 94, see
284
slave trade vid, vii. 23
in relation to the Suez Canal, iii. 186
Visit to Lingah, Kishm and Bunder
AbbaB, 1863., Pelly, viii. 265
Persigny, Count de, French Ambassador,
on Bellot's monument, i. 2

Perso-Afghan frontier, 1873., Eawlinson
on, xvii. 283
Perso-Kelat frontier, Survey of, Lovett,
xvi. 219
Rawlinson on, xvii. 18-19, 282-3
Perth, W. Australia, expeditions to and
from, i. 30, 326, 365, 366, iii. 34, 35,
vi. 172, x. 42, 59, xiv. 191, 204, xv. 296,
xvii. 19
 Bishop of, (1859.), iii. 155
on Dempster's expedition and the cold
of 1861., vi. 11,12
Peru, i. 252, iv. 206
agriculture of, xviii. 218
boundaries of, iii. 96, by the treaty of
San Ildafonso, 1771-76., xv. 379
Chinese labourers in, ii. 216
climate of, i. 60, viii. 59, 62
coal in, xviii. 205
coaBt of, earthquake wave on, xiii. 315
commerce of, xviii. 219
early traditional invaders of, xv. 372
explorations in (see S. America, pro
gress of geography in) —
Government, xi. 173, xii. 259, xv. 303
Hutchinson's, 1872., xviii. 204
Markham's, 1861., v. 224, vi. 188,
vii. 168, 1853., xiii. 310
Nystrom's, 1868., xiii. 310
Raimondy's, 1863., viii. 168, xi. 102,
xii. 261
Spruce's, (I860.), iv. 174
Wertherman and Whiteley's, 1876.,
xxii. 43, 369
gold of, etc., xviii. 218
mail routes to, i. 85
malaria on railway works, its causes iu,
xviii. 207
maps of, ix. 247, xiii. 310
mineral wealth of, iii. 95, viii. 60,
xviii. 205, 218
products of, viii. 60
progress of geography in, see America
South
 , Northern, Loreto Province in,
Raimondy, viii. 58
Races of the Andes of, Markham,
xv. 367
railroads in, Hutchinson ou, xviii. 204
 planned and in progress, I860.,
iv. 47, 48 ; in 1868., xii. 128 ; 1874.,
xviii. 215
rivers of, and their explorers, xi. 173
Aquiry, explored by ChandlesB,
1864-6., xi. 100
Purus river, explored by Chandless,
1864., xi. 103, xi. 100 ; by early
Spanish travellers, viii. 101; by
Markham, 1853., ix. 245; 1861,
v. 224
San Gavan and Ayapata, explored by
Raimondy, 1864., xi. 102
Ucayali, Pachitea and Palcazu, ex-

PER— PET

257

Peru — continued.
rivers of, and their explorers — continued.
plored by Wallace and Main, 1865.,
xi. 178, xii. 259
scanty rains in, viii. 8
shells found in sandy sea-coast layer,
viii. 59
Peru, Southern, Notes on Geography of,
Bollaert, xii. 126
Railroad and Steamer communication
in, Markham, xviii. 212
two civilizations of, their remains,
Markham on, xiv. 116
vertical rocks of, xv. 131
Pescadores or Penghu Islands, Chinese
Coast, xxi. 258
admiralty survey of, iu. 270, viii. 25
Dutch exchange of, for Formosa, 1622.,
viii. 26
physical features of, x. 128
Pescnel, Dr., cited on the action of new
mountains on river courses, xx. 499
Peschurof, M. A., i.r.n., Description of
the Amur river, ii. 153
 ,  , and other Russian explorers,
On the Amur river and adjacent districts,
iii. 92, iv. 197
Peshan or Blanco Mt., Korea, elevation
of, ix. 297
Peshawar, viii. 274, railway projected to,
iii. 386, trigonometrical survey near,
i. 161, 371
Pesheen Valley, Afghan frontier, Capt.
Marsh in, 1872., xxi. 588
Pess Kalaa, Persia, fruit of, iii. 4
Petaton Creek, S. Australia, ii. 19
Petchaburi, see Pecha-buri
Petchora river, Ruesia, explored by
Russians, i. 432
sidewise movement of, xx. 499
 Valley, investigated by Seebohm,
xxii. 103
Peterborough and Wisbech, tidal modifi
cations at, i. 74
Peter Botte Mt., Queensland, xii. 314
Peter the Great, of Russia, ship-building
of, on Lake Ladoga, 1702., xiii. 376
Petermann, Dr. A. (see also German Polar
Expedition and Koldewey), Hon.
Corresponding Member of R.G.S.,
1864., viii. 43 (and see Germany,
progress of Geography in)
on Arctic discovery, etc.
On the Proposed expedition to the
N. Pole, ix. 90
second letter, 114, discussion on,
ix. 99-103, 116-25 ; cited, xii. 92
et seq. ; referred to, xv. 102, 112,
xxi. 538, 552
On the Proposed German Polar Ex
pedition, 1868., and on the exist
ence of land beyond Herald Island,
xii. 107

Petermann, Dr. A. — continued.
on Arctic discovery — oontinued.
Exploration of the Arctic Regions,
xix. 173
on Arctio ice, ix. 115, cited on, i. 26
— the Smith Sound route to the N.
Pole, xix. 35
theory of an Arctic Archipelago,
xxi. 546 ; borne out by Payer's ex
pedition, 1871-2., xix. 32
on Africa
On Rohlfs' journey through Morocco
and Tuat, 1863-4., ix. 79
Petermann Fiord, Arctic regions, ice-bergs
of, xix. 32, source of same, xxi. 280
 Land, xix. 32
Petersen, C, Arctio Explorer, iv. 113,
Danish Royal Award to, 1869., iv. 200,
with Torell, 1861., v. 199
Petewahweh river, N. America, course of,
ii. 294 '
Petherick, Consul J., action against Nile
slavers, Baker on, vii. 47, Murchison
on, viii. 5, 149, 150, Petherick on,
viii. 131, 139, Mrs. Petherick on, 147
attitude of, on the award of the Gold
Medal of R.G.S. to Sir S. W. Baker,
ix. 194
on altitudes taken in the Nile distriot
and on the amount of its rise, xi. 245
Journey up White Nile to Equator and
Travels in the Interior of Africa,
1857-8., iv. 39, full text, v. 27
 in the Bari district of the Bahr
al Gazal, I860., Earl de Grey on,
iv. 180
on the East African expedition and
his wish to help Speke and Grant,
iv. 89, 90
expedition, proposed, to help Speke and
Grant, I860., iv. 223, v. 20, 108;
Murchison on, iv. 251, v. 107
agreement with R.G.S. for same,
1861., v. 40, viii. 124
Government aid promised, 1862.,
vii. 21
grant for, by R.G.S., iv. 222-3, viii:
124, 127
instructions for, v. 40,96, viii. 124, 125
meeting with Mme. Tinne, 1863.,
viii. 13; with Speke, Grant, and
Baker, 1863., viii. 141
progress of, vi. 18, 79, 176, 185, vii.
20, 47 ; his supposed death, vii. 64,
78, 81, 182 ; report proved untrue,
vii. 183, 190
results of the expedition (1862.), viii.
122, Report on same, 126, letter of
Mrs. Petherick on (1863.), 4, 145,
251
Speke's letter to, 1862., vii. 235
Statement ot accounts of Expedition,
viii. 144

258

PET— PHY

Petherick, Consul J. — continued.
expedition to help Speke and Grant —
continued.
subscriptions invited for, v. 21, 107,
210; list of (1861.), v. 41
on the search for Livingstone, 1867.,
xi. 246
on South African tribes, iv. 89
Schweinfurth's tribute to value of his
observations, xvi. 366 note
cited on the elevation of Gondokoro,
xi. 242
 , Mrs., letter on progress of her
husband's expedition, viii. 4, 145, 251
Petroa, or Planchon (q.v.), active volcano
in the Andes, xvii. 59
Petropaulovsk, Urals, i. 432
Petropavlovski, E. Siberia, English survey
of harbour, 1859., iii. 271
evacuation of, by Russian fleet in 1855.,
xiii. 366
Petty Harbour, Labrador, coast and
mirage near, xi. 195
Pewsey Vale, S. Australia, wine of, 1859.,
v. 243
Pe'yn, province of, C. Asia, Forsyth on,
xv. 23 ; see Pein
Phalasarna, port, Crete, dried up, ix. 252
Phark£, Tibet, Bhootea inhabitants of,
x. 167
Pharos, colonial steamship, lays cable
between Victoria and Tasmania, 1870.,
xiv. 307
Phasis river, Transcaucasia, aspect and
, course of, vi. 6
Phayre, Col Sir A., mission of, to Burma,
1855., i. 269, 271; and results,
xix. 265
on Chinese opposition to travels between
China and Burmah, xv. 362
on communication between India and
China, xi. 257
cited on the Karens, vi. 83
Phene', J. H., on ruins in Palestine, and
the desert of et Tih, xvii. 332
Phiala Lake, Syria, ii. 225, elevation of,
iii. 288 note
Phibbs, G., of Gregory's N. Australian
expedition, ii. 10, 11, 12, iii. 19
Philigret, Capte., work on Bay of Pelu-
sium cited, iii. 198, 205
Philip Broke Cape, Shannon Island, Arctic
regions, German Arctic expedition at,
1869., xv. 103
Philip III. of Spain (1601.), and the
discovery of Australia, Rawlinson on.
xvi. 352
Philippine Islands, Malay Archipelago
(q.v.), Chinese emigrants in, i. 337
Crespigny and Wallace's explorations
in (I860.), iv. 193
charts of, issued by Spain, i. 351, i. 148
186S., xii. 251

Philippine Islands — continued.
Spanish surveys of, 1859., iii. 271
1869., xiii. 280
trade of, with N. Guinea, Wallace on
vi. 43
warm current near, viii. 24
Phillimore, Dr. J., obituary notice of
1856., i. 130
 , J. G., obituary notice of, 1865
ix. 214
Phillip, Mt., W. Australia, iii. 39
 and Creek, Queensland, vi. 68
 , Port, and Melbourne (Victoria),
growth and development of district,
vi. 56, vii. 171, 172, xiv. 322
admiralty surveys of, vii. 142, viii. 192,
ix. 222, re-survey, xiii. 281, (1875.),
xix. 409; do., near, x. 221, xi. 194,
xii. 244, xiii. 281, xiv. 307
geological formation at, iv. 96
Hovell and Hume's (the first) journey
to, overland, 1824., i. 85, xviii. 532 ;
1827., xiv. 199
Phillips, G., Notices of Southern Mangi
(China), xviii. 168
 , Mr., government surveyor, with
Landsborough's N. Australian expe
dition east of Albert river, 1867.,
xii. 56, 57
at Norman river settlement, N.
Australia, 1868., xiii. 52, good work
of, 52, 54
Philpots, E. P., Account of the Land near
Cape Horsburgh (Arctic regions) and
of the Island discovered there, 1865.,
xiii. 372
Phiphri, or Banlam, position of, iv. 214
Phoenix, H.M.S., Arctic expedition of,
under Inglefield, 1852-4, i. 2, xxi. 64
Phondok-cho, see Rawung Chaka Lake
Photography for Travellers, Dr. Pole and
Rev. H. B. George, xvi. 47, 51
Photo - zincography applied to map-
making, by Sir H. James, I860.,
iv. 160, xix. 69
various applications of, v. 181
Phungan Pajss, Assam, McCosh on, v. 49
Phu Quoc, or Koh Tron, Islands, Cochin
China, coal mines of, vi. 81
Physical Atlas, Johnston's, xv. 248
Physical description of N.S. Wales and
Van Diemen's Land, by Strzelecki, its
value, xviii. 522
 Enquiries, iii. 277
Physical Geography —
Dependence of, on geology, Murchison
on, xii. 275, xiii. 311, xiv. 327
importance of, in Education, Hale on,
xvi. 452
in relation to Military operations, Wilson
(address to B. Association, 1874.), xix.
63
lectures on, proposed, and R.G.S. grant

PHY— PIN

259

Physical Geography — continued.
for, Rawlinson on, 1876., xx. 447, 493,
Alcock on, xxi. 23 ; Memorandum re,
xx. 509
Strachey on (address to B. Association,
1875.), xx. 79
Physical Geography, summary for 1856.,
i. 176, 412, 1858., ii. 325; 1859., iii. 277
  of the Belize river, 1867.,
Cockburn, xii. 72, cf. 341
 of Carpentaria, Wilson on, ii. 210
 of Inner Afrioa, antiquity of,
Murchison on, viii. 151, 153, 154
  of Ocean Beds (Atlantic),
Huxley on, xv. 37
¦  of Paraguay, Notes on, John
stone, xx. 494
 of the Sea, Evans (address to
B. Association 1876.), xxi. 66-7 et seq.
 in connection with
the Antarctic regions, Maury on, v. 22
Piaggia, C, travels of, in C. Africa (1868.),
and news Bent of a large lake, xiii. 8,
xv. 310, xxi. 15, 464-5
Piohinoha Mt., Andes, elevation of,
xxi. 556
Pi-chi K'ou pass, Yunnan, xx. 203
Piohi-riohi, S. Australia, ii. 16, country
near, 17, 18
Pichuta pass, Peru, elevation of, xii. 127
Pictet, Col. E., observations by, on the
depths in Lake Geneva, Chaix on,
xxii. 456-9
 , Prof., xxii. 457
Pien-ho, S.W. China, Roman ' Catholic
Priests at, xix. 282
Pien-liang-ohing, or Kai-fung-fu, capital
of Honan province, China, xiv. 31
Pietfontein, S. Africa, drying-up of streams
at, I860., v. 17
Pigafetta, A., cited on the gigantic Pata-
gonians, xv. 49, 51
 , F., map of Afrioa by, 1591., Major
on, xi. 246 ; its sources, xviii. 147
Pigeon Island, off Trincomalee, Ceylon,
wrecks at, ii. 266 .
 river, B. N. America, cjistrict of, un
explored, 1859., iii. 125
 waterholes, Queensland, x. 65
Pigmies, Land of, prob. Tierra del Fuego,
S. America, xvi. 354
Plh-ho, district city, China, described by
Wylie, xiv. 184
 river, Hoo-peh province, China,
course of, xiv. 184
Pih-muh-ho river, W. China, affluent of
the To river, xiv. 169
Plh-shwuy-keang river, W. China, affluent
of the Kea-ling river, xiv. 176
Pin-yen river, C. China, source and course
of, xiv. 178, 179
Pilameer, Turkey in Asia, concealed road
from, xii. 303

Pilar, Paraguay, healthy situation of,
xx. 500
Pi-li-ho river, S. Manchuria, gold diggings
near, xiii. 31
Pillans, Rev. — , on the mountains of
Madagascar, xix. 202
on the progress of education and Chris
tianity in Madagascar, xxi. 173
Pim, Capt. B., r.n.,
discovery of Gorgon bay, Nicaragua, by,
vi. 75, 112-113
examination of C. American harbours
by, xii. 26
on Collinson's survey across C. America,
xii. 44
on De Puydt's journey in the Isthmus
of Darien, xii. 71
On the Isthmus of Suez and the Pro
posed Canal, 1859., iii. 177, 310, cited,
xiv. 94
Plan for further search after the Re
mains of the Franklin Expedition,
1856., i. 209, 214
Proposed Transit-route across C. Ame
rica, vi. 75, 112 ; referred to, xiii. 62
on the Youkon river (Alaska) and ex
plorations in that region, xii. 188
his explorations and career, Murchison
on, iii. 197, vi. 76, 188, vii. 189
Pima Indians of Arizona, and distriot of,
described, xix. 303
dwelling ou the Gila, described,
xiii. 143-4
Pi-ma-kwan or White Horse pass, China,
described by Wylie, xiv. 171
Pl-meen-hea, town and valley, China,
xiv. 181
Pimo, see Pein
Pirn's Bay, C. America, xii. 26
Pina-Pina river, Peru, S. America, xi. 103
Pinda Creek, S. Australia, ii. 20
Pin-dee-sien-e, N. China, opulent city,
vi. 221
Pindo, or Pintuc, river, Ecuador, S.
America, affluent of Pastassa river,
xxi. 557, natives along, 566
Pindur, or Kuphinee, river, Trans-Hima
layas, glaciers of, explored by Strachev.
1847., ii. 302, viii. 222
Pine Islands, Queensland, discovered by
King, aspect and harbourage of, v. 123
Ping river, Siam, Schomburgk's voyage
down, v. 119
P'ing-i-Hsien, city, Yunnan, country near,
xx. 200
Pingshan, Yang-tzse river, China, Barton
at, 1861., vi. 88, xv. 173
coal near, vi. 95
limit of exploration of Yang-tsze river,
latitude of, xi. 262
Sarel and Blakiston's furthest up the
Yang-tzse Kiang, 1861., vi. 2, 3, 121,
125, xv. 173

260

PIN— POO

Ping-sing- chow, N. China, walled city,
fine appearance of, vi. 224
Pinkerton Creek, S. Australia, ii. 18
Pinkue Hill, Zambesi district, i. 248
Pinlang river as a trade-route into
Yunnan, v. 50
Pinnacle, the, (hill), W. Australia, x. 49
Pinto, Serpa, expedition of, in Portuguese
Africa, 1877., xxii. 15
Pioje Indians of S. America, location of,
etc., xxi. 572
Pioneer City, Oregon (1866.), geology of
region near, xi. 93
Pioneer, H.M.S., exploration of Booby
Islands, Cape York and Endeavour
Bay, Torres Strait, by, 1862., viii. Ill,
114,115
" Pioneer Railway " system, as appli
cable to Africa, described by Haddan,
xxii. 251
Pirajd, conical hill, Paraguay, xx. 495
Pirebebuy river, Paraguay, mountains
along, xx. 495
Pir Shereh Kuddam Moortaza Aii Tagh
peak, C. Asia, elevation of, xviii. 427
Pirzi Su, affluent of the Muzoor Su and
Euphrates, xii. 303
Pisagua, Peru, a nitrate port, the Mal
Pasos of, xii. 127
Piscayac Fort, N. America, French post
at, vii. 73
Pishin, see Pesheen
Pi-shu-shan-chuang palace, near Pekin,
xviii. 165
Pit river, California, affluent of Modoc
Lake, xix. 299
Pitangui river, Brazil, affluent of the
Tibagy river, xx. 457
Pitayo, S. America, cinchona plantations
of, ix. 277, 278
Pitcaim's Island, Pacific Ocean, removal
of inhabitants to Norfolk Island, 1856.,
i. 60, 61, 145, 173; previous do., to
Tahiti, i. 77
Pitkerando, Russia, geological formation
of, and minerals at, xiii. 378-9
Pitt Bay,N. Guinea, described by Moresby,
its value to navigators, xix. 230
Pittsburg, U.S.A., at head of Ohio naviga
tion, ii. 339
Pitt, Mr., see Connor and Pitt
Pi-tsze-Woa, port, Manchuria, latitude of,
xiii. 29
Pituk monastery, river at, frozen, 1873.,
and its hot springs, xvii. 198
Pivaw village, near Bhamo, gorge of the
Irawady at, xiv. 350
Placentia, Point, Belize, siliceous sand of,
xii. 343
Placerville city, Idaho, geology of dis
trict, xi. 93
Places, On Names of, in Geography, Ross-
King, xix. 134

Plains of Promise, Queensland, i. 84, 367
formation of, li. 211, and aspect, 379
prospects of, as a sheep-run, vi. 24
river near, x. 64
Stokes' view on, confirmed by Lands
borough, vii. 87, 110, 114, 115, 116,
174
Planchon, or Petroa, active volcano,
Andes, xvii. 59
 pass, elevation of, xvii. 61, 62, and
watershed of, xvii. 58
Planispheres, Villa, vi. 249
Plant-Distribution as » Field for Geo
graphical Research, Thiselton-Dyer,
xxii. 412
Plata, La, or Plate river, S. America
admiralty surveys of, i. 146, ii. 268,
xvi. 321
Bellot at, i. 1
colonization along, viii. 220
current and silt of, xi. 31
provinces of, Parish's work on, ix. 244
Platen, Cape, Spitzbergen, xvii. 100, 101
Platen, Count, Swedish Ambassador,
iv. 169 ; on Livingstone's Zambesi ex
plorations, ii. 120 ; practical interest
shown by, xvi. 203
Platte river, Nebraska, U.S.A., drainage
area of, ii. 338
Playfair, Col., on Rassam's letter from
Abyssinia, x. 300
on the Rovuma river, xi. 18
on Von der Decken's African explora
tions, x. 98, and on his death, 1866.,
x. 109, 112
on the wreck of the St. Abbs on the
Somali coast, x. 101
travels of, in Tunis, alluded to, xxi. 20
 , Mt., Queensland, geological forma
tion of, iii. 20
Plaza Guardara, Isthmus of Darien, dis
covery of the Pacific by Balboa near,
1513., i. 78
Pleiad, Laird's steamer, exploration in, np
the Niger and Chadda rivers, 1854.,
i. 114, 155, 310, 445, v. 161
Plover, H.M.S-, Arctic voyages of, xxi. 282
Plover Island (s), N. Pacific, not found by
Rogers, 1854., i. 16, 152
Plunkett, Capt., on regulations for Even
ing Meetings of the R.G.S., xxii. 295
Plymouth, admiralty survey of, i. 138,401,
ii. 260
breakwater, iii. 188, cost of, iii. 187, 198,
199, value of, i. 401
dooks, effect on. of use of Storm Signals,
(1862.), vi. 143 note
Pnong-peng, new capital of Cambodia, de
Lagre'e'a journey to, 1875., xix. 278
Po river, Italy, delta of, iii. 203, 310
glaciers of valley of, viii. 226-7
Po-ch'ung hill, China, source of the Hun
river, xiv. 179

POC— POL

261

Pocock, E., companion of Stanley, death
of, at Cbiwyu, 1875., xx. 136-7
 , F., companion of Stanley, xx. 159,
xxi. 466
Podyemnoi river, Siberia, source of,
xxi. 217
Poey, A., appointed Director of Meteoro-
. logical Observatory, Havana, i. 55
 , Mt., Borneo, position of, i. 200
Pogge, Dr., expedition of, to Musumbe,
C. Africa (1877.), xxi. 203, 472-3, 504,
xxii. 18
Poinge village, S.C. Africa, i. 75
 rock,' W. Australia, remains of
Austin's expedition found at, xiv. 192,
194-5
Polar regions, Northern (see also Arctic
and Pole)—
basin, (see Sea, open, infra), i. 27, ex
ploration of, Osborn on, xvi. 227 ;
Remarks on Open Sea in Barrow,
i. 27
British exploration of, iv. 252
current, deflection of (1872.), xvii. 15 ;
evidences of, xvii. 97, 106, xxi. 280-1
trend of, xvii. 177-8
Expeditions, American, xix. 32
 , Austro-Hungarian, under Payer,
1871-2., xix. 17
 , Rawlinson on, xvi. 235
:  , Swedish, (1860.),iv. 200
ice, Petermann on, ix. 115 ,
Sea, beyond Smith Sound, xxi. 443
ice of, Nares on, xxi. 96, 99 et seq.
Sea, Open, (see Polynia infra), Ander
son on, xvii. 133
Belcher on, i. 19, 26
German (alleged) discovery of, xvi 85
 views, see Koldewey and Osborn
Hamilton on, xiii. 234, 242
Hayes on, iii. 148
Kane's view on, ii. 359, cited, iv. 238-9
Koldewey on, xvi. 229
Lamont on, ix. 154-5
Markham on, xviii. 102-3
Nordenskjold on, xiii. 165
Osborn on, xiii. 242, xvi. 230
Rink on, ii. 195
temperatures in area of, Carpenter on,
xii. 98, 176, xviii. 373; Irminger
on, v. 232
Washington on, i. 20
Wells' Statement on, (1867.), xii. 103
winter navigation of, Belcher on,
iv. 107, xix. 213
Stream, (see current supra), course of,
and effects, xvii. 97
Swedish and Austrian efforts to reach,
from the Atlantic, Osborn, xvi. 227
Polaris and Arctic, U.S. vessels, (see also
Hall, Capt. C. F.), discoveries and
voyages of, 1871., Markham on,
xviii. 12, 19 ; others on, xxi. 282

Polaris and Arctic, U.S. vessels — cont.
expedition, Nares on, xxi. 106, lesson
of her drift-course, ib., xxi. 98, 106,
275, 277, 280-1; Tuttle on, xv. 383;
Ward on, xv. 382
Polaris Bay, Arctic Regions, xxi. 118, 280
animal and bird life of, xviii. 15, xxi.
276, 277
Hall's explorations from, xxi. 275
latitude of, xviii. 15
Pole, the North (see Arctic, Polar, etc.) —
Attempts to reach, vid Spitzbergen,
xvii. 97
Climate of, Hickson on, ix. 137, 156
Possible Pass ige to, Hopkins, iv. 100,
full text, 234
solar action at, i. 27-8, xvii. 106
Table of Voyages toward, (1865.), Mark
ham, ix. 66
 the South (see Antarctic)
continent at, M'Clintock on the theory
of, v. 25
Pollar, Iceland, Rae's observations for
Heights at, v. 86
Pollock, F. M. Sir G., obituary notice,
1873., xvii. 245
Polo, Marco, Modern names of Chinese
towns visited by, Phillips, xviii. 168
Six Ancient Kingdoms (of) in Java
identified from Malay annals, Thom
son, xx. 215
travels of, in Asia, referred to, iii. 297
xi. 7, xiii. 17, xvi. 242, 290, xxii. 290
 •  in China, Alcock on, xviii. 167;
Bushell on, xviii. 149, 151, 154;
Murchison on, x. 227, xv. 270 ; Yule
on, and cited on, x. 227, 270, xv. 270,
xxi. 27-45 ; (in Yunnan), xx. 215 ;
Strachey on, xxi. 186
 and of other early travellers in
C. Asia, xv. 199
cited on Ach-baluch, xiv. 171 ; on Char-
chan, xv. 23 ; on Ching-tu, xiv. 169
Polo rivulet, Cape York, Australia, ix. 78
Poison, G., of Chapman's S. African
expedition, v. 16, 17
Polu route to Ilchi, C. Asia, xi. 9
Polynesia, distinct from the Malay archi
pelago, vii. 206
German writers on, 1862-3., vii. 150
note
natives of, characteristics of, vi. 99, 100
progress of geographical knowledge
concerning, vii. 182
resemblance of emigrants from, to
natives of N. Guinea, xx. 336
Polynia (see also Polar sea, open)—
meaning of the term, xii. 108, xix. 473,
xxi. 282
Osborn on, i. 109
Petermann's, not the open sea of
Belcher, i. 26
Richards on, xix 217

262

POM— POR

Pombeiros, the, African travellers, route
of, in 1806., i. 92, xx. 130, 131
Pomi, independent province, Tibet,
xiii. 394
Pompelly, Mr., aid given by, to Palliser,
ii. 38, 39
Pomony Bay, Johanna Islands, E. Africa,
Livingstone at, I860., vi. 20
Pomoro, Nyasaland, i. 76
Pompon g river, Akem, W. Africa, xx. 476
Poncet, A. and J., explorations of, in C.
Africa, 1868., vi. 19, vii. 184, (and
previous), xiii. 8 ; Petherick at their
Station, 1862., vii. 78. viii. 138
Pond Bay, or Inlet, Arctic regions,
Esquimaux of, report on Franklin's
expedition, 1849., i. 22
McClintock at, 1857., iii. 325, iv. 2
Pong, ancient Shan Kingdom of, xx. 235
 , W. Africa, Volta river at, vi. 50
PongaB, Rio, W. Africa, Fulbes of, xxi: 494
Report on, Ruxton, x. 67
Pongo Andongo, W. Africa, Portuguese
settlement, i. 56
 de Manseriche, canon of the MaraSon
at, Peru, viii. 59
Pongolo river, S. Africa, xiii. 337
Ponhina, town, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Ponlyne, or Ponline, Kachyen Hills,
elevation of, xv. 353
Sladen's visit, 1868 , xv. 351
Margary's visit, 1875., xx. 213
Ponsee, Kachyen district, Sladen's de
tention at, 1868., xv. 354, 355, xix. 270
Pontchartrain Lake, U.S.A., canal from,
i. 91
Pontianak, or Kapuas, river, Borneo, i. 198,
200-1
Poo-e-sbai city, China, and its academy,
vi. 228
Poole, Henry, exploration of the shores of
the Dead Sea, 1855., i. 221, viii. 279
Poo-ne-shui, S. China, vi. 231
Poonah, India, as a capital oity, xi. 70,
72, 77
Poopo, Lake, South America, unknown
region near, xxii. 4
Poor, H. V., Notes on a Map of the United
States and adjacent countries, ii. 336
Pooree, Port, Bay of Bengal, seaport of
Cuttack, safety of, ix. 84
Poor-i-Soont, Baluchistan, near the pil
grims' path, vii. 117
Popayan, Columbia, S. America, cinchona
of, ix. 277
Popocatepetl, Mt., Mexico, height of,
ii. 285
Porco, Isle del, W. Africa, i. 43
 rio do, Madeira, fall of, ii. 369
Porcupine, H.M.S., scientific expedition of,
1869-70, see Gibraltar Current, etc.,
and Carpenter, passim.
Porcupine river, Russian America, xii. 186

Pori M'arenga M'Kali, or Bitter-water
Plain, E. Africa, xxii. 384
Porter, Rev. J. L., Memoir on Map of
Damascus, the Hauran and the Moun
tains of Lebanon, 1855., i. 7, 162, Beke
on, vi. 195-6, Graham on, ii. 173, 175
Portland, England, cost of breakwater,
iii. 198, 199, 202
 , Iceland, and the Atlantic Cable,
iv. 101, 103, ice near, v. 63
 , Maine, U.S.A., communication
with B. Columbia vid, vi. 108, 233,
234
 , Oregon, U.S.A., population of, in
1866., xi. 85.
 ¦ Cape, Van Diemen's Land, xviii. 520
 Inlet, B. Columbia, re-survey of a
boundary line in, xiii. 281
Portland Bay, Victoria, admiralty surveys
at and near, xiv. 307, xviii. 539
Portlock, Gen. J. E., V.P., vi. 101
on Demavend, vi. 501
on the engineering mile, iv. 50
on Typical Mountain Ranges, iv. 99
retirement from office of Vice-President
of R.G.S., vii. 201
obituary notice of, 1864, viii. 176
Portlock Reef, Torres Straits, i. 80, xxii.
220
Porto Farina, Tunis, described, vi. 210
 Novo or Nuovo, W. Africa, expe
dition to,1862., vii. 105, marshes and
lagoons near, xxi. 481
Porto (or Porta), A. F. da Silva,
journey across Africa, 1854., i. 75,
Macqueen on, iii. 362, iv. 27, 181
at Nhanja, the Nyanza of Livingstone,
1854., iv. 27
settlement of, xx. 322
slaves and wax-trade of, xx. 320
Port Said, admiralty survey of, xvi. 317,
xxi. 433
country near, xiv. 75
harbour needed at (1858.), iii. 188, de
fects in, xiv. 264
Portsmouth Harbour, v. 166, vi. 131,
vii. 138, admiralty survey of, x. 217,
xi. 191, xii. 240, (and Spithead) xiii. 274,
xiv. 304, xv. 263, xvi. 317, xvii. 254,
xviii. 536, xix. 406
Portugal, the Portuguese —
causes of decline in African colonies of,
iv. 28
claims of, to Bissagos Islands, i. 42; to
gold region, Matabeleland, xv. 155
custom-houses established by, in E.
Africa, 1855., iii. 105
friendliness to Livingstone, i. 6, 236,
237, ii. 119, xvii. 13
Geographical Society established in,
sent expeditions to Africa, xxii. 15, 24
Government expeditions to Africa,
xxi. 474

POR— PRI

263

Portugal, the Portuguese — continued.
King of, and the Livingstone Zambesi
expedition, 1857., ii. 120
and the slave-trade, ii. 101
Portuguese discovery of Australia, i. 483,
ix. 225, xvi. 352 ; of the Cape route
to India, 1497., xxi. 186
early expeditions to Abyssinia, Mark
ham, xii. 11
explorations of, in Africa, (see Lacerda,
Porto, etc.), iv. 181, xxi. 474
Lavradio on, i. 237-9
Macqueen on, iii. 362
 by sea, early, xxi. 186
expulsion of, from Japan, vii. 167
failure of, as colonists, xxii. 122
territory in E. Africa, i. 6, condition of,
1871., xvi. 99
 in S.W. Africa, i. 56
 in W. Africa, see Loanda, etc.
Travellers in Africa, Cooley on, i. 6, 92
 , and others, in Inner Africa,
Cooley, viii. 255
Posgam, E. Turkestan, described by Hay
ward, xiv. 61, elevation of, 62
Posia, Formosa, Bullock on, xxi. 268
plain of, Christian natives of, and
elevation, xxii. 57, latitude of, 61,
manufactures of, 58
valley of, described by Allen, xxi. 262,
263
Possession Bay, N. Guinea, b§che dc mer
trade at, xxi. 360
 or Erima Cape, N. Guinea, natives
of, xviii. 24, xix. 235, xx. 348
products of, xx. 267
 Island, Antarctic regions, Ross's
landing on, xiii. 117
Possiett, Passiett, or Novogorodski, Bay,
Manchuria, exploration of, " vi. 160,
fishery at, x. 233, Notes on, Lloyd,
xi. 53, Russian settlement at, xiii. 365,
secure harbour of, xi. 253
Poston, Hon. C. D., Notes on Arizona,
xix. 302
Potanin, — , exploration of, at Kobdo,
C. Asia, in 1877 and after, Morgan on,
xxii. 51, 52
Potaro river, B. Guiana, waterfalls of,
described by Brown, 122, 304
Potchefstroom, county and town, Trans
vaal, S. Africa, Erskine at, xiii. 320,
Barnes at, 1871., xv. 155, Fynney on,
xxii. 118
Potgieter's Rest, Tranvaal, natives of,
starved to death in caves (1854.),
xxii. 119
Potomac canal, U.S.A., i. 90
Pottinger, Capt. H., journey of, in Belu-
chistan (1810.), vii. 161, xvi. 219, travels
of, in Persia, with Christie, vii. 158
Pound ranges, S. Australia, geological
formation of, ii. 18, 19

Poung - Loung Mts., Burmese border,
O'Reilly's journey across, 1862., and
elevation of, vi. 83
Power, John, i. 167, ii. 296, obituary
notice of, 1872., xvi. 314
Powhanri Mt., Himalayas, i. 350
Powting-Foo, N. China, town, aspect of,
xi. 260
Poyang Lake, China, i. 336, 337, iii. 163-4
hills or mountains near, xii. 52
visited by Lord Amherpt, 1815., iii. 167
Prah river, Ashanti-land, W. Africa,
xviii. 191, 287
Prairie le Chien, B. N. America, railway
terminus at, ii. 150
 Portage Lake, B. N. America, its
two outlets, viii. 51
Prance, R. H., on Arctic Exploration,
xviii. 20, suggests Australasian Federa
tion, 1873., xviii. 48
Pra.tas, coral lagoon, i. 144, China Sea,
lighthouse at, ii. 267
Pratt, Archdeacon, pendulum observations
of, in India, xv. 85 note, xxii. 76
 , Rev., missionary to the Red Indians,
valuable work of, ii. 148
Prejevalsky, or Prjivalsky, Col., travels
of—
to Lob Nor and Tibet, Morgan on,
xxii. 51
in Mongolia, 1871., xvii. 291-2; and N.
Tibet, 1870-3., Elias, xviii. 76 ; letters
on same, 1873., xviii. 78, 84; 1874.,'
Frere on, xviii. 559 ; 1876., Rawlinson
on, xx. 427 ; 1876-7., Alcock on, xxi.
21, 44, 328, 349, 451, xxii. 343 ; in N.
Tibet, publication of narrative, 1875.,
xix. 424, Morgan's translation, xx.343
cited on the sands of the Gobi desert,
xxi. 29
Preparis Islands, Bay of Bengal, i. 162
current near, vi. 115
Prescott, town, Arizona, population of, in
1875., xix. 307
Prestoe, H., On the Discovery of a Boiling
Lake in Dominica (W. Indies), (1876.),
xx. 230
Pretoria, county, S. Africa, xxii. 120
 , town, capital of the Transvaal, posi
tion and mineral wealth of, xxii. 120
projectedi telegraph from, northwards,
xxii. 474
Prevost, Capt., exploration of, in C.
America, 1853., i. 88, 484, v. 159
 Island, Queen Charlotte group,
Melanesia, xiii. 382
 Mt., N. Guinea, xix. 231
Price, R. R., New route and method of
travelling into C. Africa, 1876., Al
cock on, xxi. 22, 203, Mullens on,
xxi. 233, himself on, 247, used by
the L.M.S., xxii. 17, 20, freedom of,
from tsetse fly, xxi. 22, 61

264

PRI— PUG

Price, R. R. — continued.
' possible safety of Livingstone, letter
cited on, xii. 23
Prideaux, Capt., xxii. 397, Despatch on
death of Livingtone, 1874., xviii. 181
one of the prisoners in Abyssinia, 1864 ,
xiii. 47, 51
Primrose Spring, S. C. Australia, v. 104
Prince Charles Island, Spitzbergen,
Soundings near, ix. 169
 Christian Sound, Greenland, v. 95
 Consort, see Consort, The Prince
 Frederick Island, N. Guinea, dis
covered by the Dutch, iii. 360
 Patrick Island or Land, Arctic
Regions, ice on shores of, xvii. 174,
xxi. 99, 545
semi-fossilized wood of, xvi. 238
 Regent Inlet, Arctic America, i. 25,
95, 213, v. 199, xviii. 16
animal life of, i. 53
ice-bound in August, 1875., xiii. 372
Robs' exploration of, i. 212
tide, rapid, in, xxi. 281
vessels, probably Franklin's, seen in,
i. 22
whale-fishery, discovered by Parry,
xviii. 19
 river, N.W. Australia,
geological formation of district, i. 502
navigability of, ii. 211
Prince of Wales, see Wales, H.R.H. the
Prince of
 —  Channel, Torres Straits,
i. 79, 80
 Island, Torres Straits, out
line determined by Young, 1859-60.,
iv. 113
Station of London Missionary Society
at, xx. 105
 Land, Arctic Regions, i. 95,
108
Prince's Island, W. Africa,
Portuguese line running to, iv. 67
visited by Burton, 1862., vi. 238 ; by
Reade, 1862., vii. 106
Princess Charlotte's Bay, Cape York,
Queensland, xviii. 97, 572
geological formation at and near,
xviii. 106
 Marie Range, W. Australia, named
by Giles, xix. 54
 Marianne Strait, N. Guinea, de
scribed, ii. 182-3
 Royal Harbour, W. Australia, admi
ralty survey, ii. 268, xxii. 336
 of Wales Strait, Arctic regions, tide
in, xvii. 177
Principe, Fort, Isthmus of Darien, i. 484-5
Prinsep, Mr., on the Himalayas, i. 350 ;
on overland telegraph to India, v. 223
Priscilla Springs, S. Australia, xv. 99
Pritchard,Rev.G.,ontheFijiIslands,vi.98

Pritchett,G. J., explorations of, in Ecuador,
1856-7., iii. 93, iv. 174
Prize Medals awarded to Public School
boys for Geographical Knowledge,
xii. 203, xiii. 254, xiv. 276, 285, xv; 234,
xvi. 276, xvii. 232, xviii. 480-491,
xix. 348, 363, xx. 372, xxi. 362, 365,
401, xxii. 296, 300
Prjevalsky, see Prejevalsky
Probable Island, N. Australia, Bays near,
xii. 201
Projection of the Spheres, On a New,
Herschel, iii. 174
Prome, Burma, Correction of latitude at,
i. 270
Prosperous Bay, St. Helena, iii. 364
Protok River, Russia, delta of, i. 306
Prout, Rev. T. J., Ascent of Um Shaumur,
Sinaitic Peninsula, 1862., vi. 235
Proven, Greenland, ix. 181
Providence Hill, or Mt., N.W. Australia,
i. 33, 184, 225
 Islands, The Two, Micronesia, Sains-
bury on, xxi. 148
Prudhoe Island, Queensland, vi. 117
Prunes, Isle of, Madagascar, associations
of, with former rulers, xiv. 368
Psalmanazar, George, his forgery of For-
mosan language, etc., viii. 24, xvii. 156
Psiloriti, modern name for Mt. Ida, Crete,
elevation of, iv. 149
Psue-see-que Creek, Oregon, Canon of,
xiii. 149
Ptolemy on C. Asia, Yule on, xxi. 136,
Rawlinson and others on, 137
cited on the Mountains of the Moon,
xvi. 440 ; on the Nile sources, vii. 110
his knowledge of C. Africa, Living
stone on, xviii. 256
his Lake Reservoir of the Nile, see
Burton on Lake Tanganyika
his Rhaptus, probably the Rovuma,
xiv. 8
Roscher's researches concerning, ii. 284
Pu-an Chou, city, Yunnan, long but easy
pass near, xx. 199
Public House water holes, Queensland,
x. 64
Publications, geographical, annual sum
maries of, i. 174, ii. 273, iii. 283, iv. 203,
v. 188, vi. 139 el seq., vii. 147, viii. 196,
ix. 251, x. 225, xi. 196, xii. 245, xiii. 283,
xiv. 309, xv. 270, xvi. 325, xvii. 260,
xviii. 549, xix. 424-5, 450, xx. 426,
xxi. 450-1, 471, xxii. 341, 343, 345
Puckford, Mt., W. Australia, iii. 38, 39
Puedais, highest peak of Pae Khoe Mts.,
Russia, i. 432
Puerto General Prada, Peru, point of
departure for Europe, position of,
xii. 260
Puget Sound, B. N. America, i. 165, routes
to, i. 263-4

PUK— PUR

265

Pukaki Lake, N. Zealand, milk-white
waters of, vi. 72
sources of, found by Haast, 1862.,
viii. 214
Pul-i-sangin, C. Asia, gorge on the
Wakhsh river, xx. 17
Pullen, Capt., of H.M.S. Cyclops, explora
tion of Murray river, N. S. Wales, by,
health of his party, iv. 95
soundings of, near the Curia Muria
Islands, iv. 50
Pulney Hills, Madras, water supply of,
x. 266, xi. 61, cinchona plantations
established on, by Markham, x. 245
Pulo, or Fulah, region, W. Africa,
xxi. 493
Pulo Ai or Pulo Weh, (Wey Island), E. I.
Archipelago, described by Cameron,
ix. 30, 31
elevation and geological formation of,
and spice, xii. 325, 328
- — ¦ Babi, Arru Group, ii. 164
 Borong, E. I. Archipelago, ii. 15
 Kambing, Timor, mud voloanoes of,
iii. 369
 Kapal, Banda group, xii. 324
 Krakka, or Women's Island, Banda
group, xii. 325
 Pisang, Banda Group, xii. 324
 Run or Rung, Banda Group, xii. 225,
328
 Samauw, Timor, mineral springs of,
iii. 369
 • Swangi, Banda Group, xii. 325
Pulperia river, affluent of the Apurimac,
Peru, explored by Raimondy, (1868.),
xii. 261
Pulungu Island, Lake Tanganyika, rocks
of, described by Cameron, xix. 253
Piilvek,. village, Persia, affluent received
by Yalii river at, iii. 9
Pumgal, C. Asia, glaciers near, i. 275,
river flowing near, 276
Puna, Peru, railway to, from Arequipa,
difficulties of construction of, xviii. 213
Puna Titn, village, Garo Hills, Assam,
dried fish market at, xvii. 36, 37
Punch Bowl hill, Oahu Island, Sandwich
group, an extinct volcano, xii. 309
Pundinu river, S. America, tributary of
the Curarai river, xxi. 568
Pundit Munphool Meer, Moonshee, travels
of, in Turkestan, xiii. 18; residence
in Badakshan, xvii. 112
 Nain Singh, awarded gold watch by
R.G.S., 1868., xii. 268, gold medal,
1877., xxi. 397, President's speech,
399, Yule's reply, 400
journeys of, and of other Pundits, route
surveys of, Nepal to Lhasa and up
Brahmaputra river to its source,
1865-7, Montgomerie, xii. 146 ; 266-8
journey in Tibet 1S67 et seq., xvi. 86;

Pundit Nain Singh — continued.
Montgomerie on, xiii. 183-4 et siq.,
xiv. 207; in 1872., Trotter cited on,
xx. 422-3
Journey in Tibet (Leh to Lhassa) and
back to India vid AsBam, 1873-5,
Trotter, xxi. 325, further summary,
Alcock, 457
referred to, xix. 338
•  , unnamed, and Mr. Forsyth, xv. 23
Pung-a-na, village, Formosa, limit of
navigation of Tamsui river at, xiv. 81
Pun-hi-ha, Manchuria, coal of district
near, xiii. 30
Punga, see Oxus, Upper
Pungund river, India, navigation on,
iii. 386
Punjab —
climate of, Harcourt on, xv. 337
English frontier beyond, viii. 271
Jat population of, i. 40 note
Kashmir really a part of, Vigne on,
iv. 32
Lower, absence of rainy season in, xi. 64
surveys of, see India
railways in, iii. 386
rivers of, survey of, v. 174
tree preservation in, in relation to rain
fall, x. 268
Punmah, glacier of, Mustagh range,
Trans-Indus, viii. 35
Punnaa, S. India, starting-point of survey,
i. 370
Punta da Lenha, Congo river, depth of
water at, in dry season, iv. 67
Punta Gorda, Belize, described by Cock
burn, xii. 341
Puntledge Lake, Vancouver Island, ex
plored by Brown, 1864., ix. 308
 river, affluent of the Courtenay river,
coal on, ix. 307
Pfi-p'eng, or Lien-peng, S. China, road
from, described by Margary, xx. 205
Purace, volcano, Colombia, S. America,
ix. 278
Purcell, Dr., on Searoh for Livingstone,
(1872.), xvi. 149, 166
 Mr., member of Burke and Wills'
Victorian Camel expedition, I860., death
of, vii. 35, 39
Purdon, W. H., on the Trigonometrical
Survey and Physical Configuration of
the Valley of Kashmir, 1859., iv. 31
Purgstall, Baron von Hammer-, obituary
notice of, 1857., i. 395
Purk, Kurdistan, on the site of Nicopolis,
xi. 98
Purrh, China, tea of, v. 46
Purun Kiang Peak, Shendo distriot, India,
elevation of, xvii. 51
Purus river, S. America —
explorations of, Chandless, 1864., x. 103.
xi. 100

266

PUR— QUE

Purus river, S. America — continued.
explorations — continued.
ofitsaffluentthe Aquiry, 1865-6, \ i.100
early Spanish, viii. 61
Markham's, 1853., ix. 245, I860., of
affluents of, vii. 268 ; to sources of,
1861., v. 224, vi. 188
Murchison's summary of, 1866., x. 252
geological formation of banks, xi. 101
rubber-trees of, xi. 110
Pusey, P., obituary notice of, 1856., i. 130
Pushia, E. Turkestan, reached by the
Schlagintweits, (1856.), xi. 7
Pu-shih, S.W. China, timber trade of,
ruined by rebel raiders, xx. 191
Pusini, Baluchistan, route between, and
Gwadur, vii. 92, 117
Pusupuc&ne pass, Peru, elevation of,
xii. 127
Put plains, Sindh, xiv. 121, xxi. 588
Putala-ssu, Lama temple of, at Jehol,
N. China, xviii. 164-5
Putatan river, Borneo, source of, xvi. 172
Putiatin, Count, Russian envoy to China,
1858., iii. 66 ; American survey of bar
of Peiho river possessed by, 68
Putomayo or lea river, S. America, xx. 435
Ascent of, with a view to steam naviga
tion of, Simson, (1876.), xxi. 569;
Markham on, xxii. 44-5
Steam communication opened on, 1876.,
Nash on, xxi. 595
varying depths in, xxi. 575
Putrid Sea, arm of the Sea of Azov, S.
Russia, Geography and commercial
future of, Osborn, i. 305, 404
Puyal pass, Ecuador, S. America, eleva
tion and direction of, xxi. 558
Puydt, L. de, see De Puydt
Pyramid, the Great, Piazzi Smith cited
on, xi. 223-4
Pyramus river, Turkey in Asia, silt of,
iii. 208
Pyrenees Mountains, highest peak in,
i. 425
Pyxartes valley, Turkey in Asia, traces
of glacial period in, xvi. 223
Q-
Qua country, river and rapids, Walker's
visit, 1875., xx. 224, 225, 227
 ¦ river, source of, and tribes along,
xvi. 136
Quaebo river, W. Africa, mouth of, charted
by Downer, xviii. 540
Quai chow, Yang-tse river at and above,
vi. 2, 87, poppy crop at, vi. 3
Quail Island, N. Australia, well on, ii. 4
Qualvig, Faeroe Is., elevation of, v. 80
 Bay, anchorage at, v. 81
Quamadoa (Carmanah) Vancouver Id.,
ix. 307

Quam-yin, tide of Peiho river at, iii. 79
Quando country, Albert Nyanza, natives
of, xxi. 53
Quanga, Kong dist., W. Africa, visited by
Liberians, I860., iv. 184, 185
Quango or Quanga river, W. Africa, i. 6,
xix. 91
cotton -growing along, iv. 70
its junction with the Zaire river con
firmed by Reade' s explorations,
vii. 106
Livingstone on, 1856., i. 92, 159, 311,
315
Quanbama or Aimbiri province, Africa,
minerals of, ii. 354, tribe and river of,
i. 245
Quantung and other provinces S. and
S.W. China, goods from, costly at
Tientsin, 1858., iii. 75
Q'Appelle or Qui Appelle lakes, Hector's
journey to, ii. 147
 river, ii. 1 49, 292 ; and valley, iii. 172,
iv. 231, geology of, iv. 172 ; lake in,
with two outlets, viii. 51
Quarry Bay, Curlew I., Bay of Bengal,
described, vi. 208, average of disease
at, 209
Quartz Peak, N. Australia, xi. 151, 152
Quaschim river, Abyssinia, xiii. 43
Qua shi hien city, N.E. China, bridges at,
vi. 221
Quathlamba Mts., Natal, Sutherland's
expedition in, 1856., i. 83
Quebec, Canada, siege of, 1763!, vii. 74
Quebrada, thej of Peru, location of,
xii. 127
Quedah, Malacca, taken, 1839., xix. 371
Queen or Queen's Channel, Arctic regions,
i. 104, search for Franklin in, 105-9,
xix. 36
 Charlotte Islands, Brit. Columbia,
viii. 87, xix. 514, Climate, etc., xiii. 386,
coal in, x. 219, ethnology of, xiii. 386,
geology, mines, etc., xiii. 383, 385,
natives of, i. 266, physical geography of,
etc., xiii. 381, suitability for settlement,
xiii. 392, topography, xiii. 382, Torrens'
visit to, 1859., iv. 226, vegetation, soil,
etc., xiii. 391, zoology and fisheries,
xiii. 392
 Sound, N. Zealand, visited by
Capt. Cook, ii. 268
 Strait, Australia, explored by Wick-
ham and Stokes, i. 366
Queen's Channel, N. Australia, vii. 170,
viii. 211, suitable for colonization,
vii. 171, x. 251
 Harbour, Arctic regions, discovered,
1865., xiii. 373
 Lake, Madgascar, position of, xix. 185
Queensland, (see also Cape York, Coral
Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria, Moreton
Bay, N.E. Australia, etc.) —

ftUE-QUE

267

Queensland — continued.
aborigines of, vii. 40, 41, x. 63, xviii.
89, 90 ; alleged murder of Leich
hardt by, x. 59,60.
of Cape York district, x. 86 ; numbers,
habits, belief, race, and division of
seasons of, xii. 313, 315
collisions of, with Europeans, ferocity
and hostility of, iii. 21, 23, 24, 79,
v. 5, vi. 119, vii. 4, 40, 41, 83,
xviii. 100
of Cooper's Creek, friendly to Howitt,
1862., vi. 194, vii. 7, kindness of, to
King, Victorian Camel Expedition,
vii. 36
of Cornish Creek, fisheries of, a. 64
of desert region, x. 62-3
of Endeavour river, xi. 150, shyness
of, xviii. 101
food, weapons, and customs of, iii. 23,
24, 40, 43, 44, ix. 302
of Gilbert river, wells and fisheries of
variable attitude to travellers, xiii.
54
of Kendall creek, xviii. 96
of Kennedy river, xviii. 99, 100
near Kirchner range, xviii. 88
of the Lake region, viii. 112
of Leichhardt river, alleged white
people among, boldness of, xi. 43
method of hut-building of, iii. 88
near Mitchell river, xviii. 92, 94
of Norman river, hostility of, xviii. 100
of N. Queensland, x. 60, xii. 312,
kindness of, to white sailors found
among, x. 63, weapons of, vii. 41, 83
of Palmer river, xviii. 95
in Police, vi. 13
of tropical Queensland, cannibals
among, xi. 44
on the Trucur and Waite, xv. 96,
cannibals, 98
admiralty surveys of (and of the Barrier
reef and Torres straits), iii. 267, 271,
v. 175, vi. 135, 136, viii. 192, ix. 223,
x. 220, xi. 150, 195, xii. 245, 322, xiii.
282, xiv. 308, xv. 267, 320, xvii. 256,
xviii. 539, xix. 315, 409, xx. 40, 408,
xxi. 436, xxii. 336
Auriferous and other Metalliferous
Districts of Northern, Clarke, xii. 138
botany of, iii. 34 et passim, x. 33, 62-3
boundaries of, Southern and Western,
good land on and near, iv. 85, vii. 4
Cape York Peninsula, Rattrey, xii. 313
Description of the District of Cape
York, 1866., Jardine, x. 85, cf. 248
Discovery of a New Harbour in (Port
Denison) by Sinclair, 1859., (com
municated by Bowen) iv. 79
cattle importation by land, restrictions
on, in, ix. 301, numbers of, in 1861.,
x. 326

Queensland— eon tinned.
climate of, vii. 115, xii. 317
coal in, xii. 138, 141
coast of, Mountains along, iv. 82, xii.
139, route over, to Valley of Lagoons,
x. 33
navigation of, (see Barrier Reef and
Torres Straits), ix. 234, xix. 228
slow rise of, (1862.), Kent on, vii. 42
tides on, Jukes on, iv. 80
cotton and possibility of cotton culture
in, v. 121, 125, 126, 127, vi. 24, vii.
13, 42, 115, 116, 172, position of the
industry in I860., xvi. 391
expansion of, and new settlements of,
v. 6, 7, 122, 207, vi. 13, 70, 167, 171,
vii. 6, 13, 173, ix. 23, x. 246, 325
new settlement of Port Denison, dis
covered, iv. 79, 119, Dalrymple
on, vi. 13 ; desired, at head of
Carpentaria, vii. 14, 172, effected,
at Cape York, Bowen on, vii. 114,
118; at Somerset, 1862., viii. 114,
ix. 76
settlement company formed (about
1863.), viii. 211
Cardwell settlement, ix. 76, Dal
rymple on, x. 33-4
Burketown founded, Bowen on, x. 61
Carnarvon founded, 1867., xi. 227
eastern labour in and for, vi. 24, vii.
13, 87, 90, 115, ix. 23
expeditions and explorations, (see those
across the Continent under Aus
tralia, General),
Cadell's, 1867., xii. 201, 261-2
Cornish's (1861.) (towards the in-
interior), vi. 67-8
Cunningham's, xiv. 199
Dalrymple's, I860., v. 4, vi. 118-9,
vii. 2, 1 10, 247-8, x. 33, 247, early,
ix. 226
Gregory's (A.C.), in search of Leich
hardt, (1858.), iii. 18, v. 14; others,
vii. 9, 14, 16, 37, 87, 177
Hann's (N.W. region), 1873., xviii.
87, 572
Hely's, 1851., x. 59
Jardine's (overland from Port Den
ison to Cape York), 1864-5., x.
5, 32, 33, 247
to Endeavour river, 1865., xi. 149
to Annan aud Esk rivers, 1865.,
xi. 151
joint expedition from Queensland aud
other colonies in search of Leich
hardt, 1865., x. 58-9,252
Kennedy's, v. 2
Landsborough's, 1862, vi. 174, vii.
5, 6, 8, 38, (search for Burke and
Wills), vii. 40 ; in interior, vii. 83,
85, 86, 89, 111, 120-1, 169, 173.
viii. 212; (Rockhampton to Port

268

QUE— QUI

Qu jensland — continued.
expeditions and explorations — cont.
Denison), 1864., x. 62, xi. 227, to
mouth of Flinders river, 1867.,
xii. 56, 140, 295, near Norman
river settlement, 1868,, xiii. 52
Leichhartd's of 1846., vii. 15, 169,
of 1844, 1848., etc., ix. 229, x. 59,
85, 1843., et seq. xiv. 200, expedi
tions in search of, see Gregory and
others
MacDonald's, 1864., x. 247
Mclntyre's (1865.), ix. 301, x. 59,
60, 61, 85, xi. 42, 44, 46, 226
McKinlay's, vii. 6, 120, 122, 175, 176
Robinson's (survey inside the Barrier
reef), viii. 115, 117-86, 121, 211
Scott's, 1890. (Port Denison to Rock
ingham Bay), viii. 110-13, 118, 121
Sinclair's, 1859., (discovering Port
Denison) 1859., iv. 79
Smith's (with Dalrymple) I860., v.
5, 121-3
Stokes', 1842., xiii. 33
Strzelecki's, 1839., et seq., iii. 222, ix.
228-9, xviii. 520
Walker's, (1862), vi. 174, vii. 4, 6,
36, 120, 122, 169
extension of Telegraph Hue in, Bowen
on, x. 61, 1867., Cracknell on, xii. 54
fertility of Southern, viii. 118
first so called, (1859.), iii. 333
geological formation of, distinctness of,
xii. 139, 142
of Northern, a. 248
gold in and traces of, v. 106, vii. 89,
114, xvii. 278, xviii. 934, xix. 488
auriferous and other metalliferous
districts of, Clarke, xii. 138; xix.
488
gold fields in, 1864., Bowen, viii. 156
good lands in, iv. 85, vii. 4
Government subsidy to expedition in
search of Leichhardt, 1865., x. 67, 252
hilly ground in, and tableland, vii. 88
letter on, Hood, 1861., vi. 24; ditto,
Nicholson, 1861., vi. 117
Lower course of the Burdekin river,
Dalrymple, vii. 2
Mountains of, (see coast supra), ix.
302, 303, trend of, x. 5, and extent,
Nicholson, Murchison, and Rattrey
on, xii. 3 14
North, grazing lands in, x. 62
North-Eastern, necessity for colonizing,
v. 106
pastoral area of, v. 56
progress of, Bowen on and Gregory
on, v. 121-2, Lamb on, x. 325-6,
Murchison on (1865.), x. 51, 1870.,
xiv. 422
.Notes on Carpentaria District, Lamb,
1866., x. 325

Queensland — continued.
progress of geographical knowledge
of, iii. 33, iv. 195, v. 207, vi. 173-4,
vii. 171, viii. 211, ix. 232, x. 246, xi.
227, xii. 261, xiv. 322, xviii 572
Queensland Almanac, 1863., notices of,
vii. 110, 172
rainy season of and migratory settle
ments suggested, vii. 5
Report on the foundation of Somerset
and completion of, Bowen, viii. 114
river districts suited for cotton culture,
etc., v. 121
shipwrecked sailors found with abo
rigines of, 1863., x. 60, 63
steam communication with Europe
desired, vi. 119
stock route from to the North sought
by the Jardines, 1864-5.,- x. 32
tropical, in, relation to colonization,
Nicholson, x. 51-2
 , meteorological conditions in,
vii. 89
use of the great Barrier reef of, viii. 117
wool of, v. 122, various views on the
industry, v. '125, 126, 127, vi. 24,
vii. 177, ix. 303, x. 88-9
Queenstown, N.Z., ix. 33
 S. Africa, notes on and plan of, Capt.
W. T. Baker, ii. 371
Queeny river, Nile Region, course of,
viii. 140
Quei Chow province, S.W. China, Miaoutze
inhabitants of, xv. 362-3
Quelebia, town, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Quei-lin, S. China, turbulence of in
habitants, xii. 52
Quellengues, Portuguese port, W. Africa,
vii. 106
Quelpart Island, Macdougall on, ix. 299
admiralty surveys of, and Port Hamil
ton (1859.), iii. 270
Quesnelle Lake, B. Columbia, gold at,
vi. 109
 river, B. Columbia, "benches" of,
xv. 134
confused mass of hills near, viii. 88
explorations of Waddington near mouth
of, xii. 121
Quetta, or Shawl, visited by Marsh,
xxi. 588
Quiballa, N. Africa, swamp near, xix. 80
 river, xix. 81
Quibdo, S. America, steamers at, i. 460
Quicusse, town, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Quiet Bay, Yellow river, China, good
harbour of, xiii. 26 note
Quilimane, E. Africa, i. 7, 159, iii. 101, 102
Livingstone expected at, i. 57, Living-
Btone at, 159, 233, 268
Portuguese governor's protest against
gold-mining in Matabeleland, xv. 155
region of, dialects in, viii. 107

QUI— RAK

269

Quilimane, E. Africa — continued.
slave trade at and near, iv. 21, vi. 29
trade in, iv. 26 ; Portuguese obstruction
to, 89
to Tete by river, time occupied, i. 58,
iv. 23
Zambesi river at, ii. 363, bar of, iv. 25
Quilimane, Mutu, or Kwakwa river, i. 248,
316 ; change of course of, i. 318, Hyde
Parker on, i. 312 et seq., not always
connected with the Zambesi, xxi. 246,
xxii. 233
Quilo or Quillo river, boundary of Congo
kingdom, xix. 94, bridge over and
country near, 97
drainage area of, xx. 132
Quiloa or Kilwa, E. Africa, in 1857.,
ii. 55 ; iii. 349 ; in 1867., xi. 143
slave trade of, vii. 23, 53
Quilon, Malabar, Marignolli's pillar
erected at, 1347., x. 275
Quilumbo Cambembe village, Congo region ,
xix. 82
Quin, Capt., r.n., Visit to the Bonin
Islands, 1837., i. 62
Quintin, Dr., see Mage
Quinto river, S. America, described,
xvii. 60, 61
Quiquio hills, Paraguay, xx. 496
Quito, Ecuador, S. America, i. 252, de
scribed, iii. 94
elevation and temperature, xxi. 558
forest of, vi. 249
geological formations near, i. 470
historical interest of, xxi. 557
old kingdom of, Yncas of, xv. 369
position of, iii. 95
travels in, of Pritchett, iii. 94, of Spruce,
iii. 94, iv. 174, vi. 188
 river, C. America, i. 63, canal be-
ween it and San Juan, i. 70
Quitta and its people, W. Africa, xviii. 186
Quola river, C. Africa, mountains near,
viii. 264
Quorquora and other Abyssinian towns,
in fertile country, xiii. 43
Quorra or Niger river (see also Niger),
confluence of, with the Binue, xxi, 485,
many channels of, iii. 31 1 , watershed
of, determined by Baikie, viii. 10
Qun-woo, China, fortified city near Great
Wall, vi. 220 R
Raaha, S. Arabia, chief village of the
Howshabee Bedouins, xvi. 119
Raateba, independent town, in S. Arabia,
xvi. 120
Rabai, E. Africa, C.M.S. station at,
xvi. 168
Rabat-el-Khalee desert, S. Arabia, xvi. 116
Rabath Aman, Syria, elevation of, xix. 165

Rabba, Niger river, i. 156, 445 ; in ruins,
ii. 87, 90
loss of Baikie's vessel near, ii. 98, 99,
iii. 310-11, v. 162
hill ranges near, xxi. 485
visit of Lefroy, 1862,, vii. 67
Rabbat on the Niger, i. 445
Racer, H.M.S., Visit of, to Santorin
during eruption of 1866., Brine, x. 317
Rada, Sr. and Sra., explorations of the
Amazon by, 1868., xiii. 310, xv. 377, 379
Radaah, Er, first Zidiyyah town in Arabia,
xvi. 122
Radde, G. (see also Peschurof and others),
explorations in Siberia, 1857 et seq.,
ix. 237
Radeba, Arabia, ruins at, xv. 322, 325
Radstock, Vice-Adm. Lord, obituary
notice, 1857., i. 393
Rae, Dr. John, i. 21, gold medallist of
R.G.S., iv. 112
animals and birds found by, at Repulse
Bay, i. 53
on the angle of the benches of British
Columbia, xv. 145
Arctic explorations of, 1847. and 1854.,
xix. 212, 222, xxi. 284-5
farthest point north reached by, i. 24
finds traces of Franklin, 1851, i. 22,
1854., i. 23, 26, 95, 104, 151-2, 231,
iv. 10
on fate of Franklin's expedition, i. 25,
211, cited on the same, iv. 5
Arctic sledge-travelling, xix. 476, 479,
xxi. 285-7
on British Columbia,
difficulties of travelling in, iv. 75
Indians of, and routes in, vi. 110
on Palliser's, and his own expeditions
in, iv. 232
on the rivers of, and their navigation,
xii. 124-5
Exploration of the Faeroes and Iceland,
I860., v. 80 ; cf. also iv. 153 and vi.
180
on the German Arctic expedition, and
on animals in Spitzbergen, xv. 113
on Greenland, v. 89
glaciers in, vii. 78
iceberg formation in, and elsewhere,
v. 26
on the Hudson's Bay Co.'s rule,
xx. 300-1
on Iceland, v. 81, 103, xx. 30-1
on the influence of large rivers on
ocean, temperatures, xiii. 233
on Kane's search for Franklin, i. 19
on the N. Atlantic Telegraph route,
v. 88
on the Transit of Venus Expn., 1882.,
Davis's scheme, xiii. 120
Visit to the Red River and the
Saskatchewan, (1863.), vii. 102

270

RAF— RAN

Raffenel, failure of his expedition to
French Senegal settlements, (1848.),
i. 157
Raffles, Sir Stamford, iii. 90, and the
settlement of Singapore, ii. 143, 214
Rafn, Prof. C. C.,i. 150 ; The Discovery of
America by the Northmen, ii. 372
Rageef, on the Nile, Gordon's station at,
1875., xxi. 56; see Regiaf
Ragless, Messrs., head station of, at Bal-
carrie, S. Australia, ii, 17
Ragolay river, Abyssinia, and its affluents,
xii. 114 ; Munzinger on, xiii. 223
Rahad river, Nubia, affluent of the Nile,
x. 293, explored by Baker, 1861., x. 6
rise and course of, vii. 80
Rahaguddy, or Raraguddy, Abyssinia,
xii. 114; elevation and temperature of,
xiv. 160, pass near, 163
Rahah, Er-, plain of, Sinaitic Peninsula,
xiii. 209, 210
Rahaing, Siamese Lao States, visited by
Schomburgk, 1860, v. 1 18
Rahbi, (Java Minor), Thomson on, xx. 222
Rahnong, Siamese, territory, tin mines of,
vii. 58
Raimondy, Don A. (see S. America), Hon.
Corresponding Member R.G.S., 1863.,
viii. 43
exploration of the Amazon, vii. 168,
xviii. 216
 of the Pulperia river, Peru,
xii. 261
Journal of expedition to explore the
rivers San Gavan and Ayapata, in
the Peruvian province of Caravaya,
1864, xi. 102
Journey to the confluence of th e Mantaro
and Apurimac, xiii. 112, cf. 309
On the Frontier Province of Loreto,
Peru, (1864.), viii. 58
Murchison on his qualifications, i. 84
Raine's Islet, Torres Straits, i. 84, vi. 136
lighthouse on, vi. 199
navigation near, xii. 314
Rainfall (see also Forest destruction) —
of Equatorial Africa, Speke and Grant's
observations on, vii. 226
Evaporation in relation to, and to
River supply, Carpenter, xviii. 325
in relation to trees, Markham, x. 266 ;
various views mentioned, xvii. 20
Hildebrandt on, xxii. 448
Murchison on, x. 267
Rawlinson on, x. 268
in Switzerland, Chaix on, xvii. 204
in the Tibagy Valley, Brazil, xx. 459
Rainier, Mt., voloano, Cascade Range,
Oregon, xi. 84, active in 1842., 94
Rainy Lake, (Lac la Pluie) B. N. America,
difficult country at, iii. 125
Indians of, agricultural pursuits of, ii. 51 ;
their meeting with Palliser, ii. 41

Rainy Lake — continued.
lightning at, ii. 44
outflow of, ii. 84
watershed between, and Lake Superior,
i. 462
Rainy seasons in C. Africa, effect of, on
rise of rivers, Livingstone on, xvii. 28
Raja, Mt., Borneo, mis-mapped, i. 200
Rajamahal Hills and tribes, India,
xvii. 42
Rajputana, Waugh's survey of, i. 370
Raka Sangpo river, Tibet, mountains
near, xii. 159
Rakaia river, N. Zealand, passes near,
viii. 57, elevation of, xi. 228
Rakhas, or Rakhas Tal, Lake, C. Asia,
xiv. 211 ; in relation to the Sutlej
river, Smith, 1865., xi'. 119, 121, 122,
xiv. 211
visited by the Pundit, xii. 157
Ralang, Tibet, absence of cultivation near,
xii. 150
Raleigh Club of Travellers, and the
inception of the R.G.S., ix. 224 note
Raleigh, H.M.S., under Capt. Quin at the
Bonin Islands, 1837, i. 62
Raleigh, Sir W., his exploration of the
Orinoco river, i. 253, ii. 156
Rama river, C. America, exploration of,
1863., bv CoUinson, xii. 26 ; by Wick-
ham, (1868.), xiii. 60
falls of, xii. 36, 38, 40, xiii. 61
hill near, xiii. 61, natives of , 33, villages
on, 40
Ramahquaban or Ramakhoban river, S.
Africa, xiii. 135
considered Lee's hunting-ground, xv. 152
gold reaf near, xv. 157
Ramalyan village, Persia, position of,
xx. 173
Rameh, Syria, ruins at, ii. 223
Ramleh, Syria, ii. 224
Ram Hormuz, Persia, i. 356
desert tract near, i. 292
river near, i. 221
Ramsay, Major, cited on British igno
rance of Nepal, (1858.), ii. 107
 , Prof., ou glaciers of N. Europe,
vii. 77
 , Sir J., obituary notice of, 1859.,
iii. 256
Banco, pass of, Cordilleras of Chile,
viii. 161
Rand and other large towns, Abian
country, S. Arabia, xvi. 118
Randa, Arabia, outcast (Haik) inhabi
tants of, xv. 325
Randell, W. R., Voyage up the Darling
and Barwan rivers, Australia, 1859.,
iv. 94; Earl de Grey on, 194; Lord
Ashburton on, vi. 189
Ranga river, E. C. Africa, source of,
xxii. 245

RAN— RAW

271

Rangap, independent Garo tribes of,
xvii. 40
Rangazavaka river, Madagascar, xiv. 360
Rangitata river, N. Zealand, source of,
discovered by Haast, 1861., viii. 214
Rangoon, Burmah, v. 45, 51, vii. 59,
xix. 269
distance of, from Bhamo, xv. 344
good harbour at, xi. 222; its value,
xii. 198
Notes on, 1867., Brown, xi. 148
Rangpur, Bengal, fair at, established by
Bogle, xix. 334 ; free trade at, 341
Raniyah torrent, Arabia, viii. 98
Ranofotsy river, Madagascar, xix. 192
Ranuzzi, Count Annibale, obituary notice,
1876., xx. 384
Rapa Island, Pacific Ocean, description
of, Hall, xiii. 83
Rapa-Nui or Easter Island, xiv. 108, 119
Raper, Lt. Henry, his tables of longitudes,
iii. 274, xv. 300
obituary notioe of, 1859., iii. 248
Raraguddy, Abyssinia, geological forma
tion at and near, xiv. 163
view from, xii. 114
Raskam, Mts., and district, Yarkand,
xx. 483
Baspadura Canal, C. America, i. 66, built
1788., i. 70, how formed, 63, 87
Rass, Arabia, stone circle near, viii. 81
Rassam, II. , On the Expedition to Abys
sinia, 1865-6., x. 295
on the use of native messengers in
Africa, xvi. 125
prisoner in Abyssinia, 1864., xiii. 47 et
seq.
Ratatchambre", Nile region, Africa, naked
natives living around, Gordon on,
xxi. 49 |
Rath, see Green, Hahn and Rath
Rattlesnake, H.M.S. (see Stanley, Capt.
Owen), survey by,of N.Guinea, ix. 260
vocabulary of Australian natives given
in voyage of, viii. 115, inner route
followed by, 118
Rattray, Dr. A., On Cape York Peninsula,
N. Australia, xii. 313
on sheep and wool culture in Tropical
, or N. Australia, xii. 321
Raude, Eric, colony in Eastern Greenland
established by, 983., xvii. 319
Raudha, Yemen, Arabia, summer houses
of Sanawis at, xviii. 198
Rauma river, Norway, source and course
of, viii. 110
Raupuki Island, N. Zealand, natives of,
ii. 356
Bavenstein, E. G., on Lake Nyassa or
Nyanza, vi. 21
Raverty, Capt., exploration of routes to
Turkestan by, xiii. 15
papers by, referred to, xiii. 20

Raverty, Capt. — continued.
translations by, referred to, xx. 243
oited on C. Asia, x. 140
Rawlings Bay, Arctic Regions, discharg
ing glacier of, xxi. 280
stranded icebergs of, xxi. 280
traces of Esquimaux at, xxi. 284
 musk oxen at, xxi. 276
Rawlinson, Col. Sir Henry, gold medal
list of R.G.S., vi. 184, xi. 156, xii. 216
ambassador to Persia, 1859., iii. 292
President of R.G.S., first speech as,
xv. 239 On General Subjects
addresses, anniversary, by, 1872., xvi.
291, 1873., xvii. 227, 237, 1875., xix.
366, 368, 1876., xx. 375, 377
 , opening, by, 1871., xvi. 81, 1872.,
xvii. 6, 1874.. xix. 3, 1875., xx. 6
Remarks, etc., by —
at evening meetings, xi. 122, xv.
211, xviii. 129, xix. 464, xx. 31,
xxii. 474
on the anniversary address of 1865.,
ix. 189
distributing gold medals and other
awards, xv. 247, xvi. 275, 278, 284,
xvii. 225, 228, 231, xix. 347, 339, 361,
365, xx. 356, 368
acknowledging vote of thanks in con
nection with the Arctic expedition,
1874., xix. 41 ; do. from Fellows, on
his retirement, xx. 376
on Carpenter's Observations on Oceanic
Temperatures, xix. 514
— coral reefs, xvi. 394
— the duties of a President of R.G.S.,
xvii. 309
— the election of the Duke of Edin
burgh as Honorary President, xix. 366
— the Emperor of Brazil, his aid to
geography, and presence at meeting
of R.G.S., xv. 365, 381
— Frere's resignation, xviii. 493
— the Gulf Stream, xiii. 108
— the illness of H.R.H. the Prince of
Wales, xvi. 124
— the interdependence of Classics and
Mathematios and Geography, xvii. 236
— Murchison, his illness, xi. Ill, xv. 27,
52, and death, xvi. 81 ; his services
to geography and gold medal pre
sented to, xv. 246
Report on Public Sohools Prize exami
nations in Political Geography, 1873.,
xvii. 219
School Medals distributed by, xvi. 276,
287, xvii. 226, 234, xix. 365, xx. 373
on his retirement, xvii. 309 ; xx. 375,
376, 448
— the Samarcand Koran, viii. 273
— the Seating difficulty, xx. 330;

272

RAW— RAW

Rawlinson, Col. Sir Henry — continued.
on amendment of Regulations, xxii.
294, 295, 296
on the teaching of Physical Geography
by R.G.S., xx. 447, 493
— trees in relation to rainfall, x. 268
vote of thanks to Alcock on retiring,
xxii. 302
 to the Duke of Edinburgh
on the occasion of Cameron's return,
xx. 328
welcome to the Sultan of Zanzibar,
xix. 464, 490, and vote of thanks to
him, 493 On Special Countries
on African exploration, etc. (see also
Addresses)—
Abyssinian expedition, 1867-8., xii.
16, 17, 18
African exploration, in connection
with the Fund, xxii. 473
Baines' expedition to goldfields, 1868-
9., xv. 158
Baker's Nile expeditions, xvi. 187,
xvii. 161, xx. 53
Cameron's and Grandy's expeditions,
xvii. 13, 14, 74; Cameron on L.
Tanganyika, xix. 74,77, 78-9, 104-5,
246, 262, other explorers of same,
246, 262, 326; Cameron's journey
from the Lake to the West Coast,
xx. 117, 127, and his observations',
133, 164, 183, 234, 435
Elton's exploration of the Limpopo,
xvi. 101
Frere's mission to E. Africa, xvii. 353
Gordon's journeys, xix. 40, 182
his helpers, 182, 326
use of elephants, ib. 492-3
report on, by Kemp, referred to,
xix. 326
Notes on Progress of, 1875., xx. 50,
xxi. 62
Kilima Njaro Mt, vi. 50 ; on New's
and others' exploration of same,
xvi. 171 ; on the death of Mr. New,
xix. 323
Livingstone (see also under Cameron,
supra), xvi. 124, his reported
death, xi. Ill, 113, news of,
xv. 115-16, 336, xvi. 148
expeditions in search of, xvi. 145,
157, 163, Government attitude to
same, xvi. 164-5, latest news of
same, 166, further news, 184-6,
203, 241-2, 369, 375, 379, xvii. 56,
157, 159, 160, 169, xviii. 110,
111
Government provision for family
of, xviii. 408
Stanley's search for, and news of,
xvi. 88, 102-3, 124-5, 225-6, 369,

Rawlinson, Col. Sir Henry — continued.
on African exploration — continued.
375, 379, 410, 412, 429, safety of,
announced, xvi. 379
Young's relief expedition, xvii. 33,
35, xix. 78, 105, Letters to same
from Livingstone, 1873., xviii. 267
his followers, xx. 164 note, 183;
medals presented to same, xviii.
494-5
Madagascar, xix. 182, and its ethno
logy, 204
Native explorers, African and other,
xvi. 132, 261, and see x. 164
Stanley's explorations (see also supra,
Livingstone), xix. 40, towards the
Albert Nyanza, xx. 50, 54, and
alleged ill treatment of natives,
xxi. 59
on America-
Captain Anderson's survey for the
International Boundary Line be
tween Canada and the United
States, 1872., xx. 301-2
Brazil, and the length of the
Amazon, xv. 381
on Arctic exploration (see also Addresses,
¦supra) —
Austro-Hungarian expedition, xvii.
15", 265, xix. 5, 16
British expedition, proposed, xvii.
76-7, 103, 106, xix. 35, 38
R.G.S. committee for (and Osborn's
paper), xvi. 235, 240, xvii. 183,
its plan, xx. 416 et seq.
letter on, to Disraeli, xix. 415, and
the reply, xix. 40, 416, see also
xxi. 541-2
expedition of 1875, under Nares,
xix. 206, 223, progress of, xx. 415,
its return, xxi. 119
future prospects of Polar expeditions,
xxi. 286
German North Polar expedition,
xv. HI, 113
M'Clintoek's paper on sledge- travel
ling, xix. 464, 479
Swedish expedition, xvii. 16, 264,
xx. 416
on Asia —
Afghanistan, boundary of, xvii. 116;
geography of, xx. 250-251
cited, see Afghan geography
Anatolia, and Palgrave's journey in,
xvi. 224
Aral sea, etc., xi. 114
Arabian exploration, xvi. 122, 123
Miles' exploration, xv. 333
Palgrave's journey, viii. 81-2
Pelly's proposed exploration, ix. 276
Armenia and Ararat, xxii. 183
Babylon and Mesopotamia, Bewsher's
journey, xi. 156-7

RAW— RAW

273

Rawlinson, Col. Sir Henry — continued.
Babylonian exploration by Loftus, 1849.,
i. 45, burial customs, i. 48
Badakhshan and Wakhan, xvii. 108
Beluchistan, xvi. 218-19
the Caucasus, vi. 6, 7; Freshfleld's
journey in, xiii. 72-3
cited on the Euphrates valley telegraph
line, xxi. 620
 on the heights of Mts. Judi and
Demavend, iii. 292
Central Asia —
cotton of, viii. 274
elevation of the Dora pasB, xvi. 260
explorations in, xi. 164
Forsyth's Kashgar mission, xviii. Ill—
. 117, 414-36, 437 ; his travels in the
Gobi desert, xxi. 44
Hayward's expedition from Leh to
Yarkand, xiv. 73-4, and on receiv
ing gold medal for him, 281 ; on
his death, xv. 18, 122
inscriptions in C. Asia, xvi. 216-7;
cuneiform do., near Mazgerd, xii.
304 note
Johnson's help to C. Asian explorers,
xix. 347 ; his journey from Leh to
Ilchi, xi. 6, 13
journeys of Lovett ,and others iu
Kelat, xvi. 218
Notes on Khiva, xvii. 162, 165
Schuyler's journey in Kokand, xviii.
408, 414
Karakorum, Mongolia, xvii. 192
the site of Kurkh, his views on, cited,
ix. 36
Lob Nor lake, Prjevallky's journey
to, xxi. 44, 349
the Mirza's expedition from Kabul to
Kashgar, xv. 198
Montgomerie's surveys, and native
explorers in, x. 164, xii. 168-70,
¦ xiii. 196-7, xiv. 212, 214, xvi. 260-1 ,
xix. 345
the Oxus and its changes of course,
xi. 114 et seq., xx. 176-8
the Pundit's journeys, and his
trainers, xxi. 346-7
Russian advance and explorations
in, xi. 114, 118, 165, xiv. 232,
xvi. 216-7, 260-1, 409, xvii. 19, 54,
112, xxi. 137-9
Observations on two memoirs by M.
Veniukof on the Pamir region and
the Bolor country, x. 134
on Shaw's explorations in Eastern
Turkestan, etc., xiii. 201, xiv. 136,
xvi. 409
Vambery's journey, viii. 270
China, etc. —
Chinese Tartary, xi. 164
Cooper's Yunnan expedition, xv. 171-
3, xtf. 215

I Rawlinson, Col. Sir Henry— continued.
China, etc. — continued.
Cooper cited on the Sanpo river,
xiv. 219, cf. xiii. 392 note
Margary's journeys and death, xix.
287, and on Elias' journey, xx. 184,
215 .
Elias' journey through W. Mongolia,
xvii. 184, 192
Gill's expedition, xxii. 282
S. Western, Sladen's expedition in,
xv. 364
Chitral, xvi. 261
Formosa, and Salmanesar's forgeries
concerning, xvii. 156
India —
electrical communication between
England and, cited, vi. 184
Notes on the direct overland tele
graph to India, v. 219
the Indian origin of the Gipsy race,
i. 39
the proposed direct telegraph route
to India, vii. 92-3, viii. 20-21, 267
a site for a capital of India, xi. 77
Japan, xvii. 77, 85
Kishm Island, Persian Gulf, and the
overland telegraph, viii. 267
Notes on Mohamrah and the Chaab
Arabs, etc., i. 351, 362-3
on the mountains of Mekran, the home
of the Gipsies, xvi. 221
Persia, architecture of, at Nadali, xvii. 95
delimitation of the Porso-Khelat fron-
. tier, xvi. 218
Turcoman-Persian frontier, xx. 165,
175, and city of Dehistan, 180-2
observations on the geography of
Southern, i. 280, 296
the Persian Gulf and the cotton and
telegraph line to India, vii. 92-4,
viii. 20, 21, 267
Seistan, Goldsmid's exploration of,
xvii. 86
Notes on Seistan, xvii. 92 (title only)
Syria, de Saulcy's discoveries in,
xvi. 114
the Tigris, Taylor's visit to its sources,
ix. 37
trade routes between :
Burmah and China, xix. 285
India and Tibet, Markham's paper,
xix. 345
Turkestan and India, xiii. 10
Trans-Himalayan explorations, see Cen
tral Asia, supra
on Australia — •
Forrest's explorations in the western
interior of, xix. 315, 317, xx. 370
Warburton's and others' explorations in,
xix. 40-1, 51, 317
progress of, and proposed explorations,
xvii. 276-8, xix. 75 t

274

RAW— RED

Rawlinson, Col. Sir Henry — continued.
on New Guinea, —
explorations in, Moresby's and other's,
xix. 224, 244, xx. 427; Stone's,
xx. 19 (and see note), 92
as a field for research, xx. 109

his career, Murchison on, xv. 315
his illness, Frere on, xvii. 322
his work in Assyria, Beechey on, i. 164 ;
Murchison on, i. 435
Rawlinson Range, N. Guinea, beautiful
slopes of, xix. 234
 Sound, Arctic Regions, xix. 26, 29
Rawlinson's Cap, S.E. Africa, named by
Erskine, xix. 130
Rawnsley Bluff, S. Australia, ii. 18
Rawson, Sir R. W., xxii. 472, on Public
Schools Prize Medals, xxi. 377, 403,
xxii. 301
Rawung, Trans-Himalaya, climate and
water of, xiii. 195
 Chaka, or Phondok-cho, lake, Trans-
Himalaya, xiv. 208
Rayin, Seistan, geological formation near,
xvii. 93
Raymond, Ven. Archdeacon, obituary
notice of, I860., iv. 136
Read, J. G., discoverer of the Tuapeka
gully goldfield, N. Zealand, vi. 71
Reade, Winwood W., on the Fan and
. other W. African tribes, x. 83
on his journeys in W. Africa, 1868-9.,
xiii. 353 ; letter from Sir A. G.
Kennedy on, 359; see xvii. Ill note
Journey to the Upper Waters of the
Niger from Sierra Leone, 1869.,
xiv. 185, cf. xiv. 4
Travels in W. Africa, 1861., vii. 106
obituary notice of, 1875., xix. 399
Realejo, C. America, excellent harbour of,
xii. 26
Rebmann, Rev. — . (see also Krapf), i. 181,
ii. 52, xxii. 473
cited on snow-crowned mountains in
Africa (Kilimanjaro), iii. 115, 208,
213, 304, vi. 49, 50, vii. 195, viii. 2,
xvi. 126, 128, 170
valuable work done by, in Africa,
viii. 260, xxi. 48, 497, xxii. 16
death of, 1875., xxi. 48
Rechussen or Ambernoh river, N. Guinea,
discovery of, iii. 361
Reconnaissance of new or partially known
country, On the, Warren, xix. 155
Red Arkansas river, U.S.A., area drained
by, ii. 338
 Bank, W. African coast, near Joal,
dangers of, iii. 377
 Island, off Cape York, N. Australia,
ix. 77
 Lake, Canada, as a boundary,
vii. 74

Red Point, Congo mouth, holes in sea-
bottom at, i. 312
 River of the North, B. N. America,
ii. 45, 339, vii. 73
country near, ix. 17
drainage area of, iv. 231
falls of, and navigation, ii. 336
headwaters of, latitude of, vii. 74
as a trade route, iv. 232, 234, xii. 123
tributaries of, ii. 46, viii. 51
valley of, boundary in, Anderson on,
xx. 274
visited by Colville, q.v., Hind, q.v.,
Palliser, q.v., Rae, vi. 110, vii. 102
water communication between, and the
Saskatchewan, ii. 149
watershed of, alleged difficulties in cross
ing, iii. 126 ; Rae on, vi. 110
 Settlement, ii. 45, iii. 222, 317,
iv. 253
astronomical Station at, longitude
determined, xx. 282
cost of freight to, i. 266
fine country near, vi. 223
traders and American colonists at,
xii. 124, xx. 275, 298
Red River of the South (Louisiana)
canons of, described, xiii. 147
exploration of, by U.S.A. officers, i. 465
Red Sand, C. Australia, plains near,
v. 58
Red Sea (see also Suez Canal), i. 81, 90,
142, 160, 222, 224, ii. 283
admiralty surveys of, ii. 265, iii. 266,
268, v. 173, vi. 133, xii: 243, xv. 264,
xvi. 317, xviii. 537, xxi. 432-3,
xxii. 333
ancient races dwelling along, i. 281
animal life of (see fish infra), xviii. 317
Buist's meteorological observations on,
v. 152
and canal project, i. 81, 90, 142, 160, 222,
224
coast currents and tides of, iii. 178
dangerous navigation of, iii. 198
depths in, iii. 266
evaporation current of, Carpenter,
xviii. 314
fish of, i. 223-4
Islands of, explored by Waghom, 1845.,
iv. 56
Israelite passage of, Kennelly on,
xii. 193
 route after crossing, Holland on,
xii. 192
level of, at Suez, iii. 183
variations in, Evans on, xxi. 73
lights arranged for, in, v. 173, vi. 133
Physical condition of, Carpenter,
xviii. 312
rainlessness of, xviii. 306
as telegraph route, i. 81, v. 222, vii. 166
Gisborne's work on, v. 159

RED— RES

275

Bed Sea — continued.
temperatures in, iii* 195, xxi. 297
Thermal condition of, Carpenter,
xxi. 306, 326
Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea, probable
former connection between, i. 224
Reden, Dr. Baron von, obituary notice of,
1858., ii. 256
Redfield, W. O, his theory on the Arctic
current, ii. 329
Redscar Bay, N. Guinea, described by
Gill, xviii. 37-8, and by Moresby,
xviii. 23 et seq.
Mangrove swamps of, xxii. 221
missionaries at, xx. 272, xxii. 221
natives of, xvi. 204, xviii. 42
hostile, xviii. 23, tatooed, 40, their
villages, 44, women, 45
river falling into, xx. 333
unhealthiness of, xx. 272
Reed, Mr., of N. Atlantic Telegraph ex
pedition, v. 65, 169-70
Reed Grass river, B. N. America, course
of, described,, ii. 46
Reedy and Rocky Springs, S. Australia,
hill near, ii. 24
Reflecting instrument, R.G.S. reward for,
1861., v. 145
Refuge Cove, N. America, ix. 128
, Refuge Inlet, Greenland, Kane at, 1850.,
i. 17
Regan, Persia, elevation of, xvii. 93
Regel, Dr., his journey to Lake Karakul,
etc., xxii. 341-2
Regent's Sword Peninsula, Cape Lao-thie-
Shan, China, iii. 65
Regiaf, Upper Nile, Kemp's report on
country near, xix. 324 ; rapids near,
xx. 51 ; see Rageef
Reg Ruwau or Rig-i-Rowan, flowing sand,
Central Asia, x. 274, xvii. 91
Rehenneko, E. Africa, Cameron at, xx. 305
Reichardt, Rev. J. O, cited on the lan
guage and westward migrations of the
Fulah tribes (Africa), xxi. 493
Reid, Maj.-Gen. Sir W., obituary notice of,
1859., iii. 252
Reid river, Queensland, v. 6
Reikialith, Iceland, on Lake Myvatn,
recent lava near, v. 84
Reikianess, Cape, Iceland, the Gulf Stream
at, v. 78, ice-drift along, 229, xiii. 227
Reikiavik (Reykiavik) Bay, Iceland,
iv. 101
advantages of, for the Atlantic tele
graph, iv, 103
Reikiavik, chief town of Iceland, iv. 103,
' v. 63, 64, 74, 104
ice at, v. 89, 101
influenoe of warm currents on climate
of, v. 233, xviii. 371
surface sea temperatures at, 1848.,
v. 233, mean do., 234

tables of meteorological observations at,
1839., v. 233
thickness of ice at, v. 101
Reinah, large village, near Mt. Demavend,
elevation of, iii. 12, 17
Rejang, Borneo, visited by De Crespigny,
i. 206
Rejaf, see Regiaf
Rejang river, Borneo, length of, xvi. 172
Rek, Lake, Nile region, position of,
viii. 11, 12 ; see also Misr er Rek
Reliance Fort, Arctic regions, aurora
borealis seen near, iii. 121
Remarkable Mt., S. Australia, geological
formation of, v. 244, gold in, xii. 142,
mines of copper near, viii. 33
Rembo river, W. Africa (see also Ogowe),
falls on, x. 74
Remedios pass, Peru, elevation of, xii. 12S
Rendel, J. M., cited on Port Said, iii. 200
scheme of for Suez Canal, iii. 204
obituary notice of, 1867., i. 391
Rennell Island, Torres Straits, i. 80
Rennell, Major James, investigation of
Atlantic currents by, referred to,
xxi. 68, 71, 73
Russian praise of, vii. 158
Rennell's Current, course of, xviii. 406
Rennie, G.,on the proposed Atrato canal,
C. America, i. 72-3
on the Suez Canal project, iii. 197, cited
204
on the length of the Yangtse, and other
rivers, ii. 207
obituary notice of, 1866., x. 213
 , Messrs., work of, at Peterborough,
i. 74
 , Sir John, obituary notice of, 1875.,
xix. 401
Renouard, Rev. G. C, obituary notice of,
1867., xi. 188
Rensselaer harbour, Smith Sound, Arctic
regions, Kane's wintering place, ix.
182-3, xix. 213, xxi. 274, 278
temperature at, ix. 55, 185
Repulse Bay, or Harbour, Arctic regions,
iv. 2, animal life at, i. 53
Esquimaux of, i. 215, information as to
caches at, i. 25
as route for a Franklin search, i. 95,
96
sledge-party to, from the Discovery,
1876., xxi. 117
winter encampment at, of Hall, 1868.,
xii. 101
Reraia province, N. Africa, Atlas Mts. in,
xv. 214, 217
Research, Bay, Van Diemen's land,
xviii. 520
Resenna river valley and natives,
Afghanistan, xx. 243-4
Resht, capital of Ghilan, iii. 4, described,
iii. 391-5

276

RES— RIC

Resolute, H.M.S., drift and recovery of, in
Arctic regions, 1854-5., i. 3, 23, xv. 112,
xix. 36, rotting of sails of, 24, sledge-
parties from, xix. 472
Resolution Island, Frobisher Bay, Arctic
regions, vii. 100, whaling near, xiii. 372
Retreat Bay, Curlew Island, Bay of
Bengal, described, vi. 208-9
Reunion, Laguna de la, Paraguay, eleva
tion of, xx. 494
Renss river, Central Alps, fall of, ii. 370
volume of, xvii. 205
Revolver Stand for Telescopes at Sea,
Piazzi Smith, i. 421
Revoma river, supposed effluent of L.
Nyasa, xx. 452
Revubue river, tributary of the Zambesi,
ii. 366
Rewa river and its tributaries, Na tite
Levie, Fiji Islands, Report of expedition
for exploration of, Macdonald, (title
only) i. 508
Reyes and others, discovery of silver by,
1870., in Bolivia, xxii. 47
Reynolds Range, S. C. Australia, xix. 51
RezaaZ States, S. Arabia, elevated lands of,
xvi. 117, people, 118
Rhaeejan range, E. Bengal, elevation of,
xvii. 42
Rhine river, fall of, ii. 370
frozen over, 1793., iv. 119
Source and course of, iij. 354
volume of, in upper course, xvii. 205-6
Rhodes, Island of, sea depths near, i. 405
earthquake of 1863 in, Murchison on,
vii. 205
Rhogonis river, Persia, probably the
Genava, i. 284
Rhone glacier, subsoil of, vii. 77, viii. 234
- — - river, delta of, iii. 203
source and course of, iii. 354
.volume of, in upper course, xvii. 205-6
Rho-shee-mah, Tibet, Chinese population
of, v. 48
Riacho Paracan, channel, Parana river,
S. America, changes in, xx. 500
Riadh, Arabia, chief town of Nejed,
viii. 65, 105
latitude and longitude of, fixed by Pelly,
ix. 294
loveliness of its situation, viii. 73
Palgrave's residence at, viii. 70
Wahabite capital of Arabia, Visit to,
1865., Pelly, ix. 292, 293, 295
Riang Kul (Lake), C. Asia, visited by
Kostenko, 1876., xxi. 127
Ribe, E. Africa, Missionary Station at,
New's abode, xvi. 170
Rich, — , cited on the route to Shiraz, i. 288
Richards, Adm. G. H., xii. 322
appointed Hydrographer to the Ad
miralty, viii. 90, retirement, 1874.,
xviii. 548

Richards, Adm. G. H. — continued.
Admiralty surveys, summaries of, 1865.,
ix. 219; 1866., x. 216; 1867., xi. 190;
1868., xii. 239 ; 1869., xiii. 274; 1870,,
xiv. 303; 1871., xv. 261; 1872,
xvi. 315 ; 1873., xvii. 253
Arctic work of, i. 106 et seq.
on Arctic matters
expediency of further search for
Franklin, i. 94-5
on proposed expedition, 1865,, ix. 64
and route for it, ix. 123 \
on routes to the N. Pole, xii. 109
on Arctic exploration and the Transit
of Venus, (1882.), xiii. 119
On the Route towards the Pole for
the Arctic expedition of 1875,,
xix. 208
on Arctic sledge-travelling, xix. 477
on the Arctic expedition of 1875. and
Smith's Sound route, xxi. 282-3
on British Columbia and Vancouver
Id., viii. 90, 91
on the Canadian Pacific route to B,
Columbia and Vancouver, xii. 124
Cardwell settlement, Australia, site
selected by, x. 33
on the Challenger's voyage and its
objects, xvii. 57
on the Fraser river, B. Columbia, and
its navigability, vi. 235
on Greenland exploration, xvi. 237
hydrographical labours of, xv. 37
on the inner route, Barrier reef, Aus
tralian coast, viii. 119, 120, 121 ;
cited, 211
on New Zealand, surveys and explora
tions in, ix. 34
Surveys in G. of Siam and- New
Zealand, 1857., i. 406
 and Clarke, Lt.-Col, Report on the
Suez Canal, 1870., xiv. 259
Richards, Henry, of the N. Australian
Expedition, i. 189
 and Slossin, Commercial Journey
from Tientsin to Shansi and Pechili,
I860., vi. 218, Ashburton on, 165
Richards, Mt., N. Zealand, glacier of,
viii. 47
Richardson, Dr., cited on Zimmay, 1869.,
xix. 274
mission of, to Shan States, xix. 273
surveys in Burma by, i. 269-70
 , J., exploration of Anticosti Island,
gulf of St. Lawrence, by, 1856., ii. 294-5
Richardson, Sir J., ctred! on the lebia fish
of the Dead Sea,i. 224, cited on animal
life in Arctic regions, i. 53-4
obituary notice of, 1866., x. 199
Richardson, — (surveyor of the expedi
tion), Account of F. and A. Jardine's
N.E. Australian expedition, 1864., x. 32,
33

RIC— RIP

277

Richie Island, non-existent, xix. 233
Richmond Downs, Australia, geological
formation of, and fossils at, xii. 141
Richmond river, N.S. Wales, admiralty
survey of, xvi. 320
discovered by Rous, 1824., xxii. 331
Richthofen, Baron F. von, awarded gold
medal of R.G.S., 1878., xxii. 255, 297,
298, letter acknowledging, 298
Chinese geological explorations of, 1870,
xv. 293, and results, 173; 1871-72.,
xvii. 296 ; issue of his work on same,
1877., xxi. 477
cited on the Brussels Congress of 1876,
xxi. 19
 routes from Burma to S.W.
China, xviii. 463, xx. 214
 on the Sohkoi river, as a trade
route, xix. 283
Richthofen Peak, Arctic regions, elevation
of, xix. 34
Rickard,Maj., on the height of Aconcagua
peak, and on Crawfurd's railway surveys
across the Andes, xvii. 64, 66, 67
Riego Mts., Tibet, crossed by the Pundit,
xiv. 211
RifkoU, Arctic regions, icebergs grounded
off, xx. 56
Rifle Creek, Oregon, xi. 91
Rigby, Gen. C. P., consul at Zanzibar,
1859., iii. 349, v. 11, vi. 50, 177
Englishmen in captivity in E. Africa,
x. 113, and on the wreck of the St.
Abbs., 116, and see vi. 207, x. 99
on the Galla and Somali peoples,
x. 101-2
— the hostility of the Masai tribes
and on the African exploration fund,
xxii. 472-3
— native accounts of the size of Lake
Ukerewe, xvi. 130
— using native messengers, xvi. 125,
130
— Somaliland, its commerce and people,
x. 99, xvi. 155
Speke's letters to, I860., vi. 17
on Speke and Grant's expedition,
vii. 22, 23
— Von der Deoken's fate, x. 99
translation of the Sultan of Zanzibar's
letter on Livingstone Search and
Relief Expedition, xvi. 383
on Zanzibar and its sultan, I860.,
xiii. 25, xix. 491, cited 1862., vi. 177
cited on gold-bearing area of Africa,
xv. 158
Rig Gunnowa, Persia, i. 292
Rig i Rowan, see Reg Ruwan supra
Bilang river, Assam, affluent of Um Blay
river, xvii. 36
Rimac river, Peru, xviii. 206, fall of, 209
Rimdee, Trans-Himalavas, elevation of,
xiv, 43

Rink, Dr. H., xxi. 217
On the discharge of Water from the
Interior of Greenland through springs
underneath the ice, vii. 76, Murchison
on, 151
On Kane's Arctic exploration, 1853-5.,
critical paper, ii. 195, Murchison
on, 289; Bache's investigation and
reply, ii. 359 ; Hayes' letter, iii. 146
et seq.
cited on route for the N. Atlantic
Telegraph, v. 68
Rio Grande, Colorado, Apaohe devasta
tions near, xix. 305
 rising in the Andes, sources of,
xvii. 58, and course, 59, 63
 del Norte, N. America, caaon
of, xxii. 281
irrigation possibilities of, xxii. 280
town on, xxii. 279
 W. Africa, iii. 380
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, vii. 51
Geographical and Historical Institute
of, founded by the Emperor, Don
Pedro, xv. 366
Harbour, compared with that of Hong
Kong, i. 333
Rio Negro, affluent of the Amazon, i. 251
affluents of, viii. 160
climate of, iii. 94
navigable branch of the Amazon, i. 278
supposed sources of, ii. 297
Rio de la Plata, S. America, i. 1
admiralty surveys in, i. 407
affluents of, i. 467-8
exploration of, ib., iii. 331, v. 203
Rio Real, see Old Calabar river
Riobamba, Ecuador, S. Amerioa, earth
quakes, etc., at, xxi. 557
elevation and temperature at, xvi. 558
Mountains surrounding and vegetation
near, xxi. 560
Rion river and valley, Caucasus, xiii. 69
Riouga and his territory, C. Africa, x.
25, Baker on, xviii. 61-63, later history
of, xx. 473
Ripon, Earl of, first president of R.G.S.,
obituary notioe of, 1859., iii. 243
Ripon, Earl de Grey and, President of
R.G.S., son of the foregoing, iii. 345,
iv. 39
annual address, I860., iv. Ill, 117
presents gold medals, etc., I860.,
iv. 109, 111
receives medal for Captain Speke,
v. 140
remarks at evening meetings, iii. 354,
361, 365, 368, iv. 100, 105, 108, vi. 7
on African exploration —
Burton and Speke's travels, iii. 347
Nile region, iv. 40-1, 44
by Portuguese, iii. 863
— B, Columbia, gold in, iv. 76

278

RIP— ROC

Ripon, Earl de Grey and — continued.
on Franklin, and. M'Clintock's search
for him, iv. Ill
— on the progress of. discovery in
Australia, vi. 15
Ripon Falls, or Namweni, Nile river,
vii. 192, 219
altitude of, according to Baker, xxii. 388,
to Speke and Grant, 387, to Stanley
and others, 388
discovered and named by Speke and
Grant, vii. 221
engineering possibilities at, M'tesa's
views on, xxii. 409, Stanley on, 388,
390
exit of Nile from Victoria Nyanza at,
xx. 37
geological formation at, and near,
vii. 221
Gordon's post established at, xx. 474
native name for, xxii. 390
Stanley's visit to, xx. 147-8
width of the Nile at, xx. 37
Rippelmonde, Belgium, birthplace of
Mercator, statue erected to him at,
xvi. 135
Rishir, or Bahmen, ancient capital of the
Erythreans, Rawlinson on, i. 281-3
fort stormed by British, i. 291
Ritenbenk Kulbrud, Greenland, cliff and
coal mine at, xx. 56, 62, 63
Esquimaux dogs from, xx. 58
latitude of, corrected, xx. 65
Ritter Cape, Arctic regions, latitude of,
xix. 28, 33
Ritter, Prof. Dr. K.—
Die Erdkunde von Asien, reviewed,
iii. 389
in praise of Livingstone, i. 319
obituary notice of, I860., iv. 137
Rivers deflected by geological formations,
Ziegler on, ii. 369-70
having steep right banks, and vice versa,
Murchison on, viii. 205
Riviere qui Grate, B. N. America, ii. 46
Riviere du Sable, B. Columbia, terrace-
formation on, xv. 134
Riza harbour, Anatolia, better than
Trebizond, xvi. 223
Robb, Rev. Dr., labours of, on ethnology of
W. Africa, xvi. 369
Robego, C. Africa, capital of " Kuenda,"
small size of Nile near, iii. 213
Robert Hall Sound, N. Guinea, natives of,
xviii. 23-4, xix. 235
position of, and advantages as a harbour,
Moresby on, xix. 229
Roberts, J. J., ex-president of Liberia, on
Dr. Hodgkin, i. 100
Robertson, Capt., cited on the peak of
Sumeru Parbut, ii. 109
Robeson Channel, Arctic regions, xx. 01,
xxi. 99, 277, driftwood in, xxi. 102

Robeson Channel — continued.
freedom from icebergs in and near,
xxi. 103, 280, 281
Hall at, 1871., xxi. 275
Polaris expedition in connection with,
xxi. 106
scarcity of animal life north of, xxi. 276
strong currents in, xxi. 108
Robins, T. V., Notes on the Niger, x. 116
Robinson, A., member of Giles' Australian
expedition, xvii. 277
Robinson, Col. D. G., (of the Indian
Survey), death of, (1878.), xxii. 347
 Comm. r.n., Report on the com
pletion of the survey of the inner side
Great Barrier reef, (1863.), viii. 114,
117-18, 211, remarks on the same, x. 117
 J., on gold in S. Africa, xiii. 341
 Prof. E., and others, Biblical re
searches in Palestine and the adjacent
regions, 1838. and 1852., ii. 223
 Rev. W., on the " benches '' of B.
Columbia, xv. 144, see xv. 133
 Sir H., guano sent by, from St.
Kitts, iii. 332
on the French missionaries in China, vi.4
Robinson Harbour, N. Guinea, described,
xxi. 356
Robson's Peak, Rocky Mts. (Tete Jaune's
Cache), ix. 19
Roches Percees, Les, B. N. America,
described by Anderson, xx. 286-7
geological formation of, ii. 147
iarge Indian camp at, ii. 150
Rochelle, Lieut. Henry, Geographical
Positions in the Valley of the Amazons,
xvi. 271, 359
Rochma, Tibet, Chowsam Gohain at
(1869.), xiv. 217
Rock Creek, B. Columbia, " benches " of.
xv. 134
Rockall Island, North Atlantic, depths
near and animal life on, v. 68
elevation of and latitude, vii. 138
Rockhampton, Queensland, on -the Fitz
roy, iv. 79, v. 6, vi. 24, 117, 174,
vii. 3, 11, 36, 37
admiralty survey at, xxi. 436
auriferous promise of district, vii. 114,
xii. 140
colonization beyond, considered, x. 247
development of, and salubrity, v. 122,
and trade, x. 62, 249
expeditions from, Jardine's, 1864., x. 32,
Landsborough's (1865.), x. 62, tele
graphic, xii. 54
first settlement in N.E. Australia,
xix. 316
geological formation at, xii. 142
sheep-farming at, vii. 114
Rockingham Bay (see. Cardwell Bay),
Queensland, xii. 54
coast near, xi. 15Q

ROC— ROL

279

Rockingham Bay — continued.
colony at, vi. 119, vii. 13, 14, ix. 23, 77
Dalrymple's expedition near, and its
results, x. 51, 247, 248
development of, x. 248
harbour of, viii. 110, good anchorage at,
110, 111, watershed of, 113, steamer
communication with the south de
sired, 119
mountains near, iv. 81, xii. 144
population of (1866.), x. 249
rains, absence of, near, vii. 89
route from, to the interior, x. 51
as a sheep-mart, x. 328
Soott's overland expedition to (1864.),
viii. 110
telegraphic advance to, ib.
Rock Town, W. Africa, colony of liberated
negroes, i. 99
Rocky Bay, Curlew Island, Bay of Bengal,
described, vi. 208
 Creek, Queensland, x. 65
Bocky Mts. (see Hector, Milton, Palliser,
etc., B.N. American expedition) —
as seen from the Athabasca, ix. 18,
from the Western Butte, xx. 293
character of the country near, i. 265,
267, v. 200, vi. 232
climates at foot of, vi. ,232
elevation of, xii. 121, xx. 294
expeditions across, Milton and Cheadle's,
1861., ix. 17
Palliser's 1859., i. 460-62, ii. 49, 51,
292, iii. 122, 219, 317, iv. 73, 170,
viii. 49
geologioal formation of, Anderson on,
xx. 294, Hector on, 300 ; cf. xxii. 366
gold of, ii. 333, xi. 96
lake in, having two outlets, viii. 52
Lefroy and others on, i. 265-7
International boundary in, xx. 274
passes in, i. 265, ii. 51, 336, iii. 124, 219,
iv. 35-6, 74, 232, 234, vi. 108, 111,
viii 92, ix. 17, xii. 121, xvii. 272
 , Hudson Bay Co.'s use of, vii. 73
rivers in, iii, 324, xvii. 272
slopes of, ii. 336, 338
termini of, xiii. 141
trend of, xx. 300
unexplored regions west of, I860.,
Murohison on, iv. 253
volcanic character of, xxii. 366
watershed of, viii. 88, ix. 18
 Point, Enderby Island, off N.W.
Australia, x. 47
Rode Strand, Spitzbergen, ix. 311
Roderick river, W. Australia, tributary
of the Murohison, iii. 35, 54
Rodondo Island, Curia Muria Group,
described, iv. 52
Rodriguez Island, Indian Ocean, Observa
tion of the Transit of Venus from (1874.),
xix. 406

Roe, A., on Gregory's W. Australian ex
plorations, v. 10, 127
his own expedition in Australia re
ferred to, vi. 112
 F., of Forrest's W. Australian ex
pedition, xiv. 194-5
 James, of Gregory's W. Australian
expedition, iii. 34, 40, 43, 44, 51; hill
named after, 39 ; thanked, 53 ; cited
on same expedition, v. 3
Roe Downs, N. Australia, grassy and
fertile, i. 367
Roebuck, J. A., ji.p., on the passes found
in the Rocky Mts. by Palliser, iv. 74
Roebuok Bay, W. Australia, v. 4, 9, region
still to be explored, 1875., xix. 488
Roevald, Arctic regions, current near,
ix. 166
Rogers, Com. J., surveying expedition of,
in N. Pacific, 1854., i. 16
 , Prof. Henry, geological work of,
iii. 329 ; obituary notice of, 1867., xi. 188
Rogers Straits, N.W. Australia, Stow at,
x. 40
Roget, Dr. P. M., obituary notice of, 1870.,
xiv. 299
Rogni pass, Khoja Amran hills, Afghan
istan, xxi. 587
Rogue river, Oregon, xi. 85
Rogumba river, East Africa, the problem
of, xix. 250
Rohib or Ghulbat Bay, Helaniyah Island,
Curia Muria group, iv. 51
Rohilkund, India, mistakes concerning,
xi. 55
Rohilla Point, Persian Gulf, i. 292, ruins
at, 282
Rohl river, Nileregion, viii. 134-7, Pether
ick at, 138, 145
Rohlfs, Gerhard, gold medallist of R.G.S.,
1868, xii. 214
correspondence between, and the R.G.S.,
concerning proposed journey, viii 94-6
grants made to, by R.G.S., ix. 250, x. 69,
xi. 52
Journey across the Atlas Mts., through
the Oases of Tuat and Tidekelt to
Tripoli vid Ghadames, 1864., ix. 312
 through Morocco and Tuat, Peter
mann, ix. 79
journeys of, in N.W. Africa, Murchison
on, viii. '243
letters on his expedition to Central
Africa, x. 69, xi. 33, 34
Rohniz Valley, Persia, Mts. near, xvi. 262
Rohtung pass, Punjab, elevation of, x. 168,
xiii. 14, xv. 337
river rising in, xv. 338
 Range, Punjab, trend of, xv. 337
Rollers, or great Atlantic waves at St.
Helena and elsewhere, iii. 364
Rollet, — Brun, explorations of, on the
Misselad, Upper Nile, i. 157

280

ROM— ROU

Roma district, Queensland, gold prospects
in, xii. 141
 , Mt , Queensland, lofty isolated peak
of, vi. 118
Romanohe river, France, lofty peaks near,
vii. 43
Romania province, Siam, iv. 212
Rome, French maps of, 1857., i. 427-8
Romeh Island, Victoria Nyanza, xxi. 466
Rona river, W. Africa, manatee of, ii. 34
Rong-siang river, Garo Hills, valley of,
xvii. 39
Rooke, Capt. W., r.a., Boat voyage along
the Coast Lakes of E. Madagascar,
1865., x. 54
Rooksum, Trans-Himalayas, xiv. 208
Roopshoo, Rupchu, or Ladak (q.v.), ele
vation of plains of, xiii. 13, great salt
Lake of, iii. 367
Roorkee, India, the mutiny at, and the
survey, iv. 30"
Roper river, N. Australia, i. 230, 491
conflicting accounts of, vii. 86
discovered by Leichardt, i. 367-8
exploration of, xvii. 278
mouth of, found by Cadell, xii. 201
navigability of, xv. 299, xvi. 355
source and course of, vii. 82
vegetation on shores of, ix. 22
Roquette, M., French geographer, interest
of, in Franklin's life and fate, i. 422,
obituary notice of, 1869., xiii. 265
Roraima, Mt., B. Guiana, elevation and
description of, xv. 305
latitude of, xv. 131
Rosa Island, Navigator Group, geological
formation of, xxi. 141
Rosales, V. P., Essay on Chile, reviewed,
ii. 371
Rosario, port, Argentine republic, bank of
Parana river at, xx. 500
importance of, viii. 163
proposed railway to, across the Andes,
W. Wheelwright, iv. 45, vi. 48, 174
•river depth at, iv. 49
Rosas, Las, pass in the Andes, iv. 46
Roscher, Dr. A., expedition of, in E. Africa,
1858-9., iv. 179, vi. 21, 207
murder of, near Lake Nyasa, v. 209,
vi. 51, vii. 23, viii. 259, xi. 135, 140,
233
Rose, Mt, S. Australia, ii. 17, 20
copper mine near, v. 124
Roseau valley, Island of Dominica, ' Souf-
frieres ' of, xx. 230
Rosengain Island, Banda Isles, xii. 325
Rosenlaui, Switzerland, glacier-bridge at
viii. 230
Rosetta, silting of harbour of, iii. 309
 branch, Nile Delta, iii. 179, bar of,
180, in connection with the Canal
scheme, 185
Roshan, the Gilgit river at, xiii. 130

Ross, Major E. C, Report on a journey
through Mekran, xvi. 139, (title only)
219
Ross, Adm. Sir James G, gold medallist
of R.G.S.
Antarctic explorations of, ix. 97, x. 94,
1839-43., xiii. 115, xviii. 348, xix. 35,
80, xxi. 294, 539
furthest southerly point reached by,
v. 24, ix, 95, 97, xxi. 72
Arctic explorations of, i. 22-25, iv. 8,
xix. 465-7
cairn of, traces of Franklin found at,
iv. 4, 9
discoverer of the North Magnetic
Pole, xiii. 115, 121, xix. 465,
xxii. 192, 201, 202
relics of, found by Markham, xviii. 16,
17
traces of Franklin found by, i. 19
cited on Antarctic pack-ice, xiv. 149,
150-1
 on temperature at which sea-water
has maximum density, ii. 329 note,
xxi. 294
proposed memorial to, Ommanney on,
xiv. 155
soundings in S. Atlantic, ii. 266
Ross, John, exploration of Country N.W.
of Cooper's Creek in search of a
sheep-route to N. Australia, xv. 90 :
Murchison on, xv. 297
in W. and S W. Australia, xix. 8, 42,
55, 56-7, 484 ; Rawlinson on, xix. 8,
447
Ross, Rear-Adm. Sir John, vii. 101
Arctic explorations of, xx. 64
farthest advance of, 1849., iv. 3
wintering place of, i. 25
cited on Smith Sound, xix. 212
obituary notice of, 1858., ii. 246
Ross Peak, Kerguelen's Island, elevation '
of, xviii. 545
 river, B.N. America, tributary of the
Anderson, ix. 128
Ross-King, see King, Lt.-Col.(W. Ross
Rosse, Earl of, obituary notice of, 1868.,
xii. 223
Rossel's Drift current, influence of, on
climate of Cape York district, Australia,
xii. 318
Rossilly Island, off N.W. Australia,
x. 47
Roth, Dr., German traveller in Palestine,
ii. 283 ; death of, iii. 287
Rotte or Rotti island, Malay Archipelago,
Christian natives from, as settlers for
N. Australia, ii. 217
position of, vii. 206
Round Head, N. Guinea, language used
at, xx. 269
 Island, Labrador, rectification of
coast-line made at, xii. 196

ROU— ROY

281

Ronle, Capt. Cornelis, furthest north of
(about 1705.), ix. 178
probable discoverer of Franz Josef Land
(1707.), xix. 178
Rous, Adm. Hon. H. J., obituary notioe
of, 1878., xxii. 331
Roux Island, New Guinea, good anchorage
near, xxi. 358
Rover, American barque, crew massacred in
S. Formosa, xvi. 265
Rover's Group Islands, Formosa, charac
teristics of, x. 128
Rovuma Point, E. Africa, vi. 36
 or Rufuma river, E. Africa, vi. 21
area of drainage of, i. 12, viii. 259
ascent of, Kirk, ix. 284
coal beds of, xvii. 350
ebony of, xii. 272
Erhardt on, i. 12
explorations of, by Livingstone, v. 131,
209, 224 ; (I860.), vi. 20, 133, 176, 186 ;
(1861-2.), ix. 284; (1862.), vii. 52-3,
199; (1866.), x. 263, xi. 16, 124,
xvi. 158, xxi. 231
natives along, ix. 286
Pilotage remarks, D. J. May, extracts
from, vi. 36
probably the Rhaptus of Ptolemy,
xiv. 8
shallow and muddy, vi. 37, vii. 199
source and course of, native reports on,
Young on, xxi. 231 ; see also Revoma
tsetse fly along, vi. 29, ix. 285, xxi. 589
valley of, geologioal formation, xi. 36
Rowe, Mt., S. Australia, rugged outline of,
ii. 16
 , W., of Goyder's South Australian
expedition, ii. 20
Rowen, Mt., Borneo, position and elevation
of, i. 198
Rowlatt, Capt., journey of, to Toopang,
Mishmee district (n.d.), v. 49
Roy, Gen., r.e., first director of the Trigo
nometrical Survey of the U.K., 1783.,
vi. 139
Royal Geographical Society (see also
Anniversary Addresses, Awards,
Presidents under their names, Prize
Medals)—
Address of condolence to H.M. the
Queen on the death of the Prince Con
sort, vi. 40 ; adjournment of meeting
on account of same, v. 119
Application to Government on behalf
of F. T. Gregory's proposed N.W.
Australian expedition, I860., v. 2-3,
cf. vi. 173
and Africa —
African exploration Fund of, Report
of, cited, xxii. 463 et seq.
agreement with Petherick, viii. 124,
and instructions to Petherick for
expedition up White Nile, viii- 125

Royal Geographical Society— continued.
and Africa — continued.
aid to Livingstone's expedition of
1865., ix. 264
appeal to Government on behalf of
the above, xiv. 276
correspondence with G. Rohlfs, on his
proposed journey from Morocco to
Timbuctoo, 1863., viii. 94-6
Livingstone searoh and relief ex
pedition (q.v.), proposed, xi. 154,
161, 199, 245 ; progress of, xii. 4, 9,
11, 76, 280 ; circular on, xvi. 415 ;
contribution to same, xvi. 163;
instructions to leader, xvi. 417,
and censure on his conduct, 432
initiative of, in Niger expedition,
i. 155
letter of thanks to Stanley on his
finding Livingstone, xvi. 429
thanks of Council and Hon. Corr.
Membership aocorded to Stanley
on his discovery of the course of the
Congo, xxii. 299
steady interest and support given to
African exploration by, vii. 196
work of R.G.S. in, 1861-2., vi. 183
and Arctic regions —
Arctic exploration proposed (1865.),
ix. 266, 267-9; report on desira
bility of further (1872.), xvi. 364
meeting at St. James' Hall to wel
come the returned explorers(1876.),
H.R.H. the Prince of Wales in the
chair, xxi. 94 et seq.
work of Society in relation to Arctic
and African research, xxi. 9
balloting list, alterations in, xxii. 293
bye-laws (see infra, resolutions and
seating difficulty)
alterations in, as to the Journal, xi.
177, as to retiring offioers, xvii.
226-7, as to special and ordinary
meetings, xxi. 414
changes in Staff and Officers, 1863.,
vii. 200
charter granted to, 1859., iii. 117, 345
government grant to, for national map
office, xiii. 259, xvi. 292
grant, annual, for promotion of
special scientific branches of Geo
graphy founded, 1876., xx. 509,
xxi. 23
grants made by —
to the Leichhardt search expedition,
1865., x. 85, 252, xi. 5, 226
to Livingstone, 1865., ix. 264
to Petheriok, 1861., viii. 124
to Rohlfs, viii. 96, xi. 52
growth, development and importance
of aims of, vi. 192
housing of, Murchison on, xiii. 360,
xiv. 287

282

ROY— RUD

Royal Geographical Society — continued.
housing of — continued.
in Savile Row, 1870., xiv. 357, xv. 9,
252, xvi. 82
resolution regarding, etc., xiv. 358-9
inception of original scheme for, 1830.,
ix. 224
increase in Members of, xiv. 287
journal of, vol. 37, Murchison on,
xii. 245
library regulations of, 1863., viii. 22,
and all subsequent vols.
list of Hon. Corresponding Members,
1863., viii. 43
medals offered to Public Schools
(see Publio School Prize Medals),
xii. 203, Hughes on, 209
in relation to Murchison
bust of, acquired by, xv. 247
debt of, to, xv. 53, 241, xvi. 296
vote of condolence with, on the
death of Lady Murchison, from,
xiii. 113
resolution of regret on illness of,
passed by, (1870.), xv. 27
objects for future special heed by,
Frere on, xviii. 579
officers of, Rawlinson on, (1871.)
xv. 239
presidents of, see under names
proceedings of, improvement in, 1875,
xix. 369
progress of, see opening and annual
addresses for each year
 of geographical knowledge since
foundation of, Baber on, xxii. 165
publication by, on Physical Geo
graphy of Greenland . . . , xix. 421
resolutions (see Housing, etc., supra)
Hyndman's concerning Stanley,
xxi. 6
regarding Journal, 1867., xi. 177
— - occasional remission of Fees,
x. 175
 repeal and alteration of regu
lations, xv. 238
 visitors other than Fellows
at evening meetings, vii. 71 xii
120, 210, xix. 358, 369
seating difficulty (see previous entry); 
Rawlinson on, xx. 330
Wells on, xx. 121, 405-6, others on,
176-8, 404, 405-6
new regulations concerning, Alcock
on, xxi. 409, xxii. 7, 8
Rawlinson and others on, xxii. 294
et seq.
services rendered to, by Adm. Smyth
xxi. 402
soire'e of, 1876., Rawlinson on, xx.
356
subscriptions to the Humboldt Founda
tion invited by, iv. 45

Royal Geographical Society— continued.
vote of thanks to E. D. Young, for
aid to Livingstone-Congo expedition,
xvii. 33, xviii. Ill
Royal Geographical Society of Italy —
courtesies shown by, to English mission
to Zanzibar, xvii. 343
Royal or Sacred Cities of Madagascar,
visit to, Rev. W. Ellis, 1861., x. 55
Royal Society, vii. 37, co-operation with
Arctic Committee of 1873., xvii. 183,
267
Royan river, Abyssinian Nile tributary,
explored by Baker, x. 6, waterfall on,
289
Boyd's station, Australia, on Dawson river,
iii. 18
Royle, — , botanical work of, in India,
referred to, ii. 304
Rozalez pass, Chilian Andes, discovery
and elevation of, viii. 160
Ru river, W. Africa, native accounts of,
vii. 107
Rua, S. Central Africa, cave dwellings at,
Grant on, xvi. 387, Livingstone on,
xiv. 12, 16, cited, xvi. 380, 410
mountains of, xviii. 268, 272 ; exit of
Lualaba river from, Livingstone on,
xiv. 9
 or Rukwa Lake, C. Africa, Grant on,
xvi. 411
Ruaha river, Usango, E. Africa, affluents
of, iii. 350, unknown course of,
xi. 240
source and feeders of, xxii. 245, 385-6
Ruambadzi inlet, Lake Nyassa, latitude
of, and land near, xxii. 242
Ruana river, Victoria Nyanza, xxii. 388
area drained by, xx. 154, 155
outfall of, xx. 41, 154
shallowness of, xxii. 409
Ruanda district, E. C. Africa, long ridges
and lakelets of, Stanley on, xxii. 396
Ruanga river, S. C. Africa, a large river,
i. 75, 76
Rubah, Tell, and Valley, Syria, xvi. 106,
107
Rubeho, Mt., E. C. Africa, pass through,
v. 127, xxi. 234
Rubuku or Lufuku river, C. Africa,
xxii. 401
Ruby mines near the Oxus, see Badakh-
sb&n and WakMn
Rudbar district, Persia, and inhabitants,
xvii. 87
 Valley, mines in, iii. 5
Rud Kaneh-i-Dudzi river, Persia, course
of, xvii. 87
Rudok, Trans-Himalayas, position of,
xiii. 195
elevation, etc., of, ascertained by the
3rd Pundit, xiv. 208
turbulent shepherds of, xi, 9

RUF— RUS

283

Rufiji river, E. Africa,
delta of, and intended visit of Burton
' and Speke to, 1858., iii. 349
explored by Wharton, 1873., xxii. 454-5
sources of its affluents, xxii. 386
watershed of, Stanley's route via,
xxii. 385
wood produced by, Kirk on, xxii. 454
Rufu, or Ruvu river (see Kingani), i. 12
connected with Lake Manyoro, xx. 77
natives along, xix. 318, their fishing
weirs, xxi. 501
tortuous character of, xxi. 499
Rufufu river, affluent of Lake Tangan
yika, length of, xxii. 401
Rufuma river, see Rovuma
Rugeshi or Rugedzi Channel (or Grant
Strait), Victoria Nyanza, xx. 145
Stanley on, xxii. 388-9, 409
Rugufu or Ruguvu river, affluent of
Lake Tanganyika, xix. 152-r3, xxii. 401
Ruiki river, affluent of the Lualaba,
xxii. 405
Ruivo, Pico, Madeira, meteorological ob
servations at, ii. 371
Rujum, Yemen, visited by MiUingen,
xviii. 200
Rukigura river, E.G. Africa, course of,
xxi. 239, when fordable, 241
Rukwa, Hikwa or Likwa, lake or lagoon,
E. Africa, in connection with Lake
• Tanganyika, xi. 240, xvii. 178
rivers draining and feeding, xix. 138,
253
Rule and Lacy's station, Queensland,
x. 63
Rum, Persia, visited by Goldsmid, xvu. 90
Rumanika, King of Karagwe, xxi. 467,
Speke's letter to, 1862., vii. 228
mission (proposed) to, xxi. 498, xxii. 372
Stanley on, xxii. 154
trade carried on by boats of, x. 18
Rumbue, town, S. O. Africa, i. 75
Rumbi Mts. (see Cameroons), unexplored,
geological formation and connection of,
vi. 239
Rumbi river, or Rio del Rey, W.- Africa,
vi. 239
Ruminagui Mt., S. America, elevation of,
xxi. 556
Runangwa or Marungu river, xi. 239,
affluent of Lake Tanganyika, Cameron
on, xix. 254
Runga, town, S. C. Africa, i. 75
 tribe, location of, also known as
Niam-niam, v. 38-9
Rungnu river, Garo Hills, India, affluent
of the Gonassery, xvii. 38
Rungpur district, Bengal, on the Brahma
putra, i. 270
Rungwa or Rikwa river, E. Africa, hot
springs of, xviii. 244, length of, xxii.
101

RQnjut river, tributary of the Sumessary,
xvii. 40
Runn of Cutch and Neighbouring Region,
On the, Sir H. Bartle E. Frere,
xiv. 120
geological formation of, Murchison on,
xiv. 122
Ruo river, E. C. Africa, grave of Bishop
Mackenzie at, xii. 86, xxii. 234
Rupaohasse, town, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Rupert Land, B.N. America, the Colony
and its Limits, Synge, vii. 71, 75-6
French posts in, vii. 73
Bishop of, on the Esquimaux, i. 214
Rusanga, town, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Rusango river, E. C. Africa, course of,
xxu. 394
Rusizi, or Rusuzi, river, affluent of Lake
Tanganyika, xi. 242, 249, xix. 152,
xxii. 397
length of, xvii. 14, xxii. 401
size and speed of, xix. 152
supposed an effluent from Lake Tan
ganyika, xi. 241, xviii. 147
variouB travellers cited on the course of,
xviii. 146-7
width of, xvii. 22, Speke on, xi. 242
Russell, Earl, aid to Franklin Searoh,
vi. 26, to Speke and Grant, vii. 189
despatch from Baikie to, 1861., vi. 22
 , Lord John, friendly attitude of, to
Livingstone, iv. 26
Russia(n), (see Atkinson, Pamirs, Siberia,
etc.) —
advances of, in Asia (in historical
sequence) —
towards N. China, i. 104, iv. 60
in C. Asia, iii. 387, 389, viii. 271, 273-
5, xi. 14
acquires harbours in Chinese Tar
tary, v. 115, and in Manchuria,
vii. 29, xi. 162, 253
towards India, xiii. 202, xiv. 319,
xv. 198-9, xvi. 261, xvii. 114
towards Persia, xii. 393
possessions of, in Pekin, ii. 307, xvi.
215, xviii. 77
outposts of, near Khokan, iii. 145
attitude as to Afghan frontier, etc., 1873.,
xvii. 108, 109, 113
boundaries of, review of, since foundation
of R.G.S., ix. 237
Caspian, vi. 91, xvii. 114
Sibero-Chinese(1860.), iv. 60 ; (1862.)
according to Treaty of I860., vi. 171,
vii. 30 ; according to the Treaty of
Pekin, xiv. 221
Turkestan (N.), ix. 271
commerce of with Indus regions, iii. 386
conquest of the Caucasus, I860., iv. 196,
viii. 279
Cossacks of, vi. 59
desire for Tsusima Island, 1862,, vii. 63

284

BUS— SAB

Russia(n) — continued.
effect on rainfall of two much forest
destruction in, ii. 181, xiii. 80-1
European, geological reason for absence
of earthquakes in, iii. 230
evidences of glaciation action in, vii. 154
expeditions and explorations —
Antarctic, 1819., ix. 95
Arctio, xvi. 186, xx. 421, and Arctic
Siberian, xxii. 339
co-operation in C. Asian exploration
(1870.) Murchison on, xiv. 317
in Asia generally —
i. 432-3, ii. 277, iii. 288, iv. 196,
v. 190, vi. 159, 183, vii. 157, viii.
199, ix. 237, x. 233, xi. 202, 216,
xiii. 6, 301, xiv. 229, 232, 319, xv.
288, xvi. 186, 204, 348, 351, xvii. 112,
291, xviii. 8, 559, 562, xix. 14, 15, 66,
422, xx. 417, 421, xxi. 20, 21, 122,
477, xxii. 51, 339
in Central Asia, E. D. Morgan, xiv.
229 et seq., xxii. 51 ; see Boutakoff,
Prjevalsty, Radde, Semenof, etc.
in China, 1874-5., xx. 421 ; xxi. 21
in Turkestan, E. D. Morgan, xiv. 229,
234, xxii. 339
in the interior of Russia, vi. 161 ; on
the frontier, xvii. 19
in the Ural Mountains, i. 431-2
Recent Journey of the Archimandrite
Palladius through Manchuria, tr.
E. D. Morgan, xvi. 204
Russian expedition to the Alai and
Pamir in 1876.,Kostenko's account,
R. Michell, xxi. 122
Grand Duke Constantino of, friendly
attitude of, to R.G.S., vi. 7
Harbours on the coast of Manchuria,
Lloyd, xi. 253
Imperial Geographical Society of, and
its work, see Explorations
influence on the Sea of Azov, i. 307-8
internal canal system, xi. 118, 256
 progress (I860.), iv. 198, v. 193
Maps of, 1863., viii. 202
 ethnographical, xix. 424
 geological, vi. 161, xiii. 72
 presented and promised to the
R.G.S., 1861., vi. 7
Measurement of the Arcs of Meridian
and Parallel (1858.), ii. 275, and see
Addresses
Oriental Congress, meetings of, at
St. Petersburg, 1876., xxi. 20
Progress of geographical researches in,
see supra, explorations
routes from, to Tashkend, xi. 41
Southern, see Osborn on Sea of Azov
surveys of Turco - Persian frontier,
i. 353
trade with C. Asia, Mitchell cited on,
iv. 197-g ; with China, ii. 307

Russian America, Whymper's explorations
in, 1866-7, xii. 186, xiii. 285
 Manchuria, when incorporated, xi.
162
 Turkestan, water system of, Dilke,
xviii. 246, 253 ; see Turkestan
Russo-American telegraph works, Pro
gress of, 1866., xi. 39, xii. 186
 Chinese telegraph extension (1867.),
vii. 94, xi. 253, 254
Russkelsky, Lake Ladoga, marble quarry
. at, xiii. 378
Rustenberg, the '* garden " of the Trans
vaal, xxii. 117, climate, wealth, and pro
ducts of, 119
Rusugi river, C. Africa, crossed by
Cameron, xix. 152
Ruwambu or Lohugati river, V. Nyanza
region, source of, xxii. 393
Ruxton, Com. W. F., Report on the Rivers
of W. Africa, x. 66
Ryall, E. C., visit of, to Hundes, Trans-
Himalayas (1877.), xxii. 354
Ryk Ise or Yse,'Capt., ix. 177
Ryk Ise Islands near Spitzbergen, granite
boulders on Lamont on, ix. 155,
Lamont and Birkbeck's " furthestnorth,"
xvii. 99, 100
Ryswick, Treaty of, as affecting Rupert
Land, vii. 74 S.
Saadani, port, E. Africa, xvii. 338, xxi. 238,
xxii. 384
game seen near, xvii. 339
a poor port, xviii. 241, xxi. 247
route to Unyamwesi vid, Broyon Mi-
rambo on, xxii. 29
Sabachia river, N.E. Siberia, affluent of
the Anadyr river, source of, xxi. 218
Sabact river, see Sobat
Sabai Island, N. Guinea, London Mission
ary Society's station at, xx. 105
natives of, and their customs, xviii. 31,
36-, xx. 96
Sabakr or Adi river, E. Africa, source and
course of, xxii. 451
Sabanja, Lake of, Asia Minor, proposed
canal from, i. 301
Sabi river, S.E. Africa,
country near, xix. Ill
Erskine's journey to, 1873. xix. 123,
xxii. 128-9 et seq.
in flood, xxii. 130-1
lagoons at mouth of, xxii. 131
latitude and width of, xix. 123
natives along, xvii. 298, xix. 123,
xxii. 128
Sabia river, S.E. Africa, xiii. 320, 336,
xix. 110, 111
Sabine, Cape, Arctic regions, xx, 60,
xxi, 279

SAB— SAI

28c

Sabine, Cape, Arctic Regions — continued.-
glaciers near, xviii. 276, xxi. 276
Hayes' surveys of, ix. 186
ice near, xxi. 278
Sabine, Gen. Sir E. , an old Arctic explorer,
xiii. 294, xxi. 308, 554
on Arotic exploration, (1865.), ix. 59
on Arctic temperatures, i. 20
letter on the Humboldt Foundation,
I860., iv, 45
magnetic observations, etc., of, xv. Ill,
xxii. 192, 194, 200, 205, 212, 213, 215
translator of Humboldt's "CosmoB,"
ii. 286
cited on advantages of Polar explora
tions, ix. 56
 on the Gulf Stream, xviii. 375 note
 on ice on E. Greenland, xvii. 176
services,in regard to Ocean Meteorology,
x. 264
Sabine Island, Arctic regions, latitude
and longitude of, xv. 103 ; loose ice
pack near, 109
Sabia, S. PerBia, i. 361, dam at, 292
dry atmosphere of, i. 359
Sable Island, near Nova Scotia, soundings
and dredgings in the Gulf Stream near,
xiii. 92
Sablja, Mt., Ural range, elevation of,
i. 432
Sabrina Land, Antarctic regions, dis
covered by Balleny, 1839., ii. 171,
172 note, xiii. 115
Note on, Enderby, ii. 171
point near, suggested for observing
Transit of Venus, 1882., xiii. 117
Sabuk river, Borneo, course of, ii. 347
Saoken, Baron Osten, x. 233 ; Expedition
to the Trans-Naryn Country, 1867.,
xiv. 221
Sacramento Mts., New Mexico, Goad on,
xxii. 274-5
 city, U.S.A., opening up of district
near, by Government mail subsidy,
vi. 234
 river, California, cultivation along,
xi. 95, 97
souroe of, xix. 293-5
 valley, fertility of, xi. 97 ; rail
way to,vxix. 293
Saddak, Turkey-in-Asia, Taylor's visit to,
1867., xi. 98
Saddle Island, Torres Straits, i. 80
 Pass, N. Zealand, first crossed by
Harper, ix. 34
Sadek, town, Arabia, viii. 65
Sadi bin Ahedi, itineraries of, in E. Africa,
xvi. 127
Sadiya, see Sudiya
Sadleir, Capt., journey of, in Arabia, cited,
viii. 98 note
Sadong river, Borneo, Wallace's journey
up, (1856.), i. 193, 201

Safah, Es-, Syria, explored by Graham,
(1858.), ii. 173, geology of, ii. 298
Safakain, Turkish military station in
Yemen, xviii. 200
Safata Bay, Savaii Island, Navigator
Group, xxi. 142
Safed, Syria, ii. 224 ; elevation of, iii. 288
 Koh or Safid Koh Mts., Afghanistan,
i. 345
rivers, tribes, and routes in, xx. 247
Safi, Es, Nile region, elevation, geological
formation, wells, etc., at, xx. 359
Saghalien Island, E. Siberia, coal of, i. 143,
xiii. 365
passage from, to Yezo, xvi. 195
Russian exploration of, I860., iii. 288
et seq., v. 191, vi. 160, xvii. 295
Russians in, xvi. 215 ; colonies of,
xviii. 227 ; posts in, xiii. 365
 river, see Amur river
Saguenay river, Canada, geological forma
tion near, ii. 293
Saguirra, E. C. Africa, cannibal tribe at,
xvii. 338
Saguti river, S.E. Africa, probable ruins
near, xix. 121
Saham, S. Arabia, caravau station,
xviii. 195
 , Wady, S. Arabia, xviii. 195
Sahara Desert, Africa, characteristics of,
x. 280
death of Couturier in, (1856.), i. 157 note
expeditions in and through, 1862., Boo
Moghdad's,Duveyrier's. and others,
vi. 178
Denham and Clapperton's, 1822.,
iii. 355
Nachtigall's, (1875.), xix. 12, 456
geography and configuration of, Barth
on, ii. 217-8
rivers of, vii. 260
town at northern margin of, ii. 376
trade routes of, in connection with
slavery, vi. 17
Sahow, Wady, Sinaitic Peninsula, visited
by Holland, 1878., xxii. 455
Sahul district, Tunis, cultivation in, vi. 213
Saian Mts., Siberia, viii. 201
Saichal Kiang (range), Burmah, trend
of, xvii. 49, 51
Said Pasha, Viceroy of Egypt, conces
sion granted by, to M. Lesseps, 1854.,
iii. 186-7 ; obituary notice of, 1863.,
vii. 126
 , Port, see Port Said
resurvey of, xvi. 817, xxi. 433
Saidabad, Persia, chief town of the valley
of Sirjan, xvi 263
Saigoon, on the edge of the Gobi desert,
xxi. 34
Saigon, Lower Cochin China, French
fortified city of, v. 47 ; taken by them
in 1861., vi. 80

286

SAI— SAI

Saigon river, navigation of, vi. 82
 and town, described, iv. 190-1
Sai Li (pass) Tibet, difficulties of,
xxi. 343
Saimal-Kul (lake), Russian Turkestan,
feeders of, xviii. 250
Sainsbury, W. N, The Two Providence
Island, xxi. 148
St. Abbs, wreck of, 1855., and fate of the
survivors, (see also Rigby, Gen. C. P.
and Somaliland), x. 99, 101, 113, 161,
262, xi. 4, 155, xvi. 220
 Anne (Sta. Anna), Madeira, meteoro
logical observations at, ii. 368, 371
 - Ann's Lake, B.N. America, iv. 232,
forest and work of beavers near, ix. 18
 Antony, Convent of, on Mt. Sinai,
vi. 236
 Asaph, Bishop of, on value of geo
graphical verification of history, i. 482
 Aubin's, Jersey, trees below high-
water mark at, x. 330
¦  Bay, tides at, x. 330
 Bias, Gulf, Panama, narrowness of
land between it and the Chepo river,
ix. 277
 Catherine, Convent of, Sinai, vii. 42-3,
road to, vi. 235
 Croix river, Wisconsin, U.S.A., de
pression of plateau at head of, ii. 340
 Cyril Island, Amur river, Siberia,
ii. 154
 David's, Bishop of, (1858.), on Liv
ingstone's Zambesi and other expedi
tions, ii. 140
 ¦ Elias, Mt., B. Columbia, elevation
of and glaciers on, Belcher on, xi. 95
 Farina, Tunis, vi. 210
¦  George Fort, B.N. America, vi. 109
 Mt., North Queensland, xviii.
107
 George's Bay, W. Africa, harbour of,
and healthy highland near, ii. 228
 Channel, Danube river, iii. 207
 Kay, B. Honduras, described,
xii. 343
 Giorgio Bay, iEgean Islands, affected
by eruption of Santorin, I860., x. 319
 Helena Island, S. Atlantic,
geological formation, fauna, etc., of,
Palmer on, iii. 363
observatory at, established, 1840.,
xxii. 193
movements of magnetic needle at,
xxii. 205
trade winds, foroe of, near, vii. 51
 Helen's Mt., volcano, Cascade Range,
U.S.A., xi. 84, active in 1842., 94
elevation of, and geysers on, xi. 97
 Helier's, Jersey, stumps of trees at,
below high-water mark, x. 330
 James's monastery, Mt. Ararat,
destroyed by lava, 1840., xxi. 88

St. John, Capt., r.n., surveys of Yezo by,
xviii. 234; do. of other ports of
Japan, xix. 407, xx. 406
cited on the Kuro Siwo, xviii. 364,
xix. 504
 , Lt., see Gisborne
 , Maj., on his journey in Seistan,
1871-2., xvii. 92-3 ; on railways in
Persia, xvii. 94
 , S., on the N.W. Coast of Borneo,
vi. 83, 84
researches of, on the currents of Japan,
xv. 268
St. John's, Newfoundland,
climate of, i. 86
icebergs in harbour of, iv. 108, ix. 132
telegraphic connexion with New Orleans
established, i. 146
 river, C. America, i. 87
 Julian, Port, Patagonia, xv. 51
 Kilda Island, famine in, I860., v. 168
 Kitts Island, W. Indies, guano de
posits of, Crawfurd on, iv. 57, Murchison
on, iii. 332
St. Lawrence, Gulf of, Canada,
admiralty survey, i. 408
in connection with Atlantic Telegraph
scheme, v. 66
 river, Canada, how fed, Maury
on, vui. 8
geological suppositions concerning,
ii. 840
navigable course of, source, and falls
ii. 236, 239
open water pool on, in winter, xxi. 285
smooth current of, at issue from lake
xix. 257
Upper, charts of, (1860.) iv. 155
vast water area of, xxii 406
watershed of, ii. 341
  Valley, mound-builders of,
viii. 52
 Louis, Senegal, W. Africa, French
settlement at, i. 513, 514, 517, ii. 320
 Lucia Bay, S. Africa, coast near,
described by Erskine, xix. 121
 Malo, France, losses of land at, x. 333
 Marie Island, Madagascar, Gunst at,
(1862.), ix. 289
Journey from Tamatave to, T. Wilkin
son, xiv. 372
mixed race of, xiv. 362
 Mary's Peak, S. Australia, ii. 18
 Pool, S. Australia, ii. 20, 26,
described, 23, water apparently per
manent, 186
 river, B.N. America, coal and
granite near, xx. 293
 Michael, tower of, Rhodes, destroyed
by earthquake, 1862., vii. 205
 Michel, Mont, Bay of, France,
losses of land in, x. 333
submerged trees at, x. 336

SAI— SAL

287

Saint Miguel, Gulf, Isthmus of Darien,
good harbour at head of, and tide in,
ix. 279
 Nicholas lighthouse tower, Rhodes,
destroyed by earthquake, 1863., vii. 205
 river, W. Africa, vi. 66
 Ouen's Bay, Jersey, losses of land
in, x. 329
 Paul, B.N. America, distances to
and from, vi. 110
postal arrangements of, ii. 47
railroad in construction to, (1858.),
ii. 337
stage conveyance to, en route for Chi
cago, ii. 150
 , hills of, Brazil, vi. 74
 river, W. Africa, iv. 218, 219
 , U.S.A., settlement of, at head
waters of the Mississippi river, xx. 275
 de Loanda, W. Africa, Living
stone's journey to, (1856.), i. 234
"Livingstone Congo Expedition" at,
xvii. 13
 river, W. Africa, quartz near,
219
 Petersburg, Russia, route from, to
Pekin, Grant, vii. 27
telegraph line from, to E. coast of
Siberia, 1863., vii. 94, 1877., xxii. 25
 Peter's Island, Lake of Bienne,
Switzerland, geological formation of,
xxii. 456
 Quentin, ascent of Mt. Demavend,
1858., xxii. 219
 Roque, Cape, S. Amerioa, coast-
stream running from, vii., 50, trade
winds between, and St. Helena, 51
 Simon, Sierra de, Bolivia, a gold-
bearing region, xxii. 49
 Thomas, W. Indies, devastated by
storms, (1864.), xii. 30
 Island, W. Africa, basalt cha
racter of, vi. 239
opening up of trade with, iv. 67
visited by Reade, 1861., vii. 106
  , Monastery of, Greenland,
xvii. 314, 316
 Vincent, frontier town, B.N. America
and U.S., ii. 48
 Valley, Madeira, plain of snails
above, ii. 367
 Vincent's Gulf, S. Australia, v. 59,
xii. 139
Saipote valley, Chile, steep gradient near,
iv. 46
Sairam-Nor (lake), Russ. Turkestan, ele
vation of, xviii. 247
Sai-Sia, Formosa, Chinese settlement at,
opium and paddy cultivation near,
xxii. 59, 60
Sajama, Mt., Bolivia, elevation of, xxii. 42
Sakalava tribes, Madagascar, charac
teristics of, ix. 289 ; region peopled by,

xix. 197, 200; explored by Sewell and
Piokersgill, 1875., xxi. 165
Sakaria (Sangarias) river, Asia Minor,
iii. 389 ; proposed canal vid, i. 301
Sakatu, W. C. Afrioa, Sultan of, and pro
posed Niger expedition, (1856.), i. 16,
444-5 ; see Sokatu
Sakay river, Madagascar, volume of,
xxi. 165, 166
Sakhalin, see Saghalien
Sakia, Tibet, independent province,
xiii. 394
Saklawiy eh Canal, Mesopotamia, Bewsher
on, xi. 155
Saksa river and valley, C. Asia, xxii. 52
Sakti village, near Leh, transport yaks of,
xiv. 42
Sakut, Syria, probable former name of,
ii. 224
Sakya, Tibet, Buddhist monastery of,
position fixed, xvii. 290
Salaam river, Abyssinia, country near,
x. 290
explored by Baker, 1861., x. 6
tributary to the Atbara river, vii. 21,
80
Salado river, Argentine Republic, affluent
of the Parana, i. 468
affluents of, xvii. 63
course of, i. 169-70
source of, xvii. 60
 Valley, Argentine Republic, jouine'y
through parts of, Hutchinson, (1864.),
viii. 163
 , — , Paraguay, position of, xx. 495
Salamander, H.M.S. (Commr. Carnegie)
and the settlement of Somerset, N.
Australia, 1864., ix. 76, 77, health of
crew at same, 78
Admiralty surveys of, in Australia, etc.,
viii. 192, x. 220-1, xi. 149, 150, 151,
152, 195, xii. 322
successful navigation within Barrier
reef, xii. 311
Salaha or Paraha, W. Coast of Africa,
Bonnat's expedition to, 1875., popula
tion and commercial importance of,
xxi. 474
Salamgi, Abyssinia, " saddle " plain, site
of King Theodore's camp, xu. 300
Salflr, or Salarin, W. China, position of,
xvi. 245
Salas Ikhwdn, Mts., Syria, corrected
position of, Burton on, xvi. 114
Salatad region, Daghestan, Caucasus,
sulphur springs, etc., of, iv. 249
Saldanha Bay, S.Africa, Admiralty surveys,
xiii. 281, xiv. 307
¦  , Viceroy Ayre de, in relation to the
discovery of Australia, xvi. 352
Salem, Oregon, U.S.A., latitude and
longitude of, xi. 85 note
Saiga, W. Africa, importance of, xviii. 289

288

SAL— SAM

Salgado, S., cited on his expedition up the
Purus river, (1852.), x. 254
Salia (Zaria), W. Africa, largest town in
the interior, ii. 32
various names for, ii. 33
Vogel's observations at, i. 518
Salian, a part of Azerbaijan, viii. 275, on
the Caspian, large boats of trading to
Euzilli, iii. 394
Salibala river, S.E. Africa, affluent of King
George's river, goldfields on, xix. 117
Salinas Bay, Nicaragua, proposed canal
to, vi. 75
 Peak, New Mexico, conical shape of,
Goad on, xxii. 274
Salis river, S. Africa, ruins of Bunjaai at,
x. 173
Salkhad, Syria, ii. 175
Sail river, B.N. America, unmapped,
ii. 45-46
Sallum, see Biir Sallum
Salma, Jebel, Arabia, old capital of
Koleib-Waal, viii. 64
Salouiki, Gulf of, iEgean sea, Admiralty
survey, vii. 139
Salsporo Ainos, the, xvi. 200
Salt, Mr., sender of alpaca goats to the
Cape of Good Hope, (1857.), ii. 79
Salt, Distribution of, in the Ocean as in
dicated by the Specific Gravity of its
Waters, Buchanan, xxi. 255
Salt, Es, Syria, elevation of, xvii. 328
identical with Ramoth Gilead, xix. 166
Salt desert, Australia, see Australia, Cen
tral
Salt Lake, Great, Utah, U.S.A., i. 263
situation of, ii. 76
 city, Burton on, I860., v. 1
 , Little, N. America, settlements
on and journeys to, i. 165
Salt lake seen from Murnea, S. Australia,
ii. 190
 unnamed, S. Africa, filled at
times with fresh water, v. 18
 , Queensland, x. 64-5
Salt lakes along the Victoria river, N.
Australia, i. 188, 367
Salt Range, Punjab, Falconer's collection
of plants from, ii. 304
 River, Arizona, U.S.A., rise and
course of, xix. 306
 Rocks, E. Africa, geological forma
tion, Wagliorn's visit, 1845., iv. 56-7
Salt water, density of, Carpenter on, xvi.
239 ; see Sea Water
Salter, — , cited on valuable land near
L. Superior, ii. 50
Saltia Creek, S. Australia, road to, sur
veyed, ii. 16, 17, 189
Salto das Bananeiras, Brazil, hostile
Indians near, xx. 455
 da Conceicao, Brazil, geological for
mation of, and waterfall at, xx. 458

Salto Grande, boundary of Paraguay,
xviii. 121
 , Tibagy river, Brazil, xx. 458,
466
Saluafata Bay and town, Upolu Island,
Navigator group, xxi. 145
Salween Loutse, or Lu-Chiang (q.v.), river,
Burmah, v. 47, xiii. 393, xiv. 215
exploration along, cited by Coryton,
xix. 272
former good order along, xix. 271
navigation of, interrupted by rapids,
xi. 149, xix. 287
Richthofen cited on, xviii. 463
source of (unknown 1857.), i. 272,
iv. 217, xiv. 219
summary of knowledge of, (1875.),
xix. 272
teak rafts of, v. 119
Salza river, Bavaria, falls of, ii. 370
Sam, Lake, Russian Turkestan, elevation
of, xix. 423
Samandara identified with Samalanga,
Sumatra, Thompson on, xx. 216, 221,
223
Samanhour, Egypt, railway to, iii. 190
Samara, Russia, geological formation of,
i. 416
Samarcand, C. Asia, x. 135
expeditions and explorations to and
from —
Khanikoffs, 1841., viii. 274
Russian, from, 1875., xx. 17
Spanish embassy to, early, Markham
on, viii. 273
Vambery's visit to, 1863., viii. 267
hostile to England, (1858.), iii. 145
irrigation in province of, xviii. 252
mediaeval embassies to, viii. 273,xi. 201-2
observatory established at, (1872.),
xvii. 54
ruins in, notes on, xv. 393, 394
Russian relations with, ix. 239, 271
Samasima Island, S. of Formosa, in
habitants of, viii. 27
Samauw, Pulo (Island), iii. 369
 , Strait of, E. Indian Archipelago,
iii. 369
Samay, Tibet, French missionaries
murdered at 1854., xiv. 219
Samaya, W. Africa, important town,
xvii. 122
Sama-ye monastery, Tibet, position of,
xxi. 340
Samba or Sambo Nagoshi falls, Ogowai
or Rembo river, W. Africa, xvii. 23
gorillas at, x. 73
Sambarava bay, Madagascar, good
anchorage in, ix. 289
Sambas coast, Borneo, i. 200
Sambo, Australian native, xv. 97, on lakes
above Cooper's Creek, xv. 99
Sambulan river, Borneo, source of, xvi. 172

SAM— SAN

289

Same monastery, Tibet, place of banish
ment for lamas, xii. 162
Sami, Kej valley, Mekran, xvi. 140
Samia Temassanin, N. Africa, ix. 314
Samleap State, Burmah, of Muong You,
Lagree at, 1866., xix. 279-80
Samoa, or Navigator, Group, Forbes on,
xxi. 140 ; ethnology of, 147
earthquake wave at, on day of earth
quake in Ecuador, 1868., Turner,
xiii. 57
missionaries in, xvi. 391
Samoyedes of Siberia, described by
Seebohm, xxii. 108, traditions of,
Howorth on, xxi. 44
Sam-Seen-Koom rocks, Canton river,
temples, described, vi. 229
Sam-Shui, S. China, vi. 227, described,
228 ; position of, v. 238, 241
Samsun district, Asia Minor, little known,
iii. 370, 372
Samuel, Mt., W. Australia, iii. 39
San, see also Saint 
San Andreas Mts., New Mexico, xxii. 274
 Andres Valley, Chile, steep gradient
near, iv. 46
 • Antonio, on the Madeira river, Brazil,
climate at rapids of, xxii. 48
 Bartolome, Isthmus of Darien, gold-
bearing soil at, i. 78
 or Urabamba railway station,
Peru, elevation of, xviii. 207
 Bias, port, Mexico, iv. 36, vi. 77
 ¦ Carlos, Brazil, i. 251
 , Nicaragua, " Agua Muerta " of
Lake Nicaragua at, xii.. 71
San Fernando de Atabapo, Venezuela,
Humboldt at (1812 or -13.), i. 251
 Francisco, California, i. 73, 165,
263-4, v. 2
Chinamen in, ii. 206-7
harbour of, U.S. survey of, v. 176
importance of, as a port, xi. 96
mail routes to, i. 85, vi. 77, 108
telegraph line from, to New York, dif
ficulties of carrying, xxii. 25
  Mt., Arizona, elevation of,
xix. 306
 Pass, Andes Mts., proposed 1 ail-
way through,Wheelwrighton, iv. 45, 47
advantages of, iv. 46-48, viii. 164
 river, Brazil, Fletcher on, ix. 30
map of, xi. 365
Son Francisco vessel, drift of, in the Gulf
Stream, i. 177
 Gavan river, Peru, explored and
described by Raimondy, 1864., xi. 102,
104, 106
 Gregorio, Patagonia, Barranca and
Pampa of, xv. 41
 Jeronymo, Brazil, " campos '' in the
mountains near, xx. 461
vegetation near, xx, 463

San Jeronymo, Rio, Brazil, xx. 463, rapid
fall of, 465
 Jose, Mt., Isthmus of Darien, gold
in, i. 78
 — de Bellavista, Peru, cultivation
at, xi. 105
 ¦ — — de Chimbo, Ecuador, described
by Simson, xxi. 559
 Josef or Joseph, Br. N. America,
situation of, ii. 46, 146
 Juan, Island, B.N. America, boundary
question concerning, iv. 35, 37, 230,
viii. 92
 •  de Chirambira river, Isthmus of
Panama, canal connecting with the
Quito river, i. 70
 de Nicaragua, (see also Grey-
town), vi. 112
 •  de Nuova Island, E. Africa.
wreck of the St. Abbs on, 1855., x. 99, 113
 ¦ — —¦ de Ulloa, or Ulua, visited by
Vespucci, (1497.), iii. 390
  del Sur, C. Amerioa, good
harbour at, xii. 26
proposed canal to, vi. 75
 Fuca Sound, B. Columbia, out
fall of the Fraser river in, viii. 87
 , Mt., Isthmus of Darien, gold in,
i. 78
 , Port, Vancouver Id., latitude of,
ix. 307
 river, Cent. America, i. 63, 66,
252
dwindling of, xii. 27
navigation of, i. 90, 91
slow speed of, near source, xii. 71
 (Utah), grand canons of,
and of other rivers, xii. 142
 Vancouver Id., Leech's
exploration of, 1864., ix. 307
— r- Luis province, Argentine republio,
desert near, xvii. 61
 Mateo, Peru, elevation of railway at,
xviii. 210
  Mts., New Mexico, area and
canons of, Goad on, xxii. 274
San Miguel, Paraguay, minerals of,
xviii. 124
 •, Gulf of, Isthmus of Darien,
i. 65, 69, 78, 88
Caldwell's journey to 1865.., i. 484
canal proposed from, to Port Escoces,
i. 65
 to, from Caledonia Bay, vi. 77
tide in, ix. 279
 river, Colombia, S. America, u
head-water of the Putomayo river,
xxi. 570
 Miguelito, C. America, xii. 28
proposed railway to, vi. 75
 Pedro on the Pacific, proposed route
to, across U.S.A.. i. 264, possibilities
of, as a port, iii. 96 V

290

SAN— SAN

San Pedro river, Arizona, U.S.A., rise
and course of, xix. 306
 Rafael, Argentine Republic, railway
route to, Crawfurd on, xvii. 62-3
¦  Rosario, Mexico, silver-mine at,
iii. 110
— — Salvador or Watlings island, the
landfall of Columbus, Major, xv. 210
 Salvador, C. America, survey of,
ii. 296
work of Squiers on, referred to, i. 166
 , W. Africa (see Congo City),
rebellion at, against the Portuguese,
(I860.), iv. 72
 Soledad Mts., New Mexico, xxii. 274
 Xavier del Bac, Mission Church,
Arizona, U.S.A., v. 5, xix. 304
San'a'a, S. Arabia, described by MiUingen,
(1874.), xviii. 197
famous temple at, xv. 334
inscriptions at, xv. 330
Sances (or Sanchez?), A., delineation of
C. Africa by, 1623., iv. 27
San-chung-ho river, C. China, xiv. 184
Sand-bars at Mouths of S. African rivers,
Mann's observations, Markham on,
xvi. 138
 Dunes of the Gobi desert, mode of
advance of, Forsyth on, xxi. 34-7, origin
of, hypotheses on, 39, 40
 hills of Australia, general trend of,
v. 59
 river, S. Africa, Convention of, 1852.,
xxii. 115
Sanda, town, S.W. China, population of
and ruins at, xv. 357
 Valley, Shan States in, described,
xv. 356
Sanders, S. S., H.M. Consul at Alexandria,
aid given to Petherick by, vii. 21, news
sent by of the same, vii. 31
Sandia Valley, Peru, beauty of, v. 225
Sandilands, Capt., letter on the Pitcairn
Islanders, cited i. 11
Sandiman, Mt., W. Australia, latitude of,
iii. 45
Sandwich Bay, Labrador, elevation and
temperature at, ix. 131, 132
 Isles, N. Pacific, climate of, xii. 307,
how caused, xix. 509
focus of volcanic activity, xix. 512
Geography and Recent eruption of,
Staley on, xii. 305
importation of potatoes into, iv. 35
population, xii. 308
products of, xii. 307
Queen of (1868.), xii. 313
Sandy Bay, St. Helena, landing at, iii. 364
 Cape, Queensland, iv. 81
ocean level near, xxi. 318
 Creek, Queensland, x. 65
¦  Island, near Heligoland, rise of the
sea at, 1858., iii. 372

Sandy Island, N. Australia, i. 185, 226, ii. 12
 Point, Lake Nyasa, xxii. 238
 river, Oregon, U.S.A., affluents of
xi. 82
Sandygerde cove, Faeroe Islands, as a land
ing place for the Atlantic cable, v. 71
Sanford, H. A., on W. Australian develop
ment and wealth, vi. 58
Sanford, Major, remarks at evening meet
ing, viii. 34
Sanfur, Arabia, hilly region, military
station at, xviii. 195
Sangai or Sangay volcano, Ecuador, i. 470
elevation of, and temperature on, xx. 557
SangaTa district, W. Africa, tribes of,
xiv. 186
Sangari river, see Sungari river
Sangbar, clay cliff, Seistan, xvii. 88
Sanghas, Turko-Persian frontier, decay
ing village, xx. 172
Sanglech villages, N.W. Frontier of India,
the Sapper at, 1871., xvi. 257, 258
Sang Ow Kiang Mts., Burmah, xvii. 51
Sangpo, Sangpo Chu, or Sanpo (the
Brahmaputra, q.v.), Tibet, gorge of,
xiv. 213
Anderson on, xiv. 346, 352, 353
Pundit 3's journey along, 1868., xiv. 210
question of its identity with the Brah
maputra, Montgomery on, xix. 344 ;
Rawlinson on, xiv. 219 ; Yule on, ib.
Sangs, or open flat valleys of Turkestan,
described, xxi. 329
Sanju diwan or pass, Turkestan, xi. 9,
xiii. 202, xiv. 60
bad for cattle, xiv. 136
elevation of, xi. 10, and district, Hay
ward on, xiv. 58
latitude and longitude of, xi. 10
Mirza Haidar cited on, xxi. 483
position of, xvi. 245
 river, xiv. 59
Saniz river, R. Turkestan, xxi. 218
Sankey, Maj., cited on floods in Coorg,
(1865-6.), xiii. 78-9
San-kop-yung, Formosa, camphor-trade
of, xi. 168
Sankorra, supposed lake, 0. Africa, xx. 121,
130, 131, feeders of, 125
reports on, collected by Cameron,
xx. 312, cited 439
Sansandi, W. Afrioa, trade at, i. 114
San-shui, see Sam-Shui
San-Sing, on the Sungari river, xiii. 32, 33
town and trade of, ix. 243
Santa Beze, Zambesi river, mountains
near, ii. 364
 Cruz de Cana, Isthmus of Darien,
gold near, i. 78
 Group, S.W. Pacific, Markham,
xvi. 388
discovered by Mendaiia, 1595., xvi. 388
murder of Goodenough at, 1875., xx. 394

SAN- SAR

291

Santa Cruz Group — continued.
natives and dress in, xvi. 392
volcano iu, xvi. 391
Santa Cruz river, Arizona, course of, xix.
306
natives on, xix. 304
 (rio), Patagonia, explored
by Moreno, (1877.), xxii. 41, pampa
near, xv. 42
 Eulalia, and other mining places in
• Mexico, iii. 110
 Fe"f Argentine Republic, opening up
of, i. 169, 170, 468
 — , New Mexico, Goad on, xxii. 279
  Baldy Mts., New Mexico,
xxii. 275
 de Bogota, Colombia, table
lands of, i. 252
 Inez, Ecuador, position and entomo
logical interest of, xxi. 563
 Lucia Bay, S. Africa, see St. Lucia
 Maria del Darien, the earliest settle
ment in S. America, i. 78
 , Cerro of, Paraguay, conical hill,
xx. 496
 Rita Mts., Arizona, elevation of,
xix. 306
 Rosa Mt., chain of, Paraguay, xx. 496
 Ysabel de Estrella Island, Solomon
Group, first visited by Spaniards, 1568.,
xvi. 388
Santardu or Santadon river, N.W. Fron
tier, India, xiii. 21 ; glaoiers at source
of, xiii. 346
Santarem, Vicomte M. F. de B., etc., de,
obituary notice of, 1856., i. 130, see
also 175
Santarem, Brazil, canoe trade with,
xviii. 129 ; healthiness of, viii. 61
Santarou or Kara-su, Chinese viUage on
edge of Gobi desert, xxii. 52
Santiago de Chile, Observatory of, work of,
i. 469-70
railway communication with, estab
lished, iv. 47, viii. 164
 , Isthmus of Darien, gold mines at, i. 78
 river, Ecuador, drainage area and
fall of, xxi. 557
Santaohe Mt., C. Asia, crossed by Lemenoff,
(1858.), ii. 280
 Pass, Thian Shan Mts., position of,
ix.272
Santo Tomas, Cerro (hill), Paraguay,
xx. 495
Sao Vincente, Madeira, meteorological
observations at, ii. 371
Santorin Island, Greek archipelago, cleans
ing effectBof sea-water in bay of, x. 122
Volcanic eruption at, 1866., Brine, x. 317
Report on, Fouqu6, x. 323
Murchison on, x. 120, 228
Schmidt on, x. 118
Spratt on, x. 120

Sapangar Harbour, N. Borneo, best in
island, vi. 83
Sapeto, G., Travels in and beyond Abys
sinia, 1838., 1851-57., ii. 325 note
Saporo, seat of Government in Yezo,
xviii. 227-8, 230
wood-trade of, xviii. 231
Sapper, the, or Havildar, travels of, on the
N.W. Indian frontier, 1870., xvi. 253,
339
Sapucai pass, Paraguay, mountains near,
xx. 495
Sara, Mt., Yemen, xviii. 200
Sarai, on the Volga, capital in 1340, of
the house of Chingiz, Kipchak branch,
x. 271
Sarambi hills, Paraguay, geological for
mation of, xx. 495
Saraswati river, Punjab, lost in the sands,
xix. 437 ; upper course unknown,xiv. 123
Saraurou peak, Ecuador, non-volcanic,
xxi. 556
Sarawa, Japan, x. 170
Sarawak, Borneo, cession of, to Sir J.
Brooke, (1842.), i. 193, his rule in,
207
Dyak use of upas poison as febrifuge,
xvi. 175
geography of, Wallace on, i. 200
 river, district of, described by
Wallace, i. 194
Sarbol el Khadim, Sinaitic peninsula,
ruins of Egyptian city at, xvii. 333
Sarbut el Gemal, Jebel (mountain}, Sinaitic
peninsula, xiii. 207
Sardar Bulakh plain, Ararat, xxii. 180
Sardinia, Island of (see also Italy), della
Marmora's physical geography and geo
logy of, i. 428, viii. 180, his maps of,
iv. 202
Sardud river, Yemen, Arabia, course and
drainage area of, xviii. 201
Sare or Saregi, Yoruba-land, ii. 91 ; con
verging routes to, xxi. 487
Sarel, Lt.-Col., Expedition up the Yang-
tse-Kiang, 1861., vi. 2; Barton on same,
vi. 85, see also vi. 164, 167
Sargasso Sea, centre of circulation of N.
Atlantic waters, Findlay on, xiii. 102
circular motion of water in, xiii. 241
Sarhad Wakhan Valley, Wakhan, hills
around, pasture on, xv. 183, Gordon's
journey over, 1874., xviii. 429
Sari, capital of Mazandaran, Persia,
xx. 166
Sar-i-Aliabad plateau, Persia, elevation
of, xvii. 194
Sar-i-darah pass, Turcoman-Persian fron
tier, Napier on, xx. 167
Sari-dere river, Asia Minor, plans for
utilizing, i. 302
Sari-Kamish, Trans-Caspian region, wells
of, xvii. 294

292

SAR— SAU

Sarikee valley, E. Turkestan, Hayward
on, xiv. 48
Sarikul, Serikul or Tashkurgan fort,
E. Turkestan, antiquity of, xv. 392
mountains near, xiv. 52, 54
pass into, across the Trans-Alai Mts.,
xx. 484
Veniukoff on position of, xiii. 348
 river and valley, Kostenko on,
xxi. 129
Sarkajong, Tibet, visited by the Pundit,
xii. 150
Sar Laspur Valley, Trans-Himalaya, posi
tion of, xxii. 353
Sarobashi, Japan, suspension-bridge near,
xvii. 79
Sarsil pass, C. Asia, character of, xi. 9
Sartan river, also called Yana, Siberia,
affluents of, xxi. 214
Sarydjaz springs, C. Asia, source of the
main branch of the Oxus, visited by
Semenoff, (1858.), ii. 280
Sary-su river, Aralo-Caspian region, tribu
tary of the Syr Daria, drying-up of,
xi. 214
Sascatchewan, Saskatchewan, or Bow
river (q.v.), B.N. America, (see also
coalfields of, iv. 172, xx. 296
country along, in relation to coloniza
tion, various views, iii. 123, 126, 321,
iv. 73, 231, 233, v. 201
drainage area of, iv. 231
exploration of,
proposed, (1857.), i. 264-7, 320-1,
460-1-2, see Palliser
Dawson's, 1859., iv. 173
Hind's, 1859., iv. 171
Rae's, (1863.), vi. 110, vii. 102
Hind's map, (1876.), correction of, by
Southesk, xx. 362
 Track survey of, xx. 364-5
Lower, dangers of travelling along,
ii. 44
navigation of, Kelly on, vi. 233-4
 ¦  , Palliser on, ii. 44, 148, 149
 , Poor on, ii. 336
 , Rae and others on, xii. 125
et seq.
 , McQueen cited on, vi. 234
no good route vi&, to B. Columbia,
Mayne on, vi. Ill
N. Branch, iv. 172
passes near, iii. 123
prairies and plains of, iii. 222, 318,
iv. 229, 253, vii. 102
in relation to Rupert Land, vii. 73
S. Branch, iv. 170
Upper, navigation of, xii. 123
valley of, Ball . on, iv. 233 ; and Red
River, water communication between,
discovered, ii. 149, 152
Visit to, Rae, (1863.), vii. 102

Sassar, E. Turkestan, i. 277
glaciers and lake above, xv. 177-8
 La (Pass), E. Turkestan, elevation
' of, i. 273-4, xiv. 41
glaciers of, Forsyth on, xviii. 113-5
Sassy-Kul Lake, C. Asia, in relation to
the Ala-Kul, ix. 214
Satana Bay, Savaii Island, Navigator
group, xxi. 142
Satishtifak Kotal pass, between Chitral
and Wakhan, difficult and little used,
xiii. 129 note
Satow, E.,and others, travels of, in Japan,
1867., etc., xviii. 236
Satpura, see Sautpoora
Satruar valley, Persia, beauty and fer
tility, and elevation of, xvii. 194
Saugor, C. provinces, India, good climate
of, xi. 57, 69
Saulaem kingdom, W. Africa, i. 514
 town, Joloff district, W. Africa, i. 513,
514
Sault Ste Marie, B.N. America, late ice
at, 1857., ii. 39
Saunders, R., on currents in the Bay of
Bengal, vi. 103
Saunders, T., on the action of the sun at
the Poles, xvii. 106
on Africa,
Abyssinia, xiii. 224
African exploration and the Liv
ingstone Search and Relief Expe
dition, xvi. 166
Baikie's W. African journeys,. xi. 50
the African Lakes, xvi. 131
Madagascar, xix. 204
on Asia,
on Afghan geography, xx. 250
catalogue of Maps of India made by,
xv. 284
Central Asia, maps of, x. 152, xi. 166 ;
mountains of, xiv. 137, 213, 214,
xvi. 408
intercommunication between China
and India, xi. 258
the Irawady river, xiv. 356
Kuldja and. the adjacent countries
and rivers, xviii. 252
Mekran, xvi. 221
the Mountains of N. India, xiv. 137,
xvi. 408
New Guinea, iii. 361
the Oxus river and Russian advances
in C. Asia, xvii. 116
the Palestine exploration fund,
xvii. 332-3
the Pundit's journey, 1873-5., and
its results, xxi. 348
the Terek pass, etc., xiv. 233-4
the Tourho river of Chinese Tartary,
xi. 254
the interior of Tibet, xiv. 213-14
travels in Tibet, etc., xii. 171

SAU— SCH

29c

Saunders, T.— -continued;
on Asia — continued.
the Yellow River and its explorers,
xiv. 37
on Australia,
cause of the N.W. Monsoon in, vii. 87
horse-exportation from, xiv. 206 ; do.
from Carpentaria district, vi. 58
North, Gregory's expedition, i. 327-8,
343
 , settlements in, ii. 214, 215,
iii. 90-1
North-Bast, settlements in, (1864.),
viii. 120-1
South, .explorations in, iii. 157
on the true place in geography of the
Caucasus, xiii. 73
work of, on mountains and river basins
of India, xv. 284
Saunders Creek, N. Australia, i. 229
Sau-o-Bay, Formosa, viii., 25, 26
Saura Mts., C. Asia, lofty elevations in,
xviii. 562
Saut, the, Syria, geological formation of,
xvi. 110
Sautpoora range, Bombay, climate of, etc.,
xi. 68, elevation, 58
great length of, xi. 59
Sava, Arabia, visited by Wrede, xv. 330
Savaii Island, Navigator Group, xxi. 141
geological formation, size and moun
tains of, xxi. 142
scenery and natives of, 143
Savalan, Mt., Persia, iv. 253
elevation, vi. 163
Savanna or Savana river, Isthmus of
Darien, i. 484
navigability of.-ix. 279
Savannah river and portage,B.N. America,
ii. 41, observations on, 48, 49
Savanne, the, swamp, B. N. America,
iii. 126
Savoonga's Hill, Lushai district, xvii. 43
Sawady or Sawuddy route,' Bhamo to
China, xx. 213, 234
Sawahili tribes, E. Africa, location of,
and characteristics, ii. 55, rulers of,
(1859.), iii. 349
Sawar distriot, Perso-Turcoman frontier,
abandoned state of, xx. 167
Sawkins, J. G., on the geology and cas
cades of B. Guiana, xv. 131, cited
305
survey of Trinidad referred to, iii. 276
Sawo Bay, village, Formosa, x. 122, 123
Sayan Mts., E. Liberia, great Lake near,
ix. 238
Scamander river, Asia Minor, modern
identification of, iii. 385-6
Scandinavia (see Sweden and Norway),
flora of, Hooker on, xvi. 236
Scarcies river, W. Africa, (see also Great
Scarcies), Fulbe tribe on, xxi. 494

Sohamaki, Caucasus, earthquake at, 1859.,
vi. 62, 64
Sohebulos Mt., Caucasus, elevation of,
xiii. 68
Scheda, Herr von, Hon. Corresponding
Member R.G.S., viii. 44
Scherescheffsky, Rev. — , see Sarel
Scherzer, Dr. Karl, Hon. Corresponding
Member R.G.S., viii. 43, with the
"Novara," 1857., i. 431, ii. 281, his work
on, vii. 151
Schickh, Lt. von, of von der Decken's
E. African expedition, x. 90
Report on Disaster to the above ex
pedition, 1861., x. 91, 109
Schien-kan, N. China, prosperity of dis
trict near, vi. 222
Schlagintweit, A., travels in Yarkand,
and death, ii. 299, vii. 132 note, xiv. 6,
62,69
Forsyth on, xxiii. 112-13, traces of, 40
Leitner on, xviii. 116
Strachey on, 1857., iii. 144, 171 et seq.
at Kashgar, Valikanof on, vi. 162
last letter from, iii. 144
obituary notice, 1859., iii. 259
 , H., on Kunchinginga Mt., iii. 366
 ., the brothers, gold medal of the
French Geographical Society awarded
to, 1859., iii. 291
Journey across the Kuen-luen, Ladak
to Khotan, 1856., i. 273, 436-9
journey beyond the Karakorum, xi. 7
travels in and near Ladak, 1856-7.,
ii. 299-301, iii. 171 et seq., xi. 7, 8,
xxi. 326
works of, x. 239
Schliisselburg, Russia, geological forma
tion near, xiii. 378
Schmidt, Dr., on Volcanic Erruptions in
Santorin Island, 1866., x. 118
 , Johann, of Baker's Nile expedition,
1864., death of, and memorial to, x. 7
Schmidthal, Baron von, on receiving
R.G.S. grant on behalf of Mauch,
xvi. 285
Solmitzer, Dr. E., see Emin Pasha
Sohoemansdal, S. Africa, destruction of,
Fynney on, xxii. 120
Schomburgk, Sir R. H., gold medallist of
R.G.S,i. 409, ii. 157
Journey from Bangkok to Pecha-huri,
I860., iv. 211, and General report on
the trade of Siam, 212, cf. 189
Travels in Siam (I860.), v. 118, cf. 197
summary of his travels, vi. 182, ix. 244
survey of B. Guiana by, i. 469
cited on the Kaietur Waterfall, xv. 131
obituary notice, 1865., ix. 208
Schon, Mr., translator of the Haussa lan
guage, xxi. 492, 493
Sohonlein, Dr. P., Cape Palmas settle
ment of Liberated Negroes, i. 98

294

SCtt— SEA

Sohonlein, Dr. P. — continued.
explorations in Africa and death of,
1856., i. 55
Schott, C. A., on Kane's Arctic explora
tion and the positions of certain capes
in Greenland, ii. 360
Schougla, Nile region, iron- workers near,
xx. 360
Schubra or Vacovia (q.v.), Albert Nyanza,
xxi. 52
mountains near, xxi. 55
Schutte, Herr, sent by German African
Society to Muata ya Nvo (1871.),
xxii. 14, 376
Schuyler, E., A Month's journey in Ko
kand, 1873., xviii. 408, see xxi. 42
on the Toorki language of C. Asia,
xviii. 438
Schwabe, Herr, observations of, on sun-
spots, xxii. 207
Schwaley, Shwelee or Shueli liver, affluent
of the Irawadi, French missionaries
cited on, xiv. 219, xv. 333 ; see Shueli
Schweinfurth, Dr. Georg, awarded Gold
Medal of R.G.S., xviii. 487, Presi
dent's speech, 488, reply of Count
Minister, 489, letter of thanks of
recipient, 495
Societe Khe"diviale de Geographic, es
tablished by (1876.), xx. 447
journeys in C. Africa, 1871., xv. 310;
1872., xvi. 325, 366 note, xvii. 12,
xx. 127, 130; do., E. of the Nile,
1876., xxi. 470
map of the Nile by, xx. 442
cited on N. Africa, xiv. 4
cited ou access to the Nile via, Appuddo,
xx. 472
cited on the Uelle and other rivers,
xvii. 22-4
Scientific Geography, Introductory Lec
ture, Strachey, xxi. 179
R.G.S. grant for the Promotion of,
xx. 509
Scope of, Strachey, xvi. 443
Scinde, no regular rainy season in, xi. 62 ;
railway, iii. 386 : see Sind
Scisy, forest of, France, submerged, ,\.
333, 335
Sclater, P. L'., on N. Guinea, its animal
life, and exploration in, xix. 242-3
Scora-la (pass), crossed by Dr. Falconer
(1847.), viii. 38
Scoresby, Rev. Dr. W., highest north lati
tude reached by, 1806., ix. 163 and
note, xvii. 102, 319; other Arctic
voyages of, xxi. 554
explorations in E. Greenland, 1822.,
xv. 108
cited on Arctic currents, v. 227
obituary notice, 1858., ii. 254
Scotland, Admiralty surveys, i. 138. 401,
ii. 260, iii. 263, iv. 147, v. 167, vi. 131,

Scotland, Admiralty Surveys— continued.
vii. 138, viii, 190, ix. 221, x. 217,
xi. 191, xxi. 432
cadastral survey of, vi. 140, vii. 145
geological survey of, progress, iii. 275,
v. 189, vii. 146
lakes of, Deep-water temperature of,
Buchanan, xvi. 364
ordnance survey of, v. 179, vi. 141,
viii. 194
pre-historic geological conditions in,
Murchison, vii. 75, 151, 153-4
sea-temperature round coast of, Stark's
memoir on, cited, iii. 279
telegraphic connection with the N.
• Atlantic Cable, iv. 101, 102, 106, 152,
169, v. 94
Scott, A. J., on Dalrymple's Overland
journey from Port Denison to Rocking
ham Bay, Queensland, 1863., viii. 110,
x. 34, 248
 , R. H., on Nordenskidld's proposed
Arctic expedition (1872.), xvi. 239
 , W. H., ii. 37 ; Memorandum on the
identity of Mts. Everest and Deodanga,
ii. 107
 , Mt., S. Australia, ii. 17
Scottish Free Church Mission to C. Africa,
xxi. 14 note
 missions, activity of, in Africa,
1876., xx. 15
Scott's Creek, Queensland, affluent of
Dawson river, iii. 19
 Peak, Cascade Range, Oregon, con
tour of, xi. 91
 Station, Queensland, viii. Ill
Scythiopolis, Syria, modern name Beisan,
ii. 228, ruins at, 225
Sea, encroachment of, on the W. Coast of
France, 2nd to 15th centuries, Peacock,
x. 329
- — , an Inland, action of Cold and Heat
on, Carpenter, xxi. 31
 , the, Physical Geography of, in con
nection with the Antarctic Regions,
Maury, v. 22
 , Sudden Rise of, at HeUgoland,
1858., Harmsen, ii. 372
 and its Currents, Remarks on the
Undulatory Motion of, Cialdi, ii. 395
 Bay and other harbours, Curlew
Island, Bay of Bengal, described, vi. 208
Sea-bottom, researches on by Navy ves
sels urged by R.G.S., ix. 3
Seahorse Island, Arctic regions drift ice
at, ix. 310
Sea level, variations in, Evans on, xxii. 73
 Range, N. Australia, i. 184, 225, 226,
219, steepness of, 230
 Reach, Gulf of Carpentaria, Aus
tralia, xiii. 53, 54
 water, composition of, Forchhammer
cited on, x. 341

SEA— SEK

295

Sea water — continued.
Specific gravity of, Buchanan, xxi. 255 ;
Carpenter on, xvi. 239, cited, 323 ;
Murchison on, 1857., i. 413; on the
W. Coast of Africa, Report on, Witt,
i. 508 : see Seas, infra
Seah Koh, and other Mts., near Herat,
xxi. 585
Seal Bay, Spitzbergen, ix. 311
Seang district, China, and the Tai-ping
rebels, i. 101
 river, Southern China, explored by
Dickson's party, vi. 166
in relation to the Tae-ping rebels, vi. 89
Seaou-sung river, C. China, affluent of the
Han river, xiv. 182
Searla,  , on the opening of the Amazon
river, xv. 380
Seas between England and India, Specific
Gravity, Temperature and Currents
of, Toynbee, ix. 281
further observations on, x. 328
Seasons in Australia, as divided and
named by the natives, xii. 315
 in Congo, W. Africa, xix. 101
Seaview Range, Queensland, xii. 55
Sebahu, Mt., Borneo, and the boundary of
Sarawak, i. 200
Sebaiyeh, Wady,. Sinai penins., xiii. 209
Sebarbaret, N. Africa, hot springs at, and
position of, xxi. 473
Sevastopol, Russia, siege of, hampered for
want of geological knowledge, vii. 124
note
Sebbeh, Dead Sea, rock of, analysis of
earth of, Roman camp at, viii. 280-1
Sebituane, Chief of the Makalolo, and
Livingstone, xviii. 504
Sebdran Mt., Borneo, aspect of, i. 1 9S
Seby Chub, Argandab Valley, inscriptions
at, xx. 244
Sechele's town, Africa, punishment of
husband-beating at, i. 242
Se-ching-Keaou town, C. China, long
bridge at, xiv. 170
Se-ohuen province, W. China (see also Sze-
chuen), condition of , in 1 86 1 . , vi. 2. 4, 87
extent and population of, xi. 258, 259
mineral wealth and natives of. xi. 256
travels of the Spryes in, (I860.), v. 45
Sectaoa province, N. Africa, visited by
Hooker, 1871., xv. 217
Sedashgur, Harbour, Bombay, and other
seaports of India, Maopherson, vii. 95
Showers cited on, viii. 209
Sedeyr district, C. Arabia, cultivated and
populous, ix. 294
Sedgwick, Rev. Dr. (geologist), obituary
notice of, 1873., xvii. 242
Seebohm, H., Journey to the Obi and
Yenisei, 1877., xxii. 101
Seed Bom Noire, Morocco, harbour at,
ii. 375, 376

See Kaw, Burmo-Chinese frontier, Har-
court's difficulties at, xv. 350
Seeman, Dr. B., on the British govern
ment mission to the Fiji Islands,
(I860.), vi. 92, xvi. 391, and on the
land-owning and labour in, 99, cf. 189 ;
his book on, referred to, vii. 182
on the Chontales region of C. America,
xii. 47
on - toddy," ix. 32
obituary notice, (1872.), xvi. 310
Seerundo, inland lake, Mekran, vii. 1 17
See-sow, Mashona village, trading at,
xv. 156
Seetzen, first explorer of the Hauran,
ii. 174, 297, iv. 151
Sefi'd Aub river, Persia, falls of, and nomad
tribes on, iii. 10
 Riid river, Persia, course au 1
affluents of, iii. 4, milky waters of,
ii. 12
Segau, capital of Shen-se province, China,
xiv. 183
Sego or Segou Sikoro territory, so-called
gold country, W. Africa, xx. 78
explorations in; by Park and others,
xi. 200
Fulbe natives in, xxi. 494
Segre river, affluent of the Guadalquiver
river, x. 232
Segseg, see Salia
Seh Deh, Persia, beautiful carpets of,
xvii. 90
Sehend Mts., Persia, salt lake near, vi. 163
Sehir Mts., E. Siberia, effects of winter
. climate on animal life in, ii. 278
Se-ho river, C. China, rise and course of,
xiv. 174
Seismology, Murchison on, (1859.), iii. 279
Seistan (see also Sistan), Persia, vii. 157
boundaries of, area, and population,
xvi. 219, xvii. 88
expeditions and explorations —
Christie's journey to (1810.), xvi. 219
, Goldsmid's journey to Mash'had from
Bunder Abbass via, 1871., xvi. 218,
xvii. 86
great lake, (Hamoun), in, vii. 160
mountains near Kruk in, xvii. 87
Notes on, Rawlinson, xvii. 92
plain of, Perso-Afghan disputes con
cerning, xxi. 586
 Lake, xvi. 218, xxi. 586
absence of outlet from, Blandford,
xvii. 94
Sejind Plain, Persia, xx. 169
Sejo, W. Africa, French settlement, i. 44
Sekeletu and his country, S. Africa, v. 18
Livingstone and, xviii. 505
river near capital, iv. 64
slave trade in, xx. 318
trading caravan from, to Loanda,
(1856.), i. 249

296

SEK— SEN

Seki-yado, Japan, described, xvii. 83
Sekomo's country, S. Africa, xiii. 134-5
Sekuha, modern capital of Seistan,
xvii. 87, 88
Sekukune's country, S. Africa, x. 173
Sek-hwan or Sekhuan, aborigines of
Formosa, Allen on, xxi. 261
Bullock on, xxi. 268
Selam, Banda Island, Portuguese ruins at,
xii. 327
Selassie Peak, Abyssinia, elevation of,
xii. 300, xiii. 50
Selby, Capt., on Mesopotamia and the
plain of Dura, xi. 156
on the , overland telegraph to India
(1861.), v. 221
travels, etc., in S. Persia, i. 220, 296
 , W., of Gregory's N. Australian ex
pedition, 1857., ii. 378, iii. 1.9
Selenga or Selingur river, Mongolia,
iii. 92, xiii. 369
affluent of Lake Baikal, xiv. 248
(Upper) Russian travellers to, 1874.,
xviii. 561
Seleniah river, Siberia, rise of, xxi. 215
Seleucia, Turkey, Tigris region, colony of,
its position, i. 362
Selkirk, Lord, Scotch colony planted by,
at Pembina, ii. 151 .
Sellasia, Battle of, Jochmus on, i. 481
Sei Sai river, C. Asia, affluent of the Muk
Su, xxi. 133
Selwyn, A. R. C, vi. 1891, x. 130
geological map of Victoria by, ii. 175
Geological notes of a journey in S.
Australia, 1859., v. 242
on gold in W. Australia, viii. 33
. cited on the geology and beauty of S.
Australia, iv. 95
 on the gold-bearing districts of
Australia, ii. 314-5
survey in Victoria, Australia, i. 454
 , Capt., r.n., on the Atlantic sea
bed, vii. 57
Sem, Ras, Tripoli, petrified remains at,
vi. 214 "
Semao, see Sz'mau
Semava river, Turkey in Asia, branch of
the Euphrates, i. 45, how formed, 163
Semdd, town, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Semenoff, M., travels of, in the Thian
Shan Mts. (1857.), ii. 279-80, vi. 183
work of, as a geographer, xi. 216
cited on the Aralo-Caspian region,
xi. 213-4
Semilkameen valley, B. Columbia, climate
of, vi. 232
Semipalatinsk, Russian mart in' Siberia
vii. 162
Russian efforts to establish trade with
China from, xxi. 22
Semirechinsk, Turkistan, district of Lake
Balkash, xiv. 230 ; see Seven Rivers

Semnam road to Shahriid, Persia, xx. 166
Semok, see Esmok, Sz'mau, etc.
Sempangao, Burma, the Irrawady near,
xv. 344
Sena, Rios de, S.E. Africa, Lacerda's
mission to (1798.), xi. 235 ; see Senna
Senafe', Abyssinia, climate at, xiv. 160
elevation of, xiv. 164
geological formation of mountains of,
xii. 117
pass of, road through, xii. 114
plateau of, xii. 114
ruins of former Greek town at, xii. 17
table of heights between Ashangi and,
xiv. 167
true position of. xiii. 223, 224
Senankan, village, Borneo, i. 197
Senegal, W. Africa, ii. 80
and its Dependencies, Murchison on,
viii. 241
cotton culture in valleys of, iv. 222
expeditions and explorations,
French (1867.), xi. 200
 military expedition from, to
Timbuctu, "i860., iv. 183
Raffenel's, failure of, i. 157
 river, vii. 68, French settlements
along, and inhabitants of district
north of, Hewett on, i. 513
Fulbe tribes on, xxi. 494
Joloffs on, ii. 219
rain supply of, Galton on, viii. 260
sources of, Barth on, ii. 218
visited by Reade, 1861., vii. 106
Senegambia, W. Africa, the French in,
1858., ii. 32C-1, explorations in, vi. 178 ;
see Senegal
Sengel river, Patagonia, wooded banks of,
xv. 44
Sengerema, S. of Albert Nyanza, Stanley's
journey through, (1874-5.), xx. 141
Seng-i-Marsha valley, Afghanistan, in
scriptions near, xx. 244
Sengsong district, tributary to Tibet,
xiv. 216
Senna, Borneo, i. 197, geological formations
near, 199
 , on the Zambesi, S.E. Africa (see also
Sena), i. 58, 315, 318, ii. 366
cinchona-growing on, i. 247
custom-houses at, iii. 105
described, iii. 101
fibre-growing near, vi. 26
rich country near, iv. 25
salt manufacture at, ii. 364
timber at, iii. 103, vi. 31
Zambesi at and near, iv. 24, 27, width
of, ii. 365
 , S. Persia, passes of, i. 288
Sennaar, Eastern Sudan, ii. 218, vii. 110,
tribes near, viii. 264
Senned, Wady, Sinaitic Peninsula, xii.
191

SEN— SEX

297

Senoudebo, oapital of Bundoo, W. C.
Africa, friendly king of, 1875., xx. 78
Senoun, Abou, Kordofan, xx. 361
Sentis, Mt., Switzerland, accident due to
lightning on, 1832., iv. 245
Seonee, C. India, elevation of, xi. 57
Sera, West Crobo, W. Africa, Croft's visit
to, 1873., xviii. 199
Serabit-el-Kadim, Sinaitic peninsula,
Holland at, xxii. 455
turquoise mines of, xii. 191, xiii. 208
Seracoulie, see Serankules
Serambo Mt., Borneo, view from, i. 200
Serankules, or Seracoulie people, W.C.
Afrioa, xvii. 121-123
Foulbe traders in gold and ivory of,
xxi. 494
Serapeum plateau, Egypt, in relation to
the Suez canal, iii. 187, xiv. 97
Serdsa La (pass), Tibet, elevation of,
xxi. 342
Serat river, Tunis, copper-mines near,
vi. 215
Serbal, Jebel, Sinaitic peninsula, vi. 237,
x. 159, described by Palmer, xiij. 212
inscriptions on, x. 159, xiii. 207
Serdopol, Russia, graphite and granite
near, xiii. 378
Serhan, Wadi, Arabian frontier, viii. 64
Serle, Mt., S.Australia, vii. 113
colonisation extended to, (1850.), ii. 185
copper near, ii. 29, viii. 33
explorations at and near, ii. 186, 187,
iii. 152; M'Donnell's, (1861.), v. 124
geology of district, Selwyn on, v. 242-3
Report on country between, and Lake
Torrens, by Goyder, 1857., ii. 16
Serohi, or Beash Khund river, Kooloo dis
trict, India, xv. 338
Serone, W. Africa, and mountains near,
ix. 312
Serongba, Tibet, dep6t for trade with
China, xiv. 218
Seronj, Bhopal, India, i. 161, latitude of,
i. 370-1
Serpent Island, or Fidonsi, Black Sea,
geology of, Spratt, i. 403, 483
Serrat Hills, Somali-land, products of,
Hildebrand oo, xxii. 446
Serreta, Ponta da, Terceira Island, Azores,
volcanic eruption near, 1866., xi. 261
Serua river, S. Africa, xv. 150
Sery Yassy Mts., C. Asia, explored by
Kaulbars, (1870.), xiv. 319
Sesheke, O. Africa, cotton of, vi. 27
Kirk's explorations near, vi. 25
Livingstone at, I860., v. 128, viii. 261
Sesse or Sessi Island, Victoria Nyanza,
xxii. 389 ; area of, xx. 36, 42
Baker on, xviii. 144, xx. 47
canoe-builders of, xxii. 392
Grant on,, xviii. 146, xx. 36
Setebos, cave-god of Patagonia, xv. 49, 51

Setegante Mt., Isthmus of Darien, gold in,
i. 78
Sete Quedos fall, Parana river, latitude of,
xx. 497
Seton Lake, British Columbia, vi. 109,
xv. 138
Settlers' expedition, W. Australia, 1848.,
(see Gregory, A. C.,), i. 365
Settite or Taccazzi river (q.v.), Abyssinia,
affluent of the Atbara, vii. 21, 80
area drained by, x. 283
explored by Baker, 1861., x. 6
Seuen-hwa-foo, N. China, capital of dis
trict between Shato and Kalgan, xiv. 84 ;
Russian trade at, ib.
Seu-kea-ho, W. China, coal at, xiv. 177
Seun-ho river, affluent of the Han, China,
xiv. 184
Seun-yang, district city, C. China,
xiv. 184
Sew-yen-ho (river), affluent of the To, W.
China, xiv. 169
Seven Hills Estate Harbour, Belize,
described by Cockburn, xii. 341, 342
Seven Isles, Spitzbergen, xiii. 160-1,
xvi. 99, 100
discovered by Dutch explorers, xvii. 99
latitude of, iv. 236
passage by, ix. 308
 ,.Bay of, B.N. America, viii. 50
 Rivers, Semirechinsk or Semiri
Chinesk, of Turkistan, iv. 197, xiv. 230,
xviii. 246
 Stars rooks, Sam Seen Koon, S.
China, temples and caves at, vi. 229
Sevenn Monastery, Caucasus, viii. 275
Severn river, tidal wave of, i, 71, 74
Severtseff, N. A., Journey to the Western
Portion of the Tian-Shan Range . .
(trs. Michell), title only, xiii. 23, see
note, xvi. 409, and xviii. 424
range of his explorations, xiv. 231
cited on the Aral Sea, xix. 426-7
SevUIa de Oro, Ecuador, burned by the
Jivaros natives, xxi. 566
Sevin, C. J., Journey to the Mines of
Mexico, 1856., iii. 108
Sewalik Hills, N.W. Provinces, India, ex
plorations of Cautley and Falconer in,
1858., and geology of, ii. 303-4
Seward, Dr., Despatches on the last journey
and reported death of Livingstone,
1866., xi. 124-9, 142
Sew-choo, N. China, plain near, xiv. 209
Sewell, Mr., and Pickersgill, Mr., journey
of, in W. Madagascar, 1875., xxi. 165
Sewell and Percy Islands, N. Guinea,
xxi. 356
Sextant Observations for determination
of Latitude and Longitude, Notes on
frequent omissions of readings of Baro
meter and Thermometer in, Dunkin,
viii. 155

298

SEX— SUA

Sextant Observations — continued.
use of, in Reconnaissances, xix. 163
(see also Hints to Travellers in vol. xvi.)
Seychelles Islands, Indian Ocean, M'Leod's
account of, summarized by Murchison,
(1859.), iii. 313
timber of, suited for ship-building, iv. 22
visited by von der Decken, 1863., vii. 198
note
Seyd Burghash bin Said, Sultan of
Zanzibar, letter on Dr. Livingstone,
1872., xvi. 383
Seyer Island, Bay of Bengal, currents
near, vi. 117
Seymour, Adm. Sir M., naval work of, in
China, i. 332, iii. 29
 , H. D., m.p., ascent of Ararat by,
1846., xxii. 322-3
on the Abyssinian expedition of 1867.,
xii. 18
on Red River settlement, etc., xx. 298
obituary notice of, 1878., xxii. 322
 , Ash, and Sims, explorations of, in
interior of Africa, (I860.), iv. 184, v. 211
Seymour Mts., Vancouver id., elevation of,
ix. 306
 Point, Queensland, suitable site for
colonization, viii. 116
Sfax, Tunis, linen trade of, vi. 211
Sha' river, N. China, affluent of the Wai
river, xiv. 32, navigation of, 33
Shaab, S. Arabia, inscriptions at, xv. 326
plain of, ix. 294
Shfiaran or El Bostan, S. Arabia, hill
above harbour at, xv. 320
Shabeli, Wabbe, large river, E. Africa,
course of, x. 115
Sha-ch'iao town and valley, W. China,
bad road and fine scenery of, xx. 205,
206
Shaching, N. China, described by Swinhoe,
xiv. 84
Shadulla Khoja, Eastern Turkestan, Shaw
at, 1868., xiii. 200
Shadula, frontier fort, Yarkand, xv. 25
elevation of, xiv. 50
Forsyth's visit to, 1870., xv. 25
geographical position of, xi. 10
Hayward at, (1868.), xiv. 48
 and Shaw's meeting at, xiv. 5, 315
Shadzadeh Kiih Mt., Persia, source of
Heraz river, iii. 4, tradition connecting
it with Noah's Ark, 8
Shaffner, Col. T. P., U.S., vii. 77, 78
Communication with America, via the
¦ Fserdes, Iceland and Greenland,
iv. 110, cf. 169
Electric Currents (for N. Atlantic tele
graph cable), v. 94
exploration of the Faeroes, etc., with
Rae, I860., v. 80, 169
Shah Abbas, Persia, fine causeway of,
uptorn, xvii. 195

Shahbad Pass, near Herat, xxi. 585
Shahee Mt., peninsula of, Lake Oroumieh,
Persia, viii. 277
Shahidulla gorge, C. Asia, Karakash
river running through, xvi. 401 : see
also Shadula
Shah-i-Mardan, Alai district, C Asia,
beauties of, xxi. 135, reputed burial-
place of Aii, xxii. 340
Shahnaz pass, into Kashgaria, xx. 489
 river, course of, xx. 485-6
 valley, position of, xx. 485
 ¦  , river systems of, xx. 488 ;
route via to Badakshan, ib.
Shaho river, W. China, source, affluents
and manufactures along, xiv. 180
Shahriid, Bostam Plain, Persia, Napier at,
1874., xx. 166-8
 to Astrabad, etc., Memorandum of
Route from, Bower, xvii. 193
Shah-Zinda and other buildings at
Samarcand of Timur's time, xv. 393
Sha Kalembe's, C. Africa, Cameron at,
xx. 126, 319
hilly region beyond, xx. 126
Shakkah, Syria, tower of Bassos, explored
by Burton and Drake, 1871., xvi. 105
Shako, Tibet, x. 166
Shakuh Peak, Persia, xvii. 194
Shala, N. Africa, objective of Rohlfs, 1863.,
ix. 313
Shali province, XT. Africa, ix. 313
Sha-lin-tien shoals, Gulf of Pe-chi-li, N.
China, iii. 65
Osborn and Court's observations on,
iii. 67, 84-5
Shalis river, Persia , course of, iii. 8
Shallow Bay, Queensland, lack of fresh
water in, viii. 416
  , N. Guinea, named by Macfar
lane (1876.), xxi. 355
Shamdt, Tell, Syria, position of, xvi. 112
Shaniay, Chinese Tartary, Polish in
habitants of, viii. 272
Shamba river, E. Africa, x. 28-9
Shamolera on the Zambesi, slave-trade
at, iii. 102
Shamsham, Jebel, S. Arabia, a volcanic
rock, xvi. 116
Shamslii Pass, Turkestan, steepness of,
and pine forests on, xiv. 222
Shamtzo or Ramtchieu Lake, Tibet, dis
covered by Bogle (1774.), xix. 332
Shan-Alin Mts., C. Manchuria, elevation
and trend of, xiii. 32
Sbandseo Pir, Holy Rock of, Mustakh
range, viii. 36
Shan-Fong - Shan, N. China, Buddhist
temple at, xi. 260
Shanghai, China, vi. 95
Journey to, 1868., Gardner, xiii. 170,
182, notes, 249
Osborn on, iii. 55, 57, 65, cf. 293

SHA-SHA

299

Shanghai, China— continued.
summer floods of Yang-tse near, Lock
hart on, iii. 170
port of, Hockley on, xi. 263
progress of, iii. 57
Sailing directions, Shanghai to Gulf of
Pechili, Court, iii. 55, 84
trade of, 1842-58., iii. 56-7; 1861.,
vii. 31; 1861-3., xi. 263; Chinese
and European, Lockhart, Alcock,
and others on, ii. 202-3, 205, 206, 209
customs at, vii. 32
European imports, 1855 and on, iii.
75, 85, 86, 164, 171, 375, 376, iv. 59,
vi. 90, 272, xi. 263 ; rice imported,
iii. 76
treaty port, value as, i. 331, 335, 336,
iii. 170
Shang Kam vttlage, Assam, route to,
xxi. 591
Shang-king, N.E. China, hills near, iii. 60
 , S. China : see Shan-king
Shang-tu, ruins of, Mongolia, Bushell on,
xviii. 149, 156-8
 river, afterwards called Lan-ho,
xviii. 155
Shan - hai - kwan, Manchuria, Chinese
military station, vii. 26
Shan- (or Shoo-) king, ancient capital of
Kwang-tung province, China, described
by Brine, v. 239, 240-1
Shanks, J:, cited on gold of Caratal,
ii. 156
Shannon Island, off Greenland, ice move
ment near, xix. 178, open water found
by whalers near, xii. 197, visited by
Koldewey, 1869., xv. 103
Shan-si province, N. China
coal in, xiii. 35
 , Richthofen cited on, xv. 173, 294
colonists from, in Manchuria, xvi. 206
Lamprey's journey in, 1861., xi. 259
monuments in, and products of, xiii. 35
outlet for commerce of, iii. 63
Richards and Slossin's commercial
journey to, I860., vi. 218, cf. 165
Shan States of Burma, v. 47
 of China (Yunnan), opium culti
vation in, xx. 235
hills of, xv. 341
exports of, xix. 274
 or Laos states, survey of, L 270
O'Reilly's journey to, 1861., vi. 83
 of Siam, v. 46
 and tribes, Harcourt on, xv. 348
 traders, xix. 266, distances travelled
by, xix. 276-7
harvest of, xix. 275
places visited by, xix. 285
Shan - ting - poo, W. China, described,
xix. 174
Shantuk, S. China, described by Brine,
v. 238, 241

Shantung Point, Yang-tsze mouth, China,
iii. 58, iv. 59, 60, 61, in relation to the
Yellow river, iii. 376
Shantung province, China
Admiralty coast survey of, vii. 141
geography of, iii. 62
high lands of, iii. 59
inundation of, due to changed course of
Yellow river, ii. 203, 306
Mickie on, 1859., iv. 58
mineral and other wealth of, iii. 63
Morrison's journey in (1861.), vi. 165
mountains of, iv. 60, 61
natives of, in Manchuria, xvi. 206
Notes of a Journey through (1869),
J. Markham, xiv. 157
opened to travellers, 1862., 259
ports in, iii. 86, iv. 59
scenery of, iii. 60
shoal along coast of, iii. 61
tall natives of, iv. 60, 61
Shan-yu, E. China, rebel defence of,
xiii. 171
Shao-hsing viaduct, E. China, history of,
xiii. 173
Shao-king, S. China, the Si-kiang at,
v. 240
Shapiir river, S.W. Persia, probably the
ancient Eulseus, i. 219
ruins along, i. 291
Shara-Hulusun lake, Russia, iv. 199
Shari river, N. C. Africa, elevation of,
xvii. 23
possibly the Uelle, xx. 130, xxi. 492,
xxii. 405
rise of, xvii. 29
volume of, xvii. 25, xxii. 405
Sharjo Buddhist monastery, Rudok, Tibet,
xiv. 208
Shark Bay or Gulf, W. Australia, i. 31,
ii. 34, 43, 267, v. 2, x. 48, xix. 8, 53, 54
country near, i. 366
destination of Ball's expedition (1864.),
ix. 75
pearl fisheries of, xix. 489
surveys, iii. 267, vi. 198, 199, 200
 , further, needed near, xix. 55
unexplored region near, ii. 313
 Point, Congo river, ii. 375
alluvial formation near, i. 311
products of, iv. 67
 river, S. Australia, salinity of sur
roundings, ii. 193
Sharogol river, Gobi desert, xiv. 249
Sharpways Springs, S. Australia, xvii.
277
Shart pass, Trans-Alai Mts., E. Turke
stan, xx. 484
Sharna river, Central Asia, xiii. 346 and
note
Sharwar peak, Persia, xvii. 194
Shasha river, S. Africa, affluents of,
xvi. 90

300

SHA— SHE

Sba-she, or Shasze, on the Yang-tsze
river, xiv. 168, large trading centre, 236
Shashi, or Shahshi, Mt., near V. Nyanza,
xx. 41, 145
 river, S. Africa, affluent of the
Limpopo, xv. 148, Elton's journey to,
xv. 154, gold district of, xiii. 321, xv. 157
Shasta Butte, California, elevation of,
xi. 87
 Mt., California, elevation and legends
of, xix. 294
Shasze, mart on the Yang-tsze : see Sha-
she
Shat el Arab river, Turkey in Asia,
how formed, i. 353
Shatemarah bridge, N.W. Indian frontier,
passports visaed at, xv. 388
Shato and district, N. China, barrenness of,
xiv. 83
Shaumur, Um, Sinaitic Peninsula, As
cent of, Howlett, 1857., vii. 42, Prout,
1862., vi. 235
Shaura, l'ued, Atlas Mts., N, Africa, tribes
of, ix., 313
Shaw, G. ¦ A., visit of, to Ikongo, Mada
gascar, 1874., xxi. 155, 157
 , Dr. H. N, iv. 209, vi. 123
as an Editor, ii. 333
on Gregory's proposed exploration of
N.W. Australia, v. 2, letters to, from
Gregory, v. 121
retirement from Acting Secretaryship
of R.G.S., 1863., vii. 201
obituary notice of, 1869., xiii. 271
 , R. B., awarded gold medal of
R.G.S., 1872., xvi. 275, President's
speech, 281, his reply, 283
Central Asia in 1872., xvi. 395
journey in the Karakorum district,
xv. 289, xviii. 113-4, 438
 to Yarkand (1868.), Forsyth on,
xiii. 198, letter on, 200, Murchison
on, 301, xiv. 5 ; Paper on, xiv. 124,
letters on (1870.), xv. 175, 179 ; For
syth on same, xxi. 41
letter to, from the Ataligh Ghazee,
xvii. 197
Miscellaneous Notes on Eastern Turke
stan, xvii. 195
on the Karakash river, xiv. 127,
xv. 177
— — Karakoram Pass, xiv. 134-5,
xx. 490-1
 Karakul lakes, xx. 488-9
 Kara su (river), xx. 486
 Kuen Lun Mts., xvi. 397, xx. 484
 Oxus and other rivers rising in
the Pamirs, xvii. 163
On the Position of Pein, Charchand,
Lob Nur, and other places in Central
Asia, xvi. 242, cf. xviii. 83 note
routes to Lob-Nor, etc, xvi. 247
 from Yarkand to Peking, xvi. 249

Shaw, R. B. — continued.
A Prince of Kashgar on the Geography
of Eastern Turkestan, xx. 482
on the Salt-covered plains of Tibet,
xiv. 212
at Shadula, xiv. 5, 49
on the Shayok river, xv. 175, his sketch-
map of same, 289
A Visit to Yarkand and
(1868.), xiv. 124, 137
on Wakhan, xvii. 115
Shaw, on the Niger, May at, 1857.,
iii. 312
 river, W. Australia, affluent of the
De Grey river, vi. 172
Sha-wan city, S. China, dense population
of, v. 24
 ¦  , village, echo at, and fishponds,
vi. 228
Shawer river, Persia, grass along, i. 362
Shawl, see Quetta
Shawl hills, Baluchistan, location of,
xxi. 588
Shayhan, Tell, Syria, described by Bur
ton, xvi. 105
Shayok, Shah-Yok, Shayuk or Nubra
(see also Indus) river and valley, i. 273,
xi. 32, xiv. 41
glacier sources of, xx. 491
glaciers of, i. 276-7
northern fork of Indus, viii. 34, 38
overflow, 1841., xv. 177
route via, to Yarkand, xviii. 113
Shaw on, xv. 175
source of, xv. 178, xx. 491
upper valley of, Shaw's sketch-map
of, xv. 289
Shazadeh Kuh, peak of, and elevation,
iii. 8
Sheba, Queen of, locality of her kingdom,
xv. 333, xix. Ill, real name of, 133
Sbebeli, Webi, see Shabeli
Shebulsha, Persian Gulf, i. 292
Shechem, Syria, Beke's journey to, 1862.,
vi. 195
Sheffield, Earl of, obituary notice, 1876.,
xx. 394
Shehristanek, Persia, elevation of, iii. 5
Sheik, Wady es, Sinaitic Peninsula,
identified with Rephidim, xii. 191,
' xiii. 208
Sheil, Maj.-Gen. Sir J., obituary notice of,
1871., xv. 257
Shejeb, S. Arabia, inscriptions at, xv. 326
Shekani country, W. Africa, visited by
Reade, 1861., vii. 106
Shekeli river, Turkey in Asia, xxi. 78
Shelaleh, Wady, Syria, described, viii. 29
Shelley river, W. Australia, affluent of
the De Grey river, vi. 172
Shellifukdistrict,Trans-Himalaya,xiii.l95 Shelverton, Mr. (of Indian Trigonometrical
Survey), death of, 1871., xv. 278

SHE— SHI

301

Shemakha, on the Caspian Sea,Puzukhin's
winter stay at, 1672., xxi. 221
Shemlian pass, Persia, geological features
of, iii. 6
Shemshang river : see Sumessary
Shendy, on the Nile, burning of Ismaen
Pasha at, x. 289
Shensi province, N.W. China, x. 271
commercial outlet of, iii. 63
gold of, iii. 170, iv. 61
silk culture of, xxii. 263
Mahommedan rebellion in, 1870.,
xviii. 76
Shepherd's Awl pass, Queensland, vi. 68
Shepstone, Sir T., xxi. 613
takes over the Transvaal, 1877.,
xxii. 115, 116
Sherboro' river, W. Africa, Hanson on,
iv. 43, 221
route from, to Matapen, xi. 80
slave trade via, x. 66
Shere Aii Khan, Ameer of Afghanistan
in 1873., xvii. 109
Sheriat-el-Beytha, Mesopotamia, Bew-
sher's exploration from, 1862., xi. 155
Sheriat-el-Mandhur river, Syria, soil and
vegetation near, viii. 29
Sherifabad road, Persia, plain near,
xx. 175
Sher Killa fort, N.W. Indian frontier,
xv 389
Sherwill, Maj. W. S., map of China coast
by (1859.), iv. 192
cited on a lofty mountain in Nepal,
ii. 108
She-show-hien, shallowness of the Yang
tse river at, xiv. 236
She-tzu, S.W. China, passes en route to,
. xx. 205
Shiang-chu river, Tibet, xix. 339
Bogle's journey in valley of, (1774.),
xix. 333
Shib, Gebel, Tunis, alum mines on, vi. 214
Shibam, S. Arabia, fertile plateau near,
xviii. 198
Shiehla Mt, Chino-Tibetan frontiers,
described by Gill, xxii. 267
Shigar or Shiggar river, Trans-Indus,
affluent of the Indus, viii. 36
sources of, discovered by Austen, I860.,
viii. 35, cf. viii. 224
valley of, importance of, to the Indus,
and lofty mountains near, viii. 38
 Thang, geographical position of,
viii. 37
Shigatze, Digarcha, or Teshooloomboo,
Tibet, xii. 149 ; elevation of, xix. 338
gold-diggers from, xiii. 189
large town at, xii. 150
the Teshu Lama of, xii. 150, xix. 331
the third Pundit turned back at, xiv. 211
the Tsampu river at, xix. 333, 339
viBited by Turner, xii. 160

Shignan, C. Asia, territory and ruler of,
xviii. 435
Shigri glacier, Himalayas, catastrophe of,
xv. 339
Shih-i-ming, Formosa, village engaged
in dyeing, xiv. 80
Shih-keaou-poo, W. China, handsome
stone gate near, xiv. 172
Shih-ma-P'u, C. China, small tributary
river, unmapped, near, xx. 188
Shih-neu-poo, W. China, curious stone
formation near, xiv. 173
Shih-new-taou, or Stone Ox Road, W.
China, trade of, xiv. 175
Shih-ping-Hsien, C. China, roads beyond,
xx. 191
Shih-tseuen, W. China, cultivation near
xiv. 181
Shi-Kar-Maseli-Kopali Island, Tenga
Pani river, Assam, picturesque, xxi. 590
Shikoku, see Sikopf
Shilka river, E. Siberia, ii. 153, affluent
of the Amoor, xiii. 368
 village, old silver-smelting works at,
xiii. 368
Shilluk district, Nile region, v. 29,
xv. 92
channel in, to avoid sudd-choked Nile,
xv. 95, xviii. 133
Fashoda station established in, 1864.,
xv. 95
value of, to Egypt, Baker on, xv. 95
Shimba river, E. Africa, crossed by Von
der Deoken, vi. 47
Shimbuta bluff on the Saguti river, S.E.
Africa, royal burial place, xix. 121
Shimeeyu or Leewumbu river (q.v.),
Equatorial Africa, affluent of the
Nyanza, xx. 154, 155, xxii. 388
confluents, rise and course of, xx. 41
latitude of, southern source of Nile,
Stanley on, xx. 152, xxii. 391 ; cited
on, xx. 436, xxi. 465, 468
length of, Stanley on, xx. 145
other names of, Stanley on, xxii. 388
in wet and dry seasons, xxii. 408-9
Shinan river, Manchuria, affluent of the
Liao-ho, xiii. 27
Shinanimane Mt., S.E. Africa, elevation
and latitude of, xix. 127
Shindoo, district, Bengal, elevations of
mountains in, xxii. 43 ; natives of,
xix. 266
Shingking province, N. China, opening of
a port in, (1858.), iii. 64
Shingshal pass, Mustagh Range, source
of the Hunza-Nagar river in, xv. 13, 15,
xvi. 246
Shin-Hing-Foo, S.W. China, pagodas of,
vi. 228-9
Shin-Hing-Huss pass, S.W. China, vi. 228,
230
Shiniz, Persia, ruins of, i. 282

302

SHI— SHU

Shinking, on the Canton river, S.W. China
visited by Oliver, (1862.), vi. 85
Shinla district, W. Africa, ceded to G.
Britain, 1792., iii. 384
Shin-Loo-Hsien, N. China, walled city at,
vi. 225
Shinshiu Mts., Japan, elevations and trend
of, xvii. 81
 Province, ib.
Shinto, S. Africa, mice used as food in,
i. 241
Shinzamee river, shores of Persian Gulf,
vii. 117
Shipartai, Mongolia, elevation of, xviii. 155
trade of, xviii. 153
 river, course of, xviii. 153, 163
Shipki, Indo- Tibetan frontier, pass near,
xi. 13, xiii. 191-2 ; road to, xi. 12
Shirar, Wady es, Syria, ruins in, viii. 29
Shirati river, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 41
country near, xx. 146, 155
Shiraz, Persia, i. 163, vii. 164; Abbott's
journey from, 1850., i. 321
geological formation near, xvii. 93 ; salt
desert towards Herat, i. 299
Lovett' s journey from, to Bam, (1872.),
xvi. 261
passes near, i. 288, 293, 322
port of, at Bushire, viii. 19, 20
route from, to Bushire, Monteith on,
i. 279 ; Champneys on, vii. 95
Shire or Chire, etc., river, Equatorial
Africa
cataracts or Falls of, iv. 87, 88, vi. 20,
xii. 85, 87, 88, xxi. 226
clearness of, vi. 37
course of, iv. 20, 87, xviii. 507
current, strong, of, xxii. 234
affluent of Lake Nyassa, viii. 260, 261
explorations in valley of, Livingstone's,
iv. 19, 20, 21, 87, 181, v. 131, 224,
vi. 25, 176, 186, vii. 19, 20, 51, 53,
199, 200, viii. 4, 233-4
Godhino cited on, (1663.), xi. 249
Kirk on, viii. 261
Macqueen on, iv. 27
navigability of, ii. 364, vi. 27
Portuguese knowledge of, and names
for, iv. 27
rise and fall of, iv. 87, 177-8, vi. 30, 37
source of, iv. 26, 87, 177-8, vii. 185
valley of, upper and lower, products
and capabilities of, Kirk, I860., vi. 25 ;
Livingstone on, iv. 19, cited 111
Shirwa Lake, South- East Africa, brackish
water of, vi. 21
capabilities of, Livingstone on, iv. 19
cotton near, vi. 30
discovered by Livingstone, (1859.),
iv. 20, 87, vi. 186, xviii. 508
effluent of (see Shire), xxii. 234
elevation of, viii. 262
explored by Livingstone, iv. 19, 20,

Shirwa Lake — continued.
Ill, 178, 181, v. 209, vii. 19, 20,
viii. 262
hills near, vi. 28
level of, iv. 179
slave-trade on, iv. 21
Speke on, iv. 88
Shirwan, Persia, decorated stone near,
xx. 171
Shira country, E. Africa, lake in, vi. 21
Shi-san-shan Hills, N.E. China, volcanic
origin of, xvi. 209
Shi Shan or Western Mts., N. China,
xi. 259
Shishawan Island, Lake Oroumieh, Persia,
sheep of, viii. 277
Shitee-Meru, S.W. China, first news of
Margary 's death received at, xx. 213
Shizu Island, V. Nyanza, xx. 1 45, xxii. 389
Shoa or Shooa, Abyssinia, xii. 117; An-
tinori's Italian expedition to, 1875.,
xix. 326, xxii. 378
latitude of, x. 13
Roth's journey to, with Harris, 1841-3.,
iii. 287
Shoal Point, W. Australia, x. 49
 Reach, N. Australia, i. 261
Shogoth, Chitral, xvi. 258
Shohozoii river, S. Africa, confluent of
the Limpopo, xix. 116
Sholl, R. J., expedition in W. Australia,
1867., xi. 227
 , T. C, expedition in W. Australia,
1867., xii. 261
Shomer, Jebel, Arabia, independent princi
pality, viii. 64
religious practices in, viii. 79
Shonga Ferry, Niger river, countries
reached via, xxi. 487
Shor Kundi, Baluchistan, vii. 117
Shor ranges, vii. 117
Short, Capt., ascent of the Juba river by,
and snowy mountains seen by, ii. 56
Shoshong, S. Africa, chief town of the
Bamangwato, xv. 1 48
Shoughan, Persia, mountains near, xx. 172
Showell, Mr., of the N. Australian expe
dition (18580, «¦ 378
Showers, Maj., cited on Indian railway
termini, viii. 208
Shubbiin, W. Africa, trade route via, i. 215,
216
Shubra, Albert Nyanza, xxi. 51, 55
Shueli river, W. China, course and fall
of, xx. 235, 236 ; see Schwaley
 valley, journey to, 1875., Elias,
xx. 234, Yule on, 239
Shugla, Tibet, x. 166
Shugra or Shoogra, Fudhlee Port, S.
Arabia, Miles on, xv. 328 ; von Malzan
on, xvi. 117, 118
Shuia (see also Chama), marshy lake,
C. Africa, i. 244, iii. Ill, xi. 237

SHU— SIC

303

Shui-ch'i, C. China, river-gorges near,
xx. 189
Shum Valley, Mekran, vii. 117
Shumfaito pass, Abyssinia, xii. 16
Shumla Khoja, Turkestan, iii. 173
Shuni or ZuiBag river, Ecuador, affluent
of the Pastassa river, xxi. 557, 563
Shupanga, S. Africa, on the Zambesi,
agricultural district, iv. 25
burial-place of Mrs. Livingstone, 1862.,
xviii. 509, xxii. 234
india-rubber of, vi. 31
indigo of, vi. 32
valuable woods near, iv. 20, vi. 26
Shura, natural canal, Persia, xi. 37
Shuhr, Subz, C. Asia, rebellion at, xi. 152
Shush, Persia, the site of ancient Susa,
i. 219
Shushang, Bengal, Austen at, 1869.,
xvii. 36-9
Shushidurra river, N.W. Indian frontier,
affluent of the Koomir river, xvi. 255
Shuster, PerBia, bund at, i. 220, 221
described, i. 289
great heat at, and fertility, i. 359
Liiyaid on, i. 295
Monteith on, i. 292, 361
products, i. 360
Rawlinson on, i. 288, 356-7
rise of the land towards, i. 362
route from, military opinions on, i. 356-7,
361
Shuttleworth, Sir J. P.Kay, Bt., obituary
notice of, 1878., xxii. 330
Shwelee river, see Shueli
Shyal-chu river, Tibet, source, branches,
and outfall of, xxi. 333
Sia, Hauran district, Syria, Palmyran
inscriptions at, xvi. 105
Siah Koh Mts., Afghanistan, rivers rising
in, xx. 247
Siah Posh Kafirs, xv. 182, xvii. 20, 129,
their alleged Greek origin, xiii. 20,
xviii. 117
Siam (see also Shan States), vii. 209
Admiralty surveys of, i. 143, 406
boundaries of, iv. 212
Chinese emigrants in, i. 337
Crawfurd on, i. 14, iv. 216-17, his em
bassy to, ii. 143
explorations in, (see Gamier, etc.),
Schomburgk's, I860., ix. 189, 212-3,
v. 118, 197
Geographical Notes on, Parkes, i. 13,
164
mountains of, on British frontier, v. 119
progress of foreign commerce in, (I860.),
iv. 190
in relation to Cambodia, (1862.), vi. 80
rice of, markets for, iii. 77
Trade of, Schomburgk on, iv. 213
Travels in, Schomburgk on, I860.,
V- 118

Siam — continued
Travels in, (1859.), King, iii. 365
Siam, Gulf of, vii. 58, 59 ; Admiralty sur
vey, i. 143, 406, ii. 267, iii. 269,
iv. 153
described, iv. 212
Siang river, S. Central China, affluents of,
and outfall, xii. 51
non-navigability of, xv. 294
rapids in, xii. 52
Siberia, i. 211, vii. 28, 189
Eastern, and the Amur, Bridgett,
(1868.), xiii. 365
explorations of, Atkinson's, (1856.),
ii. 59, 76, 154, 273, vi. 129
Grant's, vii. 27, 165
Hay's, vii. 162
Humboldt's, referred to, i. 100
Russian, (1854. et seq.), i. 433,
ii. 277, iii. 288, iv. 197, v. 191,
(1864.), viii. 200, ix. 237, results,
241, x. 233, xi. 217
gold in, xiii. 368
gradual upheaval of, in progress,
xix. 27
magnetic pole of, position deter
mined by Mttller, (1874.), xix. 424 ;
focus of magnetic intensity in
xxii. 198
map of, vi. 161
telegraph route across, vii. 28, 30, 89,
ix, 241
zoology of, Radde's work on, viii. 204-5
Northern, explorations of, German, 1873.,
xxi. 447
Seebohm's, 1877., xxii. 101
Swedish, (Nordenskidld"s, 1873.),
xix. 420-1, xx. 20-1, xxi. 447,
xxii. 102, 338
gold in, xxii. 112
ice-bound coast of, i. 29
open Polar sea found by Wrangel
(1820-23.), i. 20
Journey to the rivers Ob and Yenisei,
1877., Seebohm, xxii. 101
North-Eastern, Tchoukot expedition in, 1868., Neu
mann, xxi. 213
Russian surveys, 1872., xx. 417
completed by MiiUer, 1877., xxii. 342
telegraphic communication across, to
China, (1863.), viii. 203
 , extension of, 1865., ix. 241
Sibree, Rev. J., journeys in Madagascar,
xx.; with Mr. Street, 1876., xxi. 159
et seq.
Sicocoeni, S. African Chief, rebellion of,
1876., and consequences, xxii. 116
Siccus river, S. Australia, geological
formation of valley of, v. 243-4
Sichang, S. Central China, coal mines of,
xu, 52

304

SIC— SIM

Sicily, Admiralty survey of, see Mediter
ranean
Sidi Mokhtar, N.W. Morocco, geological
formation of hills near, ix. 26
Sidmouth, Cape, Queensland, geological
formation at, xii. 143
Sidney, S., Proposed search for Leich-
hardt's missing party, i. 322
on the Suez Canal project as affecting
England, iii. 199
Sidon, Syria, ii. 224, 265, v. 172
Sidoos, C. Arabia, surrounded by date-
groves, visited by Pelly, (1865.), ix. 294
Siduda's country, S. Africa, xiii. 330-1
Siebold, Col. von, cited on maps made by
Japanese, vii. 63
Siemrab, province, Cambodia, ruins in,
ix. 85
Sientong state, Siam, xix. 279
Sierra Leone, W. Africa,
Bulama colonists at, 1792-3., i. 42, 43
cola nnts of, i. 517
effects of education in, vi. 16
English ignorance concerning, iv. 43
free natives from, as colonists in Nigeria ,
ii. 84
future of, Blyden on, xvii. 127
Gerard's journeys to and from, vii. 70,
197
highlands near, vi. 239
immunity from fever of natives of, ii. 98
settlement of, O'Connor on, (1861.),
vi. 15
slave trade of, (1865.), x. 66, 68
Si-fan country, W. Chinese borders,
natives of, xxii. 262
plateau of, its elevation, xxii. 263
Sigan-fu, N.W. China, ancient Christian
inscription at, xiv. 37 ; see Singan
Sigato Vailoa river, Upolu Island, Navi
gator group, xxi. 143
Sigillyeh, Wady and Mt., Sinaitic Penin
sula, described, xiii. 215
Sigono, on Lake Nyassa, }. 9
Sihanaka province, Madagascar, xix. 193
mountains in,xix.l83,natives of, xxi. 171
physical features, population, etc.,
xix. 194-6
Sihuu, Belize, mountains at, xii. 341
Si-kiang or West river, S. China,
canal-connection with the Yang-tse,
xii. 52
expeditions and explorations, Brine's,
1859., iv. 191, v. 197, 238
Oliver's, 1861., vi. 228
relation of, with other rivers, McMahon
on, xviii. 463
rock in valley of, v. 240
Sikkim, India, E. Himalayas,
glaciers of, Hooker cited on, viii. 223
Hooker's journey through, xii. 166
mountains of, ii. 108, 109, 111, rhodo
dendron thickets on, xi. 89

Sikkim, India, E. Himalayas — cont.
passes out of, explored by Blanford
and Elwes, etc., 1871., xxi. 337-8
rice and tobacco of, xii. 163
Waugh's journey in, 1847., ii. 103
Sikopf or Sikok Island, Japan, iii. 271,
vi. 203, vii. 168
volcanoes of, x. 172
Sikung, Tibet, elevation of plateau at,
xxi. 342
Sikung Sangpo river, S.W. Tibet, alleged
affluent of the Brahmaputra, other
names of, xxi. 342
Sikyam, Borneo, i. 198
 river, i. 201
Silillica, Cordillera of, S. America, railway
line at end of, xii. 128
Siling or Sining, N. China, identification
of, with Jiling, geographical position of,
xiv. 209
Silliman, Prof. B., obituary notice of,
1865., ix. 213
Silva Porto, see Porto
Silver Island, Yang-tse river, iii. 168
Sima district, V. Nyanza, xx. 145, 154
slave trade at, xx. 146
Simah river, C. Africa, water connection
of, with other rivers, i. 240
Simbaweni, E. Africa, xx. 305
Simbo river, S. Africa, Mashuna gold-
workings at, xv. 151
Similkameen river, B.Columbia," benches"
of, xv. 134
Simla, India, vii. 132 note, 159 ; Viceroy's
seat at, vi. 248
rainfall beyond, and hot weather at,
xi. 65-7
road from, to Gartok partly made,
xiii. 198
Simmonds, P. L., Animal Life in the
Arctic regions, i. 53
on the proposed search for Dr. Leich
hardt, i. 326
 raw products of Siam, i. 14, 15
Simoda, Japan, Admiralty survey, iii. 267,
271 ; earthquakes at, 1854., xv. 89
Simois river, of Homer, modern identifica
tion of, iii. 385-6
Simon's Bay, Cape Colony, time signals
established at, 1859., iii. 266; sole
good harbour in S. Africa, xiii. 341
Simons, Dr. John, Arctic explorer, iv. 5,
10, 112, obituary notice of, I860., iv. 13S
Simpson, Capt., survey work of, in S.,
America, xxii. 40-1
 , Sir G., travels in N. America, cited,
i. 264-6; in and after 1857., ii. 39, 40,
iii. 322, iv. 75, 233
obituary notice of, 1861., v. 163
 W., The Modoc Region, California,
xix. 292
— — Fort, B.N. America, gold in district
of, vi. 188

SIM-SIR

305

Simpson Fort, Queen Charlotte Islands,
Torrens' visit to, 1859., iv. 226
 Mt., New Guinea, height of, xiv. 202
Simpson's Bay, Queensland, poor anchor
age at, viii. 115
 Cairn, Cape Herschel, Arctic Regions,
examined by M'Clintock, 1857., iv. 3
Sinis Island, N. Australia, anchorage near,
ii. 11
Simson, A., Journeys in the Interior of
S. America (Ecuador), (1876.), xxi. 556
journeys up the Putomayo, Markham
on, xvii. 44, Rawlinson on, xx. 435
Simunjon river, Borneo, coal, etc., near,
i. 193
Sinai, Peninsula of,
Asoent (partial) of Um Shamur, 1857.,
Howlett's, vii. 42; 1862., Prout,
vi. 233
explorations in,
Holland's, 1865., x. 158 ; 1867., xii. 190 ;
1868., xiii. 204, 1870., xxii. 455
Welbey's, xii. 192
Wilson's (surveys), (1873.), xvii. 326
inscriptions in, x. 160, xii. 192,
xiii. 207-8, 213-4, 217-8
 , Josephus cited on, vii. 194
 , Palmer's work on, xvii. 332
 , Robinson's work on, ii. 224
mountains of, geological formation of,
vi. 237 ; and surroundings, xvii. 326
stone circles in, xiii. 211
Sinamanes, the Zambesi near, v. 129,
viii. 261 ; natives near, vi. 34
Sin Ching, Formosa, soil at, xiv. 82
Sincholagua Mt., Ecuador, elevation of,
xxi. 557
Sinclair, Capt., discoverer of Port Denison,
Queensland, 1859., iv. 79
Sind (see also Scinde), surveys in, and
geological formation of, xxii. 356
, Sindan, or St. John, Guzerat, first landing-
place of the Parsees in India, i. 287 note
Sinde or Sindy river, Equatorial Africa,
discovered by Cameron, 1874., rise
and oourse of, xix. 142
grass bridge over, xix. 148, 247, hills
near, 248
Sinfan city, W. China, xiv. 170
Si-ngan-fu, N.W. China, capital of Shensi,
x. 235, inscription at, xiv. 37, rebels at,
1870., xviii. 76
Singapore, Malay Peninsula, i. 10, iv. 79,
v. 223
Chinese friendliness in, i. 337
 influx into, iv. 60
communication from, to Australia, i. 79,
81, 86, v. 175, vi. 119, 199, vii. 42,
viii. 118-9, ix. 77, x. 52
- — , telegraphic, from, to Australia,
v. 106, vii. 165, xv. 299
early governors of, ii. 143
harbour of, Admiralty survey of, iii. 269

Singapore — continued.
importance of, x. 249
market for Australian sheep, x. 328
movements of the magnetic needle al,
xxii. 205
Raffles at, ii. 143, 214
rice supply of, i. 273
sea -bottom near, iv. 81
settlement at, ii. 214
Thomson on the rise of, xx. 222
Singelelah, Sikkim, ii. 108
Singh-ghi-chu or Indus river (q.v.), xiii. 186
Singleton, Mt., see Churchman, Mt.
Singphoo or Singpo Country, Indo-
Chinese frontier, Cottam's journey
through, 1876., xxi. 590, 592
 tribes, looalo of, etc., xx. 237-8
Sinin(g)fu, Siling, or Jiling (q.v.), N.E.
entrance to China from Tibet, xii. 167
note; in the hands of the Tungani
rebels, 1872., xviii. 78; position of,
xiv. 209
Si-Ning-Si, city and valley, N. China,
described, vi. 219
Sinjoarivo, Madagascar, reef at, in Onibe
river, xix. 185
Sinkang or Sin-Kong, Formosa, xxii. 59
mission station and natives of, xxi. 260
Sinkara, Mesopotamia, temple of the Sun
at, i. 47
Sinoa river, W. Africa, expedition to, of
AmoB, (I860.), iv. 184
Sinope, Turkey-in-Asia, tunny fishery of,
iii. 389
Sinou, W. Africa, colony of freed negroes
at, i. 99
Sintan, N. Africa, the Djebel near, Rohlfs'
journey via, 1864., ix. 314
Sintiam, Formosa, Ohinese colony at, and
rocky plain near, xxi. 261
Sin-too district, W. China, xiv. 170
Sipumgambile hill, S. Africa, timber and
grass on, xix. 124
Sir-ab-Sea valley, Persia, i. 361
Sirabe valley, Madagascar, hot spring and
lime pits of, xix. 189
population of, xix. 189
Siraf, Persian Gulf, i. 284, pass near, 290
Sir Alexander Milne Bay, N. Guinea,
steel sand at, xviii. 28, xix. 225
Siramuren river, Mongolia, affluents of,
xviii. 161
Siranosi, Saghalin, distance of, from
Yezo, xvi. 195
Sircub, Afghanistan, xxi. 588
Sir Daria or Jaxartes river (q.v.), Russian
Turkestan, fords of, xviii. 410
Russian outposts near, iii. 145
Sir-i-Dasht, Persia, lead-mines of, xvi. 263
Sirikul river, O. Asia, sources and affluents
of, xv. 188-9
— — vallev and natives of, described by
the Mirza, xv. 187, 188 X

306

SIR-SMI

Sir James Hall's Islands, off Korea,
latitude of, visited, 1816., ix. 298
Sirjan Valley, Persia, road to Saidabad
via, xvi. 263
Sir John Franklin Island, Arctic regions,
latitude of, i. 18
Sirke Mts., Mongolia, elevations in,
xvii. 188
Sir Thomas Smyth Inlet, or Waaygat or
Hinlopen Str. (q.v.), Spitsbergen, xvii. 99
Sis, l'ued, river, N. Africa, course of,
ix. 313
 , plain of, ix. 312
SiBciony river, Madagascar, xix. 184
source of, 199
Sistan or Seistan (q.v.), Persia, Goldsmid's
journey to, and account of, 1871., xvii. 86
SittaM, Mesopotamia, position of, Bewsher
on, xi. 156
Sittang river, Burma, xix. 271
tidal features of, xix. 272
Siukuluan port, Formosa, latitude of, etc.,
xxi. 264
Siu-Shan or Sui Shan Mts., Yunnan,
xiv. 339
marble of, xv. 164
Siu Yen, Manchuria, geographical position
and business of, xiii. 28
Sivash river or Putrid Sea, Russia, delta
of, i. 306, 404
Si-ying-sze, W. Mongolia, Belgian
missionary station, cultivation at,
xvii. 185
Sizicus, Turkev-in-Asia, ruins of, visited
by Leahy, 1857., ii. 376
Skagen of Iceland, light beacon erected
on, v. 78
Skager Rack, southern limit of cold Polar
stream, xviii. 365
Skaptar Jdkull, volcano, Iceland, eruption
of, 1867., xii. 58
Skardo or Iskardo (q.v.), capital of little
Tibet, x. 163
Skarling Hill, Faeroe Islands, elevation of,
v. 80
Skaro Point, Santorin, Greece, wrecked
by earthquake of 1707., x. 322
Skeena river, B. Columbia," benches" on,
xv. 135
Skelligs, the, mapped, 1856., height and
geological formation of, i. 140
Skene, Capt. R. W., of the Philomel, ex
ploration of rivers on W. African coast,
1857., i. 156
Skialfandafliot (river), Iceland, described
by Rae, v. 84, 88
Skidegate Bay or Harbour, Queen Char
lotte Islands, B. Columbia, xiii. 381
coal of, xiii. 383
tribes and village, xiii. 390
width of channel, xiii. 382
Skiolchinge Island, German Arctic ex
pedition at, xv. Ill

Skincuttle Island, B. Columbia, copper of,
xiii. 384
Skinner, Capt., route traversed by, avoid
ing the Karakorum Mts., xvi. 399
Skirmish Hill, (Gosse's) W. Australia,
xix. 313
Skjaldbreith, Iceland, a liquid volcano,
xx. 29
Slade Island, off N. Guinea, reefs near,
xix. 229
Sladen, Maj. E. B., xiv. 349
Expedition from Burma via the Irra
waddy and Bhamo to S. W. China,
1868., xv. 343, 362-3, xx. 213
Murchison on, xiii. 305 ; his remarks
on the above, xiv. 354, xv. 172,
cited, xv. 166, on roads met with,
xviii. 465, on railways, xix. 270,
288
 in Burma, 1871., Murchison on,
xv. 291
Sledge Travelling in the Arctic Region,
A. H. Markham, xxi. 110; Osborn on,
ix. 53
Sloman, W. F., letter on death of Mc
lntyre, xi. 44
death of, (1866.), xi. 227
Sloop Harbour, Labrador, v. 66
Slossin, tee Richards and Slossin
Smao, see Esmok and Sz'mau
Smeerenburg Harbour and oil establish
ment, Amsterdam Island, Spitzbergen,
ix. 165, deserted by whales, 167, Sofia
repaired at, 1818., xiii. 166
Sminjah, Tunis, battlefield, and black
marble quarries at, vi. 211
Smira, Morocco, geological notes on, ix. 26
Smith, A., obituary notice of, 1859., iii. 258
 , A. J., Ross's expedition of 1874 (S.
Australia), xix. 56
 , B. Leigh, explorations and obser
vations of, in and near Spitzbergen,
1871-2-3., xvii. 101, xviii. 373,
xix. 177, xxi. 308
furthest north latitude reached by,
xvi. 361, xvii. 102, 265
 , Capt. H. U, Trip to Tibet, Kylas,
sources of the Sutlej river, and the
Mansurowar and Rakhas Lakes, 1865.,
xi. 119
 , E., see Robinson, E.
 , E. O., obituary notice of, 1864.,
viii. 187
 , F. P., The Transliteration of Chinese
names, xxi. 580
 , J. W., r.n., exploration of the
Burdekin river, Queensland, (I860.),
v. 121-2, 175
 , Lt.-Col. Sir C. F., obituary notice
of, 1859., iii. 251
 , Lieut. S., East African Expedition
of the Church Missionary Society under,
(1877.), xxi. 498

SMI— SOC

307

Smith. Lieut. S. — continued.
death of, at Ukercwe, 1878., xxii. 251,
372
maps of V. Nyanza by, xxii. 408
 , Mr., success of his plantations in
Cape Palmas, i. 99
Smith land, N. Zealand, new province of,
formed 1861., wheat-growing in, vi. 72
Smith (or Smith's) Sound, Arctic regions,
ii. 199, iii. 326
animal life at, xv. 108, xvii. 179,
xxi. 276-7
Belcher's exploration of, 1853., i. 106
British attempts to enter, xii. 102-3
discovered by Baffin, 1616., xix. 212
freedom from ice, 1871., xviii. 13
furthest point reached in, up to 1865.,
ix. 91
geological formation of coasts of,
xxi. 444-5
Hayes' exploration of, 1860-1., ix. 181,
268 note
Inglefield's furthest in, 1852., xix. 213
Investigation of, Richards on, xix. 212-4
Kane in, 1850., i. 17, 30, results of his
discoveries on, i. 152, ii. 195,362,iv. 168
as route to the N. Pole, Koldewey
cited on, xvi. 230; Markham on,
ix. 142, 145, xvii. 97, 103, xx. 60-1 ;
Nares on, xxi. 274; Ommanney on,
xvi. 240 ; Osborn on, xii. 102, cited,
xix. 207 ; Payer on, xix. 31-2 ; Peter
mann on, ix. 90, xix. 35, 174, 178 ;
Riohards on, xix. 212-4 ; Wrangei
cited on, xvi. 238
temperature and food supply in, ix. 60
tides in, Gray on, xix. 222
voyage of Polaris to, xviii. 7, 13, 15
 Strait, ix. 181, Esquimaux of, i. 96
Smith's Station, the most advanced in the
interior of W. Australia, (1863.), viii. 45
 , Queensland, xii. 57, telegraph
extension to, xii. 55
Smoky Bay, S. Australia, Admiralty
survey, xxii. 336
Smyth, Adm. W. H., on Gen. Sir T. Bris
bane, iv. 123
Presidency of R.G.S. and benefits of, to
the Society, xxi. 402
obituary notice of, 1866 , x. 193
 , Capt. E., proposed exploration of, in
Chinese Tartary (1861.), vi. 7, see 181
•  , Rear-Adm. W., obituary notice of,
1878., xxii. 321
¦  , Prof. P.. i. 177, 224,.Observations on
the Peak' of Teneriffe, i. 412-3, use of
his free revolver telescope stand in,
i. 421, cited, iii. 283
cited on the Great Pyramid, xi. 223
Suako Bay, N. Guinea, birds and snakes
at, xx. 103
¦; — river, B. Columbia, "benches'' on,
xv. 134

Snake or Lewis fork of the Columbia river,
Oregon,Brown's explorations on,1866.,
xi. 91
falls of and gold on, xi. 92
Snoefell, Mt., Iceland, xx. 26
Snotoppen, Spitzbergen, latitude of, xii. 96
Snow, Capt. P., exploration of, near Cape
Horn, I860., iv. 175
 (proposed) in search of Franklin's
party, (I860.), iv. 168, 252
 to King William land (Arctic
regions), 1861., v. 199
on Capt. Hall of the American Polar
expedition, xviii. 20
— M'Clintock's search for Franklin,
1859., iv. 11
— proposed Arctic expedition, 1875.,
xix. 222
Snowdon, Mt., former Glaciers of, iii. 291
Snowshoe Mts., B. Columbia, gold in,
viii. 89
Snowy Mts. in East Africa, (see also Kenia
and Kilimanjaro), iii. 208, 213, 304
Barth on, ii. 56
Beke on, vii. 110
causes of snow on, Maury, viii. 8
Murchison on, viii. 8, 9
various opinions and theories on,
iii. 113-7
Von der Decken's paper on, viii. 5
 , W. China, country near, xii. 338
rivers rising in, iv. 217
 , N. Zealand, source of many
rivers, viii. 49
 Range, C. Asia, xiv. 69-70, xv. 300
Sobat river, Nile basin, iii. 210, v. 222-3,
vii, 46 ; described by Baker, x. 7
Baker's station on, 1873., xviii. 53
course of, and sudden drying-up of,
Baker on, vii. 80
Gordon's station established on, 1875.,
xxi. 56
Mme. Tinne at, 1863., vii. 197, 223,
viii. 12
mouth of, navigation of, and source,
v. 30, vii. 80
Petherick at, 1862., viii. 129
Speke on, vii. 222, 223
sudd on, xviii. 53
volume of water of, viii. 143, xviii. 132
Sobi, conical mountain, W. Africa, ii. 92
Soburi river, S.C. Africa, affluent of the
Chambeze, xiv. 9
Soccorides, Rio dos, Madeira, fall of,
ii. 369
Societe' Africaine, foundation proposed by
Ge'rard, 1862., vi. Ill
 d'Etudes du Canal de Suez, estab
lished by Pere Enfantin, 1846., xiv. 91
 Khediviale de Geographie,established
by Dr. Schweinfurth, (1876.), xx. 447
 des Missionaires d' Alger, work of,
xxii. 377

308

SOC— SON

Socotra Island, aloeB of, and Christian
colonies in, xxii. 447
geological formation of, iv. 57
Soda Creek, B. Columbia, dry landslip at,
xv. 141
Sod&h Island, Curia Muria group, Arabia,
described iv. 51, 52
Sodos village, Borneo, natives of, i. 199
Soerabaya, Java, position of, vii. 211
Sofala district, S.E. Africa, ii. 364
desirability of exploring, Erskine on,
xix. Ill
identified with Ophir, by M'Leod, iv. 205
Sofi, Abyssinia, the Atbara river at, x. 284
Baker at, 1861., a. 283
Sofiensk, On the Amur, Russian station at,
xiii. 366
Sofi-Kurgan, Alai district, C. Asia, slope
of mountains near, xxi. 123
Sofunso river, S. C. Africa, affluent of the
Chambeze, xiv. 9
Sogne fjord, Norway, depth of, and
temperature of water in, xviii. 344
Soh&r, Arabia, ancient capital of Omi,n,
viii. 66, 103
Soheil, hill, S. Arabia, xv. 321, artesian
springB at, 332
Sokatu or Sokoto, chief state in C. Sudan,
ii. 86, 99, vi. 17, 22
Baikie's proposed expedition to, 1856.,
i. 16, 156, 444-5, ii. 317
the Fulbes at, xxi. 494
slave-trade at, ii. 33
suzerainty of, over Nupe, ix. 74
Soko apes or gorillas seen by Cameron
near Tanganyika, xix. 254
Sokpo or Sokpa of Tibet, xii. 168, tribes of
E. Asia, ferocity and location of, Shaw
on, xvi. 402, oases visited by, xxi. 29,
residence of their ruler, 331
Soktui Mts., E. Siberia, ii. 278
Sokut, near Yarkand, visited by Schla
gintweit, iii. 173
Solar, Jebel, Sinaitic Peninsula, pottery
found on, x. 159 ; ancient road on, ib.
Solei, Wadi, S. Arabia, viii. 104, course of
viii. 105
Solemieh, Arabia, a large town, viii. 65
Solferino, Italy, battlefield of, moraine
near, viii. 40
Soligman, town, Tunis, described, vi. 210
Solimoens, river, Brazil, xxi. 570
Solitary Islands, off N.S. Wales, Admiralty
survey of, ix. 222, x. 220
Solomon Islands, S.W. Pacific, discovery
in 1568., and explorations of, xvi. 388
native boats at, xvi. 394
Somali-land, E. Africa, (see St. Abbs) —
coast of, Frere on, xvii. 346
character of, x. 115
European detenus in, xi. 4, Xvii. 347
explorations of, Burton's, iii. 219, vi. 185
Hildebrand's, 1875., xxii. 446

Somali-land, E. Africa — continued.
Kirk's (visit to coast), 1873., xvii. 340
Malcolm's, 1873., xvii. 403
Miles', 1872., xvi. 149
Speke's, iii. 217
frankincense of, xvi. 150, Birdwood on,
154-5
natives of, x. 95, xvi. 155-6, xxii. 447,
Rigby on, x. 99
Somass river, Vancouver Island, falls on,
ix. 308
Sombrero Island, W. Indies, guano of,
iii. 332, iv. 57
Somerset, Cape York, N. AustraUa, xi. 195
coast near, xi. 150, 151, xii. 314
described by Bowen, ix. 76-9
 Jardine, x. 85
 Richardson, x. 33
geological formation near, xii. 315
latitude of, x. 249
pearl trade of, xviii. 48
point of departure for N. Guinea,
xii. 314, xx. 19, 92-4, xxii. 219, 220,
223
temperature at, xii. 317-8
 of sea near, xii. 317
un suited for sheep, x. 249
wet and dry seasons at, xu. 315-9
¦  in relation to health,
320-1
 Bay of, good water at, viii. 116
- — ¦ Port, a man-of-war at, xiv. 202
 North, Arctic regions, i. 19, iv. 2
 river, part of the Nile, x. 14, note
Gordon at, 1876., xx. 473
" Somerset House," the Ross's dwelling
on Fury Beach, 1832-3., xviii. 17
Somerville, Mrs., author of " Physical
Geography," ii. 273
awarded gold medal of R.G.S., 1869.,
xiii. 253, 257
death of, 1872., Rawlinson on, xvii. 56
Sona peak, Sinaitic Peninsula, xiii. 210
Sonakoda, N.E. India, latitude cf, i. 370
Sonakte, Abyssinia, geological formation
at, xii. 114
Songka, see Sonkoi, also Tongkin river
Songklar Glacier, Arctic regions, xix. 25
Sonkoi river, S.W. Chinese borders, coal
found on, xix. 285
Lagre"'s expedition on, 1867,, xix. 281
de Came cited on, xix. 282
Richthofen cited on, xix. 283
Son-Kul (lake), C. Asia, xiv. 222, Veniu-
koffs visit tp, 1860, v. 192
 plateau, xiv. 222, Kirghiz of,
223
Sonmeani, near Kurrachi, road from, to
Gwadur, vi. 92, 117
Sonntag,Mr.,of Hayes' Arctic Expedition,
1860-1., frozen to death, ix. 183
Sonora State, Mexico, Apache Indians pf,
xix. 305

SON— SPA

309

Sonora State, Mexico — continued.
Bell on, xiii. 140
Poston on, xix. 302
Papagos Indians of, xiii. 143
"sand-food" of, xix. 306
silver works of, iii. 109
Sonthal distriot, Bengal, tribes subdued
by Cleveland (17—), xix. 331
Soogalup, Abyssinia, waters of the Gash
at, x. 282
Sooget Hills, Yarkand, position of, xiv. 59
 Valley, position of, xiv. 51
Sook Pilal, Mts. of, Lushai region, xvii. 45
Sooke Harbour, Vancouver Island, ex
plored by Leech, 1864., ix. 307
 Lake, elevation, ib.
 river, ix. 307, " benches " of, and
gold-diggings on, xv. 135
Soolima distriot, W. Africa, gold of, and
scenery, xvii. 127-8, Hooboo bandits in,
124
Sooltanpore, Punjab, the Bubboo pass
near, xv. 337 ; see also Sultanpur
Soonderlik Dagh, volcano, Armenia,
xiii. 244
Soorong river, Indo-Burmese frontier,
xiii. 247
Soos river, Morocco, rise and course of,
ii. 375
 or Sous Valley, south of the Atlas
Mts., xv. 215, mountains crossing, 219,
unknown to Europeans, 220
Sorghabiti river. S. Africa, game near,
xiii. 321
Sosnofsky, Col., travels of, in W. China,
1874-5., xx. 421, xxi. 21, 22, 204, 448
Sotano Mt., Ecuador, landslip at, Simson
on; xxi. 568 . »
Soudan, Africa (see also Gordon), iv. 90,
xiii. 40
chief seat of future African civilisation,
Saunders on, xi. 50
consulate in, withdrawn, 1864., viii. 150
elastic frontiers of, vii. 22, 126
expeditions in, French and other,
(1864.), viii. 242
fish in rivers of, fable told of, ii. 34
Memoir on, Esoayrac de Lauture,i. 157,
ii. 220
a populous region (1859.), iii. 355
slave trade in, viii. 150
Southern, robber tribes in, ii. 32
trade from, to the Mediterranean,
xviii. 193 ; other outlets for, vi. 17
Souffriere Valley, Dominica, W. Indies,
aqueous solfateras of, xx. 230
Souidoun, Russian Turkestan, xviii. 247
Souk Tchermik, Turkey-in-Asia, mineral
spring at, affected by earthquake,
1859., iii. 63
Souli, former capital of Persia, Chinese
"name for, and position of, Rawlinson
on, 179-80

Sounkwaha, Abyssinia, mountains and
plateau near, xiii. 40
Souris river, B. Columbia, in relation to
the boundary, ii. 146
in conneotion with the Backfat Lakes,
viii. 51
 and valley, xx. 286
Soushwap Lake, B. Columbia, passes near,
xii. 121
South Cape, Formosa, bay at, x. 127
dangers of, and aborigines at, viii. 27
 ¦ — — , Spitzbergen, Swedish expedi
tion at, 1868., xiii. 154
 , Van Diemen's Land, xviii. 520
Southampton Island, Arctic regions, ice
movements at, ii. 198-9
Southern Mangi, Notices of, Phillips,
xviii. 168
Southern Ooean, the, as a fertilizing agent,
ii. 29
winds and ourrents in, iv. 239
Southesk, Earl of, journey of, in B,
Columbia (1858.), iv. 75-6
On an error in Hind's map of the Sas
katchewan, xx. 362
on the rule of the Hudson Bay Co.,
xx. 301
South Pass, route via, for the Pacific
Railway, i. 263
 Pole, Nares' views on, xxi. 104
cold current from, trend of, xii. 256
 Sea Islands, Admiralty surveys
among, xvii. '258-9, ootton of, Belcher
on, vi. 100
 Passage, the search for, vii. 72
 Shetland Islands, S. Pacific
discovered by Biscoe, v. 25
latitude and temperature at, v. 23
supposed discovery by Gerritz, 1599.,
xiii. 114
 Snake Kay, Belize, geological forma
tion of, etc, xii. 344
 Theresa Colony, Brazil, foundation
of, 1847., and condition in 1850., vi. 74
Sow and Pigs Shoal, Sydney Harbour,
N.S. Wales, Admiralty survey, xxii. 336
Sowayra Mt., Abyssinia, elevation of,
xii. 115
Soya, Yezo, Japan, importance of, xvi. 194
Spain, absence of ioe-aotion in, viii. 232
Admiralty survey of (see Mediterranean),
iv. 148
deep-sea soundings near, iv. 152
expulsion of, from Japan, vii. 167
French maps of, mentioned, iv. 201
possessions and trade of, in the Philip
pines, I860., iv. 193
progress of geographical knowledge of,
1866 232
surveys' of, i. 148, Coello's, 1862., vi. 157,
xii. 251
 , Trigonometrical, i. 423-5.
Spaitla, Tunis, copper-mines at, vi. 215

310

SPA— SPI

Spanish river, Canada, first mapped,
1853-6, ii. 294
Specimen Gully, Queensland, gold-dig
gings at, xii. 142
Speke, Capt. J. H. (see also Burton and
Speke and Grant), awarded gold
medal of R.G.S., 1861., v. 137, Presi
dent's speech, 139, Earl de Grey's
reply, 140
as explorer, Burton on, ix. (i, Stanley
on, xxii. 393
on the course of the Kivira, v. 15
 discovery of the Nile sources by,
1863., v. 108, 182 et seq., vii. 217
 E. African expedition under him
self and Burton, 1857., ii. 52, 323,
iii. Ill, 210, 301, 348, iv. 40, 175,
xvi. 127, 411, xviii. 147, xix. 262, 317
 ethnology of Equatorial Africa,
vii. 223
gold medals awarded to, and Grant, by
the King of Italy, 1863., vii. 215, 216,
' 224
expedition of, with Capt. J. A. Grant,
in search of the Nile sources, iv. 179,
222, 251, v. 11, 12, 20, 21, 127, 140,
188, 209, 1861., 209, 210, vi. 17, 209,
1862., 176, vii. 20, viii. 147, 244, 245,
success of, announced, 1863., vii.
108-9, 182-3, 217, later references,
xviii. 146, 257, xix. 248-9, xxi. 232,
466 et seq. ; botanical results, xxii.
416 ; meteorological observations,
Galton on, vii. 225 ; sextant observa
tions, viii. 155, 156
 to assist, see Petherick
explorations of, earlier, iii. 112, 217,
301 note
on granite hills near the Bahr al Gazal,
iv. 41
letter to, from Heuglin, 1863., viii. 264
 , from Petherick, 1861., vi. 19
 of, to King Rumanika, 1862.,
vii. 228
 to Petherick, from Karagwe,
1862., vii. 235
map of Africa by, presented by Baker
to R.G.S., 1865., x. 21
on the meeting with Baker at Gondo
koro, 1863., vii. 190, Baker on the
same, x. 8
 Nile branches, iv. 41
— Nyanza Lake, and its outlets, etc.,
viii. 52 (see cdso Stanley, vol. xx. and
vol. xxii.)
— Nyassa or Niyanyizi Lake, iv. 88
 and Tanganyika Lakes, viii. 258
cited on missionary work in Africa
xxi. 48
 Nile region rainfall, viii, 8
— — — L. Tanganyika, xi. 234
death of, Murchison on, ix. 2
monument to, x. 5, 258, xi. 6

Speke. Capt. J. H. — continued.
obituary notice of, 1865., ix. 196
Speke Gulf, V. Nyanza, named by Stanley,
xx. 145
rivers entering, and configuration,
Stanley on, xx. 154, xxii. 388
Spencer, Earl, obituary notice of, 1858.,
ii. 252
Spencer Gulf, S. Australia, i. 31, ii. 29,
iii. 157, 272, iv. 94, v. 55, vi. 13, 14
Admiralty survey (see also S. Australia),
xv. 319-20
isthmus between, and head of Lake
Torrens, ii. 189, 191, 214
land near, Eyre's view on, upset by
facts, vi. 57,Gawler's view on,iv. 78-9,
v. 10
rivers feeding, iii. 31,32, iv. 84, xii. 139
three good harbours in, iv. 78, 79
Sphere, Geometrical projection of Two-
thirds of, James, 1857., i. 421
 , New projection of, Herschel, iii. 174
Spice Islands, Crawfurd on, ii. 184
Spires, George of, his search for Eldorado,
1536., xxii. 45
Spitfire expedition to the Burdekin river,
Queensland, I860., v. 122-3
Spiti Valley, Himalayas, crops, passes,
and lamas of, Harcourt, xv. 336, 340,
341, 343
lamaserys of, xv. 343
language and climate of, xv. 347
physiognomy, religion, etc., of, xv. 342-3
 •  and river, elevation of, x. 208,
xv. 340
Spitzbergen —
Discoveries East of, and attempt to
reaofc the Pole on the meridian of,
Markham, xvii. 97
expeditions and explorations :
Boat voyage along coast, 1864., Nor
wegian, ix. 308
 from, Parry's, 1827., ix. 45
early Dutch voyages in seas of,
Jansen cited on, ix. 163
explorations in 1870-1., Petermann
on, 174-5
German, 1870., Von Zeil and Von
Heuglin's, 1870., xv. 8, 306
list of early expeditions, xiii. 164
Swedish, 1861., v. 199, xii., 96; 1868.,
and after, xiii. 154, xvi. 230,
xviii. 16, 100-1, 264
ice-barrier dividing, from Novaya Zem
lya, ix. 174
icebergs at, ii. 198
ice, notes on, ix. 163
— on coast of, i. 29
ice-drift off, v. 76-7, xix. 178
— fields off, ix. 167, xvii. 173 et seq.
isotherms between, and Iceland, iv. 100
migration of birds and mammals from,
xix. 177

SPI— STA

311

Spitzbergen — continued.
mountains of, elevations of, iv. 237,
geological formation of, xiii. 154-5
and note
ocean current from, i. 61, iv. 104, 107,
169, 238, v. 225 et seq., xvii. 97, 178,
xix. 178
open sea off, found by Parry, i. 20
Purchas' chart of, xvii. 99
reindeer in, xv. 113
route to the Pole vid,
Collinson on, xvii. 104
Hopkiu on, iv. 100
Ingleflpld on, ix. 153
Lamont on, ix. 154, xvii. 104
Markham on, ix. 138
Osborn on, ix. 45, xvii. 172-3 et seq.
Petermann on, ix. 91, 114, discussion
on, 116-25
Richards on, xxi. 283
Swedish report on, xii. 96, discussion
on, 108-12
Young on, ix. 154
soundings near, ix. 169
temperatures at and near, iv. 235,
v. 232, xvii. 102
winds prevalent near, iv. 239
walrus of, ix. 308 et seq., xiii. 155
Spottiswoode, W., Abstract of Cameron's
paper on the Ethnology of the Cau
casus, vi. 59
Method for determining Longitude . . .,
v. 234-7, referred to, vi. 191
On Typical Mountain Ranges, with
reference to Abioh's classification,
iv. 97
retires from Senior Secretaryship of
R.G.S., 1864., viu. 170
Sprague's river, Oregon, warm climate of,
xi. 91
Spratt, Capt. T. A. B., r.n., xv. 32, On
the geology of. Serpent Island, Black
Sea, i. 483
map by, of the rivers of the Plain of
Troy, iii. 386
Mediterranean surveys by (see Mediter
ranean), iv. 149, v. 170, vii. 139,
viii. 190, xxi. 302
Routes between the Danube and the
Black Sea at Kustendji, i. 94, cf. 141
on the Santorin eruption of 1866., x. 120
"Travels and. Researches in Crete,"
reviewed, ix. 252
work of, as a geographer, Murchison
on, ix. 252-3
cited on the Gibraltar current, xvi. 84,
xviii. 336-7, 386
 Nile Delta, its silt, and the
Suez Canal, ii. 265, iii. 198, 265, 30S
 Sea of Marmora, ii. 264
 Silt of the Nile, xiv. 314 note
Sproat's or Kleecoot Lake, Vancouver,
ix. 308

Spruce, R., travels of, in S. America,
1849., iii. 94, iv. 174, vi. 188, viii. 220-1,
ix. 245, x. 254, xxii. 44, 46
Spuskovaya river, Siberia, xxi. 218
Sprye, Capt. R., and Sprye, R. F. H., on
communication with S.W. China from
Rangoon, v. 45, of. 119, 196, vii. 61
route advocated by, Rangoon to Kiang
Hung, xix. 271
Squier, E. G., on Lake Yojoa, Honduras,
1859., iii. 106, cf. 330
travels of, in C. America, (1856.), i. 166,
ii. 296
Srednie Kolymsk, Russian military station,
Siberia, xxi. 215
" Srharhar," N. Africa, passed by Rohlfs,
ix. 314
Srinagar, capital of Kashmir, a. 142, Hay
ward at 1870., xv. 15
route from, to Bonji, x. 146
Ssu Ch'uan province, China (see also
Se-ohuen and Szechuen), physical for
mation of, Gill on, xxii. 256-7, people
of, 284-5, others on, 283-4
Staalbierghuk, Iceland, Greenland ice in
fiords beyond, v. 228, 230
Staaten river, Queensland, affluents of,
xii. 140
Stabus, Capt., cited on ganyahs of Car
pentaria natives, xiii. 54
Stacey Island, off N. Guinea, named and
described, xxi. 359
Staley, Dr. T., Bishop of Honolulu, On
the Geography and recent eruption of
the Sandwich Isles, xii. 305, 313
Stanhope, Earl, obituary notice of, 1876.,
xx. 396
Stanley's river, Queen Charlotte Islands,
source of, and outfall, xiii. 390
Stanley, Capt. O., (see also Blackwood and
Stanley),
Australian surveys by, vi. 135, 136,
viii. 120, 193, xii. 322
New Guinea coast surveys by, ix. 260,
xiv. 201, xviii. 22
cited as adverse to Port Essington,
iii. 88
 , Dean, offer of funeral in West
minster Abbey to Livingstone, xviii.
182-3
Stanley, H. M., elected Hon. Corresponding
Member of R.G.S., 1878., xxii. 299
awarded gold medal of R.G.S., 1873.,
xvi. 441, xvii. 7, 225, Rawlinson on,
228, xxii. 299
dinner to, 1872., xvi. 441
discovery of course of Congo, Alcock on,
xxii. 370
expeditions in Africa :
in searoh of Livingstone, 1871.,
xvi. 88, 103, 159, 226, 370, 371, 410,
415, 417, 420-1, xvii. 8, 10, 13,
68, xviii, 255, his meeting with

312

STA— STE

Stanley, H. M. — continued.
expeditions in Africa — continued.
Livingstone, xvi. 375, 387, 410-11,
416, 419, 420, xvii. 6, 8, 299;
letter, of acknowledgment from
R.G.S. on, 429, Livingstone on,
xvi. 433, xvii. 72, xviii. 267 et seq.,
5 1 0, with Livingstone, xix. 249, 252
in C. Africa, (1874-1878), xix. 10, 40,
454, 492, xxi. 144, circumnaviga
tion of V, Nyanza, 1875., xx. 9, 134,
Grant on, xx. 34 et seq., meeting with
LinantdeBellefonds, 1875.,xx. 151 ;
progress, 1876-7, xx. 435-7, xxi. 13,
15, 465, xxii. 10
Geographical Sketch of the Nile and
(Livingstone) Congo Basins, xxii. 382
on the deaths of Elton, Smith, and
O'Neil, and on the Uganda mission,
xxii. 252
On his Explorations and discoveries in
C. Africa, (1878.), xxii. 144
on Haddan's " pioneer railway," xxii. 253
— his journey to V. Nyanza and Cir
cumnavigation of the Lake, (1874-5.),
xx. 134
— Livingstone's work in Africa, and
on missionary effort, xviii. 280, cf.
xxii. 370
— the name of the Congo river,
xxii. 410
special meeting to welcome, 1878.,
xxii. 126, 143
thanks of R.G.S. accorded to, 1878.,
xxii. 299
treatment of natives, resolution on, pro
posed by Hyndman, xxi. 6, discussion
on the same, 58
visit to the Rufiji, xxii. 454
cited on King Mtesa, xxii. 470 ; on L.
Tanganyika, xviii. 146
 , Mr., Surgeon of H.M.S. Erebus, relics
of, found by Anderson, 1855., i. 21, 152
Stanley Harbour, Falkland Islands,
Government Station at, (I860.), iv. 175
 Range, N.S. Wales, iii. 157
Cadell's exploration near, (1862.), vi. 55
Stainton, Fort, New Mexico, caves near
Goad on, xxii. 277, ration-post at, 279
Stans Foreland, Spitzbergen, Swedish
expedition at, 1870., xv. 306
Stanton Cape, Greenland, depot for the
Arctic Expedition at, xx. 61
Star Creek, Queensland, xii. 140
 Maps, new edition of, (I860.), iv.
206-7
Stars, Probable Occultation of, by the
Moon, in E. Africa, 1878-9., Hind,
xxii. 64-5
Starved Steppe, C. Asia, position and
cause of, xiv. 319
Station Hill, (of Stokes), Queensland,
v. 123

Staunton, Sir G. T., obituary notice of,
I860., iv. 141
Staveley, Sir C, on Abyssinia as seen by
Lord Napier's forces, xiii. 51
Stavropol, Caucasus, ii. 276, Cossack popu
lation of, vi. 59
Stawell, W. F., Report of, on the Victorian
Camel Expedition, 1861., vii. 35
Steam, advantages of, to future Antarctic
Explorers, Hamilton, xiv. 145, 148
 Communication between England,
Australia, and the Cape of Good Hope,
Stokes, i. 79, 83, 85, 172
 launches, use of, by Baker on the
Nile, 1869., xiv. 4
 Power in Ice navigation, value of,
demonstrated by Osborn, xix. 373
Steep Head, N. Australia, i. 186, 226, 227,
261
 Island, Formosa, x. 123
force of equatorial current at, viii. 26
Steere, Bishop, journey of, to L. Nvassa,
(1875.), xx. 15, 74, 446, xxi. 584^ mis
sionary station of, xxi. 237, and work
of, 471, xxii. 16
Steinhausen, Surgeon, with Burton and
Speke, ii. 53, 55
S token Canon, Alaska, how formed,
xiii. 146
Stekla, old volcano, Iceland, last eruption
of, xii. 58
Stephens, Port, N.S. Wales, i. 129
Admiralty survey, x. 220, xi. 195
Stephenson, Capt. F., xix. 207, The(Arctic)
Winter Quarters of the Discovery, 1875.,
xxi. 106
 , R., inspection for Suez Canal, iii. 184
line between Alexandria and Cairo
built by, iii. 193
on the proposed Atrato canal, i. 71
 Suez Canal, iii. 202
cited on the same, iii. 200-1, xiv. 91-92
yacht lent by, for Observing party at
Teneriffe, (1857.), i. 412
obituary notice of, I860., iv. 138
 river, S. Australia, good grass along,
xix. 49
Stereoscopic Maps from Models of Moun
tainous Countries, F. Galton, ix. 104
Stern, Rev. — , prisoner in Abyssinia,
(1868.), xiii. 47, 49
Steudner, Dr., death of, on the Nile, viii. 15
Stevens Island, Torres Straits, i. 80
Stevenson, J., xxi. 471, efforts to open up
Africa, xxi. 60
on Elton's explorations in Nyassaland,
etc., xxii. 249
on the Scotch Mission-stations on Lake
Nyassa, (1876.), xxi. 14 note
Stewart, Col. P., on the Indo-European
Telegraph, vii. 94, cited on the same,
164, work of, in connection with the
above, vii. 91, 93

STE— STR

313

Stewart, Dr., and the Nyassa Mission
station, xx. 244, xxii. 233, 242
 , H., Beresford Creek, S. Australia,
discovered by, xv. 97
 , Mr., of Hann's Queensland expedi
tion, (1873.), xviii. 87, 94
Stewart, Cape, N. Australia, Gregory at,
1855., ii. 12
 or Kennedy's river, Queensland,
xviii. 97
Stirling, Adm. Sir J., obituary notice,
1865., ix. 215
 Mt., W. Africa, ix. 72, xxi. 485
 .Range, N. Guinea, trend of, xix. 231
Stockholm, mean temperature of, xv. 75
Stoddart, Col., murder of, with Conolly,
at Bokhara, (1842.), viii. 268, 272,
ix. 71
Stokes, Adm. J. L., ii. 342, Admiralty
survey of N. Zealand, i. 406, ii. 268,
(1843-58.), ix. 34
on Arctio Research, i. 94
on Camden Bay as a settlement, x. 87
explorations of, in N. Australia (Carpen
taria), in the Beagle and other ships,
1837-42., referred to, i. 5, 33, 186,
230, 259, 260, 262, 337, 367, 502, ii. 4,
6, 14, 313, 378, v. 123, 206, vi. 136 ;
conclusions justified by subsequent
explorers, vii. 87, 114, 116 ; xii. 261,
xiii. 53
on Gregory's N. Australian exploration,
h 191-2
On Steam Communication between
England, Australia, and the Cape of
Good Hope, i. 79, 83, 85, 86, 172
cited on the Flinders river, Gulf of
Carpentaria, xii. 57
 on N. Australia, i. 327, iii. 90
 on the Plains of Promise, vii. 87,
114, 116
 , Lt., r.n., with Burton on Elephant
Mt., W. Africa, vii. 105 ; with Swinhoe
on the Yang-tsze river, 1869., xiv. 237 ;
on the navigation of that river, xiv. 241,
cited on the same, xv. 293
 , Maj. J., r.e., Notes on the Lower
Danube, I860., iii. 206, iv. 201
 Mt., N. Zealand, vi. 72
gorge near, viii. 56
 Range, N.W. Australia, geological
formation, i. 502
Stokes' Victoria river (see Victoria River),
N. Australia, i. 5, 366, 502, ii. 30, 193,
313, iii. 156
Stoliozka, Dr., geologist, companion of
Forsyth in 1873. and earlier, xviii. 115,
xxi. 42; companion of Trotter, 1873.,
xxi. 456 ; death of, due to cold in the
Pamirs, (1878.), xxii. 289 ; extinct vol
cano discovered by, xxi. 451
Stone, — , with Smith's expedition to the
Burdekin river, I860., v. 122 ; member

of Victorian Camel expedition, and
death (1861.), vii. 35, 39
Stone, Gen., Colston's survey Itinerary,
Debbe to El Obeyad, Upper Nile
region, xx. 357
letter on the Circumnavigation of L.
Albert Nyanza by Gessi, 1876.,
xx. 470; on the connection of the
Nile with the Albert Nyanza, (1876.),
xx. 443 note
 , O., xx. 352
Description of Country and Natives of
Port Moresby . . . 1876., xx. 19, 330
Discovery of the Mai-Kassa or Baxter
river, N. Guinea, 1875., xx. 19, 92
Explorations in interior of N. Guinea,
1875., xx. 266, cf. 428 et seq.
Stone Island, Queensland, x. 65
Stonehenge, Arabian parallels to, viii. 81
Stony or Central Desert of Australia
(q.v.), iii. 31 ; accounts of, explained,
xii. 289
Burke on, vi. 54, cited on, 70
discovered by Sturt, (1845.), xv. 297
good sheep-run in, ix. 302
 Point, New Guinea, xx. 97
Stor Fiord, Spitzbergen, Austrian expe
dition at, 1871., xvi. 231
Barentsz at, 1616., xvii. 98
German exploration of, 1870., xv. 306,
xvii. 100
Swedish explorations near, xvii. 100
Storm-warning Signals, memorandum on,
v. 184
Storojensky, Cape, Ladoga Lake, Russia,
geological formation of, xiii. 378
Stow, J. P., Boat Voyage from Adam Bay
to Champion Bay . . . 1865 , x. 34
Murchison on, x. 51, 250
 , W., with the above, x. 35
Strachan, R., Report on the Hypsometrical
Observations in Paraguay of Johnston
and Congreve, 1874., xx. 504
Strachey, Sir H., awarded gold medal of
R.G.S., 1852., U. 300, 303
East branch of Indus river indicated by,
xiii. 193 note
exploration in Indian mountains, ii. 300
on the fate of A. Schlagintweit (1858.),
iii. 144, 172
cited on Lake Mansurwur, xi. 121, 122
 , Gen. R., xxii. 366, exploration in
Kumaon, (1848.), ii. 302, 303
exploration of Pindur and Kuphinee
rivers, 1847., viii. 222, note
on the change of course of the Jaxartes
and Oxus rivers, xvii. 164
On Evolution in relation to Geography,
xx. 79, Alcock on, xx. 9, xxi. 25
on the Garo Hills, xvii. 42
Introductory Lecture on Scientific Geo- "
graphy, xxi. 179, Alcock on, 408,
referred to, xxii. 188, cited, 400

314

STR— STU

Strachey, Gen. R. — continued.
on Kostenko's journey in the Pamirs,
xxi. 139
Report on PubUc Schools Examina
tion in Physical Geography, 1873.,
xix. 534
On the Scope of Scientific Geography,
xvi. 443
on Shaw's paper on C. Asia and its
mountains, (1872.), xvi. 407
Strain, Lt., expedition of, in Darien,
i. 70, 88, 486
Strande Syssel, Iceland, ice-bears at, v. 230
Strange, Lt.-Col. A., obituary notice of,
1876., xx. 397
Strangford, Viscount, xiv. 209, on receiving
gold watch of R.G.S. for Moolah
Abdul Mejid, 1866., x. 183, on re
ceiving gold watch of R.G.S. for the
Pundit, 1868., xii. 217
on Australian expedition in search of
Leichhardt, x. 85, 154
 sheep-rearing and settlements,
x. 88
— China in deoay, x. 277, xi. 11
— El Lejah, viii. 30
— Formosa, viii. 24
— the geography of C. Asia, and on
the journeys of Georg Ludwig von
 , xiii. 20, cf. x. 315
— Madagascar, x. 57
— the names of the Oxus and Jaxartes
rivers, etc., xi. 118
Remarks on Khanikoff's letters on the
MS. travels of Georg Ludwig von
 in C. Asia, and Rawlinson's
criticisms thereon, x. 315
on the Russian advance on India, xiii. 22
— Tibet, xii. 166
— Vambery's and on Wolff's travels in
C. Asia, viii. 272
death of, Murchison on, 1869., xiii. 66
obituary notice of, 1869., xiii. 260
Strangways Spring, S. Australia, v. 102,
124, xv. 97
Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, ix. 262, on
trees in relation to rainfall, Turkey,
ix. 109
Straubenzee, Mt., S. China, elevation of,
vi. 228
Streaky Bay, S. Australia, Admiralty sur
vey near, xix. 409, xx. 408, xxi. 435
Hack's expedition near, 1857., ii. 189
minor expeditions near, iii. 152
Stuart's expedition near, iii. 337, ix. 233
Warburton's expedition near, iii. 337
Street, Mr., see Sibree
Stre'tensk, E. Siberia, boat-building at,
xiii. 368, limit of navigation of Amur
and Shilka rivers, ib.
Strickland, Comm., on Abbeokuta and its
natives, vi. 52
Stromboli, volcanic scorise of, i. 470

Stromoe Island, Faeroe Islands, in con
nection with the Atlantic Telegraph,
iv. 101, 103, v. 72 et seq.
channel near, v. 63, 81
exploration in, Rae's, I860., v. 80
geological formation of, v. 81
sandbank near, v. 73
tides at, v. 72
Stromness, Orkney Islands, mean tempe
rature of, xv. 75
Strong, F. K, obituary notice of, 1875.,
xix. 403
Struve, Prof. F. G. W., Hon. Corr. Member
of R.G.S., geodetic work of, in Russia
and C. Asia, ii. 275, ix. 206
obituary notice of, 1865., ix. 206
 , Otto, Geographical work of, in
Russia and C. Asia, iii. 289, x. 233
Strzelecki, Count Sir P. E. de, vi. 13, gold
medallist of R.G.S., i. 172, v. 105,
xix. 41
explorations of, in Australia (1840 and
prev.), i. 453, ii. 313, iii. 338, 222-3,
and discovery of gold, ix. 228-9,
xvi. 295
on Leichhardt's work and Gregory's
expedition in search of him, iii. 33-4
— the Meteorology of Australia, i. 34-5
— the Probable Condition of the interior
of Australia (Landor's paper), i. 34 •
— receiving gold watch for McDouall
Stuart, 1859., iii. 223
— Stuart's C. Australian expedition
and on the Central Desert, v. 60
— travelling in arid countries, ii. 76
cited on the Central Australian Desert,
v. 105
death of, 1873., Frere on, xviii. 12
obituary notice of, 1874., xviii. 518
 Creek, part of Cooper's Creek,
Australia, iii. 28, 29, 31, 156, 334
Stuart, Col. P., on Indo-European tele
graphic communication, vii. 94-5
Stuart, J. Macdouall, vi. 167, ix. 22,
xvi. 295, xix. 41
awarded gold watch by R.G.S., 1859,
iii. 215, President's speech, 222,
Strzeleoki's reply, 223
awarded gold medal of R.G.S., 1861.,
v. 137, President's speech, 141, Duke
of Newcastle's reply, 144
discoveries towards Arnheim land,
vii. 37
discovery of Adelaide river, Adam Bay,
x. 52
expeditions of, in S. Australia, 1858.,
iii. 151 et seq., results of, 336, 337,
iv. 254 ; ditto, 1859., iv. 77, 78-9, 194,
v. 55, 104, results of, vi. 10, 13-15
 from South to North across
Australia, 1860-1., v. 205, vi. 8, 167,
168, results of, vi, 70, 171, 174,
vii 35, xvii- 20, XX. 370

STU— SUB

315

Stuart, J. Macdouall — continued.
expeditions of, from Adelaide across
Australia, 1862., vii. 11, 12, 82, 89,
discussion on, 85-90, and results,
xiv. 195, 200, 201, 203, 204, 290,
xv. 97, 297-8, xvii. 57, 276, xix. 41,49
  , Murchison on, vi. 189,
vii. 169-70, 172, 176, ix. 22, 226,
230-3, xii. 295, 322; Neumayer on,
xii. 287-8, 291-2
Exploration of Central Australia, 1861.,
vi. 8, fate (in 1861.) uncertain, vii. 11
furthest point reached by, in N.
Australia, vii. 5, 14
Journal of Expedition across the Centre
of Australia, (1859.), v. 55; Further
Details relating to Discoveries in C.
Australia, v. 104
as a surveyor, vii. 14
cited on the fertility of C. Australia,
iv. 83, v. 60, 126
 on the Roper river, vii. 86
 ou probability of gold near Lake
Gregory, vii. 11
 on well-watered regions traversed
by, iv. 84
map of S. Australia by, v. 124, 126
one omission of, vii. 180
portrait of, and models of boats found
by, in C. Australia, exhibited, vii. 2
praise of, vii. 85, 89, 122
subsidized by Chambers and Fincke,
vii. 134, 135
with Sturt, iii. 153, 153, ix. 230,
xiv. 290, xv. 97
death of, x. 251 note
 , Maj. R., Ascent of Mt. Ararat, 1856.,
xxi. 77, referred to, xxii. 363
Stuart, Mt., S. Australia, ii. 16
 Range, S. Australia, iii. 153, as
watershed, 154, 155, 157, 336, route to,
337
 river, Rocky Mts., vi. 110
Stuart- Wortley, see Wortley, J. Stuart
Stuart's Land, North of S. Australia,
vii. 86
Sturgeon Lake, B.N. America, ii. 41,
country near, 43
 river, ii. 43
Sturt, Capt. C. (see also Stuart, J. McD.),
gold medallist of R.G.S., xix. 41
discoveries of, and their results, ix. 227-
30, xiv. 287, 290
explorations of, in C. Australia, referred
to,'i. 5, 6, 10, 32, 34, 326, 328, ii. 24,
28, 188, 192, 314, iii. 153, 157-8, 334,
337, iv. 82, 96, 254 ; horses used in,
iii. 1, 28, 58, 88 ; stopped by desert,
i. 192, ii. 28-9, 60, 314, iii. 334, 337,
iv. 78, 82, v. 57, 105, 141, 144, vi. 70,
xiv. 290: 'vi. 55, 70, vii. 12, 85,
ix. 226; value of, as to region N.
and N-E. of the Darling river, yi. 168,

Sturt, Capt. C. — continued.
vii. 16; opens the door on C. Aus
tralia, vi. 169, 171; of 1828, sum
marized, ix. 227; 1831-2., results,
xiv. 191, 203 ; 1843., ix. 227, 230, re
sults, 232; xii. 139, 295; 1844., non-
success of, xiv. 290 ; xv. 97, 297,
xvi. 295
exploration of the Macquarie river,
with Hume, 1828., xviii. 533
furthest Northern point in Australia
reached by, 1845., iv. 78, v. 141, vii. 5
on W.C. Australia, iii. 158
— Gregory's N. Australian expedition,
i. 5 ; instructions to him, i. 328, 365,
367
— Stuart's expedition of 1858., iii. 155 ;
of 1861-2, v. 58-9
cited on the dryness of the interior of
Australia, ii. 214
 on the desert of C. Australia,
iii. 27
 on native huts in Australia, ii. 24
 on watershed of Australia, iii. 31
theory of C. Australian desert, con
troverted, xii. 287, xix. 49
thermometer readings by, in C. Aus
tralia, i. 32
obituary notioe of, 1870., xiv. 287
 , Capt., Afghan surveys of, xx. 242,
250
 Mt., re-named Central Mt. Stuart
(q.v.), vii. 11
Sturt's Central Desert of Australia, or
Stony Desert, i. 6, 322; ii. 214, iii. 27,
158
extent of, vii. 112, 174
good sheep-run on, ix. 22, 302
state of, in 1845., xv. 297
water-worn aspect of, vii. 42
 Creek, N. Australia, named by
Gregory, i. 188, 190, ii. 7, iii. 158, v. 58
fall of waters in, v. 9, geological for
mation of and survey needed, xix. 55
 Eyre Creek, see Jarvis river
 Plains, iv. 96, named by Stuart, 1861.,
vi. 9-11, stock fed on, ix. 32
 Ridge, ii. 215
Suakin, Egypt, port of, Baker on, xii. 117
Suanetia, Caucasus, described by Fresh-
field, xiii. 70, tribe inhabiting, vi. 60
Suan- or Suen-hwa-foo, or Suen-hoa-foo,
town, N. China, coal-pits and French
missionaries at, vii. 27
elevation of, xiv. 245
Swinhoe at, 1868., xiv. 84
Whyte at, 1869, xiv. 245
Suba, Equatorial W. Africa, near the
Rembo falls, x. 74
Subhah, limestone wall of, effect of, on
climate of Curia Muria Islands, iv. 54
Subashiri, Japan, lava-bed near, xvii. 78,
position of, described, xix. 171, 173

316

SUB— SUM

Subeihah district, S. Arabia, described by
von Maltzan, 1870-1., xvi. 120
Subezwar fort, Afghanistan, xxi. 585
Su-chow, on the Yangtsze, alluvial plain
of, iii. 375
coal at, vi. 3, 87-8
geographical position of, and rebels at,
vi. 2
size of, vii. 26
Suchuan Province, China, see Ssu-Chuan
Suckling, Mt., New Guinea, height of,
xiv. 202
Sucubdi river, Darien, Gisborne's expedi
tion on, (1856.), i. 88
Sudiya, Sadiya, or Suddya, Assam, British
advanced post, v. 54
confluents of the Brahmaputra at, v. 48
distance of, from Batang, vi. 95
fair at, xxi. 590
proposed railway to, xix. 284-5
trade at, xii. 338, xiv. 216
Sueh river, C. Afrioa, Schweinfurth on,
xvii. 22
Suen-hoa-foo, see Suan-hwa-foo
Suez, Egypt, ii. 223, iv. 56, distance of,
from Bombay, iii. 183
geographical position of, iii. 177
harbour of, iii. 178
mail routes via, i. 84, 86, 405
 bay, Admiralty survey, i. 405
¦  Canal, de Lesseps on, J856., i. 67
Lange on, iii. 201, 203
Linant Bey on, iii. 1 184
Mansell's survey in connection with,
(1856.), i. 142
Mercer on, i. 90
Murchison on, i. 160, iii. 308, xiv. 314
Opening of, 1869., Lord Houghton on,
xiv. 88, Murohison on, ib.
passages of the Newport through, 1870.,
xiv. 304
Pilotage directions for, Nares, xiv. 72
proposed, Pirn on, iii. 177, length, 188,
and probable cost, 189, 190
Sidney on, iii. 199
Sprat? s views cited, ii. 265
Stephenson on, iii. 202
 , Gulf of, see Africa; aZso Red Sea,
Admiralty surveys
lighthouse set up in, 1862., vi. 133
thermal condition of, xxi. 307
 , IsthmuB of, and Proposed Canal,
Pim, iii. 177
supposed changes in climate of, and
causes, Holland on, xxii. 456
railway of, built by Stephenson, iii. 193;
its valuable carrying trade, vii. 60
Sugar-cone Mt., S.W. China, quarries at,
vi. 231
Sugar-Loaf Island, off E. coast of Aus
tralia, xxii. 136
Sugar-Maple district, Canada, good land
at, ii. 50

Suget, E. Turkestan, distances to and
from, i. 274, 276, 277, position of, iii. 144
Sugud river, Borneo, inhabitants of shores
of, ii. 345
Suhatu river, affluent of the Karam river,
Indo-Chinese border, xxi. 593
Subjuck or Sujjuk river, Lushai district,
Bengal, course of, xvii. 43, navigation
of, 46
Suhmai Kha river, alleged Eastern branch
of the Irawady, Wilcox cited on,
xiv. 347, 348
Sui fun river, Manchuria, navigation of,
xi. 254
Sukkertopfen, Greenland, xx. 56
Sukkur, iii. 386, rise of the Indus at, xi. 22
Suk Sai river, Pamir region, C. Asia,
affluent of the Muk su, xxi. 133
Suku-'l-Zuma'ah, S. Arabia, market vil
lage of, xvii. 201
Suku-'l-Khamis, S. Arabia, route to,
xviii. 201
Sulakh river, Caucasus, iv. 246, 247, 248,
Nogai Tartars on, vi. 60
Suleiman country, W. C. Africa, Fulbes
in, xxi. 494
Suliman Range, prolongation and geo
logical structure of, xiv. 124
Sulimanieh, Persia, bad passes near, i. 288
Sulina Channel, of the Danube, iii. 207
survey of, (1858.), ii. 264, vi. 132
Sullivan, Capt., r.n., on the La Plata river
at Rosario, iv. 49, cf. 175
 , Mr., see Palliser
Sulphur Caves, Demavend, Thompson's
ascent to, 1 858., xxii. 218
 Island, Pacific Ocean, seen by Capt.
Cook, i. 63
 Springs in Formosa, near Tamsui,
xiv. 81
Sultan Chushun, Khotan district, Schla
gintweit at, (1856.), i. 277
Sultanpur, Punjab, xx. 483 ; Bubboo pass
to, xv. 337
Sulu Archipelago, E. Indian Archipelago,
Admiralty survey, xvii. 255
depth of water at, xxi. 316-7
natives of, in Sugud, ii. 345, piratical
habits of, xvii. 255
 Sea, xv. 384, Admiralty surveys in,
268
thermal condition of, Carpenter on,
xviii. 345, xix. 301, 316, 323
Sumao, see Sz'mao
Sumata, W. Africa, trade importance of,
xvii. 122
Sumatra (see also Samandara), vii. 208, 209
Admiralty survey, iv. 153, important
corrections made as to, vi. 135
botany of, similar to that of the Anda
man Islands, vi. 4
currents off coast, Heathcote on, vi. 117
gutta percha of, i. 207

SUM— SUS

317

Sumatra— continued.
sheep of, vii. 115
winds blowing off, vii. 61
Sumbawa (Symbaua), discovered by the
Portuguese, 1511., xvi. 354
surveys of H.M.S. Serpent near, 1868.,
xiii. 283
voloanoes of, i. 503 note, forecast of
eruption of, 1814., vii. 211
Sumbe, Buddhist monastery of, C. Asia
visited by Golubef, 1859., iv. 197
Sumera Parbut Mt., Himalayas, Robert
son's ascent, 1855, ii. 109
Sumessary or Shemshang river, Lushai
distriot, xvii. 36, affluents of, 40
Summer Palace, near Peking, x. 156
burning of, (I860.), Walker on, x. 158
ruins seen by Whyte, 1869., xiv. 244
Summit Lake, source of the Deschutes
river, Oregon, xi. 89.
Suna, Urimi district, Equatorial Africa,
beauty of natives, xx. 136 ; suspicious
character of same, xxii. 150
water-parting in, xxii. 386
Sund, 8. C. Afrioa, i. 75 •
Sunday Island, Niger river, highest point
reached by sea tide, xxi. 483
Sunderbunds, mouths of the Ganges
rotary tides off, vi. 115
surveyed, (1859.), iii. 268
Sundi, Congo region, reported white man
at, supposed to be Livingstone, (1872.),
xix. 87
Sungari, Songari or Girin-ula river, Man
churia, xi. 162, described by Adkins,
1872., xvi. 351
Russian expeditions up, 1864., ix. 242,
xiii. 32, 367, xvi. 205
source of, xiii. 32 ; and course, viii. 33
tribes to the south of, xiii. 369
tributary of the Amur, ii. 153, xvi.
205
Sungbust, near Meshed, history of, Marsh
on, xxi. 583
Sung Pan T'ing, W. China, ascent to,
described by Gill, xxii. 259
inhabitants of, plateau of, elevation of,
xxii. 262-3
Sung Ting Lake, C. China, vi. 86 ; see
also Tung- ting
Sun Signals for TraveUers, Galton on,
iv. 14
 Spots, in relation to terrestrial mag
netism, xxii. 207
Suok, Chinese Border town, Alai region,
xvii. 190
Supa Pass and River, Benguela, xx. 323
Superior, Lake, N. America, i. 264, 462,
iv. 234, xii. 123, on the boundary line,
iv. 233
copper lodes of, xii. 141, 144
elevation of, ii. 336, 339, xii. 867
exploration of Hind W. of (I860.), iv, 171

Superior, Lake, N. America — continued.
geology of district, ii. 293
government exploration between, and
Red River, 1857-8., iii. 126
'late ice on, 1857., ii. 39
river rising in, ii. 339
Supinu river, N.W. Amazon basin, tribu
tary of Curarai river, xxi. 568
Surabaya, Java, i, 191, ii. 215, coast near,
ii. 9
Tom Tough schooner at, i. 262
Surabit-el-Khardim, Sinaitic Peninsula,
geology and minerals, vi. 237
traces of turquoise mining at, x. 159
Suraswati river, Punjab, unknown upper
course of, Campbell on, xiv. 123 ; see
Saras wati
Surco, Peru, elevation of station at,
xviii. 209
Sureeya, S. Arabia, the Fudhlee capital,
position of, xvi. 117
Surinam, winds of, vii. 50
Surkatti, on the Nile, Petherick at,
1863., viii. 133
Surkhab, Surkab, Kizil-su, or WakhBh
river, affluent of the Oxus, xxi. 133
confluents of, ib.
identity determined, xx. 17, 484
 valley, route via, to the Oxus, Raw
linson on, xxi. 138
Surkuja, Tibet, good road from, much used
by Bhooteas, x. 166
Surnada, Sea of, Japan, vi. 202, area of, 203
volcanic formation along, vi. 205
Surprise schooner, voyage of, along coast
of N. Guinea, 1871., xvi. 203
 Mt., Queensland, xviii. 94-5
telegraph-route via, xii. 55
Surramphang, (Garo Hills), market for
edible dogs at, xvii. 40
Surtokh, Kashmir-Tibetan border, ridge
of, watershed of the Pangong Lake,
xi. 32
Suru, Abyssinia, elevation and tempera
ture of, xiv. 160
Sus, N. Africa, Gerard's journey to, 1863.,
viii. 94
Susa, east of V. Nyanza, volcanic region,
xx. 155
 , Persia, i. 357
ancient, Rawlinson on, i. 282, 357
(Shush) excavations of, Loftus, i. 49
note, 219, 220, Monteith on, i. 220-1,
292
heat at, i. 358-9
 , Tunis, manufactures of, vi. 212
Susafeh, Ras, Sinaitic Peninsula, the
Mountain of the Law, xui. 210 ; eleva
tion of peaks of, xiii. 209
Susaki, Japan, as a harbour of refuge,
xvii. 255
Susannah river, C. America, affluent of
the Rama river, xii. 33, 35

318

SUS— SWE

Susi, Livingstone's faithful " boy,"
xviii. 222 ; awarded ' bronze medal,
1874., 495
his devotion to his master, 244-5, 300
presence at meeting of R.G.S., ib.
with Bishop Steere, xx. 15, and his
party, 69, 74
Susiana, Persia, plains of, i. 362
fertility of, i. 359
heat of, i. 358
inhabitants of and near, i. 291
military geography of, i. 290
open country of, i. 288
rivers of, change of course of, i. 292
Susus, the, road from, to the Mellacoure,
opened by Foulbe traders, xxi. 494
Sutherland, Dr., expedition in Quath-
lamba Mts., Natal, 1856., i. 83,
Beechey on, 160
on Natal, i. 55
ciieri on ice surfaces Arctic and Alpine,
vii. 77
 Island, Smith Sound, depot of Arctic
Expedition of 1875., xx. 60
Sutlej river, India
course of, viii. 39, explored by the
Pundits, xiii. 192
— — — supposed former, xix. 437 note
gorges of, vii. 132 note
iron suspension bridge over, x. 168-9,
xiii. 185
resemblance of, to the Nile, iii. 357
sources of (see Mariam La), ii. 300,
viii. 39, x. 168, visited by Smith,
1865., xi. 119, 121, 123 ; by the Pundit,
1865-7., xii. 157
Suttor River or Creek, Queensland, i. 325,
v. 4, connected with the Belyando,
i. 342, 368, 495, x. 64
geological formation along, xii. 141.
142
gold found near, xii. 138, 140
junction of, with the Burdekin, i. 325,
495
latitude of, v. 4
Sunk or Suyok Pass, Trans-Naryn region,
Russian Turkestan, elevation of,
xiv. 225, 226
Trotter on, xviii. 419
 river, source and affluents of, xiv. 228
Suvando Island, Lake Ladoga, xiii. 378
Suwa Lake, Japan, castle, shrine, and
hot springs near, xvii. 81
Suwando Lake, near Lake Ladoga, river
rising in, xiii. 379
Suyok Pass, see Siiiik
Svarfaraa river, Iceland, sources of,
v. 231
Svarta river, Iceland, source and course
of, xx. 27
Sverbe'ef, Cape, Manchuria, ii. 153
Sviask, Russia, in the glacial period,
i. 416

Svir river, Lake Ladoga, xiii. 377, boat'
building on, xiii. 376
colour of water of, xiii. 379
Swaiswa river, S. Africa, northward course
of, xiii. 135
Swakop district, S. Africa, meteorological
variations in, i. 60
Swan Hill, C. Australia, v. 8, vii. 36
Swan river, W. Australia, i. 31, 322,
iii. 46, x. 34, xi. 44
Admiralty survey, iii. 272, xvii. 257,
xviii. 539, xix. 408, xx. 408, xxi. 435
birds of, iii. 54
expeditions and explorations —
Eyre's (1840-41), ii. 192
Forrest's from, 1870., xvii. 277, xix. 8
Leichhardt's to, 1847., i. 322, iii. 34,
x. 85, xii. 291
Neumayer's (proposed) to (1865.),
xii. 292, 322
Warburton's to, 1873., xviii. 571
 settlement or colony (see also
W. Australia), v. 3
early days of, ix. 226
sheep from, failure of, at Adam Bay, x. 88
tidal observations near, xxi. 73
uncertain flow of rivers in, iv. 96
Swanzy, A., liberality of, to Reade's W.
African expedition, 1868., xiii. 355,
xix. 399
Swart, J., Hon. Corr. Member, obituary
notice of, 1866., x. 209
Swartefugle Bay, Greenland, " loomery "
at, xx. 58
Swat, N. Indian frontier, the Akhoond
of, and Hayward's murderers, xv. 286
well-disposed to Science, xv. 203
 river, xvi. 254
affluents and source of, xxii. 354
 Valley, route via, to Chitral, xiii. 16
Swatoi, Cape, Russia, specific gravity of
water at, xviii. 372
Swatow, E. China, Treaty Port, iii. 86
oil-cake trade of, from N. China, vii. 33
Sweden, in the glacial period, Murchison
on, vii. 155, Ramsay on, 77
Swedish African expedition, northwards
from the Cape of Good Hope, 1857.,
ii. 54
 Arctic expns., Torrell and Nordens-
kiold, 1858., xiii. 152, 257, 291 ;' I860.,
proposed under Torrell, iv. 169, 200 ;
1861., do., v. 199 ; 1861., xii. 96, xiii. 291 ;
1864., xiii. 291 ; 1868., Nordenskiold's,
xii. 257, xiii. 151, and other years, 291,
xv. 307, xvii. 100; 1871., xvi. 86, 227,
xx. 55, 230 ; 1872. (proposed), xvi. 363;
Nordenskiold's, xvii. 16, 264 ; summary
of, 1858-68., and 1872., results of, xvii.
100, 102
 Siberian coast expedition, (Norden
skiold's), 1875 et seq., xix. 420-1,
xx. 20, 416, xxi. 447, xxii. 338

SWE— SYN

319

Sweers Island, N. Australia, discovered
by Flinders, Chimmo on his visit to,
1856., i. 259, 260
dead bodies on, i. 259
Ellis at, 1867., xii. 57
Flinders' well and "blazes" found in
1858., ii. 14-5, in 1862., vii. 3
new settlement (Carnarvon) on, 1867.,
xi. 227, xiii. 52, gardening at, 55,
healthiness of, 56
turtle on, i. 258
Sweet Grass Hills, see Three Buttes
Swift river, B. Columbia, rush of gold-
miners to (1862.), vi. 109
Swinburne, Sir J., on the Mashona gold-
workings and workers, xv. 155
Swinhoe, R., expedition to Kalgan, 1868.,
xiv. 83
on the Great Wall of China, xiv. 83
On the Island of Formosa, viii. 23 ;
additional notes on. x. 122
Murchison on, viii. 209
Special Mission up the Yang-tze Kiang,
1869., xiv. 235 ; Alcock on, xx. 208,
Osborn on, xiv. 33-4, Murohison on,
xv. 292
Obituary notice of, 1878., xxii. 325
Swiss glaciers, measurements of, xii. 252
 Lakes, origin of, Murchison's views,
viii. 231, Studer's views cited, 230
Recent measurements of Depths of,
Chaix, xxii. 456
Thermal Condition of, Carpenter on,
xxi. 300, 305
Switzerland, Earthquakes in, i. 149,
iii. 279, Volger cited on, ii. 287
Federal Map of, Chaix, iv. 243, vi. 180
Hydrometric Measurements in, ii. 287,
xvii. 204
Hypsometrical Observations in the
Central Alpine Chain of, Ziegler,
xvii. 207, cf. 204
in the glacial period, vii. 77
Limnimetric and Meteorological Obser
vations in, Chaix, 1871., xvii. 204
progress of geographical knowledge of,
i. 149, 426, ii. 287, iii. 290, iv. 202,
243. vi. 180, viii. 199, x. 231, xii. 252,
xiii. 296, xv. 273, xvi. 327, xvii. 263
Sydney, or Port Jackson (q.v.), N.S. Wales,
vi. 200, 232, xx. 393, xxii. 219
Admiralty surveys of, see N.S. Wales
•expansion of, vi. 56, xv. 298. xvi. 295
explorers not popular in, i. 323
explorations from :
Chimmo's, 1857., i. 255, 325, 326
D'Albertis' to N. Guinea, 1876-7.,
xxi. 459
Gregory's, 1855., i. 5, 50, 366, iii. 18,
and return to, ii. 26, iii. 29, 33
HoveU and Hume's, 1827., xiv. 199
Leichhardt's, to Port Essington,
1844-5., vii. 85, x. 59, xiv. 200

Sydney, or Port Jackson, N.S.W. — cant.
explorations from — continued.
Strzelecki's, 1839., xviii. 520
Sturt's, 1827., xiv. 288
Goodenough at, xx. 393
hot winds of, ii. 192, v. 60
isotherm of, xii. 318
Landsborough at, vii. 175
Library of, vii. 179
mail route from, via Torres Straits, i. 80,
84, 129, 193, iv. 154, v. 175, vi. 199
meridian of, vi. 136
sailing distance from, to Booby Island,
viii. 117
sheep trade of, x. 328
superior wool of, x. 83
aud Singapore, proposed steam mail
route between, i. 80, 81, 84, viii. 118,
119, ix. 77
 Harbour, xxii. 136
dredging operations at, xxii. 336
  , Nova Scotia, beauty of, xii.
195
Sydow, Col. E. von, Hon. Corr. Member
of R.G.S., death of, 1873., Frere on,
xviii. 12
obituary notice of, 1874., xviii. 315
Sykes, Col. W. H., V.P. of R.G.S., i. 161
on changed course of the Indus, i. 221
— communications between Siam and
China, iv. 217
— the navigation of the Zambesi,
iii. 105
— Petherick's Nile expedition and the
Lake sources of that river, iv. 42
— the proposed railway in Honduras,
iii. 106
— Speke and Grant's expedition (1861.),
vii. 23
— snowy mountains in Africa, iii. 213,
vi. 51
— the sources of the Nile and de
Lauture's expedition, i. 301, iii. 213,
354, iv. 42
— the supply of atmospheric moisture
in Australia, v. 59, 60
cited on Zanzibar as a base for geo
graphical exploration, vii. 196
question on the geology of Persia,
i. 220-1
obituary notice of, 1873., xvii. 248
Syloo district, Lushai region, Bengal,
rivers of, xvii. 43
Sylvia, S. America, forest near, ix. 278
 , Mt., Formosa, xxii. 58
Symes, Col, and Dr. F. Buchanan,
mission of, to Burma, 1795., and its
results, i. 269
Symonds, R. Adm. Sir W., obituary notice
of, 1856., i. 131
Synal Kiang Mts., Lushai region, Bengal,
trend of, xvii. 45
Synam, S.W. China, temples of, vi. 228

320

SYN— TAC

Synge, Col. M. H., journey in the Rocky
Mountains (1852.), iii. 320
Rupert Land, the Colony and its Limits,
vii. 71, 75
cited on B. N. American route and its
advantages, iv. 173, 253
Syr Daria or Jaxartes river, C. Asia,
alpine lakes connected with, ii. 280
change of course of, ii. 209
debouchment of, iii. 388
hills near, ix. 272
drainage area of, ix. 273
in Veniukoff's map, xiii. 347, and see
note
Russian posts along, ix. 239
theories concerning, xviii. 250
Syria, Admiralty surveys of, coast and
inland, iii. 266, iv. 150, v. 171, vi. 132,
vii. 139
barometric altitudes in, variations
between, i. 222
explorations in :
Burton's, 1871., xvi. 104
Coote's, I860., iv. 187
Eaton's, 1864., viii. 29
Graham's, 1858., ii. 173, 297, proposed
I860., iv. 180
Porter's, (1855.), i. 7, cf. 162
Robinson's, (1838. and 1852.), ii. 223
extinct craters in, iv. 95
gypsies of, i. 41
hot wind of, i. 35
progress of geographical knowledge of,
ii. 297, iv. 187, xvi. 331
Roman remains in, Eaton on, viii. 30,
31
Sy-Tsz-Tow, Mt., or Lion's Head Peak,
S.W. China, vi. 227
Sze-chuen, Se-chuen, or Ssii-Chu'an pro
vince, China, (see Yang-tsze river),
vi. 2, 4, 87 ; Balfour on, xi. 256
climate of, xiv. 242
explorations in, needed (1869.), xv.
292-3 ; Sarel's, Blakiston's, and others,
referred to, vi. 164, 167
extent of, xi. 258
Gill on, xxii. 256-7, 284-5
limit of navigation of the Yang-tse
river in, iii. 170
opium cultivation in, xix. 242, xxii.
284-5
people of, friendly to foreigners (1869.),
xiv. 238-9
physioal formation of, xxii. 256-7
population of, xi. 258-9
silk, etc., and minerals of, xi. 256, 262
Sprye on, v. 45
wealth of, xi. 259, xii. 337, xix. 286,
xxii. 284-5
well-watered agricultural region,
xxii. 283-4
Sz'mau, Semao, or Esrnok (q.v.), frontier
city of Yunnan, v. 47, 52 i

T.

Tab river, Persian Gulf, Rawlinson on,
i. 282, 287
Tabalah district, Siberia, rivers of,
xxi. 214
Tdbala torrent, Arabia, viii. 98
Tabarca Island, Tunis, ruins of Tagasta
near, vi. 212; roads to, and lead mine
near, 215
Ta-beh Ket, Formosa, rice cultivation
near, xxii. 58
Tabi or Sihlabi river, S. Africa, southern
limit of the Matsamba game district,
xix. 129
Tabid, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Tabistanee route, Leh to Yarkand, xiv. 41
Tablas, Las, on the Orinoco river, S.
America, ii. 156
Table Bay, Cape Colony, surveyed, ii. 265,
iii. 266, v. 173
low temperature of water in, ix. 282
native fishing spear of, ii. 12
 Hill or Wind Hill Slope, Formosa,
xxi. 259
 Island, Arctic regions, land north
of, i. 106
vegetation and traces of birds on, 110
Tabokan, Borneo, natives and village of,
i. 195
river near, 199
Tabor Mt., Syria, viii. 29
elevation of, iii. 288 note
Tabreez, Persia, earthquake at, 1859.,
vi. 62
elevation and description, viii. 277-8
its commerce, 278, telegraph from, to
Teheran, v. 220, viii. 279, trade route
to, and from, viii. 19
Tabuhan district, Borneo, natives of,
xvi. 172
Tacoazzi or Settite river, Abyssinia,
affluent of the Atbara, vii. 21, 80,
x. 283, xii. 298
source, course and elevation of, xii. 299
watershed of, xiii. 39
Ta Chien Lu, Tachindo, or Darchando,
Chino-Tibetan border, xii. 163 ; natives,
position and trade of, Gill on, xxii. 266 ;
Eastern entrance of China from Tibet,
xii. 167 note, various names of, 168 ; see
also Ta-tsian-loo
Taohuelo Pass, Ecuador, S. America,
elevation and direction of, xxi. 558,
559, 560
Tack Taok,' W. Africa, Frenoh factory
near, 357
Tacua, Peru, destroyed by earthquake,
1883., xii. 130
Ta-coo, on the Pei-ho river, Macartney
at, 1793., ii. 362 ; see also Taku
Tacora Pass, Andes, and sulphur stream
near, xxii. 48

TAD— TAK

321

Tadmait, X. Africa, elevated plain of,
ix. 314
Tadum, . oi' Tadum Gumpa, monastery,
Tibet, elevation of, xii. 157, xix. 338
the Pundit at, xii. 149
route south of (alleged), xiii. 196
Taehu Lake, E. China, iii. 375, outlet of,
376
Tae-nyan-foo, N.-East China, and its
temple, described by J. Markham,
xiv. 138-9
Tae-pih Mt., N. China, river-sources in,
xiv. 179
Taeping ho (river), W. Central China,
branches of, xiv. 169
 rebels and rebellion, 1862., Lay on,
vii. 31-2, results of, xii. 52
Tae Shan, sacred Mt., N.E. China, culti
vation at foot of, xiv. 138, elevation of,
139, temple of, 138
Tae-yih hill, N.W. China, source of Seun-
ho river, xiv. 184
Tafileh, Syria, Roth's visit to, 1858.,
iii. 287, height of, 288 note
Tafilet Oasis, Morocco, ix. 313.
routes southward from, viii. 96
Ta-fu-Bze, Yang-tze river, temple of,
xiv. 239
Ta-gan, N. China, garrison town, xiv. 179
Taganrog, Russia, ballast knolls near,
i. 306
Russian trade route via, i. 307, its
drawbacks, 308
Taghaima or Tagarma peak, Kizil Yurt
Mts., Eastern Turkestan, xx. 488,
elevation of, xiv. 66-7, xxi. 138; pass
of, practicable for artillery, xviii. 432 ;
Shaw on, xvi. 401
Taghanna, Chinese Turkestan, xviii. 440
Taghdumbash Mt., Yarkand, head of
Sarikol province, xvi. 246, xx. 483
Taghlak or Teerrik Pass, Kokan borders,
crossed by the Moolla, I860., x. 51,
route via, from the Pamirs to Kokan,
x. 149
Tagumbe, E. Africa, i. 75
Tagume, S. 0. Africa, i. 75
Ta-he-san, Island, E. China, sandbanks
near, iii. 61
Tahiti Island, Friendly Group, Pacific
Ocean,
coral barrier of, in 1825-40., iv. 85
, ootton culture in, vi. 100
in French hands, vi. 98
Pitcairn islanders in, (1831.), i. 77
terraces of, xiv. 117
times of tides in, iv. 108
Tah-mey-lon, S.W. China, monastery at,
xv. 349
Tah-muh-shoo, N. China, rugged peaks
near, xiv. 176
Taifaha, Madagascar, xx. Ill
Taiiah pass, E. Turkestan, xiv. 69

Taimena, Cape, Arotic region, ice barrier
beyond, i. 29
Taimir-ula (see also Tangnu-Oola) Mts.,
W. Mongolia, crossed by Potanin, 1877.,
xxii. 52
Taimdro district, Madagascar, xxi. 160
hills near, xxi. 162
tribes of, xxi. 163
Taimyr Cape, N. Siberia, difficulty of
passing, xxi. 553
Taipal Island, L. Ladoga, Russia, soil of,
xiii. 378
Taipala river, N. Russia, course of, and
water of, xiii. 379-80
Tai-ping-wan, see Quiet Bay
Taita district, E. Africa, explored by
Hildebrandt (1876.), xxii. 450
 Hills, E. Afrioa, iii. 115
Tai Tong Fu, N. China, walled city, coal
trade of, xi. 219, 220
Tai-tun Hills, Formosa, elevation of,
xi. 167, trend of, 168
Tai-tow ho river, W. China, Suspension
bridge over, xii. 337
Talvang, Bhotan, the Pundit at, 1873.,
xxi. 343
rice, etc., of, xii. 163
 chu river, Tibet, course of, xxi. 342
Tai-wan, see Formosa
Taiwan foo, or Tae-wan, Formosa,
changes at, Thomson on, xxi. 265
climate of, xvi. 271
difficulty of landing at, xvii. 145
Dutch fort opposite, xvii. 145, 155
harbour and town described by Swin
hoe, 1863., viii. 23
Journey to, from Tamsui, 1875., Allen,
xxi. 258
 from, to the Interior, 1873., Bullock
xxi. 266
population of, and aborigines near,
xvii. 146
town and forts, Corner on, (1877.),
xxii. 54
trade at, viii. 26
treaty port, 1858., iii. 86 ; Elgin's stipu
lation for opening, viii. 28
Tai-yau, N. China, trade of, vi. 220
Taiyibeh, Wady, Sinaitic Peninsula,
xii. 190
Tai-yuen-foo, capital of Shansi, China,
described, vi. 222, 223
Tajrish, Persia, iii. 4
Tajurra, E. Africa, xii. 117, Beized by
Egyptians, 1875., xxii. 446
Takan-con, Formosa, harbour at, becoming
choked with ballast, xi. 172
Takasaki, Japan, centre of silk district,
xvii. 81
Takashima, Japan, fishing village at,
xvi. 196, hot springs of, and shrine at,
xvii. 81
Takasima Head, Japan, xvi. 196 T

322

TAK— TAM

Takaw river, S.W. China, affluent of the
Ta-ping river, xv. 357, course of, 358
gorge of, xv. 359-60
iron suspension bridge at, xv. 360
Ta-keen-shan Hills, W. China, xiv. 175
Takianzi Valley, Russian Turkestan,
xviii. 247
Tak-i Gerrah pass, S. Persia, i. 290
Takiwo, Japan, coal-mines and hot sul
phur springs at, vi. 204
Takla-Makan desert, C. Asia, near Lake
Lob-Nor, xvi. 404
Polo's province of Peyn, xv. 24
sands of, lands engulfed by, xvi. 243
Takmak, C. Asia, Russian Turkestan,
Russian garrison at, xv. 195
Takoonda pass, Abyssinia, scarcity of
water in, xii. 116
Takow, or Takao, Formosa, British
settlement, xix. 515
climate and situation of, xvi. 271
consulate established at, x. 124
harbour of, Admiralty chart of, x. 128
Corner on, xix. 315
peculiarities of, xvii. 144
latitude and longitude of, xix. 515
meteorological observations at, xxii. 62
trade of, viii. 28
visited by Swinhoe, 1864., x. 124
Takpana, on the Ogun river, W. Africa,
cultivation near, vi. 65
Taku, Peiho river, N.E. China, and Forts,
ii. 362, iii. 66, 70
Ta-ku-Shan, port, Manchuria, geographi
cal position of, and trade at, xiii. 28-9
 village, Manchuria, sandhills near,
xviii. 159
Tal pass and plateau, Kohistan Mts., posi
tion of, xxii. 354
Talan, Formosa, trade at, xxii. 61
Talanta Plateau, Abyssinia, xii. 299, de
scribed, 300
Talar Pass, Mekran, opening on the
Dusht district, xvi. 139
Talas river, Turkestan, ix. 272
Taldyk pass, Archat Mts., Pamir region,
advantages of, xxi. 123
Talgai, Queensland, non - auriferous,
xii. 141
Ta-lien-hwang (or wan) Bay, N. China, the
fleet at, in the China war of I860.,
v. 174
trade of, xiii. 28
Tali-fu, S.W. China, xv. 167, capital of
W. Yunnan, xix. 267
customs duties at, Cooper on, xii. 338
expeditions to —
Garnier's, 1868., xiii. 56,308, xix. 281-2
Gill's, 1877., xxii. 269
Margary's journey to, from Hankow,
1874., xix. 267 (letters), xx. 184
208-12
fall of, previous to 1875., xix. 289

Tali-fu, S.W. China — continued.
Jesuit engineering works at, traces of,
xv. 166
position fixed by Gamier, xviii. 515
probably visited by Polo, xix. 267
reported European artillerists at, 1869.,
xiv. 215
routes to, xviii. 463, 465, xix. 271
trade, and marble quarries at, xv. 165
Yule on, xx. 214
 , Lake of, extent and beauty of,
Cooper on, xv. 163
 , Plain of, population of, xv. 163
Talighan, Mt., Persia, elevation of, iii. 6
 river, source of, iii. 4
Talish, S. of Caspian, iii. 391, viii. 275-6
 Mta., Persia, vi. 162-3, viii. 276
Talki Valiey and pass, Russian Turkestan,
xviii. 247
TaUa Lobrong, Tibet, elevation at,
xix. 338
view of the Brahmaputra river from,
xii. 150
Tallert Bank, Greenland, ice-islands off,
v. 77
Talmudic geography, Neubauer's work on,
xiii. 286
Taman, peninsula, Sea of Azov, Chinese
parallel to, iii. 60
river and currents near, i. 306
volcanic phenomena at, i. 305
Tama-no-ura Harbour, Goto Islands,
Korea, discovered, 1863., vii. 241
Tamarugal, S. Peru, Pampa de, table
land of, xii. 127, earthquake felt at,
1854., 130
waters of, xviii. 215
Tamatave, Madagascar —
chain of lakes south of, x. 54
good country near, ix. 289
Journey from, to St. Mary Island, Wil
kinson, 1868., xiv. 372
Oliver's mission from, 1861., vi. 68
port at, xx. 114
scenery and population between, and
Mananzari, xix. 200
town and bay described by Holding,
xiv. 363
Tambagawa river, Japan, xvii. 81
Tambala's village, E. Africa, xxii. 235,
237
Tambo river, affluent of the Ucayali
river, Peru, xiii. 133
descended by Wertherman, 1876.,
xxii. 369
Tambopata river and valley, S. America,
descended by Markham, I860., and sub
sequently by Raimondi, xxii. 42
Tambuca, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Tamiaru river, Borneo, natives along,
_ ii. 345
Tdmjun Khd, or Tsanpo (q.v.), river, width
of, near Samaye in Tibet, xxi. 341

TAM— TAN

323

Tampanak, Borneo, i. 206
Tampico, Port, Mexico, identical with
Vespucci's Lariab, iii. 390
Tampolo, Lake, Madagascar, close to the
sea, its outlets, xiv. 374
Tamsui, Tamsuy, or Hoowei, Formosa —
boats used at, x. 123
ColUngwood on (1866), xi. 167
, hemp plantations near, xxii. 57
Journey from, to Taiwanfu, 1875.,
Allen, xxi. 258
 (Boat) from, to Keelnng, xi. 167
old Dutch fort at, and hill near,
xxi. 259
trade at, viii. 28
 river, Formosa, course of, xi. 168
depth of, viii. 24
explored by Kopsch, 1867., xiv. 80
Ta-muh shoo, N. China, rugged peaks
near, xiv. 176
Tamuk-Su valley, near Kokan, xiii. 347
Tamzerah, N.E. Anatolia, mines of,
visited by Palgrave, (1872.), xvi. 223
Tana or Azov, route of Pegolotti from, to
China, 1340., x. 271
Tana or Dana river, E. Africa, xxii. 448
i - — , Taenia, or Dembea (q.v.). Lake,
Abyssinia, Blanc's journey along W.
i Shores of (1868.), xiii. 39
tana, near Bombay, visited by Friar
Odoric, (1280-1329), x. 273
Tan-Ah-Yee, N. China, manufacture of
agricultural implements at, vi. 223
Tahaia province, Madagascar, xxi. 160
population, .xix. 193, and tribes of,
xxi. 155, 163, 165
Tanapata, N. Guinea, population of,
, xx. 331
Tanchi inlet, E. Africa, formerly infested
by slavers, ii. 54
Tandee, Lahoul valley, river-junctions at,
xv. 339
Tandoro, Mustagh Mts., N. India, viii. 36
Tanela river, Isthmus of Darien, de
Puydt's explorations along, 1865.,
xii. 66
outfall of, xii. 63, 65
slope of, xii. 69
Tanga, E. Africa, i. 8, routes from, to the
interior, 9, 158
Tangale and Yem Yem cannibal tribes,
C. Africa, visited by Vogel, 1855., ii. 22
" Tanganyenko," Lake, E. Africa, Living
stone on, i. 244 ; see Tanganyika
Tanganyika, Lake, or Lake of Ujiji, E. C.
Africa, viii. 260, x. 22, xiii. 363,
xix. 153
affluents of, iii. 353, 355, vii. 186,
viu. 257, xvi. 376
 and effluent of, vi. 185, viii. 258,
xix. 138, 250, xx. 309 ; Livingstone's
discovery concerning, xvi. 131,
xvii. 301; Stanley on, xxii. 401-2

Tanganyika, Lake— continued.
altitude of, approximate, Speke on
iv. 88, cited, xi. 145
in relation to the Albert Nyanza, Baker
on, xviii. 144. xx. 54 ; to the Congo,
Cameron's theory, xx. 324
Ball on, ix. 12
Burton on, ix. 6, xx. 49
cotton of, iii. 357
elevation of, iii. 210, iv. 88, viii. 262,
xi. 145, 232 et seq., xvi. 131, xvii. 22,
xix. 77, 155, 251, xxii. 403
explorations of, Arab, 1842., iii. 363
Burton and Speke's, 1857., iii. Ill,
210-11, 218, 348, 351, vii. 184
Cameron's first sight of, 1874., xix. 153,
xx. 309 ; and circumnavigation of.
1874., xviii. 468
 examination of its southern half,
(1875.), xix. 246, summary of expe
ditions previous to same, xix. 248
Livingstone's explorations of, 1867. et
seq., xiii. 298, xv. 116, 336, xvi. 130,
411, 435, xvii. 9, 10-14, xviii. 256,
xxii. 397 ; results, xi. 232, xvi. 130,
xvii. 301
Price's waggon journey to, 1877.,
xx. 236
Speke's, see Burton and Speke's,
supra
Stanley , and Livingstone's, 1871.,
xxii. 397
Stanley's oiroumnavigation of (1875-
8.), xxi. 467, xxii. 154
Findlay on, xi, 232 et seq., xviii. 146-7
Galton on, iii. 355, ix. 10
hydrography of, xix. 257
knowledge of, in I860., iv. 177-9
latest theories concerning, 1871.,
xiv. 330
Livingstone on, and cited on, ix. 9,
xvi. 131, 380, 435, xvii. 68-9, 72
301, xviii. 268, 272; observations
made by, xix. 249-50
mountains near, xviii. 280
Murchison on, iii. 301 et seq., vi. 192,
ix. 8, xi. 245
Murie on, ix. 11
native reference to, ix. 7. xxi. 495-6
in relation to the Nile, ix. 6, 12, xi. 244,
xvi. 435, xviii. 144, 268, 272, xx. 49,
324, xxii. 396
outlet (see also affluents and effluent),
vi. 185, x. 234, xvi. 130, xvii. 72,
301, 302, xviii. 178
discovered by Cameron, 1874., xix. 75,
256-7, xx. 324
Stanley on, xxii. 397, 399, 401, 402
probable ultimate source of the Nile,
Findlay on,, xi. 232, 244
Ptolemy's Western Lake Reservoir of
the Nile, Burton, ix. 6, 12
rainfall near, iii. 356, vii. 219, viii. 260

324

TAN— TAR

Tanganyika, Lake — continued.
rainy season at, xvii. 29
Rawlinson on distance between, and
Manakoso, xv. 336
rising of, Stanley on, xxii. 397, 399
seasons, winds, and flow of water in,
Stanley on, xxii. 402-3
shape and depth, Rigby on, xvi, 130,
Stanley on, xxii. 401
stages of journey to, from Zanzibar,
xxi. 233
surroundings of, Livingstone on,
xviii. 261
sweet waters of, vi. 21, problem of,
xvii. 160, xviii. 215
water-parting of, and of the Nile,
xxii. 396
Tanganyiko or Voi river, E. Africa,
xxii. 450
Tang-chow, N.E. China, treaty-port, iii. 86
Tangier Harbour, Nova Scotia, gold at,
1862., vi. 137
Tang-i-ludidn defile, Persia, xx. 167
Tangir country, N.W. of India, xv. 13
 river, tributary of the Indus, xv. 13
Tang-i-Shanshirbur pass, Persia, described
by Napier, xx. 167
Tang Jung Lake, Tibet, Pundit at, 1873.,
xxi. 336
Tangnu Oola, or Taimir Ula, Mts., W.
Mongolia, crossed by Pavlinof (1871.),
xv. 291, by Potanin, 1877., xxii. 52
Tangiir, Nile cataract, i. 507
Tangut tribes of Tibet, xviii. 84-6
Tanguth country, C. Asia, xv. 24
Tanibe Province, Madagascar, Notes on,
Holding, xiv. 359
Tanifotsy, Madagascar, geological features
of the road to, xxi. 171
Taniindndry, Madagascar, military station
at, xxi. 166
Tanjore, Madras, irrigation in, xiii. 78
outlets for trade of, vii. 96
Tankrala pass, Sikkim, elevation and
features of, xix. 241 •
Tanks, the, Queensland, deep sandstone
water-holes, poison-plant near, x. 65
Tankse" or Tanksee, last victualling place
in Kashmir, xiv. 42, xviii. 114, xxi. 326
Tanld Mts., Alashan region, C. Asia,
xviii. 80
Tanna, Japan, in the silk district, xix. 170
 , Busar, Arru Islands, Malay Archi
pelago, described, ii. 163
 Island, S.W. Pacific, natives of,
xvi. 392
visited by Cook, 1774., xvi. 389
 punitively by H.M.S. vessels,
xvi. 391
Tanner, Capt., and Macdonald, Major,
On the Lushai Expedition, 1871-2.,
xvii. 42
Tanuu Mts., see Tangnu

Tauoe river, course of, W. Africa, xiii. 357
Tanon-Tong-Ghee Mts., borders of Siam,
trend of, v. 46
Taoa-pa, or Nan-ho river, C. China,
xiv. 176
Taoke, Toug, or Dalakee, S. Persia, Raw
linson on, i. 282-3
Tao Lae, Formosa, xxii. 55
Taoof, a province of Burmah, vii. 58
Taos, New Mexico, large Pueblo at, Goad
on, xxii. 278
Taou-ho (river), C. China, xiv. 184
T'ao-yuen Hsien, C. China, pottery trade
of, and mountains near, xx. 189
rebel capture of, 1853., i. 502
Tapaharti, Mt., N. Guinea, elevation and
vegetation of, xx. 331
Tapajos river, explored by Bates, (1863.),
vii. 169 ; tributary of the Amazon river,
xviii. 1J9 ; as a water route for traders,
120
Tapeng, Tai-ping, or Taping river, Burmo-
Chinese borders, tributary of the Irra-
wady river, xiv. 349, xv. 346, 349, 353-
4, 357, xx. 212, source of, xv. 358,360
 Valley, beauty of, xv. 353
Ta-plh-shwuy-ho (river), N. China,
xiv. 184
Tapona. Formosa, xxi. 264
Tapsell, Capt., Antarctic voyage of, from
Auckland, 1850., ii. 172
Taptee river, Bombay, watershed of,
xi. 58-9
Tapii, village, E. Turkestan, xviii. 418
Taranaca river, Brazil, affluent of the
Jurua, source of, xii. 340
Tarapacd, Peru, and province, elevation
of, and earthquake at, xii. 130
Bollaert's journeys in, 1827., 1866.,
xii. 126
tables of elevations in, xii. 131 et seq.
 of latitudes and longitudes in,
xii. 134
waters of, xviii. 215
Tarapto, province, Peru, medium of
exchange in, viii. 60
Tarbarca, Tunis, lead and silver mines
near, vi. 215
Tarbagatai province, belonging to China,
iv. 197
Tarena peak. Isthmus of Darien, xii. 65
Tdrgot - Gydkharma Mt., Tibet, rivers
rising in, xxi. 338
 Lhd peaks, Tibet, elevation of,
xxi. 335
 Yap peak, Tibet, lake at foot of, and
pilgrimages to, xxi. 336
Taribadi or Wanaba river, N. Guinea,
forest along, xviii. 42-4
Tarifa, Cape, Spain, width of the Strait of
Gibraltar at, xv. 55
Tarim-gol (river), E. Turkestan, xxi. 46
affluent of Lob Nor, xxii. 343

TAR-TAT

325

Tarim-gol (river), E. Turkestan— cont.
basin of, xvi. 408
rivers forming, xxi. 128
Tarma valley, S. Peru, xviii. 212
Tarmou, Formosa, described by Corner
(1877.), xxii. 55
Taromoi volcano, Japan, lakes near,
xvi. 201
Tarrangolle, chief town of Latooka, Nile
region, x. 12, elevation of, 25
Tartary, iv. 59
Morrison on travelling in, xii. 171 note
Shaw on, in 1869., xiv. 125
surveys hindered by rebellion in China,
ii. 306
Russian advance in, Osborn on, xi. 166
 , Parkes on, vii. 29
 and acquisition of harbours
along (1861.), Nicholson on, v. 115
Smyth's (proposed) explorations in
(1861.), vi. 7
 Chinese (see also Turkestan), Notes
on, Osborn, 1867., xi. 162
 Pilgrims from, to Mecea,
viii. 267, 269
 , High, Rawlinson on Shaw's " Travels
in," xvi. 340
 , Independent, iii. 388, characteristics
of its fighting forces, iii. 389
 , Gulf of, Admiralty surveys in, i. 143,
406, iv. 154; surveys needed, iii. 85,
270
gold diggings on shores of, iv. 61
Tasawai river, E. Siam, bad road to,
iii. 365
Taset-el-Sadur, Jebel, Sinaitic Peninsula,
inscriptions found near, xiii. 214
Tash, Persia, routes to, and from, xvii. 193
Tash-bailik or Tashmulak peak, E.
Turkestan, xx. 488
Tash-balik river gorge, E. Turkestan,
xx. 489
Tashi-Bhup Cho (Lake), Tibet, affluents
and effluents of, and mountains near,
xxi. 333, 334
Tashkend, Russian Turkestan, xi. 218 ;
true position of, determined, x. 233
 and Orenburg, routes between,
xi. 41
Tashkurgan fort, Pamir region, capital of
Sir-i-Kul, xiii. 125, 304
garrison of, xv. 392
elevation of, xv. 189
importance of, xv. 188
the Mirza at (1868-9.), xv. 187-8
Rawlinson on, xv. 201
passes en route to, xviii. 434
position of, xiv. 55, 66
¦ — valley, elevation of, and wheat cul
ture in, xv. 189
Tash Robat Mts., and pass, E. Turke
stan, xviii. 422-3; elevation of pass,
xiv. 225-6

Tasman, and his Australian explorations,
1627., ix. 225, xxi. 186
 Glacier, N. Zealand, extent of,
viii. 57
Tasmania, or Van Diemen's Land, vi. 199,
vii. 171, ix. 228, xiv. 199
Admiralty surveys, needed, and in
progress, iii. 271, iv. 155, v. 176,
vi. 135, vii. 142, xvi. 320, xix. 409,
xxi. 436
cable from, to Victoria, laid, xiv. 307
coal in, iii. 340, vi. 175
confederation rumours concerning,
xix. 244
development of, vii. 172
discovered by the Dutch under Tasman,
1627., xxi. 186
geological survey of (1859.), iii. 276,
340
gold in, ix. 229
hot wind in, i. 35
mountains of, in relation to dry winds,
i. 59
settlers from, in Victoria, 1803., ix. 228
sheep-rearing in, x. 327
in the Tertiary period, xxi. 533
Trigonometrical surveys of, i. 137
Taso Mts., E. Tibet, perpetual snow on,
xiv. 339
Ta-so pass, E. Tibet, elevation, native
notions on, and circular basins on
summit of, Gill on, 1877., xxii. 267-8
Tassemarout, Morocco, xv. 213; fort at,
214
Tass-Hayatah Mts., Siberia, rivers rising
in, xxi. 215
Tasso Harbour, Queen Charlotte Island,
portage near, xiii. 382
Tate, Dr., botanist of Hann's N. Queens
land expedition, xviii. 87, 88
Tate river, N. Queensland, xviii. 89, 90,
107
Ta-Ten-Tse Lake, N. China, vi. 225
Tati river, S. Africa, affluent of the
Shashi river, xlr. 148, Elton's explora
tions of (1870.), xv. 154, and journey
from, to the Limpopo, xvi. 89
Ta-taou (or tow) - ho (river), W. China,
xiv. 335 ; coal-working at, xiv. 183
Ta-Too-Koo, N. China, vi. 219
Ta-tsian-loo, Tai-tsian-loo, or Ta-chien-
lu (q.v.), border town of W. China,
xii. 168, xiv. 335
Cooper at, 1868., xii. 337, xix. 284
gorge aud river of, xiv. 335
 and town described, xii. 337
Ta-tsing-ho (river), N.E. China, in con
nection with the Yellow river, vii. 141,
xiv. 21, 28, old bed of, 23
Tatsizio Island, Japan, penal settlement
at, vii. 140
Tatton North's High Lands, see Sabrina
Land

326

TAT-TCH

Tatuqua, Mt., Paraguay, conical shape of,
xx. 495
Tauan Island, New Guinea, missionary
station at, xviii. 31 ; natives of, xx. 96,
105, rocky formation of, 107
Taulebe Lake, see Yojoa
Taumaco, Island, Duff group, S.W. Pacific
Ocean, xvi. 389
Tau Murun pass, Trans- Alai Mts., E.
Turkestan, xx. 484
Taunton, Lord, cited on the prospects of
Victoria river settlements, N. Australia,
1857., x. 251
Taurus Mts., spurs of, extending along the ¦
Persian Gulf, viii. 19
Tau si Kak, Formosa, trading station and
natives at, xxii. 61
Ta-veh Ket, Formosa, xxii. 58
Taveta, E. Africa, caravans shut in at,
by Masai tribes, 1877., xxii. 453
inhabitants of, New on, xvi. 168, 170
Tavil river, Perso-Turkish frontier, affluent
of the Atrak river, xx. 170
Tavoy, Burma, distance of, from Bangkok,
xxii. 356
 Island, position of, vi. 208
 Point, position of, iv. 212
 River, vi. 208
Ta-wan Ho (river), Shantung, N. China,
good timber along, xiv. 139
Tawat, oasis, Sahara, desirability of ex
ploring, viii. 96 ; see Tuat
Tawilah, fortress, S.W. Arabia, xviii. 200
Tay, Loch, and others, deepwater tem
perature of, Buchan, xvii. 73
Ta-yang-ho (river), Manchuria, course of,
etc., xiii. 27, important town on, 29
Tayecua, Panama, gold at, i. 78
Taye'i river, W. Africa, course of, xi. 80
Tayibeh, Syria, old names for, ii. 224
Tayler, J. W., on the " Aurora Borealis "
in Greenland, iii. 117
Fiords of South Greenland, v. 90
On Greenland Fiords and Glaciers,
xiv. 156
cited on glaciers and fiords, xiv. 328
note
Taylor, — , geologist to Hann's N. Queens
land expedition, xviii. 87, 88, 92, views
on auriferous character of region, 89,
90, 94
 , Capt., i.n., cited on Kurachee har
bour, xi. 31
 , Capt. A. D., late I. Supt. of new
department (1877.) of Indian Marine
Surveys, 1st Report of, xxi. 451
¦  , Consul, on cotton in Africa, vi. 52 ;
on the prosperity of the Niger district,
vii. 70
 , Lt., cited on the importance of
Sedashgur, vii. 97
 , J. G., on American missionaries in
Armenia, ix. 39, 40

Taylor, J. G. — continued.
on subdivision of Christians inKurdistan,
ix. 40 .
— his journeys, Erzeroum to Diabekr,
1867., xi. 97, xii. 302
in Kurdistan and C. Asia (1867.),
xi. 97, 159
to sources of Euphrates, (1869.), cited
by Lynch, xiii. 243
— the Sources and Courses of the
Lycus and other rivers in Kurdis
tan, xi. 97
Visit to sources of Tigris and ruins
near (1865.), ix. 36
 , Richard, obituary notice of, 1859,
iii. 257
Taylor Creek, S. Australia, source and
course of, ii. 20
 , Mt., New Mexico, always snow-
covered, xxii. 275
Taylor's Carboniferous Range, N. Queens
land, xviii. 92
Taymd, Syria, Druze village, xvi. 107
Ta-Yang-ho (river), S. Manchuria, course
of, xiii. 27
Tayoung, port, Gulf of Siam, vii. 58, 59
Tayra or Sta Maria river, Panama, i. 78
Tazang, Tibet, visited by Bennett, 1865.,
x. 166
Tazgun river-system, E. Turkestan, need
of knowledge regarding, xx. 488
Tchad, or Chad, Lake, C. Africa, affluent
of, xxi. 492 ; see Chad
Tchadda, Tschadda, Tshadda, Tsadda, or
Chadda river, W. Africa (see also
Benue and Chadda), vi. 187
affluent of the Niger, viii. 260
explorations to and near, Baikie's, 1854.,
ii. 227, vi. 187, do., 1862., viii. 10;
Taylor's, 1854., vii. 70
Tchardjui, Bokhara, border town, Pazukin
at, 1671., xxi. 221
Tcharyn river, Russian Turkestan, rise of,
xviii. 249
Tchaikooski, Col., theory of, as to Lake
Issyk-kul, xviii. 250
Tchauf, Jebel, S. Arabia, high peak of,
xvi. 120
Tcheboksar, E. Russia, geological forma
tion near, i. 416
Tchemkend, R. Turkestan, conquest of
by Russia, ix. 239, true position of,
determined, x. 233
Tchenga, Mt., Nyassa region, xxii. 238,
241
Tcherkask, S. Russia, trade of, i. 308
Tcherkess country, Caucasus, area and
inhabitants, vi. 6, 60, organisation of
tribes, vi. 5
Tohihatchef, P. de, xiv. 73
Asie Mineure: Description Physique,
Statistique et Archeblogique de, re- '
viewed, iii. 385, xiii. 283

TCH— TEN

327

Tchihatchef, P. de — continued.
Journey in Asia Minor, 1858., iii. 370
cited on vegetation in Asia Minor,
iv. 253
Tchiling-foo, N.W. China (see also Jiling),
xii. 167 note
Tohinaz, C. Asia, position of, determined,
x. 233
Tchokondo Mountains, N. Siberia, zoology,
etc., of, ii. 278
Tcholok river, Asia Minor, course of,
xvi. 224
Tckoruk river, Asia Minor, iii. 389
Tchoukchi tribes, N.E. Siberia, a long-
skulled race, x. 171, origin and location
of, Neumann, xxi. 213
Tchoukot expedition, in N.E. Siberia,
1868., Neumann, xxi. 213
Tchraya, independent province, Tibet,
xiii. 394
Tchui river, Russian Turkestan, course
of, xviu. 250-1
Tchungurski Alataou mountains, Russian
Turkestan, xviii. 248
Te Anau, Lake, N. Zealand, rivers feed
ing, viii. 48
Tebbes, or Tebes, Khorassan, wrongly
placed in maps, iii. 289, iv. 198
Tebicuary river, Paraguay, xx. 495, useful
as highway, xx. 498
Tecopia Island, S.W. Pacific, xvi. 389,
traces of La Perouse found at, 1826.,
390
Teenai, Tibet, xiv. 217
Teen-How, W. China, fine temple at,
vi. 228
Teen-ma-shan, C. China, hill of, and
legend, xiv. 185
Tefafan hill, C. Africa, elevation of,
viii. 12
Tegethoff, Cape, Arctic regions, elevation
of, xix. 25
Teheran or Tehran, Persia, i. 289, 291,
vi. 103, vii- 159, viii. 267
Clerk's journey to, 1857-8-, vi. 184
elevation of, iii. 16, 17
Marsh's visit to, 1872., xxi. 582
position of, iii. 3, ascertained by tele
graph, xvi. 345
routes to and from, i. 164, 293, iv. 187,
viii. 19
telegraphic connection of, with Tabreez
and elsewhere, v. 220, vii. 94, 164,
viii. 279
Vambery's journey from, viii- 267
visited by Khanikoff, vii. 160
Wolfs journey from, viii. 272
Tejend river, Turko-Persian frontier,
trend of, xx. 174-5
Tekapo, Lake, N. Zealand, affluents of,
viii. 214
Tekcham, Formosa, capital of Tamsui
distriot, hill at, xxi. 259, 260

Tek-chime Monastery, S. China, temple
at, described, vi. 230
Tekel, Patagonia, Musters at, 1869-70.,
female industry at, xv. 46
Tekes river, Russian Turkestan, affluent
of the Hi river, rise and course of,
xviii. 249
Telbachuk river (see Derbuchek), E.
Turkestan, xviii, 567, xx. 486, 488
Telegraph, African inland, route for,
Erskine on, xxii. 224
 , Trans-Australian, history of, xv. 228
Telegraphic communication, proposed (see
Atlantic Cable, Wallich, etc.), with
America, Sohaffner on route for, iv. 101,
169
 , submarine, between Australia
and Great Britain, xix. 378
  between Australia (Queens
land), India, and Europe, xii. 54, 55
 by Land and Sea, Murchison
on, vii. 163
" Telegraphic Plateau," the, N. Atlantic
Ocean, xv. 33
Telegraphy in relation to astronomioal
determination of positions, xv. 300,
see xvi. 344
Telescope, revolver-Btand for, Piazzi
Smyth's, i. 421
Tel-Ibrahim, Mesopotamia, local name for
the ruins of Kutha, xi. 157
Tembwe, Ras, Equatorial Africa, on L.
Tanganyika, xix. 255, visited by Speke,
1857., iii. 112
Temperate or Intermediate Flora, Dyer,
xxii. 425
Temperature, The, of the Deep - Sea
Bottom and the Conditions by which
it is determined, Carpenter, xxi. 289
Temperatures, Comparative, Atlantic
Ocean and Mediterranean Sea, Car
penter's table, xv. 73 ; see Oceans
Temple, R., On the Basin of the River
Mahanuddy, 1863., ix. 81
Temriuk Bay, Sea of Azov, submarine
explosion in,' 1799., i. 305
Temsift river, Morocco, rise of, xv. 218
Tenasserim province, Burma, iii. 268
vi. 208, 216
annexed by G. Britain, 1826., xii. 198
subsequent progress of, 199
coal in, vii. 58
mountains near, v. 46
Tende river, Africa, xix. 86
Teneriffe,' Peak of, Canary Isles, as a
sanatorium, vi. 65, observations on
summit of, Piazzi Smyth, 1856., i. 412-3,
do., 1859, iii. 283
Tenga Nuddi river, Assam, confluent of
the Tenga Pani river, xxi. 591
Tenga Pani river, Assam, xiv. 216,
islands in, xxi. 590, junction of, with
the Tenga Nuddi, 591

328

TEN— TET

Tengawai river, N. Zealand, course of,
traced, viii. 214
Teng-chow-fu, city, N. China, iii. 59
forecast of its future, 63-4
shoals near, 60-1
Teng foo or Ten foo Mt., S. China, beauty
of, vi. 85
celebrated in Chinese poetry, vi. 230
partial ascent of, Oliver, 1861., vi. 231
Tengri or Tingri Maidan (plateau), Tibet,
i. 349
elevation of, xvii. 289
explorations towards, Montgomerie on,
xiv. 211
explorers crossing, xix. 335, 338
Nepalese defeated at, by Chinese, 1792.,
xix. 335, 338
Tengri Nor or Namcho Lake, Tibet,
described', xix. 339, elevation of, and
sacred character, 340
Tengri Obo Hill, Mongolia, sacred cairn
at, xviii. 154
Teng-yuen-chow, Ten-yua-chow, or Mo
ment, Burma, xv. 166, Kachyen tribes
near, 171
rice culture of, xv. 163
Margary at, 1875., xx. 210
Tennant, Lt. J. F., ii. 106, on Mt. Everest,
ii. 111-12
 , Prof. J., On the Discovery of
Diamonds at Hope Town, Cape Colony,
xii. 322
Tenneke river, N.E. Siberia, xxi. 216
Tennent, Sir J. E., cited on the geological
distinctness of India and Ceylon, vi. 45
work of, on Ceylon, reviewed, iv. 203
Teno valley and river, Chilian Andes,
xvii. 62
Teoge river, S. Africa, connected with
other rivers, etc., i. 240
Tepic, Mexico, cotton manufacture of,
vi. 77
Terable Fort, Isthmus of Panama, tide of
the Bayanos river at, ix. 278
Teramakan river, N. Zealand, viii. 49,
Walker's expedition on, ix. 33; see
Teremakan
Terano Hau, extinct volcano, Easter
Island, xiv. 109
 Kau, extinct volcano, Easter Island,
xiv. 109
Terap river, xiii. 245, coal-fields of,
xii. 334
Terceira, Azores, volcanic eruption at,
1866., xi. 261
Terek Davan,Tian Shan Mountains, river
rising in, xviii. 417, xxi. 123
 river, ii. 277, iv. 91, 247, vi. 5, x. 24,
affluent of the Naryn river, xiv. 224
Nogai Tartars of, vi. 59, 60
 route, Khokand to Kashgar, xx. 484
 valley, ii. 280, described, xiii. 67,
xviii. 417

Terekti pass, Russian Turkestan, position
of, xiv. 226
Tere-, Tara-, or Tirimakan river, N. Zea
land, viii. 49, Waiker's expedition on,
ix. 33, drowning of Whitcombe at
mouth of (1863.), 57-8
Teriah - Yurea, treeless district, N.E.
Siberia, xxi. 214
Teriah - Yuriah, stream, N.E. Siberia,
xxi. 214
Terinka river, Abyssinia, xui. 43
Terki, Caucasus, former capital of the
Lesghian confederation, iv. 91
Ternate Island, Malay Archipelago, rule
of, over Dorey, iii. 339
wet and dry seasons indistinguishable
at, vii. 208
Terrestrial Magnetism, Naval observa
tions of, 1861., v. 177-8
Terror, M.M.S., Franklin's ship, traces of,
i. 19, 21, 24
Ters-Agar stream, Pamir region, rise and
divided course of, xxi. 132
Teshu Lama, of Tibet, xix. 331, 335,
visited by Bogle, 1775., xix. 333-334
Teshu-lumpo or Tashilumbo (see also
Shigatze), Tibet, monastery and resi
dence of the Teshu Lama, xix. 331,
334
plundered by Nepal forces, 18 th century,
xix. 335
position near, determined in 1783.,
xii. 147
the Pundit's observations at, 1866.,
xiv. 15
Tessek (or Tessik) Tash or Karawal,
E. Turkestan, Chinese outpost at,
xviii. 418
last place visited by Osten-Sacken
(1868.), xiv. 228
Tessermiut Fiord, Greenland, explored by
M'Clintock for the Atlantic cable, etc.,
I860., v. 67, 94, 95
Tessin river, Switzerland, volume of,
xvii. 206 ; see Ticino
TessuSssak, Greenland, latitude of, ix. 181
Teste Island, off N. Guinea, reefs at,
xix. 229
Testu, G. le, his map of Australia, 1555.,
xvi. 353, 354
Tete, or Tette,E. Africa, on the Zambezi,
iii. 102, vi. 21
coalatandnear,i.248,ii. 321, 363, iii. 105
cotton culture at, vi. 28
crops, minerals, and weather at, ii. 365
custom-houses at, iii. 105
fights between Portuguese and natives
at, i. 242
game near, i. 241
indigo at, i. 247
latitude of, i. 245
Livingstone at (1855.), i. 93, intended
return to, 1858., ii. 83

TET— THI

329

Tete, or Tette, E. Africa— continued.
rainfall at, viii. 261
sugar industry of, vi. 30
alua" "
32
as a wheat-producing place, iii. 104,
iv. 22, vi. 32
the Zambesi at, ii. 363
cataract on, above, iv. 28
navigation of, up to, i. 316-7, iv. 19,
23, 26
 to Quilimane by river, time occupied,
i. 58
Tete Jaune's Cache, or Robson's Peak,
mountain at the fork of Frazer river,
N. America, ix. 19
Teu-men-Kiang (river), northern boundary
of Korea, ix. 297
Tewfikeeya, see Towfikia
Texas, U.S.A., Admiralty coast survey,
1862., vi. 137
explorations in (1856.), i. 166
proposed route via, acroBS N. America,
i. 264
travels in, of Abbe" Domenech (before
I860.), iv. 99
Texeira, travels of, in Africa, referred to,
i. 92
Texier, — , journey of, in the Euphrates
valley (1839-40), xiii. 243
Tezah, Djebel, Marocco, elevation and
geological formation of, xv. 219, vegeta
tion on, 220
Thabacheu, S. C. Africa, geological forma
tion of district of, vi. 32
Thafa or Mweranga river, E. C. Africa,
vii. 221
Thajung, Tibet, late snow near, xii. 153
Thaldat, E. Turkestan, plains, elevation
of, xviii. 112
lake at, xiv. 45
Thalesab, Lake, Cambodia, overflows of,
ix. 85
Thallah, S. Arabia, fort and village of,
xviii. 198
 , Jebel, xviii. 199
Thames, River, Gisborne's scheme for
embankment, v. 159
improvements in, due to deepening the
bed, i. 400, ii. 259
Thamur, Jdbal, S. Arabia, xviii. 195
Thang Sang peak, Uiphum Mts., Bengal
frontier, observations of Capt. Tanner
made from, xvii. 49
Tharalaturs - fiord, Iceland, summer
temperature, etc, at, v. 233
Thaur, Wadi-, S. Arabia, gorge and town
of, and fruit culture at, xviii. 198
grottoes in rocks at, xviii. 199
Thebes, Egypt, Graham's journey to,
1859., iv. 180
Theebo, Burma, xix. 271
Thee-ha-dan, Burma, coal at, xv. 344

Thein-nee, Burma, trade of, xii. 136,
xix. 277
Theodore, King of Abyssinia (see Rassam),
native land of, etc., xiii. 41 et seq.
project of, for diverting the Gash river
from the Nile, x. 300
Theotonio rapids on the Madeira river,'
S. America, xxii. 49
Thera and Therasia Islands, Cyclades
Group, land-slip at, x. 322
volcanic character of, x. 121
Theresa, South, Brazil, colony at, founded
in 1847., vi. 74
Theri, torrent, affluent of the Bisheh river,
Arabia, viii. 98
Thermal Oceanic Circulation, Objections
to the Doctrine of, by Croll, cited by
Carpenter, xviii. 388
Thermometrio observations at Le, 1873.,
Johnson, xvii. 199-203
Thermus, site of battle of, Jochmus on,
i. 481
Thevet, Andre", French cosmographer,
15th century, xvi. 354 '
Thew-een-kut river, Vancouver Island,
B.N. America, affluent of Cowichen
Lake, ix. 306
Theijre, S. Arabia, elevated position of,
xvi. 117
Thian-Shan or Aktag mountains, E.
Turkestan, xi. 9
branches of, xiv. 70
elevation of, ix. 272
explorations of —
Kaulbars' survey of, (1870.), xiv. 319
Potanin's journey among, 1877.,
xxii. 52
Russian survey as far as, x. 164
SemenofFs journeys to (1857. and
later), ii. 280, vi. 183, xi. 213,
216
Severtsof's (1868.), title only, xiii. 23
glaciers in, xvi. 405
geological formation of, i. 433, 470,
xi. 216-7
highest peak of, xviii. 249
part of the Russo-Chinese frontier, 1862.,
vi. 161
passes in, xiv. 224, xvi. 405
Trotter on, xviii. 417
region near, xvi. 404
rivers rising in, v. 192
sheep and wool of, xi. 9
trend of, ix. 272, xx. 482
volcanic character of, i. 433, xviii. 419-
20, 424
Thibaut, — , Expedition a la Recherche
des sources du Nil, 1839-40. (revieie),
ii. 222
Thiri or Ut'hiri, ou Lake Ukerewe, com
merce and position of, xvi. 129
Thirlwall, Bishop, (St: David's), obituary
notice of, 1876., xx. 395

330

THI— THO

Thistelton Dyer, W. T., see Dyer, W. T.
Thistelton
Thok-Daurdkpa, Tibet, gold-fields of,
xxi. 333-4
Thok-Jalung, Tibet, chief gold-field of,
elevation and climate of, xiii. 187-189,
xiv. 210
Thok-Sarlung, Tibet, gold-fields of,
xiv. 210
Thom, Consul, cited, on the importance of
retaining Canton, i. 340 note
Thomas, Messrs., their station the furthest
in N.E. of S. Australia, (1857.), ii. 20
 , W. N, R.N., On the Oil Rivers of
W. Africa, (1872.), xvii. 148
 Mt., Queensland, the Endeavour river
near, xviii. 105
Thompson, D., explorations of Hudson's
Bay territory by, 1792-1817., Murchison
on, iii. 320, 322
 , Dr., work by, on N. Zealand, re
viewed, iv. 204
 , G., On the Site of Ophir, x. 173
cited, xii. 270-1
 , J., On the gold-fields of Tuapeka,
N. Zealand, vi. 71
 , Mr., at Khiva, viii. 269, 271
 , Mr. and Mrs., at Lake Ngami,(1860.),
v. 18
 , Sir W., on snow cables, xvii. 65
Thompson or Thomson river, B. Columbia,
ii. 50, iii. 320, iv. 229
explored by Hector, (1859.), iv. 73, 74,
170, by Mayne and others, (1858.),
iv. 33
gold found in, iii. 324
terrace-formation in valley of, ix. 19, 20,
xv. 134
 , River, Queensland, see Thomson
Thompson's Range, N. Queensland, geo
logical formation of, xviii. 107
Thomson, A. E. W., travels of, in W.
Tibet, ii. 303
 , Capt. F., r.n., successor to Nares
as Commander of H.M.S. Challenger,
xix. 411
 , Dr., Maps of B.N. America by,
referred to, iv. 234
 , J., Notice of a journey in Southern
Formosa, 1871., xvii. 144
On the Physical Geography of Formosa
. . . , xxi. 265
 , J. T., Journal of Reconnaissance
survey in the South of Otago Province,
N. Zealand, 1857., ii. 354
 , Marco Polo's Six Kingdoms or
Cities identified, xx. 215
 , Dr. T., awarded R.G.S. gold medal,
1866., x. 176, 178-9, 180
botanical work on India and Tibet, with
Hooker (q.v.), i. 175, ii. 303, xxii. 434
first crossing of the Karakorum by
(1848.), ii. 300-1, xi. 7

Thomson, Dr. T. — continued.
on Lake Mansurwar, xi. 122
on Tibet and its explorers, xii. 165
cited on the glaciers of W. Tibet, viii. 223
obituary notice of, 1878., xxii. 309
 , Prof, (afterwards Sir) Wyville, cited
on the Gulf Stream, xv. 69, 70, 72 note,
11, 80, on Ocean circulation and tempera
ture, etc., xviii. 302, 306, 347-93 passim,
xix. 412, 507, xx. 410, 411, 413, xxi. 72,
77, 82, 86, 89, 322, xxii. 80 note.
 temperature sounding machine de
vised by, xix. 509
 , R. F., and Kerr, Lord S. H., Journey
through mountains N. of Elburz and
ascent of Demavend, 1858., iii. 2, 291,
xxii. 219
 , Taylor, identification of the southern
arm of the Oxus by, 1840-1., xx. 176-7
Thomson river, Queensland, Australia,
probable main head of, x. 64
cattle pastured along successfully,
ix. 303
course of, vii. 112
district near, iii. 23-25, 334
Landsborough at, vii. 83, 174
natives of, iii. 33
named " Landsborough " by Cornish,
vi. 68
source of, discovered by Landsborough,
vii. 112
 and course of, xii. 140
tributary or possibly main branch of
the Victoria or Barcoo river, vii. 41,
42
tributaries of, x. 62, xii. 140
 , River, B.N. America, affluent of the
Fraser river (see also Thompson),
ii. 50, vi. 232, 234
flats near, xv. 137-8
"Thomson's Monument," Arctic regions,
xiii. 374
Tbong-yeen river, Burma, crossed by
M'Leod, 1836., xix. 275
Thorburn, see Dickson
Thornton, R., expedition to KUimanjaro
with Von der Decken, (1861.), vi. 41,
47, 177, 186, 207, vii. 195, viii. 4, 6,
xvi. 127
Journey of Baron von der Decken's
party to Kilimanjaro, 1861., ix. 15
notes by, disposal of, ix. 4-5
with Livingstone's Zambesi expedition,
ii. 82, 162, iii. 99, iv. 181, death of,
viii. 2, and work of, 4, 313
obituary notice of, 1864., viii. 184
Thorsa river, Iceland, v. 88
Thorshaven, Fasroe Islands, Bay of, iv. 101,
v. 70, 80, 170, sea-conditions at, iv. 103
good bays near, v. 62, 80, 94
temperature of air and sea at, observa
tions on, xviii. 367
Young's report on, v. 71

TH0-T1B

331

Thouvenard Island, W. Australia, x. 47
Three Brothers Mt., Cascade Range,
U.S.A., xi. 90
 Buttes, or Sweet Grass Hills, N.
America, geological formation and coni
cal summits of, xx. 292-3
 Sisters Mt., Cascade Range, xi. 84,
89
 peaks, Madagascar, xix. 185
Thsoung-Ling Mts., boundary between
India and Turkistan, ii. 300 and note
Thugadeh, Wady, Sinaitic Peninsula,
described, xiii. 215
Thuillier, Maj.-Gen. Sir H. L., ii. 37, 102,
xix. 277, on the Great Trigonometrical
and Topographical survey in India,
1866., x. 239
Topographical Surveys under, Indian
Territories, xv. 282, xvi. 345,
xxii. 360-1
retirement of, and work done by, 1870.,
xxii. 348
Thula, E. Africa, latitude of, x. 28
 river, proposed exploration of, by von
der Decken, 1865., x. 4, 28
Thull Gbat, Bombay, rail opened to, xi. 71
Thunder Peak Pagoda, near Hankow,
China, legend of, xiii. 180
"Thurr," Cutoh, described, xiv. 121
Thymen or Freeman Strait, Spitzbergen,
xv. 306
Tiaboa, village, Albert Nyanza, country
near, xxii. 227
Tiahuanoca (sic), Peru, ruins of, xiv. 116
Tian-shan, see Thian-Shan
Tibagy river, Brazil, falls of, xx. 458, 465
floods of, xx. 463-4
rapids on, xx. 455, 457, 463
 town, aspect of country near, xx. 456
climate, etc., of, xx. 459
population of, xx. 460
rich soil, and trade of, xx. 459
 Valley, explored by Bigg-Wither,
1874., xx. 455
Tibbs, Lake, S. Australia, mountains near,
v. 126
Tiberias, Lake, Syria, viii. 29, elevation
of, iii. 288 note
Robinson's journeys along, ii. 224-5
temperature of hot springs near, xvii. 328
Tibesti, see Tu
Tibet, v., 54, borax of, viii. 41
boundaries of, xii. 337, indeterminate,
xi. 12
Catholic Missionaries in, native at
tempt to reach, Gregory on, 1869.,
xiv. 214-15, letter from, 215
course of the Yang-tse river in, iii. 170
distrust of the English in, xiv. 218,
xix. 330-1
ethnology of, Crawford on. vL 82
explorations and expeditions in —
Bennett's, 1865., x. 165

Tibet — continued.
explorations and expeditions in — contd.
Cooper's journey through eastern,
1867-8., xii. 336, xiii. 392, xiv. 335
Godwin-Austen's, 1863., xi. 32, 219
Hay, Lord W., and brothers, vii. 132,
162
Hue's, ii. 300, v. 46
Prejevalsky's journey to, 1877., transl.
Morgan, xxi. 51
Pundits' (q.v.), 1865-7, etc., xii. 146 et
seq., 266-9, xix. 325, 328, 338 et seq.
Schlagintweit's, 1856. (and death),
i. 436, iii. 144-5, 172
Smith's journey to, 1865., xi. 119
various, ii. 37, Markham on, xix, 328,
from 1812 and onward, 337
 , Rawlinson on, xii. J68-70
gold-fields of, xiii. 187, 197, xiv. 210,
338, xix. 344
historical invasions of, Shaw on,
xvi. 402-3
interior|of, Rawlinson's speculations on,
xiv. 212
lapchas of, as guide-posts, xii. 157
mountains on borders of, iv. 217,
xiv. 342
 . glaciers of, Schlagintweit on,
iii. 366
 in, great height of, i. 350
 surrounding, ii. 300, v. 49
Murchison on, xii. 165, 266
native customs and food, etc,, Gill on,
xxii. 258-9
Notes on, by Cooper, 1869., xiii. 392
 , by a French Missionary, (1868.),
xiii. 393
passes into, i. 348, iii. 171, v. 48,
xiv. 128,. xix. 338, xxi. 342
plains of (see Tengri Maidan), i. 349
xiv. 212
plateau, rivers rising in, xiv. 214
progress of geographical knowledge of,
i. 436, xi. 219, xii. 266
provinces of, xiii. 394; 16th century
account of, xx. 483
rain in, xi. 65
reasons of exclusive policy in, xix. 330-1
relations with Indian Border States,
xix. 331
rivers of, i. 272, ii. 202, xiv. 219, 352,
xix. 393
roads of, xiii. 394
 to, made by Lord Dalhousie,
vii. 132 note
Route Survey in, by the Pundit, 1865-7.,
xii. 146 et seq., 266
salt-water lakes of, how formed, iii. 367
Shaw on, in 1872., xvi. 402, 403
sterility of, xiv. 128
survey of, 1708-17., xix. 328-9
trade of, xiii. 395
trade-routes between, and C. Asia,

332

T1B-T1H

Tibet — continued.
(see M'Cosh, and Sprye), Forsyth cited
on, xiii. 11
wealth of, in wool and herds, etc.,
xix. 343
 Eastern, Travels in, Cooper, 1868.,
xiv. 335
Gill's journey along border, 1877.,
xxii. 255
Hooker's botanical researches in, ii. 303
 , Great, area of, and average elevation,
xix. 329-30
Journey of Pundit Nain Singh in 1873.,
Trotter, xxi. 325
trade in, and products of, Bogle cited
on, xix. 342
Travels in, and Trade between, and Ben
gal, Markham, xix. 317, cf. xx. 426
 , Little, Speke's work in collecting
fauna of, iii. 217
 , North, uninhabited regions of, and
game in, Preshewalsky on, xviii. 81
 , Western, botanical researches of
Thomson in, ii. 303
glaciers of, Thomson's exploration and
description of, viii. 223
Strachey's map of, mentioned, ii. 303
 work on, cited as to difficulty of
penetrating, x. 305
Tibnin, Syria, ruins at, ii. 224
Tiboo country, near Lake Chad, visited
by Vogel, 1858., viii. 10
Tiburon, Cape, Isthmus of Darien, moun
tain ranges near, xii. 70
Ticino, Switzerland, glacier of, viii. 40
 , or Tessin, river, source and course
of, iii. 354 ; volume of, xvii. 206
Tidal observations in the Gulf of Kutch,
(1875.), xix. 433
 streamB around English coasts,
Beechey on, i. 178
Tides, absence of, at Courtown, Ireland,
i. 176
 , Evans on, xxi. 73
Tidikelt Oasis, N. Africa, Rohlfs' journey
to, 1864., ix. 312
Tie-ling on the Liao-ho, Manchuria, limit
of navigation at, xiii. 27
Tie-men-quan, N. China, salt from, xiv. 24,
and trade of, 26
Tien-chwang-tai, Manchuria, limit of
navigation of the Liao-ho at, xiii. 27
Tieng Liek, Formosa, rice culture near,
xii. 60
Tientsin, N. China, vii. 29
entered by English, 1858., iii. 72-3 and
described, 74-5
expeditions to and from, Lord Elgin's
1858., iii. 56, 293
Michie's, to Mukden (1862.), vii. 25
Slossin and Riohards, to Shansi and
Pechili, I860., vi. 218
Whyte's, to Kiachta, 1869., xiv. 243

Tientsin, N. China — continued.
grain trade of, iv. 61-2
importance of access to, iii. 86
massacre at, (1870.), xv. 295
Peiho river near, iii. 69-70
position of, ii. 362
prices fixed at, 1858., iii. 77
temperature observations in, iii. 80
treaty port, its trade, in 1862., iii. 69, 76,
77, vi. 166, with Tie-men-quan, xiv. 26
valley of, vi. 218
Tierra del Fuego, S. America, early men
tion of, supposed, xvi. 354
minerals in, viii. 161
natives of, ii. 219
Snow's examination of harbours in,
(I860.), iv. 175
wind-created current off, iv. 239
Tietkens, Mr., of Giles' 1875 Australian
expedition, xx. 431
Tiflis, Russian Caucasus, ii. 270, vi. 64,
130, xiii. 67, capital of the province,
xxi. 582, described, viii. 276
military road from, to Russia, iv. 91
Ossetes near, vi. 61
proposed telegraph to, from Persia,
(1861.), v. 220, 223
Tiger Island forts, Canton river, S. China,
i. 332
Tigranocerta, Mesopotamia, long-lost site
of, discovered by Taylor, (1864.), ix. 39
Tigre river, Ecuador, source, course, and
outfall of, xxi. 557
Tigris river, or Dibeneh-Su (see also Shat-
el-Arab), Turkey-in-Asia, i. 353,
vii. 95
Beechey on, i. 163
Bewsher on, xi. 155-6
course of, and changes in, i. 46, 220,
xxii. 169
danger of neglecting, xi. 157
German colony on, i. 362
old road to, ii. 175
Rawlinson on, i. 46, ix. 37-9
Visit to the Sources of, and account
of ancient remains near, Taylor,
ix. 36
 valley, cotton of, viii. 21
inference as to slope of, xi. 23
proposed telegraph line through, vii. 91
Zats of, i. 40
Tih, Jebel et, Sinaitic Peninsula —
desert region of, crossed by Palgrave,
1862., viii. 63, geological formation
of, xvii. 326, the Wilderness of the
Israelites, xvi. 332
limestone range of, minerals in, vi. 237
passes in, examined by Holland, 1878.,
xxii. 455
Tihamah coast-plain, S. Arabia,
described by MiUingen, (1874.),
xviii. 194-5
natives of, etc.; xviii. 201

TIH— TIT

333

Tih-King, S. China, walled city, v. 240,
the Canton river below, 241
Tih-Shing Gate, N. China, pass at, xiv. 83
Timber Creek, N. Australia, described,
i. 228
Timbo, W. Africa, Blyden on the King of,
xvii. 123, 124
Fullah immigration to, xxi. 493
Hooboos of, xvii. 123-4
Lambert's journey to, (1862.), vi. 178
Timbona river, N. Guinea, geological for
mation of bed of, ii. 183
Timbore, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Timbuctoo, N.W. Africa, ii. 80
Barth's journey to (1849-55.), i. 82, 113,
154, 441, ii. 318
Caillaud's visit to, vii. 125
von Bary's expedition towards, xxi. 473
Rohlfs' proposed journey to, 1863.,
correspondence on, viii. 94-6
murder of French missionaries on way
to (1876.), xx. 445
proposed French military expedition to,
(1860), ii. 183
 trade route to, from Gambia river,
Cooper, xx. 78
trade of, i. 114, vi. 17
Timor, Island of, E. Indian Archipelago,
i. 183, 191, 225, 230, 260, 261, ii. 3, 8,
10, vii. 206
aspect of south coast of, ii. 9
communication (mail and telegraphic)
with Australia desired, vi. 119,
vii. 165, ix. 77
Geognostic Sketch of Western, Miiller,
iii. 368
geological features of, i. 503
monsoon weather at, ii. 170, vii. 208
ocean depth near, vi. 200
ponies of, Bent to India, xiv. 206, value
of, to local explorers, xx. 431
rice of, ii. 217
shoal water near, vi. 200
wooUess sheep of, vii. 89
Timon Laut, East Indian Archipelago,
ii. 10
Timsah, Lake, Egypt, xiv. 96, 104, ab
sence of current in, xiv. 77, level of,
iii. 181, level slowly rising, xiv. 266
Tinahula, active volcano, Santa Cruz
Islands, S.W. Pacific, xvi. 391
Tinah or Pelusium, Bay of, i. 68
cost of proposed harbour at, iii. 198
geographical position of, iii. 177
Lange on, iii- 205
Philigret's observations on, iii. 198 and
note
in relation to the Suez Canal, iii. 184, 186
Tinda fell, mountain, Iceland, xx. 29
Tindal, Comm. C, r.n., obituary notice,
I860., iv. 143
Tindang, W. Africa, ii. 32
Vogel at, 1855., i. 16

Tirig-chu, Tibet, cold climate of, xiii. 195
Tinghae, chief town of Chusan, E. China,
i. 335
Tingia, Tunis, fishery at, vi. 215
Tingidyu Peak, extinct volcano, Johanna
Island, Comoro group, elevation of,
xxii. 448
Tingin, " Southern Mangi" (China), other
names of, and porcelain manufacture at,
xviii. 171
Tingri Maidan, Tibet : see Tengri
Tinguisa river, Ecuador, xxi. 567
Tingy-tingy, or sudd on L. Tanganyika,
xix. 254
Tinia, Jebel, (Mt.), Sinaitic Peninsula,
half-built palace on, xiii. 211-2
Tinne, Mme. and Mile., expedition of,
up the White Nile, (1862.), vii. 24, 64,
103, 109, 183, 196, 233, viii. 5, 11, 18,
196-7; letters on same, vii. 204,
viii. 12
death of 'Mme. Tinne-, and progress of
expedition, viii. 251-2, 264, its results,
ix. 248
Livingstone on, xviii. 258
Murchison on, vii. 64, 109, 183, 196,
ix. 248
Petherick's news of, viii. 148-9
 ,Mr., on the above expedition, vii. 12,
24, 103, viii. 11,12, 16,17
Tinnevelly Hills, India, xi. 61
Tinrhard region, Algeria, brooks of, ix. 314
Tintellust, N. Africa, i. 441
Tintingue or Mahela Bay, Madagascar,
good anchorage at, xiv. 375
Tioghe river, W. Africa, course of, iv. 72,
supposed affluent of, ii. 353-4; see
Teoge
Tiongkong, Formosa, large town, xxi. 260
Tionglek, Formosa, xxi. 259
Tipai Mukh, Cachar, N.E. India, xvii. 52
Tipara Bay, S. Australia, mining district,
Admiralty survey of, vii. 142
 Reef, xv. 266
Tipperah : see Hill Tipperah
Tipta-la or Wallangchoon pass, Eastern
Nepal, xix. 338, 342
Tipu Tib, TipooTib, Tipo Tipo, or Hamed
ibn Hamed, a great slave-hunter,
xx. 133
Cameron'sdealingswith,1874.,xx.l20-1 meeting with, 1874., xx. 311-12
engaged by Stanley, (1876.), xxii. 157
Tiquina station on Lake Titicaca, Peru,
xviii. 214
Tisa river, A. Nyanza, probably Baker'g
Kaigiri river, xxi. 52
Tissinei oasis, Marocoo, ix. 313
Tista river and valley, route vi&, to Tibet,
xiii. 394, xix. 337, 342, 347
Titicaca, Lake,' Peru, basin described,
xv. 371
dwellers near, xv. 369j

334

TIT— TON

Titicaca, Lake, Peru — continued.
elevation of, xii. 129, xviii. 219, xix. 330
exploration of region for cinchona,
Markham, 1861., v. 224
explorations and surveys of, Markham
on his own and others, xviii. 215-6
Pentland's (1826-27.), ix. 244
firBt steamer on, (1872.), xviii. 214
images on shores of, xiv. 116
lofty plateau region of, xviii. 212
meaning of word, xiv. 119
sacred island and terraces of, xviii. 216
Titihai Head, N. Zealand, reached by
Harper and Brunner, 1846-7., etc.,
ix. 34
Tiub river, affluent of Lake Issik-kul,
Siberia, ii. 280
Tiugun-Erestiah district, Siberia, extent
of, xxi. 214
Tiva river, E. Africa, xxii. 451
Tiwahat ei Deir convent, Sinai, vii. 43
Tizi Iskari, Yezo, xvi. 201
Tiznaf river, Chinese Turkestan, affluent
of the Yarkand river, source of, xiv. 52,
and course, 61
To river, N. China, xiv. 169-70
Toa Hung, Formosa, xxii. 60
Toalam, Formosa, missionary station at,
xxi. 263
Toangoo, Burmah, Route from, to the
Shan States, O'Reilly, vi. 83
Toa-paw-na, Formosa, described, xxii. 55
Toa-sia, Formosa, plain near, xxi. 261,
rice culture near, xxii. 58
Toa Tu Tia, N. Formosa, foreign settle
ment at, xxii. 60
Tobacco Plains near the U.S. and B.N.
American boundary, iii. 220
 or Gwaii River, see Gwaii
Tobago Island, British W. Indies, geo
logical theories concerning, i. 254
 , off Formosa, race to which in
habitants belong, viii. 27
Tobbaan, Wady and river, S. Arabia,
xvi. 119
Tobiesen, Skipper of the ffiolus, Norwegian
whaler, on Spitzbergen in 1864., ix. 309
Toburba, Tunis, manufactures of, vi. 214
Tocantins river, affluent of the Amazon,
xviii. 119
Todd, C, surveyor for Trans- Australian
Telegraph line, xvii. 276
Report on Roper river, xvi. 355
Telegraph scheme of, xv. 299
 , Major D'Arcy, travels of, Teheran
to Cabul, vii. 159
Todogawa river, Japan, source and course
of, xvii. 82
Todos Santos, Lake, Chile, viii. 160
Tofua, volcanic peak, Upolu Island,
Navigator Group, xxi. 143
Togia fort, Russian Turkestan, Russian
garrison at, xv. 195

Tdhalla Grande river, S. America, tributary
of the Putomayo river, xxi. 572-3
Toka-ham, river, rapids, and town of,
Formosa, xiv. 82
Tokaido road, Japan, xvii. 80, xviii. 236,
xix. 169
Tokat, Asia Minor, iii. 370, 371
Tok-e-Tok, Chief of the Eighteen Tribes,
Southern Formosa, Visit to, Hughes,
(1872.), xvi. 265
To-ki village, S.W. China, mountains and
gorge near, vi. 228, 230
Tokos Dewan, or Nine Mountains Pass,
S.E. of Charchand, C. Asia, xvi. 244
Tola, La, port of, Ecuador, iii. 94
Toll or Tula river, Baikal region, affluent
of the Selenga, xiv. 248
Toll Pass, Ural Mts., elevation of, i. 432
Tollogo, Nile region, mountains near, x. 11
Tolo Azime, cataracts of Limpopo river,
S. Africa, Elton on, xvi. 91-3
Tomahawk Creek, Queensland, scrub
growth near, x. 65
Tomato, Abyssinia, at junction of Settite
and Atbara rivers, x. 283
Tomboko, W. Africa, xix. 81
Tomboro, volcano, Sumbawa Island, Malay
Archipelago, eruption of, in 1814.,
vii. 211 ; in 1815., ii. 144
Tome-Tengi pass, Japan, xix. 171, 173
Tomkinson, Mr., on Forests' Australian
journeys, xix. 489
Tomkinson Creek, S. C. Australia, Stuart's
station at, 1861., vi. 8
 Ranges, S. Australia, xix. 58, 313,
land near, 314
Tomsk, Siberia, starting point of Russo-
Chinese boundary, 1862., vi. 161, steppes
near, xxii. 103, wide forest lands near,
xxii. 104
Tom Taylor's Creek, Belize, C. America,
geological formation of its bed, xii. 342
Tondour, Lake, New South Wales, vi. 55
Tonegawa river, Japan, xvii. 83
Tonga or Tongo land, S.E. Africa,
earthquake in (1874.), xix. 128
Erskine on, xix. 113-14, 126-8, xxii.
108-9
mapped by H.M.S. Herald, 1852-61.,
vi. 198
mountains of, xix. 126
natives of, xxii. 128-9
possibilities of, xix. 127
rulers of, xix. 113-114
Tongamara, S.E. Africa, coast incorrectly
mapped near, i. 312
Tongataboo Harbour, Navigator Islands,
xxi. 144
Tong-chou, walled city, N. China, ii. 363
Tongchuan, or Tong-tchouen, Yunnan,
death of De Lagre'e at, 1868., xiii. 56,
308, xix. 281-2
Tong King and river, see Tonquin

TON— TOR

335

Tonglo, in the Himalayas, ii. 103, 112
Tongoni, S. Africa, ruins at, xx. 75
Tongoo, B. Burmah, xix. 272
Tong-tohouen, on the Yang-tse river, see
Tongchuan
Tong-Tiea-Mun, pass, N. China, Great
Wall at, vi. 224
Tongwe, or Tongue, Mt., E. Africa, xx. 77
falls of the Pangani river at, xix. 318
Tonna, L. H. J., obituary notice of, 1857.,
i. 394
Tono river (see also Purus), xi. 107;
explored by Maldonado, 1861., xi. 103;
by Markham, 1853., x. 253, xxii. 43
Tonquin, encroachments of, on Cambodia,
vi. 82, French explorations in, McMahon
on, xviii. 463
 or Songka river, navigability of,
xviii. 464
 or Tongking, Gulf of, unsurveyed in
1859., iii. 269
Toodyay, W. Australia, iii. 34, 35
Tooi Chong river, Lushai district, Indo-
Burmese frontier, area drained by,
xvii. 49
Tooka, Abyssinia, volcanic ridges near,
xiv. 162
Tooke district, Vancouver Island, as a
port for trade, viii. 81
Toondulya, S. Australia, grass and water
near, ii. 190
Toopang, Tibet, visited by Capt. Rowlatt,
v.49
Tooran Mull, Kandeish, Bombay, climate
of, xi. 68
Too Rang Peak, Bengal-Burma frontier,
elevations at and near, xvii. 44, 45
Toot or Gootur river, Lushai district,
Bengal, xvii. 45
Topo river, Ecuador, affluent of the Pas-
tassa river, xxi. 557
sudden risings of, Simson on, xxi. 563-4
Topographical Surveys of India, xv. 279,
281,lxvi. 345, xvii. 288, xviii. 565,xix. 433.
438,'xx. 423, xxi. 453, xxii. 348, 349, 357
Topographical . . . Depot, Ordn. Survey,
work of, I860., iv. 161 ; 1861., v. 181,
vii. 136
TordUlo, Rio, Pern, affluents and course
of, xvii. 58
Torell, O., xii. 97 ; Polar expeditions of,
1858-1861., v. 199, xiii. 152, 257 ; see
also Swedish Arctic Expn.
Torey, Lake of, N. Siberia, visited by
Radde, (1856.), ii. 278
Tori Toge, Japan, steep ascent of, xvii. 81
Tormik river, affluent of the Indus near
Mendi, viii. 37
Toronto, Canada, magnetic observations
at, xxii. 193
meaning of name of, xix. 135
Rae's journey from, to the Rocky Mts.,
1861., vi. 110

Torotoram, N. Guinea, natives of, canoes
of, xviii. 32-3, houses, 36, population of,
37, and friendliness, xx. 105
Torowato or Torowotto Swamp, Queens
land, vi. 53, vii. 35, 39
Torre de Cerredo, Spain, a lofty mountain,
elevation and formation of, i. 426
Torrens, Capt. R. W., Journey to Fort
Simpson, Queen Charlotte Islands, B.
Columbia, 1859., iv. 226, other journeys
referred to, vi. 188
 , Mr., on sheep-farming in N. Aus
tralia, vii. 88
on tree-deBtruction in relation to rain
fall in S. Australia, x. 269
Torrens, Lake, S. Australia, ix. 227
another lake near, iii. 29, vii. 11
desert north of, iii. 31, v. 10, well ex
plored, vii. 7
development of district, vii. 88
district east of, iv. 78
 north of, iii. 31
expansion of Cooper Creek, iii. 32
expeditions to, ix. 232-3
Babbage's, 1858., ii. 191, 314, v. 142
Eyre's, ii. 188, v. 142, vi. 168 (and
others), ix. 227, 232-3
Hack's, 1857., ii. 189
Warburton's, 1857., ii. 189, v. 142
feeders of, iii. 28, 31, 29, 156, v. 58, 104,
xx. 430
Gawler on, ii. 28, 191, as outlet for
waters of C. Australia, iv. 78, 94,
Jukes ou, 97
Murchison on Gawler's views concern
ing, ii. 313
Report on country between, and Mt.
Serle, Goyder, ii. 16, Freeling on
same, ii. 185, cited, ii. 60
settlers' knowledge of, vii. 84
true shape of, iii. 152, 153, 157, 335, 337,
v. 104, vii. 11
Torres, voyage of, to N. Guinea, (1606.),
xiv. 201
Torres Straits, N. Australia, ii. 182, iii. 89,
iv. 82, v. 143, viii. 114, x. 85, xx. 19,
. 108, xxii. 364-5
Admiralty surveys of, iii. 267, 271, v. 175,
vi. 135, vii. 198-200, viii. 120, xviii. 539
as seen from Somerset, ix. 77, 78
coral reefs of, iv. 81, xii. 317
currents in, xii. 318-19
Firefly wrecked in, vii. 8, 1 73
Herald in, vi. 198-9, 200
islands of, aborigines of, xii. 313, their
condition and character, xix. 243
 , healthiness of, xxi. 351
mail-routes (proposed) via, from the
Cape, and to Singapore, etc., i. 79 et
seq., iv. 154, vi. 199, x. 52
monsoon in, xii. 316-7
Moresby's discoveries in, 1872., xiii. 22,
24, 47

336

TOR— TRA

Torres Straits, N. Australia — continued.
navigation of, i. 34, 79, 81, 172, 256, 366,
ii. 3, 15, iii. 89, vi. 136, vii. 42, ix. 77,
234, x. 52, 89, 249, xii. 314
 opened up for steamers, x. 52
pearl trade of, xviii. 22, 48
sea-marks required in, xi. 151
settlement on (see Cape York), viii. 192
shallowness of, xii. 317
steamer-line vid, to Brisbane and Singa
pore, established, 1865., x. 52, xi. 151
trade with Australia, xviii. 48
width of, xii. 313
Torske Bank, Disco Island, Arctic regions,
microscopic organisms of, xx. 57
Tortola Island, W. Indies, injured by
storms (1867.), xii. 30
Tortoum Chai, or Lake, Asia Minor, how
affected by earthquake of about i759.,
vi. 62-4
Toruputii Peak, Dufla region, N.E.
Indian frontier, xx. 425
Tosave, N.W. Africa, the Niger near,
i. 114
TosBukatek fiord, Greenland, glacier of,
xx. 59
Tostah district, N.E. Siberia, extent of,
xxi. 214
 river, N.E. Siberia, xxi. 214
Totfela, Congo region, xx. 122
Totling, Tibet, the Sutlej at, xiii. 185,
192
Totolo, King of Congo, friendly to Came
ron (1873.), xix. 89, 94
Totoro, Colombia, cinchona district,
ix. 278
Touchwood Hills, B.N. America, ii. 149
Toulak, Formosa, xxi. 264
Toulon Island, N. Guinea, largest of the
Amazon Isles, xxi. 357
Toumilat, see Goshen, Land of
Toumilat, Wady, Egypt, in relation to the
Suez Canal, iii. 185
Toungu, Province of, Burma, in 1500.,
i. 270
Tourho river, Manchuria, only marked in
old Jesuit maps, xi. 254
Towaj hills, Arabia, well-cultivated plain
below, ix. 294
Towang Pass, to Tibet, trade route via,
xix. 346
Towering Table Mountain, Majita, E.
Africa, xx. 41
Towfikia or Tewfikeeya, on the Sobat,
xviii. 137, lat. and long, of Baker's
Station on, xvi. 187, xviii. 187
Townsville, Queensland, telegraph ex
tension from, xii. 54, 55
Toyanda river, E. Turkestan, xiv. 227,
affluent of the Slink river, xiv. 228
 and valley, Trotter on, xviii. 417
Toynbee, Capt., on the climate of Natal,
xi. 19

Toynbee, H., On the Specific Gravity,
Temperature, and Currents of the Sea
between England and India, ix. 281,
283 ; Further observations, x. 338
Tozer, Tunis, on caravan route to Cairo,
vi. 211, natural hot bath near, 214
Trabonjy, Madagascar, good road to,
xxi. 170
Trachonitis district, Syria,
Burton and Drake's explorations in,
1871., xvi. 105
de Saulcy cited on early rulers of,
xvi. 114
Trade winds, action of, xv. 82, direction of,
iv. 240
Fine Regions of, Hopkins, ii. 357
in relation to the concentration of
Ocean waters, Buchanan, xxi. 257
Trafalgar, Mt., N. Guinea, elevation of,
xix. 233
Traitor's Bay, N. Guinea, hostile natives
of, xix. 233
position of, xix. 230
Tranqueritd hill, Paraguay, contour and
elevation of, *xx. 495
Trans- Alai Mts., C. Asia, xxi. 123
mists of, xxi. 131
passes in, xx. 484, xxi. 124
in relation to the Pamirs, xxi. 100
Trans-Andean telegraph line, difficulties
of construction of, xxii. 26
Trans - Baikalia, Siberia, described by
Bridgett, (1868.), xiii. 368-9
Russian explorations in, ii. 278-9, and
results, v. 191
Trans-Chu region, Russian Turkestan,
ix. 271
Trans-Caucasian provinces, Rawlinson on,
vi. 6
Trans - Himalaya region, see Chinese,
Eastern and Russian Turkestan, Chitral,
etc., Himalayas, Indian surveys, Tibet
Trans-Ilian District (see Semerechinsk)
R. Turkestan, Russian explorations in,
viii. 206
 Alataou(Mts.), Russ. Turkestan,
xviii. 249
Trans-Naiyn country, Russian Turkestan,
expedition to, in 1867., Osten Sacken,
xiv. 291
Trans-Siberian route to China, Parkes on,
vii. 30
 telegraph line, xiii. 365
Transit of Venus, observations Of, xiii. 119-
20, 295, at Rodriguez Island, Indian
Ocean, (1874), xix. 406
Transvaal, S. Africa,
Boers of, defeated by Manukusa, on the
Limpopo, xix. 125
Geography and Economic Features of,
Fynney, xxii. 114
gold found in, (1868.), xii. 268
 and mineral wealth of, xiii. 342

TRA-TRG

337

Transvaal, S. Africa— continued.
historical summary of events to 1878.,
xxii. 115
Trautwinc, J. T., survey of the Atrato,
etc, by, (1852.), i. 63
cited on the Honduras railway, iv. 137
Travancore, S.W. India, Hills of, xi. 61,
explored by Markham, x. 245, rainfall
of same, x. 266
Inland Navigation of, Markham, xi. 78
Traveller, qualifications of a good, Glad
stone on, vii. 34
Travellers, Hints to, xvi. 1-78
Travers Island, Torres Straits, i. 80
Travesia valley, Patagonia, xv. 42, its
sterility, 49
Treachery Bay, N. Queensland, i. 32, 225
Capt. Stokes speared at, i. 260
Trebeck, see Moorcroft
Trebizond (Trapesos), Asia Minor, routes
from, xvi. 223
ruins of, iii. 389
Trees in relation to rainfall, Arabia
(Aden), ix. 109
E. Africa, xxii. 448
S. Africa, ii. 159, ix. 106
S. Australia, x. 269
India, ix. 108-9, x. 266-8, xiii. 74,
xvii. 20
Russia, ii. 181, ix. 107
Syria, ii. 181, 298
Turkey, ix. 109
W. Indies, ix. 109
Tremenheere, Col. C. W., r.e., On the
Physical Geography of the Lower
Indus, xi. 22, cf. 221
Tres Cruces Plains, Chilio-Argentine
railway route via, iv. 46
Trcstrail, Mt, W. Africa, described,
vi. 243
Trevelyan, Sir G, on Nassick as a possible
Indian capital, and on Bengal, xi. 75
Trew river, S. Australia, affluent of the
Trucur river, xv. 97
Tribulation, Cape, North Queensland,
xviii. 104; 'fine views near, xii. 314
Trichinoply, district served by railway of,
vii. 96
Trigaardt's farm, S. Africa, latitude of,
xiii. 321
Trigonometrical operations of the Ord
nance Survey partly published, 1861.,
v. 180-1
 surveying, importance of studying
early in life, Warren on, xix. 156
¦  and Topographical Survey of India,
progress of, ii. 302, iv. 189, x. 239, xv. 278,
xvi. 343, xvii. 287, xviii. 564, xix. 432,
xx. 421, xxi. 452, xxii. 350
Trimmer Bluff, S. Australia, scenery near,
ii. 21
Trinidad, W. Indies, geological survey of,
iii. 276 ; importance of, i. 254-5

journey to,

at,

Trinidad and the Orinoco, O'Connor, i. 278
Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, examined for
cable purposes, 1858., ii. 263, 1863.,
iii. 273, vii. 143
Trinity Bay, N. Queensland, geological
formation of, xii. 143
Tripoli, N. Africa, Rohlfs'
1864., ix. 312
route from, to Tintellust, i. 441
slave-trade abolished at, i. 114
trade at, vi. 17
Tripolis (Treboli), Asia Minor, iii. 370
Tripolitza, Greece, earthquake felt
1866., x. 322
Tristram, H. B., work of, in exploring
Palestine, x. 160
Tristan d'Acunha Island, S. Atlantic,
climate of, ii. 368
Herald's soundings near, vi. 198
roller waves at, iii. 364
shoal off, planted with coco-nuts,
(1856.), i. 146
standing on an ocean ridge, xxi. 70
Triton Bay, N. Guinea, ii. 181, early
Dutch settlement near, xiv. 201
Trivandum, S. India, observatory estab
lished at, by native Prince, xxii. 193
movements of magnetic needle at,
xxii. 205
Trochiameter distances, Chapman's S.
African expedition, I860., v. 19, 20, and
deviations, 20
Trollope, A., on S. Africa and the labour
difficulty, xxii. 124
Trombetas river, tributary of the Amazon,
explored by Spruce (1849.), viii. 220,
xxii. 46
Tropical climates, influence of, on Euro
peans (see Cape York), ii. 212, 215,
iii. 90, ix. 78
Trotter, Capt. H., awarded gold medal of
R.G.S., 1878., xxii. 255, 288, 291, 296,
President's speech, 298, reply, 299
Account of the Pundit's journey in Gt.
Tibet in 1873-5., xxi. 325
explorations : E. Turkestan, (1874-5.),
xix. 442, xxi. 348, 456
Trans-Himalayas, 1873-6., xxi. 456
on Forsyth's Kashgar mission, 1873.,
xviii. 415, 432, on its geographical
results, xxii. 287
on the Indian surveys, (1878.), xxii. 347
cited on the Munshi's travels on the
Panjah river, xx. 16 note
 other similar travels, xx. 420-3,
490
 Pamir mountains, xxi. 136
 the position of Charchand, xxi . 29
work of, xxi. 346, 347
Trotter, Rear-Adm. H. D., r.n., enquiries
after Livingstone at QuiUmane,
(1856.), i. 57
expedition up the Niger, ii. 98-9 z

338

TItO-TSE

Trotter, Rear-Adm. H, D., r.n. — cont.
on Livingstone's Zambesi expedition,
ii. 122
obituary notice, 1860.,iv. 143
Troughton Island, N.W. Australia, an
chorage at, x. 39
Trounce Lake Vancouver Id., effluents
and affluents of, ix. 308
Trout Lake, B. N. America, its two out
lets, viii. 50, 51
 , Upper, ii. 294
Troy, (Ilium), iii. 386, true position of,
ascertained by Chevalier, iii. 385
Truando river, C. America, proposed trans
oceanic canal via, Kelly, i. 63
Beechey on, i. 168
Humboldt on, i. 69
Rennie, Stephenson and others on, i. 72,
74, etc.
Truant Island, N. Australia, ii. 13
Trucur river, S. Australia, aborigines of,
xv. 96, 100
affluents of, xv. 97
disappearance of, xv. 98
junction with the Jarvis, xv. 99
Truman, Dr., on trade in China, ii. 206
Trusan river, Borneo, xvi. 172
Truxillo, Peru, early inhabitants of dis
trict, xv. 372
Truzza, Mt., Tunis, hot bath at, vi. 215
silver mine at, ib.
Tsad, Lake, see Chad
Tsadda or Tschadda river, see Chadda
Tsagan Turgerik, Gobi Desert, latitude
and longitude of, xiv. 246
Tsaidam country, Mongolia, wild camels
of, xviii. 79, 80 note
position of, xviii. 83
races of, xviii. 79, 85
 or Baian-gol river, xviii. 82
Tsakoutin, E. Tibet, language and writing
of tribes to the west of, xxii. 261
Tsa-leh Mts., boundary between Yunnan
and Bathang, Gill on, xxii. 269
Tsamatskama, Nodwengu, or Tshama
Tshama, Umzila's Kraal, S.E. Africa,
xix. 124, climate near, xxii. 130
geographical position of, xix. 125, xxii.
130
Tsamdo, Tibet, xii. 339 ; see Tsiamdo
Tsampu, or Tsanpo river, Tibet (see also
Brahmaputra), xxi. 341, xxii. 9
area watered by, xix. 329-30 et seq.
called Dihong at confluence with the
Brahmaputra, v. 48
course of, Cooper on, xiii. 392
elevation of valley of, xix. 338
only Englishmen who have crossed,
xix. 328
Pundit's route survey of, xix. 344, and
journey down, 1873., xxi. 340-1
supposed connection with the Irawadi,
Yule on, xx. 339-40

Tsana Lake, see Tana, and Dembea Lake"
Tsan fan, N. China, coal in hills at,
xiv. 25
Tsang province, Great Tibet, extent of,
xviii. 394, pass between it and Ari prov.,
xix. 338
Tsangpo, see Sangpo, and Tsampu
Tsarabdfatra station, Madagascar, xxi. 170'
Tsarasdhatra river, Madagascar, rise of,
xix. 199
Tsarasvatra, Madagascar, hills near,
xx. Ill
Tsavo river, E. Africa, mountain source
of, xxii. 451
Tschadda river, see Chadda river
Tschebsen, Mongolia, lamasery of, xviii. 78
Tschelga plateau, Abyssinia, xiii. 46
Tscherek river, Caucasus, sources of,
xiii. 71
Tschudi, Herr von, Hon. Corresp. Member
R.G.S., viii. 44
Tseen-fnh-yae, N.W. China, Buddhist
sculptures at, xiv. 177
Tseen-shwuy "river, N.W. China, course
of, xiv. 170, 177-8
Tseentang or TBien-tang river, E. China,
ascended by Baker, (1862.), vi. 166,
temporary disappearance of, recorded,
iv. 62
Tsehya Valley, N.E. China, silk culture
of, xiv. 138
TseTh-le-teen, N.W. China, village festival
at, xiv. 180
Tseih-pwan Pass, N. China, crossed by
Wylie, 1868., xiv. 178
Tse Kin ching or Forbidden City, part
of Peking, x. 156
Tsenan, capital of Shansi province, China,
visited by Morrison, 1861., vi. 165
Tsenbo on the Irawady, xiv. 348
Tsenga, on the west shore of Lake
Nyassa, ix. 288
Tseoompyoon river and town, Gulf of
Siam, tides at and bar, vii. 59
Tsetse fly,
always found where there are giraffe
and game, xv. 207, xiii. 337, xvii. 351
danger of bite of, exaggerated, accord
ing to Elton, xvi. 96
distribution of, in Africa, Frere on,
xvii. 331
dogs erroneously supposed to be specially
affected by, xix. 129
donkeys and man, supposed immunity
of, according to Livingstone, xiii. 359
 bitten by, according to Cameron,
xix. 37
native remedy for bite, Baloka region,
vi. 34
in E. Africa, on the Bagamoyo road,
xxi. 241
near the Kingani river, xv. 207
in the Mangao district, xxi. 589

TSE— TSZ

339

Tsetse &y— continued.
in E. Africa — continued.
unknown on L. Tanganyika, iii. 303
found in Lower Shire Valley,
vi. 29
thought to be absent on the Mpwa-
pwa route to interior, xxi. 14, 22,
61, 241, 243, 389, 472, but later on
found there, xxii. 373
suspected on route to Ujiji, xix. 137
not found N. of the Wami river,
xxii. 37
in C. Africa and on the Nile, iv. 40,
v. 35, x. 12
in S. Africa, Cumming on, i. 246
disappearance of, before man, and
on destruction of game, Erskine's
view on, xiii. 337, proven according
to Frere, xvii. 351, and Fynney,
xxii. 120
distribution of —
near Bomba hills, xiii. 337
beyond the Drakensberg, xiii. 321,
340 . ,
in Leydenburg district at Kwarri-
Kwarri, x. 174
along the Limpopo, xii. 271, xvi. 96
near the Omguini river, iii. 373
between Umzila's kraal and the
sea^xx. 116, 129
Owen on'^ii. 137
"scourge of S. Africa," Murchison
on, iii. 303, temporary character
of, Fynney on, xxii. 120
in S.E. Africa, buffalo wrongly sup
posed immune from, x. 5, xi. 17
on the Rovuma river, vi. 29, vii. 53,
ix. 285
on the route to Nyassaland, xxi. 589
compared with a, fly equally venomous
in Abyssinia, x. 284-5
¦   the Donderobo fly, near
Kilimanjaro, fatal to asses and goats
only, viii. 6
 the Ofroi fly in W. Africa,
fatal to horses and donkeys, xiii. 359
Tshadda or Tschadda, see Chadda
Tshama-Tshama, see Tsamatskama
Tshantshe'gga, river, Niger, tributary of,
ix. 73, rapid fall of water in, ix. 74
Tshian-ghai, N. China, ruined city at,
vi. 226
Tshomo village, on the Niger, W. Africa,
xxi. 490
Tsi-afa-baldla rock, Madagascar, xxi. 157
Tsidfadre'harelia river, Madagascar, rapids
of, xxi. 168
Tsiamango river, Madagascar, xiv. 375
Tsiamdo, Tsamdo, or Chamdo, chief town
of N.E. Tibet, xii. 167, 339 ; mountains
"behind, xiv. 345
TBi-e'nim-'pdrihy plain, Madagascar,
xxi. 157

Tsi-ho-hion, N. China, described by Elias,
xiv. 23
Tsi-huan-ling, hill just outside the Great
Wall of China, xvi. 209
Tsimanandrafdzani river, Madagascar,
French traders' settlement on,xxi. 168-9
Tsimandao valley, Madagascar, xxi. 157,
158
Tsinan, see Tsenan
Tsi-Nan-foo, Shantung, China, latitude
of, xiv. 138, trade of, xiv. 24
Tsing'plh-keang river, W. China, xiv. 170
Tsinjoarivo, Madagascar, military station,
. xxi. 166
Tsin-Kiang-pu, visited by Elias, 1867.,
xiv. 21
Tsiribihina river, Madagascar, xxi. 168
Tsit-Kaw village, starting-point of route
from Bhamo to China, xx. 212
Tsi-tsi-Har, Tsi-tsi Khar or Tsitsigur,
province, N. Manchuria, area of,
xiii. 34
ceded to Russia by China, 1858-60.,
vii. 29
city, position of, xvi. 205
Meadows' journey to (1868.), xiii. 29
penal settlement, xvi. 211
silver smelting at, xiii. 367
Tsitsiren-gol river and valley, Mongolia,
xxii.,52
Tso mo Gnalari, salt lake of Pankong,
iii. 367
Tso mo Ri ri, salt lake of RupchU,
iii. 367, no overflow from, iii. 357
Tsugar Strait, Japan, Admiralty survey
of, i. 142, iii, 271
formerly called Sangar in error, i. 142
Tsui-hwan or Tsui-Siu-hai Lake, and
aborigines of, Formosa, Allen on,
xxi. 263, Bullock on, xxi. 267, Corner
on, xxii. 56
Tsui Kut Than, Formosa, stream near,
xxii. 54
Tsui-Sia, Formosa, natives of, xxii. 56
Tsung-ming Mand, E. China, rapid
formation of, iii. 59, surveyed, 167
Tsung ning, W. China, district city, xiv. 169
Tsuruhailpvietsk, Russo-Mauchurian bor
der, journey of Kropotkine from, to
the Amur (1868.), x. 233
Tsusima Island, Japan, iii. 271, vii. 141,
ix. 297
fine harbour of, vii. 168
first visited by Europeans, 1861., vii. 168
garrison from, in Korea, ix. 299
Oliphant's visit to, (1863.), vii. 61
strait dividing, in two parts, iv. 154,
vii. 141
trade of, with Korea, ix. 299
Tsy-T6ng, S. China, dykes near, and fine
district around, vi. 227
Tszai-San, Lake, Siberia, fisheries of
viii. 206

340

TSZ— TUN

Tsze-tung river, bridge, and city, W.
China, xiv. 173
Tsze-yang district and city, W. China,
xiv. 182, 183
Tu or Tibesti country, N. Africa, mapped
by Rohlfs from report, 1866., xi. 33
Tuamini, Isthmus of, Venezuela, project
for canal across, Humboldt on, i. 251
Tuanhete river, W. Africa, i. 75
Tuapeka, N. Zealand, goldfields of,
Thomson, vi. 71, vii. 181
Tuat, or Tawat, Oasis of, N.W. Sahara,
Exploration of, desirable, viii. 96
Rohlfs' journey to, 1863-4., ix. 312
Petermann ou, ix. 79
Tubac, Arizona, foundation of, 1858.,
xix. 307
Tubas, Syria, former name of, ii. 224
Tubesi or Tumbiri river, Upper Nile,
iii. 307
Tubugwe basin, E. Africa, populous region
near Mpwapwa, xxii. 384
Tucker, Don J. R., Report on Peruvian
exploration of the Ucayali river, 1868.,
xiii. 133
Tuckett, F. F., The Alps of Dauphine",
vii. 43
Tuckey, Capt., exploration of the Congo,
1815-6., i. 7, 310, iv. 68, 69, 72, xvii. 23,
31, xx. 128
Tucopia, see Tecopia *
Tucson, chief town of Arizona, xix. 307
Tuctu-Cccha, Peru, copper-mines of,
xviii. 205
Tucuman, Peru, i. 170, cedars of, xvii. 64
Tucumuraque Mts., Guiana, crossed by
Crevaux (1876-1877.), xxii. 369
Tucuti, Isthmus of Darien, gold at, i. 78
Tugela river, Natal, recipient of aU streams
from the Drakensberg, xi. 18
Tuh-keaou-ho (river), W. China, course of,
xiv. 170
Tui or Moshabar pass, N.W. Indian fron
tier, elevation and glacier of, xxii. 353
Tui river, N.W. Indian frontier, glacial
source of, and course, xxii. 353
¦  , W. Mongolia, ruined city on,
xvii. 187
Tui-La-Sok river, Formosa, safety of ship
wrecked sailors at, xvi. 265
Tukhtapool, Afghanistan, robber village,
xxi. 587
Tukht-i-Turan, ruined city near Kuchar,
Gobi Desert, Forsyth on, xxi. 38
Tuknie Cataract, Potaro river, B. Guiana,
xv. 124
Tukulan river, N.E. Siberia, rise of, and
course, xxi. 213
Tula river, see Toll
Tule, Modoc, or Rhett Lake, California,
xix. 299
Tule river, C. America, Collinson on,
xii. 31

Tuleil-el-Ful, Syria, old name of, ii 224
Tuli river, S. Africa, affluent of the Shasha,
xvi. 90
Elton's journey down, 1870., xvi. 90
game of, and natives along, xvi. 90
Tull-hari, E. Africa, rendezvous of An-
tinori's expedition, 1877., xxii. 14
Tullar Hills, Mekran, road at foot of,
vii. 92
Tulola Sari Island, Lake Ladoga, granite
of, xiii. 378
Tulul el Safa, Syria, Burton's exploration
of, 1871., xvi. 104
Tulung river and valley, Tibet, affluent
of the Lhasa river, natives of, and food
in valley of, xxi. 339
Tumac-humac Mts., see Tucumuraque
Tuman river, E. Turkestan, source and
course of, Mirza Haidar on, xx. 485
Tumatamari cataract, Potaro river, B.
Guiana, xv. 123
Tumbak or Ayanat, Persia, limestone
mountains near, xi. 38
Tumbasabe' river, Isthmus of Darien, gold
in, i. 78
Tumbiri, see Tubesi
Tumbuca, E.C. Africa, i. 76
Tu-men river, boundary between Russian
Manchuria and Korea, xi. 253
Tumut, N. S. Wales, iii. 338
Tundras of Siberia, nature of, x. 234
geological observations near, xxii. 112
in summer, Seebohm on, xii. Ill
Tchoukchis of, xxi. 213, 215
Tung Chal range, Persia, salt lake near,
xvi. 263
Tung-Chaw, N. China, walled city, vi. 221
Tung-chow Harbour, N. China, iv. 60, 62 ;
landing-place for Peking, iii. 79
Tung-chuan, see Tong-chuan
Tunggan or Tingin, S.E. China, porcelain
manufacture of, xviii. 171
Tung-ho (river), C. China, affluent of the
Pei river, xiv. 172
Tungi Bay, E. Africa, xxi. 588
Tunglowan, Formosa, hills near, xxi. 261
Tungnafell Mt., Iceland, xx. 29
Tung-olo Mts. and village, Chino-Tibet
border, described, xiv. 236
Tung-ting Lake, also called Sung-ting,
C. China, vi. 89, xiv. 235, xx. 187,
coal transit over, vi. 95
exploration of, Dickson and party, 1861.,
vi. 166
floating population on, xii. 52
Yaug-tzse river at, vi. 86, 135, and
beyond, xv. 158
Tunguragua Mt., Ecuadorian Andes, ele
vation of, xxi. 557
Tungusska, Lower, region of, C. Siberia,
Russian exploration of, 1874., xix. 423
Tungwa, river and town, Congo region,
described by Grandy, xix. 99

TUN— TUB

341

Tunis, N. Africa, Admiralty survey of,
see Mediterranean
French map of, ii. 288
Topographical notes on (anon.), vi. 210
trade at, with 0. Africa, vi. 17
Tunobis, S.W. Africa, drought at, v. 17
Tunuyan river, Argentine Republio, irriga
tion from, xvii. 65
Tupuquen, near Caratal, S. America, gold
diggings near, ii. 155
Tuphselei village, N. Guinea, rivers near,
xx. 355
Tura range, Assam, xvii. 39, 40
 region, E.C. Africa, famine in, I860.,
vi.17
 river, Siberia, aspect of region near,
xxii. 103
Turagat Pass, Trans-Naryn district, Asia,
xiv. 227 ; see Turgat
Turan, C. Asia, area comprised by, ix. 271,
basin of, iii. 388, Russian outposts near,
iii. 387
Turbat, Persia, position of, and cultivation
at, xvii. 91 ; Marsh on, xxi. 584
Turbo river, Isthmus of Darien, outfall of,
xii. 64
Turcoman country, war withPersia, (1861.),
v. 193
Russian Expn. in, xvii. 293
Macgregor on his journey in, xx. 174-5
Napier's journey on, 1874., xx. 168
 and people, Vambery on, viii. 269
 horses, whence obtainable, Moorcrof t
and Trebeck's journey to purchase, x. 137
Turoo-Persian boundary, iii. 290 note
delimited, 1848., i. 163, 353 ; 1849-53.,
vii. 161
Turfan, E. Turkestan, xv. 25, coal at,
xvi. 406
inhabitants of, xv. 25, xvi. 404
wild camels of, xviii. 79
wool of, xvii. 170
Turgat or Turagat Range and Pass,
Russian Turkestan, xiv. 227
elevation of, xviii. 418, 423, 424
geological formation at, xiv. 228
rivers rising in, xviii. 417, 423
road from, xviii. 419
trend of, xviii. 424
 river, as a natural boundary, xviii. 424
Turgat Bala, road, Russian Turkestan,
volcanic formation at, xviii. 419
Turgen Lake, W. Mongolia, sand-hills
along, xvii. 189
Turin, Geographical Society of, its pro
gress in 1875., xix. 422
Turituri, N. Guinea, xx. 254
Turk Island, the Great, Turk Islands,
W. Indies, considered to be' the Land-
faU of Columbus, xv. 280
Turkestan or Turkistan, see Chinese,
Eastern, and Russian (below), i. 273,
274, ii. 300, iv. 197, xviii. 246

Turkestan, or Turkistan — continued.
Alexander the Great's journey in, and
others, xvi. 290
Arab MSS. on, xiv. 231
borders of, geology of, Shaw's collec
tions, xv. 179
cotton of, etc., xi. 13
fort and town of, Khokand, commer
cial importance of, and sacred mosque-
tomb in, ix. 273, true position ascer
tained, x. 233
hydrography of, xiv. 238
maps of, xiii. 302, xiv. 320, xv. 289,
xxii. 341
Russian explorations in (see also Russian
explorations in C. Asia), iv. 297,
Schepeleff's, xvi. 350
three chief commercial centres in, xi. 164
Trade Routes between India and, Raw
linson, xiii. 10
Yakoob Beg and the Chinese, xx. 492
 Chinese, xi. 14, xii. 170, 125, 257
native name for, xi. 7
revolt in, 1866., xi. 11
 Eastern (see also Hi), xi. 162, area
of, and political history, Rawlinson
on, xviii. 414
elevation of plateau of, xiv. 231
expeditions and explorations —
Forsyth's mission to, 1873, xviii. 222
Hayward's (1869), xiii. 198, 200, 201,
xiv. 46, Murchison on, xv. 72-3,
Rawlinson on, xiv. 73, 136
Schlaginweit's (A.), iii. 171
Shaw's, 1868., xiv. 124, 137, xv. 175,
179, xvii. 198, Forsyth on, xiii. 198,
xxi. 41, Murchison on, xiii. 301,
xiv. 5, 315, Rawlinson on, xiv. 136
Geography of, a Prince of Kashgar
on, Shaw, xx. 482
Macqueen on, 1876., xx. 174
Transit of tea to, from N.W. India,
Forsyth, xiii. 198
 Russian, Water system of, Dilke,
xviii. 246, 253
 Western, ix. 271, x. 134, 135
Turkey and Turkish Empire (see Asia
Minor), iv. 201
boundary between, and Greece, deli
mited, 1830., iv. 118
Cossacks in, vi. 59, 60
telegraphs in, vii. 93
tree-felling in relation to rainfall in,
ix. 109
viticulture in, iii. 392
Turkey-in-Asia, (see also Asia Minor,
Palestine, Syria, etc.)
cotton-growing region in, viii. 21
earthquakes in, 19th century, vi. 64
expeditions and explorations —
Leahy's, to Sizicus, 1858., ii. 376
Taylor's, Erzerum to Diabekr, (1866.),
xii. 302

342

TUR— UBW

Turkey-in-Asia — continued.
Porter's map of, etc., (1856.), i. 162
mail transit in, ii. 226
Turkish Archipelago, see Mediterranean,
Admiralty survey
Turkomania, Russian expedition and
operations, 1871-2., xvii. 293
Turks, the, various views on, xi. 12
Turneffe Island, Brit. Honduras, geology
of, xii. 343
Turner, Rev. Dr. G., wave observed at
Samoa, on the day of the Earthquake
in Ecuador, 1868., xiii. 57
 , Major S., mission of, to Tibet,
(1783.), xii. 169, xix. 335
 , Point, N. Australia, xii. 201
Turnuk or Turnak river, Afghanistan, and
its feeders, xx. 243, source of the, 246 ;
slow and muddy, xxi. 587
Turon Bay, Annam, Admiralty survey,
iii. 269
Turtle Islands, Queensland, geology of,
xii. 143
 Mt. or Ridge, on the boundary of
B.N. America, ii. 44, 292, described, 146,
xx. 285 ; wooded area of, 286 ; buffalo
at. 298
Turukkansk, Siberia, Tundras northward
of, x. 234
Tiis, Turco-Persia frontier, ruins of,
xx. 169
Tuscarora, U.S.S., observations of ocean
temperature, Carpenter on, xix. 493,
502, xxi. 296
Tus-Shih-kou pass, Kalgan Mts.,Mongolia,
xviii. 153
Tustchibas Bay, Aral Sea, xix. 426
Tusuk river, Afghanistan, sources and
course of, xx. 246
Tuti or Thuti river, affluent of the
Limpopo, gold tract on, xii. 269
Tuticorin (Tutecoreen), Madras, port of,
vii. 96
Tutong river, Borneo, xvi. 172
Tuttle, H. P., U.S.A., on Hall's Arctic
Expedition of 1871., xv. 38
Tutuila Island, Navigator Group, xxi. 142
Bougainville at, 1768., xxi. 141
described by Forbes, xxi. 146-7
La Perouse at, (1787.), xxi. 145, 146
Tuwaruk river, near, Kashgar, wide bed
of, and wooden bridge over, xv. 191
Tuyama village, Japan, halting-place for
pilgrims to Fusi Yama, xvii. 78
Tuyra river, Isthmus of Darien, explored
by de Puydt, (1861.), xii. 63, 68
Tuyuk-Su Pass, across the Trans-Alai
Mts., xxi. 130
Tuz-Altyn-Dara river, Trans-Alai region,
quarries of rock-salt upon, xxi. 131,
source of, 132
Twa Lara and Go Kum Swa, Christian
villages, Formosa, xxii. 57

Twas, S. Africa, diminutive elephants
found by natives of, v. 17
Twin Glacier Valley, shores of Smith
Sound, Arctic regions, recent traces of
Arctic life found at, 1875., xxi. 276
Twiss, Dr. T., on the Hudson Bay Co.,
and its powers, vii. 73
Twyford, A. W., with de Lauture's Nile
expedition, 1856., i. 301, 447, 503,
ii. 100
Notes on the said expedition, i. 503
Tyndall,Prof. J., on the value of Dr. Neu-
mayer's observations, xii. 297
Tyndall, Mt., New Zealand, rivers rising
in, viii. 214
Typical Mountain Ranges, Spottiswoode,
iv. 97
Tyre, Palestine, Mansell's visit, I860.,
v. 172, Robinson's visit to, ii. 224
Tyrol, Austria, glaciers of, iii. 286, moun
tain attraction on plummet in, ii. 282 ,
Tytler, Col. Fraser, materials for map
of Afghanistan collected by, 1S38.,
xx, 247-8
Tyumen, Siberia, level country near,
xxii. 103
Tzaritzin, S. Russia, geology near, i. 416
Tzavoi, river, E. Africa, source of, viii. 7
Tz-coo, W. China, French missionaries at,
xiv. 342, xv. 169
Tze-fan, W. China, described, xiv. 343,
natives of, xv. 171
Tzigan, see Gipsies
Tzkenis:Tsquali river, Caucasus, xiii. 69,
sources of, and thickets along, 70
Tzo riyer, S.E. Africa, connection of, with
other waters, i. 240
Tzu-chi on the Yung river, E. China,
quarries near, xiii. 170, and water
connection between branches of river
at, 171

U.
[For names beginning with this letter
see also under Ow.]
U, or Tibet Proper, xii. 167
province, Tibet, xix. 329
Uamache, town, S.C. Africa, i. 75
Uara, N. Africa, xi. 34
Uaupe's, river, Brazil, Wallace on, xi. 108-9
Ubena, and its natives, E. C Africa,
xxii. 244
Ubengu, S.C. Africa, xiv. 10
Ubenu, E.C. Africa, slaveB from, xviii. 71
Ubsa, Lake, Altai region, C. Asia, position
of, and visits to, xxii. 52
Ubwari, Promontory, Tanganika, escape
of bitumen at, Stanley on, xxii. 402
Eength of, Stanley on, xxii. 40}

UCA— UJI

343

Ucayali river, tributary of the Amazon,
Peru, S. America, i. 252, viii. 59
Explorations of —
Maldonado's, xi. 103
Peruvian, about 1869., xiii. 133
WaUace and Mann'B, 1865., xi. 173-4
Wertherman's, 1876., xxii. 369
Extent of its drainage area, xv. 369
Sources of, xv. 131
Uohambi district, Viotoria Nyanza,
Stanley's journey to, xx. 141, 154
Udalgori, Assam, trade route to, xix. 341
Uddu, Victoria Nyanza, xxii. 392
Speke in, vii. 231
Uemba, L. Tanganika, xxii. 398
Uelle', or Welle, river, Central Africa
(eee oZso Aruwimi)
direction of, xvii. 22, rise of, 29
discovery of, by Dr. Schweinfurth,
xv. 311, xxi. 492
various names of, history of exploration
of, course of, xx. 130
volume of, xvii. 24, xxii. 405
Uffpa, district, Central Africa, xviii. 244
Ufumbiro Mountains, C. Africa, source
of the Alexandra Nile in, xxii. 392
Ugaga, C. Africa, xx. 309
elevation of, xix. 248
Ugamba, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 147
Ugana, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 147
Uganda, Kingdom, Victoria Nyanza,
vii. 190 ; see also Ougonda
boundaries of, vii. 186
customs in, 1871., xviii. 142 -
hills and timber in, H. M. Stanley on,
xxii. 322
journeys in, S. W. Baker, x. 20, Belle-
fond's, 1876., xx. 10, Kirk, 1872.,
xvi. 166, Col. Long's mission, 1874.,
xix. 107, Speke, vii. 182, 185, Stanley,
1875., xx. 10.
King Mtesa of, Stanley on, xx. 148 et seq.
mission from, to Sultan of Zanzibar,
Kirk on, xvi., 186
missionary prospects in, Stanley on,
xx. 152-3, xxii. 252-3
missionary journey to, and death of
Lt. Smith, xxii. 372
products of, xxii. 253
proper, as ruled by Mtesa, extent of,
xx. 46
rivers of, xx. 367
temperature of, Speke and Grant,
vii. 225
Ugara, C. Africa, level country in,
xix. 247, Lt. Cameron in, xx. 308
Ugarrowwa river, see Lualaba
 , theories concerning, xix. 75-78
Ugerengeri River, E. Africa, xvii. 334-6
Ugeyeya, country, Victoria Nyanza, de
scription of, and inhabitants, xx. 146
Mountains of, xx. 155 ; their great size,
xx. 42, sources of the Nile in, H§

Ugeyeya, country, Victoria Nyanza — cont.
slave trade in, xx. 146
Ugingo island, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 42
155, xxii. 389
Ugogo, country, E. Africa, v. 11, 15
difficulties of journey to, xxi. 234
dominant tribe in, xxii. 32 1
extent and surroundings of, Stanley on,
xxii. 385
journeys to, Cameron's, xviii. 72,
xx. 306, Speke's use of porters on,
v. 11, Stanley's, xx. 134-5
native prince of, xxii. 149
plains of, xx. 155, desert plains and
elevated, plateaus, xx. 43, marBhy
plains, xxii. 29
Ugoma Mountains, C. Africa, xx. 309
crossed by Lt. Cameron, xx. 310
Ugombo lake, E. Africa, xx. 306
source of river Mukondokwa or Ma-
kata, xxi. 234
Stanley's views on, rebutted by Lt.
Cameron, xviii. 70
Ugono Mountains, E. Africa, vi. 49
elevation and inhabitants of, Baron
Charles von der Decken, viii. 5
Ugoweh river, Viotoria Nyanza, xx. 41
natives at, xx. 156
Ugufu Mountains, C. Africa, xxi. 468
Uguhha country, C. Africa, description of
natives in, Lt. Cameron, xx. 310
Ugunda, E. C. Africa, Lt. Cameron's visit
to, xx. 308
Ugungu, native name for western shores
of Victoria Nyanza, xxii. 390
Uhha hills, C. Africa, xix. 152
dominant tribe in, xxii. 32
waterparting in, xxii. 396
Uiphum range, N.E. Frontier, India,
Capt. Tanner's journey in, 1872.,
xvii. 48
Ui tagh, see Tagharma
Ujfalvy, M. de, Exploration in Ferghana
1877., xxii. 340
Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika (q.v.)
altitude of, iii. 114
Arab post, i. 9
area drained by lake of, iii. Ill
cattle of, iii. 357
distance from the coast, xxi. 233
journeys to —
Burton and Speke's, 1858., iii. Ill,
112, 348, Murchison on, iii. 302
Livingstone's, xii. 176, xv. 116, 206-7,
xvi. 159, difficulties on journey to,
xvi. 226 ; his account of his stay
at, xvi. 435
Speke's exploration of, iii. 351
Stanley's visit to, xxii. 154, his meet
ing with Livingstone at, 1871.,
xvii. 9
lake of, its dimensions, iii. 117 ; shrink
age of, vii. 221 ; (see Tanganyika)

344

UJI— UNC

Ujiji, Lake Tanganyika (q.v.) — continued.
latitude and longitude of, xix. 251
Mountains opposite to, xviii. 256
position of, iii. 117, xii. 281, xvii. 69
rivers near, xvii. 69, xviii. 268
routes to, i. 9
Ukafu, bay, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 148
Ukali, W.C. Africa, ii. 33
Ukamba country, East Africa, visit of
Hildebrandt to, 1877., xxii. 451
Ukara or Ukerewe, lake (The Victoria
Nyanza), i. 8, iii. 113, 114, xvi. 128
Burton on, xvi. 129, 131
discovery of, by Speke, iii. 211
exploration of, by Speke, iii. 348
estimated latitude of, iii. 117
native names for, i. 8, and report on
size of, xvi. 130
position of, iii. Ill
 , island of, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 145,
xxii. 389
inhabitants and king of, xx. 154
Ukaranga-Tongwe', country, Lake Tan
ganika, xxii. 398
Ukembane, E. Africa, Krapf 's journeys to,
iii. 115
Ukerewe, island, Victoria Nyanza,
vii. 220
description of, Stanley, xxii. 388
extent of, xx. 42
missionary report on good government
of, xxii. 37
natives of, xx. 145
slave trade of, xx. 146
Ukimbu, or Uyanzi, Lake region, Africa,
Stanley's visit to, 1874., xx. 135
Ukraine, CoBsacks of the, vi. 59
Ukuugwe, Lake Tanganyika, iii. 112
Ulagalla or Uragara, capital of Uganda,
xx. 150, geographical position of, 144
Ulala, province, Livingstone's death in,
1873., xviii. 245
Ulambi, district, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 147
Ulangur, river, Russia, viii. 206
Ular Bulu, mountain, Borneo, visited by
Lieut, de Crespigny, xvii. 133
Ulegga, C. Africa, xx. 120 ; see Uregga
Ulenge (see Lange'), lake or river, Central
Africa, xiv. 8
Uliassutai, river, Western Mongolia,
xvii 188
¦  , town, visited by Pavlinof (1871.),
xv. 291 ; by Elias, 1873., xvii. 188-9
Uliunghur, Lake, Sosnoffsky on, xviii.
561
UUadulla, New South Wales, Admiralty
survey of coast near, xii. 245
Ulunda, W.C. Africa, jungle district of,
xx. 318-9
Um Alowee, Jebel, possibly the Sinai of
the Bible, xii. 192
Umatilla river, Oregon, xi. 84
Umba, river, E. Africa, viii. 5

Umba, village, Africa, xx. 75
elevation of, xx. 76
Umbang, river, Assam, xii. 336
Umberatana, station, Queensland, xv. 96
Um Blay, valley of, lowest point of the
Garo Hills, Assam, xvii. 36
Umchlasi River, S. Africa, Erskine's
journey up, xiii. 321
Umcomogaz river, see King George's river,
and Umkomogazi
Um el Jemal, Syria, walls of, ii. 178
Umfule, river, S. Afrioa, gold workings
near, xv. 155
Umgerania, S.E. Africa, goldfleld of,
xix. 117
Umgoniland, South-East Africa, cotton
culture in, xix. 123, leopards in, 124
Umgwema, river, South Africa, xiii. 336
Um-ihlatlangalor, Kraal of No-Bengule,
S.E. Africa, xv. 153
Umkeis, Syria, visit of Eaton to, viii. 29
Umkomasi. river. South Africa, xiii. 336
Umkomogazi, river, S.E. Africa, xiii. 336,
xvi. 97, 98; see also King George's
river
Umkonto, river, South Africa, xiii. 337
Umlumase or Umlumazi, river, South
Africa, rain at, xiii. 336; source of,
xix. 117
Umm Nirdn, cave, Syria, explored by
Burton, 1871., xvi. 104, 110
Umm Rakibeh, Syria, xvi. 112
Um-Mzoghal, ruins, possibly those of
Sodom, viii. 280
Umon, Island and Town, West Africa,
natives of, averse to trade, xx. 224
Umpqua, river, Oregon, U. S. America,
xi. 85
Um Shaumur, Peninsula of Sinai, partial
ascent of, 1857., by Rev. F. Howlett,
vii. 42, height of, x. 159, xii. 191
Umswelisi, river, S.E. Africa, possibilities
of production in valley of, xix. 124
Umtasiti, river, South Africa, quartz reef
near, xiii. 32i, game near, ib.
Umtonto, district, S. Africa, forest-covered
rocks and hills in, xxii. 129
Umtshan-tshan, hills, South Africa,
xiii. 332
Umvoloosi, White, river, South Africa,
xiii. 337
Umyati, river, South Africa, xiii. 136
Umzeila, South African chief, history of,
xiii. 324, deputation from, to St. V.
Erskine, xix. 112, interviews with St.
V. Erskine, xxii. 129, 132 ; his kraal,
geographical position of, xvii. 298, de
fined by St. V. Erskine, xix. Ill, its
name, 124
Unalacheet, river, Alaska, North America,
xii. 187
Uncomogazi, see Umkomogazi and King
George's river

UND— UNY

345

Undulatory motion of the Sea and its
currents, Cialdi on, iii. 395
Ungnesi, river, Central Africa, vi. 32
Ungsang, peninsula, Borneo, ii. 347
Ungudya Mkun, or Old Zanzibar, xx. 70
Uniamesi. Uniamwesi, Unyamesi, or Un-
yamwesi, Central Afrioa —
District, Central Africa, xx. 308 ; Arab
government in, traces of, xxii. 35;
boundaries of, P. Broyon-Mirambo,
xxii. 29-31 ; burial ceremonies in,
xxii. 35 ; king and rulers of, xxii. 32-
3 ; marriage ii, xxii. 34-5 ; products
of, Burton on, iii. 357 ; rainfall in,
ix. 14; routes through, i. 9; Best
route thither from the East Coast,
P. Broyon-Mirambo, xxii. 28 et seq. ;
superstitions of natives of, xxii. 34 ;
tribes of, xx. 29-31
Lake of, i. 8, 450, ii. 52 ; other names
for, i. 8 ; length of, iii. 114
Union, Cape, Arctic regions, xx. 60
United Kingdom (see also Great Britain
and separate parts) —
Surveys : Admiralty survey, 1856., i. 137 ;
1857., i. 400; 1858., ii. 258-263;
1859., iii. 261; I860., iv. 145 ; 1861,
v.166; 1862., vi. 130; 1863.. vii. 137;
1864., viii. 189 ; 1865., ix. 219 ; 1866.,
x. 216 ; 1867., xi. 190 ; 1868.,xii. 239 ;
1869., xiii. 274; 1870., xiv. 303; 1871.,
xv. 261-3 ; 1872., xvi. 315 ; 1873.,
xvii. 253 ; 1874., xviii. 535 ; 1875.,
xix. 405; 1876., xx. 404; 1877.,
xxi. 431 ; 1878., xxii. 333
Cadastral survey, vi. 140, vii. 145,
viii. 195
Geological survey, progress of,
i. 409-12, v. 182, vii. 146, viii.
196
Ordnance survey, I860., iv. 158 ; 1863.,
vii. 144; 1864., viii. 195
Triangulation of, carried into France
and Belgium, etc., viii. 195
United States —
Admiralty Surveys : see Progress of
Geographical Knowledge, infra
Baohe's coast surveys, ii. 233, 270
commercial routes across, ii. 336
cotton cultivation in the Southern
States of, iii. 315, vii. 68
development of the whaling trade due
to Arctic Exploration, i. 154
expeditions and explorations : Burton's
to Salt Lake City, v. 1 ; Government,
(Pacific), i. 165, iv. 85; Palliser's,
(Rocky Mts. of California), ix. 33;
Sevin's, (New Mexico), 1856., iii.
108 ; Wheeler's (to the same), 1878.,
xxii. 272; Whymper's (in Russian
America), 1865-7, xii. 186; pro
posed, 1857., i. 465, do, from Zanzi
bar, ii. 52, xvii. 274

United States — continued.
Geographical and Statistical Society of,
work of, i. 463, iii. 327
progress of, xv. 273, xvi. 329, xvii. 272
gold in, xxii. 275
Notes on a Map of, Poore, ii. 336
Physical Geography of the Coloraao
Basin and Great Basin region of,
Bell, junr., xiii. 140, 142
progress of geographical knowledge
in, i. 165, 462, ii. 289, iii. 327, vi. 137,
xv. 273, xvi. 329, xvii. 272, xix. 488,
xx. 431, xxi. 461, xxti. 365
railway surveys in Western, Bell on,
xiii. 140
railways and canals in, mileage of, in
1858., ii. 342
rivers of, compared with Chinese rivers,
ii. 206
Russo-American Telegraph Work, pro
gress, 1866., xi. 39
(proposed) Telegraphic Communication
with, and route for, (see N. Atlantic
Cable), Schaffner, iv. 101
United States Minister in England, on
Goad's paper on Lt. Wheeler's explo
rations in New Mexico, xxii. 282
Universities Mission, foundation of
Magila Station, E. Africa, by, xxii. 373,
other stations of, xx. 69
Unknown lake, Afrioa, Livingstone on,
xii. 435
Unkomogazi, river, South Africa, xvi. 97
ferry over, and navigation of, 98 ; see
Umkomogazi, and King George's
river
Un-kwesi, river, S. Africa, xv. 149
Unyama, or Unyame, river, Africa, affluent
of the Nile, xviii. 138, xxii. 391 ; rich
soil on banks of, xviii. 140
Unyampaka, Africa, Stanley's camp at,
xxii. 394
Unyamwezi, see Uniamesi
Unyanyembe, Central Africa, altitude of,
iii. 113; border heights, xix, 142 ; Bur
ton and Speke's station in, iii. 303,
348; Cameron at, xx. 307; Cameron's
journal of journey from, to Ujiji,
1873., xix. 130; disturbances at,
xvi. 102-3 ; geographical position of,
iii. 211 ; letters from, on Livingstone,
xvi. 385-6; road to and beyond,
xxi. 234 ; tsetse fly on route to, xxii. 373 ;
unsuited to Europeans, xxii. 37 ; war in,
Speke's action, vii. 231 ; watershed of,
xix. 142
Unyara, country, Victoria Nyanza, geo
graphical position of, xx. 146
Unyoro, kingdom, Albert Nyanza, vii. 190 ;
exploration of, by Speke and Grant,
vii. 187; Stanley's journey through,
xxii. 394; meteorological observations
in, by Speke and Grant, vii. 225;

346

UNY— USA

Unyoro — continued.
rivers of, vii. 221 ; temperature, vii. 225-
6 ; under rule of Mtesa, xx. 150 ; see
Minyoro
Unyu, river, W. Africa, ii. 91
Upata, Venezuela, ii. 154, 156
Upernavik, Arctic regions, latitude of,
xv. 112 ; meteorological observations at,
ix. 184; reindeer at, xv. 112; visit of
Dr. Kane to, 1855., i. 19, ii. 195
Upolu, Island, Navigator Islands, xxi. 141,
geological formation of hills, 143, pos
sesses no rivers, ib., natural harbours
in, 144, "Manu Mea" bird in, 145,
natives of, 145, 146, general aspect of,
145 ; equatorial wave at, 1868., xiii. 57
Upper Allumetu Lake, Canada, ii. 294
Upper Beas Valley, Kulu, Punjab, de
scribed by Capt. Harcourt, xv. 337
Upper Kootenay river, British Columbia,
benches of, xv. 134
Upper Trout Lake, Canada, communica
tion with Ottawa, ii. 294
Upshi, Tibet, hot springs at, feeding Indus
river, xvii. 198
Upstart Bay and Cape, Queensland, at
mouth of Burdekin river, v. 4, 7, 123;
vii. 2, 13 ; timber at, iv. 80
Ur of the Chaldees, site of, ix. 39
Rawlinson on, i. 47, xi. 157
Uraba, Gulf of, Colombia, xii. 64, sedi
mentary deposits of R. Atrato in, 65,
depths of, 70
Ural Mountains, described by Seebohm,
xxii. 103; boundary of the Aral basin,
iii. 388; dividing line of, xiii. 73; atmo
spheric pressure at places in, in rela
tion to height, xiii. 364; absence of
glacial action in, viii. 232-3; Russian
exploration in, i. 431-2 '
 River, Calmucks of, xxi. 218
Uramba, Mount, Viotoria Nyanza, xx. 41,
145
Urambo, Central Africa, capital of Unya-
mwesi, route to, from East Coast, P.
Broyon-Mirambo, xxii. 28-9
Urawa, post town, Japan, xvii. 82
Urbano, M., conductor of expedition up
Purus river, I860., x. 104
Urcullu, Don J. de, obituary notice of,
i. 131
Uregga, C. Africa, mountains and forests
of, xxii. 405 ; see Ulegga and Walegga
Forests of, Stanley on, xxii. 157
Urga, Mongolia (see also Kurin), Russian
garrison of, admitted by Chinese,
xviii. 76
Urgendj, important town in Khiva,
xix. 428
UrgundaborUrgundas,river,AfghaniBtan, course of, xxi. 587, mountains near.
586
Urguru, district, E.C- Africa, xx. 307

Uriji, White Lake of, Africa, (Luero to
Uriji), Speke on, vii. 219
Urimba, Lake Tanganika, xix. 249
 , Bay of, Livingstone and Stanley's
visit to, xix. 252
Urimi, country, E. Africa, cultivation of,
xx. 137; description of plateau near,
xx. 141 ; elevation of, and wooded
regions of, Stanley on, xxii. 386 ; Masai
natives of, Stanley on, xxii. 149, 151 ;
sources of streams feeding the Nile in,
xx. 142
Urique, Mexico, silver«mines of, iii. 109-10
Urisino, Japan, hot sulphur springs at,
vi. 204
Urmia, salt lake of, Persia, level of,
vi. 163; see Urumiah
Urondogani, C. Africa, navigation of the
Nile to, xix. 109; Gordon's post at,
xx. 474 ; lake near, xxi. 57
Urori, E. Africa, and natives of, Stanley
on, xxii. 385
Urpi canal, Yarkand, xiv. 65
Urquhart, W. S., survey of gold region of
Mount Alexander, Victoria, by, ii. 315
Urtai, Russian caravan station, Mongolia,
xviii. 155
Urtas, Palestine, American missionary
colony near, ii. 226
Urua, C. Africa, visit of Lt. Cameron
to, xx. 126, 130; chiefs of, xx. 121;
empire of, xx. 310
Urubamba, river, Peru, ascent of, by D.
Juan R. Tucker, xiii. 133 ; see Utcu-
bamba
Uruch, river, Caucasus, sources and valley
of, xiii. 71
Uruguay, river, S. America, i. 170,
xviii. 119; forests on borders of, vi. 74 ;
partial survey of, i. 407 ; exploration of,
by Lt. Page, and others, i. 467
Urumchi, city, Central Asia, xv. 25;
position of, xvi. 404
Urumiah or Urmia, lake, Armenia, vi. 163,
viii. 277, no outlet from, xxii. 169
Urundi, C. Africa, lake in, vii. 219
Urungu, country, C. Africa, xxii. 398;
mountainous region of, xviii. 261
Ururi, country, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 146 ;
hilly nature of, xx. 41; districts com
prised in, xx. 146 ; cattle in, xx. 155 ;
extent of pastoral country in, xx. 155,
xxii. 389 ; slave trade in, xx. 146
Uruspieh, Baksan valley, Caucasus, Tartar
princes of, xiii. 70
Uruwa, Central Africa, white man Been in,
probably Livingstone, Kirk on, xii. 21
Urville, Admiral d', Antarctic Exploration
of, ii. 171, xiii. 115
U'Sabia, river, South Africa, course of,
xiii. 340 ; see Sabia
Usafa, C. Africa, xxji. 245, rnouptftins of,
247

USA— UVU

347

gara, province, East Afrioa, iii. 349;
Stanley on, xxii. 384; dominant tribe
in, xxii. 32 ; mountains, xx. 305 ; eleva
tion of upper plateau of, xxi. 234 ; gorge
in, xxi. 240 ; see Useghara
Usakuma, Victoria Nyanza, Stanley wel
comed in, xxii. 152 ; see Usukuma
Usambara, country, East Africa, xx. 74 ;
visit of Burton and Speke to, iii. 210;
condition of, when visited by New,
xix. 321 ; tribes of, xix. 322
 , mountains of, vi. 47, xix. 318
Usarau, district, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 147
Usandawi, district, E. Africa, xx. 141 ; ele
phants of, xx. 135
Usango or Urori country, E. Central Afrjca,
Livingstone on, xiv. 9 ; vast plains and
rivers in, Cotterill on, xxii. 245; see
Urori
Usavara, Uganda, xx. 150
Usborne, river, New Guinea, xx. 333,
country near, Goldie on, xxii. 221
Usdum, Jebel, Dead Sea, fish in brine
spring near, i. 223 ; visit of Clowes to,
viii. 279
Useghara, E. Africa, xviii. 70 ; hills of,
xviii. 71 ; see Usagara
Useit, Wady, Sinai, xiii. 207
Usekhe, Africa, xxii. 248 ; boulders at,
xx. 306
Uselet Mts., Tunis, and inhabitants,
vi. 212
Ush, town, C. Asia, xviii. 411-2; see Osh
 , Wady el, Sinai, xiii. 208
Ushiuruyama,- volcano, Japan, elevation
of, x. 169
Ush-Kurgan, Turkistan, visited by
Ujfalvy, xxii.' 341
Usiha, C. Africa, Stanley's journey
through, xx. 141
Usmaow, C. Africa, Stanley's journey
through, xx, 141
Usoga, district, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 147 ;
course of the Nile in, vii. 221 ; governed
by Mtesa, xx. 150 ; products of, xxii. 253 ;
description of, by H. M. Stanley, xxii. 390,
natives of, ib., shores and terraces, 391
Usongora, district, Victoria Nyanza,
position of, xx. 158; products of,
xxii. 253
Usowa, district, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 147
Uspallata, plain, S. America, elevation of,
xvii. 65
 , pass, telegraphic route over, and
elevation of, xvii. 64
Ussambi, country, C. Africa, Cameron on,
xx. 318
UBSuri, Ussouri, or Usuri river, Eastern
Asia, tributary of Amur river, ii. 153;
ascent of, by Capt. Veniukoff, iii. 289 ;
establishment of a colony on, viii. 203
note; good land near, xiii. 365; possi
bility of opening up, xvi, 216 ; rise and

course of, xi. 253, xiii. 32-3 ; length of,
xi. 254
Ust Strelka, Eastern Asia, Russian settle
ment at, xiii. 368
Ust Urt, desert, Turkey in Asia, viii. 200 ;
lofty plateau, iii. 388, xi. 206 ; elevation
of, xix. 423
Usuguru, Island, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 147,
157, xxii. 389 ; extent of, xx. 42 ; visit of
Stanley to, xxii. 390
Usui, district, C. Africa, waterparting of
Nile and Ttfnganika, xxii. 396; under
rule of Mtesa, xx. 150
Usui no Yama, active volcano, Yezo, 1872.,
xvi. 201
Usukuma, Victoria Nyanza, xxii. 389 ;
visited by Speke, iii. 348, by Stanley,
xx. 141, xxii. 152
Usuma Island, Victoria Nyanza, xxii. 390
'Usur, mountains, Yemen, geology of,
xviii. 197
Usutu, river,- South-East Africa, examined
by Erskine, xxii. 131
little and great rivers, xiii. 337
Utah, lake, North America, fresh water
of, xiii. 142 ; routes to, ii. 50
Utambara, Central Africa, Zulus at,
viii. 259
Utanata, river, New Guinea, geological
theories in connection with, ii. 166
Utarunai, port, Yezo, xviii. 227, 234
Utcubamba (sic, pro Urubamba?) river,
Peru, exploration of, by Arthur Wertber-
man, xv. 303
Utendi, C. Africa, xix. 247
Utes, natives of New Mexico, Goad on
xxii. 279
Utiri, district, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 146
Utrecht, Holland, provisions of treaty of,
1713., as to Rupert Land, vii. 74
 , county, Transvaal, coal in, xxii. 121
Utuhue river, tributary of Putumayo river,
S. America, xxi. 572
Utumbi, kingdom, Africa, vii. 190
Utumbuca Modone, S. C. Africa, river at,
i. 76
 Pambraculima, town, S. C. Africa, i.76
Utura, town, S. C. Africa, i. 75
Ututwa, district, Victoria Nyanza, people
of, xx. 145
Uvenda (Kowende), C. Africa, hills near,
xix. 145, 247
Uveriveri,vUlage,Central Africa, Stanley's
difficulties at, xx. 136
Uvinza, district, C. Africa, chiefs of,
xix. 148-9, fine country in, ib. ; domi
nant tribe in, xxii. 32
Uvira, district, Albert Nyanza, xviii. 142 ;
narrowness of the lake near, xviii. 144
 , district, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 147
Uvuma, Island, Victoria Nyanza, xxii. 389-
90; extent of, xx. 42, 147; natives of,
xx. 40 ; products of, xxi}. 253

348

UVC— VAN

Uvuma, town, S. C. Africa, i. 76
Uwanji, E. C. Africa, cattle of, elevated
plateau of, Cotterill on, xxii. 244
Uwet, W. Africa, farms of the Creek Town
people at, xx. 224, natives of, ib.
Uwya, Victoria Nyanza, natives of, xx. 158
Uyanzi, C. Africa, dominant tribe in,
xxii. 32 ; plateau of, xx. 141
Uzaramo, Victoria Nyanza, form of slavery
in, Holmwood cited on, xxi. 502
Uzbegistan, Central Asia, Russian Expedi
tion to, under Pazukhin, 1671-2., Clarke
on, xxi. 218
Uzbel, pass, Central Asia, elevation of and
views from, xxi. 128
 Su, affluent of Chon Su, valley of,
xxi. 127, mountains near, 128
Uzeristan, Afghanistan, xx. 244
Uzi, town, Zanzibar, description of, xx. 70
Uzielli, Mr., in connection with North
Australian Expedition, 1856., i. 35, 172
Uzimba, Albert Nyanza, xxii. 394
Uzinja, Uzinza, or Mweri, district, Vic
toria Nyanza, xx. 158 ; pastoral country
of, xxii. 389
Uziri, Island, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 148
Uzongora, plateau, Victoria Nyanza, tribe
inhabiting, Stanley on, xxii. 393
Uzura, Lake Tanganika, rocky plains of,
xxii. 403

V.

Vacovia, Alb. Nyanza, xxi. 52, 55, lati
tude of, x. 17
width of lake at, xviii. 142
Yadil, Ferghana, elevation and fertility
of, xxi. 136
pictufesqueness of, xxii. 340
Vaigats, island and Strait, Arctic region,
see Waigats
Vakage, Congo district, Africa, xix. 80
Vakinankaratra district, Madagascar,
country west of, xxi. 167
Vakihankarat valley, Madagascar, popu
lation of, xix. 193
Valaam Island, Lake Ladoga, geological
formation of, xiii. 379, good water, 380
Valais, Switzerland, geological structure
of, Volger on, iii. 279
Valdivia, Patagonia, ship-wrecked Eng
lishman at, xv. 48
Vallack Point, Cape York, Australia, ex
plored, viii. 116
Valorous, H.M.S., return voyage of, 1875.,
Markham, xx, 55, work of, 65
Valparaiso, ChUe, longitude of, i. 469
magnetic dip at, increasing, xxii. 214
trade of, in relation to Panama, vi. 77
Vambery, A., journeys through C. Asia to
Khiva, etc., 1863., viii. 267, ix. 251
on his journeys, viii. 269
cited on Khiva, xvii. 165

Vambery, A. — continued.
Rawlinson on his travels, viii. 272
» Strangford on, viii.. 272
Van, Asia Minor, earthquake at, in about
1659., vi. 64
 Lake, vi. 64 ; no outlet from, xxii. 169 ;
visited by Taylor (1869.), xiii. 244
Van CapeUen, T., Dutch resident at
Coepang, Timor, ii. 9, 15
Vancouver, discovers Rapa Island (1791.),
xiii. 83, his N.W. passage expedition, a
visit to Nootka Sound, i: 489
Vancouver Island, B.N. America,
Admiralty surveys, ii. 268, iii. 272,
iv. 155, vi. 136, vii. 142, viii. 191, 217,
ix. 222
bench and other geological formations
at gold-diggings of, xv. 135
boundary deUmitation, 1857., i. 407
coal in, iv. 230, v. 203, viii. 91, ix. 307
communication with E. Canada desired,
i. 462, proposed, i. 263
described by C. W. Grant, (1857.), i. 487
exploration in interior of, R. Brown,
1864, ix. 305; do., Mayne, (1862.),
vi. 107
geological formation of, Murchison on,
iii. 322
good harbours of, v. 203
missionary work in, etc., i. 489
Murchison on, viii. 86
natives of, i. 266, 267
its physical geography, climate, and
mineral resources, Dr. C. Forbes,
viii. 83
progress of geographical knowledge of,
1864., viii. 215
Proposed communication from, to Hud
son's Bay, Banister, i. 263
proposed routes to, i. 264
routes to gold district of, Forbes on,
viii. 85 .
saline springs of, vi. 232
soil of, viii. 93
value and importance of, ii. 49, 333
Van Diemen's Gulf, N. Australia, i. 502,
viii. 211, ix. 23
Admiralty survey begun, x. 221
colonized from S.Australia, vii. 170, 171,
establishment at, ix. 234
colony near, xii. 290
Stuart's expedition, 1862., reaches,
vii. 82, 169, xii. 288, and takes posses-
of, ix. 233
Van Diemen's Land (see a7so Tasmania),
vii. 171, ix. 228
geology of, i. 503
hot wind in, i. 35
mountains of, in relation to dry winds,
i. 59
  , N. Australia, once an island,
v. 59
 river, Stokes' chart of, xiii. 53

VAN— VIC

349

Vangaindrdno, Hova fort, Madagascar,
xxi. 162, district described, 163
Vanikoro, shipwreck of La Perouse at,
xvi. 390
Van Rensselaer Harbour, Greenland,
Kane's winter quarters, i. 17
Vansittart Bay, W. Australia, anchorage
in, x. 39
Vansittart, Capt. E. W., on Chinese
barbarities and on Chinese emigrants,
ii. 207, on the trade of Yangtse river,
ii. 203
Varahina river, Madagascar, course of,
xix. 184, source of, 199
Variata, see Astrolabe Mt.
Variation Charts (see Hydrographical
Department, work of) for 1858., ii. 270
by F. J. Evans, 1859., iii. 273; I860.,
iv. 156
Researches on, 1862., vi. 138 ; 1865.,
ix. 177
Varivara or Parivara Island, N. Guinea,
xviii. 37
Varthema, Ludovic de, travels of, in
Yemen (circ. 1503.), xv. 330
Valalda Hills, Iceland, view from, xx. 27
Vatna Jokull, Iceland, journey across in
1875., W. L. Watts, xx. 21
river rising in, v. 82
Vatra river, Argentine Republic, S.
America, xvii. 63
Vaughan, D., on explorations in S.Arabia,
xvi. 123
Vavabato, or Vavavato, granite Mts. of,
Madagascar, xix. 189, xxi. 157
Veden, Daghestan, taken by Russia,
iv. 250
Veldt district of the Transvaal, extent,
etc., described by Fynney, xxii. 116
Vellir, Iceland, Greenland ice near, v. 230
Venbulli, S. America, castellated rocks
of, ii. 18
Vendres, Port, France, surveys near,
i. 405
Venezuela, gold in, ii. 157
republic of, how formed, ui. 93
Venice, freedom of, from silt, how secured,
iii. 310
Veniukoff, Col., Additional remarks on
the Bolor Highlands, xiii. 342
map of N.W. Mongolia, xvi. 350
on Palladius's route-map of Eastern
Asia, xvi. 205
Ventenat, Cape, N. Guinea, channel near,
xix. 229
Venus, Point, Tahiti, mark on, to deter
mine subsidence, iv. 85
tides at, iv. 108
 , Transit of, 1882, in connection with
Antarctic Discovery, Davis, xiii. 114,
121
Antarctic observation station chosen,
xiv. 155

Venus, Transit oi— continued.
plans for observing, xiii. 295
Spitzbergen as an observation station,
xii. 109
Stations for observing, in S. Indian
Ocean, xviii. 544
Waugh on, xiii. 113
Vera Cruz, Mexico, discovery of, iii. 390
Veramin, plain of, Persia, irrigation in,
iii. 4
Verde river, S. America, affluent of the
PaBtassa, xxi. 557
Vereker, Hon. H. P., Report on the
Brazilian Province of the Parana, vi. 74
Verkhoi Mts., Siberia, elevation of, and
difficulty in crossing, xxi. 214, unin
habited region near, xxi. 213
Verkhoyansk, Siberia, low temperatures
at, xxi. 214
Vermeja, mountain stream, feeder of the
Putumayo, S. America, xxi. 572
Vermejo river, a boundary of Paraguay,
xviii. 121
Vermilion Pass, Rocky Mts., found by
Palliser's expedition, 1858., iii. 123
value of, Kelly on, vi. 108
water-parting in, vi. 234
wheat-growing distriot near, vi. 233
Verneuil, E. de, value of his geological
researches, i. 426
Verney, Sir H., on the African explora
tion fund, xxii. 473
on Alcook's Presidency of E.G.S.,
xxii. 303
— the cattle of Patagonia, xv. 50
— the marshes of Paraguay, xviii. 129
— mining methods at Coquimbo,
xviii. 220
Vernoe, or Vernoye, C. Asia, Russian fort
at, xiv. 221
elevation of, iv. 197
pass to, xviii. 250
Vernon Islands, N. coast of Australia,
x. 36
Verrugas Bridge, Peru, xviii. 208
Vertical convection movements in Seas,
local effects of, xviii. 309
Verzino, old name for Brazil, xvi. 354
Veshni Oudinsk, Siberia, situation of, and
trade at, xiii. 369
Vespucci, theory of his discovery of Vera
Cruz, iii. 390
Vesuvius rock, Sea of Azov, i. 305
Vetura, or Owen Stanley (q.v.), Mt., New
Guinea, xx. 266, peculiar shape of, 332
 river, N. Guinea, xx. 333, affluents
of, 334
Veuru river, N. Guinea, xviii. 42
Via Mala, Splugen, chasm of, xv. 177
Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, sends
gold medals to Speke and Grant, 1863.,
vii. 215-6, 224
obituary notice, 1878., xxii. 330

350

VIC— VIC

Victoria, Queen of England, addresB of
condolence from R.G.S. to, on the death
of the Prince Consort, vi. 40
Victoria, Colony of, (see also Australia,
New South Wales and Queensland),
vii. 12
admiralty surveys of, vi. 135, vii. 142,
viii. 192, ix. 222, x. 221, xi. 194,
xii. 244, xiii. 281, xiv. 307, xv. 266,
completed, xvi. 320; subsidiary do.,
xvii. v256, xviii. 535, 539, xix. 409,
xx. 403, 408, xxi. 436, xxii. 336
Alps of, Gawier on, v. 10, Jukes on,
iv. 82, 95, 97, 195, v. 10, Muller on,
i. 3 ; source of the Murray river, iii.
338, iv. 97
at first called Australia Felix, xv. 200
Expeditions connected with —
see Burke and Wills, and expeditions
in search of same, (Landsborough,
Howitt, Norman, Walker and
others), Eyre, Mclntyre, etc.
Hume's, 1824, etc., xviii. 532, xix. 51
joint colonial expedition in search
of Leichhardt organized, (1865.),
x. 59, 252
Miiller's in the Alps, (1854.), i. 3
Royal Society of Victoria's expedi
tions in relation to Burke and
Wills, vii. Ill, 174, Report of,
1861., vii. 35
Victorian camel expedition, see
Burke and Wills
 Ladies' fund for expedition
in search of Leichhardt, ix. 304,
x. 5, 60, 252, xi. 226; death of
leaders, 226-7
first settlement of, 1827.,. xviii. 533,
rapid development of, vi. 56, vii. 172,
xiv. 322; state of, in 1875., Bowen
on, xix. 315
geological formation, xii. 140, Jukes on,
iv. 95; geological maps of, made by
Selwyn, vi. 175
gold in and gold produce of, i. 452-6,
ii. 314-5, iii. 339, 341, iv. 79, 253,
v. 243, vi. 57, vii. 181, viii. 32-3,
ix. 228-9, xii. 138-9, 286, 315, xv. 243,
xvi. 295, xviii. 520, 522
honour paid to Burke and Wills in,
vii. 173
interest of colony in mail routes to
England, i. 86
mountains of, formation of, Jukes on,
iv. 95
saline desert north of, Murchison on,
iii. 337
settlers from, pushing north into Queens
land, vi. 13
sheep -fanning and wool production in,
Lamb on, x. 327
Victoria, Vancouver Id., Admiralty sur
veys of harbour, I860., iv. 155

Victoria, Vancouver Id. — continued.
future of, Moody on, viii. 91
harbour of, Forbes on disadvantages of,
viii. 85
progress of, (I860.), iv. 230
 , W. Africa, missionary station at,
vi. 239 •
Victoria Bay, Russian port in Manchuria,
xvi. 216
 Channel, Arctic Regions, animal life
of, i. 54
open sea in, i. 20
 or Mosioatunya Falls, Zambesi river,
i. 248
altitude at, and drop of, Frewen on
xxii. 223
cultivation near, and freedom from
tsetse fly, vi. 27
depth of river at, v. 129
described by Livingstone, v. 208
discovered by him, ii. 159
geological formation at, vi. 32
 Land, Arctic regions, i. 19
deer, etc., of, i. 54 '
discovery of, ix. 97
 , Mt., North Australia, named by
Gregory, i. 229, 231
Victoria Nyanza or Ukara Lake (q.v.),
v. 15
affluents of, xxi. 466
altitude of, various estimates of, xx. 11,
43, 143, 159, xxii. 387
area of, xx. 37, 43
Baker on, xx. 144
Burton on, ix. 6, xvi. 129, 131
Cameron on, xviii. 178
circumnavigation of, by Stanley, 1875.,
xx. 9 et seq.
Climate of, Galton, vii. 225
depth of, xx. 152
described by Speke, viii. 217
drainage area of, xxii. 393
expeditions to (see also Speke and
Svaulev) —
C.M.S'., ' 1876-7., Hutchinson on,
xxi. 498
Long's, 1874., xix. 108
Speke's, iii. 351, xi. 241
Stanley's exploration of, 1874., Grant,
xx. 34 et seq.
Galton on, ix. 10
Grant on, xix. 261
inflow and outfall of, vii. 215, and two
outlets of, viii. 51
length of coast-line of, xxii. 253
Livingstone on, xviii. 257
maps, erroneous, of, xx. 39, 40
 by Smith and O'Neill, xxii. 408
— — , Turner's, combining Speke's and
Stanley's surveys, xx. 46
native information on, gleaned by
Speke, iii. 852 ; sent by Livingstone,
xvi. 439

VIC— VOG

351

Victoria Njrahza or Ukara Lake— cont.
native routes to, ix. 8
need for further exploration of, viii. 249
Notes on the Height of, C. GeoTge,
xx. 159
shape of, xvi. 131
Stanley's letters on his journey to and
circumnavigation of, 1874-5., xx. 134
et seq.
 description of, xxii. 152, 387 et seq.
tribes on, xvi. 129
unity of lake, Grant ou, xviii. 33
 Port, Seychelles, fine harbour of,
iii. 314
 reef, S. Atlantic, fishing on, vi. 198
Victoria river, N.W. Australia, v. 2, 3, 9,
57, vi. 13, 14, vii. 171, 177
Admiralty surveys, x. 221
Caddell's opinion on, xii. 202
characteristics of, vi. 171
climate of, vii. 170
colonization, forecasts, i. 86, vii. 14. 89,
ix. 234, established, x. 251
country near, i. 491
course of, i. 228-9, 366
disoovery of, by Capt. Wickham, r.n.,
vii. 169
drainage area of, vii. 13
Expeditions to and Explorations of,
Chimmo's, i. 260-1
Gregory's, i. 5, 6, 31, 33, 34, 50,
171, 184, 188, 191-3, 324, 328, 365,
367, ii. 5-12, iii. 157
Stokes' survey of, i. 262, 502
Stuart's expedition to, 1862., vii. 12
Wickham and Stokes, (1839.), i. 366
fine country on, iii. 91, xiv. 197
¦  harbour at mouth of, vii. 90
healthy district of, i. 456-7, 459
largest tidal river of Australia, vii. 86
latitude of, vii. 89
mountains near, xii. 288
native weapons on, ii. 12
navigability of, ii. 211, 2J2
position of bay at mouth of, v. 144
shoal in, i. 262
size of, vii. 14
source, ii. 7, v. 9
suited for cotton culture, vii. 13
table lands of, i. 230
tides, i. 225, vi. 14
varying freshness, ii. 14
  , Barcoo, or Cooper's Creek,
Queensland, iii. 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 30, 88,
334, vii. 4, xii. 286
Victoria, H.M.C.S., sent on search for
Burke and Wills, vi. 24, 70, salves the
Firefly, 173, vii. 3, returns, 6, 7, further
details, 36, 37, 38, 173
surveys on the N. Australian coast,
vii. 114, xi. 194
- — Strait, (of Rae), Arctic regions,
Frank's crews pass down, 1849., i. 22

Victory, Cape, Arctic regions, Franklin's
record found at, iv. 11
— — , Mt., N. Guinea, elevation of, xix. 233
Vioucu, town, S.C. Africa, i. 75
Vienchang, capital of Laos, xiii. 307
Vienna to Asterabad, route via the
Danube and Caspian, i. 306
 Geographical Society, foundation of,
i. 51, 151
Vigne, G, T., cited on the course of the
Indus, x. 307-8
cited on the Karakoram Mts., xx. 491
on Kashmir, its climate, etc., iv. 32
Viloariota, Peak of, Andes, water-parting
near, xv. 369
Villa, Chev. I., Planispheres by, vi. 249
Villa Occidental, Paraguay, unhealthy
situation of, xx. 500
 Rica, Paraguay, route to, xx. 495
Village Island, Australia, i. 80
Villano, S. America, tributary of the
Curari, xxi. 567-8
ViUarino, B., expedition of, up the Rio
Negro, viii. 160, 162
Villeta, Paraguay, healthy situation of,
xx. 500
Vincennes, U.S.S., survey exploration in
N. Pacific Ocean, 1854., i. 16, corrects
Wrangell as to Arctic ice, i. 29
Vindu, Lower Congo, xix. 96
Vinland, site of, xvii. 317
Vinyata, basin of, C. Africa, Stanley on
Nile feeders in, xx. 137, xxii. 386
Virago, H.M.S., rescues Strain's Darien
exploring party, i. 88
surveys of inner Channel, Gt. Barrier
Reef, xiii. 282
Virgin Gorda, W. Indies, earthquake at,
(1867.), xiii. 280
Virgin Islands, W. Indies, earthquake at,
xii. 243
Virgin's Pass near Shiraz, nature of, i. 322
Visca, Rio de, tributary of the Amazon,
xviii. 211
Visconti, Marquis Giammartino Arconatl,
obituary notice of, 1876., xx. 388
Vision, Mt., Australia, vi. 55
Visp, earthquakes at, i. 149, ii. 287
Vitalatlolu, S. E. Africa, missionary station
at, x. 174
Viuda, pass de la, Andes, elevation of,
xv. 131
Vizagapatam, India, rainfall of, xi. 64
Vladikavkaz, see Wladikafkas
Vladiovostock, or Port May, Harbour,
Russian settlement at, xi. 253, xiii. 365
Vloe, on the Volta, Africa, rocks near
v xviii. 187
Vdambdhitra, Mt., Madagascar, elevation
and aspect of, xxi. 170
Vogel, Dr. E., Astronomical observations
for Latitude and Longitude in C,
Africa, i. 444, table of, 518

352

VOG-WAI

Vogel, Dr. E. — continued.
explorations of, in N.C. Africa, i. 155,
journey along the Chadda, i. 114 ; do.
(1855.), ii. 30, 35, viii. 10, 11
fate of, accounts of, ii. 79
on the Ivory trade of C. Africa, i. 215
letters from, Three Letters to Dr. Barth
on African latitudes, i. 15
 , Murchison on, viii. 4
 on his journey in C. Africa,
viii. 10-11
Bearch for papers of, by Baikie, (1861.),
xi. 49
traces of, and of Corpl. M'Guire found
by Dr. Baikie, viii. 10
obituary notice, ii. 257
award to his sister, viii. 243 note
Vohemaro, Madagascar, ix. 289, described
by Gunst, 290
Vohidoity, Madagascar, described by
Holding, xiv. 369
Vohileha Hill, Madagascar, xxi. 170
Voi or Tanganyiko river, E. Africa, source
and course of, xxii. 450
Voksa river, affluent of Lake Ladoga,
xiii. 379
Volcano Bay, Japan, active volcanoes of,
and mineral wealth, xvi. 201
breadth of, xviii. 228
exploration of W. Shores of, Forbes,
x. 169, 172
filling up, x. 318
Volcano Mts., S. America, iv. 46
Volcanoes, extinct and active, formation of,
Duncan on, xxii. 90
Volchoff river, affluent of Lake Ladoga,
xiii. 376, 378, 379
Volga river, deepening of mouth of, i. 307
high right bank of, i. 416
rise and course of, ix. 265
sidewise movement of, xx. 499
Volger, Dr., observations and history of
earthquakes in Switzerland, Murchison
on, iii. 279
Volta river, Africa, boatmen of, xviii. 189
distance of, from the Niger, Glover on,
xviii. 286
explorations of: Bonnat's, 1875., xxi. 474,
Croft's, 1872., xviii. 183, Dolben's in
H.M.S. Bloodhound, vi. 49, Glover and
Kennedy's, 1869., xiii. 360
Vomzongo district, Madagascar, natives of,
xix. 197
Von Bary, Dr. E., see Bary, Dr. E. von
Voorland, the (Prince Charles Island),
Spitzbergen, soundings near, ix. 169
Vorkai river, Arru Islands, ii. 164
Vorlegenhed Hook, Spitzbergen, ix. 311
Votovorono, volcanic peak, Madagascar,
xix. 188
Vrana, modern name for Marathon, i. 481
Vuelta del Norte channel, Parana river,
xx. 500

Vuga, E. A frica, explorers' visits to, xix.317,
climate, 321, coal near, ib., peaks of, and
position, 319-20
Vulkano, Santorin I., Greek archipelago,
volcanic eruption at, x. 118
Vunga, Africa, Middle Zambezi, i. 248
Yyndya, Mts., India, Campbell on, xi. 57
W.
Waaygat, see Waigats
Wabash canal, North America, its course,
ii, 207
Wabbe Shabeli, river, Somaliland, x. 115
Wachungu, tribe, L. Nyassa, district, etc.,
of, Cotterill on, xxii. 242, 3
Wadai, Sudan, Africa, ii. 34, 80 ; ivory of,
i. 215 ; Vogel's reported death at, i. 443
Waddington, A., On the Geography and
Mountain Passes of British Columbia,
in connection with an Overland Route,
xii. 121 ; additional remarks, 122, 126
Waddouring Springs, West Australia,
xiv. 191
Wadela plateau, Abyssinia, described by
Markham, xiii. 299
Wad en Fys, river, North Africa, sources
of, xv. 218-9
Wadigo, East Africa, low lands of,
xix. 322; visited by New, 1874., xix.
317
Wadnoon, Morocco, commencement of
desert, ii. 376
Waduruma, Central Africa, coast lands
of, xxii. 450
Wadusi, river of the, Central Africa, i. 9 ;
its size, i. 10
Wafipa, district, Central Africa, river in,
i. 9
Wagga Wagga, town, New South Wales,
iii. 338
Waghorn, Lt., and the Overland Route
to India, iii. 192, iv. 56
Wagish, identified with Surkhdb or
Wakhsh river, Central Asia, xx. 17
Wahabite Kingdom, Arabia, Palgrave on,
viii. 67 ; extent of, 69 ; government
and religion of, 70-73, 74 ; capital of, see
Riadh
Wahambia Cataract, Albert Nyanza,
xxi. 52 *
Wahganyab, S. Australia, x. 129
Wahidee StateB, S. Arabia, district de
scribed, xvi. 116
Wahlberg, J. F., Swedish Traveller,
obituary notice, 1857., i. 396
Wahnapitae, river and lake, Canada,
connection with French river, ii. 294
Wahsatch Mts., North America, xiii. 140
Wahumba, or Masai, land of, E. Africa,
watercourses trending to, xxii. 385
Wai, river, E. China, outfall of, xiv. 32

WAI— WAL

353

Waiau, river, New Zealand, forests near,
ii. 356
Waigat, Greenland, i. 105; icebergs in,
xx. 58, 62
 , Spitsbergen, Icebergs in, ix. 176;
originally called Sir Thomas Smyth
inlet, xvii. 99
Waigats (Vaigats, Waaygat, Waigatz, or
Waygats), Island and. Straits, Novaya
Zemlya, i. 432 ; icebergs in, ix. 172 ;
navigation near, i. 29; swell near, ix.
174 ; tide in, ix. 173
Waigiou, Island, New Guinea, vi. 43
Wai-ho (river), E. China, Grand Canal
at, xiv. 22
Waikawa, Whaling Settlement, New Zea
land, ii. 356
Wailili, bay, Upolo Island, Navigator
Group, blind harbour, xxi.144 ; German
cotton plantation at, xxi. 145
Waimea, plain, Hawaii, climate of,
xii. 307, fertility of, 310
Waini, river, B. Guiana, forests on, ii. 154
Wainwright, Jacob, at Livingstone's
death, xvni. 245-6; at Livingstone's
funeral, xviii. 511 ; present at evening
meeting, 1874., xviii. 254 ; his journal,
255 ; tribute to his character, Hut
chinson, xviii. 182
Waitaki, riverK New Zealand, explored
by Hector, 1863., viii. 47
 vaUey, sterility of, vi. 72
Waite, Peter, letter to, from Ross, on his
exploration of Cooper's Creek district,
1870., xv. 96
 river, Australia, xv. 97 ; course of,
98-9
Waitemata, harbour and river, New Zea
land, surveyed, i. 406
Wakamatsu, Japan, siege of, 1868-9.,
xviii. 236
Wakatipu, Lake, New Zealand, Hector's
visit to, viii. 48, ix. 33
Wakefield, Rev. T., on the death of New,
1875., xix. 323; map of East Africa,
notes on, by K. Johnston, xvi. 125
 and New, journeys in East Africa,
xvi. 127
Wakhan, Pamirs, position of, xviii. 433;
territories of, xviii. 431 ; extent of, 435 ;
tribes of, claiming descent from Alex
ander the Great, xviii. 430
 valley, glacial lake in, xv. 13 ; the
Mirza's travels in, xv. 182-3
 and Badakshdn, Observations on, by
Sir H. C. Rawlinson, xvii. 108
Wakhsh, river, Central Asia, see Wagish
Wakool, river, New South Wales, naviga
tion of, iu. 338 *
Wakua, river, New Guinea, geological
theories connected with, ii. 166
Walegga, mountains, Central Africa,
position of, xvii. 22 ; see Ufegga

Wales, H.R.H. Prince of, and the Anni
versary Dinner, ,1869., xiii. 318; at
Royal Geographical Society, xvii. 165 ;
Patron and President of African Ex
ploration Fund's Committee, xxi. 17.
393, 476 ; at meeting on proposed new
Arctic Expedition, xix. 206, 223; in
the Chair to welcome the returned
Arctic Expedition under Nares, xxi. 93 ;
vote of thanks to officers of Expedition,
119; assistance to Sir Samuel Baker in
suppression of slave trade, xviii. 52 ;
sends Baker's letter to Royal Geo
graphical Society, 1872., xvi. 187 ;
letters from, on Sir Samuel Baker's
expedition, xviii. 5, 6; speech on Sir
Samuel Baker's Nile Expedition,
xviii. 67; at Stanley's lecture, 1878.,
xxii. 143, proposes vote of thanks,
165 ; illness of, 1871., Rawlinson on,
xvi. 124 ; presentation of maps of Upper
Egypt by, 1875., xx. 14; travels of,
I860., iv. 256; Governor Kennedy on,
vii. 17-18
Walfisch Bay, South Africa, Hahn's
journey to, 1856., i. 55,- v. 16
Walker, A., explorations in New Zealand,
account of, viii. 215 ; journey along
West Coast of Middle Island, New
Zealand, 1863., ix. 33-4
 , Gen. Beauchamp, on the career of
Consul Elton, xxii. 250 ; on the Mirza's
and other travels in the Pamirs, etc.,
xv. 203; on the population of Pekin,
x. 157-8
 , F., award to, vii. 120, 122
Expeditions in Australia, ix. 230, 304,
xii. 207; offer to seek Leichhardt,
i. 323 ; in search of Burke and Wills,
vi. 24, vii. 3, 36, 37, 38, 111, 173 ; route
taken, vii. 4, 9, 175 ; finds traces of
them on Flinders river, vi. 174, vii.
4, 6, 7, 41, 112, 175; finds traces of
Leichhardt's expedition, x. 59; tra
verses good country, vii. 8, 42 ; journey
home, vii. 9 ; results, vii. 175, xii. ] 40 ;
in expansion of Queensland, vii. 111-
1 13 ; surveys for telegraphic exten
sion, xii. 54 ; mountain named after,
vii. 83 ; refers to Jardine Creek as
Macadam River, xii. 141
death of, 1866., xii. 54
 , J., On projects for inter-oceanic
canal, Central America, i. 65
 , Capt. J. B., Note on the Old Calabar
and Cross rivers, xvi. 135, 368; Visit
to the Old Calabar and Qua rivers, the
Ekoi country, and the Qua rapids,
1875., xx. 224
 , Col. J. T., In charge of Great
Trigonometrical Survey, xv. 278-80, his
work in connection, xvi. 344; on the
Himalayan Provinces, xix. 439 ; on the
2 A

354

WAL— WAX

Walker, Col. J. T. — continued.
Mullah's surveying journey in Trans-
Himalayan regions, xxii. 352-4 ; on
the results of explorations in Central
Asia, xvi. 260; on survey work in
India, i. 161
Walker, R. B. N., journey up the Ogowe
river, West Africa, xvii. 354 ; letter on
his explns. in W. Africa, 1865., x. 128
 , Mr., missionary, Gaboon district,
testimony favourable to the truth of
Du Chaillu's narrative, v. 215 note
Walker, Cape, Arctic regions, i. 22;. animal
life of, i. 54; sea usually icebound at,
i. 24
 Mt., North Australia, vii. 83
 point, Queensland, xi. 151
 River, Queensland, gold at, xii. 142
Walker's Creek, Queensland, geological-
features of, xii. 142
 Plains, Queensland, xii. 142
Walla, river, E.C. Africa, xix. 142
Wallace, A. R., iv. 193
exploration of the Sadong river, 1855.
i. 193 ; in Malay Archipelago, Mur
chison on, viii. 210 ; voyage to New
Guinea, iii. 358 ; in S. America, ix. 245
OntheArru Ids.,Malay Archipel.,ii.l63 ;
310; on the colonization of North
Australia, vii. 88-9 ; on the north
west portion of Borneo, i. 439 ; the
Comparative Antiquity of Continents
as indicated by the Distribution of
living and extinct Animals, xxi. 505 ;
on Kilwaru Island, and water in
Islands of Indian Archipelago, ix.
32; on the Physical Geography of
the Malay Archipelago, vii. 206; on
the rivers of Peru, xi. i08-9 ; on the
Trade between the Eastern Archi
pelago and New Guinea, vi. 43 ;
work on the Malay Archipelago, cited,
xiii. 286 et seq.
 and Main, Peruvian exploration of
the Ucayali and other rivers, 1865.,
xi. 173
 Mt., South Australia, ii. 17 .
Wallad Shellai", Egypt, described by
Petherick, v. 28
Wallamette, river, Hudson Bay territory,
American missionaries invited to settle
on, iv. 35 ; and the result, 36
Wallangchoon, pass, see Tipta la
Waller, Rev. H., on Cameron's African
Explorations, xix. 77, xx. 132-3 ; on
Erskine's Explorations in South-East
Africa, xix. 132; on Livingstone and
on the River Congo and other Expe
ditions, 1872., xvii. 33 ; on alleged death
of Livingstone, xi. 146 ; on the fate of
Livingstone, xi. 251 ; on the possible
safety of Livingstone, xii. 24; on the
success of Livingstone's Expedition,

xii. 86; on a letter from Livingstone
on the slave trade of L. Nyassa, 1868.,
xii. 185 ; on Livingstone's progress,
xv. 209 ; on proposed expedition in
search of Livingstone, 1872., xvi. 148-9 ;
on the lack of news concerning Living
stone, xvi. 242; on Livingstone's ex
ploration of the African Lake district,
xvi. 411 ; on Livingstone's death and
his servants, xviii. 222 ; receipt of last
sheet of Livingstone's Map, xix. 104;
on Livingstone's pocket book, brought
home by Cameron, and on the Lukuga
river, xix. 261 -2 ; on Lake Tanganika,
and its unknown outlet, xviii. 160 ; on
Young, and his Exploration of Lake
Nyassa, xxr 453 ; on the tonnage of
Young's steamer on Lake Nyassa,
xx. 468
 Mt., Livingstone range, L. Nyassa,
elevation and features of, Young on,
xxi. 231
Wallich, Dr., on Gunnbjorn's Skerries,
xvii. 319-21
 , G. C, Survey of the Physical Con
dition of the Atlantic Seabed, with
special regard to the establishment of
Transatlantic Telegraphic Communica
tion, vii. 53
Walrus settlements, Arctic regions, i. 96
 shoal, as a resting-place, Nares on,
xxi. 279
Walsh, river, Queensland, named by
Hann, xviii. 89, geological aspect of,
90, junction with Mitchell river, 91-2,
not perpetual, 107
Walsingham, Cape, Arctic regions, coal
at, i. 105
Walton, letter on telegraph line from
Kurrdchi to Gwadur, 1833., vii. 117
Walwich bay, S. Africa, see Walfisch bay
Walyamurra, lake, West Australia,
xiv. 191
Wa-Mbane, E. Africa, Krapfs journey
to, Macqueen on, viii. 7
Wdmi, river, East Africa, affluents of,
xxi. 234, 239; ascent of, by C. H. Hill,
1872., xvii. 337, by Church Missionary
Society's Expedition, xxi. 498-9 ; mouth
of, xxii. 384; suspension bridge over
and rapids in, xxi. 502; unfitness for
navigation, xxi. 60, 498-9
Wamma, island, Arru group, ii. 164 ;
Christians in, 168
Wanaba, or Taribidi, river, New Guinea,
xviii. 42
Wanaka, or Wanuka, lake, New Zealand,
visited by Dr. Haast, viii. 214, by James
Hector, 47
Wandaigumbal, Queensland, i. 322
Wandige', province, AbysBinia, description
of, xiii. 42
Wanga, E. Africa, viii. 5

WAN— WAT

355

Wanganui, river, New Zealand, Albert
Walker's expedition reaohes, 1863.,
ix. 33
Wang-leo bum, Mts., Assam, pass through,
Wilcox and Burlton cited on, v. 49
Wang-Long-Poo, N.E. China, busy walled
city, vi. 221
Wanika, East Afrioa, coast lands of,
xxii. 450
Wanja, in Kakoa, Nile Region, viii, 130
Wanji, river, E.C. Africa, xxii. 244
Wankie, town, S.C. Afrioa, elevation of,
xxii. 223
Wanzi, lake, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 148
Wapogo country, C. Africa, i. 9
Wara, town, N.C. Africa, ii. 34; sacred
mountain near, Vogel's ascent causes
his murder, ii. 80
Waraweena station, South Australia, ii. 19,
20
Warburton, Col. Egerton, awarded gold
medal, 1874, President's speech,
xviu. 489, Bateman's reply, 490 ; on
the value of camels in Australian
expeditions, xix. 316; on Water
Supplies in West Central Australia,
xix. 317
Expeditions : — in Central Australia,
1872, xviii. 277 ; in South Australia,
v. i24, ix. 75, 1866., xv. 297; in West
Central Australia,1873-4.,xviii. 570-1,
xix. 8, 445, xx. 430 ; account of journey
across Western Interior of Australia,
xix. 41 : from Fowler's Bay to head
of Great Australian Bight, v. 124-5 ;
towards Lake Torrens, ii. 189-90 ;
Fraser's report on, xix. 483 ; furthest
point reached, iv. 77; Mueller on,
xix. 55 ; results of, iii. 152-4, 335, 337,
xix. 484 ; success of West Australian
expedition, 1874., xviii. 183
 , Mr., son of Col. Egerton, xiv. 42
 , Henry, obituary notice, 1859.,
iii. 245
Warchagam, or Yassim, river, North-
West Frontier, rise and course of,
xv. 12; confluence of, with Tui river,
xxii. 353
Ward, Capt. the Hon. W. J., on Capt. Hall's
Arctic Expedition of 1871., xv. 382
Ward mountains, New Zealand, rivers
rising in, viii. 214
 Hunt Cape, D'Entrecasteaux Ids.,
xix. 233
 Straits, xix. 226
Wari river, branch of Niger river, called
Benin by Lander, xxi. 483
Warigo, river, Australia, see Warrego
Warner, surveyor, Hann's North Queens
land expedition, xviii. 87-8, 91, 95, 97 ;
finds gold, 93
Warner's Gully, Queensland, gold found
in, xviii. 94

Warner's Range and Peaks, xviii. 92
War Office, Topographical Department
of, Summary of its work, I860., iv. 157
Waru, on Zambesi river, waterfall at,
iii. 311
Warwick, town, Queensland, v. 122
Warran, Wady, Syria, boundary of Djebel
Ajlun, viii. 29
Warratu, British Guiana, views at, xv. 123
Warre, John Ashley, m.p., Obituary notice
of, v. 165
Warrego, or Warigo, river, E.C. Australia,
vi. 53, vu. 41 ; debouchment of, xii. 288 ;
Landsborough at; vii. 84, 112, 174
 river and valley, aspect of, iii. 20, 30
Warren, Capt. O, on the Reconnaissance
of a new or partially known Country,
xix. 155
 point, Arctic regions, grave at, iv. 9
Warrior Island, Oceania, sandy, within
coral reefs, xx. 107
 reef, Torres Strait, Admiralty Survey
of, 1874., xviii. 539
Warroona, South Australia, water at,ii. 190
Warshejkh, see Worsheikh
Waseen, East Africa, xx. 77
Wasegua, tribe, East Africa,, district in
habited by, xix. 318 ; villages of, x. 92
Washere, Afghanistan, xxi. 586
Washgird, old capital of Karategin, Central
Asia, route via, xxi. 138
Washington, Admiral J., on Admiralty
Surveys, 1863., vii. 136-7; on the Bellot
memorial, and on Arctic discoveries,
i. 2-3 ; quoted on Dutch Exploration
of New Guinea, ix. 260 ; letter to,
from Livingstone, 1863., viii. 256 ; on
Maury's labours in Meteorology, and
on Antarctic exploration, v. 25 ; obituary
notice, viii. 173
 City, United States of America,
Canal from, i. 90
 Land, Arctic Regions, correoted
position of, ii. 290
Washington Irving Island, Arctic Regions,
grounded icebergs near, advantage of,
Nares, xxi. 279
Wassia Island, Arru Group, ii. 164
Wategi, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 155
Watelai, river, Arru Islands, ii. 163
Water (see Rainfall), lack of, on Sturt's
expedition, iii. 155
 , Salt, Specific Gravity of, Challenger
observations, J. Y. Buchanan, xxi. 255,
258
Waterberg, country, South Africa, Moun
tains and other features of, xxii. 119
Waterhouse anchorage, Tasmania, Ad
miralty survey of, 1877., xxi. 436
Waterton or Chief Mountain Lake, Rocky
Mountains, xx. 294
Watiejeh, Arabia, Palgrave at, 1863.,
viii. 66

356

WAT— WEL

Watling Island, West Indies, probably the
LandfaU of Columbus, i. 94; do., accord
ing to Major, xv. 210
Watson, R. G., Notes of journey in Island
of Yezo, 1873., and on progress of geo
graphy in Japan, xviii. 226; Visit to
Elburz Mountains and ascent of Dema
vend, 1861., vi. 103
Watts, W. L., Journey across the Vatna
Jokull, Iceland, 1875., xx. 21-31, 416
Watts' sugar-loaf hill, South Africa, ii. 18
Watuara, river, New Zealand, geological
features of, vi. 72
Waugh, Sir A. S., on Antarctic Explora
tion and the Transit of Venus, xiii. 113,
121 ; on Central Asian Exploration,
xv. 202 ; in the Chair, February, 1869.,
xiii. 112, March, 1869., 139 ; on the Colo
rado region, Dr. Bell's expedition,
xiii. 140-2 ; on Croll's work on the
Gulf Stream, xiii. 233 ; on the death of
Lady Murchison, xiii. 113 ; on the
Himalayas and Mount Everest, i. 345 ;
on Mounts Everest and Deodanga,
ii. 102 et seq. ; presented with gold
medal for Trigonometrical Survey of
India, 1857., i. 369-73 ; Survey of India,
i. 161 ; on Trans-Himalayan Explora
tions, x.' 163, 164, by Montgomerie
xiii. 198 ; on the Transit of Venus,
xiii. 113; obituary notice of, 1878.,
xxii. 315
Waverley Creek, North-Eastern Australia,
v. 6
Waves, movement of, Cialdi's views cited
by Murchison, ii. 328
Wdwd, Nigeria, ii. 98
Way, Dr. W., notes on Limpopo river,
South Africa, iii. 375
Way-Lu, China, marble near, vi. 226
Wazaramo tribe on the Kingani river,
East Africa, xxi. 500, Holmwood's
opinion of, 501
Wdoi, alleged cannibal tribe on Wami
river, East Africa, xvii. 338-9
Weary Bay, Australia, xviii: 103
Weathered Hill, South Australia, forma
tion of, ii. 24, 25, 26, 27 ; mirage from,
187 ; survey of district up to, ib.
Weatherstone Lake, South Australia, v. 124
Webb, Capt., Indian Trigonometrical Sur
vey, ii. 302
Webbe Shebeli, see Wabbe
Webeck, Labrador, survey of, 1867.,
xii. 196
Webo, Kabo, and Dibo, countries, West
Africa, woods and manufactures of,
iv. 219
Webster, Mr., on proposed inter-oceanic
canal, Central America, i. 66-7
Weddell, James, furthest point South
reached, 1823., Antarctic Regions,
ix. 95, xiii. 114

Wedell, W., with Gregory's Leichhardt
search expedition, 1858., iii. 19
Wedge rock, New Guinea, xxi. 359
Weeseefoo, China, see Wei-see-foo
Weiching, C. China, rivers near, xiv. 173
Wei-fung-shan, hill, C. China, temple at,
xiv. 177
Wei-hai-wei, harbour, N.E. China, iii. 59
Wei-hsien, E. China, coal-pits near,
xiv. 138
Weilbarrin, West Australian native, on the
remains of white men in the interior,
xiv. 194
Weir, William, Obituary notice of, 1859.,
iii. 250
Weisee-foo, Imperial city, S.W. China,
climate of, xv. 164 ; Cooper imprisoned
at, 1868., xiv. 344, xix. 284; country
near, xiv. 343 ; ruins of, and tribes near,
xv. 171
Wei-tching-pu, or Dyn-Joan-In, Mon
golia, latitude and longitude of,
xviii. 77 note, Prshewalsky at, 78
Welbey, — , travels of, in the Sinaitic
peninsula, xii. 192
Welcome, river, S. Australia, xv. 97.
Weld, — , Governor of Western Aus-
traua, originator of Forrest's expedition
in search of Leichhardt, 1870., xy. 8, 296,
xix. 316, 482 ; his practical interest in
geography, xix. 316
Weld spring, Western Australia, xix. 485
Welle, river, Central Africa, see Uelle
Wellesley Island, Australia, vii. 14
Wellington, New South Wales, discovery
of gold at, 1839., xviii. 521
 , New Zealand, geological survey
desired, 1862., vi. 175
 Channel, Arctic Regions, animal life
of, i. 54 ; ascent by Franklin, 1845.,
iv. 3 ; current in, i. 24 ; main ice cur
rent near, i. 25 ; searched for Franklin,
i. 104 ; traces of Frankhn found in, by
Capt. Penny, i. 22
 Mountain, Australia, i. 3
Wellpuna, mountains, Australia, elevation
of, xv. 97
Wells, Sir Mordaunt, on the rules and
practice concerning admission to even
ing meetings, xxi. 121-2, 152 ; proposes
motion on same, 176-8 ; explanation of
Council on same, 249-53 ; on the altera
tion of regulations concerning same,
405
 , Capt. R., on the Arctio Ice, xvii. 182 ;
statement as to open Polar Sea, 1867.,
xii. 103 ; on the Polar expeditions and
possible Spitzbergen route to the Pole,
xvii. 104 ; on Smith's Sound, xii. 103
Wells, chain of, leading from Port Au
gusta to Lake Torrens, required, ii. 27
Wellsted, Mr., travels in Arabia, cited by
Miles and Badger, xv. 319 et seq.

WEN— Will

357

Wenho, river, N.E. China, xiv. 84
Wentworth, river, Victoria, Australia,!. 3
Weosai (sic pro Deosai) Plains, Central
Asia, elevation of, x. 162
Werne, F., among Bari people, East
Africa, iii. 356
Werta-Warta, creek, South Australia, why
so called, ii. 24
Wertherman, A., Exploration of the Ut-
cumba river in Peru (1871.), xv. 330 ;
Journey down the Perene, and other
Peruvian rivers, 1876., xxii. 369
 and Whiteley, expedition up the
Perene river, xxii. 43
Wessel, Cape, North-West Australia, ii. 10
 Islands, North-West Australia,
ii. 214 ; geological formation of, i. 501,
503 ; water at South Island, ii. 13
West Cape Howe, Australia, Admiralty
surveys at, 1877., xxi. 435; 1878.,
xxii. 366
Westgarth, — , on gold-mining in Aus
tralia, i. 454
West Hill, Queensland, Admiralty surveys
near, 1876., xx. 408 ; 1878., xxii. 336
West India Pilot, first volume issued, 1861.,
v. 177
West Indies, Earthquake wave in, 1867.,
xiii. 280 ; geographical summary,
i. 167 ; progress of . geographical
knowledge in, 1859., iii. 332
Admiralty surveys in, 1856., i. 146 ;
1857., i. 407; 1858., ii. 269; 1859.,
iii. 273; I860., iv. 156; 1861., v. 177;
1862., vi. 137; 1863., vii. 143; 1864.,
viii. 191 ; 1865., ix. 222; 1866., x. 219 ;
1867., xi. 193 ; 1868., xii. 242; 1869.,
xiii. 280; 1870., xiv. 306; 1871.,
xv. 264; 1872., xvi. 318; 1873.,
xvii. 256; 1874., xviii. 538; 1875.,
xix. 408; 1876., xx. 407; 1877.,
xxi. 435 ; 1878., xxii. 335
Geological Survey, Murchison on, iii. 276
Mineral Survey planned, i. 278
West Lake, Hankow, description of,
xiii. 178-181
Western Port, Victoria, Australia, Ad
miralty surveys of, 1866., x. 221 ; 1868.,
xii. 244
Westmanhoe, Iceland, late ice at, 1826,
and 1840., v. 228
Westmanshaven, Fiord, Fceroe Islands,
harbour of, v. 62 ; Young on, v. 72
Westminster, Marquis of, obituary notice
of, 1870., xiv. 298
Westmoreland, mountains in, heights of,
i. 222
Wetzstein, cited on the Hauran district,
Syria, xvi. 105 et seq.
Weyd el Erg, river, Tunis, ruins near,
, vi. 214
Wey-Lu-Hien, N.E. China, granite walls
of, and trade in, vi. 225

Weymouth Bay, Queensland, Australia,
i. 84
Weyprecht,Lt., Austrian Navy (see Payer),
awarded Gold Medal, 1875., xix. 347,
385, President's speech, 359, Beust's
reply, 361 ; cited on Siberian sea route
to Pole, xix. 176
Wezi, island, Victoria Nyanza, natives of,
xx, 154
Wha-Lee-Hien, N.E. China, traders at,
vi. 218
Whalefish Islands, Arctic Regions, animal
life beyond, i. 54, sea fowl of, i. 53
Whaler Point, Arotic Regions, bird life of,
i. 53
Whale Sound, Arctic Regions, Esquimaux
of, and Sonntag's death near, ix, 183 ;
Hayes on, ix. 186
Whampoa, S.E. China, anchorage at,
drawbacks of, i. 331
Whangarua, Harbour, New Zealand, Ad-
' miralty survey of, 1857., i. 406
Wharncliffe, Lord, obituary notice, 1856.,
i. 132
Wheatstone, Professor, in connection with
Submarine Telegraphy, 1840., viii. 188
Wheeler, T., cited on country near Bhamo,
Upper Burmah, xv. 345
Wheelwright, W., explorations in South
America, ix. 246 ; on the development
of Peru, xviii. 205 ; on a proposed rail
way route across the Andes, iv. 45;
on his railway plans in South America,
viii. 162-3, 218 ; obituary notice, 1874.,
xviii. 531
When-ho, river, N.E. China, iii. 78
Whewell, Dr. W., obituary notice, 1866.,
x. 189
Whindi, port, East Africa, xxii. 384
Whitcombe, Henry, explorations in New
Zealand, and death, 1863., viii. 215,
Dr. Haast on, viii. 57-8
White, Charles, obituary notice, 1873.,
xvii. 250
 , Dr., member of Leichhardt search
expedition, 1866., xi. 227
 , John, sailing master, Stow's West
Australian boat expedition, x. 35, 37, 42
 , Mr., Lord Howe Island, xxii. 139
 , R., remarks on the Open Sea in the
North Polar Basin, i. 27
 , Capt. T. P., On a Bifurcate stream
at Glen Lednoch Head, Perthshire,
xiii. 352
White Mountains, C. S. Africa, quartz or
snow on, Livingstone on, i. 244
 on Amoor river, Eastern Asia,
xiii. 368
 , Greece, height of, i. 405
 :  , Spitzbergen, elevation of,
xii. 96
 Sea, traces of Gulf Stream in, ix. 120
White Earth river, North America, i. 266

358

WHI— WIL

White Fish river, Canada, North America,
first accurate map of, ii. 294, Palliser's
exploration of, 1857., ii. 40 ; tributary
of Kaministiquoia, iii. 125
White Mud river, North America, gorge
of, xx. 291
Whitley, N., On the Surface Temperature
of the North Atlantic, in reference to
Ocean currents, xiii. 229
Whitney, Mr., Surveys in Colorado,
xv. 274
 , Mt., California, elevation of, xv. 274,
xix. 294
Whor Country, Central Asia, location of,
xiii. 195
Whydah, town, West Africa, in ruins,
i. 513
Whymper, E., Arctic Expedition of, 1872.,
xvii. 16 ; on the fiords of Greenland,
xiii. 149, xv. 112 ; proposed expedition
to Greenland, x. 257 ; on the Smith
Sound route to the Pole, xvii. 182
 , Frederick, on the glaciers of British
Columbia, xii. 125; Journey from Nor
ton Sound, Behring Sea, to Fort You-
kon, 1866-7., xii. 186 ; work on Alaska,
review of, xiii. 285
Whyte, W. A., Journey from Tientsin to
Kiachta, 1869., xiv. 243
Wibe Tians (Jans) Bay, Spitzbergen,
ix. 167
Wibisi, Africa, aspect of region of, xix. 80
Wiche's Land, near Spitzbergen, xvii. 99,
recent visits to, and description of, 101
Wick Harbour, observations at, on the
effect of sea-currents and winds, i. 414
Wickham, Capt., i. 34 ; discoverer of the
Victoria or Barcoo river, Australia,
vii. 169 ; explorations, in Australia,
ii. 313, vi. 136, of the Victoria river,
1839., i. 366
 , G. H., Journey among the Woolwa
and Moskito Indians, 1867., xiii. 58
 river, North Australia, i. 492
Widdrington, Capt., S. E., Obituary notice,
1856., i. 132
Wide Bay, Australia, i. 86 ; Admiralty
soundings in, xiii. 282 ; Admiralty sur
vey of bar of, xvii. 256 ; natives of, i. 256
•  , New Guinea, xx. 101
Wielhorski, Count de, obituary notice,
1856., i. 133
Wien Cape, Arctic Regions, latitude of,
xix. 32
Wiener, Dr., ascent of Illimani Mt., Bo
livia, xxii. 369
Wiggins, Capt., visit to Obi, xix. 175, to
Obi and Yenisei, 1874., xxii. 102
 and Seebohm (see also Seebohm),
journey to Kurayeeka, xxii. 102-6
Wijbe Jans bay, see Wibe
Wilberforce, S., see Winchester
Wilby, Australia, x. 63

Wilcox, cited on the Irawady, xiv. 347,
criticised, 351
Wilczek, Count, Arctic Expedition of,
xvii. 15
Wilczek land, Arctic Regions, discovery
of, its latitude, Payer on, xix. 23
Wild Horse Creek, British Columbia,
latitude of, xv. 140
Wild rice in Australia, ii. 212, 215, 312
Wilkes, Commodore, Antarctic explora
tions of, ii. 171
 , Mr., results of explorations in Aus
tralia, in connection with wool culture,
ix. 234
Wilkie, Dr. D., Letter on Mclntyre's ex
pedition and discovery of traces of
Leichhardt, ix. 303
Wilkinson, Commander, Australian Ad
miralty survey by, xi. 194; death of,
1867., xii. 244
 , J. F., Journey through the Gold
country of South Africa, xiii. 134
 , Sir J. Gardner, obituary notice,
1876., xx. 398
 , T., Journey from Tamatave to the
French Island Colony of St. Mary, Mada
gascar, 1868., xiv. 372
Wilkowi basin, Danube river, iii. 207
Willamette, river, Oregon, xi. 81, 84, 85 ;
American encroachment near, 1838-9.,
xi. 95
William, Fort, British North America,
i. 462
Williams, B., on Fishbourne's boat journey
beyond Nankin, ii. 208
Williamson, Rev. A., Notes on Manchuria,
xiii. 26, Visit to Shansi, W. China
(1866), xiii. 35
Williamson Mountain, Cascade range,
Oregon, xi. 89
Williams' Station, Australia, vii. 41, a
camel on the run at, 42
William's Town Observatory, Australia,
vi. 54
Willis, Capt. W. A., obituary notice, 1864.,
viii. 184
Willoughby, Sir Hugh, discovery of Nova
Zembla (1553.), and death on Kola
Peninsula (1554.), xxii. 101
Wills, D. Travels in Japan, 1868-9,
xviii. 236
 , W. J. (see Burke and Wills), vii. 35
explorations of, in Central Australia,
v. 8 ; view of Wright's creek, vi. 53
search for water, 53-4, route map and
determination of latitude and longi
tude, 54
portrait of, shown, vii. 2 ; merits recog
nized, vii. 10
Wills creek, Queensland, Australia, mis
taken for Leichhardt's Carron river,
xiii. 52, width, 53, 54
 , Fort. Australia, vi. 194

WIL— WOO

359

Wilmot. Commodore Eardley, letter on
the Lukoja settlement, x. 117; on the
resources of the Niger as regards legi
timate trade, 1863., viii. 53
Wilmott Horton, river, Arctic regions,
outfall of, ix. 128
Wilpina Pound and mountains round, S.
AustraUa, ii. 18
 Station, ii. 19
Wilson, Capt., on E. D. Young's work in
Africa, xxi. 244-5
 , E., Letter on further search for
Leiohliardt, ix. 305
 , J., Geographical notes on Campana,
province of Esmeraldas, Ecuador, 1862.,
vi. 248-9 ; on the opening of Ecuador,
x. 105
 , James, geologist to North Aus
tralian Expedition, 1855., letter from,
i. 33, on Viotoria river, ii. 5, 8, ix. 232 ;
on climate of same, x. 251 ; notes on
North Australia, vii. 178, on the
Physical Geography of North-West
Australia, ii. 210-217 ; praise of his work
and character, ii. 311
 , J. F., On the progressing desiccation
of the basin of the Orange river, South
Africa, ix. 106
 , J. S., on the physical features of
AustraHa, iv. 84
 , Major C. W., Address to Geographical
Section, British Association, at Belfast,
1874., on physical geography and its
relation to war, xix. 63, cited by Sir R.
Alcock, xxi. 24 ; cited on extent of
survey of Sinaitic Peninsula, xiii. 216 ;
on recent surveys in Sinai and Pales
tine, xvii. 326, foUowing remarks, 332 ;
on the ruins of Jebel Abu Mas'ud,
xiii. 211
 ,  , and Capt. Palmer, in command
of expedition in peninsula of Sinai,
xiii. 205
Wilson, Cape, Australia, latitude of,
xiv. 199
 Mountain, North Australia, i. 367
 Promontory, Australia, xviii. 520;
Admiralty surveys at, xii. 244, xiii. 281,
near, xiv. 307, xv. 267
WUtschek, Count, see Wilczek, Arctic
Expedition of
Winchester, Bishop of (S. Wilberforce),
Obituary notice of, 1874., xviii. 527
 , Mr., on Formosa, and other islands,
xvii. 156 ; on Yezo, its inhabitants,
mineral wealth, etc., xvi. 201
Windich, T., Australian native, with
Forrest's expedition, 1874, xiv. 191, 192,
193, xix. 311-14
Wind River Mountains, United States,
North America, xxii. 366
Winds, in the Atlantic, Capella cited by
Maury on, vii. 51

Winds — continued.
of Australia, iv. 82-3
in Albany Island, N. Australia, ix. 78
Trade, speed of, v. 23
 and currents, relation between, iv. 239 ;
permanent effects of, Murchison on,
1857., i. 414-7
Winnipeg, capital of Manitoba, Cameron
on, xx. ,297
 , Lake, i. 462, ii. 41 ; country near,
i. 265 ; elevation of, ii. 336, extent of,
337 ; Icelanders colonizing near, xx. 296
Winter Island, Arctic Regions, latitude of,
and winter at, iv. 235
Wiregedi country, Victoria Nyanza,
natives and river of, xx. 154
Wirgman,Mr., Japanese traveller, xviii. 236
Wisbech, tides at, i. 74
Wither, T. P. Bigg-, The valley of the
Tibagy, Brazil, exploration of, 1874.,
xx. 455
Witt, H. M., Specific gravity of sea- water,
West coast of Africa, i. 508 ¦
Wladikafkas, Caucasus, xiii. 71
Wladivostock, see Vladiovostock
Wochnee, Abyssinia, tribes near, xiii. 40
Wodgerat, mountains, Abyssinia, xii. 298
Woioutaou, West Africa, i. 513-4
Wokan, Island, Arru Group, ii. 164, Chris
tians at, 168
Wolff, Dr., travels in Central Asia, viii. 272 ;
obituary notice, 1862., vi. 130
Wollaston Land, Arctic Regions, animal
life of, i . 54 ; traces of Franklin found
on, by Dr. Rae, i. 22
Wollumbilla, Queensland, geological for
mation of, xii. 142
Wolseley, Sir Garnet, on the Ashanti
campaign and its geographical results,
xviii. 292-6
Wolstenholme Sound, Arctic regions,
animal life of, i. 53
Esquimaux of, Ommanney on, xix. 221
" Hayes' survey near, ix. 186
Woudaj pass, Abyssinia, xii. 299
Wonder Source, or Wonder Fontein,
caverns of the Momooi river, South
Africa, xxii. 118
Wood, Commander James, obituary notice,
I860., iv. 144
 , Captain John, Explorations on the
Oxus river, 1838., xvii. 112; obituary
notice, 1872., xvi. 300
 , R., on proposed search for Dr. Leich
hardt, i. 325-6
Wood bay, New Guinea, xx. 100
 , Lake, Pamir region, xviii. 429, 432,
elevation of, 436
Woods, Mr., Scientific aid to Young's
North Atlantic expedition, I860., v. 78
 , Rev. J. E. T., cited on water-supplies
to Lake Gairdner, Central Australia,
xii. 289

360

WOO— YAC

Woods, Lt., H.M.S. Victoria, exploration
of Albert river, North Australia, vii. 114
 , S., on the falls of Kaieteur, xv. 131 ;
on Foster's interpretation of Sinaitic
inscriptions; xiii. 219
Woods, Lake of the, North American
boundary, xx. 274
 Point, Victoria, gold in granite at,
viii. 33-4
Woody Mount, North America, Anderson
on, xx. 288
Woohoo, China, see Wuhu
Wool culture, in Australia, ii. 215, 216;
Bowen cited on, x. 248-9 ; Crawford on,
x. 88 ; facts and figures concerning, xix.
316; Nicholson on, x. 88 ; Strangford on,
x. 89 ; in Burke district, x. 326-8 ; in
Queensland, Lamb on, x. 325
Woolwa, river, Central America (see Blew
flelds) Indians of, Wickham's journey
among, 1867., xiii. 58
Woorianda creek, South Australia, ii. 18
Woo-ting-hea, C. China, gorge and legend
of, xiv. 178
Woo-tsze, hills, W. China, position of,
xiv. 174, elevation of, 175
World, the, Fullarton's Gazetteer of, new
Edition of, iii. 285
Wornoka Creek, South Australia, ii. 18
 Hill, South Australia, ii. 18
Worrell, D., with Gregory's Leichhardt
search expedition, 1858., iii. 19, hurt
by falling horse, 25
Worsheikh, port, East Africa, xvii. 341
"WorthingtoD, D., on the influence of level
and character of country on the colour
of inhabitants, ii. 219-20 ; on Dr. Wolff's
travels in Central Asia, viii. 272
Wortley, J. Stuart, on the North Atlantic
Telegraph Scheme, i860., iv. 106-7
Wosung, E. China, iii. 162 ; see Wusung
Wouchang-fu, C. China, ii. 202
Woukee settlement, Central America,
falls near, xiii. 61
WrangeU, Baron, i. 16 ; journey from Lena
to Kamchatka, i. 29 ; cited on an open
Polar sea, i. 20, 27 ; Polar Expedition
of, 1847., xvi. 238
 Land, Arctic Regions, discovered by
Kellett (1849.), xix. 176
Wreck Bay, Newfoundland, icebergs near,
xii. 195
Wrede, Baron de, explorations in Arabia,
1843., Badger on, xv. 330; travels in
Southern Arabia, extent of, xvi. 115
Wright, Mr., with Burke and WUls, Vic
torian Expedition, vi. 69; difficulties
of, vii. 35, quits dep6t, 35, 36, causes
of his failure, 38, 39, exoneration of,
39, 40 ; finding of the Commissioner on
his conduct, vi. 169
Wright's Creek, Australia, Wills' view of,
vi. 53

Wroxeter, Shropshire, Roman remains at,
iv. 255
Wuchang, central city of China, trade of,
xi. 264
Wuchau, city, China, geographical posi
tion of, v. 240
Wu-hu, China, and valley near, description
of, iii. 169 ; after rebellion, vi. 86
Wuibu (see also Ibo), Central Africa, i. 9
Wukari, Niger river, unsuccessful Fulah
attack on, and its results, xxi. 489
Wu-liang, river, China, junction of, with
Yang-tse river, latitude and longitude
of, xi. 262
Wunagi, Niger river, viii. 53 ; limit of
navigation of Niger, ix. 73
Wurda valley, India, coal of, xv. 283
Wurka, or Erech, Asiatic Turkey, ruins
at, i. 45, Rawlinson on, 46, and on its
bricks, inscriptions, etc, 47, burial
modes at, 48-9
Wurkallay barrier, Travancore, C. R.
Markham on, xi. 78
Wuru, Niger Region, W. Africa, ii. 98
Wusung, river, E. China, changes in,
iii. 375 ; silk trade on, xi. 262
Wyatt, Mt., Australia, copper at, xii. 141
Wyche's land, Spitzbergen, see Wiche's
Wyi, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 146
Wylde, W. H., on Elton's Nyassa journals,
xxii. 249
Wylie, A., Journey from Ching-too to
Hankow, xiv. 168 ; on his journey up
the Yang-tsze river, China, xiv. 34
 , J. W. S., on the Suez Canal, xiv. 105 ;
obituary notice, 1870., xiv. 296
Wynaad, India, coffee district, x. 245;
climate of, xi. 67 ; cultivation of, vii. 96 ;
elevation of, xi. 67
Wyse, Lt. L., French Navy, exploration
in Panama, 1876., xxii. 368

X.
Xambia, S.C. Africa forest, i. 75
Xavier, Jerome, travels in China, x. 272
Xiengmai, or Zimmay, Siam, teak trade
of, v. 118-19, other trade, xix. 273
Xingu river, trib. of the Amazon, xviii. 119
Xumphon, or Champon river, Siam, pro
posed canal near (1860), iv. 212

Y.
Yaafait, Mt., S. Arabia, and its in
habitants, xvii. 118
Yablonoi Mts., Siberia, xiii. 369
limit of navigation of the Amur, iii. 92
Yabricoya, Peru, copper-mines of, xii. 128
Ya Chou, S.W. China, tea-trade of, and
wax culture near, xxii. 265

YAC— YAN

361

Yacoba or Yakoba, Nigeria, situation of,
i. 15, 442, ii. 31, size of, i. 16, Vogel at,
i. 443, 155
Yafir pass, Ahl Mts., E. Africa, Hilde-
brandt's journey to, xxii. 446
Yagama river, Victoria Nyanza, xx. 41,
157
Yagn'an river, C. Asia, sources of, xv. 288
Yaguaohi valley, Ecuador, S. Amerioa,
railway in construction in, 1877, xxi. 558
Yahuas river, S. America, tributary of the
Putomayo, xxi. 572
Yak of Tibet, xviii. 81
Yakan Cape, Siberia, land seen from,
xii. 98
Yak-la (pass), Sikkim, explored by Bland-
ford and Edgar, (sic pro Elwes?), xix.
341
Yakoob Beg, ruler of E. Turkestan, For
syth on, xxii. 290 ; Shaw on, xiv. 129
Yala Shimbo Mts., Tibet, xxi. 340, main
watershed of the Himalayas, xxi. 342
Yale, Brit. Columbia, proposed emigrant
route to, Kelly, vi. 231
rapids of the Fraser at, vi. 109
Yale, Mt., Colorado, elevation of, xv. 274
Yallila or Yellala, rapids of, on the Congo,
ii. 317, iv. 68, xix. 79, xxii. 406
Yalong river, China, tributary of Yang-tse,
xiv. 336
Ya-lu Kiang (river), northern boundary
of Korea, ix. 297
Y'alu river, Persia, course of, iii. 9
Yalung river, Tibet, valley described by
the Pundit, xxi. 341 ; see Yarlong
Yamacouslunai, Japan, x. 170
Yamanaka Lake, Japan, xvii. 79
Yamanieh valley, Arabia, viii. 65
Yamanyar river, Kashgaria. xviii. 424
streams uniting to form, xx. 486
Yamba range, S. Australia, geological
formation of, ii. 21
Yamdok-chu or Yamdok-cho (lake), also
called Palti, Tibet, island in, xii. 166,
xix. 338
Pundit's information on, xii. 151
shape ofi Montgomerie on, xii. 173
Yamina, W. Africa, boats of, xx. 78
geographical position of, xi. 200
Yamuru, Japan, silk- weaving at, xvii. 79
Yamut tribes, C. Asia, area dominated by,
xx. 173
Yana river, Siberia, affluents of, xxi. 214
Yandaboo, treaty of, between Great Britain
and Burmah, xvii. 54
Yang river, China, course of, xiv. 180,
xviii. 150, rise of, xiv. 180
Yanga, clove farm, Zanzibar, described,
xx. 73
Yangana Creek, S. Australia, ii. 19
Yanganooka, Australia, iii. 34
Yangarusawa pass, Japan, xix. 171
Yangheen, on the Yang-tse, xiv. 168

Yangi diwan (pass), Kuenluen Mts.,
elevation of, xi. 10; and country
near, xiv. 52
Hayward's information concerning,
xiv. 316
Yangi-Hissar, E. Turkestan, cultivation
at, and country near, xxi. 34
described by Forsyth, xviii. 225
elevation of, xiv. 108
environs of, xiv. 66 .
great gorge near, xx. 488
latitude and longitude of, Hayward
on, xiv. 67
the Mirza at, xv. 191
route from, to Yarkand, xx. 485
 river, described by the Mirza, xv. 191
Yangi- or Yungi-Shahr, or Yenghi-
Sheher, " The King's Fort," xviii. 225 ;
the new town of Kashgar, xv. 191 ; one
of the six great marts of Chinese Turk
estan, xi. 7
Yang-lin, China, lake near, xx. 201
Yang ling Mts., limit of foreign trade
with China, via Hang-kow, xii. 338
Yang-tse-Kiang, or Kin cha Kiang (river),
China,
Admiralty surveys, vi. 135, re-survey of
mouth, viii. 193, ix. 223
affluents of, xii. 51, xiv. 336
as means of internal communication,
xiv. 34
called Kinchar, xiv. 336
Chinese authorities cited on, iii. 375
course of, xiii. 393, xiv. 344
Eyre on, at Hang-kow, iv. 62
expeditions to, and explorations of, 1859.,
iii. 267, 270 ; 1862., Blakiston's (with
Sarel, etc.), see below ; Cooper's from
India, xii. 336 ; Lagree at, xix. 281 ;
Margary's travels up, xix. 283, xx. 184 ;
Oliphant's do., ii. 162; reached by
Prshewalsky, xviii. 80 ; Sarel and
Blakiston's, v. 216, vi. 2, 85, 164,
xiv. 168, xv. 173; Swinhoe's special
mission up, 1869., xiv. 235
 , Upper, called Mouroui Oussou
in Tibet, expedition up, 1869., xv. 292
floods of, xix. 445
insect wax of, iii. 316
natural phenomena of, Murchison on,
iii. 294
navigable length of, xi. 262
navigation, Garnier's opinion on, xiii. 56
 , difficulties of, abovelchang, xiv.240,
241
 ,possibUities of, ii. 201, 213
 , steam suitable for, i. 336
Notes on, with Corrections of existing
Charts, J. M. Hockley, R.N., xi. 261
opened to English merchants, ii. 305,
and trade in first year of opening,
vii. 31
rapids of, xiv. 236, 237, 240, 241

362

YAN— YED

Yang-tse-Kiang — continued.
summer rise of (1861.), vi. 4
source, in Tibet, xiv. 219
state of valley of, before and after rebel
occupation, Dawson on, ii. 164
Yani Daria (river), Russian Turkestan,
antiquity of, xix. 428
old course of the Syr Daria, xviii. 250
Yao-chan, Yunnan, valley and river at,
xx. 205
Yao-chow, city, C. China, Tung- ting Lake,
Margary at, xx. 187; see also Yo
Chow
 ,  . , Yunnan, Margary at, xx. 206
Yappar, or mouth of the Norman river,
xiii. 52
Yaquachi river, Ecuador, x. 107
Yardea, S. Australia, good land nt, ii. 190
Yarigua-d and Yarigua-mi, sugar-loaf
hills, Paraguay, xx. 496
Yarkand, E. Turkestan —
affairs in, Mar. to Sept., 1870., Cayley
on, xv. 25
anarchy in, 1866., xi. 8
brick-tea sold in, xxi. 33
climate of, 182
coal near, xvi. 406
described by Forsyth, xviii. 223, by
Hayward, xiv. 62
district round, xi. 7
disturbances in, 1857-8., iii. 144
elevation of, x. 162, 238, xiv. 108
Expeditions to —
English and other travellers to (1869.),
xiv. 5, 6
Forsyth's expedition to, 1870., xv. 23,
Cayley on, 24: 1873., xviii. Ill,
222
Hayward's journey to, 1868., xiv. 40
Schlagintweit at, iii. 172
Shaw's journey to, 1868., Forsyth on,
xiii. 198 ; letters on, etc., Shaw,
xiii. 200, xv. 175, 179
foreign trade of, xiv. 133
geographical position of, Montgomerie,
x. 162
importance of, as trade centre, xxi. 21
in 1869., Shaw on, xiv. 125 1
Indian currency exchange with, Shaw
on, xvii. 195
latitude of, x. 62, xiv. 65, xv, 287-8
longitude of, x. 162, xv. 180, 201, 287-8
merchants of, i. 274
Mirza Haidar (15th cent.) on, xx. 483
old pass to, viii. 36
population of, xiv. 133, xv. 24
region between Ladak and, Shaw on,
xv. 175
rivers of, ii. 300
roads from, xiv. 66
Route from Jellalabad to, given by
Mahomed Amin, with remarks by G.
S. W. Hayward, xiii. 122

Yarkand, E. Turkestan — continued.
route to Pekin from, Shaw on, xvi. 249
routes to, Forsyth on, xviii. 112
 from India to, Hayward on,
xv. 15
temperatures at, xiv. 71, xviii. 116
trade of, 1870., xv. 16
traveller's experiences at, xxi. 42
Visit to, and Kashgar, R. B. Shaw,
xiv. 124
 River, xx. 487, course of, xviii. 426,
difficulties of early course of, Shaw on,
xiv. 127, how formed, xv. 189, source,
course, and elevation of, EUas on, xiv. 56,
57, 62, sources, xv. 186, sources explored
by Hayward, 1868., xiv. 41
Yarkioute-tsan-po river, Tibet, Cooper
and the French Missionaries on,
xiii. 393
Yarlbinda, S. Australia, country round,
ii. 190
Yarlong river, Tibet, supposed continua
tion of the Tsang-po, xiii. 393 ; see
Yalung
Yarmak river, Syria (the ancient Hiero-
max), viii. 29
Yarmouth, Admiralty survey, xvii. 254
Yaro Plains, Australia, discovered by
Hume, etc., 1821., xviii. 532
Yarwandutta, S. Australia, ii. 190
Yaschen or Yashen, Tibet, stone quarries
at, i. 276, 438
Yasin or Yassin river, Chitral, rise and
course of, xiii. 130
 town, xiii. 131
elevation of, xvi. 260
geographical position of, xv. 13
Hayward's journey to, xv. 10
 murder at, 1870., and map of,
xv. 5, xxii. 353
slave-trade of, xiii. 133
road from, to Mastuj, xxii. 353
Yasowah, active volcano, Tanna Island,
N. Hebrides, xvi. 392
Yassaou, Gambia river, ,W. Africa, ceded
to Gt. Britain, i. 513
Yata, E. Africa, high land of, viii. 7
Yates, J. B., obituary notice, i. 133
Yatezu village and tribe, S.W. China,
xv. 169
Yauri, W. Africa, i. 114
Yavisa, Yavizo or Chico river, C. America,
Spanish fort at, i. 78, 485
Yea Min Quay, China, mountain village,
vi. 221
Yeadie Hill, W. Australia, view from,
xiv. 192, and bearings, 193
Yeats, — , on Miiller's paper on N. Guinea,
ii. 185
Yeddo or Jeddo, or Tokio, Japan, v. 132,
134, Alcock's journey to, 1861.,
vi. 197, 200
British embassy at, attacked, vi. 206

YED-YOR

363

Yeddo, Jeddo, or Tokio — continued-
Elgin' a account of, v. 133-4, his treaty
with Japan, signed at, iii. 297
journey to, Laurence, xvii. 80
native map of, vii. 62
treatment of English in, 1874.,
xviii. 237-8
a treaty-port, xviii. 238
winter climate of, vi. 201
 Bay, and harbour, Admiralty surveys
of, iii. 267
Yegaar, E. Africa, gum-trees of, xvi. 151
Yellala Falls, see YallUa rapids
Yellow Head or Leather pass, Rocky
Mts., Milton and Cheadle's journey
through, 1862., ix. 17
Yellow river, China (see also Hoang-ho) —
characteristics of, Osborn on, xiv. 34
Egre or Bore on, Macgowan on, iv. 62
elevation of, at Hokow, xvii. 186
journey to new course of, 1868., Elias,
xiv. 20 ; Murchison on, xv. 295
journey along, of Prshewalsky, 1871.,
xviii. 77
Wyhe on, xiv. 35
Ta-tsing-ho river, in connection with,
vii. 141, xiv. 21, 23, 28
Yellow Sea, colour of, iii. 59
currents of, iii. 65
Yellowstone River, N. America, explora
tions in district of, 1871-2., xvii. 272
geographical, position of mouth of, ii. 363
hot springs and geysers of, xix. 294
survey of, and nationalization, xvi. 330
Yemamah river, Arabia, viii. 97
Yemen, Arabia, European travellers in,
Badger on, xv. 329
locality of, viii. 69
modern conquerors of, xvi. 120
mountain ranges of, viii. 97, xviii. 200
Notes of a journey in, MiUingen,
xviii. 194
rivers, dyked, of, viii. 97,
Yen Chang pass, China, xiv. 181
Yengi Awat, Kashgaria, limit of inhabited
country, xviii. 425
Yenikali, Straits of, S. Russia, current
through, i. 306
discharge of the Don through, xv. 65
Yenisei river, Siberia, at the break-up of
the ice, described by Seebohm,
xxii. 109-10
explorations in basin of —
Chekanoffsky's expedition to, xxi. 448
Russian expedition to, x. 234
Seebohm's journey to, 1877., xxii. 101
Swedish expedition to mouth of,
xxii. 21
immense size of, xxu. 105
navigation of, xxii. 114
Yeniseisk, Siberia, forest district near,
xxii. 105
gold mines of, xxii. 112

Yeoma river, boundary between Burma
and British dominions, xvii. 54
Yeou river, N.C. Africa, i. 443, ii. 31
Yerbal, the, of Chiriguelo, Paraguay,
elevation of, xx. 494
Yerelina creek, S. Australia, described,
ii. 20, hill near, 21
Yesou Cape, Japan, x. 169 ,
Yesso or Yezo Island, Japan, Ainos of,
Forbes, (1865.), x. 169
climate of, vi. 201, xviii. 233
explorations in —
journey round, Blakiston's, xvi. 188
four explorations in, Hodgson on,
v. 113
journey in, 18.73., Watson on, xviii. 226
mineral wealth of, xviii., 232
Russians in, xvi. 215
unknown to the Japanese in 1613.,
v. 114
Yew-heang-poo, China, pagoda, etc., at,
xiv. 172
Yew-tsze Ho (river), W. China, xiv. 169
Yezil Irmak or Iris river, Asia Minor,
iii. 389
Yimaha, Igbira district, W. Africa, Hausa
language spoken in, xxi. 493
Yimata river, Mongolia, military station
on, xviii. 60
region of, and geology, Bushell on,
xviii. 162
Yimbereh, W. Africa, xvii. 121, king of,
and region described, 123
Ying-tse, newport on the Liauho, N. China,
vii. 26, xiii. 28
Yipe Lake, see Jipe
Yisun river, Mongolia, route along valley
of, xviii. 161
Yiu lu, see Grand Canal
Ynamberi or Ynambari river, S. America,
x. 253
affluents of, xi. 103-6
sources of, v. 224
Yncas, the, of Peru, Markham on, xv. 367
Yo-chow city, on the Yangtse, vi. 86 ;
Hope Grant's furthest up the Yangtse
1861., vi. 2 ; course of river to, xiv. 235;
see aZso Yao-chow
Yojoa Lake, or Taulebe, C. America,
described by E. G. Squier, iii. 106
Yokohama, Japan, treaty port of, xviii. 238
Yola or Yole', W. Africa, i. 16, 442, ii. 32 ;
massacre at, i. 155
Yonge, Mt., Australia, water at, xi. 150
Yoorkakadnia Peaks, (Dutchman's Stern),
S. Australia, ii. 17
York, Archbishop of, on Palestine ex
plorations, x. 160; moves a resolution
respecting the slave-trade, at a meet
ing of the African Exploration Fund,
1877, xxi. 609
 , Cape, Arctic, whales, etc., near, i. 17,
53

364

YOR— YUI

York, Cape, N. Australia, (see Somerset),
vi. 119, viii. 118, 119, 221, ix. 76, x. 51,
52, 61, xi. 195, xiv. 201, xx. 19, 93, 94,
428, 429
Admiralty survey estabUshment at,
ix. 234, x. 220
Bowen's report on the district of, viii. Ill
channel near, xiii. 282, xiv. 203
climate of, ix. 77-8
coast protected by the Barrier reef,
viii. 117
coral formation near, iv. 80-1
described by Jardine, x. 85
development near (see settlement, infra),
x. 248
distance from Brisbane, x. 246
expeditions to, and explorations at and
near, Jardine's,1864., x. 32, 85, xi. 151,
xviii. 96
Leichhardt at, vii.. 15
latitude of, xiv. 199
man-of-war at, xiv. 324
missionaries at, xx. 105, 264
mountains near, vii. 14
natives of, and their canoes, ii. 4
as place of refuge for wrecks in Torres
Straits, iii. 89-91, x. 89
rivers near, viii. 120, explored by Jar
dine, 1865., xi. 151
in relation to N. Guinea, xix. 241
settlements at and near, proposed and
established, i. 266, vii. 4, 6, 14, 172,
viii. 114, 115, 119, 192, 211, x. 89
 District, W. Australia, expeditions
in, Hunt's, 1865., ix. Ill, Lefroy's, 1863.,
viii. 45 : good lands near, vi. 59
 Fort, Hudson Bay, proposed route
from, across N. America, i. 264-6
 Island, near Cape York, N. Australia,
xxi. 350
 Peninsula, N. Australia (see also Cape
York, supra), i. 84
Admiralty survey of, xii. 245
colonial extension towards, vii. 6
described by Rattray, xii. 313
explored by Jardine, 1865., xi. 149
geological formation of, xii. 139, 143
Yoruba country, W. Africa, ii. 83
horses of, iv. 220
mud-bearing streams of, xxi. 482
ownership of land in, vi. 65
reUgion in, iv. 221
state of trade in, vii. 66
woods of, iv. 220
Yoshida village on the slope of Fuji Yama,
xix. 171, place whence ascent of mtn. is
made, xvii. 78, caves near, and cultiva
tion at, 79
Young, Capt. Allen,
Arctic expedition planned by, i. 475,
xix. 420
explorations on behalf of the N. Atlantic
Telegraph route, v. 62, 70

Young, Capt. Allen — continued.
On Korea, ix. 296, 300
on routes for the proposed N. Polar
expedition of 1865., ix. 154
on Smith Sound as a route to the N.
Pole, xvii. 106
on the uses of Arctic exploration,
xii. Ill
work of, on Prince of Wales Island,
iv. 113
Young, E. D —
explorations by —
of Lake Nyassa, 1876., xx. 451, xxi. 225,
xxii. 17
in search of Livingstone, 1867.,xi. 161,
199
plans, progress, and reports of, xi. 245,
xii. 9, 79, 86
praised, by Back, xii. 76
progress of, at Livingstonia, Lake
Nyassa, xx. 445
Recent sojourn at Lake Nyassa, 1875.,
xxi. 225, 233
 , J., Giles' 1875 expedition, xx. 431
 , Sir J., governor of N.S. Wales, 1863.,
vii. 175
 , Jess, on his proposed expedition to
N. Guinea, xx. 354
 , J., of Kelly, aid to Livingstone,
xi. 240, xv. 7, and to search expeditions,
xvii. 13, 304, xviii. Ill, vote of thanks
acknowledging, xvii. 33
 , T., obituary notice, ix. 214
Youngoona Creek, S. Australia, ii. 19
Yoush, Persia, iii. 9
Yoyie, Upper Nile, xx. 67
Ypane river, Paraguay, navigability of,
xx. 498
Ypod, lagoon of, Paraguay, xx. 495, extent
of, 498
Yquitos, Peru, progress at, (1867.), xi. 173
Yreka, California, beauty of region,
xix. 293
Ys, T., on the Sea around Nova Zembla,
ix. 170
Yuan river, China, Margary's voyage up,
1874., xx. 188
Yuba river, Africa, see Juba
Yubuto or Yubutz, Yesso (Japan), xvi. 201,
survey station at, xviii. 234
Yucatan, C. America, discovered by Ves
pucci, iii. 389
Yu chu town, China, coal of, vi. 218, trade
of, vi. 219, valley, desoribed, vi. 218
Yue ho river, China, affluent of the Han,
xiv. 183
Yuen-mung yuen, granite road to, from
Pekin, xiv. 243-4
Yuen se, city, China, xiv. 184
Yuen yang, city, China, hill and temple
of, xiv. 185
Yuin chang, China, products and climate
of, xv. 163

YCK— ZAI

365

Yukon, Fort and river, Alaska, Whymper's
journey to, 1866-7., xii. 186
Yuldus river, Mongolia, branches of,
crossed by Prshewalsky, xxii. 343
Yule, Capt. C. B., survey Vork of, in
Australia, iii. 267, vi. 136
 , Col. H., awarded gold medal, 1872.,
xvi. 275
"Cathay and the way thither," re
viewed by Murchison, xi. 201
on the French missionaries in Tibet,
xiv. 219
on the Geography of Burma, i. 269, 440
on Maps of Afghanistan, xx. 250
" Marco Polo," Murchison on, xv. 270,
Rawlinson on, xvi. 339
on Margary's route to Talifu, xx. 214
Notices of Cathay, x. 227, 270
on the Ruined Cities of Lake Lob nor
distriot, xxi. 45
on Russian explorations in Asia (Pamir
region), xxi. 136
on Stanley's treatment of natives and
Hyndman's resolution concerning,
xxi. 58
on Tibet, and our ignorance of it,
xxi. 345
on the travels of Ney Elias, xx. 239
cited on the Aral Sea, and early accounts
of it, xi. 210-13
 on Turkestan, xiii. 303
Yule Island or Roro, N. Guinea, xix. 229,
xxi. 350
described by GUI, xviii. 37
 by Moresby, xviii. 23
elevation of, xx. 107
exploration of, D'Albertis', 1875\,xx. 108
healthiness of, xx. 339
murder of Dr. James on, xxii. 220
natives of, xviii. 26, xx. 269
 , Mt., N. Guinea, height of, xiv. 202 ;
splendour of, xxi. 350
 river, W. AustraUa, vi. 172
Yu ling, China, celebrated tablet in temple
of, xiii. 174
Yunchang, Yungchan or Yungchang-fu,
W. China, Margary at, xx. 210, plague-
stricken plain near, xxii. 270-1, roads
to, xviu. 4, 5
Yung river, China, stone quarries on,
xiii. 170
Yung ho or Euho (river), China, valley of,
coal in, xiv. 244
Yung leang ho (river), China, ii. 362
Yung mun poo, N.E. China, vi. 221
Yung swin, N.E. China, limit of tide on
the Peiho, ii. 363
Yung woo poo, China, tree wax of, xiv. 174
Yunnan, S.W. China, and its Borders,
T. T. Cooper, xv. 163, 173-4
climate of, xiv. 242, xx. 199
coal beds in, xix. 285
Davis on, v. 51

Ynnnan, S.W. China — continued.
elevation of plateau of, xix. 267
expeditions and explorations in —
Elias' visit to the valley of the
Shueli, 1875., xx. 234
French expedition to, 1868., xiii. 56
McLeod's from Moulmein (?1836.),
v. 218, xix. 275
Sprye's, v. 45
gold of, iv. 61
hills beyond, xix. 280
Mahomedan insurgents in, xv. 291
mineral wealth of, v. 46, 52, xxii. 283
minerals and manufactures, xi. 262
mountains of, and their heights, xv. 346
population of, i. 337
products of, iv. 217-18, v. 51
rivers of, xviii. 468
 rising in, iv. 217-18
route to, overland, via Assam, xxi. 590
size of province of, xi. 258
southern, Lagree's description of, cited,
xix. 281
trade of, and its possibilities, xx. 199,
205
Yunnan-chien plain, S.W. China, mines
of, xv. 164
Yunnan-fu, chief city of Yunnan, xiii. 56,
xv. 163, described by Margary, xx. 202
Yunnan Pass, near Puan, S.W. China,
described by Margary, xx. 199
Yunnan Sen, provincial capital of Yunnan,
Lagre"e at, xix. 281
Yun pin sien, China, prosperous walled
city of, vi., 221
Yun woo Hill, C. China, river rising in,
xiv. 181
Yurimaguas on the Huallaga, Peru,
steamers plying to, x. 106
Yurongkash river, Tibet, ii. 301
Yuruari river, Guiana, mouth of, ii. 155
Yu Shan, China, point of junction of the
channels of the Yellow River in 1868.,
xiv. 23
Yuva, Peru, baths of, xviii. 213
Yu Yao, China, cotton mart of, xiii. 171
Yzerberg Mt., S. Africa, iron ore of,
xxii. 119 Z.
Zabid, Arabia, date trees of, xviii. 195
Zabith, Tuat, N.W. Africa, ix. 313
Zafaran-boly, Asia, saffron culture at,
iii. 389
Zafarane Point, Red Sea, additional light
set up on, (1862.), vi. 133
Zagai, Abyssinia, near Lake Dembea,
x. 299
Zagazig, Egypt, railway to, iii. 190
Zagubia village, Lake Ladoga, geological
formation of, xiii. 378
Zaila, E. Africa, identified with Mundus,
xvi. 153

366

ZAI— ZAV

Zaire or Zembre Lacus, the, of Ptolemy's
imitators, ix. 7
Zaire river, see Congo
Zak Valley, Pamir district, Kostenko on,
xxi. 125
Zalia, W. Africa, ii. 34
Zambezi river (see also Leeambye), i. 240,
v. 16, viii. 4
affluents of, ii. 248, 366, xi. 235, and
alleged source, xiv. 9
branches and tributaries of, i. 248
cataracts on, v. 130, 208
changes at month of, (1867.), xii. 10
coal along, i. 248, ii. 321, xvii. 350
continuity of, Kirk on, viii. 260
course of, Quilimane to Tete, M'Leod
on, ii. 363
Delta of, fossil bones from, Kirk,
viii. 151
Distriot of, products and commerce
in, Livingstone on, i. 247
explorations of —
Andersson's to headwaters, iv. 182
Baines', ii. 99, viii. 262
Lacerda's, 1798., ii. 316
Livingstone's, i. 233, 243, 448, ii. 35,
116, 316, v. 128 ; see below
falls of, iv. 27, and rapids, i. 248
 White Mountains beyond, i. 244
fish-curing work on, ii. 364
game along, i. 241
gold-bearing affluents of, xv. 152
gold region near, xv. 147
Hyde Parker on, i. 312
level of, v. 129
Livingstone's discoveries on, xviii.- 504
 route from, to Loanda, i. 56
 view of its importance, ii. 162
Lower, products and capabilities of the
Valley of, (I860.), Dr. J. Kirk, vi. 25
name of, xvii. 68 ; its meaning, Waller
on, xiv. 10
native maps of, i. 240
navigation of, iv. 68
Crawfurd on, iv. 21, 71
Livingstone on, iv. 19, others on, 21
et seq., MacQueen on, 27
Portuguese views on, iv. 27
Portuguese plans of, ii. 321
rainfall area of, Galton on, viii. 260
rate of flow, v. 129
sources of, ii. 324, xiv. 9, xx. 125
 , and country near, Cameron on,
xx. 319
 , Livingstone on, xviii. 266
tobacco grown beside, vi. 36
towns on, above Quilimane, ii. 363
as a trade route, xix. 132
value of, to commerce, iii. 362
voyages on, times required, i. 58
water supplies of, ii. 57
Zamirs Valley, Persia, iii. 8
Zamistanee route, Leh to Yarkand, xiv. 41

Zandar, Centr. Sudan, ii. 80
Zandenge, S.E. Africa, the Shire river at,
vi. 21
Zangue or Zongue river, tributary of the
Zambesi, ii. 366, coal in bed of same,
v. 129
Zanscar river, Karakoram Mts., glaciers
of, Falconer on, viii. 38
Zanzibar Island, Admiralty survey,
xviii. 537
and the East coast of Africa, Sir H. B.
E. Frere, xvii. 343
explorations in and from, Belleville's,
1875., xx. 69, Cotterill's journey from,
to Nyassa, 1867., xxii. 233, explora
tions, lay and missionary in, Kirk on,
xxii. 19, journey of Moors from, to
Benguela, 1853-4., i. 58
European merchants of, ii. 52
geology of coast near, xi. 36
held by the Imaum of Muscat, 1857.,
i. 282
new harbour at, (1865.), xi. 18 ; do.,
opposite, Kirk on, xi. 35
oil-nut tree of, and other timber,
xvii. 352
position of affairs in, 1861., Speke on,
vii. 232
Rigby's report on, cited 1862., Galton
on, vi. 177
Rigby on, xiii. 25, xix. 491
slave trade of, xi. 147; and sources of
supply, Waller on, xii. 90
Speke at, v. 11-15
territorial extent of, xxii. 384
Princes, the, at Evening Meeting of
R.G.S., xiii. 25
Sultan Seyd Burghash of, his friend
liness to English travellers, xiii. 25 ;
present at Evening Meeting of R.G.S.,
1875., xix. 490, reply to greeting of
President, 491
treaty between, and England, Rawlinson
on, xvii. 354, Frere on, ib.
Zarafshan or Zerafshan, river, absence of
outfaU for, xvii. 164, importance of its
waters to Bokhara, xviii. 252
 valley, cotton of, xi. 13
Russia in, xiv. 230, Murchison on,
xv. 288-
explored by Fedchenko, xiv. 233
 by Michell, ib.
Russian explorations of valley and river,
xiv. 319
Zardandan, of Marco Polo, xx. 215, Elias
on, xx. 239
Zardeh Kuh range, Persia, difficult passes
in, i. 294
Zarefa, Wady, Egypt, wood in, xx. 358
Zariya country, Africa, elevation of,
Baikie in, 1861., xi. 49; see Salia
Zavora river, Africa, Erskine's visit to,
xix. 115

XAY— ZYU

367

Zayul, see Zyul
Zea, Greek Archipelago, earthquake at,
x. 121
Zebak, Hindu Kush Mts., source of the
Kokcha, near, xv. 181, road from, to
Chitral, 308i; on the Kokcha river,
xvi. 256
Zebir, Jebel, Sinai, elevation and geo
logical formation of, xvii. 327
Zeerust, S. Africa, trade of, xxii. 119
Zeeuschen Uisky point, Spitzbergen,
current near,i nd ice, ix. 166
Zeg Zeg district, Nigeria, i. 443
Zeila, see Zaila
Zeitunen, Wady, Sinai, vi. 236
Zelandia Fort, Formosa, xxi. 258
dried-up haven at, xvii. 145
latitude and longitude of, Corner on,
xxii. 53
remains of, xxi. 265
Zenga river, effluent of Gokcha Lake,
Armenia, xxii. 169
Zeno, the brothers Nicolo and Antonio,
voyages of, in the North Sea, 14th
century, and elsewhere, xvii. 270-1 ;
Major on, xvii. 312
Zerka, Wady, Syria, (Jabbok River),
crocodiles in, ii. 283 ; ford of, vi.
196
Zer Keshan, Afghanistan, old gold mines
at, xx. 246
Zertash, Khirgiz region, ' routes to, and
Russian fort at, xv. 195
Zeugger Mts., Java, crater at, xii. 327
Zeyar river, Asia, ii. 153
Zhibu, or Chunbum,:W. Africa, i. 443, dis
trict and town, Fuiah settlement on
south bank of Niger, xxi. 228, 489
Zhiru, Fulah settlement, south bank of
Niger, xxi. 490
Ziaret pass, Kurdistan, xi. 97
Zibb-el-Bahayr, Sinai, hill and view from,
xiii. 208
Zichy Land, Arctic regions, discovered by
the Austro-Hungarian Arctic Ex
pedition, xix. 26
Ziegler, Dr. J. M., Explanations of the
Physical Map of Madeira, ii. 366
Hypsometrical Observations in the
Swiss Centra] Alps, xvii. 207
Zihl river, Switzerland, volume of,
xvii. 206
Zilm, C. Asia, situation of, xvi. 245
Zimbabwe, see Zumbye
Zimmay or Xieugmai, tributary state,
, Siam, trade of, xix. 273, in teak wood,
' v. 118-9

Zinder, N.C. Africa, xi. 49, Vogel's astro
nomical observations at, i. 441
Zinguichor, Portuguese settlement, W.
Africa, i. 44
Zion Mt., Christian cemetery at, iii. 288,
height of, ib., v. 172
Zirs, El, Syria, rook and cave, xvi. Ill
Ziwambo, Lake, C. Africa, xx. 125
Zohab, Turkey in Asia, i: 354
Zojji-La, pass into Kashmir, xiv. 49,
xvii. 198
Zomba, Zombo or Zumba Mt., E. Africa,
xix. 95, altitude of, iv. 87, vi. 20, 28
University Mission established at, 1861.,
vi. 20, vii. 18
Zombo or Zumbo, S.C. Africa, coal-field
at, i. 244, v. 130
commercial prosperity of, xix. 83
custom house at, iii. 105
junction of Loangwa and Zambesi rivers
at, xiv. 9
Portuguese raid at, vi. 36
river near, i. 245, iv. 27
Zonzo, Lower Congo, xix. 100
Zoology, gain in knowledge of, from
Livingstone's expeditions, Owen, ii. 137
Zoology of Australia, xviii. 46 note, xix. 50
Wallace on, xxi. 528
Zoutpansberg Mt., S. Africa, described,
iii. 375, xvi. 94, xxii. 120
 district, mineral wealth and fly
region of, Fynney, xxii. 120
Zowwan, Tunis, dyeing trade of, vi. 211
Zulla, Gulf of, Abyssinia, xui. 221
Zululand, climate of, xiii. 342
extent and features of, xix. 121
tribes of, near Mahili, xxii. 128-9
Zumbo, see Zombo
Zumbye (Zimbabwe), S.E. Africa, dis
covered by Mauch, xix. Ill
Zunga, Lower Congo, good water at,
xix. 80
Zungaria, Mahommedan insurrection in,
1866., xi. 14
Zungomero, district, E. Africa, Hi. 349
Speke's lunar observations for longitude
of, v. 127
ZuSi, old Aztec town, N. America,
xiii. 142-3
Zuriga, Nigeria, geographical position
determined, i. 443
Zuweirah, Wady ez, Syria, ruins at,
viii. 280
Zwecker, John Baptist, obituary notice
of, 1876., xx. 400
Zyul district, S.E. Tibet, geographical
position of, xiv. 340

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